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when did nyc get the statue of liberty
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Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World <Td_colspan="2"> Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . The Statue of Liberty from behind , showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace - Lorraine ) , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . 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The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . 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Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page <Th_colspan="3"> hide Statue of Liberty <Td_colspan="3"> Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas <Th_colspan="2"> National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park <Th_colspan="2"> Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Lighthouses of New York <Td_colspan="3"> Main : List of lighthouses in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point <Th_colspan="2"> Protected areas of New York <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Federal <Td_colspan="2"> National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. 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Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State historic sites <Td_colspan="2"> Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Preserves and sanctuaries <Td_colspan="2"> Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. 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Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Domino Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. 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Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . 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Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks <Td_colspan="2"> Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons <Th_colspan="3"> World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site <Td_colspan="3"> Shared with Canada <Th_colspan="2"> Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) Broadway ( 13.2 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) <Td_colspan="2"> Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City <Th_colspan="3"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . 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Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton 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how many seasons of saiki k are there
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List of the Disastrous life of Saiki K. episodes - wikipedia List of the Disastrous life of Saiki K. episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Disastrous Life of Saiki K. is an anime television series produced by Egg Firm and J.C. Staff , based on the manga series created by Shūichi Asō and published in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine . The series follows Kusuo Saiki , a high school student with all manner of psychic abilities , who constantly faces misery caused by both his powers and the strange people around him . The series began airing in Japan on TV Tokyo from July 4 , 2016 , airing five short episodes each week followed by a compilation episode , the series will contain one hundred and twenty episodes in total , along with twenty four compilation episodes . The series is licensed in North America by Funimation , who are simulcasting the series as it airs and began releasing an English dub from August 7 , 2016 . For the first twelve compiled episodes , the opening theme is `` Seishun wa Zankoku janai '' ( 青春 は 残酷 じゃ ない , Youth Is n't So Cruel ) by Natsuki Hanae while the ending theme , also used for the short episodes , is `` Psi desu - I Like You '' ( Ψ です I LIKE YOU ) by Denpagumi. inc . From the thirteenth compiled episode onwards , the opening theme is `` Sai - Sai - Saikōchō ! '' ( 最 Ψ 最 好 調 ! , The Most Favorable ! ) by Denpagumi. inc while the ending theme is `` Kokoro '' ( こころ , Heart ) by Hanae . From Season 2 , the first ending theme is `` Saihakkenden ! '' ( Ψ 発見 伝 ! ) by Denpagumi. inc and the first opening theme is `` Sairento Purizunā '' ( Ψ レント プリズナー , the Silent Prisoners ) by Hiroshi Kamiya , Daisuke Ono and Nobunaga Shimazaki . The second opening theme is `` Oteage Psychics '' ( お手上げ サイキクス , Psychics Who Have Given Up Hope ) by Shiggy and the second ending theme is `` Duet Shite Kudasai '' ( Duet ♥ し て くだ Ψ , Please Duet With Me ) by Hiroshi Kamiya , Ai Kayano and Eri Kitamura . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 Notes 3 References Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) A = Compilation episode order , B = Short episode order Title Original air date 1a `` The Disastrous Life of a Psychic ( Part 1 ) '' `` Chōnōryokusha no Sainan ( Zenpen ) '' ( 超 能力 者 の Ψ 難 ( 前編 ) ) July 4 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kusuo Saiki , a high schooler born with psychic powers , laments the misfortune he faces because of his abilities . 1b `` The Disastrous Life of a Psychic ( Part 2 ) '' `` Chōnōryokusha no Sainan ( Kōhen ) '' ( 超 能力 者 の Ψ 難 ( 後編 ) ) July 5 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki reluctantly has to intervene in a feud between his parents Kuniharu and Kurumi . 1c `` The Worst of the Worst ? ! Riki Nendo '' `` Saitei Saiaku ? ! Nendō Riki '' ( 最低 Ψ 悪 ! ? 燃 堂 力 ) July 6 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki faces unwanted attention from Riki Nendo , a classmate who is so stupid that his telepathy does n't work on him . 1d `` Shun Kaidou , AKA The Jet - Black Wings '' `` Shikkoku no Tsubasa Koto Kaidō Shun '' ( 漆黒 の 翼 こと 海藤 瞬 ) July 7 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki is annoyed by his delusional classmate Shun Kaido , who thinks he is a hero who is fighting an evil organization called the Dark Reunion . A snake appears in the classroom . 1e 5 `` Intelligent and Beautiful ! Kokomi Teruhashi '' `` Sai - shoku Kenbi ! Teruhashi Kokomi '' ( Ψ 色 兼備 ! 照 橋 心 美 ) July 8 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kokomi Teruhashi , a popular girl whom everyone falls for , becomes bewildered when Saiki straight - up ignores her advances . 2a 6 `` Hot - Blooded ! Dodgeball ! ( Part 1 ) '' `` Nekketsu ! Dojjibōru ( Zenpen ) '' ( 熱血 ! ドッジボール ( 前編 ) ) July 11 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's attempts to get out of playing dodgeball , as he has trouble controlling his strength , is thwarted by the hot - blooded Kineshi Hairo . 2b 7 `` Hot - Blooded ! Dodgeball ! ( Part 2 ) '' `` Nekketsu ! Dojjibōru ( Kōhen ) '' ( 熱血 ! ドッジボール ( 後編 ) ) July 12 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Finding himself to be the last remaining player on his dodgeball team , Saiki strategizes how to play so that his reputation is not too high to be revered or too low to be shunned . 2c 8 `` Reach Him ! Sign of Love '' `` Todoke ! Koi no Sain '' ( 届け ! 恋 の Ψ ン ) July 13 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> A classmate named Chiyo Yumehara has a crush on Saiki , but her classic romantic comedy attempts to win his affection are thwarted . 2d 9 `` Saiki Family Home Renovation ? ! Drastic Makeover ! ! '' `` Saiki - ke Saiken ! ? Gekiteki Daikaizō ! ! '' ( 斉木 家 Ψ 建 ! ? 劇 的 大 改造 ! ! ) July 14 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's parents make Saiki use his abilities to arrange furniture in their bedrooms . 2e 10 `` Deceive ! Mind Control '' `` Azamuke ! Maindo Kontorōru '' ( 欺 け ! マインド コントロール ) July 15 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki explains how he uses mind control in various situations to gently convince others that his appearance and abilities are a normal part of life . 3a 11 `` A Genius Magician ? ! Uryoku Chono '' `` Tensai Majishan ! ? Chōno Uryoku '' ( 天 Ψ マジシャン ! ? 蝶野 雨 緑 ) July 18 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki meets a self - proclaimed magician named Uryoku Chono , but the latter is not very good at his craft . 3b 12 `` Second Encounter ( on TV ) ! Uryoku Chono '' `` Terebi de Saikai ! Chōno Uryoku '' ( テレビ で Ψ 会 ! 蝶野 雨 緑 ) July 19 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When Chono appears on TV to do a death - defying stunt , Saiki rushes in to save him , only to wind up in the middle of the stunt himself . 3c 13 `` How Shady ! Dark Reunion ! '' `` Usankusai zo ! Dāku Riyunion ! '' ( うさんく Ψ ぞ ! ダーク リユニオン ! ) July 20 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki observes Kaido getting involved in a secret meeting with another student to defend themselves against the Dark Reunion , but it turns out that student is trying to swindle Kaido out of his valuables . 3d 14 `` Beachside Summer Story '' `` Bīchisaido Natsu Monogatari '' ( ビーチ Ψ ド 夏 物語 ) July 21 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When forced by his parents to go on a beach trip with his classmates , Saiki tries to keep a low profile . The guys try to rescue a drowning girl , only to be put in a worse situation endangering everyone involved , so Saiki has to save them . 3e 15 `` A New School Term Starts ! The Melancholy of Nendo '' `` Gakkō Saikai ! Nendō no Yūutsu '' ( 学校 Ψ 開 ! 燃 堂 の 憂鬱 ) July 22 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki notices Nendo is behaving strangely , so he and Kaidō tail him as Nendo goes and does some shopping in town . They are especially bothered when he has a peculiar expression when he sees little girls . 4a 16 `` Please Make Me Your Apprentice ! '' `` Deshi ni shite Kudasai '' ( 弟子 にし て くだ Ψ ) July 25 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki is approached by another genuine psychic , Reita Toritsuka , who turns out to have the ability to see ghosts . Reita wants Saiki to teach him psychic powers , but Saiki discovers it is for perverted reasons . 4b 17 `` Psychic Medium in the Class Next Door '' `` Tonari no Kurasu no Reinōryoku - sha '' ( 隣 の クラス の 霊 能力 者 ) July 26 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Reita enrolls in Saiki 's school and uses his ghost - seeing ability to tell the schoolgirls about their ghost guardians . 4c 18 `` Kineshi Hairo , in Search of Lumber '' `` Hairo Kineshi no Mokusai o Motomete '' ( 灰 呂 杵 志 の 木 Ψ を 求め て ) July 27 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kineshi recruits Saiki to help him construct a gate for an upcoming school festival . 4d 19 `` Home Alone Disaster '' `` Rusuban no Sainan '' ( 留守番 の Ψ 難 ) July 28 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> While watching over the house , Saiki comes up against his one weakness ; a cockroach . 4e 20 `` Crisis in Three - Month Relationship '' `` Kōsai San Kagetsu no Kiki '' ( 交 Ψ3 ヶ月 の 危機 ) July 29 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When Chiyo starts brooding about her boyfriend , Saiki worries she will turn her attentions back to him , so he secretly helps the guy arrange a date with her . 5a 21 `` Escape Using an Invincible Suit of Camouflage ! '' `` Muteki no Meisaifuku de Dasshutsu seyo ! '' ( 無敵 の 迷 Ψ 服 で 脱出 せよ ! ) August 1 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki attempts to use invisibility to sneak past his classmates and get home in time to watch his favorite TV show , but it becomes a challenging task as they are all looking for him , and he would be exposed with a single touch . 5b 22 `` Get Fired Up ! PK Academy Sports Day ( Part 1 ) '' `` Moero ! Pī Ke Gakuen Taiikusai ( Zenpen ) '' ( 燃えろ ! PK 学園 体育 Ψ ( 前編 ) ) August 2 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> The students of PK Academy participate in Sports Day , with the morning 's events being individual events . 5c 23 `` Get Fired Up ! PK Academy Sports Day ( Part 2 ) '' `` Moero ! Pī Ke Gakuen Taiikusai ( Chūhen ) '' ( 燃えろ ! PK 学園 体育 Ψ ( 中 編 ) ) August 3 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When Nendo accidentally removes one of Saiki 's hair ornaments , Saiki passes out , and the whole world is threatened with catastrophe . It turns out his ornament keeps his powers in check , but when it is restored , he does n't quite feel back to normal . 5d 24 `` Got Fired Up ! PK Academy Sports Day ( Part 3 ) '' `` Moeta ! Pī Ke Gakuen Taiikusai ( Kōhen ) '' ( 燃え た ! PK 学園 体育 Ψ ( 後編 ) ) August 4 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> The guys in Saiki 's class make a wager with a neighboring class where the losers would have to get their heads shaved . Saiki becomes motivated to win during the relay race when one of the guys from the other class mentions using dirty - handed tricks . 5e 25 `` Do n't Catch Fire ! Safety Drill ! '' `` Moeruna ! Bōsai kunren '' ( 燃える な ! 防 Ψ 訓練 ! ! ) August 5 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's class rehearses a fire evacuation when they get stuck in a blocked - off hallway . 6a 26 `` Enticing Premium Quality Coffee Jello '' `` Miwaku no Saikōkyū Kōhī Zerī '' ( 魅惑 の Ψ 高級 コーヒー ゼリー ) August 8 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki ends up buying an expensive coffee jello , but sacrifices it in order to help a kid find his baseball . 6b 27 `` In Order to Avoid Misfortune ... '' `` Saiyaku ni Awanai Tame ni wa ... '' ( Ψ 厄 に 遭わ ない 為 に は ... ) August 9 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki observes Kaidō getting conned by a fortune teller . 6c 28 `` Teruhashi 's Biggest Trial ... '' `` Teruhasi - san Saidai no Shiren '' ( 照 橋 さん Ψ 大 の 試練 ) August 10 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kokomi Teruhashi accompanies Saiki , Nendo , and Kaido to a suspicious - looking ramen restaurant . 6d 29 `` The Disatrous Life of Psychic Medium Reita Toritsuka '' `` Reinōryoku - sha Toritsuka Reita no Sainan '' ( 霊 能力 者 鳥 束 零 太 の Ψ 難 ) August 11 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Reita converses with the local ghosts to search for a girl 's missing gym clothes . 6e 30 `` Stop the Killer Domino Effect ! '' `` Tomero ! Hitokoro Suicchi '' ( 止めろ ! ヒト コロ スイッチ ) August 12 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> After having a foreboding dream , Saiki takes action to prevent a chain of events that will cause an explosion . 7a 31 `` Reign of the Small King '' `` Chiisai Ōsama Kunrin '' ( ちい Ψ 王様 君臨 ) August 15 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki comes across an arrogant cat that is stuck between some walls , but refuses to help him until he sincerely says `` please '' . 7b 32 `` Frolic ! Silent Night '' `` Hashage ! Sairento Naito '' ( はしゃげ ! Ψ レント ナイト ) August 15 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> During a visit to Saiki 's house for Christmas , Nendo reveals that he had never been visited by Santa , so Saiki 's father dresses up as one . 7c 33 `` Noisy New Year 's ( Part 1 ) '' `` Urusai Oshōgatsu ( Zenpen ) '' ( うる Ψ お正月 ( 前編 ) ) August 19 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's parents become excited during the New Year 's shrine visit when they have been praying for Saiki to make friends , and Kaido , Harai , Nendo , and Teruhashi show up . 7d 34 `` Noisy New Year 's ( Part 2 ) '' `` Urusai Oshōgatsu ( Chūhen ) '' ( うる Ψ お正月 ( 中 編 ) ) August 19 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> As everyone is invited over to the Saiki household , Kurumi accidentally blurts out that Saiki is a psychic . 7e 35 `` Noisy New Year 's ( Part 3 ) '' `` Urusai Oshōgatsu ( Kōhen ) '' ( うる Ψ お正月 ( 後編 ) ) August 19 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki is forced to rewrite his classmates ' memories of the previous day , but that action comes with its own downsides . 8a 36 `` The Scariest ! Mr. Matsuzaki '' `` Saikyou ! Matsuzaki - sensei '' ( Ψ 恐 ! 松崎 先生 ) August 22 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki stumbles upon some students planning to trick the strict PE teacher , Matsuzaki . 8b 37 `` Chocolate Festival '' `` Chokorēto no Saiten '' ( チョコレート の Ψ 典 ) August 23 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki observes his classmates ' reactions regarding receiving or not receiving Valentine 's Day chocolate . 8c 38 `` Absolutely the Worst ! ? Nendo 's Father '' `` Saitei Saiaku ! ? Nendō Chichi '' ( Ψ 低 最悪 ! ? 燃 堂 父 ) August 24 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> The ghost of Nendo 's late father visits Saiki , who get annoyed and goes to Toritsuka to have him do something about it . 8d 39 `` Totally Trusting ! Kurumi Saiki '' `` Nōsai Gishin ! Saiki Kurumi '' ( ノー Ψ 疑心 ! 斉木 久留美 ) August 25 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's mother is getting constantly deceived by visiting salesmen into buying useless things , so Saiki uses telepathy to help her with the next scammer . 8e 40 `` Telepathy Silencer '' `` Terepasu Sairensā '' ( テレパス Ψ レンサー ) August 26 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki comes across a ring that blocks his telepathy , which he hopes to use to watch a movie without any spoilers , but he finds it a challenge and ends up sitting next to Teruhashi . 9a 41 `` The Superstar Returns ! '' `` Sūpāsutā Saitōjō ! '' ( スーパー スター Ψ 登場 ! ) August 29 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kokomi 's superstar brother Makoto shows up at Saiki 's house to warn him to stay away from her sister , revealing that he has a disturbing sister complex . 9b 42 `` Cast the Die ! An Upset in the Finals '' `` Sai o Fure ! Haran no Kimatsu Tesuto '' ( Ψ を 振れ ! 波乱 の 期末 テスト ) August 30 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> While Saiki uses his telepathy to ' cheat ' during exams in order to keep his ranking in the middle , but Nendo , who has been on the verge of failing and being held back , rolls a pencil and somehow does well . 9c 43 `` Second Encounter ( For Real This Time ) ! Uryoku Chono ( Part 1 ) '' `` Kondokoso Saikai ! Chōno Uryoku ( Zenpen ) '' ( 今度 こそ Ψ 会 ! 蝶野 雨 緑 ( 前編 ) ) August 31 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Chono recruits Saiki to be his assistant in a magic show so he can win his ex-wife back . 9d 44 `` Second Encounter ( For Real This Time ) ! Uryoku Chono ( Part 2 ) '' `` Kondokoso Saikai ! Chōno Uryoku ( Kōhen ) '' ( 今度 こそ Ψ 会 ! 蝶野 雨 緑 ( 後編 ) ) September 1 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Chono 's show takes a turn for the worse when Nendo offers to be his assistant in a body - cutting routine . 9e 45 `` Mera 's Money Situation '' `` Mera - san no Osaifu Jijō '' ( 目 良 さん の お Ψ 布 事情 ) September 2 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki helps out his poor classmate , Chisato Mera , who is secretly working various part - time jobs . 10a 46 `` Reignited ! Physical Fitness Test '' `` Sainen ! Supōtsu Tesuto '' ( Ψ 燃 ! スポーツ テスト ) September 5 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> The PK Academy students take part in physical fitness tests ; Hairo keeps getting outperformed by Nendo . 10b 47 `` Little Love Story '' `` Chiisai Koi no Monogatari '' ( 小 Ψ 恋 の 物語 ) September 6 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Realising that the cat from before , Amp , is likely in heat , Saiki transforms into a cat to try and help him confess to a female cat . 10c 48 `` The Latest Crappy Game ! Olfana 's Story '' `` Kusogē Saishinsaku ! Orufanasu Sutōrī '' ( クソゲー Ψ 新作 ! オルファ ナス ストーリー ) September 7 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Since most mainstream video games are spoiled for him , Saiki ends up playing a shoddily - made RPG , becoming frustrated by all the hallmarks of a crappy game . 10d 49 `` Welcome Home ! Mama '' `` Okaerinasai ! Mama '' ( おかえり な Ψ ! 真 魔 ) September 8 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki and Nendo visit Kaido 's home , but learn that his mother is rather obsessed about education . 10e 50 `` The Best Way of Confessing Love ? ! Spirit - Summoning Technique '' `` Kokuhaku no Saiteki ! ? Kuchiyose no Jutsu '' ( 告白 の Ψ 適 ! ? 口寄せ の 術 ) September 9 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Reita tries to confess to a girl he likes by having other spirits possess his body : first a ladies ' man kind of guy and then a harem protagonist type . 11a 51 `` Jump ! Cyborg Cider - man No. 2 '' `` Tobe ! Kaizō Ningen Saidāman Ni - gō '' ( 飛べ ! 改造 人間 Ψ ダーマン 2 号 ) September 12 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> A young boy named Yuuta Iridatsu believes Saiki to be a superhero named Cyborg Cider - Man Version 2 after witnessing his abilities . 11b 52 `` Industry - leading , Top - ranking Company ? ! Father 's Job '' `` Saiōte Ichiryū Kigyō ! ? Chichi no Oshigoto '' ( Ψ 大手 一流 企業 ! ? 父 の お 仕事 ) September 13 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's father shows Saiki where he works , which is as an editor for a small manga firm that appears to be a knock - off of Shueisha . 11c 53 `` Ciderman No. 2 Vs . The Lemonade Fiend '' `` Saidāman 2 - gō bāsasu Kaijin Remonēdo '' ( Ψ ダーマン 2 号 vs 怪人 レモネード ) September 14 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Yuuta , who is now Saiki 's neighbor , comes over to watch an episode of Cyborg Cider - man Version 2 , but is surprised when Cider - man 's nemesis pays a visit . 11d 54 `` Kusuo Saiki 's Holiday '' `` Saiki Kusuo no Saijitsu '' ( 斉木 楠雄 の Ψ 日 ) September 15 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki becomes livid when a pickpocket steals his wallet at a summer festival . 11e 55 `` Kusuo Saiki 's Woman Troubles '' `` Saiki Kusuo no Jonan '' ( 斉木 楠雄 の ♀ 難 ) September 16 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kokomi and Chiyo meet each other at a cafe , but when they start sharing details about their crushes , they realize they could both be competing for Saiki . 12a 56 `` Who 'll Win ? ! Fateful Grouping '' `` Katsu no wa Dotchi ! ? Unmei no Hankime '' ( 勝つ の は どっち ! ? 運命 の 半 決め ) September 19 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> As the class prepare for a school trip to Okinawa , Kokomi and Chiyo try to join Saiki 's group . 12b 57 `` Trips and Disasters Go Together '' `` Tabi ni Sainan wa Tsukimono '' ( 旅 に Ψ 難 は つきもの ) September 20 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> After Saiki manages to prevent Makoto from going on the school trip , a typhoon puts the entire trip in danger . 12c 58 `` Let 's Go On a Plane ! With a Psychic On Board ! '' `` Chōnōryoku - sha Tōsai Ryokakuki de Gō ! '' ( 超 能力 者 搭 Ψ 旅客機 で GO ! ) September 21 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki deals with all kinds of troubles during his class ' flight to Okinawa . 12d 59 `` We 're Here ! Okinawa School Trip '' `` Chābirasai ! Okinawa Shūgakuryokō '' ( ちゃ ー びら Ψ ! 沖縄 修学 旅行 ) September 22 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Upon arriving in Okinawa , Kaido is eager to show off his knowledge of the Kansai dialect . 12e 60 `` Hello ! Okinawa School Trip '' `` Haisai ! Okinawa Shūgakuryokō '' ( ハイ Ψ ! 沖縄 修学 旅行 ) September 23 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> While Saiki takes a nap after keeping the boys from peeking into the women 's bath , Kokomi removes one of his hair ornaments , leading him to do something to the hotel in his sleep . 13a 61 `` I 'm Sorry ! Okinawa School Trip '' `` Wassaibīn ! Okinawa Shūgakuryokō '' ( わっ Ψ びーん ! 沖縄 修学 旅行 ) September 26 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> After returning the hotel to normal , Saiki has to search for Kokomi , who had taken his ornament . 13b 62 `` The Worst Night - Time Incident in Okinawa '' `` Saiyaku na Ayo no Dekigoto in Okinawa '' ( Ψ 悪 な 或 る 夜 の 出来事 in 沖縄 ) September 27 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki ends up stuck with Kokomi , who believes she is in a lucid dream . 13c 63 `` Yah ! Okinawa School Trip '' `` Yāsassai ! Okinawa Shūgakuryokō '' ( や ー さっ Ψ ! 沖縄 修学 旅行 ) September 28 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When the class visits the beach , Chiyo gets annoyed that she gets hardly any reaction from the guys to her swimsuit . 13d 64 `` See You Again ! Okinawa School Trip '' `` Matayāsai ! Okinawa Shūgakuryokō '' ( また や ー Ψ ! 沖縄 修学 旅行 ) September 29 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Chiyo comes to admire Kaido after he protects her from some beach delinquents . 13e 65 `` See You Again , Again ! Okinawa School Trip '' `` Matamatayāsai ! Okinawa Shūgakuryokō '' ( またまた や ー Ψ ! 沖縄 修学 旅行 ) September 30 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki attempts to get a limited Coffee Red Bean anmitsu before his school trip ends . 14a 66 `` Sup Homies ! ! Outsider '' `` Yoroshiku ! Autosaidā '' ( 夜露 死 苦 ! ! アウト Ψ ダー ) October 3 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> A transfer student named Aren Kuboyasu struggles to hide his past as a former delinquent . 14b 67 `` A Transfer Student ! The First Encounters '' `` Tenkōsei ! Saisho no Deai ~ '' ( 転校生 ! Ψ 初 の 出会い ~ ) October 4 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kuboyasu attempts to make friends with his classmates . 14c 68 `` Mr. and Mrs. Nendo Together ! '' `` Sorō ! Nendō Fusai '' ( 揃う ! 燃 堂 夫 Ψ ) October 5 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki reluctantly helps Nendo 's father profess his love to his wife . 14d 69 `` Reviving Café Mami ! '' `` Keieisaiken ! Junkissa Mami '' ( 経営 Ψ 建 ! 純 喫茶 魔 美 ) October 6 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> The café Chisato works at tries to find ways to improve their advertising to avoid going out of business . 14e 70 `` Guilty or Not Guilty ? ! Theft Case '' `` Yūzai Muzai ! ? Tōnan Jiken '' ( 有罪 無 Ψ ! ? 盗難 事件 ) October 7 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Inspired by a detective drama , Kaido looks into an alleged theft case at school . 15a 71 `` Which Idea Will Be Picked ? ! School Festival Planning '' `` Saiyō naru ka ! ? Kurasu Dashimono Teian - kai '' ( Ψ 用 なる か ! ? クラス 出し物 提案 会 ) October 10 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's class tries to decide what to do for the school festival . 15b 72 `` Sing ! Reita 's Recital '' `` Utae ! Reita Risaitaru '' ( 歌え ! REITA リ Ψ タル ) October 11 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Reita ropes Saiki into helping out his band , whose members can not play any instruments . 15c 73 `` Go Wild ! PK Academy School Festival Part 1 '' `` Sawage ! PīKē Gakuen Bunkasai ( Zenpen ) '' ( さわげ ! PK 学園 文化 Ψ ( 前編 ) ) October 12 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> As the school festival gets underway , Saiki loses his glasses and accidentally turns Nendo into stone . 15d 74 `` Go Wild ! PK Academy School Festival Part 2 '' `` Sawage ! PīKē Gakuen Bunkasai ( Kōhen ) '' ( さわげ ! PK 学園 文化 Ψ ( 後編 ) ) October 13 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki has to try and keep the petrified Nendo from being discovered or broken . 15e 75 `` Let 's Go to the School Festival Wrap - up Party '' `` Bunkasai Uchiage Ikō '' ( 文化 Ψ 打ち上げ 行 こう ) October 14 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki , Kaido and Nendo get lost on their way to a wrap - up party . 16a 76 `` The Perfect Pretty Girl vs. the Super Stubborn Guy ( Part 1 ) '' `` Saikyō Bishōujo vs Zettai ni Ochinai Otoko ( Zenpen ) '' ( Ψ 強 美 少女 VS 絶対 に 落ち ない 男 ( 前編 ) ) October 17 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> In order to avoid Makoto 's drama shoot , Saiki ends up taking Kokomi on a date in the neighboring town . 16b 77 `` The Perfect Pretty Girl vs. the Super Stubborn Guy ( Part 2 ) '' `` Saikyō Bishōjo vs Zettai ni Ochinai Otoko ( Kōhen ) '' ( 強 美 少女 VS 絶対 に 落ち ない 男 ( 後編 ) ) October 18 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When Makoto changes locations to the neighboring town , Saiki tries to avoid running into him , while trying to use his extended time with Kokomi to get her to dislike him . 16c 78 `` Psychic Santa Claus '' `` Saikikku Santa Kurōsu '' ( Ψ キック ・ サンタクロース ) October 19 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki gets roped into acting as the neighborhood Santa Claus . 16d 79 `` Let 's Go Buy the Latest Electronics ! '' `` Saishin Kaden o Kai ni Ikō ! '' ( Ψ 新 家電 を 買い に 行 こう ! ) October 20 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Using his New Year 's money from his parents , Saiki plans to buy a new television but gets pestered by the sales clerk . 16e 80 `` New Year 's Cycle '' `` Toshi Hajime no Saikuru '' ( 年 初め の Ψ クル ) October 21 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's friends talk about their New Year 's stories . 17a 81 `` Kaido 's Suspicion ( Part 1 ) '' `` Kaidou no Saigishin ( Zenpen ) '' ( 海藤 の Ψ 疑心 ( 前編 ) ) October 24 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kaido starts to suspect Kuboyasu of being a delinquent after observing him beating up some bullies and interacting at school . 17b 82 `` Kaido 's Suspicion ( Part 2 ) '' `` Kaidou no Saigishin ( Kouhen ) '' ( 海藤 の Ψ 疑心 ( 後編 ) ) October 25 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki and Kaido are confronted by more bullies and robbed when Kuboyasu drops by . 17c 83 `` No Intervention Needed ? ! Nendo Vs. Kaidou '' `` Chuusai Muyou ! ? Nendo vs Kaidou '' ( 仲 Ψ 無用 ! ? 燃 堂 VS 海藤 ) October 26 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Nendo and Kaido challenge each other to a game of air hockey ; while Nendo has a natural knack to playing , Kaido employs cheat tactics to even the score . 17d 84 `` The Worst Part - timer '' `` Saiaku no Arbeiter '' ( Ψ 悪 の アル バイター ) October 27 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Nendo wants to buy a present for his mother , but gets fired from his part - time jobs for incompetence and for causing more damages . Nendo and Kaido try to help him on another job . 17e 85 `` Fierce Run ! Runners Psi ! '' `` Gekisou ! Runner 's High ! '' ( 激走 ! ランナーズ Ψ ! ) October 28 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's class has to run a 10 - kilometer marathon ; Hairo tries to compete with Nendo , while Kaido is just trying to complete it . 18a 86 `` Teruhashi 's Second Visit to the Saiki Residence '' `` Teruhashi - san no Saiki - ke Saihou '' ( 照 橋 さん の 斉木 家 Ψ 訪 ) October 31 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kokomi visits the Saiki residence to take cooking lessons from Saiki 's mother , but ends up spending time with Saiki and the neighbor kid Yuuta , who turns out to be Kokomi 's one flaw . 18b 87 `` It 's a Piece of Cake ! The Straw Millionaire '' `` Ocha no Ko Saisai ! Warashibe Chouja '' ( お茶の子 ΨΨ ! わらしべ 長者 ) November 1 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When Saiki lacks the funds to pay off a meal , he uses a technique called Straw Millionaire , which involves exchanging items with others of a similar but slightly increased value via teleportation . This have disastrous effects with the other characters . 18c 88 `` Transformation ! Super Size '' `` Henkei ! Super Size '' ( 変形 ! スーパー Ψ ズ ) November 2 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When the cat Amp chokes on a piece of Saiki 's father 's model robot , Saiki shrinks his size in order to retrieve the part . But Saiki can not change back to normal size until an hour 's time is up , and he gets attacked by a cockroach . 18d 89 `` He Should Repeat the Grade '' `` Saikyouiku no Susume '' ( Ψ 教育 の ススメ ) November 3 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kongo is a delinquent third - year student bully at PK Academy , but will be held back a grade unless he changes his ways . 18e 90 `` Max Excitement ! Karaoke Party '' `` Tension Saikouchou ! Karaoke Kai '' ( テンション Ψ 高潮 ! カラオケ 会 ) November 4 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When Saiki 's class goes out for karaoke , Saiki takes the opportunity to order a chocolate parfait before it is his turn to sing . 19a 91 `` Hurray ! Tsundere Grandpa '' `` Banzai ! Tsundere ojīchan '' ( 万 Ψ ! ツンデレ おじいちゃん ) November 14 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki goes to his grandparents ' house while on vacation with his family , and has to deal with his grandfather who has trouble showing his true emotions . 19b 92 `` Hip , Hip , Hurray ! Tsundere Grandpa '' `` Banbanzai ! Tsundere Ojīchan '' ( 万 万 Ψ ! ツンデレ おじいちゃん ) November 15 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's grandfather is still secretly happy about his daughter and grandson coming over to visit . 19c 93 `` Welcome to the Farthest Amusement Park ! '' `` Saihate no Yūenchi e yōkoso ! '' ( Ψ 果て の 遊園 地 へ ようこそ ! ) November 16 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki and his family go to a run - down amusement park that is falling apart . After Saiki and his father ride a roller coaster , Saiki 's grandfather gets jealous and rides with Saiki on the ferris wheel . 19d 94 `` See you again ! Saying Goodbye to the Grandparents '' `` Saichen ! Sofubo to no Wakare '' ( Ψ 見 ( サイチェン ) ! 祖父母 と の 別れ ) November 17 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's vacation at his grandparents house comes to an end , but Saiki 's grandfather tries to do whatever he can to get Saiki and his family to stay . Saiki 's parents reveal that Saiki has psychic powers . 19e 95 `` Congratulations on the Video Game Release ! Kunio Saito 's Horror Stories '' `` Shuku gēmu - ka ! Saitō kunio no Kaidan '' ( 祝 ゲーム 化 ! 斉藤 邦夫 の χ 談 ) November 18 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki wants to play a video game called Kunio Saito 's Horror Stories ( a parody of the related Saiki video game release ) , but he has to make it home safely and without hearing spoilers . When he encounters his schoolmates or family members he gets a selection of video game choices to pick . 20a 96 `` Take Advantage of the Talent ! Toritsuka 's Plan to Get Popular '' `` Sainō wo Kushiseyo ! Toritsuka Moteo Keikaku '' ( Ψ 能 を 駆使 せよ ! 鳥 束 モテ 男 計画 ) November 21 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Toritsuka has become popular with the girls by letting ghosts possess him and show off their many talents , but things go wrong when the ghosts want to possess him during his big date with the group of girls while Saiki changes into a female named Saiko to explain to him what 's going on . 20b 97 `` Use Your Smarts ! The PK Occult Club '' `` Saichi wo Ikase ! Pīkei Okaruto - bu '' ( Ψ 知 を いか せ ! PK オカルト 部 ) November 22 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Toritsuka tries to create his own school club in order to attract girls . He creates an occult club , which brings in a creepy - looking girl , and also Kaido and Chiyo . Saiki uses the situation to check whether misattribution of arousal works . 20c 98 `` The Worst Cooks '' `` Saitei no Ryōrinin '' ( Ψ 低 の 料理 人 ) November 23 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's class has to make crepes , but Saiki discovers his partners Kaido and Hairo have no cooking abilities . 20d 99 `` Court is in Session ! Kokomins Trial ! '' `` Kaitei ! Kokominzu Saiban ! '' ( 開廷 ! ここ みん ズ Ψ 判 ! ) November 24 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki is abducted by members of the Teruhashi Fan Club , who are bothered that Saiki has been spending way too much time with Kokomi . 20e 100 `` Horror ! The Disastrous ___th Episode of the Anime '' `` Kyoufu ! Anime Dai * * * * * - wa no Sainan '' ( 恐怖 ! アニメ 第 ○ 話 の Ψ 難 ) November 25 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> While walking with Kaido and Nendo , Saiki notices that everyone seems to be talking about things that are connected to the number 100 , but he can not quite figure out why . 21a 101 `` Here Comes the Mad Scientist ! ( Part 1 ) '' `` Maddo Saientisuto Arawaru ! ( Zenpen ) '' ( マッド Ψ エンティ スト 現 る ! ( 前編 ) ) November 28 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When Saiki 's hairpin is broken , Saiki is unable to control his powers where all this powers are amplified . The Saikis have to resort to contact Kusuo 's big brother Kusuke . 21b 102 `` Here Comes the Mad Scientist ! ( Part 2 ) '' `` Maddo Saientisuto Arawaru ! ( Chūhen ) '' ( マッド Ψ エンティ スト 現 る ! ( 中 編 ) ) November 29 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> The Saiki family goes to London to get the control device fixed by Kusuke , but get sidetracked by Kusuo 's parents sightseeing . Kusuo explains why the brothers dislike each other . When Saiki 's dad lost the parts , Kusuke uses his deductions to find it and fix it . 21c 103 `` Here Comes the Mad Scientist ! ( Part 3 ) '' `` Maddo Saientisuto Arawaru ! ( Kōhen ) '' ( マッド Ψ エンティ スト 現 る ! ( 後編 ) ) November 30 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kusuke shares his back story about how he 's never beaten his little brother at anything , so he comes up with a challenge to beat him . 21d 104 `` Run for It ! A Battle of Wits '' `` Gekisō ! Sainō Batoru '' ( 激走 ! Ψ 能 バトル ) December 1 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki , Nendo , and Kaido play a game of tag in London in which Kusuo must evade Kusuke for three hours . 21e 105 `` Please at Least Be Quiet in the Art Museum '' `` Bijutsukan de wa Saiteigen O - shizuka ni '' ( 美術館 では Ψ 低 限 お 静か に ) December 2 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki , Nendo , and Kaido go to an art museum in London . Kaido tries to overanalyze the modern art pieces when Nendo makes his own drawing , which gets the approval of the curator . 22a 106 `` Summer Break ! The Occult Club training camp '' `` Natsuyasumimae no Sainan Natsuyasumi Massaichū ! Okaruto - bu Gasshuku Hen '' ( 夏休み 前 の Ψ 難 夏休み 真っ Ψ 中 ! オカルト 部 合宿 編 ) December 5 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> With summer break coming , Saiki tries to decline participating in the plans brought up by his schoolmates . 22b 107 `` Summer Break ! The Tennis Club training camp '' `` Natsuyasumi Massaichū ! Tenisu - bu Gasshuku Hen '' ( 夏休み 真っ Ψ 中 ! テニス 部 合宿 編 ) December 6 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> The Occult Club holds a test of courage in a forest , but the random pairings are not what the members expect . After that , Saiki 's off to the Tennis Club 's training camp . 22c 108 `` Summer Break ! Clinical Testing Job '' `` Natsuyasumi Massaichū ! Chiken Baito Hen '' ( 夏休み 真っ Ψ 中 ! 治験 バイト 編 ) December 7 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Nendo teams up with Saiki in a tennis match against Hairo . Then Saiki and Nendo join Mera in a clinical testing job but the medicines have weird side effects for Mera and Nendo . 22d 109 `` Summer Break ! License training camp '' `` Natsuyasumi Massaichū ! Menkyo Gasshuku Hen '' ( 夏休み 真っ Ψ 中 ! 免許 合宿 編 ) December 8 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki discovers the truth behind the side effects . He then joins Kaido and Kuboyasu at the motorcycle license training camp . 22e 110 `` Summer Break ! A Date with Teruhashi '' `` Natsuyasumi Massaichū ! Teruhashi Deito Hen '' ( 夏休み 真っ Ψ 中 ! 照 橋 デート 編 ) December 9 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> On the last day of summer break , Saiki goes on a date to the amusement park with Teruhashi . However , Saiki brings Yuuta along and Yuuta wants to see a hero show in which the villain `` abducts '' Teruhashi . 23a 111 `` The Heir to A Conglomerate Makes His Appearance '' `` Saibatsu no Onzōshi Arawaru ! '' ( Ψ 閥 の 御曹司 現 る ! ) December 12 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Metori Saiko , an arrogantly rich transfer student , wants to woo Kokomi . It seems like a great deal for her except that she has feelings for Saiki , and accidentally blurts out that she loves Saiki . 23b 112 `` Break through the Overwhelming Financial Power ! '' `` Attōteki Sairyoku o Uchiyabure ! '' ( 圧倒 的 Ψ 力 を 打ち破れ ! ) December 13 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> When Kokomi turns down Saiko 's love confession , Saiko starts making life difficult for Kokomi and Saiki 's family and friends . 23c 113 `` Tsundere Grandpa Returns ! '' `` Sairai ! Tsundere Ojī - chan '' ( Ψ 来 ! ツンデレ おじいちゃん ) December 14 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki 's grandparents come and visit Saiki 's family . When they all go out , Saiki 's grandfather 's mean behavior towards his father leads him to be left alone in a strange place when he meets Nendo . 23d 114 `` Holding a Halloween Party '' `` Kaisai Harowinpātī '' ( 開 Ψ ハロウィン パーティー ) December 15 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kaido invites his friends to a Halloween party at his place , but the guys have no clue as to its associated traditions . 23e 115 `` The Saiko Family 's Unbeatable Financial Power '' `` Saiko Ichizoku Muteki no Sairyoku '' ( 才 虎 一族 無敵 の Ψ 力 ) December 16 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> In order to gain control his classmates , Saiko takes Nendo out to a fancy restaurant and then offers to pay Nendo a large sum of money to be his underling , but Nendo would rather just be friends and finds helping people to be much more important . 24a 116 `` Talent Blossoms ? ! Melancholy of A Popular Magician '' `` Sainō Kaika ! ? Ninki Majishan no Yūutsu '' ( Ψ 能 開花 ! ? 人気 マジシャン の 憂鬱 ) December 19 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki learns that the magician Chono has become fairly popular with a new stage show , but Saiki learns it is more of a comedy show . 24b 117 `` An Exercise in Runaway Delusion '' `` Bōsō Mōsō Ekusasaizu '' ( 暴走 妄想 エクサ Ψ ズ ) December 20 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Chiyo has gained an enormous amount of weight , so Saiki tries to help by implanting Kaido 's voice to motivate her . 24c 118 `` Break - time Disaster '' `` Yasumi Jikan no Sainan '' ( 休み 時間 の Ψ 難 ) December 21 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki is constantly bothered by his schoolmates and others during his ten - minute break . Saiki 's classmates are ignoring Saiki , but he discovers that it 's because they are planning a surprise birthday party for him . 24d 119 `` Crushed ! Surprise Party ( Part 1 ) '' `` Funsai ! Sapuraizu Pātī ( zenpen ) '' ( 粉 Ψ ! サプライズ パーティー ( 前編 ) ) December 22 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Saiki watches as his friends plan a surprise birthday party , but the date is actually his father 's birthday . They discuss the gifts they will give him . When Saiki leaves early , his friends go to his house and surprise him , but Saiki has substituted his father . 24e 120 `` Crushed ! Surprise Party ( Part 2 ) '' `` Funsai ! Sapuraizu Pātī ( kōhen ) '' ( 粉 Ψ ! サプライズ パーティー ( 後編 ) ) December 23 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Kusuo tells his father to continue to pretend to be him so that his friends do n't feel bad about having celebrating a birthday party on the wrong birthday . Season 2 ( edit ) # Title Original air date `` Restarting ! Everyday Life , `` As Usual '' '' `` Saikai ! `` Itsumodōri '' no Nichijō '' ( Ψ 開 ! `` いつも 通り '' の 日常 ) January 17 , 2018 `` Another Christmas Challenge ! '' `` Sai Charenji ! Kurisumasu '' ( Ψ チャレンジ ! クリスマス ) `` First Experiences of the Year are Important '' `` Shinnen Saisho ga Ichiban Daiji '' ( 新年 Ψ 初 が 一 番 大事 ) `` Courtside Love Game '' `` Kōtosaido no Rabugeimu '' ( コート Ψ ド の ラブ ゲーム ) `` Dessert Buffet Disaster '' `` Suiitsu Baikingu no Sainan '' ( スイーツ バイキング の Ψ 難 ) `` FirstHand Science Fiction 1 '' `` Taiken Saiensufikushon 1 '' ( 体験 Ψ エンス フィクション 1 ) January 24 , 2018 `` FirstHand Science Fiction 2 '' `` Taiken Saiensufikushon 2 '' ( 体験 Ψ エンス フィクション 2 ) `` FirstHand Science Fiction 3 '' `` Taiken Saiensufikushon 3 '' ( 体験 Ψ エンス フィクション 3 ) `` Sup ! Love Challenge '' `` Osu ! Koi no Hatashijō '' ( 押忍 ! 恋 の 果たし 状 ) `` Fashion Sense out of Stock '' `` Fasshon Sensu no Zaiko Nashi '' ( ファッション センス の Ψ 庫 なし ) `` MidWinter Disaster '' `` Mafuyu no Sainan '' ( 真冬 の Ψ 難 ) January 31 , 2018 `` The Saiko Conglomerate Home Visit '' `` Saiko Zaibatsu Otaku Hōmon '' ( Ψ 虎 財閥 お 宅 訪問 ) `` Come On Over to Saiko Land ! '' `` Oide yo ! Saikō Rando '' ( おいでよ ! Ψ コーランド ) `` Invincible Disaster Prevention Measures '' `` Muteki no Bōsai Taisaku '' ( 無敵 の 防 Ψ 対策 ) `` Congratulations on Your Graduation ! '' `` Sotsugyō Omedetōgozaimasu ! '' ( 卒業 おめでとう ご Ψ ます ! ) `` The Disastrous Life of Imu Rifuta '' `` Rifuta Imu no Sainan '' ( 梨歩 田 依 舞 の Ψ 難 ) February 7 , 2018 `` April Fools ' Deceit ! '' `` Azamuke ! Saipuriru Fūru '' ( 欺 け ! Ψ プリルフール ) `` Spring 's Ultimate Weapon '' `` Haru no Saishūheiki '' ( 春の Ψ 終 兵器 ) `` Recycle ! Trash Cleanup Competition '' `` Risaikuru ! Gomihiroi Taikai '' ( リ Ψ クル ! ゴミ 拾い 大会 ) `` Cutting through the Silence , The Ghost in the Music Room '' `` Seijyaku Kirisaita Ongakushitsu no Yūrei '' ( 静寂 切り Ψ た 音楽 室 の 幽霊 ) 5 `` Rematch ! Rifuta VS Teruhashi '' `` Saisen ! Rifuta VS Teruhashi '' ( Ψ 戦 ! 梨歩 田 VS 照 橋 ) February 14 , 2018 `` Gifts of the Magi '' `` Kensai no Okurimono '' ( 賢 Ψ の 贈り物 ) `` The Lost Hamster with a Kansai Dialect '' `` Maigo no Hamusutā wa Kansaiben de Shaberu '' ( 迷子 の ハムスター は 関 Ψ 弁 で 喋る ) `` The Transient Miniature Animal '' `` Hōrō ! Minisaizu Animaru '' ( 放浪 ! ミニ Ψ ズアニマル ) `` Massage Disaster '' `` Massāji no sainan '' ( マッサージ の Ψ 難 ) 6 `` The Saiko Conglomerate 's Luxurious Cruise '' `` Saiko Saibatsu no Gōka Kurūzu '' ( Ψ 虎 財閥 の 豪華 クルーズ ) February 21 , 2018 `` The Shipwreck of Saiki Kusuo 1 '' `` Saiki Kusuo no Sōnan 1 '' ( 斉木 楠雄 の 遭難 1 ) `` The Shipwreck of Saiki Kusuo 2 '' `` Saiki Kusuo no Sōnan 2 '' ( 斉木 楠雄 の 遭難 2 ) `` The Shipwreck of Saiki Kusuo 3 '' `` Saiki Kusuo no Sōnan 3 '' ( 斉木 楠雄 の 遭難 3 ) `` The Shipwreck of Saiki Kusuo 4 '' `` Saiki Kusuo no Sōnan 4 '' ( 斉木 楠雄 の 遭難 4 ) 7 `` The Shipwreck of Saiki Kusuo 5 '' `` Saiki Kusuo no Sōnan 5 '' ( 斉木 楠雄 の 遭難 5 ) February 28 , 2018 `` The Shipwreck of Saiki Kusuo 6 '' `` Saiki Kusuo no Sōnan 6 '' ( 斉木 楠雄 の 遭難 6 ) `` The Shipwreck of Saiki Kusuo 7 '' `` Saiki Kusuo no Sōnan 7 '' ( 斉木 楠雄 の 遭難 7 ) `` The PK Academy Press Club Guillotine '' `` Danzai Seyo ! PK Gakuen Shinbun - bu '' ( 断 Ψ せよ ! PK 学園 新聞 部 ) `` Farewell ! The Last Day of Summer Break '' `` Saraba ! Natsuyasumi Saishūbi '' ( さらば ! 夏休み Ψ 終日 ) 8 `` A Totally Bad News Transfer Student Appears ! '' `` Chōuzai ! Geroyaba Tenkōsei Arawaru ! '' ( チョーウ Ψ ! ゲロヤバ 転校生 現 る ! ) March 7 , 2018 `` Escape the Aural Sight ! '' `` Ōrasaito wo Kaikugure ! '' ( オーラ Ψ ト を かい くぐれ ! ) `` The Circumstances of Delicate Children '' `` Sensai na Kodomo no Jijō '' ( 繊 Ψ な コドモ の 事情 ) `` Another Time Leap Challenge ! '' `` Sai Charenji ! Taimurīpu '' ( Ψ チャレンジ ! タイム リープ ) `` The Disastrous Life of Kokomi Teruhashi '' `` Teruhashi Kokomi no Sainan '' ( 照 橋 心 美 の Ψ 難 ) 9 `` Psychics Should Exercise Extreme Caution ( Part 1 ) '' `` Chō Nōryoku - sha ni wa saishin no Chūi wo ( Zenpen ) '' ( 超 能力 者 に は Ψ 心 の 注意 を ( 前編 ) ) March 14 , 2018 `` Psychics Should Exercise Extreme Caution ( Part 2 ) '' `` Chō Nōryoku - sha ni wa saishin no Chūi wo ( Kōhen ) '' ( 超 能力 者 に は Ψ 心 の 注意 を ( 後編 ) ) `` The Psychic Circus of Dreams ( Part 1 ) '' `` Yume no saikikkusākasu ( Zenpen ) '' ( 夢 の Ψ キック サーカス ( 前編 ) ) `` The Psychic Circus of Dreams ( Part 2 ) '' `` Yume no saikikkusākasu ( Kōhen ) '' ( 夢 の Ψ キック サーカス ( 後編 ) ) `` Hope You Get Well Soon ! '' `` Mubyōsokusai oinori itashimasu ! ! '' ( 無病 息 Ψ お祈り 致し ます ! ! ) 10 `` Preventing A Scam ! '' `` Fusege ! Sagi Hanzai '' ( 防げ ! 詐欺 犯 Ψ ) March 21 , 2018 `` The Saiki Family Reunion ! ( Part 1 ) '' `` Saiki - ke Shuketsu ! ! ( Zenpen ) '' ( Ψ 木 家 集結 ! ! ( 前編 ) ) `` The Saiki Family Reunion ! ( Part 2 ) '' `` Saiki - ke Shuketsu ! ! ( Kōhen ) '' ( Ψ 木 家 集結 ! ! ( 後編 ) ) `` The Rural Mad Scientist '' `` Inaka no Maddo Saientisuto '' ( 田舎 の マッド Ψ エンティ スト ) `` PK Academy Psykickers Assemble ! '' `` Tsudou ! PK Gakuen Saikikkāzu '' ( 集う ! PK 学園 Ψ キッカーズ ) 11 `` An Ugly Bolt Out of the Blue '' `` Busaiku , Seiten no Hekireki '' ( ブ Ψ ク 、 青天の霹靂 ) March 28 , 2018 `` Conceal Your Hidden Power ! '' `` Kakureta Sainō o Miidasareruna ! '' ( 隠れ た Ψ 能 を 見出さ れる な ! ) `` A Fight Between the Two Worst People '' `` Saiaku Dōshi no Tatakai '' ( Ψ 悪 同士 の 戦い ) `` A Miraculously Average Guy Appears ! '' `` Kiseki no Bonsai Arawanru ! '' ( 奇跡 の 凡 Ψ 現 る ! ) `` Disaster in the Library Room '' `` Toshoshitsu no Sainan '' ( 図書 室 の Ψ 難 ) 12 `` A Strong Declaration of Friendship '' `` Dokidoki Kousai Sengen '' ( ドキドキ 交 Ψ 宣言 ) April 4 , 2018 `` The Best Wing Girl ! ? '' `` Saikyō no Kyōryoku - sha ! ? '' ( Ψ 強 の 協力 者 ! ? ) `` The Adventures of Riki Jr . No. 2 , Small and Smart '' `` Chiisai kedo Kashikoi ! Koriki 2 - gō no Bōken '' ( 小 Ψ けど 賢い ! 小 力 2 号 の 冒険 ) `` The Disastrous Life of Hiroshi Satou '' `` Satō Hiroshi no Sainan '' ( 佐藤 ひろし の 災難 ) `` Trim a Bit Off the Sides '' `` Saido wa Karuku Asoba Sete '' ( Ψ ド は 軽く 遊ばせ て ) 13 `` Chisato Mera 's Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' `` Mera Chisato no Saikai ( Zenpen ) '' ( 目 良 千里 の Ψ 会 ( 前編 ) ) April 11 , 2018 `` Chisato Mera 's Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' `` Mera Chisato no Saikai ( Kōhen ) '' ( 目 良 千里 の Ψ 会 ( 後編 ) ) `` An Abnormality with Silent Cyborg '' `` Sairento Saibōgu no Ihen '' ( サイレント Ψ ボーグ の 異変 ) `` The Ultimate Spot Claimers '' `` Tsudoe ! Saikyō no Basho to Risuto '' ( 集え ! Ψ 強 の 場所 取 リスト ) `` Preface to the Final Episode '' `` Saishūkai e no Maefuri wo Shiyou '' ( Ψ 終 回 へ の 前 フリ を しよう ) 14 `` The Saiko Family 's Greatest Trial '' `` Saiko Ichizoku no Saidai no Shiren '' ( 才 虎 一族 の Ψ 大 の 試練 ) April 18 , 2018 `` Psychic Sidekicks '' `` Saikikku Saidokikkusu '' ( サイキック Ψ ドキックス ) `` The Occult Club 's Final Scream Scheme '' `` Okaruto - bu Saishū Zekkyō Keikaku '' ( オカルト 部 Ψ 終 絶叫 計画 ) `` Love Score Showdown '' `` Aijō Saiten Taiketsu '' ( 愛情 Ψ 点 対決 ) `` The Master Artist 's Classroom '' `` Tensai Gahaku no Kaiga Kyōshitsu '' ( 天 Ψ 画伯 の 絵画 教室 ) 15 `` Rebuilding the Baseball Team ! ( Part 1 ) '' `` Yakyūbu wo Saiken Seyo ! ( Zenpen ) '' ( 野球 部 を Ψ 建 せよ ! ( 前編 ) ) April 25 , 2018 `` Rebuilding the Baseball Team ! ( Part 2 ) '' `` Yakyūbu wo Saiken Seyo ! ( Kōhen ) '' ( 野球 部 を Ψ 建 せよ ! ( 後編 ) ) `` Eat Your Vegetables Too ! The Yakiniku Epilogue '' `` Yasai mo Tabeyou ! Yakiniku Kai '' ( 野 Ψ も 食べ よう ! 焼肉 回 ) `` Dad 's New Job ! ? '' `` Tōsan no Saishūshoku ! ? '' ( 父さん の Ψ 就職 ! ? ) `` Birthday Present Demands '' `` Saisoku ! Tanjōbi Purezento '' ( Ψ 促 ! 誕生 日 プレゼント ) 16 `` If You 're Looking For a Boyfriend ... '' `` Kōsai Aite wo Sagasu nara ... '' ( 交 Ψ 相手 を さがす なら ... ) May 2 , 2018 `` The Best Present For a Beloved Sister '' `` Saiai no imōto ni Saikō no Purezento wo '' ( Ψ 愛 の 妹 に Ψ 高 の プレゼント を ) `` The Spirit Medium Debuts Again '' `` Reinōryokusha Sai - debyū '' ( 霊 能力 者 Ψ デビュー ) `` The High Tech Soldier , 100 Yen Man ! '' `` Saiteku Senshi Hyakuenman ! '' ( Ψ テク 戦士 100 円 マン ! ) `` Inside the Secret Base '' `` Sīkuretto Beisu Insaido '' ( シークレット ・ ベース ・ イン Ψ ド ) 17 `` He 's Back ! The Brother 's Five Directives '' `` Saihō ! Ani kara no Itsutsu no Shirei '' ( Ψ 訪 ! 兄 から の 5 つの 指令 ) May 9 , 2018 `` Let 's Go to the Zoo ! '' `` Sai mo iru ! Dōbutsuen ni Ikou '' ( Ψ も いる ! 動物園 に 行 こう ) `` The Disastrous Work of a New Manga Author '' `` Shinjin Mangakka no Sainan '' ( 新人 漫画 家 の Ψ 難 ) `` The Disastrous Lives of the Kaidou Brothers '' `` Kaidō Kyōdai no Sainan '' ( 海藤 兄弟 の Ψ 難 ) `` A Girl 's Makeover '' `` Imēji Chenji Sai Gāru '' ( イメージ チェンジ Ψ ガール ) 18 `` Uzai Tenkōsei ! Akechi Tōma '' ( う Ψ 転校生 ! 明智 透 真 ) May 16 , 2018 `` Madamada Uzai ! Tenkōsei '' ( まだまだ う Ψ ! 転校生 ) `` Satsumaimo Hori no Sainan '' ( さつまいも 掘り の Ψ 難 ) `` Masukotto Kyara no Taisai wo Totonoeyou '' ( マスコット キャラ の 体 Ψ を 整え よう ) `` Saiko Metori no Taikutsuna Nichijō '' ( Ψ 虎 芽 斗 吏 の 退屈 な 日常 ) 19 `` Kurasu no Sainan '' ( クラス の Ψ 難 ) May 23 , 2018 `` Pīkei Gakuen Bunkasai 1 '' ( PK 学園 文化 Ψ1 ) `` Pīkei Gakuen Bunkasai 2 '' ( PK 学園 文化 Ψ2 ) `` Pīkei Gakuen Bunkasai 3 '' ( PK 学園 文化 Ψ3 ) `` Pīkei Gakuen Bunkasai 4 '' ( PK 学園 文化 Ψ4 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In many of the episodes ' original Japanese titles , the symbol Ψ ( psi ) is used as a substitute in words containing `` sai '' or `` zai '' . ( e.g. sainan ( 災難 , disaster ) is written as Ψ 難 . ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ In Asian counting systems , numbers are traditionally grouped into ten thousands instead of thousands , thus one million is 100 ten thousands Jump up ^ Season 2 does not have an official licensor . Jump up ^ Adapts a chapter originally published in WSJ sister magazine Cocohana . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Stream Cheer Boys ! ! , The Disastrous Life of Saiki K. , Puzzle & Dragons X '' . Anime News Network . June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-08-01/funimation-reveals-dub-casts-for-planetarian-handa-kun-saiki-k-show-by-rock-short/.104878 Jump up ^ `` ストーリー TV アニメ 「 斉木 楠雄 の Ψ 難 」 公式 サイト '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ストーリー TV アニメ 「 斉木 楠雄 の Ψ 難 」 公式 サイト '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ストーリー TV アニメ 「 斉木 楠雄 の Ψ 難 」 第 2 期 公式 サイト '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Disastrous_Life_of_Saiki_K._episodes&oldid=841532468 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 12 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Cracker Barrel - wikipedia Cracker Barrel Jump to : navigation , search Cracker Barrel Old Country Store , Inc . <Td_colspan="2"> Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : CBRL S&P 400 Component ISIN US22410J1060 Industry Restaurants Founded September 19 , 1969 ; 48 years ago ( 1969 - 09 - 19 ) Founder Dan Evins Headquarters Lebanon , Tennessee , United States Number of locations 640 at Sept. 19 , 2016 Area served United States Key people Michael A. Woodhouse ( Director & Executive Chairman ) Sandra B. Cochran ( President & CEO ) Revenue US $ 2.91 billion ( fiscal 2016 ) Operating income US $280.47 million ( fiscal 2016 ) Net income US $189.30 million ( fiscal 2016 ) Total assets US $1.50 billion ( fiscal 2016 ) Total equity US $526.43 million ( fiscal 2016 ) Number of employees approx . 73,000 at July 29 , 2016 Website www.crackerbarrel.com Cracker Barrel Old Country Store , Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme . The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969 ; its first store was in Lebanon , Tennessee , which remains the company headquarters . The chain 's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States , but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s . As of September 18 , 2012 , the chain operates 639 stores in 43 states . Cracker Barrel 's menu is based on traditional Southern cuisine , with appearance and decor designed to resemble an old - fashioned general store . Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs , a stone fireplace , and decorative artifacts from the local area . Cracker Barrel is known for its partnerships with country music performers . It has received attention for its charitable activities , such as its assistance of victims of Hurricane Katrina and injured war veterans . Employees there wear a choice of either white , yellow , blue or pink shirts . During the 1990s , the company was the subject of controversy for its official stance against gay and lesbian employees and for discriminatory practices against African - American customers and female employees . In 2004 , a U.S. Department of Justice ( USDOJ ) investigation found that Cracker Barrel discriminated against minority customers ; patrons complained of racially segregated seating and service quality . In an agreement with the USDOJ , Cracker Barrel implemented non-discrimination policies and pledged to focus on improving minority representation and civic involvement , particularly in the black community . Company shareholders added sexual orientation to the company 's non-discrimination policy in 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First location and early company history 1.2 New markets and refocus 1.3 Recent operations 2 Restaurants 2.1 Food and gift shop 2.2 Locations , service , and decor 2.3 Awards 3 Corporate overview 3.1 Investment and business model 3.2 Community involvement 4 Controversies 4.1 LGBT policies 4.2 Race - and gender - based discrimination lawsuits 5 Licensed products 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) First location and early company history ( edit ) Cracker Barrel was founded in 1969 by Dan Evins , a sales representative for Shell Oil , who developed the restaurant and gift store concept initially as a plan to improve gasoline sales . Designed to resemble the traditional country store that he remembered from his childhood , with a name chosen to give it a Southern country theme , Cracker Barrel was intended to attract the interest of highway travelers . The first restaurant was built close to Interstate 40 , in Lebanon , Tennessee . It opened in September 1969 , serving Southern cuisine including biscuits , grits , country ham , and turnip greens . Evins incorporated Cracker Barrel in February 1970 , and soon opened more locations . In the early 1970s , the firm leased land on gasoline station sites near interstate highways to build restaurants . These early locations all featured gas pumps on - site ; during gasoline shortages in the mid to late 1970s , the firm began to build restaurants without pumps . Into the early 1980s , the company reduced the number of gas stations on - site , eventually phasing them out altogether as the company focused on its restaurant and gift sales revenues . Cracker Barrel became a publicly traded company in 1981 to raise funds for further expansion . It floated more than half a million shares , raising $4.6 million . Following the initial public offering , Cracker Barrel grew at a rate of around 20 percent per year ; by 1987 , the company had become a chain of more than 50 units in eight states , with annual net sales of almost $81 million . New markets and refocus ( edit ) A Cracker Barrel in Minnesota The company grew consistently through the 1980s and 1990s , attaining a $1 billion market value by 1992 . In 1993 , the chain 's revenue was nearly twice that of any other family restaurant . In 1994 , the chain tested a carry - out - only store , Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Corner Market , in suburban residential neighborhoods . In addition , it expanded into new markets through the establishment of more traditional Cracker Barrel locations , the majority of them outside the South , and tested alterations to its menus to adapt to new regions . The chain added regional dishes to its menus , including eggs and salsa in Texas and Reuben sandwiches in New York , but continued to offer its original menu items in all restaurants . By September 1997 , Cracker Barrel had 314 restaurants , and aimed to increase the number of stores by approximately 50 per year over the following five years . The firm closed its Corner Market operations in 1997 and refocused on its restaurant and gift store locations . Its then president , Ron Magruder , stated that the chain was concentrating on strengthening its core theme , offering traditional foods and retail in a country store setting , with good service and country music . The chain opened its first restaurant and gift store not located near a highway in 1998 , in Dothan , Alabama . In the 2000s , in the wake of incidents including charges of racial discrimination and controversy over its policy of firing gay employees , the firm launched a series of promotional activities including a nationwide book drive and a sweepstakes with trips to the Country Music Association Awards and rocking chairs among the prizes . Recent operations ( edit ) The number of combined restaurants and stores owned by Cracker Barrel increased between 1997 and 2000 , to more than 420 locations . In 2000 and 2001 , the company addressed staffing and infrastructure issues related to this rapid growth by implementing a more rigorous recruitment strategy and introducing new technology , including an order - placement system . From the late 1990s to the mid-2000s , the company focused on opening new locations in residential areas to attract local residents and workers as customers . It updated its marketing in 2006 to encourage new customers , changing the design of its highway billboard advertisements to include images of menu items . Previously the signs had featured only the company 's logo . By 2011 , Cracker Barrel had opened more than 600 restaurants in 42 states . On January 17 , 2012 , company founder Dan Evins died of bladder cancer . Restaurants ( edit ) A Cracker Barrel gift shop Food and gift shop ( edit ) As a Southern - themed chain , Cracker Barrel serves traditional Southern comfort food often described as `` down - home '' country cooking and sells gift items including simple toys representative of the 1950s and 1960s , toy vehicles , puzzles , and woodcrafts . Also sold are country music CDs , DVDs of early classic television , cookbooks , baking mixes , kitchen novelty decor , and early classic brands of candy and snack foods . Breakfast is served all day , and there are two menus : one for breakfast , the other for lunch and dinner . Since the first restaurant opened , the menu has featured Southern specialties , including biscuits , fried chicken , and catfish ; seasonal and regional menu items were added during the 1980s and 1990s . In 2007 , Cracker Barrel announced plans to remove artificial trans fats from its menu items . Locations , service , and decor ( edit ) A Cracker Barrel guest playing peg solitaire For much of its early history , Cracker Barrel decided to locate its restaurants along the Interstate Highway System , and the majority of its restaurants remain close to interstate and other highways . Cracker Barrel is known for the loyalty of its customers , particularly travelers who are likely to spend more at restaurants than locals . The locations are themed around the idea of a traditional Southern U.S. general store . Items used to decorate each store are authentic artifacts , including everyday objects from the early 1900s and after . Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs , a wooden peg solitaire game on every table , and a stone fireplace with a deer head displayed above the mantel . In fact , each location has five common items : a shotgun , a cookstove , a deer head , a telephone , and a traffic light . The peg games have been present in Cracker Barrel since the opening of the first store , and continue to be produced by the same family in Lebanon , Tennessee . The decor at each location typically includes artifacts related to the local history of the area , including antique household tools , old wall calendars and advertising posters , and antique photographs ; these are centrally stored in a warehouse in Tennessee , where they are cataloged and stockpiled for future use by individual store locations . Awards ( edit ) Destinations magazine has presented the chain with awards for best chain restaurant , and in 2010 and 2011 , the Zagat survey named it the `` Best Breakfast '' . The chain was selected by the Outdoor Advertising Association of America as the 2011 OBIE Hall of Fame Award recipient for its long - standing use of outdoor advertising . It was also named the `` Best Family Dining '' restaurant by a nationwide `` Choice in Chains '' consumer poll in Restaurants & Institutions magazine for 19 consecutive years . Corporate overview ( edit ) Investment and Business model ( edit ) Cracker Barrel restaurants are aimed at the family and casual dining market as well as retail sales . The chain also advertises to people traveling on the interstate highways , as the majority of its locations are close to highway exits . The company has promoted its cost controls to investors . The company has stated its goal to keep employee turnover low , to provide better trained staff . Since the 1980s , the firm has offered a formal training program with benefits for progressing through it to all of its employees . The board of directors of Cracker Barrel has repeatedly been at odds with the largest shareholder , Biglari Holdings Inc . The owner of Biglari Holdings , Sardar Biglari , controls a 19.9 % share of the company , just short of the 20 % needed to trigger a shareholder rights plan , more commonly termed a `` poison pill '' . The poison pill was adopted after Biglari Holdings sought approval to purchase a 49.99 % share of the company and join the board of directors . Biglari Holdings purchased shares of Cracker Barrel in 2011 , and has been often critical of the transparency to shareholders , overspending on advertising , lack of customer value , capital funds mismanagement , and not maximizing shareholder value . Biglari has requested to be on the board of directors three times , and has been denied each time by a vote of shareholders . Biglari Holdings has also put forward a request for a one - time $20 / share dividend to address perceived overly conservative capitalization , which was also rejected by shareholders . Cracker Barrel has responded by claiming Biglari has a `` hidden agenda '' and a conflict of interest by holding shares in other restaurant chains such as Steak ' n Shake . Community involvement ( edit ) Cracker Barrel has supported a wide range of charities through one - off donations , promotional events , and partnerships with charitable organizations . The chain has supported charities and causes in communities where its restaurants are located , including the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Nashville after severe flooding in 2010 . In the same year , Cracker Barrel established Cracker Barrel Cares Inc. , an employee - funded non-profit organization that provides support to Cracker Barrel employees . Cracker Barrel has also formed a partnership with the Wounded Warrior Project , a charity for injured veterans . In attempts to rebuild its image after several race - related controversies , the firm has provided a scholarship through the National Black MBA Association , and job skills programs and sponsorships with 100 Black Men of America and the Restaurant and Lodging Association . Cracker Barrel sponsored the NASCAR Atlanta 500 race at Atlanta Motor Speedway from 1999 to 2001 and the Grand Ole Opry from 2004 to 2009 . The company was the first presenting sponsor of the Grand Ole Opry . This sponsorship allowed the company to make connections within the Nashville music industry , following which it entered into partnership with a number of country music performers . The chain has established partnerships with artists including Alison Krauss , Charlie Daniels , Josh Turner , Kenny Rogers , Dolly Parton , Alan Jackson , and Alabama , to offer CD releases and merchandise . Controversies ( edit ) LGBT policies ( edit ) In early 1991 , an intra-company memo called for employees to be dismissed if they did not display `` normal heterosexual values '' . According to news reports , at least 11 employees were fired under the policy on a store - by - store basis from locations in Georgia and other states . After demonstrations by gay rights groups , the company ended its policy in March 1991 and stated it would not discriminate based on sexual orientation . The company 's founder , Dan Evins , subsequently described the policy as a mistake . From 1992 onward , the New York City Employees Retirement System , then a major shareholder , put forward proposals to add sexual orientation to the company 's non-discrimination policy . An early proposal in 1993 was defeated , with 77 percent against and only 14 percent in support , along with 9 percent abstaining . It was not until 2002 that the proposals were successful ; 58 percent of company shareholders voted in favor of the addition . Cracker Barrel achieved the lowest score ( 15 out of 100 ) of all rated food and beverage companies in the Human Rights Campaign 's 2008 Corporate Equality Index , a measure of LGBT workplace equality . Their score for 2011 had increased to a 55 . The 2011 survey noted that the firm had established a non-discrimination policy and had introduced diversity training that included training related to sexual orientation . However , the company 's score for 2013 dropped to a 35 out of 100 , not having obtained the points related to non-discrimination toward gender identity and health benefits for partners of LGBT employees and transgender - inclusive benefits . On December 20 , 2013 , Cracker Barrel announced it would no longer sell certain Duck Dynasty products which it was `` concerned might offend some of ( its ) guests '' after Phil Robertson , a star of the reality TV show , remarked in a GQ interview Do n't be deceived . Neither the adulterers , the idolaters , the male prostitutes , the homosexual offenders , the greedy , the drunkards , the slanderers , the swindlers -- they wo n't inherit the kingdom of God . Do n't deceive yourself . It 's not right . -- Duck Dynasty 's Phil Robertson Robertson also made `` comments likening homosexuality to terrorism and bestiality '' in the interview , and expressed views about race which attracted criticism . On December 22 , less than two days after pulling the products from its shelves , Cracker Barrel reversed its position after protests from customers . Race - and gender - based discrimination lawsuits ( edit ) In July 1999 , a discrimination lawsuit was filed against Cracker Barrel by a group of former employees , who claimed that the company had discriminated against them on the grounds of race . In December 2001 , twenty - one of the restaurant 's customers , represented by the same attorneys , filed a separate lawsuit , alleging racial discrimination in its treatment of guests . Regarding both accusations , Cracker Barrel officials disputed the claims and stated that the company was committed to fair treatment of its employees and customers . In 2004 , an investigation by the U.S. Justice Department found evidence that Cracker Barrel had been segregating customer seating by race ; seating or serving white customers before seating or serving black customers ; providing inferior service to black customers , and allowing white servers to refuse to serve black customers . The Justice Department determined that the firm had violated Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The company was required to sign a five - year agreement to introduce `` effective nondiscrimination policies and procedures . '' The terms included new equal opportunity training ; the creation of a new system to log , investigate , and resolve complaints of discrimination ; and the publicizing of its non-discrimination policies . They were required to hire an outside auditor to ensure compliance with the terms of the settlement . In 2006 , Cracker Barrel paid a $2 million settlement to end a lawsuit alleging race and sexual harassment at three Illinois restaurants . Cracker Barrel stores subsequently began displaying a sign in the front foyer explaining the company 's non-discrimination policy , and added to its website and menu the policy and details on how to make a complaint . Since the early 2000s , Cracker Barrel has provided training and resources to minority employees , to improve its image on diversity . These efforts involved outreach to minority employees , along with testing a training plan to help employees whose first language is Spanish to learn English . As of 2002 , minorities made up 23 percent of the company 's employees , including over 11 percent of its management and executives . Cracker Barrel is on the Corporate Advisory Board for the Texas Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , and is a corporate sponsor of the NAACP Leadership 500 Summit . The company has been praised for its gender diversity , particularly on its board of directors , which includes three women out of eleven total board members . Its chief executive officer ( CEO ) , Sandra Cochran , is the second woman in Tennessee to hold that office in a publicly traded company . Licensed products ( edit ) In November 2012 , Cracker Barrel licensed its name to Smithfield Foods ' John Morrell Division in a deal to create a line of meat products to be sold in supermarkets and through other retail channels . In response , Kraft Foods filed a trademark - infringement lawsuit in February 2013 . Kraft has sold cheese in retail stores under their Cracker Barrel brand since 1954 . The corporation said that Cracker Barrel stores have not made significant sales of retail food products beyond their restaurant menu , and asked that the Smithfield Foods deal be nullified by the U.S. District Court in the Northern District of Illinois . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Set to Join the S&P MidCap 400 ; Marten Transport to be Added to S&P SmallCap 600 '' . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel Old County Store - Annual Report on Form 10K ( 2016 ) '' . Cracker Barrel . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Management '' . investor.crackerbarrel.com . Cracker Barrel Old Country Store . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Inc Company Profile '' . money. msn . MSN . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rhein , Liz ( June 10 , 1987 ) . `` Along the interstate with Cracker Barrel '' . Restaurant Business ( V86 ) . p. 112 . ISSN 0097 - 8043 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Carlino , Bill ( September 20 , 1993 ) . `` Dan W. Evins : barreling toward the top '' . Nation 's Restaurant News ( V27 ) . p. 115 . ISSN 0028 - 0518 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gutner , Toddi ( April 27 , 1992 ) . `` Nostalgia sells '' . Forbes . p. 102 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Adler Thorp , Susan ( April 28 , 1986 ) . `` Summer Tourists Improve Picture for Cracker Barrel '' . Memphis Business Journal . p. 10 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Strother , Susan G. ( February 1 , 1998 ) . `` President : Cracker Barrel is Rolling Along '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Florida ) . p . H1 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Steve ( March 1 , 1996 ) . `` A barrel full of questions '' . Restaurant Business . p. 48 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Moritz , Gwen ( April 25 , 1994 ) . `` Off the interstate and to the ' burbs '' . Nashville Business Journal ( V10 ) . p. 33 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Tarquinio , J. Alex ( September 25 , 1997 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Customizes Menus , Changes Reflect Regional Tastes '' . The Capital Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Jackovics , Ted ( June 26 , 2005 ) . `` Cracker Barrel opens new restaurants away from interstates '' . Tampa Tribune . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Stacey ( May 21 , 1999 ) . `` Cracker Barrel celebrates 30th with book drive , sweepstakes '' . The Tennessean . p. 6E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Farkas , David ( May 1 , 2000 ) . `` Fixing the Fixin 's '' . Chain Leader . p. 96 . ISSN 1528 - 4999 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ French , Rose ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` Cracker Barrel overhauls billboards '' . The Houston Chronicle . p. 5 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Fiscal 2011 Fourth Quarter Conference Call on the Internet '' ( Press release ) . Cracker Barrel Old Country Store . August 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel names McCarten as a board member '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . August 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year Fiscal 2011 Results And Provides Guidance for Fiscal 2012 '' ( Press release ) . Cracker Barrel Old Country Store . September 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobby Allyn ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Cracker Barrel founder Dan Evins dies at 76 '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Ken ( April 25 , 2005 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Served Up Piping Hot Profit '' . Investor 's Business Daily . p . B20 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Papiernik , Richard L ( November 27 , 1995 ) . `` Down - home image ca n't hide Cracker Barrel 's fine tuned focus '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . p. 11 . ISSN 0028 - 0518 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel to eliminate trans fats '' . Ocala Star Banner . May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Old Country Store to eliminate trans fats '' . Associated Press . May 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Russell , Keith ( July 5 , 2002 ) . `` Travelers taking to highways '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Kappes , Keith ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` It 's official : Cracker Barrel coming to Morehead ! '' . The Morehead News . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wadhwani , Anita ( March 13 , 2011 ) . `` Cracker Barrel tries out new strategies '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Loew , Karen ( June 25 , 2003 ) . `` Toys in the Attic '' . The Tennessean . p. 1W . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hall , Jason ( July 12 , 1999 ) . `` Cracker Barrel : country - fried success since 1999 '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . p. 10 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel turns 40 '' . The Tennessean . August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Williams , G. Chambers III ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Cracker Barrel ' pickers ' were years ahead of TV reality shows '' . The Tennessean . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Local '' . crackerbarrel.com . Cracker Barrel Old Country Store . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richards , Gregory ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Chain Makes an Art out of Decoration '' . Florida Times - Union . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Rutledge , K Dawn ( August 27 , 2003 ) . `` Restaurant company continues to strengthen its business through Outreach '' . Westside Gazette . p. 1B . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hieb , Dan ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` Zagat gives thumbs up to Cracker Barrel '' . Nashville Business Journal . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Polis , Carey ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Five Guys , Subway Top In - N - Out , Taco Bell In Zagat 's Fast Food Survey '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Secures OBIE Hall of Fame Award '' . Manufacturing Close - Up . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 10 - Q : Cracker Barrel Old Country Store , Inc '' ( Press release ) . Edgar Online 10 - K , 10 - Q Glimpse Feed ( USA ) . February 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McCain , Randy ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` Core values are at heart of Cracker Barrel 's rise '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Carlson , Kathy ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` At Cracker Barrel , training is a specialty '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Ruggless , Ron ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cracker Barrel shareholders reject third Biglari board bid '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duprey , Rich ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Biglari Takes Another Crack at Cracker Barrel '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel Adopts Poison Pill '' . The New York Times . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heller , Jonathan ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Food Fight : Biglari Makes Another Run at Cracker Barrel '' . The Street . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ruggless , Ron ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Biglari requests $20 dividend from Cracker Barrel '' . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferson , Greg ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Biglari trying to push dividend , debt at Cracker Barrel '' . San Antonio Express News . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Urges Shareholders to Reject Biglari Nomination to Board of Directors '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . November 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams III , G. Chambers ( December 30 , 2013 ) , `` Cracker Barrell rejects latest attempts to force a sale '' , USA Today Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel Donates to Civil Rights Fund '' . The Tennessee Tribune . November 1 , 2007 . p. 5 . ISSN 1067 - 5280 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel donates $1 million worth of food to Gulf '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . October 17 , 2005 . p. 22 . ISSN 0028 - 0518 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elan , Elissa ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` A flood of support : restaurateurs pitch in to raise funds for Nashville disaster victims ; Community '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Hamilton ( May 30 , 2009 ) . `` CD sales support injured vets '' . The Montgomery Advertiser . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : French , Rose ( June 18 , 2005 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Rebuilds Image '' . The Post and Courier . p. 9B -- 10B . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel Old Country Store offers $25,000 scholarship through National Black MBA program '' . Chicago Defender . October 1 , 2002 . p. 2 . ISSN 0745 - 7014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 100 Partners For Student Leadership '' . Atlanta Inquirer . November 19 , 2005 . p. 5 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Brown , Will ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Cracker Barrel serves up funding '' . Tallahassee Democrat . p. 5A . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Russell , Keith ( August 18 , 2001 ) . `` Atlanta Motor Speedway '' . The Tennessean . p. 1A . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Naujeck , Jeanne Anne ( October 2 , 2004 ) . `` ' Opry ' adds Cracker Barrel to name '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel banks on CD deals '' . The Tennessean . November 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Daniels follows Krauss to Cracker Barrel '' . Billboard . July 12 , 2005 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel offers bacon , eggs and CDs '' . The Bismarck Tribune . December 24 , 2010 . p. 1C . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Deb ( December 23 , 2002 ) . `` Perseverance gains Cracker Barrel gift '' . The Detroit News . p. 11A . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hayes , Jack ( March 4 , 1991 ) . `` Cracker Barrel comes under fire for ousting gays '' . Nation 's Restaurant News ( V25 ) . p. 1 . ISSN 0028 - 0518 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCann , Michelle ( July 1 , 1998 ) . `` Shareholder Proposal Rule : Cracker Barrel in Light of Texaco '' . Boston College Law Review . Boston College Law School . 39 ( 4 ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( November 24 , 1993 ) . `` Restaurant Bias Ban Loses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Corporate Equality Index '' ( PDF ) . Human Rights Campaign. 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Equality Index 2011 '' . Issuu . Human Rights Campaign . October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Equality Index 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Corporate Equality Index . Human Rights Campaign. 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Starnes , Todd ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` Cracker Barrel pulls ' Duck Dynasty ' merchandise '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Magary , Drew ( January 2014 ) , `` What the Duck ? '' , GQ , retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 Jump up ^ Fields , Liz ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Cracker Barrel Flipflops on Nixing ' Duck Dynasty ' Items From Shelves '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Subramanian , Courtney ( December 22 , 2013 ) , Cracker Barrel Pulls About Face on `` Duck Dynasty '' Merchandise , Time , retrieved December 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kyles , Kyra ( December 19 , 2013 ) , Duck Dynasty Dad on Blacks , Welfare , Jet , retrieved December 23 , 2013 , A&E announced Wednesday that Duck Dynasty star Phil Robertson was suspended indefinitely after making disparaging comments about gays and Blacks . ( ... ) We think he may want to leave the topic of race relations out of his duck - summoning mouth . Jump up ^ Hill , Shelley ( October 5 , 1999 ) . `` NAACP seeks class action in discrimination case against Cracker Barrel '' . Associated Press . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel denies it discriminates against black employees '' . Associated Press . November 4 , 1999 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Poole , Sheila M. ( October 16 , 1999 ) . `` Plaintiffs seek to expand Cracker Barrel wage suit '' . The Atlanta Journal and Constitution . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Cracker Barrel Hit With $100 M Racism Suit '' . Newsday . December 13 , 2001 . p . A78 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCampbell , Candy ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Patrons accuse Cracker Barrel of bias '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Russell , Keith ; Bivins , Larry ( April 12 , 2002 ) . `` Executives say racist charges are unfounded '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Julie ; Copeland , Larry ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Cracker Barrel customer says bias was ' flagrant ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Department Settles Race Discrimination Lawsuit Against Cracker Barrel Restaurant Chain '' . United States Department of Justice . May 3 , 2004 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Barrel To Pay $2 Million For Race And Sexual Harassment At Three Illinois Restaurants '' . LawMemo . March 10 , 2006 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pallasch , Abdon M. ( March 12 , 2006 ) . `` Cracker Barrel settles Illinois workers ' harassment claims '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ DuPlessis , Jim ( October 21 , 2006 ) . `` Discrimination claims hurt business even if false '' . The State . p . B8 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Advisory '' . texasnaacp.org . Texas Conference of the NAACP . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsors '' . NAACP Leadership 500 Summit . NAACP . May 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Allyn , Bobby ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Cracker Barrel says ' goodbye , glass ceiling ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kraft sues Cracker Barrel restaurants over trademark '' . Chicago Tribune . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Companies portal Media related to Cracker Barrel at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cracker_Barrel&oldid=828999645 '' Categories : Restaurant chains in the United States Retail companies of the United States Theme restaurants Restaurants in Tennessee Lebanon , Tennessee Restaurants established in 1969 Retail companies established in 1969 1969 establishments in Tennessee Baking mixes Companies listed on NASDAQ Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 01 : 16 . 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1. Cracker Barrel Old Country Store
2. American chain of restaurants and gift stores
3. Southern country theme
4. Controversies: LGBT policies, race and gender discrimination lawsuits
5. Community involvement and partnerships
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who is a minor according to alcohol legislation across australia
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Alcohol laws of Australia - Wikipedia Alcohol laws of Australia Jump to : navigation , search Alcohol laws of Australia regulate the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages ( If you are 18 and over in Australia you are allowed to vote , drink and drive ) . Legal age of drinking is 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alcohol drinking age 2 Alcohol laws by state 2.1 South Australia 2.2 Victoria 2.3 New South Wales 2.4 Western Australia 2.5 Australian Capital Territory 3 See also 4 References Alcohol drinking age ( edit ) State Current legal drinking age Year adopted Previous legal drinking age New South Wales 18 1905 21 Queensland 18 21 South Australia 18 1971 21 to 20 in 1968 Tasmania 18 21 to 20 in 1967 Victoria 18 1906 10 Western Australia 18 1970 21 Australian Capital Territory 18 1928 Not amended Northern Territory 18 1929 Not amended Alcohol laws by state ( edit ) All tourists ' legal proof of age is foreign passports only , and not any 18 + card ( especially in New Zealand , where it serves the same purpose as state - specific 18 + cards for residents of each respective state if they do n't already have a driving licence . ) South Australia ( edit ) In South Australia , the major legislation which controls the sale and consumption of alcohol is the Liquor Licensing Act 1997 ( SA ) . The principal aim of the Act is to minimise the harm associated with the consumption of alcohol in the community of South Australia . The drinking age was lowered from 21 to 20 in 1968 and by 1971 South Australia had a drinking age of 18 . Between 1836 and 1839 , liquor licences were granted by the Governor . On 21 February 1839 , Act No. 1 of 1839 became the first liquor licensing legislation in the Province , including three licenses : General Publican 's Licence Wine , Ale , Beer and other Malt Liquors Licence Storekeeper 's Licence In 1869 , a Storekeeper 's Colonial Wine Licence was introduced . Victoria ( edit ) Alcohol may not be sold in Victoria without a licence or permit being obtained from the State government . Licences and permits are issued by the Victorian Commission for Gambling and Liquor Regulation , under the Liquor Control Reform Act 1998 . In Victoria , alcohol may not be sold to a person who is under 18 years of age unless accompanied by a guardian ( or spouse ) and for consumption during a meal , and minors must not be on licensed premises ( i.e. premises on which alcohol may be sold or consumed ) unless accompanied by an adult or other limited circumstances . There are several categories of licences available . The most common are : packaged liquor licence , which permit the sale of liquor to customers to take away from retail liquor stores and supermarkets . general licence , which permit the sale of liquor to customers for drinking on the premises , and to take away . These are used by pubs , hotels and taverns . BYO permit , which allow customers to bring their own liquor and drink it on the premises . These are obtained by restaurants and clubs that do not intend to hold a liquor licence . Other specialised licences are : full club licence , renewable limited club licence , temporary limited licence , renewable limited licence , restricted club licence , pre-retail licence ( for wholesalers , producers , brewers and liquor importers ) , and vigneron 's licence . Until May 2015 , there were several areas in Melbourne which had the status of `` dry - areas '' , where a vote was required before a liquor licence was granted within the area . This requirement has now ceased . Some local government councils have passed by - laws prohibiting the consumption of alcohol on designated streets , parks and other areas within their jurisdictions . In Victoria , if a minor is caught with alcohol in public it can be confiscated and guardians notified of the offence , and a fine may be imposed . Previously , minors were allowed to drink alcohol if it is given to them by anyone on private property , for example a party . New laws which came into effect late 2011 , require parental permission to be given to any adult serving alcohol to minors , under a penalty of $7,000 . In Victoria , fully licensed drivers of motor vehicles must have a Blood alcohol content ( BAC ) below 0.05 % . Learner and probationary licensed drivers must not consume any alcohol before driving ( i.e. the BAC must be zero ) . Victorian alcohol laws only allow the following identification as legally accepted proof - of - age in licensed premises : Current Australian driver licence Current Victorian learner driver permit card Current passport ( Australian or foreign ) Current Keypass identity card . Current proof - of - age card from any Australian state or territory . New South Wales ( edit ) Alcohol may not be sold in NSW without a licence or permit being obtained from the State government . In NSW , alcohol may not be sold to a person who is under 18 years of age unless accompanied by a guardian ( or spouse ) and for consumption during a meal , and minors must not be on licensed premises ( i.e. premises on which alcohol may be sold or consumed ) unless accompanied by an adult or other limited circumstances . The designation of restricted area ( 18 + only ) and supervised area ( minors must be accompanied by adults ) must be displayed on the door or window facing outwards . There are several categories of licences available . The most common are : packaged liquor licence , which permit the sale of liquor to customers to take away from retail liquor stores and supermarkets . They must close at 11pm at the latest . general licence , which permit the sale of liquor to customers for drinking on the premises , and to take away . These are used by pubs , hotels and taverns . BYO permit , which allow customers to bring their own liquor and drink it on the premises . These are obtained by restaurants and clubs that do not intend to hold a liquor licence , or do not sell and supply liquor themselves . Other specialised licences are : full club licence , renewable limited club licence , temporary limited licence , renewable limited licence , restricted club licence , pre-retail licence ( for wholesalers , producers , brewers and liquor importers ) , and vigneron 's licence . Some local government councils have passed by - laws prohibiting the consumption of alcohol on streets within their areas , especially the Sydney CBD Entertainment Precinct , which stretches from the Sydney Harbour Bridge , Circular Quay down to the end of George Street . On other parts of Sydney , many streets still have similar ' alcohol - free streets ' , notably the immediate streets near railway stations , all main roads in Hurstville , Bankstown , Chatswood and City of Willoughby . Most of these bans last for 4 years which can be renewed each September of the 4 - year cycle under council discretion . In a designated area within the Sydney CBD , there is a 1 : 30 am lockout meaning no patrons can enter bars after that point , and no existing patrons can re-enter after that time , while last drinks are at 3am . There are restrictions on what can be served after midnight . For example , liquor can not be served `` neat '' . In NSW , if a minor is caught with alcohol in public it can be confiscated and guardians notified of the offence , and a fine may occur . New South Wales alcohol laws only allow the following identification as legally accepted proof - of - age in licensed premises : Current Australian driver licence Current Victorian learner driver permit card Current passport ( Australian or foreign ) Current NSW proof - of - age card ( if they do n't already have a driver 's licence ) . Western Australia ( edit ) State legislation governs the sale and supply of alcohol in Western Australia . The Liquor Control Act 1988 and the Liquor Control Regulations 1989 is administered by the Department of Racing , Gaming and Liquor . The purpose of the Liquor Act is primarily to regulate the sale , supply , and consumption of alcohol . Before 1970 , Western Australia drinking age was 21 . It is illegal for any person under the age of 18 years to purchase , supply , or drink alcohol on licensed or regulated premises , even if they are with their parents or guardian . The maximum penalty for a minor to consume alcohol on licensed premises is a $2,000 AUD fine . It is an offence in Western Australia for persons of any age to drink in public , such as on the street , park , or beach without first having obtained a permit from the appropriate local government authority . Such permits are at the discretion of the local council - some public events have a total ban on alcohol consumption and no permits will be issued . Western Australian alcohol laws only allow the following identification as legally accepted proof - of - age in licensed premises : Current Western Australian driver licence or a driver licence issued by an Australian state or territory government Current Western Australian learner driver permit card Current passport ( Australian or foreign ) Current Western Australian Photo Card , issued by the Department of Transport or a proof - of - age card issued by an Australian state or territory government Australian capital territory ( edit ) Alcohol was originally banned in Canberra ; see King O'Malley . Alcohol was made legal again following a plebiscite in 1928 . See also ( edit ) Alcohol in Australia Driver 's licence in Australia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Underage Drinking : develop policy options to reverse the present trend facing Australia '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` History of Liquor Licensing in South Australia '' . Olgc.sa.gov.au . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` LIQUOR CONTROL REFORM ACT 1998 '' . Austlii.edu.au. 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Liquor Control Reform Act 1998 , sec 119 '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Liquor Control Reform Act 1998 , sec 120 '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 10 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Age , 13 May 2015 : End to dry polls for Melbourne cafes and restaurants Jump up ^ City of Melbourne : Consumption of alcohol Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Teen Drinking Law - The Law '' . Jump up ^ Victorian Commission for Gambling and Liquor Regulation Proof of Age ^ Jump up to : `` New alcohol laws now in place '' . Jump up ^ Liquor Act 2007 ( NSW ) s 117 . AustLII Jump up ^ The boomer supremacy Jump up ^ http://www.alcoholthinkagain.com.au/Alcohol%20Related%20Information/The%20Law.aspx Jump up ^ `` Liquor Act 2007 '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Capital '' . Jump up ^ Ian Warden . `` Ditty details end of drink drought '' . Canberra Times . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Alcohol - related topics by country Countries Afghanistan Australia Indonesia Iran Malaysia New Zealand Sudan Cultures Australia Korea Types Canada Chinese Sweden Laws Australia Canada Iceland India Prohibition Germany Russia Consumption United Kingdom United States Youth consumption <Td_colspan="3"> Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Australia&oldid=815910703 '' Categories : Alcohol law in Australia Alcohol law by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from September 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 00 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Alcohol laws in Australia
2. Legal drinking age in Australia
3. Alcohol laws by state in Australia
4. Liquor Licensing Act in South Australia
5. Alcohol laws in New South Wales
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6,409,235,676,508,370,000 |
who was the song daniel by elton john written about
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Daniel ( Elton John song ) - wikipedia Daniel ( Elton John song ) For the Bat for Lashes single , see Daniel ( Bat for Lashes song ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Daniel '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Elton John <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player B - side `` Skyline Pigeon '' Released 26 March 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 26 ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 `` ) Recorded June 1972 , Château d'Hérouville , France Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 54 Label MCA ( US ) DJM ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Elton John , Bernie Taupin Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon <Th_colspan="2"> Elton John singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Daniel '' is a song and ballad by Elton John . It appeared on the 1973 album Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player . It was written by John and his lyricist Bernie Taupin . In the United Kingdom , the song reached no . 4 in the official chart . In the US the song reached No. 2 on the pop charts ( only held from number one by `` My Love '' by Paul McCartney & Wings ) and No. 1 on the adult contemporary charts for two weeks in the spring of 1973 . In the United States , it was certified Gold in September 1995 and Platinum in May 2018 by the RIAA . In Canada , it became his second No. 1 single , following `` Crocodile Rock '' earlier in the year , holding the position for two weeks in the RPM 100 national singles chart . Writers John and Taupin received the 1973 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . Donatella Versace named her son after this song . Contents 1 Composition 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Accolades 5 Notable covers 6 Use as film music 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Composition ( edit ) Bernie Taupin wrote `` Daniel '' after reading an article in either Time or Newsweek about a Vietnam War veteran who had been wounded , and wanted to get away from the attention he was receiving when he went back home . The last verse in the original draft was cut from the final version , which has led to some speculation on the contents . `` ' Daniel ' had been the most misinterpreted song that we 'd ever written , '' explained Taupin , in the Two Rooms tribute project . `` The story was about a guy that went back to a small town in Texas , returning from the Vietnam War . They 'd lauded him when he came home and treated him like a hero . But , he just wanted to go home , go back to the farm , and try to get back to the life that he 'd led before . I wanted to write something that was sympathetic to the people that came home . '' Personnel ( edit ) Elton John -- Fender Rhodes electric piano , `` flute '' Mellotron , vocals Davey Johnstone -- acoustic guitar , banjo Dee Murray -- bass Nigel Olsson -- drums , maracas Ken Scott -- ARP synthesizer Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Canada RPM 100 Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary Dutch Top 40 14 Dutch Single Top 100 15 German Singles Chart 27 Irish Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart 8 South African Singles Chart 6 Swiss Singles Chart 5 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 Zimbabwean Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia 55 Canada 19 US Billboard Hot 100 48 US Cash Box Top 100 44 Accolades ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result `` Daniel '' Best Pop Vocal Performance -- Male Nominated Notable covers ( edit ) `` Daniel '' was covered on the 1991 album Two Rooms : Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin by Wilson Phillips . It reached number seven on the US Adult Contemporary chart as an album cut . Sam Smith covered the song for the 2018 tribute album Revamp : Reimagining the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin . The band Fuel ( band ) covered `` Daniel '' on the bonus version of their year 2000 Something Like Human ' album . Use as film music ( edit ) `` Daniel '' can be heard in the film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore by Martin Scorsese . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 ( Canada ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` Oldies Music Encyclopedia : `` Soft Rock '' `` . About.com . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats - Elton John - Daniel '' . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic - Elton John - Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Lister , David , Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion , The Independent ( London ) , 28 May 1994 Jump up ^ `` Donatella Versace Daniel Versace - Donatella Versace Net Worth '' . Getnetworth.com. 1955 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Foy ( 5 February 2015 ) . American Politics Through Popular Culture . University Press of Kentucky . p. 203 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Taupin Interview '' . Billboard : 14 . 4 October 1997 . Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary , June 16 , 1973 Jump up ^ `` De Nederlandse Top 40 , week 9 , 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl - Elton John - Daniel '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` charts-surfer.de search results '' . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` irishcharts.ie search results '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flavour of New Zealand - search listener '' . flavourofnz.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com - Elton John - Daniel '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Daniel '' on the South African Singles Chart `` . Springbok Radio . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John - Daniel - hitparade.ch '' . Archived from the original on 10 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male '' . rockonthenet.com . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic - Wilson Phillips - Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Something Like Human External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Elton John Category : Elton John <Th_colspan="2"> Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( 1968 ) 1970s `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Something '' ( 1971 ) `` Do n't Let It Die '' ( 1972 ) `` Without You '' ( 1973 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1974 ) `` Streets of London '' * ( 1975 ) `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ( 1978 ) `` Baker Street '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` The Logical Song '' ( 1980 ) `` Woman in Love '' ( 1981 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' ( 1984 ) `` Against All Odds '' ( 1985 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Give Up '' ( 1987 ) `` Something Inside So Strong '' ( 1988 ) `` They Dance Alone '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` The Living Years '' ( 1990 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1991 ) `` The Whole of the Moon '' ( 1992 ) `` Why '' ( 1993 ) `` If I Ever Lose My Faith in You '' ( 1994 ) `` Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Common People '' ( 1996 ) `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' ( 1997 ) `` Paranoid Android '' ( 1998 ) `` Believe '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Strong '' ( 2000 ) `` Babylon '' ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' ( 2002 ) `` The Other Side '' ( 2003 ) `` Leave Right Now '' ( 2004 ) `` Dry Your Eyes '' ( 2005 ) `` Suddenly I See '' ( 2006 ) `` Elusive '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( 2008 ) `` One Day Like This '' ( 2009 ) 2010s `` The Fear '' ( 2010 ) `` Becoming a Jackal '' ( 2011 ) `` The A Team '' ( 2012 ) `` Next to Me '' ( 2013 ) `` Strong '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me to Church '' ( 2015 ) `` Was n't Expecting That '' ( 2016 ) `` Black Man in a White World '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> * Awarded as The Best Song <Th_colspan="2"> Wilson Phillips <Td_colspan="2"> Chynna Phillips Carnie Wilson Wendy Wilson Studio albums Wilson Phillips ( 1990 ) Shadows and Light ( 1992 ) California ( 2004 ) Christmas in Harmony ( 2010 ) Dedicated ( 2012 ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 2000 ) Singles `` Hold On '' `` Release Me '' `` Impulsive '' `` You 're in Love '' `` The Dream Is Still Alive '' `` Daniel '' `` You Wo n't See Me Cry '' `` Give It Up '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Already Gone '' `` Get Together '' Related topics Hey Santa ! Naked and Sacred The Wilsons Christmas with Carnie Carnie Wilson : Unstapled <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_(Elton_John_song)&oldid=853152695 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1970s ballads Elton John songs Wilson Phillips songs Songs with music by Elton John Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon Songs of the Vietnam War Rock ballads DJM Records singles MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 Use dmy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 19 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Elton John song
2. Daniel
3. Soft rock
4. Vietnam War
5. Bernie Taupin
|
6,655,395,748,587,600,000 |
if you speak arabic what country are you from
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List of countries where Arabic is an official language - wikipedia List of countries where Arabic is an official language Jump to : navigation , search Nations in which Arabic is an official language ( de facto or de jure ) . Arabic in countries with more than 50 % Arabic - speakers is considered a majority language , otherwise it is a minority language . Official as majority language Official as minority language Co-official as majority language Co-official as minority language Not official as minority language Arabic and its different dialects are spoken by around 422 million speakers ( native and non-native ) in the Arab world as well as in the Arab diaspora making it one of the five most spoken languages in the world . Currently , 22 countries are member states of the Arab League ( as well as 5 countries were granted an observer status ) which was founded in Cairo in 1945 . Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties , including its standard form . Arabic is the lingua franca of people who live in countries of the Arab world as well as of Arabs who live in the diaspora , particularly in Latin America ( especially Brazil and Argentina ) or Western Europe ( like France , Spain , Germany or Italy ) . Cypriot Arabic is an official minority language in the EU member state Cyprus and is the only European variety of Arabic within the Arabic macrolanguage . Maltese is the only fully separate standardized language to have originated from an Arabic dialect ( the extinct Sicilian Arabic dialect ) , with independent literary norms - it has its own language code ( ml / mlt ) that is distinct from that used for the Arabic macrolanguage ( ar / ara ) and has no diglossic relationship with Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic. . It is one of the official languages of the EU . Contents ( hide ) 1 Countries with Arabic as an official language 2 Countries with Arabic as a national language or an official minority language 2.1 Cyprus 2.2 Iran 2.3 Mali 2.4 Niger 2.5 Senegal 2.6 Turkey 3 Non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language 4 History 5 Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history and later replaced or canceled 6 See also 7 References 8 Notes 9 External links Countries with Arabic as an official language ( edit ) As of 2016 , there are 26 independent nations where Arabic is an official language . The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language . Countries where Arabic is an official language No Country Population Notes No. of Arabic Speakers % of Arabic Speakers Member state of Arab League 1 . Algeria 41,701,000 Co-official language , along with Berber 40,100,000 80.00 Yes 2 . Bahrain 1,343,000 Official language 690,302 81.4 Yes 3 . Chad 10,329,208 Co-official language , along with French 1,320,000 1.81 No 4 . Comoros 798,000 Co-official language , along with Comorian and French Yes 5 . Djibouti 810,179 Co-official language , along with French 97,900 1.32 Yes 6 . Egypt 90,000,000 Official language 82,449,200 93.18 Yes 7 . Eritrea 6,380,803 Co-official language , along with Tigrinya and English 249,700 3.83 Observer status 8 . Iraq 36,004,552 Co-official language , along with Kurdish 22,908,120 85.81 Yes 9 . Israel 8,238,300 Co-official language , along with Hebrew 2,039,000 24.82 No 10 . Jordan 6,655,000 Official language 5,083,300 96.93 Yes 11 . Kuwait 2,789,000 Official language 1,735,000 82.21 Yes 12 . Lebanon 4,965,914 Official language 4,180,000 91.44 Yes 13 . Libya 6,244,174 Official language 4,526,000 72.09 Yes 14 . Mauritania 3,359,185 Official language 3,140,000 88.78 Yes 15 . Morocco 35,250,000 Co-official language , along with Berber 25,003,930 74.29 Yes 16 . Oman 4,055,418 Official language 2,518,816 88.6 Yes 17 . Palestine 4,484,000 Official language in the Palestinian territories 1,610,000 37.49 Yes 18 . Qatar 2,155,446 Official language 1,215,900 75.39 Yes 19 . Saudi Arabia 30,770,375 Official language 27,178,770 95.62 Yes 20 . Somalia 10,428,043 Co-official language , along with Somali 3,788,000 31.26 Yes 21 . Sudan 40,235,000 Co-official language , along with English 28,164,500 70.00 Yes 22 . Syria 20,956,000 Official language 17,951,639 91.71 Yes 23 . Tanzania ( Zanzibar ) 1,303,569 Co-official language , along with Kiswahili and English No 24 . Tunisia 10,982,754 Official language 10,800,500 98.34 Yes 25 . United Arab Emirates 9,346,129 Official language 3,607,600 39.71 Yes 26 . Yemen 23,833,000 Official language 14,671,000 54.68 Yes <Td_colspan="7"> a . Out of the 193 member states of the United Nations , 161 member states currently recognize the State of Israel . b . Out of the 193 member states of the United Nations , 136 member states currently recognize the State of Palestine . c . The Palestinian territories ( also called Israeli - occupied territories ) are currently occupied by Israel but legally don ` t belong to the state of Israel according to the Supreme Court of Israel and the International Court of Justice of the United Nations ( UN ) . d . The Syrian National Coalition is partially recognized as the sole legitimate government of the state Syrian Arab Republic . e . Libya 's seat is taken by the House of Representatives ( Libya ) ( which is disputed by the Muslim Brotherhood - led General National Congress ( 2014 ) and Government of National Accord ) . f . Syria 's seat currently occupied by the Syrian National Coalition , while Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic suspended on 16 November 2011 . g . Yemen 's seat is taken by the Cabinet of Yemen ( which is disputed by the Houthi Supreme Revolutionary Committee ) . Countries with Arabic as a national language or an official minority language ( edit ) As of 2016 , there are 6 independent nations where Arabic is a national language or an official minority language , but not primary language . The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is a national language or an official minority language . Dispersion of native Arabic speakers as the majority ( green ) or minority ( chartreuse ) population Countries where Arabic is a national language or an official minority language No Country Population National language or Minority language Region 1 . Cyprus 1,141,166 Minority language Asia 2 . Iran 79,926,270 Minority language Asia 3 . Mali 14,517,176 National language Africa 4 . Niger 18,638,600 National language Africa 5 . Senegal 14,320,055 National language Africa 6 . Turkey 79,814,871 Minority language Asia Cyprus ( edit ) See also : Languages of Cyprus Cypriot Arabic ( alongside Armenian ) is one of the two recognized minority languages of Cyprus , since 2008 . It is spoken by the Maronite community , which is a minority in Cyprus especially in the cities Nicosia , Limassol and Larnaca . Cypriot Arabic ( also known as Cypriot Maronite Arabic ) is taught at the Elementary School of St. Maron , which is located in Anthoupolis southern of Nicosia , Cyprus . Iran ( edit ) See also : Languages of Iran Arabic is a recognized minority language of Iran . In addition , the constitution recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam , giving it a formal status as the language of religion , and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum . After the Islamic Revolution in 1979 , Arabic ( as the language of Quran ) became mandatory for pupils in Iran . Arabic courses are mandatory starting from 6th year of schooling ( 1st year of Middle School ) until the 12th year ( last of year of High School ) . In 2008 , the public university Payame Noor University declared that Arabic will be the `` second language '' of the university , and that all its services will be offered in Arabic , concurrent with Persian . The local dialects of Arabic spoken by Arab minorities in Iran ( like Ahwazi Arabs , Khamseh Arabs , Marsh Arabs as well as Arabs in Khorasan ) are Khuzestani Arabic and Mesopotamian Arabic , ( also known as Iraqi Arabic ) mainly in Khuzestan Province as well as Khorasani Arabic especially in Khorasan Province . There are also several TV channels in Arabic language broadcasting from Iran , namely , Al - Alam , Al - Kawthar TV as well as IFilm . Mali ( edit ) See also : Languages of Mali Arabic is one of the recognized national languages in Mali . Hassaniya Arabic ( a variety of Maghrebi Arabic ) is spoken by a minority in Mali especially by the Azawagh Arabs ( also known as nomadic Moors ) nomadic ethnic Arab - ancestry tribes who are settling mainly in the area of Azawagh which is a dry basin covering what is today northwestern Niger , as well as parts of northeastern Mali and southern Algeria . Niger ( edit ) See also : Languages of Niger Arabic is one of the recognized national languages in Niger . Arabic is spoken by a minority in Niger especially by the Diffa Arabs ( also known as Mahamid Arabs ) an Arab nomadic tribespeople who is living in eastern Niger , mostly in the Diffa Region . Senegal ( edit ) See also : Languages of Senegal Arabic is one of the recognized national languages in Senegal . Hassaniya Arabic is spoken by a minority in Senegal . Turkey ( edit ) See also : Languages of Turkey There is an Arab minority in Turkey who speak Arabic as their native language . Therefore , Arabic is a recognized minority language in Turkey . In 2015 , the Turkey 's Ministry of Education announced that as of the 2016 - 17 academic year , Arabic language courses ( as a second language ) will be offered to students in elementary school starting in second grade . The Arabic courses will be offered as an elective language course like German , French and English which are already being offered to elementary school students for a long time . According to a prepared curriculum , second and third graders will start learning the Arabic language by listening - comprehension and speaking , while introduction to writing will join these skills in fourth grade and after fifth grade students will start learning the language in all its four basic skills . The national public broadcaster of Turkey the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation ( also known as TRT ) broadcasts TRT Al Arabiya a 24 hours a day TV channel in Arabic language ( launched in April 2010 ) . Non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language ( edit ) As of 2016 , there are 9 non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language . The following is a list of non-sovereign entities and autonomous regions as well as territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language . Non-sovereign entities and territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language No Name Population Notes Region 1 . Azawad 1,300,000 Co-official language , along with Tuareg Africa 2 . Iraqi Kurdistan 5,300,000 Co-official language , along with Kurdish Asia 3 . Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 4,800,000 Official language Asia 4 . Khatumo 1,000,000 Co-official language , along with Somali Africa 5 . Puntland 4,280,000 Co-official language , along with Somali Africa 6 . Rojava ( also called Democratic Federation of Northern Syria ) 4,600,000 Co-official language , along with Kurdish and Syriac Asia 7 . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 502,585 Co-official language , along with Spanish Africa 8 . Somaliland 4,500,000 Co-official language , along with Somali Africa 9 . Syrian opposition 3,500,000 Official language Asia <Td_colspan="7"> a . The Syrian National Coalition is partially recognized as the sole legitimate government of the state Syrian Arab Republic . History ( edit ) Main article : Arab world § History The early Muslim conquests ( Arabic : الفتوحات الإسلامية , al - Futūḥāt al - Islāmiyya ) and the following Expansion of Islam ( Arabic : انتشار الإسلام , Intishar al - Islām ) led to the expansion of the Arabic language in Northern Africa , the Iberian Peninsula , the Caucasus , Western Asia , Central Asia and South Asia . Along with the religion of Islam , the Arabic language , Arabic number system and Arab customs spread throughout the entire Arab caliphate . The caliphs of the Arab dynasty established the first schools inside the empire which taught Arabic language and Islamic studies for all pupils in all areas within the caliphate . The result was ( in those areas which belonged to the Arab empire ) the creation of the society that was mostly Arabic - speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants . The expansion of the first Caliphates : Expansion under Islamic prophet Muhammad , 622 -- 632 AD / 1 - 11 AH Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate , 632 -- 661 AD / 11 - 40 AH Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 AD / 40 - 129 AH During the period of the Umayyad Caliphate , the 5th Umayyad caliph Abd al - Malik established Arabic instead of the local languages as the sole official state language of government across the entire caliphate . In the history , Andalusian Arabic was the official language in Spain and Portugal , formerly Al - Andalus for more than 700 years until the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada in 1492 . Siculo - Arabic ( or Sicilian Arabic ) was a spoken language on the islands of Sicily and neighbouring Malta ( at that time Emirate of Sicily ) between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century . Furthermore , a form of Arabic was spoken on the Mediterranean island of Crete ( in those days Emirate of Crete ) from the late 820s ( c. 824 or 827 / 828 ) until the Byzantine reconquest in 961 . While the Abbasid Caliphate originally gained power by exploiting the social inequalities against non-Arabs in the Umayyad Empire , during Abbasid rule the empire rapidly was Arabized . As knowledge was shared in the Arabic language throughout the empire , people of different nationalities and religions began gradually to speak Arabic in their everyday lives . Resources from other languages began to be translated into Arabic , and a unique Islamic identity began to form that fused previous cultures with Arab culture , creating a level of civilization and knowledge that was considered a marvel in Europe and the Western world . The Arabic language remained the lingua franca of high culture under the Fatimids ( 909 -- 1171 ) , Spanish Umayyads ( 856 -- 1031 ) in the Iberian Peninsula , and later Muslim dynasties in North Africa and Spain and of the Mamluks ( 125 -- 1517 ) in Egypt and Syria - Palestine . Unter the rule of Ya'qub ( the founder of the Saffarid dynasty ) the Persian language was introduced and replaced the Arabic language as the official language of the empire which comprises nowadays the modern states Iran , Afghanistan as well as parts of Pakistan , Tajikestan and Uzbekistan . Arabic ( alongside English ) was an official language in South Sudan from 1863 ( these days a part of Egypt Eyalet ) until 2011 ( that time the independent state Republic of South Sudan ) , when the former government canceled Arabic as an official language . Since 2011 English is the sole official language of South Sudan . The Arabic dialect Juba Arabic is still the lingua franca of the people in South Sudan . Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history and later replaced or canceled ( edit ) There were several territories ( which later became independent states ) where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history and where the Arabic language has been replaced by other languages or just canceled . The following is a list of territories ( which later became independent states ) where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history . Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history and later replaced or canceled No Current country Current official language Current spoken language In the history belong to In the history official language In the history spoken language Period of time Region 1 . Afghanistan Pashto , Dari Pashto , Dari , various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Pashto , Dari , Uzbek , Turkmen , Central Asian Arabic 661 - 750 Asia 2 . Armenia Armenian Armenian , various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic , Armenian 661 - 750 Asia 3 . Azerbaijan Azeri Azeri , various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic , Azeri 661 - 750 Asia 4 . Cyprus Greek , Co-official language , along with Turkish Greek , Turkish , various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Siculo - Arabic 661 - 750 Asia 5 . Georgia ( country ) Georgian Georgian Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic , Georgian 661 - 750 Asia 6 . Greece Greek Greek Emirate of Crete Arabic Arabic , Greek , various others 824 -- 961 Europe 7 . Iran Persian Persian Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic , Persian 661 - 750 Asia 8 . Italy , ( Sicily ) Italian Italian , various others Emirate of Sicily Arabic Siculo - Arabic , Byzantine Greek , Vulgar Latin 831 -- 1091 Europe 9 . Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Kyrgyz , Uzbek Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic , Kyrgyz 661 - 750 Asia 10 . Malta Maltese , Co-official language , along with English Maltese , English , various others Emirate of Sicily Arabic Siculo - Arabic , Byzantine Greek , Vulgar Latin 831 -- 1091 Europe 11 . Pakistan Urdu , Co-official language , along with English Urdu , various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Urdu , Central Asian Arabic 661 - 750 Asia 12 . Portugal Portuguese Portuguese , various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Andalusian Arabic , Mozarabic , Medieval Hebrew 711 - 1139 Europe 13 . Spain Spanish Spanish , various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Andalusian Arabic , Mozarabic , Medieval Hebrew 711 - 1492 Europe 14 . South Sudan English Juba Arabic , various others Egypt Eyalet Arabic Juba Arabic 1863 - 2011 Africa 15 . Tajikistan Tajik Tajik Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic , Tajik 661 - 750 Asia 16 . Turkey Turkish Turkish , various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic North Mesopotamian Arabic 661 - 750 Asia 17 . Turkmenistan Turkmen Turkmen Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic , Turkmen 661 - 750 Asia 18 . Uzbekistan Uzbek Uzbek Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic , Uzbek 661 - 750 Asia See also ( edit ) Arabic Modern Standard Arabic Arab League Arab world References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Documentation for ISO 639 identifier : ara '' . Jump up ^ `` Documentation for ISO 639 identifier : ara '' . Jump up ^ Robert D Hoberman ( 2007 ) . Morphologies of Asia and Africa , Alan S. Kaye ( Ed . ) , Chapter 13 : Maltese Morphology . Eisenbrown . Maltese is the chief exception : Classical or Standard Arabic is irrelevant in the Maltese linguistic community and there is no diglossia . Jump up ^ Data taken from https://www.ethnologue.com/ Retrieved 21 / 03 / 2016 Jump up ^ Used data taken from https://www.ethnologue.com/ and country population to get percentage . Retrieved 21 / 03 / 2016 Jump up ^ `` Syrian president slams Arab League for granting seat to opposition '' . Xinhua News Agency . 2013 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Regime backers express anger at other nations after Arab League suspends Syria '' . cnn.com . CNN . 2011 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presentation of the Arab League '' . Arableagueonline.org. 2012 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus '' . Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research . Archived from the original on 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Maronite Community of Cyprus : St Maron Elementary School , 11 December 2013 , Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ عربی دومین زبان دانشگاه پیام نور شد ( in Persian ) . Radiozamaaneh.com . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Paris ( 1995 ) : p. 250 . Jump up ^ Ethnologue : Ethnologue Languages of the World -- Senegal - Languages , Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Al - Monitor : Turks divided over plans to introduce Arabic - language teaching , 2 November 2015 , Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hürriyet Daily News : Arabic to be offered as second language in Turkish elementary schools , 23 October 2015 , Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Abd al - Malik '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . I : A-Ak - Bayes ( 15th ed . ) . Chicago , Illinois : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2010 . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 837 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ochsenwald & Fisher 2004 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Hayrettin Yücesoy ( 2015 ) `` Language of Empire : Politics of Arabic and Persian in the Abbasid World , p. 388 . Official languages by country Bibliography Paris , François ( 1995 ) . `` L Bassin de I'Azawagh : peuplements et civilisations , du néolithique à l'arrivée de l'islam '' ( PDF ) . Milieux , sociétés et archéologues ( in French ) . Karthala . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Ochsenwald , William ; Fisher , Sydney Nettleton ( 2004 ) . The Middle East : A History ( 6th ed . ) . Boston , MA : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 244233 - 6 . LCCN 2003041213 . Notes ( edit ) Arab Immigrants in Latin American Politics Descendants of Arabs thriving in S. America `` Arab roots grow deep in Brazil 's rich melting pot '' , The Washington Times . External links ( edit ) List of countries where arab is official language with pictures and flags <Th_colspan="2"> Countries and languages lists <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Countries <Td_colspan="2"> By languages Spoken Countries by spoken languages Official Countries by the number of recognized official languages Arabic Chinese Dutch / Afrikaans English French German Malay Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Tamil Endonyms Countries and capitals in native languages Exonyms Country names in various languages A -- C D -- I J -- P Q -- Z Languages of the European Union <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Languages <Td_colspan="2"> By continent Africa Americas North South Asia East South Europe Oceania By country Official languages by state List of languages without official status Countries by the number of recognized official languages Languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language By population By number of native speakers By number of total speakers Languages in censuses By family Language families Language - based geopolitical organizations Arab League ( Arabic ) Dutch Language Union ( Dutch ) English Speaking Union Francophonie ( French ) Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Portuguese ) Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa ( Portuguese ) Latin Union ( Romance ) Hispanidad ( Spanish ) Turkic Council ( Turkic ) International Organization of Turkic Culture ( Turkic ) See also Lists of languages Category : Languages Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language&oldid=840374745 '' Categories : Arabic language Lists of countries by language Arabic - speaking countries and territories Lists of administrative territorial entities by language Hidden categories : CS1 uses Persian - language script ( fa ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) Articles containing Arabic - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Čeština Deutsch Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Magyar مصرى 日本 語 پنجابی Română اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 13 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Arabic as an official language
2. Arab League member states
3. Arabic dialects
4. Arabic as a minority language
5. Arabic in non-sovereign entities
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is there such thing as a mini goat
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Pygmy goat - wikipedia Pygmy goat Jump to : navigation , search Caramel with black markings The Pygmy goat is a breed of miniature domestic goat . The pygmy goat can be used for many different things and that is why a pygmy goat is strictly classified as a multi purpose animal as stated on NPGA or National Pygmy Goat Association . The pygmy goat is quite hardy , an asset in a wide variety of settings , and can adapt to virtually all climates . Castrated males are called wethers and can be shown in pet classes . There are also pedigree classes at shows for entire goats . There are separate pedigree lineages in Europe , Africa , ( where they are sometimes called the African Pygmy ) and the United States . And this is because there were only a few hundred pygmy goats imported from Africa around 60 years ago . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Reproduction 3 Origin 4 Housing and care 5 General information 6 References 7 External links Appearance ( edit ) Females , called does or nannies , weigh 24 to 34 kg ( 53 to 75 lb ) and males , called bucks or billies , weigh 27 to 39 kg ( 60 to 86 lb ) . Wither height ranges from 41 to 58 cm ( 16 to 23 in ) . Castrated billys are called wethers . In the U.S. Pygmies only come in 7 breed standard approved colors , and can be categorized into caramel patterned , agouti patterned , and black patterned . Within these categories , there are caramel with black markings , caramel with brown markings , brown agouti , grey agouti , black agouti , black with white markings , and solid black . The faulting matrix allows for faulting random white markings from moderate to very serious and these animals will be judged accordingly . White belly bands are not considered random markings . The U.S. African Pygmy will also only have brown colored eyes . Reproduction ( edit ) Pygmy goats are precocial and polyestrous breeders ; bearing one to four young every nine to 12 months after a five - month gestation period . Does are usually bred for the first time at about 18 to 24 months , although they may conceive as early as two months if care is not taken to separate them early from male kids . Breeding under age does often results in c - sections . Newborn kids will nurse almost immediately , begin eating grain and roughage within a week , and are weaned by ten weeks of age . Polyestrous sexual behavior means that they experience heat and can be freshened ( made to come into milk production ) year - round . If milking is a priority , a continuous supply of milk can be obtained by breeding two or more pygmy does alternately . Some full - size dairy breeds are also noted for polyestrous sexual behavior . Origin ( edit ) Agouti Pygmy Kid being bottle fed The Pygmy goat was developed from the west african dwarf goat , a landrace of Central and West Africa , found most commonly in the Cameroon Valley . They were taken to Europe primarily by the British during the colonial era . They were later imported into the United States from European zoos in the 1950s for use in zoos as well as research animals . They were eventually acquired by private breeders and quickly gained popularity as pets and exhibition animals due to their good - natured personalities , friendliness and hardy constitution . Today , they are common as back - yard pets and in petting zoos . Housing and care ( edit ) Grey Agouti Pygmy Buck Pygmy goats are adaptable to most climates . Their primary diet consists of greens and grains . They enjoy having items to jump on and may be able to leap onto small vehicles . They are also in need of a shed and open area accessible at all times . They also need a companion , which does n't necessarily have to be its own species . They are prey animals and should therefore be sheltered in a predator - proof area - especially at night . Goats require fresh water at all times or they wo n't drink it . Pygmy goats are often affectionate if they are treated with respect . They can also be trained , though it requires quite a bit of work . It is important to make sure pygmy goats are comfortable and warm during the winter months . Simple measures such as feeding pygmy goats lukewarm water and lukewarm food , as well as ensuring their living quarters are free from drafts , can make pygmy goats a lot happier during the winter . General information ( edit ) Scientific name : Capra aegagrus hircus Average lifespan : 8 -- 18 years Normal body temperature : 101.5 - 104 ° F ( 39.1 - 40 ° C ) Normal pulse rate : 60 - 90 beats per minute ( faster for kids ) Normal respiration rate : 15 - 30 per minute Rumen movement : 1 - 1.5 per minute Gestation period : 145 -- 155 days ( average 150 days ) Heat ( oestrus ) cycle : 18 -- 24 days ( average 21 days ) Length of heat : 12 -- 48 hours ( average 1 day ) Weaning age ( recommended ) : 8 -- 10 weeks Males sexually mature : 9 -- 12 weeks Females onset of heat : 3 -- 12 months * Dehorning ( by veterinary surgeon ) : By 7 weeks Castration : Using elastrator ring : 8 weeks and older ( recommended to limit risk of Urinary Calculi ) ( 1 ) Surgical method ( by vet ) : No age limit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colby , Brian , et al. Dairy goats - breeding / feeding / management . American Goat Society . 1972 . Jump up ^ National Pygmy Goat Association . Best of Memo I. 1982 . Jump up ^ National Pygmy Goat Association . `` Color Choices for Registration '' . 2013 . Jump up ^ National Pygmy Goat Association `` Pygmies For All Reasons '' . 2003 . Jump up ^ David Watts . `` Pet Pygmy Goats : Henry and Joey '' . henryandjoey.co.uk . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kinne , Maxine . Pygmy goat care and management . 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Speciality Livestock - Agriculture.com '' . agriculture.com . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pygmy goats . The anatomy of a pygmy goat Pygmy Goat Club ( United Kingdom ) National Pygmy Goat Association ( United States ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pygmy_goat&oldid=805194469 '' Categories : Goat breeds Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Српски / srpski Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 18 : 12 . 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1. Pygmy goat breed
2. Appearance and characteristics of pygmy goats
3. Reproduction and care of pygmy goats
4. Origin and history of pygmy goats
5. Housing and management of pygmy goats
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how does the concentration gradient affect the process of atp synthesis
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Chemiosmosis - wikipedia Chemiosmosis Jump to : navigation , search Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane , down their electrochemical gradient . An example of this would be the generation of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis . An ion gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel ( red ) . Hydrogen ions , or protons , will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration , and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to make ATP . This process is related to osmosis , the diffusion of water across a membrane , which is why it is called `` chemiosmosis '' . ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP by chemiosmosis . It allows protons to pass through the membrane and uses the free energy difference to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , making ATP . The generation of ATP by chemiosmosis occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts , as well as in most bacteria and archaea , an electron transport chain pumps H+ ions in the thylakoid spaces through thylakoid membranes . The energy from the electron movement through electron transport chains cross through ATP synthase which allows the proton to pass through them and use this free energy difference to photophosphorylate ADP making ATP . Contents ( hide ) 1 The chemiosmotic theory 2 The proton - motive force 2.1 Equations 3 In mitochondria 4 In plants 5 In prokaryotes 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links The chemiosmotic theory ( edit ) Peter D. Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961 . The theory suggests essentially that most adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH formed from the breaking down of energy - rich molecules such as glucose . Mitchell won the Nobel Prize in 1976 for his chemiosmotic theory . Chemiosmosis in a mitochondrion . Molecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce acetyl CoA as an energy - rich intermediate . The oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A ( acetyl - CoA ) in the mitochondrial matrix is coupled to the reduction of a carrier molecule such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD ) and flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) . The carriers pass electrons to the electron transport chain ( ETC ) in the inner mitochondrial membrane , which in turn pass them to other proteins in the ETC . The energy available in the electrons is used to pump protons from the matrix across the stroma , storing energy in the form of a transmembrane electrochemical gradient . The protons move back across the inner membrane through the enzyme ATP synthase . The flow of protons back into the matrix of the mitochondrion via ATP synthase provides enough energy for ADP to combine with inorganic phosphate to form ATP . The electrons and protons at the last pump in the ETC are taken up by oxygen to form water . This was a radical proposal at the time , and was not well accepted . The prevailing view was that the energy of electron transfer was stored as a stable high potential intermediate , a chemically more conservative concept . The problem with the older paradigm is that no high energy intermediate was ever found , and the evidence for proton pumping by the complexes of the electron transfer chain grew too great to be ignored . Eventually the weight of evidence began to favor the chemiosmotic hypothesis , and in 1978 , Peter Mitchell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Chemiosmotic coupling is important for ATP production in mitochondria , chloroplasts and many bacteria and archaea . The proton - motive force ( edit ) Energy conversion by the inner mitochondrial membrane and chemiosmotic coupling between the chemical energy of redox reactions in the respiratory chain and the oxidative phosphorylation catalysed by the ATP synthase ( sometimes called as `` mitochondrial mushrooms '' ) . The movement of ions across the membrane depends on a combination of two factors : Diffusion force caused by a concentration gradient - all particles tend to diffuse from higher concentration to lower . Electrostatic force caused by electrical potential gradient - cations like protons H tend to diffuse down the electrical potential , from the positive ( P ) side of the membrane to the negative ( N ) side . Anions diffuse spontaneously in the opposite direction . These two gradients taken together can be expressed as an electrochemical gradient . Lipid bilayers of biological membranes , however , are barriers for ions . This is why energy can be stored as a combination of these two gradients across the membrane . Only special membrane proteins like ion channels can sometimes allow ions to move across the membrane ( see also : Membrane transport ) . In chemiosmotic theory transmembrane ATP synthases are very important . They convert energy of spontaneous flow of protons through them into chemical energy of ATP bonds . Hence researchers created the term proton - motive force ( PMF ) , derived from the electrochemical gradient mentioned earlier . It can be described as the measure of the potential energy stored as a combination of proton and voltage ( electrical potential ) gradients across a membrane . The electrical gradient is a consequence of the charge separation across the membrane ( when the protons H move without a counterion , such as chloride Cl ) . In most cases the proton - motive force is generated by an electron transport chain which acts as a proton pump , using the Gibbs free energy of redox reactions to pump protons ( hydrogen ions ) out across the membrane , separating the charge across the membrane . In mitochondria , energy released by the electron transport chain is used to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix ( N side ) to the stroma ( P side ) . Moving the protons out of the mitochondrion creates a lower concentration of positively charged protons inside it , resulting in excess negative charge on the inside of the membrane . The electrical potential gradient is about - 170 mV , negative inside ( N ) . These gradients - charge difference and the proton concentration difference both create a combined electrochemical gradient across the membrane , often expressed as the proton - motive force ( PMF ) . In mitochondria , the PMF is almost entirely made up of the electrical component but in chloroplasts the PMF is made up mostly of the pH gradient because the charge of protons H is neutralized by the movement of Cl and other anions . In either case , the PMF needs to be greater than about 460 mV ( 45 kJ / mol ) for the ATP synthase to be able to make ATP . Equations ( edit ) The proton - motive force is derived from the Gibbs free energy . Let N denote the inside of a cell , and let P denote the outside . Then Δ G = z F Δ ψ + R T ln ( X z + ) N ( X z + ) P ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! G = zF \ Delta \ ! \ psi + RT \ ln ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( X ) ^ ( z+ ) ) _ ( \ text ( N ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( X ) ^ ( z+ ) ) _ ( \ text ( P ) ) ) ) ) where Δ G ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! G ) is the Gibbs free energy change per unit amount of cations transferred from P to N ; z ( \ displaystyle z ) is the charge number of the cation X z + ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( X ) ^ ( z+ ) ) ; Δ ψ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ psi ) is the electric potential of N relative to P ; ( X z + ) P ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathrm ( X ) ^ ( z+ ) ) _ ( \ text ( P ) ) ) and ( X z + ) N ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathrm ( X ) ^ ( z+ ) ) _ ( \ text ( N ) ) ) are the cation concentrations at P and N , respectively ; F ( \ displaystyle F ) is the Faraday constant ; R ( \ displaystyle R ) is the gas constant ; and T ( \ displaystyle T ) is the temperature . The molar Gibbs free energy change Δ G ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! G ) is frequently interpreted as a molar electrochemical ion potential Δ μ X z + = Δ G ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( X ) ^ ( z+ ) ) = \ Delta \ ! G ) . For an electrochemical proton gradient z = 1 ( \ displaystyle z = 1 ) and as a consequence : Δ μ H + = F Δ ψ + R T ln ( H + ) N ( H + ) P = F Δ ψ − ( ln 10 ) R T Δ p H ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) ) = F \ Delta \ ! \ psi + RT \ ln ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) ) _ ( \ text ( N ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) ) _ ( \ text ( P ) ) ) ) = F \ Delta \ ! \ psi - ( \ ln 10 ) RT \ Delta \ mathrm ( pH ) ) A diagram of chemiosmotic phosphorylation where Δ p H = p H N − p H P ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! \ mathrm ( pH ) = \ mathrm ( pH ) _ ( \ mathrm ( N ) ) - \ mathrm ( pH ) _ ( \ mathrm ( P ) ) ) . Mitchell defined the proton - motive force ( PMF ) as Δ p = − Δ μ H + F ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! p = - ( \ frac ( \ Delta \ ! \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( H ^ ( + ) ) ) ) ( F ) ) ) . For example , Δ μ H + = 1 k J m o l − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) ) = 1 \ , \ mathrm ( kJ ) \ , \ mathrm ( mol ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) implies Δ p = 10.4 m V ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! p = 10.4 \ , \ mathrm ( mV ) ) . At 298 K ( \ displaystyle 298 \ , \ mathrm ( K ) ) this equation takes the form : Δ p = − Δ ψ + ( 59.1 m V ) Δ p H ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! p = - \ Delta \ ! \ psi + \ left ( 59.1 \ , \ mathrm ( mV ) \ right ) \ Delta \ ! \ mathrm ( pH ) ) . Note that for spontaneous proton import from the P side ( relatively more positive and acidic ) to the N side ( relatively more negative and alkaline ) , Δ μ H + ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) ) ) is negative ( similar to Δ G ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! G ) ) whereas PMF is positive ( similar to redox cell potential Δ E ( \ displaystyle \ Delta E ) ) . It is worth noting that , as with any transmembrane transport process , the PMF is directional . The sign of the transmembrane electric potential difference Δ ψ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! \ psi ) is chosen to represent the change in potential energy per unit charge flowing into the cell as above . Furthermore , due to redox - driven proton pumping by coupling sites , the proton gradient is always inside - alkaline . For both of these reasons , protons flow in spontaneously , from the P side to the N side ; the available free energy is used to synthesize ATP ( see below ) . For this reason , PMF is defined for proton import , which is spontaneous . PMF for proton export , i.e. , proton pumping as catalyzed by the coupling sites , is simply the negative of PMF ( import ) . The spontaneity of proton import ( from the P to the N side ) is universal in all bioenergetic membranes . This fact was not recognized before the 1990s , because the chloroplast thylakoid lumen was interpreted as an interior phase , but in fact it is topologically equivalent to the exterior of the chloroplast . Azzone et al. stressed that the inside phase ( N side of the membrane ) is the bacterial cytoplasm , mitochondrial matrix , or chloroplast stroma ; the outside ( P ) side is the bacterial periplasmic space , mitochondrial intermembrane space , or chloroplast lumen . Furthermore , 3D tomography of the mitochondrial inner membrane shows its extensive invaginations to be stacked , similar to thylakoid disks ; hence the mitochondrial intermembrane space is topologically quite similar to the chloroplast lumen. : The energy expressed here as Gibbs free energy , electrochemical proton gradient , or proton - motive force ( PMF ) , is a combination of two gradients across the membrane : the concentration gradient ( via Δ p H ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! \ mathrm ( pH ) ) ) and electric potential gradient Δ ψ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! \ psi ) . When a system reaches equilibrium , Δ p = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! p = 0 ) ; nevertheless , the concentrations on either side of the membrane need not be equal . Spontaneous movement across the potential membrane is determined by both concentration and electric potential gradients . The molar Gibbs free energy Δ G p ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! G_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) of ATP synthesis A D P 4 − + H + + H O P O 3 2 − → A T P 4 − + H 2 O ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( ADP ) ^ ( 4 - ) + \ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) + \ mathrm ( HOPO ) _ ( 3 ) ^ ( 2 - ) \ rightarrow \ mathrm ( ATP ) ^ ( 4 - ) + \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) is also called phosphorylation potential . The equilibrium concentration ratio ( H + ) / ( A T P ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) ) / ( \ mathrm ( ATP ) ) ) can be calculated by comparing Δ p ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! p ) and Δ G p ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ ! G_ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) ) , for example in case of the mammalian mitochondrion : H / ATP = ΔG / ( Δp / 10.4 kJ mol / mV ) = 40.2 kJ mol / ( 173.5 mV / 10.4 kJ mol / mV ) = 40.2 / 16.7 = 2.4 . The actual ratio of the proton - binding c - subunit to the ATP - synthesizing beta - subunit copy numbers is 8 / 3 = 2.67 , showing that under these conditions , the mitochondrion functions at 90 % ( 2.4 / 2.67 ) efficiency . In fact , the thermodynamic efficiency is lower in eukaryotic cells because ATP must be exported from the matrix to the cytoplasm , and ADP and phosphate must be imported from the cytoplasm . This `` costs '' one `` extra '' proton import per ATP , hence the actual efficiency is only 65 % ( = 2.4 / 3.67 ) . In mitochondria ( edit ) Directions of chemiosmotic proton transfer in the mitochondrion , chloroplast and in gram - negative bacterial cells ( cellular respiration and photosynthesis ) . The bacterial cell wall is omitted , gram - positive bacterial cells do not have outer membrane . The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called cellular respiration . The last steps of this process occur in mitochondria . The reduced molecules NADH and FADH are generated by the Krebs cycle , glycolysis , and pyruvate processing . These molecules pass electrons to an electron transport chain , which uses the energy released to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . ATP synthase then uses the energy stored in this gradient to make ATP . This process is called oxidative phosphorylation because it uses energy released by the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to phospolyrize ADP into ATP . In plants ( edit ) The light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP by the action of chemiosmosis . The photons in sunlight are received by the antenna complex of Photosystem II , which excites electrons to a higher energy level . These electrons travel down an electron transport chain , causing protons to be actively pumped across the thylakoid membrane into the thylakoid lumen . These protons then flow down their electrochemical potential gradient through an enzyme called ATP - synthase , creating ATP by the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP . The electrons from the initial light reaction reach Photosystem I , then are raised to a higher energy level by light energy and then received by an electron acceptor and reduce NADP+ to NADPH . The electrons lost from Photosystem II get replaced by the oxidation of water , which is `` split '' into protons and oxygen by the oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC , also known as WOC , or the water - oxidizing complex ) . To generate one molecule of diatomic oxygen , 10 photons must be absorbed by photosystems I and II , four electrons must move through the two photosystems , and 2 NAPDH are generated ( later used for carbon dioxide fixation in the Calvin Cycle ) . In prokaryotes ( edit ) Chemiosmotic coupling between the energy of sunlight , bacteriorhodopsin and phosphorylation ( chemical energy ) during photosynthesis in halophilic bacteria Halobacterium salinarum ( syn . H. halobium ) . The bacterial cell wall is omitted . Bacteria and archaea also can use chemiosmosis to generate ATP . Cyanobacteria , green sulfur bacteria , and purple bacteria synthesize ATP by a process called photophosphorylation . These bacteria use the energy of light to create a proton gradient using a photosynthetic electron transport chain . Non-photosynthetic bacteria such as E. coli also contain ATP synthase . In fact , mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have been formed when early eukaryotic cells ingested bacteria that could transfer energy using chemiosmosis . This is called the endosymbiotic theory . Chemiosmotic phosphorylation is the third pathway that produces ATP from inorganic phosphate and an ADP molecule . This process is part of oxidative phosphorylation . See also ( edit ) Bacteriorhodopsin Cellular respiration Citric acid cycle Electrochemical gradient Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter Mitchell ( 1961 ) . `` Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi - osmotic type of mechanism '' . Nature . 191 ( 4784 ) : 144 -- 148 . Bibcode : 1961Natur. 191 ... 144M . doi : 10.1038 / 191144a0 . PMID 13771349 . Jump up ^ `` Chemiosmosis '' . biologydictionary.net . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Alexander Johnson ; Julian Lewis ; Martin Raff ; Keith Roberts ; Peter Walter ( 2002 ) . `` Proton Gradients Produce Most of the Cell 's ATP '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Geoffrey M. ( 2000 ) . `` Figure 10.22 : Electron transport and ATP synthesis during photosynthesis '' . The Cell : A Molecular Approach ( 2nd ed . ) . Sinauer Associates , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 119 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Alexander Johnson ; Julian Lewis ; Martin Raff ; Keith Roberts ; Peter Walter ( 2002 ) . `` Figure 14 - 32 : The importance of H - driven transport in bacteria '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholls D.G. ; Ferguson S.J. ( 1992 ) . Bioenergetics 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . San Diego : Academic Press . ISBN 9780125181242 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( fourth ed . ) . New York - Basingstoke : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978 - 0716720096 . Jump up ^ Azzone et al ( 1993 ) `` Transmembrane Measurements Across Bioenergetic Membranes '' . Biochim . Biophys . Acta Bioenerg. 1183 ( 1 ) : 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Todd ( 2014 ) . `` An exploration of how the thermodynamic efficiency of bioenergetic membrane systems varies with c - subunit stoichiometry of F1F0 ATP synthases '' . J. Bioenerg . Biomembr. 46 : 229 - 241 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Todd ( 2014 ) . `` An exploration of how the thermodynamic efficiency of bioenergetic membrane systems varies with c - subunit stoichiometry of F1F0 ATP synthases '' . J. Bioenerg . Biomembr. 46 : 229 - 241 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Todd ( 2014 ) . `` An exploration of how the thermodynamic efficiency of bioenergetic membrane systems varies with c - subunit stoichiometry of F1F0 ATP synthases '' . J. Bioenerg . Biomembr. 46 : 229 - 241 . Further reading ( edit ) Biochemistry textbook reference , from the NCBI bookshelf -- Jeremy M. Berg ; John L. Tymoczko ; Lubert Stryer ( eds . ) . `` 18.4 . A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . Technical reference relating one set of experiments aiming to test some tenets of the chemiosmotic theory -- Seiji Ogawa & Tso Ming Lee ( 1984 ) . `` The Relation between the Internal Phosphorylation Potential and the Proton Motive Force in Mitochondria during ATP Synthesis and Hydrolysis '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 259 ( 16 ) : 10004 -- 10011 . PMID 6469951 . External links ( edit ) Chemiosmosis ( University of Wisconsin ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemiosmosis&oldid=812358344 '' Categories : Cell biology Cellular respiration Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 11 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Chemiosmosis
2. ATP synthesis
3. Electron transport chain
4. Mitochondria
5. Photosynthesis
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3,523,081,220,890,480,600 |
what is the definition of treason in the united states
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Treason Laws in the United States - wikipedia Treason Laws in the United States In the United States , there are both federal and state laws prohibiting treason . It was defined in Article III , Section 3 of the United States Constitution . Most state constitutions include similar definitions of treason , specifically limited to levying war against the state , `` adhering to the enemies '' of the state , or aiding the enemies of the state , and requiring two witnesses or a confession in open court . However , fewer than thirty people have ever been charged with treason under these laws . Constitutionally , citizens of the United States owe allegiance to at least two sovereigns . One is the United States , and the other is their state . They can therefore potentially commit treason against either , or against both . At least fourteen people have been charged with treason against various states ; at least six were convicted , five of whom were executed . However , no person has ever been executed for treason against the federal government . While treason is a criminal matter under federal and state laws , it may be considered a civil matter under tribal law . The Indian Civil Rights Act limits sentences for crimes by tribal courts to no more than one year in jail and a $5,000 fine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal 2 State 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Arkansas 2.3 California 2.4 Colorado 2.5 Delaware 2.6 Florida 2.7 Georgia 2.8 Idaho 2.9 Illinois 2.9. 1 Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith 2.10 Louisiana 2.11 Maine 2.12 Massachusetts 2.13 Minnesota 2.14 Mississippi 2.15 Missouri 2.15. 1 Joseph Smith and others 2.16 Nevada 2.17 North Carolina 2.17. 1 John Sevier 2.18 North Dakota 2.19 Oregon 2.20 Rhode Island 2.20. 1 Thomas Dorr 2.21 South Carolina 2.22 South Dakota 2.23 Tennessee 2.24 Texas 2.25 Vermont 2.26 Virginia 2.26. 1 Raid on Harper 's Ferry 2.27 Washington 2.28 West Virginia 2.29 Wisconsin 3 Tribal law 4 See also 5 References Federal ( edit ) Definition : In Article III , Section 3 of the United States Constitution , treason is specifically limited to levying war against the US , or adhering to their enemies , giving them aid and comfort . Conviction requires two witnesses or a confession in open court . Penalty : U.S. Code Title 18 : Death , or not less than 5 years imprisonment and not more than life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( minimum fine of $10,000 , if not sentenced to death ) . State ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) Definition : The constitution of Alabama defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution . Penalty : Not less than 10 years and not more than 99 years imprisonment ( eligible for parole after lesser of one - half of sentence or 15 years ) or life imprisonment ( eligible for parole after 10 years ) . A treason conviction also results in loss of voting rights for life without the possibility of voting restoration . Arkansas ( edit ) Definition : Arkansas legislation defines treason similarly to the United States Constitution , limiting it to `` levying war against the state '' or giving `` aid and comfort '' to the enemies of the state . Also similarly , conviction requires the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act , or confession in open court . Penalty : Death , or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole . California ( edit ) Definition : Treason against the state of California is defined similarly to the United States Constitution . The California Constitution states that `` treason against the State consists only in levying war against it , adhering to its enemies , or giving them aid and comfort . A person may not be convicted of treason except on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act or by confession in open court . '' This is reiterated in Section 37 of the California Penal Code . Penalty : Death , or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole . Colorado ( edit ) Penalty : Death , or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole . Delaware ( edit ) Definition : The constitution of Delaware defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution . Florida ( edit ) Penalty : Not less than 5.5 years and not more than 30 years imprisonment ( minimum sentencing guidelines ) . Georgia ( edit ) Penalty : Death , or by imprisonment for life or for not less than 15 years . Idaho ( edit ) The state constitution of Idaho specifically disallows gubernatorial respite or reprieve for a conviction for treason . Illinois ( edit ) Penalty : Not less than 6 years and not more than 30 years imprisonment . Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith ( edit ) Death of Joseph Smith while awaiting trial for treason against Illinois After escaping custody on charges of treason against Missouri and fleeing to Illinois , Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith were charged with treason in Illinois , which at that time was a capital offense . Augustine Spencer swore out a warrant alleging that the Smith brothers had committed treason by `` calling out the Legion to resist the force under the command of the Governor . '' On June 24 , 1844 , a warrant was issued charging that `` Joseph Smith , late of the county aforesaid , did , on or about the nineteenth day of June . A.D. 1844 , at the county and state aforesaid , commit the crime of treason against the government and people of the State of Illinois . '' Bail could not be granted for a charge of treason , so Smith was placed in jail where he was accompanied by his brother , Hyrum Smith , and other associates . On June 27 , Smith and Hyrum were killed by a mob in jail while they were awaiting trial . Louisiana ( edit ) Penalty : Death , or life imprisonment . In Louisiana , all life imprisonment sentences exclude the possibility of parole . Maine ( edit ) Definition : The state constitution of Maine defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution . Massachusetts ( edit ) Penalty : Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving not less than 15 years and not more than 25 years . Minnesota ( edit ) Penalty : Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 17 years . Mississippi ( edit ) Penalty : Death or life imprisonment . Missouri ( edit ) Definition : Treason is defined in the constitution of the State of Missouri . Penalty : Not less than 10 years and not more than 30 years imprisonment ( eligible for parole after serving one - half of sentence ) or life imprisonment ( eligible for parole after serving 30 years ) . Joseph Smith and others ( edit ) Joseph Smith and five others were charged with treason under Missouri law in 1838 , spending over five months in prison , but escaped while awaiting trial . Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith were later charged with `` treason against the government and people of the State of Illinois . '' Nevada ( edit ) Penalty : Not less than 2 years and not more than 10 years imprisonment ( if imprisonment is imposed ) . North Carolina ( edit ) Article I , Section 29 , of the State Constitution is similar to Article III , Section 3 of the United States Constitution , limiting the legal definition of `` treason '' to levying war against the State or giving `` aid and comfort '' to the enemies of the State . Conviction requires two witnesses to the act itself , or a confession in open court . John Sevier ( edit ) John Sevier , then governor of the State of Franklin and later the first governor of the State of Tennessee , was charged with treason against the State of North Carolina in October , 1788 . After being transported to North Carolina , he was freed . The charge was never brought to trial . North Dakota ( edit ) Penalty : Not more than 20 years imprisonment . Oregon ( edit ) Penalty : Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 25 years . Rhode Island ( edit ) Penalty : Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 20 years . Thomas Dorr ( edit ) Thomas Wilson Dorr was convicted of treason against Rhode Island in 1844 for leading an uprising against the state government , and sentenced to life imprisonment . Dorr served twelve months of his sentence . He was released in 1845 after the Rhode Island state legislature passed an Act of General Amnesty . In January 1854 the legislature passed an act annulling the verdict of the Rhode Island Supreme Court . South Carolina ( edit ) Penalty : Death or not more than 30 years imprisonment ( if committed during time of war ) or not more than 20 years imprisonment ( if not committed during time of war ) . South Dakota ( edit ) Definition : The state constitution of South Dakota defines treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution . Tennessee ( edit ) Tennessee has repealed its treason law . However , a person convicted of treason can never be eligible to vote in Tennessee . Texas ( edit ) Penalty : Not less than 1 year and not more than 20 years imprisonment . Vermont ( edit ) Definition : levying war or conspiring to levy war against the state , or adhering to the enemy . This definition , in Title 13 , Chapter 75 , § 3401 of Vermont Statutes , echoes the definition found in the United States Constitution . Penalty : Death by electrocution . Vermont criminal law maintains the death penalty specifically for treason . No other crime is punishable by the sentence of death . The method of execution is specified as electrocution . Vermont 's electric chair , last used in 1954 , is stored in the Vermont History Center in Barre , Vermont . Virginia ( edit ) Penalty : Not less than 20 years imprisonment or life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 15 years ( if imprisonment is imposed ) . Raid on Harper 's Ferry ( edit ) John Brown was charged with treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia , along with conspiracy and first - degree murders after he led his raid on Harper 's Ferry in 1859 . In Virginia v. John Brown , he was found guilty on all three charges . He was consequently hanged . John Anthony Copeland , Jr. , Edwin Coppie ( also known as Edwin Coppock ) , Shields Green and Aaron Dwight Stevens were also charged , convicted and hanged for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and other crimes . Albert Hazlett and John E. Cooke were charged with treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and found not guilty of treason , but were convicted of other crimes . Washington ( edit ) Definition : The state constitution and statutory law of Washington define treason in similar terms to the United States Constitution . Penalty : Death , life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 20 years , or any term of years . Treason is a `` Class A '' felony under sentencing guidelines , and current guidelines provide for a maximum sentence of life in prison and / or a $50,000 fine . West Virginia ( edit ) Penalty : Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after serving 10 years or not less than 3 years and not more than 10 years imprisonment ( latter sentence able to be imposed at discretion of jury or court if defendant pleads guilty ) . Wisconsin ( edit ) Penalty : Life imprisonment with or without the possibility of parole ( eligible in 20 years , if sentenced to life with parole ) . Tribal law ( edit ) The U.S. federal government recognizes tribal nations as `` domestic dependent nations . '' Tribal sovereignty is a form of parallel sovereignty within the U.S. constitutional framework , constrained by but not subordinate to other sovereign entities . There is at least one case of punishment for treason under tribal law . In 1992 , the Tonawanda Band of Seneca convicted several members of treason , stripped their tribal membership , and sentenced them to permanent banishment from the Tonawanda Reservation for attempting to overthrow the traditional government . See also ( edit ) Article Three of the United States Constitution References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` State Laws - FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stimson , Frederic Jesup ( 1908 ) . The Law of the Federal and State Constitutions of the United States : With an Historical Study of Their Principles , a Chronological Table of English Social Legislation , and a Comparative Digest of the Constitutions of the Forty - six States . Boston Book Company . p. 183 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Podger , Pamela J. ( 9 December 2001 ) . `` Few ever charged or convicted of treason in U.S. history / Many Americans fought for other religious , political , cultural beliefs '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orth , John V. ; Newby , Paul M. ( 2013 ) . The North Carolina State Constitution ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 9780199300655 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Carlton F.W. ; Larson , Carlton F.W. ( 17 February 2017 ) . `` Five myths about treason '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , David E. ; Wilkins , Shelly Hulse ( 2017 ) . Dismembered : Native Disenrollment and the Battle for Human Rights . University of Washington Press . p. 84 . ISBN 9780295741598 . Jump up ^ Deer , Sarah ; Garrow , Carrie E. ( 2004 ) . Tribal Criminal Law and Procedure . Rowman Altamira . p. 357 . ISBN 9780759115200 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Punishment at the Federal Level - FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treason - Death Penalty - ProCon.org '' . deathpenalty.procon.org . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Popeo , Daniel J. ; Andrews , Cory L. ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` Statement of the Washington Legal Foundation to the United States Sentencing Commission '' ( PDF ) . Washington Legal Foundation . p. 7 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Maddex , Robert ( 2005 ) . State Constitutions of the United States . CQ Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9781452267371 . Jump up ^ `` Felon Voting Quiz - Felon Voting - ProCon.org '' . felonvoting.procon.org . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas - Capital Murder with 10 Aggravating Circumstances , and Treason - Death Penalty - ProCon.org '' . deathpenalty.procon.org . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 1 : : DECLARATION OF RIGHTS ( Section 18 ) '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California Code , Penal Code - PEN § 37 '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Capital Punishment in California '' . www.cdcr.ca.gov . State of California . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Maddex , Robert ( 2005 ) . State Constitutions of the United States . CQ Press . p. 69 . ISBN 9781452267371 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia - Treason - Death Penalty - ProCon.org '' . deathpenalty.procon.org . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Maddex , Robert ( 2005 ) . State Constitutions of the United States . CQ Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9781452267371 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Joseph I. ( 1992 ) , `` Smith , Joseph : Legal Trials of Joseph Smith '' , in Ludlow , Daniel H , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , New York : Macmillan Publishing , pp. 1346 -- 1348 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0 , OCLC 24502140 ; Oaks & Hill ( 1975 , p. 18 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph I. Bentley , `` Martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith '' , in Daniel H. Ludlow ( ed . ) , Encyclopedia of Mormonism ( New York : Macmillan , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellis , Ashley ( 22 September 2010 ) . `` Throwing Away the Key : The Expansion of Life Without Parole Sentences in the United States '' ( PDF ) . Federal Sentencing Reporter . University of California Press . 23 ( 1 ) : 28 . ISSN 1053 - 9867 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Maddex , Robert ( 2005 ) . State Constitutions of the United States . CQ Press . p. 161 . ISBN 9781452267371 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi - Capital Homicide with 8 Aggravating Circumstances , Treason , and Aircraft Piracy - Death Penalty - ProCon.org '' . deathpenalty.procon.org . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Maddex , Robert ( 2005 ) . State Constitutions of the United States . CQ Press . p. 214 . ISBN 9781452267371 . Jump up ^ Bushman , Richard Lyman ( 2007 ) . Joseph Smith : Rough Stone Rolling ( Reprint ed . ) . Vintage . pp. 349 -- 549 . ISBN 9781400077533 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones Jr , James B. ( 2015 ) . Hidden History of Tennessee Politics . Arcadia Publishing . p. 19 . ISBN 9781625853745 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past Americans Charged With Treason '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 17 December 2001 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Governors '' . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Laws - Title 25 - Chapter 7 - Treason ; Sabotage '' . www.scstatehouse.gov . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Maddex , Robert ( 2005 ) . State Constitutions of the United States . CQ Press . p. 366 . ISBN 9781452267371 . Jump up ^ `` Tenn . Code Ann . § 39 - 5 - 801 '' . LexisNexis . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tenn . Code Ann . § 40 - 29 - 204 '' . LexisNexis . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tenn . Code Ann . § 40 - 29 - 105 '' . LexisNexis . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont - Abolishment of the death penalty except for treason - Death Penalty - ProCon.org '' . deathpenalty.procon.org . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Picard , Ken ( 22 June 2005 ) . `` Killing Time '' . Seven Days . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The raid on Harpers Ferry '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John A. Copeland Jr . - Ohio History Central '' . www.ohiohistorycentral.org . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Life , Trial and Execution of Captain John Brown ; 1859 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu . Lillian Goldman Law Library , . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Muddy Boots '' . muddyboots76.blogspot.com. 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Thomas C. ( 2014 ) . A Documentary History of the American Civil War Era : Volume 3 , Judicial Decisions , 1857 - 1866 . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 9781621900238 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Brown Papers held by Jefferson County Circuit Clerk 's Office '' . www.wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Maddex , Robert ( 2005 ) . State Constitutions of the United States . CQ Press . p. 415 . ISBN 9781452267371 . Jump up ^ `` RCW 9.82. 010 . Defined -- Penalty '' . app.leg.wa.gov . Washington State Legislature . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capital Punishment Laws - FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Washington State Adult Sentencing Guidelines Manual '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Caseload Forecast Council . 12 December 2016 . pp. 15 , 133 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenzerini , Federico ( 2006 ) . `` Sovereignty Revisited : International Law and Parallel Sovereignty of Indigenous Peoples '' ( PDF ) . Texas International Law Journal . 42 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 189 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Poodry v. Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians , 85 F. 3d 874 - Court of Appeals , 2nd Circuit 1996 '' . Google Scholar. 1996 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , David E. ; Wilkins , Shelly Hulse ( 2017 ) . Dismembered : Native Disenrollment and the Battle for Human Rights . University of Washington Press . pp. 81 -- 84 . ISBN 9780295741598 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treason_laws_in_the_United_States&oldid=844022536 '' Categories : State law in the United States United States criminal law State constitutions of the United States United States criminal constitutional law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 02 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Treason laws in the United States
2. Federal and state laws prohibiting treason
3. Definition of treason in the United States Constitution
4. Treason charges and penalties in different states
5. Tribal law and punishment for treason
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-1,544,031,414,229,555,700 |
who plays the little girl in santa claus the movie
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Santa Claus : the Movie - wikipedia Santa Claus : the Movie Jump to : navigation , search For films with similar titles , see Santa Claus ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Santa Claus <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Jeannot Szwarc Produced by Pierre Spengler Ilya Salkind Screenplay by David Newman Story by David Newman Leslie Newman Starring Dudley Moore John Lithgow David Huddleston Judy Cornwell Burgess Meredith Music by Henry Mancini ( Score ) Leslie Bricusse ( Lyrics ) Cinematography Arthur Ibbetson Edited by Peter Hollywood Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date November 27 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 27 ) Running time 108 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $30 -- 50 million Box office $23.7 million Santa Claus : The Movie ( known on - screen as simply Santa Claus ) is a 1985 British - American Christmas film starring Dudley Moore , John Lithgow , and David Huddleston in the title role . It is the last major fantasy film produced by the Paris - based father - and - son production team of Alexander and Ilya Salkind . The film was directed by Jeannot Szwarc and released in North America on November 27 , 1985 , by TriStar Pictures . The 2005 DVD release was released by Anchor Bay Entertainment , now known as Starz Home Entertainment , under license from the film 's current owner , StudioCanal ; however , the current , 25th Anniversary home video release ( which also now includes Blu - ray ) is by Lionsgate Home Entertainment , again under StudioCanal 's license . Santa Claus : The Movie is a straightforward attempt to explore the mysteries of Santa Claus with the key objective being to answer some of the basic questions many children have about the Santa mythos , such as how his reindeer fly , how he and his wife made it to the North Pole , and how he ascends chimneys , among other things . The film chronicles the origins of Santa Claus , who , along with his wife Anya ( Judy Cornwell ) , goes from being a simple working man to becoming an international icon of Christmas . At the same time , the film also tells a contemporary story in which one of Santa 's elves ( alternately referred to as the `` Vendequm '' onscreen ) , a visionary named Patch ( Moore ) , sets out to employ Santa 's toymaking methods on his own , unaware that he might be ruining the magic of Christmas in the process . The film was a financial failure at the time of release and received mostly negative reviews from critics . Since then it has gained a cult following and has become one of the most watched Christmas movies of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and Filming 3.2 Casting 3.3 Santa 's elves 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Comic book adaptation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Sometime in the 14th century , Claus is a woodcarver in his mid-50s who , with his wife Anya , delivers his gifts to the children of local villages . One night , Claus , Anya and their two reindeer , Donner and Blitzen , are caught in a blizzard and succumb to the cold weather . In death , they are transported to the vast `` ice mountains , way up at the top of the world . '' Their expected arrival is heralded with the appearance of several elves , or as Claus 's people call them in their legends , the Vendequm , led by the venerable and wise elf named Dooley . Claus and Anya also meet inventive elf Patch , and the more down - to - earth Puffy . Dooley tells Claus it is his destiny to deliver toys to the children of the world every Christmas Eve , which the elves will make in their large workshops . Donner and Blitzen are joined by six other reindeer and fed magic food that allows them to fly . When Christmas Eve comes , Claus is approached by the oldest of elves , the Ancient One , who renames him as `` Santa Claus '' . Centuries pass as the mythology of Santa is created , until the 20th century , where Santa is exhausted by the continuous workload he must do every year due to the world 's increasing population . Anya suggests he enlist an assistant , to which Patch and Puffy compete to earn via a competition to produce the most toys in a limited amount of time . Patch uses a machine he has invented , and although he wins , it begins to produce shoddy works without his knowledge ( due to putting the machines on a faster speed ) . During his annual deliveries , Santa befriends a homeless 10 - year - old orphan boy named Joe in New York City and takes him for a flight around the skyscrapers of Manhattan in his sleigh . Santa lets Joe take the reins , who flies the sleigh underneath the Brooklyn Bridge much to Santa 's horror , who then playfully gets his own back on Joe by having his reindeer perform the `` Super Duper Looper '' , around the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center - an aerial trick that involves them doing a complete 360 degree turn , but Donner always fails due to acrophobia . Santa takes Joe on his deliveries where they meet 9 - year - old Cornelia , a wealthy child and also an orphan who fed Joe one previous night . On Christmas Day , Patch 's toys begin to fall apart , prompting him to quit his job and let Puffy take over . Traveling to New York , Patch meets B.Z. , Cornelia 's step - uncle and a scheming executive of a toy company that faces a total shutdown by Congressional investigation due to unsafe products . Believing B.Z. 's toys are popular due to witnessing several toys being removed from a shop window , Patch decides to help B.Z. make better toys , using some of the reindeer feed to create lollipops which can make people fly and giving them to children for free ( the latter fact causing B.Z. to sputter and yell , `` FOR FREEEEE ? ! '' ) . Patch also constructs a hovercraft called the Patchmobile to deliver the products like Santa and helps create a new holiday on March 25 , which B.Z. deems `` Christmas 2 '' . Santa disapproves of Patch 's actions ( unaware the plan is to make Santa appreciate him again ) and feels disheartened about continuing his job if the children of the world do not care anymore . Meanwhile , Patch is disturbed when B.Z. plans to turn himself into the face of Christmas , and asks Patch to develop candy canes which enable flight . While Patch works at night , B.Z. 's assistant , Dr. Eric Towzer , appears at his house and reveals the candy canes will explode if exposed to heat . B.Z. proposes they flee to Brazil and let Patch take the fall for their criminal neglect , which Towzer eventually approves of , despite initially urging B.Z. to reconsider his actions as children are involved . Joe and Cornelia eavesdrop on the conversation , but Joe is caught and locked up in the basement of B.Z. 's factory . Patch finds Joe and discovers Santa made a carving for Joe that resembles him ( which was unintentional , but pointed out by Anya ) . Thrilled that Santa remembers him , Patch and Joe set off in the Patchmobile to the North Pole . Cornelia sends a letter to Santa informing him of the situation . Despite Comet and Cupid having the Flu , Santa gathers up the other six reindeer and he arrives to pick Cornelia up . Santa and Cornelia pursue the Patchmobile , which is carrying a huge supply of candy canes on the verge of exploding . Santa convinces his reindeer to perform the Super Duper Looper in order to catch Patch and Joe as the Patchmobile explodes . Meanwhile , B.Z. 's crimes are uncovered when Cornelia calls the police . As Dr. Towzer and B.Z. 's chauffeur , Grizzard , are arrested , B.Z. attempts to evade the cops by eating several candy canes and tries to fly out of his office window only to fly up into the sky . The film ends with the inhabitants of the North Pole celebrating the triumph with a joyous dance party , where Cornelia and Joe have been adopted by Santa , his wife and his elves , whilst B.Z. , in spite of his pleas for help , is doomed to float off into the depths of space , among the equally - affected remains of the Patchmobile as the end credits roll . Cast ( edit ) David Huddleston as Santa Claus , the Christmas figure who delivers presents to every child in the world on Christmas Eve . Dudley Moore as Patch , a creative , inventive elf whose passion for and faith in the 20th Century is put to the test throughout the story . John Lithgow as B.Z. , the main antagonist -- an unscrupulous toy manufacturer who uses Patch in a larger scheme to take over Christmas . Judy Cornwell as Anya Claus , Santa 's caring and supportive wife . Burgess Meredith as the Ancient One , the oldest and wisest of the elves . Jeffrey Kramer as Dr. Eric Towzer , B.Z. 's head of Research & Development . Christian Fitzpatrick as Joe , a homeless 10 - year - old orphan boy living on the hard streets of New York who befriends Santa and becomes Cornelia 's best friend and conscience . Carrie Kei Heim as Cornelia , B.Z. 's 9 - year - old step - niece and orphan , who becomes Joe 's conscience and best friend . John Barrard as Dooley , Santa 's # 2 at the North Pole . Anthony O'Donnell as Puffy , a bearded elf whose methodicalness foils against Patch 's more radical progressiveness . Melvyn Hayes as Goober , head of the Sewing Department . Don Estelle as Groot , the elves ' Senior Chef . Tim Stern as Boog , first of Patch 's three best friends . Peter O'Farrell as Honka , second of Patch 's three best friends . Christopher Ryan as Vout , third of Patch 's three best friends . Keith Hayden as an Elf . Shannon Spruill as Bratty Kid at Ballet Class Nigel Paterson as bass - playing Elf in ' Season 's Greetings ' scene . Production ( edit ) Development and filming ( edit ) Conceived by Ilya Salkind in the wake of the apparently waning critical and U.S. box office success of 1983 's Superman III and its immediate follow - up , 1984 's Supergirl , Santa Claus : The Movie was directed by Jeannot Szwarc , who had directed Supergirl , from a story by David and Leslie Newman . David Newman , however , took sole screenplay credit . Pierre Spengler , Ilya 's longtime partner , and the third key element of Team Salkind , joined Alexander 's son as the project 's producer . John Carpenter was originally offered the chance to direct , but also wanted a say in the writing , musical score and final cut of the movie . Carpenter 's original choice for the role of Santa was Brian Dennehy . Among the original choices to direct the film other than Carpenter were Lewis Gilbert , who , despite initial interest , could not agree with the Salkinds over certain aspects of the script . Robert Wise was also offered the chance to direct , but Wise had a different approach to the story . Guy Hamilton , who 'd had to withdraw from directing Superman : The Movie in 1976 ( because he was a tax exile , and , as such , could only spend 30 days in England , where the movie would be filming ) , was very interested in directing and lobbied hard for the chance to do so , but only on the condition that the film be shot either in Los Angeles , Vancouver or Rome . Ultimately , the Salkinds chose Szwarc because of their excellent working relationship on Supergirl which many executives at TriStar Pictures believed was a masterpiece and would also become a mega hit . Santa Claus : The Movie was filmed in Buckinghamshire , England at Pinewood Studios , between August and November 1984 . The film was photographed by Arthur Ibbetson , whose credits , among others , included the original Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) . Santa Claus : The Movie was his final feature film . Serving as film editor was Peter Hollywood . The production was designed by Anthony Pratt , with costume design concepts by Bob Ringwood . The visual effects unit , as well as several of the production staff , were Salkind stalwarts from the Superman films : Derek Meddings , director of visual and miniature effects ; Roy Field , optical visual effects supervisor ; and David Lane , flying and second unit director . The documentary , Santa Claus : The Making of The Movie , which chronicles the film 's production , is introduced by David Huddleston , speaking straight to the camera in character as Santa , with Dudley Moore serving as on - screen host . The voice over commentary is performed by Ted Maynard , who had also done voice - overs for the film 's original UK trailer . The documentary originally aired in the United States on ABC , on Christmas Eve , 1987 . Anchor Bay Entertainment 's now - out - of - print 20th anniversary DVD of the film included this documentary as a bonus feature ; the Lionsgate DVD and Blu - ray versions currently feature the 50 - minute feature as well . The Blu - ray version , however , also features a brief chronicle of the filming of the `` ' Christmas II ' Press Conference '' sequence , as well as additional deleted scenes cut from the original theatrical version . Casting ( edit ) Moore had always been the top choice to play the lead Elf in the movie , Ilya Salkind having remembered a scene in Arthur in which Liza Minnelli 's character asks Moore if he is Santa 's Little Helper . Moore was attached to the project virtually from the outset , and therefore had a say on both scripting and choice of director . Originally , David Newman 's first - draft script called for the character to be named Ollie ; but Moore decided instead that the name should be changed to Patch , Patch being the nickname of his own young son , Patrick . Moore was briefly considered to play the role of the 5th dimension imp `` Mr. Mxyzptlk '' in the Salkind 's aborted original script from Superman III and for the role of Nigel in Supergirl . He turned down that role , but suggested his long time friend and comic partner Peter Cook for the part . Ilya Salkind , from the very beginning , had wanted an American actor to portray Santa Claus because he felt that the movie focused on a primary piece of Americana in much the same way that Superman : The Movie did . Brian Dennehy was the top choice of John Carpenter when he discussed the possibility of directing the film with the Salkinds . Jeannot Szwarc , however , felt that he needed an actor with more warmth than Dennehy , and toward that end , he had screen - tested such actors as David White ( who , being in his late 60 's , was considered too old for the role ) , and Moore 's Arthur co-star Barney Martin . For a while , Ilya Salkind actively pursued Carroll O'Connor for the role before Szwarc showed him David Huddleston 's screen - test , which won Salkind over . For the role of B.Z. , the producers wanted a star with a similar stature to Gene Hackman when he had played Lex Luthor in Superman : The Movie . To this end , they offered the role to Harrison Ford who turned them down . They made offers to Dustin Hoffman , Burt Reynolds and Johnny Carson -- - all of whom , for one reason or another , turned the part down . Eventually , John Lithgow was settled on after Salkind watched Terms of Endearment and realised that he had a Grinch - type look to him . The role of the Ancient Elf was written with James Cagney in mind ; however , with Cagney being very weak in his old age , the legendary actor could not adequately assume the role , despite the fact that he liked the film 's overall idea . Nonetheless , Cagney had no other choice but to turn the offer down , so Fred Astaire was considered . When this eventually came to nothing , Dudley Moore suggested his friend Burgess Meredith for the role , which he in the end won . At the time of the movie 's announcement in the middle of 1983 , the British Press carried reports that diminutive actors such as David Jason , Patrick Troughton and Norman Wisdom would be cast alongside Dudley as fellow Elves . This ultimately came to nothing . Santa 's elves ( edit ) The elves in the film are portrayed as legendary beings known as the Vendequm . According to the Santa Claus : The Movie novelization written by science fiction / fantasy novelist Joan D. Vinge , the elves keep watch over all that happens in the world that borders their own magical realm . The Vendequm are described as being extremely fond of children since , after all , only children can see them , due to the innocence of their youth . The elves are fond of making things for children , and so they often journeyed out into the children 's world , leaving their newly crafted toys where children would find them . According to the novel , with the passing of each new century , and as civilizations continued to rise and fall , it became more and more difficult and dangerous for the elves to venture too far out into the human world . Thus , the vast majority of the toys the elves made could not be given out , and were left to gather dust in their magnificent storeroom , the Toy Tunnel . The novel also describes how , on a certain long - winter 's night , the oldest and wisest elf of all , the Ancient One , foresaw the arrival of a man whose love for children would be equal to that of the elves . The Ancient One believed that this man would be the one to whom the elves would grant full immortality , along with the ability to deliver the elves ' gifts to children all over the world . In addition to Patch , Dooley , Puffy , Boog , Honka , and Vout , the film 's screenplay and cast listing features three additional elves : Groot , the Elves ' Senior Chef ; Goober , the head of the Elves ' tailoring shop , who crafts Santa 's full red robes ; and Goobler , who trains several of his fellow elves in the art of painting toys with their own beards . Reception ( edit ) Santa Claus : The Movie received negative reviews upon release , with a rating of 17 % on Rotten Tomatoes , from the 17 reviews counted . Box Office Mojo lists the film 's total United States box office gross as $ 23,717,291 , less than its $30 -- 50 million production budget . Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert noted some positive points to the film , writing that the film `` does an interesting job of visualizing Santa 's workshop '' and Santa 's elves . He also praised the film 's special effects , particularly the New York City fly - over sequence involving Santa . Ebert also had some praise for Lithgow 's `` nice , hateful performance '' , but wrote that `` the villain is not drawn big enough . '' He ceded that young children would probably like most of the film , but that older children and adults are `` likely to find a lot of it a little thin . '' Vincent Canby of The New York Times was less positive than Ebert , calling the production `` elaborate and tacky '' . He described the film as having `` the manner of a listless musical without any production numbers '' . Unlike Ebert , he offered little praise for the film 's production design . Canby quipped that `` Santa 's workshop must be the world 's largest purchaser of low - grade plywood '' and that the flyover sequences with Santa `` are n't great . '' The only praise he had for the film 's acting was for John Lithgow , who Canby wrote `` ( gave ) the film 's only remotely stylish performance . '' A more recent review by William Mager on BBC.co.uk 's review section echoed Canby and Ebert 's comments . In his book Have Yourself a Movie Little Christmas , critic Alonso Duralde lists Santa Claus : The Movie in his chapter of worst Christmas movies ever . His reasons include weak plot , garish production design , blatant product placement ( particularly for McDonald 's , though Coke and Pabst Blue Ribbon are also prominent ) , and scenery - chewing overacting on the part of Lithgow . Duralde ultimately concludes that the film is `` a train - wreck of a Christmas movie that 's so very wrong that you wo n't be able to tear yourself away from it . '' Despite all this though the film has developed a cult following amongst those who have grown up with it , and become one of the definitive films to watch at Christmas , often being a seasonal television staple . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack score was composed and conducted by Henry Mancini , composer of the themes from The Pink Panther and Peter Gunn , with veteran lyricist and screenwriter Leslie Bricusse contributing five original songs . The song `` It 's Christmas ( All Over The World ) '' was written by Bill House and John Hobbs with Freddie Mercury in mind . While it is known that Mercury recorded a demo for the House / Hobbs song at Pinewood Studios , he was never to make a full commitment to the project , as he and his Queen bandmates had already committed themselves to the Highlander soundtrack . In the end , Mercury turned down the project , stating that he felt that Queen had become overcrowded with requests to work on film soundtracks ; as a result , Sheena Easton was ultimately chosen to record the tune . As mentioned on the DVD commentary of the movie by Jeannot Szwarc , Paul McCartney was asked to compose songs for the film . It is unknown why he did not do so in the end , but his song `` Once Upon a Long Ago '' had been indeed originally composed with the movie in mind . Track listing `` Main Title : Every Christmas Eve and Santa 's Theme ( Giving ) '' ( Mancini / Bricusse ) `` Arrival of the Elves '' ( Mancini ) `` Making Toys '' ( Mancini / Bricusse ) `` Christmas Rhapsody : Deck the Halls / Joy to the World / Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing / 12 Days of Christmas / O Tannenbaum / The First Noel / Silent Night '' `` It 's Christmas Again '' ( Mancini / Bricusse ) `` March of the Elves '' ( Mancini ) `` Patch , Natch ! '' ( Mancini / Bricusse ) `` It 's Christmas ( All Over The World ) '' ( Bill House , John Hobbs ) `` Should n't Do That '' ( Nick Beggs , Stuart Croxford , Neal Askew , Steve Askew ) `` Sleigh Ride over Manhattan '' ( Mancini ) `` Sad Patch '' ( Mancini ) `` Patch Versus Santa '' ( Mancini ) `` Thank You , Santa '' ( Mancini / Bricusse ) Sung by Aled Jones Performed by the Ambrosian Children 's Choir . Performed by the Ambrosian Singers Produced by Ken Scott and performed by Kaja Produced by Keith Olsen for Pogologo Corporation , and performed by Sheena Easton . The soundtrack was originally released on record and cassette by EMI Records in 1985 . Soon after , it went out of print and remained unavailable until 2009 when it was released on CD by Singular Soundtrack of Spain . This was a limited run of 1000 copies which sold out immediately upon release . In a rare situation for the label , this production suffered from several issues , most notably a master which had been subjected to heavy noise reduction resulting in a loss of sound quality . Additionally , the left & right channels had been erroneously flipped , a superficial re-edit had been performed on `` It 's Christmas ( All Over the World ) '' , and the song `` Should n't Do That '' by Kaja ( Kajagoogoo ) had been omitted due to licensing issues . These issues necessitated a replacement pressing to correct many of the problems , save for the licensing issue . The replacement pressing had the unfortunate side - effect of introducing the lossy copies into the secondary market . ( To differentiate , the original lossy edition has SER 808 # 1 stamped in the center . The replacement disc has SER 879 # 1 stamped in the center . ) At the time of the 2009 release , Singular Soundtrack became merged with Quartet Records , allowing the label to produce increasingly high - profile projects . Though problematic , the Singular edition had been well - received and had garnered enough ongoing interest to warrant an expansion . In 2012 , following a run of successful releases , Quartet Records revisited the earlier release of Santa Claus : The Movie , this time with an ambitious goal : a complete score release from the original scoring tapes . The resultant December 2012 release was an unlimited deluxe three - disc set including sixty - four tracks totaling just under three hours of music , and a 32 - page analysis by celebrated historian Jeff Bond . Every piece of score music used in the film was included , as well as several outtakes and alternates . The original soundtrack , which differs from the music recorded for the film , was remastered from the original source material , and the pop songs found on the original soundtrack were all represented , including the Kaja song `` Should n't Do That . '' Comic book adaptation ( edit ) Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Sid Jacobson and artist Frank Springer in Marvel Super Special # 39 . See also ( edit ) Santa Claus in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus : The Movie - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus : The Movie total gross '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( November 29 , 1985 ) . `` At the Movies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1985 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Rogerebert.com - Santa Claus : The Movie review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 1985 - 11 - 27 ) . `` FILM : ' SANTA CLAUS , ' WITH MOORE AND LITHGOW '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mager ( 2000 - 12 - 01 ) . `` BBC - Santa Claus : The Movie film review '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( 2010 ) . Have Yourself a Movie Little Christmas . Limelight Editions . pp. 186 -- 187 . ISBN 0879103760 . Jump up ^ Soundtrack : Santa Claus : The Movie soundtrack at Amazon.com Jump up ^ http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/board/posts.cfm?threadID=68678&forumID=1&archive=0 Jump up ^ Soundtrack : ( 1 ) at QuartetRecords.com Jump up ^ Friedt , Stephan ( December 2015 ) . `` Santa Claus : The Movie '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 85 ) : 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Marvel Super Special # 39 at the Grand Comics Database External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Santa Claus : The Movie Santa Claus : The Movie on IMDb Santa Claus : The Movie at AllMovie Santa Claus : The Movie at Box Office Mojo Santa Claus : The Movie at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Jeannot Szwarc <Td_colspan="2"> The Devil 's Daughter ( 1973 ) Extreme Close - Up ( 1973 ) Bug ( 1975 ) Code Name : Diamond Head ( 1977 ) Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Enigma ( 1982 ) Supergirl ( 1984 ) Santa Claus : The Movie ( 1985 ) Grand Larceny ( 1987 ) Honor Bound ( 1988 ) La Vengeance d'une blonde ( 1994 ) Hercule et Sherlock ( 1996 ) Les Soeurs Soleil ( 1997 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus:_The_Movie&oldid=815912716 '' Categories : English - language films 1985 films 1980s adventure films American films American adventure films American Christmas films American children 's adventure films American fantasy films British films British adventure films British Christmas films British fantasy films Films directed by Jeannot Szwarc American children 's films British children 's films British children 's adventure films Santa Claus in film TriStar Pictures films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Screenplays by David Newman ( screenwriter ) Films scored by Henry Mancini Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Română Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 00 : 52 . 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Ahmedabad - Wikipedia Ahmedabad Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in Gujarat , India . For other uses , see Ahmedabad ( disambiguation ) . It has been suggested that Jamalpur , Gujarat be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Ahmedabad <Td_colspan="2"> Metropolis <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from topː Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalay at Sabarmati Ashram , Ahmedabad Railway Station , CEPT University , Kankaria Lake and the Kirti Stambh at Hutheesing Temple <Td_colspan="2"> Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Show map of Gujarat Show map of India Show all <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 23 ° 02 ′ N 72 ° 35 ′ E / 23.03 ° N 72.58 ° E / 23.03 ; 72.58 Coordinates : 23 ° 02 ′ N 72 ° 35 ′ E / 23.03 ° N 72.58 ° E / 23.03 ; 72.58 Country India State Gujarat District Ahmedabad Established in 11th century as Ashaval and later Karnavati on 26 February 1411 as Ahmedabad <Th_colspan="2"> Government Type Mayor -- Council Body AMC Mayor Gautam Shah ( BJP ) Deputy Mayor Pramoda Sutariya Municipal commissioner Mukesh Kumar <Th_colspan="2"> Area Metropolis 464.165 km ( 179.215 sq mi ) Elevation 53 m ( 174 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2011 ) Metropolis 5,577,967 Rank 5th Density 12,000 / km ( 31,000 / sq mi ) Metro 6,357,693 Demonym ( s ) Ahmedabadi / Amdavadi Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) Pincode ( s ) 380 0XX Area code ( s ) 079 Vehicle registration GJ - 1 ( west ) , GJ - 27 ( East ) , Sex ratio 1.11 ♂ / ♀ Literacy rate 89.62 <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Census of India . Ahmedabad ( / ˈɑːmɪdəbɑːd / ( listen ) ) , also known as Amdavad or Karnavati , is the largest city and former capital of Gujarat , which is a state in India . It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court . With a population of more than 6.3 million and an extended population of 7.8 million , it is the sixth largest city and seventh largest metropolitan area of India . Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the Sabarmati River , 30 km ( 19 mi ) from the state capital Gandhinagar , which is its twin city . Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India . It is the second largest producer of cotton in India , and its stock exchange is the country 's second oldest . Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad , which houses the 54,000 - seat Sardar Patel Stadium . The effects of liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the city 's economy towards tertiary sector activities such as commerce , communication and construction . Ahmedabad 's increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries resulting in recent development of skyscrapers . In 2010 , Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbes 's list of fastest growing cities of the decade . In 2012 , The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India 's best city to live in . As of 2014 , Ahmedabad 's estimated gross domestic product was $64 billion . Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Government of India 's flagship Smart Cities Mission . In July 2017 , the Historic City of Ahmadabad or Old Ahmadabad , was declared as India 's first UNESCO World Heritage City . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Cityscape 5 Civic administration 6 Economy 7 Demographics 8 Culture 9 Transport 10 Education 11 Media 12 Sports 13 International relations 14 Notable citizens 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Ahmedabad The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century , when it was known as Ashaval ( or Ashapalli ) . At that time , Karna , the Chaulukya ruler of Anhilwara ( modern Patan ) , waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval , and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati . Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century , when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka . Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century . However , by the earlier 15th century , the local governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I , thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty . This area finally came under the control of his grandson Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 A.D. who while at the banks of Sabarmati liked the forested area for a new capital city and laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after the four saints in the area by the name Ahmed . According to other sources , he named it after himself . Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411 ( at 1.20 pm , Thursday , the second day of Dhu al - Qi'dah , Hijri year 813 ) at Manek Burj . He chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411 . City Walls of Ahmedabad , 1866 In 1487 , Mahmud Begada , the grandson of Ahmed Shah , fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) in circumference and consisting of twelve gates , 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements . In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat , Bahadur Shah , fled to Diu . Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar . During the Mughal reign , Ahmedabad became one of the Empire 's thriving centres of trade , mainly in textiles , which were exported as far as Europe . The Mughal ruler Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city , sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug . The Deccan Famine of 1630 -- 32 affected the city , as did famines in 1650 and 1686 . Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758 , when they surrendered the city to the Marathas . During the period of Maratha Empire governance , the city became the centre of a conflict between the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda . In 1780 , during the First Anglo - Maratha War , a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad , but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war . The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the Third Anglo - Maratha War . A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858 . Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule , Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region . In 1864 , a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai ( then Bombay ) was established by the Bombay , Baroda , and Central India Railway ( BB&CI ) , enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city . Over time , the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry , which earned it the nickname `` Manchester of the East '' . Sabarmati Ashram , established by Mahatma Gandhi Ahmedabad and its environs , ca 1914 The Indian independence movement developed roots in the city when Mahatma Gandhi established two ashrams -- the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram ( now Sabarmati Ashram ) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 -- which would become centres of nationalist activities . During the mass protests against the Rowlatt Act in 1919 , textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the First World War . In the 1920s , textile workers and teachers went on strike , demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions . In 1930 , Gandhi initiated the Salt Satyagraha from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March . The city 's administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests , and again in 1942 during the Quit India Movement . Following independence and the partition of India in 1947 , the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947 , Ahmedabad was the focus for settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan , who expanded the city 's population and transformed its demographics and economy . By 1960 , Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people , with classical and colonial European - style buildings lining the city 's thoroughfares . It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat state after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960 . During this period , a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city , making it a centre for higher education , science and technology . Ahmedabad 's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period . Many countries sought to emulate India 's economic planning strategy and one of them , South Korea , copied the city 's second `` Five - Year Plan '' . In the late 1970s , the capital shifted to the newly built , well planned city of Gandhinagar . This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city , marked by a lack of development . The 1974 Nav Nirman agitation -- a protest against a 20 % hike in the hostel food fees at the L.D. College of Engineering in Ahmedabad -- snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel , then chief minister of Gujarat . In the 1980s , a reservation policy was introduced in the country , which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985 . The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes . The city suffered some of the impact of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake ; up to 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed , killing 752 people and causing much damage . The following year , a three - day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat , known as the 2002 Gujarat riots , spread to Ahmedabad ; refugee camps were set up around the city . The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings , a series of seventeen bomb blasts , killed and injured several people . Militant group Harkat - ul - Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Ahmedabad 19th century painted cloth map of Ahmedabad Ahmedabad lies at 23 ° 02 ′ N 72 ° 35 ′ E / 23.03 ° N 72.58 ° E / 23.03 ; 72.58 in western India at 53 metres ( 174 ft ) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river , in north - central Gujarat . It covers an area of 464 km ( 179 sq mi ) . The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer , leaving only a small stream of water , and the city is in a sandy and dry area . However with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment , the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year , thereby eliminating Ahmedabad 's water problems . The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state ; however , the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem . Except for the small hills of Thaltej - Jodhpur Tekra , the city is almost flat . Three lakes lie within the city 's limits -- Kankaria , Vastrapur and Chandola . Kankaria , in the neighbourhood of Maninagar , is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat , Kutb - ud - din , in 1451 . According to the Bureau of Indian Standards , the town falls under seismic zone 3 , in a scale of 2 to 5 ( in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes ) . Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions . The eastern bank of the river houses the old city , which includes the central town of Bhadra . This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars , the pol system of closely clustered buildings , and numerous places of worship . A Pol ( pronounced as pole ) is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group , linked by caste , profession , or religion . This is a list of Pols in the old walled city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat , India . Heritage of these Pols has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in UNESCO 's Tentative Lists , in selection criteria II , III and IV . The secretary - general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12000 homes of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses . The Art Reverie in Moto Sutharvado is Res Artis center . The first pol in Ahmedabad was named Mahurat Pol. Old city also houses the main railway station , the main post office , and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras . The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of Sabarmati , facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later the relatively modern Nehru Bridge . The western part of the city houses educational institutions , modern buildings , residential areas , shopping malls , multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as Ashram Road , C.G. Road and Sarkhej - Gandhinagar Highway . There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions . Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront being developed along the banks of Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad , India . Proposed in 1960s , the construction began in 2005 Climate ( edit ) Ahmedabad has a hot , semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSh ) , with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate . There are three main seasons : summer , monsoon and winter . Aside from the monsoon season , the climate is extremely dry . The weather is hot from March to June ; the average summer maximum is 43 ° C ( 109 ° F ) , and the average minimum is 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . From November to February , the average maximum temperature is 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , the average minimum is 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) , and the climate is extremely dry . Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January . The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September . The average annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres ( 31 in ) , but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual . The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 18 and 19 May 2016 which was 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) . <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Ahmedabad ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 36.1 ( 97 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 43.9 ( 111 ) 46.2 ( 115.2 ) 50.0 ( 122 ) 47.2 ( 117 ) 42.2 ( 108 ) 40.4 ( 104.7 ) 41.7 ( 107.1 ) 42.8 ( 109 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 50.0 ( 122 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) 41.6 ( 106.9 ) 38.8 ( 101.8 ) 33.6 ( 92.5 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 33.8 ( 92.8 ) 35.7 ( 96.3 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 1.0 ( 0.039 ) 0.8 ( 0.031 ) 0.6 ( 0.024 ) 2.4 ( 0.094 ) 7.0 ( 0.276 ) 80.0 ( 3.15 ) 291.2 ( 11.465 ) 266.2 ( 10.48 ) 86.8 ( 3.417 ) 11.7 ( 0.461 ) 2.3 ( 0.091 ) 1.0 ( 0.039 ) 750.9 ( 29.563 ) Average rainy days 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 3.9 11.5 10.7 5.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 33.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 49 43 37 41 47 62 77 81 71 53 48 50 55 Mean monthly sunshine hours 287.3 274.3 277.5 297.2 329.6 238.3 130.1 111.4 220.6 290.7 274.1 288.6 3,019.7 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : India Meteorological Department ( record high and low up to 2010 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : NOAA ( sun and humidity 1971 -- 1990 ) , IEM ASOS ( May record high ) Following a heat wave in May 2010 , reaching 46.8 ° C ( 116.2 ° F ) , which claimed hundreds of lives , the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation ( AMC ) in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan . Aimed at increasing awareness , sharing information and co-ordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations , the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health . It also focuses on community participation , building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat , training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat - related illnesses , and co-ordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit . Cityscape ( edit ) A side walk at the Sabarmati Riverfront Kankaria Lake , Ahmedabad Early in Ahmedabad 's history , under Ahmed Shah , builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persian architecture , giving rise to the Indo - Saracenic style . Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion . Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat . It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches . Private mansions or haveli from this era have carvings . A Pol is a typical housing cluster of Old Ahmedabad . After independence , modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad . Architects given commissions in the city included Louis Kahn , who designed the IIM - A ; Le Corbusier , who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas , the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owner 's Association Building , and Frank Lloyd Wright , who designed the administrative building of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome . B.V. Doshi came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier 's works and later set up the School of Architecture . His local works include Sangath , Amdavad ni Gufa and the School of Architecture . Charles Correa , who became a partner of Doshi 's , designed the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde , and the Indian Textile Industries Research Association . Christopher Charles Benninger 's first work , the Alliance Française , is located in the Ellis Bridge area . Anant Raje designed major additions to Louis Kahn 's IIM - A campus , namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD . Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden , Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika . Law Garden was named after the College of Law situated close to it . Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria . Bal Vatika is a children 's park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake and also houses an amusement park . Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden , Usmanpura Garden , Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden . Ahmedabad 's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes , caracals , Asiatic wolves and chinkara . The Kankaria Lake , built in 1451 AD , is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad . In earlier days , it was known by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj - e-Kutub . Vastrapur Lake is located in the western part of Ahmedabad . Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres . In 2010 , another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC ; the other 29 will be developed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority ( AUDA ) . Chandola Lake covers an area of 1200 hectares . It is home for cormorants , painted storks and spoonbills . During the evening time , many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll . There is a recently developed Naroda lake and the world 's largest collection of antique cars in KathWada at IB farm ( Dastan Farm ) . AMC has also developed the Sabarmati Riverfront . Civic administration ( edit ) Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district , administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation ( AMC ) . The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949 . The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer appointed by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers , whereas the corporation is headed by the Mayor . The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote , and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city . The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are : water and sewerage services , primary education , health services , fire services , public transport and the city 's infrastructure . AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for `` the Best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014 . It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3 . '' The city is divided into six zones constituting 64 wards . Ahmedabad district is divided into a number of talukas ( administrative divisions ) including Ahmedabad taluka Barwala , Dholka , Dhandhuka , Detroj , Sanand , Bavla , Ranpur , Mandal , Viramgam and Daskroi . The city 's urban and suburban areas are administered by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority ( AUDA ) . The city is represented by two elected members of parliament in the Lok Sabha ( lower house of Indian Parliament ) and 21 members of the Legislative Assembly at the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha . The Gujarat High Court is located in the Ahmedabad , making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat . Law enforcement and public safety is maintained by the Ahmedabad City Police , headed by the Police Commissioner , an Indian Police Service ( IPS ) officer . Health services are primarily provided at Ahmedabad civil hospital , the largest civil hospital in Asia . Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised . Electricity in the city is generated and distributed by Torrent Power Limited , owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company , which was previously a state - run corporation . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Ahmedabad Torrent Power thermal power station at Sabarmati , Ahmedabad The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at US $64 billion in 2014 . The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012 . In the 19th century , the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment . On 30 May 1861 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill , the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited , followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as the Calico Mills , Bagicha Mills and Arvind Mills . By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city . The textile industry further expanded rapidly during the First World War , and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi 's Swadeshi movement , which promoted the purchase of Indian - made goods . Ahmedabad was known as the `` Manchester of the East '' for its textile industry . The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India . The automobile industry is also important to the city ; after Tata 's Nano project , Ford and Suzuki are planning to establish plants near Ahmedabad while the groundbreaking ceremony for Peugeot has already been performed . The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange , located in the Ambavadi area of the city , is India 's second oldest stock exchange . Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India -- Zydus Cadila and Torrent Pharmaceuticals -- are based in the city . The Nirma group of industries , which runs a large number of detergent and chemical industrial units , has its corporate headquarters in the city . The city also houses the corporate headquarters of the Adani Group , a multinational trading and infrastructure development company . The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city . The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad , with companies such as Tata Consultancy Services opening offices in the city . A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the `` Super Nine Indian Destinations '' for IT - enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country . The city 's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India . Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as : Rasna , Wagh Bakri , Nirma , Cadila Pharmaceuticals , and Intas Biopharmaceuticals . Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat . Many cotton manufacturing units are currently running in and around Ahmedabad . Textiles are one of the major industries of the city . Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in Sanand taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates . Demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> ( hide ) Population growth of Ahmedabad Census Pop . % ± 1871 116,900 -- 1901 185,900 -- 1911 216,800 16.6 % 1921 270,000 24.5 % 1931 313,800 16.2 % 1941 595,200 89.7 % 1951 788,300 32.4 % 1961 1,149,900 45.9 % 1971 1,950,000 69.6 % 1981 2,515,200 29.0 % 1991 3,312,200 31.7 % 4,525,013 36.6 % 2011 6,352,254 40.4 % <Td_colspan="4"> sources : Ahmedabad is the fifth most populous city and seventh most populous urban agglomeration in India . According to the 2011 census , the population of Ahmedabad city was 5,577,967 while that of its urban agglomeration was 6,361,084 . The city had a literacy rate of 89.62 % ; 93.96 % of the men and 84.81 % of the women were literate . Ahmedabad 's sex ratio in 2011 was 897 women per 1000 men . According to the census for the Ninth Plan , there are 30,737 rural families living in Ahmedabad . Of those , 5.41 % ( 1663 families ) live below the poverty line . Approximately 440,000 people live in slums within the city . <Th_colspan="5"> Religions in Ahmedabad City ( 2011 ) Religion Percent <Td_colspan="2"> Hinduism <Td_colspan="2"> 81.56 % <Td_colspan="2"> Islam <Td_colspan="2"> 13.51 % <Td_colspan="2"> Jainism <Td_colspan="2"> 3.62 % <Td_colspan="2"> Christianity <Td_colspan="2"> 0.85 % <Td_colspan="2"> Sikhism <Td_colspan="2"> 0.24 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other or not stated <Td_colspan="2"> 0.24 % According to the 2011 census , Hindus are the predominant religious community in the city comprising 81.56 % of the population followed by Muslims ( 13.51 % ) , Jains ( 3.62 % ) , Christians ( 0.85 % ) and Sikhs ( 0.24 % ) . Buddhists , people following other religions and those who did n't state any religion make up the remainder . Ahmedabad is home to a large population of Vanias ( i.e. , traders ) , belonging to the Vaishnava sect of Hinduism and various sects of Jainism . Most of the residents of Ahmedabad are native Gujaratis . The city is home to some 2000 Parsis and some 125 members of the Bene Israel Jewish community . There is also one synagogue in the city . In 2008 , there were 2273 registered non-resident Indians living in Ahmedabad . In 2010 , Forbes magazine rated Ahmedabad as the fastest - growing city in India , and listed it as third fastest - growing in the world after the Chinese cities of Chengdu and Chongqing . In 2011 , it was rated India 's best megacity to live in by leading market research firm IMRB . According to the National Crime Records Bureau ( NCRB ) report of 2003 , Ahmedabad has the lowest crime rate of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million . In December 2011 market research firm IMRB declared Ahmedabad the best megacity to live in , when compared to India 's other megacities . Slightly less than half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by `` community organisations '' ( i.e. cooperatives ) , and according to Prof. Vrajlal Sapovadia of the B.K. School of Business Management , `` the spatial growth of the city is to ( an ) extent ( a ) contribution of these organisations '' . Ahmedabad Cantonment provides residential zones for Indian Army officials . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Ahmedabad Navaratri celebrations in Ahmedabad Drinking alcohol is forbidden in Ahmedabad . Ahmedabad observes a wide range of festivals . Popular celebrations and observances include Uttarayan , an annual kite - flying day on 14 and 15 January . Nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing Garba , the most popular folk dance of Gujarat , at venues across the city . The festival of lights , Deepavali , is celebrated with the lighting of lamps in every house , decorating the floors with rangoli , and the lighting of firecrackers . The annual Rath Yatra procession on the Ashadh - sud - bij date of the Hindu calendar at the Jagannath Temple and the procession of Tajia during the Muslim holy month of Muharram are important events . One of the most popular forms of meal in Ahmedabad is a typical Gujarati thali which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900 . It consists of roti ( Chapati ) , dal , rice and shaak ( cooked vegetables , sometimes with curry ) , with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads . Beverages include buttermilk and tea ; sweet dishes include laddoo , mango , and vedhmi . Dhoklas , theplas and dhebras are also very popular dishes in Ahmedabad . There are many restaurants , which serve a wide array of Indian and international cuisines . Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food , as a strong tradition of vegetarianism is maintained by the city 's Jain and Hindu communities . The first all - vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in Ahmedabad . KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen , as does McDonald 's . Ahmedabad has a quite a few restaurants serving typical Mughlai non-vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali , Kalupur and Jamalpur . Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon . However , it is better known for its food stalls in the evening , which sell local street food . It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath . Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their folk art . The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie - dyed bandhinis , while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi ( also known as mojri ) footwear . Idols of Ganesha and other religious icons are made in huge numbers in the Gulbai Tekra area . The shops at the Law Garden sell mirror work handicraft . Hutheesing Jain Temple Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature : Gujarat Vidhya Sabha , Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha . Saptak School of Music festival is held in the first week of the new year . This event was inaugurated by Ravi Shankar . The Sanskar Kendra , one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier , is a city museum depicting its history , art , culture and architecture . The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial have permanent displays of photographs , documents and other articles relating to Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel . The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics , garments and textiles . The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic , Persian , Urdu , Sindhi and Turkish . There is Vechaar Utensils Museum which has of stainless steel , glass , brass , copper , bronze , zinc and German silver tools . Shreyas Foundation has four museums on the same campus . Shreyas Folk Museum ( Lokayatan Museum ) has art forms and artefacts from communities of Gujarat . Kalpana Mangaldas Children 's Museum has a collection of toys , puppets , dance and drama costumes , coins and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world . Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat . Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries . LD Institute of Indology houses about 76,000 hand - written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45,000 printed books , making it the largest collection of Jain scripts , Indian sculptures , terracottas , miniature paintings , cloth paintings , painted scrolls , bronzes , woodwork , Indian coins , textiles and decorative art , paintings of Rabindranath Tagore and art of Nepal and Tibet . NC Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India . Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and Smt . Mrinalini Sarabhai In 1949 Darpana Academy of performing arts was established by the eminent scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and world renowned Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai , and thus Ahmemedabad city became the center of Indian classical dance . Transport ( edit ) Sabarmati Railway Station Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport , Ahmedabad Ahmedabad BRTS , Janmarg Ahmedabad is one of six operating divisions in the Western Railway zone . Railway lines connect the city to towns in Gujarat and major Indian cities . Ahmedabad railway station , locally known as Kalupur station is the main terminus with 11 others . The mass - transit metro system , MEGA for the cities of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar is under construction since March 2015 . The North - South and East - West corridors are expected to complete by 2019 . National Highway 8 , linking Delhi to Mumbai , passes through Ahmedabad and connects it with Gandhinagar , Delhi and Mumbai . The National Highway 8C also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar . It is connected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1 , a 94 km ( 58 mi ) long expressway with two exits . This expressway is part of the Golden Quadrilateral project . In 2001 , Ahmedabad was ranked as the most polluted city in India , out of 85 cities , by the Central Pollution Control Board . The Gujarat Pollution Control Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of ₹ 10,000 to convert all 37,733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner burning compressed natural gas to reduce pollution . As a result , in 2008 , Ahmedabad was ranked as 50th most polluted city in India . Janmarg is a bus rapid transit system in the city . It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited , a subsidiary of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and others . It was inaugurated in October 2009 . The network expanded to 89 kilometres ( 55 mi ) by December 2015 with daily ridership of 1 , 32,000 passengers . The Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service ( AMTS ) , maintained by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation , runs the public bus service in the city . At present , AMTS has more than 750 buses serving the city . Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport , 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the city centre , provides domestic and international flights . It is the busiest airport in Gujarat and the eighth busiest in India with an average of 250 aircraft movements a day . The Dholera International Airport is proposed near Fedara . It will be the largest airport in India with a total area of 7,500 hectares . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Ahmedabad Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad is one of the best business schools in India Darpana Academy of performing arts Physical research laboratory , Ahmedabad Gujarat university , Ahmedabad Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University Ahmedabad had a literacy rate of 79.89 % in 2001 which rose to 89.62 percent in 2011 . As of 2011 , literacy rate among male and female were 93.96 and 84.81 percent respectively . Schools in Ahmedabad are run either by the municipal corporation , or privately by entities , trusts and corporations . The majority of schools are affiliated with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board , although some are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education , Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations , International Baccalaureate and National Institute of Open School . A large number of colleges in the city are affiliated with Gujarat University ; Gujarat Technological University and other deemed universities in Ahmedabad include the CEPT University , Nirma University , Ahmedabad University . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University headquartered in the city provides distance learning courses . The Gujarat Vidyapith was established in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi without a charter from the British Raj and became a deemed university in 1963 . Other major educational institutions in Ahmedabad include the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad , the Gujarat National Law University , the Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management , the National Institute of Design , the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts , the Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University , the Gujarat National Law University , the MICA , the Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India , the B.J. Medical College , the NHL Medical College , the Ahmedabad Management Association , the L.D. College of Engineering and the Vishwakarma Government Engineering College . Many national academic and scientific institutions , such as the Physical Research Laboratory and the Indian Space Research Organisation are also based in the city . Media ( edit ) Broadcasting tower of the Ahmedabad Doordarshan Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times of India , Indian Express , DNA , The Economic Times , The Financial Express , Ahmedabad Mirror and Metro . Newspapers in other languages include Divya Bhaskar , Gujarat Samachar , Sandesh , Rajasthan Patrika , Sambhaav , and Aankhodekhi . The city is home to the historic Navajivan Publishing House , which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi . The state - owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on the medium wave and FM bands ( 96.7 MHz ) in the city . It competes with five private local FM stations : Radio City ( 91.1 MHz ) , Red FM ( 93.5 MHz ) , My fm ( 94.3 MHz ) , Radio One ( 95.0 MHz ) , Radio Mirchi ( 98.3 MHz ) . Gyan Vani ( 104.5 MHz ) is an educational FM radio station run under media co-operation model . In March 2012 Gujarat University started campus radio service on 90.8 MHz which was first kind of it in state and fifth in India . There is also 104 radio station - Mirchi love The state - owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels , while two multi system operators -- InCablenet and Siti Cable and GTPL -- provide a mix of Gujarati , Hindi , English , and other regional channels via cable . Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as BSNL , Reliance CDMA & Reliance GSM , Airtel , Uninor , Docomo , Videocon , Aircel , Vodafone , Idea , MTS India and Tata Indicom . Sports ( edit ) Sardar Patel ( Gujarat ) Stadium , a cricket stadium with 54,000 capacity , in Motera , Ahmedabad Cricket is one of the popular sports in the city . Sardar Patel Stadium ( also known as Motera Stadium ) , built in 1982 , hosts both one day internationals and test matches . It has a seating capacity of 54,000 . It hosted the 1987 , 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups . Ahmedabad also has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation 's Sports Club of Gujarat which is the home ground of the Gujarat cricket team that plays in the Ranji Trophy tournament . Other popular sports are field hockey , badminton , tennis , squash and golf . Ahmedabad currently has three golf courses . Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex is being developed by the AMC to promote various indoor sports . Recently Ahmedabad hosted national level games for roller skating and table tennis . Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city , with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based on Formula One concepts . Sabarmati Marathon is organised every year in December -- January since 2011 which have different categories like full and half marathon , 7 km dream run , 5 km run for visually challenged and 5 km wheelchair run . In 2007 , Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games . The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup is held in Ahmedabad at The Arena by Transtadia ( a renovated Kankaria football ground ) . Geet Sethi , a five - time winner of the World Professional Billiards Championship and a recipient of India 's highest sporting award , the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , was raised in Ahmedabad . International relations ( edit ) Main article : List of twin towns and sister cities in India Sister Cities Columbus , Ohio , United States ( 2008 ) Guangzhou , Guangdong , China ( September 2014 ) Port Louis , Mauritius Astrakhan , Astrakhan Oblast , Russia Ulsan , Yeongnam , South Korea Jersey City , New Jersey , United States Notable citizens ( edit ) Ahmad Shah I -- Founder of Ahmedabad . Vallabhbhai Patel -- The first Deputy Prime Minister of India , popularly known as Sardar Patel . Vikram Sarabhai -- Scientist and innovator , regarded as the father of India 's space program . Mallika Sarabhai -- Activist and Indian classical dancer . Gautam Adani -- Billionaire businessman , the chairman and founder of Adani Group . Ela Bhatt -- Cooperative organizer , activist and Gandhian , founder of the Indian Self Employed Women 's Association . Sujata Bhatt -- Poet , and writer . M.C. Setalvad -- Eminent jurist , the first and longest serving Attorney General of India . Parthiv Patel -- Cricketer , wicketkeeper - batsman for the Indian national cricket team . Makarand Paranjape -- Poet and professor . Neha Dubey -- Psychotherapist and former actress . See also ( edit ) Book : Ahmedabad India portal Gujarat portal Ahmedabad portal List of people from Ahmedabad List of tallest buildings in Ahmedabad Timeline of Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Metro Project References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amdavad city '' . Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation . Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . 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Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Ahmedabad , Urban Development Authority and CEPT University , Ahmedabad . Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ahmedabad joins ITES hot spots '' . Times of India . 16 August 2002 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Kotkin , Joel . `` In pictures -- The Next Decade 's fastest growing cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ahmedabad best city to live in , Pune close second '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bippen , Nicole . `` Ahmedabad - GDP of $119 billion '' . Therichest . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . 17 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Government releases list of 20 smart cities - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 600 - year - old smart city gets World Heritage tag '' . The Times of India . 9 July 2017 . 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Sports Authority of Gujarat . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Menon , Lekha ( 23 November 2004 ) . `` No sense of adventure '' . Times of India . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Karting '' . JK Tyres . Archived from the original on 16 July 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sabarmati Marathon Official Website - Race Categories '' . www.sabarmatimarathon.net . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Shooting C'ships to be held at Ahmedabad '' . Press Trust of India . 20 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Geet Sethi Profile '' . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sanyal , Anindita ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` India Gets 3 Sister Cities in China , and One Sister Province '' . NDTV . Further reading ( edit ) Muktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose . History of Interior Design in India Vol 1 : Ahmedabad ( 2007 ) ISBN 81 - 904096 - 0 - 3 Kenneth L. Gillion ( 1968 ) . Ahmedabad : A Study in Indian Urban History . University of California Press . Altekar , Anant Sadashiv . A history of important ancient towns and cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad ( from the earliest times down to the Moslem conquest ) . ASIN B0008B2NGA . Crook , Nigel ( 1993 ) . India 's Industrial Cities : Essays in Economy and Demography . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 563172 - 2 . Rajan , K.V. Soundra ( 1989 ) . Ahmadabad . Archaeological Survey of India . Forrest , George William . Cities of India . Adamant Media Corporation . ISBN 0 - 543 - 93823 - 9 . Gandhi , R ( 1990 ) . `` Patel : A Life '' . Navajivan Press , Ahmedabad . ASIN B0006EYQ0A . Michell , George ( 2003 ) . Ahmadabad . Art Media Resources . ISBN 81 - 85026 - 03 - 3 . Spodek , Howard ( 2011 ) . Ahmedabad : Shock City of Twentieth - Century India . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35587 - 4 . 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1. Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
2. History of Ahmedabad
3. Geography and climate of Ahmedabad
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what kind of economy did the u.s. have in the late 1800’s
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Economic History of the United States - Wikipedia Economic History of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Technological and industrial history of the United States The economic history of the United States is about characteristics of and important developments in the U.S. economy from colonial times to the present . The emphasis is on economic performance and how it was affected by new technologies , especially those that improved productivity , which is the main cause of economic growth . Also covered are the change of size in economic sectors and the effects of legislation and government policy . Specialized business history is covered in American business history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial economy to 1780s 1.1 Demographics 1.2 The economy 1.2. 1 New England 1.3 Urban centers 1.4 Political environment 1.4. 1 Mercantilism : old and new 1.4. 2 Free enterprise 1.4. 3 Taxation 1.5 The American Revolution 2 The New Nation 2.1 Industry and commerce 2.1. 1 Transportation 2.1. 2 Automatic flour mill 2.1. 3 Cotton gin 2.1. 4 Mechanized textile manufacturing 2.2 Finance , money and banking 3 The early 19th century 3.1 Political developments 3.2 Agriculture , commerce and industry 3.2. 1 Population growth 3.2. 2 Labor shortage 3.2. 3 Agriculture 3.2. 4 Roads 3.2. 5 Canals 3.2. 6 Steam power 3.2. 7 Mechanical power transmission 3.2. 8 Shipbuilding 3.2. 9 Steamboats and steam ships 3.2. 10 Railroads 3.2. 11 Manufacturing 3.2. 11.1 Development of interchangeable parts 3.3 Finance , money and banking 3.3. 1 Economics of the War of 1812 4 The mid 19th century 4.1 Commerce , industry and agriculture 4.1. 1 Railroads 4.1. 2 Iron industry 4.1. 3 Coal displaces wood 4.1. 4 Manufacturing 4.1. 5 Steam power 4.1. 6 Steamboats and ships 4.1. 7 Telegraph 4.1. 8 Urbanization 4.1. 9 Agriculture 4.1. 9.1 Slave labor 4.2 Finance , money and banking 4.2. 1 Panic of 1857 4.3 Immigration surge 4.4 Collapse of the South 4.5 Political developments 4.5. 1 Treasury 4.5. 2 Land grants 4.5. 3 Banking 4.5. 4 Education 4.5. 5 Civil War 5 Late 19th century 5.1 Commerce , industry and agriculture 5.1. 1 Railroads 5.1. 2 Steel 5.1. 3 Electric lights and electric street railways 5.1. 4 Communications 5.1. 5 Modern business management 5.1. 6 Agriculture 5.1. 7 Oil , minerals and mining 5.1. 7.1 Oil 5.1. 7.2 Coal 5.1. 7.3 Iron ore 5.1. 8 Finance , money and banking 5.1. 9 Water supply and sewers 5.1. 10 Labor unions 5.1. 11 Political developments 6 Early 20th century 6.1 Economic growth and the 1910 break 6.2 Industry , commerce and agriculture 6.2. 1 Electrification 6.2. 2 Manufacturing 6.2. 3 Electric street railways 6.2. 4 Electrochemicals 6.2. 5 Railroads 6.2. 6 Automobiles and trucks 6.2. 7 Highway system 6.2. 8 Water supply and sewers 6.2. 9 Agriculture 6.2. 10 Communications 6.2. 10.1 Telephone 6.2. 10.2 Radio 6.2. 11 Finance , money and banking 6.3 Political developments 6.3. 1 World War I 6.3. 2 Roaring twenties : 1920 -- 1929 6.4 Quality of life 7 From 1929 through World War II 7.1 Pre-war industry , commerce , and agriculture 7.1. 1 Manufacturing 7.2 Great Depression : 1929 -- 1941 7.2. 1 Spending 7.2. 2 Banking crisis 7.2. 3 Unemployment 7.2. 4 Relief 7.2. 5 New Deal impact 7.3 Wartime output and controls : 1940 -- 1945 7.4 Household gas , water , electricity , sanitation , heating , refrigeration 8 Postwar prosperity : 1945 -- 1973 8.1 Agriculture 8.1. 1 Farm machinery , fertilizer and high yield seed varieties 8.1. 2 Government policies 8.2 Aircraft and air transportation industries 8.3 Housing 8.4 Interstate highway system 8.5 Computer Technology 8.6 Fiscal Policy 8.7 Military and space spending 9 Late 20th century 9.1 Post industrial ( service ) economy 9.2 Service sector expansion 9.3 Productivity slowdown 9.4 Inflation woes : 1970s 9.5 Deregulation and Reaganomics : 1976 -- 1992 9.6 The rise of globalization : 1990s -- late 2000s 10 The 21st century 10.1 Great Recession 11 Historical statistics 11.1 GDP 11.1. 1 1790 -- 2006 GDP 11.2 Employment 11.3 Manufacturing 11.4 Wealth and Income 11.5 Productivity 11.6 Inequality 11.7 Health spending 11.8 Tariff Rates 11.9 Trade Balance 11.10 Inflation 11.11 US Federal Tax 11.12 Government spending 11.13 Debt 11.14 Deficit 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Bibliography 14.1 References 14.2 Special studies 14.3 Data 15 External links Colonial economy to 1780s ( edit ) Shipping scene in Salem , Massachusetts , a shipping hub , in the 1770s The colonial economy differed significantly from that of most other regions in that land and natural resources were abundant in America but labor was scarce . From 1700 to 1775 the output of the thirteen colonies increased 12 fold , giving the colonies an economy about 30 % the size of Britain 's at the time of independence . Population growth was responsible for over three - quarters of the economic growth of the British American colonies . The free white population had the highest standard of living in the world . There was very little change in productivity and little in the way of introduction of new goods and services . Under the colonial system Britain put restrictions on the type of products that could be made in the colonies and put restrictions on trade outside the British Empire . Demographics ( edit ) Initial colonization of North America was extremely difficult and the great majority of settlers before 1625 died in their first year . Settlers had to depend on what they could hunt and gather plus what they brought with them and on uncertain shipments of food , tools and supplies until they could build shelters and forts , clear land and grow enough food and build gristmills , sawmills , iron works and blacksmith shops to be self - supporting . They also had to defend themselves against raids from hostile Indians . After 1829 population growth was very rapid due to high birth rates ( 8 children per family versus 4 in Europe ) and lower death rates than in Europe , and immigration . The long life expectancy of the colonists was due to the abundant supplies of food and firewood and the low population density that limited spread of infectious diseases . The death rate from diseases , especially malaria , was higher in the warm , humid southern colonies than in cold New England . The higher birth rate was due to better employment opportunities . Many young adults in Europe delayed marriage for financial reasons . Also there were many servants in Europe who were not permitted to marry . The population of white settlers grew from an estimated 40,000 in 1650 to 235,000 in 1700 . In 1690 there were an estimated 13,000 black slaves . The population grew at an annual rate of over 3 % throughout the 18th century , doubling every 25 years or less . By 1775 the population had grown to 2.6 million , of which 2.1 million were white , 540,000 black and 50,000 Native American , giving the colonies about one third of the population of Britain . The three most populated colonies in 1775 were Virginia , with a 21 % share , and Pennsylvania and Massachusetts with 11 % each . The economy ( edit ) The colonial economy of what would become the United States was pre-industrial , primarily characterized by subsistence farming . Farm households also were engaged in handicraft production , mostly for home consumption , but with some goods sold . The market economy was based on extracting and processing natural resource and agricultural products for local consumption , such as mining , gristmills and sawmills , and the export of agricultural products . The most important agricultural exports were raw and processed feed grains ( wheat , Indian corn , rice , bread and flour ) and tobacco . Tobacco was a major crop in the Chesapeake Bay region and rice a major crop in South Carolina . Dried and salted fish was also a significant export . North Carolina was the leading producer of naval stores , which included turpentine ( used for lamps ) , rosin ( candles and soap ) , tar ( rope and wood preservative ) and pitch ( ships ' hulls ) . Another export was potash , which was derived from hardwood ashes and was used as a fertilizer and for making soap and glass . The colonies depended on Britain for many finished goods , partly because laws prohibited making many types of finished goods in the colonies . These laws achieved the intended purpose of creating a trade surplus for Britain . The colonial balance trade in goods was heavily in favor of Britain ; however , American shippers were able to offset roughly half of the goods trade deficit with revenues earned by shipping between ports within the British Empire . The largest non-agricultural segment was ship building , which was from 5 to 20 % of total employment . About 45 % of American made ships were sold to foreigners . Exports and related services accounted for about one - sixth of income in the decade before revolution . Just before the revolution , tobacco was about a quarter of the value of exports . Also at the time of the revolution the colonies produced about 15 % of world iron , although the value of exported iron was small compared to grains and tobacco . The mined American iron ores at that time were not large deposits and were not all of high quality ; however , the huge forests provided adequate wood for making charcoal . Wood in Britain was becoming scarce and coke was beginning to be substituted for charcoal ; however , coke made inferior iron . Britain encouraged colonial production of pig and bar iron , but banned construction of new colonial iron fabrication shops in 1750 , but the ban was mostly ignored by the colonists . Settlement was sparse during the colonial period and transportation was severely limited by lack of improved roads . Towns were located on or near the coasts or navigable inland waterways . Even on improved roads , which were rare during the colonial period , wagon transport was very expensive . Economical distance for transporting low value agricultural commodities to navigable waterways varied but was limited to something on the order of less than 25 miles . In the few small cities and among the larger plantations of South Carolina , and Virginia , some necessities and virtually all luxuries were imported in return for tobacco , rice , and indigo exports . By the 18th century , regional patterns of development had become clear : the New England colonies relied on shipbuilding and sailing to generate wealth ; plantations ( many using slave labor ) in Maryland , Virginia , and the Carolinas grew tobacco , rice , and indigo ; and the middle colonies of New York , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and Delaware shipped general crops and furs . Except for slaves , standards of living were generally high -- higher , in fact , than in England itself . New England ( edit ) The New England region 's economy grew steadily over the entire colonial era , despite the lack of a staple crop that could be exported . All the provinces and many towns as well , tried to foster economic growth by subsidizing projects that improved the infrastructure , such as roads , bridges , inns and ferries . They gave bounties and subsidies or monopolies to sawmills , grist mills , iron mills , pulling mills ( which treated cloth ) , salt works and glassworks . Most important , colonial legislatures set up a legal system that was conducive to business enterprise by resolving disputes , enforcing contracts , and protecting property rights . Hard work and entrepreneurship characterized the region , as the Puritans and Yankees endorsed the `` Protestant Ethic '' , which enjoined men to work hard as part of their divine calling . The benefits of growth were widely distributed in New England , reaching from merchants to farmers to hired laborers . The rapidly growing population led to shortages of good farm land on which young families could establish themselves ; one result was to delay marriage , and another was to move to new lands farther west . In the towns and cities , there was strong entrepreneurship , and a steady increase in the specialization of labor . Wages for men went up steadily before 1775 ; new occupations were opening for women , including weaving , teaching , and tailoring . The region bordered New France , and in the numerous wars the British poured money in to purchase supplies , build roads and pay colonial soldiers . The coastal ports began to specialize in fishing , international trade and shipbuilding -- and after 1780 in whaling . Combined with growing urban markets for farm products , these factors allowed the economy to flourish despite the lack of technological innovation . The Connecticut economy began with subsistence farming in the 17th century , and developed with greater diversity and an increased focus on production for distant markets , especially the British colonies in the Caribbean . The American Revolution cut off imports from Britain , and stimulated a manufacturing sector that made heavy use of the entrepreneurship and mechanical skills of the people . In the second half of the 18th century , difficulties arose from the shortage of good farmland , periodic money problems , and downward price pressures in the export market . In agriculture there was a shift from grain to animal products . The colonial government from time to time attempted to promote various commodities such as hemp , potash , and lumber as export items to bolster its economy and improve its balance of trade with Great Britain . Urban centers ( edit ) Historian Carl Bridenbaugh examined in depth five key cities : Boston ( population 16,000 in 1760 ) , Newport Rhode Island ( population 7500 ) , New York City ( population 18,000 ) , Philadelphia ( population 23,000 ) , and Charles Town ( Charlestown , South Carolina ) , ( population 8000 ) . He argues they grew from small villages to take major leadership roles in promoting trade , land speculation , immigration , and prosperity , and in disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment , and new methods in medicine and technology . Furthermore , they sponsored a consumer taste for English amenities , developed a distinctly American educational system , and began systems for care of people meeting welfare . The cities were not remarkable by European standards , but they did display certain distinctly American characteristics , according to Bridenbaugh . There was no aristocracy or established church , there was no long tradition of powerful guilds . The colonial governments were much less powerful and intrusive than corresponding national governments in Europe . They experimented with new methods to raise revenue , build infrastructure , and solve urban problems . They were more democratic than European cities , in that a large fraction of the men could vote , and class lines were more fluid . Contrasted to Europe , printers ( especially as newspaper editors ) had a much larger role in shaping public opinion , and lawyers moved easily back and forth between politics and their profession . Bridenbaugh argues that by the mid-18th century , the middle - class businessmen , professionals , and skilled artisans dominated the cities . He characterizes them as `` sensible , shrewd , frugal , ostentatiously moral , generally honest , '' public spirited , and upwardly mobile , and argues their economic strivings led to `` democratic yearnings '' for political power . Numerous historians have explored the roles of working - class men , including slaves , in the economy of the colonial cities , and in the early Republic . There were few cities in the entire South , and Charleston ( Charles Town ) and New Orleans were the most important before the Civil War . The colony of South Carolina was settled mainly by planters from the overpopulated sugar island colony of Barbados , who brought large numbers of African slaves from that island . On the eve of the Revolution , 95 percent of the American population lived outside the cities -- much to the frustration of the British , who were able to capture the cities with their Royal Navy , but lacked the manpower to occupy and subdue the countryside . In explaining the importance of the cities in shaping the American Revolution , Benjamin Carp compares the important role of waterfront workers , taverns , churches , kinship networks , and local politics . Historian Gary B. Nash emphasizes the role of the working class , and their distrust of their betters , in northern ports . He argues that working class artisans and skilled craftsmen made up a radical element in Philadelphia that took control of the city starting about 1770 and promoted a radical Democratic form of government during the revolution . They held power for a while , and used their control of the local militia disseminate their ideology to the working class and to stay in power until the businessmen staged a conservative counterrevolution . Political environment ( edit ) Mercantilism : old and new ( edit ) The colonial economies of the world operated under the economic philosophy of mercantilism , a policy by which countries attempted to run a trade surplus in order to accumulate gold reserves . The colonial powers of England , France , Spain and the Dutch Republic tried to protect their investments in colonial ventures by limiting trade between each other 's colonies . Spain clung to old style mercantilism , primarily concerned with enriching the Spanish government by accumulating gold and silver . The Dutch and particularly the British approach was more conducive to private business . A mercantile policy that affected the British American colonies was the Navigation Acts , which were passed by the British Parliament between 1651 and 1673 . Important features of the Navigation Acts are : Foreign vessels were excluded from carrying trade between ports within the British Empire Manufactured goods from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England Enumerated items , which included furs , ship masts , rice , indigo and tobacco , were only allowed to be exported to Great Britain . Although the Navigation Acts were enforced , they had a negligible effect on commerce and profitability of trade . On the eve of independence Britain was entering the early stage of the Industrial Revolution , with cottage industries and workshops providing finished goods for export to the colonies . Free enterprise ( edit ) The domestic economy of the British American colonies enjoyed a great deal of freedom , although some of their freedom was due to lack of enforcement of British regulations on commerce and industry . Adam Smith used the colonies as an example of the benefits of free enterprise . Colonists paid minimal taxes . Some colonies , such as Virginia , were founded principally as business ventures . England 's success at colonizing what would become the United States was due in large part to its use of charter companies . Charter companies were groups of stockholders ( usually merchants and wealthy landowners ) who sought personal economic gain and , perhaps , wanted also to advance England 's national goals . While the private sector financed the companies , the king also provided each project with a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authority . The colonies did not show profits , however , and the disappointed English investors often turned over their colonial charters to the settlers . The political implications , although not realized at the time , were enormous . The colonists were left to build their own governments and their own economy . Taxation ( edit ) The colonial governments had few expenses and taxes were minimal . Although the colonies provided an export market for finished goods made in Britain or sourced by British merchants and shipped from Britain , the British incurred the expenses of providing protection against piracy by the British Navy and other military expenses . An early tax was the Molasses Act of 1733 . In the 1760s the London government raised small sums by new taxes on the colonies . This occasioned an enormous uproar , from which historians date the origins of the American Revolution . The issue was not the amount of the taxes -- they were quite small -- but rather the constitutional authority of Parliament versus the colonial assemblies to vote taxes . New taxes included the Sugar Act of 1764 , the Stamp Act of 1765 and taxes on tea and other colonial imports . Historians have debated back and forth about the cost imposed by the Navigation Acts , which were less visible and rarely complained about . However , by 1995 , the consensus view among economic historians and economists was that the `` costs imposed on ( American ) colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small . '' The American Revolution ( edit ) Americans in the Thirteen Colonies demanded their rights as Englishmen , as they saw it , to select their own representatives to govern and tax them -- which Britain refused . The Americans attempted resistance through boycotts of British manufactured items , but the British responded with a rejection of American rights and the Intolerable Acts of 1774 . In turn , the Americans launched the American Revolution , resulting in an all - out war against the British and to independence for the new United States of America . The British tried to crush the American economy with a blockade of all ports , but with 90 % of the people in farming , and only 10 % in cities , the American economy proved resilient and able to support a sustained war , which lasted from 1775 to 1783 . Revolutionary era cartoon showing US sawing of the horn of a cow ( symbolizing a break from British commerce ) with a distressed Englishman watching as other European powers wait to collect milk . The cartoon represents the commercial status of the US during the Revolution . The American Revolution ( 1775 -- 1783 ) brought a dedication to unalienable rights to `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' , which emphasize individual liberty and economic entrepreneurship , and simultaneously a commitment to the political values of liberalism and republicanism , which emphasize natural rights , equality under the law for all citizens , civic virtue and duty , and promotion of the general welfare . Britain 's war against the Americans , French and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money it needed and raised the rest through an efficient system of taxation . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution . Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover existing transactions , let alone on a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen , and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise it would be made good after the war . Indeed , in 1783 the soldiers and officers were given land grants to cover the wages they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States , did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war . Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the federal government 's full share of money and supplies from the states . Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money , in 1775 -- 1780 , and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar . By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said , and a second issue of new currency was attempted . The second issue quickly became nearly worthless -- but it was redeemed by the new federal government in 1791 at 100 cents on the dollar . At the same time the states , especially Virginia and the Carolinas , issued over 200 million dollars of their own currency . In effect , the paper money was a hidden tax on the people , and indeed was the only method of taxation that was possible at the time . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages -- usually in arrears -- declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships suffered by their families . Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy , Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam loaned large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s . Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive . The cities played a major role in fomenting the American Revolution , but they were hard hit during the war itself , 1775 - 83 . They lost their main role as oceanic ports , because of the blockade by the British Navy . Furthermore , the British occupied the cities , especially New York 1776 - 83 , and the others for briefer periods . During the occupations they were cut off from their hinterland trade and from overland communication . When the British finally departed in 1783 , they took out large numbers of wealthy merchants who resumed their business activities elsewhere in the British Empire . The new nation ( edit ) Chart 1 : trends in economic growth , 1700 -- 1850 The U.S. Constitution , adopted in 1787 , established that the entire nation was a unified , or common market , with no internal tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce . The extent of federal power was much debated , with Alexander Hamilton taking a very broad view as the first Secretary of the Treasury during the presidential administration of George Washington . Hamilton successfully argued for the concept of `` implied powers '' , whereby the federal government was authorized by the Constitution to create anything necessary to support its contents , even if it not specifically noted in it ( build lighthouses , etc . ) . He succeeded in building strong national credit based on taking over the state debts and bundling them with the old national debt into new securities sold to the wealthy . They in turn now had an interest in keeping the new government solvent . Hamilton funded the debt with tariffs on imported goods and a highly controversial tax on whiskey . Hamilton believed the United States should pursue economic growth through diversified shipping , manufacturing , and banking . He sought and achieved Congressional authority to create the First Bank of the United States in 1791 ; the charter lasted until 1811 . After the war , the older cities finally restored their economic basis ; newer growing cities included Salem , Massachusetts ( which opened a new trade with China ) , New London , Connecticut , and Baltimore , Maryland . The Washington administration under the leadership of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton set up a national bank in 1791 , and local banks began to flourish in all the cities . Merchant entrepreneurship flourished and was a powerful engine of prosperity in the cities . World peace lasted only a decade , for in 1793 a two decades of war between Britain and France and their allies broke out . As the leading neutral trading partner the United States did business with both sides . France resented it , and the Quasi-War of 1798 - 99 disrupted trade . Outraged at British impositions on American merchant ships , and sailors , the Jefferson and Madison administrations engaged in economic warfare with Britain 1807 - 1812 , and then full - scale warfare 1812 to 1815 . Industry and commerce ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) There were very few roads outside of cities and no canals in the new nation . In 1792 it was reported that the cost of transport of many crops to seaport was from one - fifth to one half their cost . The cheapest form of transportation was by water , along the seacoast or on lakes and rivers . Automatic flour mill ( edit ) In the mid 1780s Oliver Evans invented a fully automatic mill that could process grain with practically no human labor or operator attention . This was a revolutionary development in two ways : 1 ) it used bucket elevators and conveyor belts , which would eventually revolutionize materials handling , and 2 ) it used governors , a forerunner of modern automation , for control . Cotton gin ( edit ) `` The First Cotton Gin '' conjectural image from 1869 Cotton was at first a small - scale crop in the South . Cotton farming boomed following the improvement of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney . It was 50 times more productive at removing the seeds than with a roller . Soon , large cotton plantations , based on slave labor , expanded in the richest lands from the Carolinas westward to Texas . The raw cotton was shipped to textile mills in Britain , France and New England . Mechanized textile manufacturing ( edit ) Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) In the final decade of the 18th century England was beginning to enter the rapid growth period of the Industrial Revolution , but the rest of the world was completely devoid of any type of large scale mechanized industry . Britain prohibited the export of textile machinery and designs and did not allow mechanics with such skills to emigrate . Samuel Slater , who worked as mechanic at a cotton spinning operation in England , memorized the design of the machinery . He was able to disguise himself as a laborer and emigrated to the U.S. , where he heard there was a demand for his knowledge . In 1789 Slater began working as a consultant to Almy & Brown in Rhode Island who were trying to successfully spin cotton on some equipment they had recently purchased . Slater determined that the machinery was not capable of producing good quality yarn and persuaded the owners to have him design new machinery . Slater found no mechanics in the U.S. when he arrived and had great difficulty finding someone to build the machinery . Eventually he located Oziel Wilkinson and his son David to produce iron castings and forgings for the machinery . According to David Wilkinson : `` all the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by Mr. Slater was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power '' . By 1791 Slater had some of the equipment operating . In 1793 Slater and Brown opened a factory in Pawtucket , Rhode Island , which was the first successful water powered roller spinning cotton factory in the U.S. ( See : Slater Mill Historic Site ) . David Wilkinson went on to invent a metalworking lathe which won him a Congressional prize . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) Main article : History of banking in the United States § New Nation The First Bank of the United States was chartered in 1791 . It was designed by Alexander Hamilton and faced strenuous opposition from agrarians led by Thomas Jefferson , who deeply distrusted banks and urban institutions . They closed the Bank in 1811 , just when the War of 1812 made it more important than ever for Treasury needs . The early 19th century ( edit ) The United States was pre-industrial throughout the first third of the 19th century . Most people lived on farms and produced much of what they consumed . A considerable percentage of the non-farm population was engaged in handling goods for export . The country was an exporter of agricultural products . The U.S. built the best ships in the world . The textile industry became established in New England , where there was abundant water power . Steam power began being used in factories , but water was the dominant source of industrial power until the Civil War . The building of roads and canals , the introduction of steamboats and the first railroads were the beginning of a transportation revolution that would accelerate throughout the century . Political developments ( edit ) Main articles : Tariffs in United States history , List of tariffs in the United States , and Protectionism in the United States Tariff Rates ( France , UK , US ) Average Tariff Rates in USA ( 1821 - 2016 ) The institutional arrangements of the American System were initially formulated by first Secretary of the Treasury , Alexander Hamilton , who proposed the creation of a government - sponsored bank and increased tariffs to encourage industrial development . Following Hamilton 's death at the hands of Aaron Burr , the American school of political economy was championed in the antebellum period by Henry Clay and the Whig Party generally . Specific government programs and policies which gave shape and form to the American School and the American System include the establishment of the Patent Office in 1802 ; the creation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1807 and other measures to improve river and harbor navigation ; the various Army expeditions to the west , beginning with Lewis and Clark 's Corps of Discovery in 1804 and continuing into the 1870s , almost always under the direction of an officer from the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers , and which provided crucial information for the overland pioneers that followed ; the assignment of Army Engineer officers to assist or direct the surveying and construction of the early railroads and canals ; the establishment of the First Bank of the United States and Second Bank of the United States as well as various protectionist measures ( e.g. , the tariff of 1828 ) . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed a strong central government ( and , consequently , most of Hamilton 's economic policies ) , but they could not stop Hamilton , who wielded immense power and political clout in the Washington administration . In 1801 , however , Jefferson became president and turned to promoting a more decentralized , agrarian democracy called Jeffersonian democracy . ( He based his philosophy on protecting the common man from political and economic tyranny . He particularly praised small farmers as `` the most valuable citizens '' . ) However , Jefferson did not change Hamilton 's basic policies . As president in 1811 Madison let the bank charter expire , but the War of 1812 proved the need for a national bank and Madison reversed positions . The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 , with a 20 - year charter . Thomas Jefferson was able to purchase the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 for $15 million , although the treasury at the time only had $10 million . The Louisiana Purchase greatly expanded the size of the United States , adding extremely good farmland , the Mississippi River and the city of New Orleans . Wars from 1793 to 1814 caused withdrawal of most foreign shipping from the U.S. , leaving trade in the Caribbean and Central and South America open for the U.S. Seizure of U.S. ships by France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars led to the Embargo Act of 1807 which prohibited most foreign trade . The War of 1812 , by cutting off almost all foreign trade , created a home market for goods made in the U.S. ( even if they were more expensive ) , changing an early tendency toward free trade into a protectionism characterized by nationalism and protective tariffs . States built roads and waterways , such as the Cumberland Pike ( 1818 ) and the Erie Canal ( 1825 ) , opening up markets for western farm products . The Whig Party supported Clay 's American System , which proposed to build internal improvements ( e.g. roads , canals and harbors ) , protect industry , and create a strong national bank . The Whig legislation program was blocked at the national level by the Democrats , but similar modernization programs were enacted in most states on a bipartisan basis . The role of the Federal Government in regulating interstate commerce was firmly established by the landmark Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v Ogden , which decided against allowing states to grant exclusive rights to steamboat companies operating between states . President Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) , leader of the new Democratic Party , opposed the Second Bank of the United States , which he believed favored the entrenched interests of rich . When he was elected for a second term , Jackson blocked the renewal of the bank 's charter . Jackson opposed paper money and demanded the government be paid in gold and silver coins . The Panic of 1837 stopped business growth for three years . Agriculture , commerce and industry ( edit ) Population growth ( edit ) Although there was relatively little immigration from Europe , the rapid expansion of settlements to the West , and the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 , opened up vast frontier lands . The high birth rate , and the availability of cheap land caused the rapid expansion of population . The average age was under 20 , with children everywhere . The population grew from 5.3 million people in 1800 , living on 865,000 square miles of land to 9.6 million in 1820 on 1,749,000 square miles . By 1840 , the population had reached 17,069,000 on the same land . New Orleans and St. Louis joined the United States and grew rapidly ; entirely new cities were begun at Pittsburgh , Marietta , Cincinnati , Louisville , Lexington , Nashville and points west . The coming of the steamboat after 1810 made upstream traffic economical on major rivers , especially the Hudson , Ohio , Mississippi , Illinois , Missouri , Tennessee , and Cumberland rivers . Historian Richard Wade has emphasized the importance of the new cities in the Westward expansion in settlement of the farmlands . They were the transportation centers , and nodes for migration and financing of the westward expansion . The newly opened regions had few roads , but a very good river system in which everything flowed downstream to New Orleans . With the coming of the steamboat after 1815 , it became possible to move merchandise imported from the Northeast and from Europe upstream to new settlements . The opening of the Erie Canal made Buffalo the jumping off point for the lake transportation system that made important cities out of Cleveland , Detroit , and especially Chicago . Labor shortage ( edit ) The U.S. economy of the early 19th century was characterized by labor shortages , as noted by numerous contemporary observers . The labor shortage was attributed to the cheapness of land and the high returns on agriculture . All types of labor were in high demand , especially unskilled labor and experienced factory workers . Labor prices in the U.S. were typically between 30 and 50 percent higher than in Britain . Women factory workers were especially scarce . The elasticity of labor was low in part because of lack of transportation and low population density . The relative labor scarcity and high price was an incentive for capital investment , particularly in machinery . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : History of agriculture in the United States The U.S. economy was primarily agricultural in the early 19th century . Westward expansion plus the building of canals and the introduction of steamboats opened up new areas for agriculture . Much land was cleared and put into growing cotton in the Mississippi valley and in Alabama , and new grain growing areas were brought into production in the Mid West . Eventually this put severe downward pressure on prices , particularly of cotton , first from 1820 to 1823 and again from 1840 to 1843 . Before the Industrial Revolution most cotton was spun and woven near where it was grown , leaving little raw cotton for the international marketplace . World cotton demand experienced strong growth due to mechanized spinning and weaving technologies of the Industrial Revolution . Although cotton was grown in India , China , Egypt , the Middle East and other tropical and sub-tropical areas , the Americas , particularly the U.S. , had sufficient suitable land available to support large scale cotton plantations , which were highly profitable . A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to Natchez , Mississippi in 1806 would become the parent genetic material for over 90 % of world cotton production today ; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick. The cotton trade , excluding financing , transport and marketing , was 6 percent or less of national income in the 1830s . Cotton became the United States ' largest export . Sugar cane was being grown in Louisiana , where it was refined into granular sugar . Growing and refining sugar required a large amount of capital . Some of the nation 's wealthiest people owned sugar plantations , which often had their own sugar mills . Southern plantations , which grew cotton , sugar cane and tobacco , used negro slave labor . Roads ( edit ) Construction of the first macadamized road in the United States ( 1823 ) . In the foreground , workers are breaking stones `` so as not to exceed 6 ounces ( 170 g ) in weight or to pass a two - inch ( 5 cm ) ring '' . There were only a few roads outside of cities at the beginning of the 19th century , but turnpikes were being built . A ton - mile by wagon cost from between 30 and 70 cents in 1819 . Robert Fulton 's estimate for typical wagonage was 32 cents per ton - mile . The cost of transporting wheat or corn to Philadelphia exceeded the value at 218 and 135 miles , respectively . To facilitate westward expansion , in 1801 Thomas Jefferson began work on the Natchez Trace , which was to connect Daniel Boone 's Wilderness Road , which ended in Nashville , Tennessee , with the Mississippi River . Following the Louisiana Purchase the need for additional roads to the West were recognized by Thomas Jefferson , who authorized the construction of the Cumberland Road in 1806 . The Cumberland Road was to connect Cumberland Maryland on the Potomac River with the Wheeling ( West ) Virginia on the Ohio River , which was on the other side of the Alleghany Mountains . Mail roads were also built to New Orleans . The building of roads in the early years of the 19th century greatly lowered transportation costs and was a factor in the deflation of 1819 to 1821 , which was one of the most severe in U.S. history . Some turnpikes were wooden plank roads , which typically cost about $1,500 to $1,800 per mile , but wore out quickly . Macadam roads in New York cost an average of $3,500 per mile , while high - quality roads cost between $5,000 and $10,000 per mile . Canals ( edit ) Scene of Lockport on the Erie Canal ( W.H. Bartlett 1839 ) Because a horse can pull a barge carrying a cargo of over 50 tons compared to the typical one ton or less hauled by wagon , and the horse required a wagoner versus a couple of men for the barge , water transportation costs were a small fraction of wagonage costs . Canals ' shipping costs were between two and three cents per ton - mile , compared to over 30 cents by wagon . The cost of constructing a typical canal was between $20,000 and $30,000 per mile . Only 100 miles of canals had been built in the U.S. by 1816 , and only a few were longer than two miles . The early canals were typically financially successful , such as those carrying coal in eastern Pennsylvania . The 325 - mile Erie Canal , which connected Albany , New York , on the Hudson River with Buffalo , New York , on Lake Erie , began operation in 1825 . Wagon cost from Buffalo to New York City in 1817 was 19.2 cents per ton - mile . By Erie Canal c. 1857 to 1860 the cost was 0.81 cents . The Erie Canal was a great commercial success and had a large regional economic impact . The Delaware and Raritan Canal was also very successful . Also important was the 2.5 - mile canal bypassing the falls on the Ohio River at Louisville , which opened in 1830 . The success of some of the early canals led to a canal building boom , during which work began on many canals which would prove to be financially unsuccessful . As the canal boom was underway in the late 1820s , a small number of horse railways were being built . These were quickly followed by the first steam railways in the 1830s . Steam power ( edit ) In 1780 the United States had three major steam engines , all of which were used for pumping water : two in mines and one for New York City 's water supply . Most power in the U.S. was supplied by water wheels and water turbines after their introduction in 1840 . By 1807 when the North River Steamboat ( unofficially called Clermont ) first sailed , there were estimated to be fewer than a dozen steam engines operating in the U.S. Steam power did not overtake water power until sometime after 1850 . Oliver Evans began developing a high pressure steam engine that was more practical than the engine developed around the same time by Richard Trevithick in England . The high pressure engine did away with the separate condenser and thus did not require cooling water . It also had a higher power to weight ratio , making it suitable for powering steamboats and locomotives . Evans produced a few custom steam engines from 1801 to 1806 , when he opened the Mars Works foundry and factory near Philadelphia , where he produced additional engines . In 1812 he produced his successful Colombian engine at Mars . As his business grew and orders were being shipped inland , Evans and a partner formed the Pittsburgh Steam Engine Company in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Steam engines soon became common in public water supply , sawmills and flour milling , especially in areas with little or no water power . Mechanical power Transmission ( edit ) In 1828 Paul Moody substituted leather belting for gearing in mills . Leather belting from line shafts was the common way to distribute power from steam engines and water turbines in mills and factories . In the factory boom of the late 19th century it was common for large factories the have many miles of line shafts . Leather belting continued in use until it was displaced by unit drive electric motors in the early decades of the 20th century . Shipbuilding ( edit ) Shipbuilding remained a sizable industry . U.S. - built ships were superior in design , required smaller crews and cost between 40 and 60 percent less to build than European ships . The British gained the lead in shipbuilding after they introduced iron - hulled ships in the mid 19th century . Steamboats and steam ships ( edit ) For Steamboat monopoly , see Gibbons v. Ogden . Commercial steamboat operations began in 1807 within weeks of the launch of Robert Fulton 's North River Steamboat , often referred to as the Clermont . The first steamboats were powered by Boulton and Watt type low pressure engines , which were very large and heavy in relation to the smaller high pressure engines . In 1807 Robert L. Stevens began operation of the Phoenix , which used a high pressure engine in combination with a low pressure condensing engine . The first steamboats powered only by high pressure were the Aetna and Pennsylvania designed and built by Oliver Evans . In the winter of 1811 to 1812 , the New Orleans became the first steamboat to travel down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers from Pittsburgh to New Orleans . The commercial feasibility of steamboats on the Mississippi and its tributaries was demonstrated by the Enterprise in 1814 . By the time of Fulton 's death in 1815 he operated 21 of the estimated 30 steamboats in the U.S. The number of steamboats steadily grew into the hundreds . There were more steamboats in the Mississippi valley than anywhere else in the world . Early steamboats took 30 days to travel from New Orleans to Louisville , which was from half to one - quarter the time by keel boat . Due to improvements in steamboat technology , by 1830 the time from New Orleans to Louisville was halved . In 1820 freight rates for keel boats were five cents per ton - mile versus two cents by steamboat , falling to one - half cent per pound by 1830 . The SS Savannah crossed from Savannah to Liverpool in 1819 as the first trans - Atlantic steamship ; however , until the development of more efficient engines , trans - ocean ships had to carry more coal than freight . Early trans - ocean steamships were used for passengers and soon some companies began offering regularly scheduled service . Railroads ( edit ) Railroads were an English invention , and the first entrepreneurs imported British equipment in the 1830s . By the 1850s the Americans had developed their own technology . The early lines in the 1830s and 1840s were locally funded , and connected nearby cities or connected farms to navigable waterways . They primarily handled freight rather than passengers . The first locomotives were imported from England . One such locomotive was the John Bull which arrived in 1831 . While awaiting assembly , Matthias W. Baldwin , who had designed and manufactured a highly successful stationary steam engine , was able to inspect the parts and obtain measurements . Baldwin was already working on an experimental locomotive based on designs shown at the Rainhill Trials in England . Baldwin produced his first locomotive in 1832 ; he went on to found the Baldwin Locomotive Works , one of the largest steam locomotive manufacturers . In 1833 when there were few locomotives in the U.S. , three quarters were made in England . In 1838 there were 346 locomotives recorded in the U.S. , three - fourths of which were made in the U.S. Ohio had more railroads built in the 1840s than any other state . Ohio 's railroads put the canals out of business . A typical mile of railroad cost $30,000 compared to the $20,000 per mile of canal , but a railroad could carry 50 times as much traffic . Railroads appeared at the time of the canal boom , causing its abrupt end , although some canals flourished for an additional half - century . Manufacturing ( edit ) Starting with textiles in the 1790s , factories were built to supply a regional and national market . The power came from waterfalls , and most of the factories were built alongside the rivers in rural New England and upstate New York . Boston Manufacturing Co. , Waltham , Massachusetts Before 1800 , most cloth was made in home workshops , and housewives sewed it into clothing for family use or trade with neighbors . In 1810 the secretary of the treasury estimated that two - thirds of rural household clothing , including hosiery and linen , was produced by households . By the 1820s , housewives bought the cloth at local stores , and continued their sewing chores . The American textile industry was established during the long period of wars from 1793 to 1815 , when cheap cloth imports from Britain were unavailable . Samuel Slater secretly brought in the plans for complex textile machinery from Britain , and built new factories in Rhode Island using the stolen designs . By the time the Embargo Act of 1807 cut off trade with Britain , there here were 15 cotton spinning mills in operation . These were all small operations , typically employing fewer than 50 people , and most used Arckwright water frames powered by small streams . They were all located in southeastern New England . In 1809 the number of mills had grown to 62 , with 25 under construction . To meet increased demand for cloth several manufacturers resorted to the putting - out system of having the handloom weaving done in homes . The putting - out system was inefficient because of the difficulty of distributing the yarn and collecting the cloth , embezzlement of supplies , lack of supervision and poor quality . To overcome these problems the textile manufacturers began to consolidate work in central workshops shops where they could supervise operations . Taking this to the next level , in 1815 Francis Cabot Lowell of the Boston Manufacturing Company built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , using plans for a power loom that he smuggled out of England . This was the largest factory in the U.S. , with a workforce of about 300 . It was a very efficient , highly profitable mill that , with the aid of the Tariff of 1816 , competed effectively with British textiles at a time when many smaller operations were being forced out of business . The Fall River Manufactory , located on the Quequechan River in Fall River , Massachusetts , was founded 1813 by Dexter Wheeler and cousin David Anthony . By 1827 there were 10 cotton mills in the Fall River area , which soon became the country 's leading producer of printed cotton cloth . The U.S. began exporting textiles in the 1830s ; the Americans specialized in coarse fabrics , while the British exported finer cloth that reached a somewhat different market . Cloth production -- mostly cotton but also wool , linen and silk -- became the leading American industry . The building of textile machinery became a major driving force in the development of advanced mechanical devices . The shoe industry began transitioning from production by craftsmen to the factory system , with division of labor . Low return freight rates from Europe offered little protection from imports to domestic industries . Development of interchangeable parts ( edit ) Main article : Interchangeable parts Standardization and interchangeability have been cited as major contributors to the exceptional growth of the U.S. economy . The idea of standardization of armaments was originated by French General Jean - Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval , who in 1765 began instituting the Gribeauval system . Honoré Blanc , who had served as inspector general of the three French arsenals , began producing muskets with interchangeable locks in France when Thomas Jefferson was minister to France . Jefferson wrote a letter to John Jay about these developments in 1785 . The idea of armament standardization was advocated by Louis de Tousard , who fled the French Revolution and in 1795 joined the U.S. Corps of Artillerists and Engineers where he taught artillery and engineering he learned in France . At the suggestion of George Washington , Tousard had been working on an artillery manual , which he published as The American Artillerist 's Companion ( 1809 ) . Tousard 's manual , which was a standard textbook for officer training , stressed the importance of developing a system of standardized armaments . Fears of war stemming from the XYZ Affair caused the U.S. to begin offering cash advance contracts for producing small arms to private individuals in 1798 . Two notable recipients of these contracts associated with interchangeable parts were Eli Whitney and Simeon North . Although Whitney was not able to make interchangeable parts , he was a proponent of using machinery for gun making ; however , he employed only the simplest machines in his factory . North eventually made progress toward some degree of interchangeability and developed special machinery . North 's shop used the first known milling machine ( c. 1816 ) , a fundamental machine tool . The experience of the War of 1812 led the War Department to issue a request for contract proposals for firearms with interchangeable parts . Previously , parts from each firearm had to be carefully custom fitted ; almost all infantry regiments necessarily included an artificer or armorer who could perform this intricate gunsmithing . The requirement for interchangeable parts forced forward the development of modern metal - working machine tools , including milling machines , grinders , shapers and planers . The Federal Armories perfected the use of machine tools by developing fixtures to correctly position the parts being machined and jigs to guide the cutting tools over the proper path . Systems of blocks and gauges were also developed to check the accuracy and precision of the machined parts . Developing the manufacturing techniques for making interchangeable parts by the Federal Armories took over two decades ; however , the first interchangeable small arms parts were not made to a high degree of precision . It was n't until mid century or later that parts for U.S. rifles and handguns could be considered truly interchangeable with a degree of precision . In 1853 when the British Parliamentary Committee on Small Arms questioned gun maker Samuel Colt , and machine tool makers James Nasmyth and Joseph Whitworth , there was still some question about what constituted interchangeability and whether it could be achieved at a reasonable cost . The machinists ' skills were called armory practice and the system eventually became known as the American system of manufacturing . Machinists from the armories eventually spread the technology to other industries , such as clocks and watches , especially in the New England area . It was n't until late in the 19th century that interchangeable parts became widespread in U.S. manufacturing . Among the items using interchangeable parts were some sewing machine brands and bicycles . The development of these modern machine tools and machining practices made possible the development of modern industry capable of mass production ; however , large scale industrial production did not develop in the U.S. until the late 19th century . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) See also : Panic of 1837 The charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811 . Its absence caused serious difficulties for the national government trying to finance the War of 1812 over the refusal of New England bankers to help out . President James Madison reverses earlier Jeffersonian opposition to banking , and secured the opening of a new national bank . The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 . Its leading executive was Philadelphia banker Nicholas Biddle . It collapsed in 1836 , under heavy attack from President Andrew Jackson during his Bank War . There were three economic downturns in the early 19th century . The first was the result of the Embargo Act of 1807 , which shut off most international shipping and trade due to the Napoleonic Wars . The other two downturns were depressions accompanied by significant periods of deflation during the early 19th century . The first and most severe was during the depression from 1818 to 1821 when prices of agricultural commodities declined by almost 50 percent . A credit contraction caused by a financial crisis in England drained specie out of the U.S. The Bank of the United States also contracted its lending . The price of agricultural commodities fell by almost 50 percent from the high in 1815 to the low in 1821 , and did not recover until the late 1830s , although to a significantly lower price level . Most damaging was the price of cotton , the U.S. 's main export . Food crop prices , which had been high because of the famine of 1816 that was caused by the year without a summer , fell after the return of normal harvests in 1818 . Improved transportation , mainly from turnpikes , significantly lowered transportation costs . The third economic downturn was the depression of the late 1830s to 1843 , following the Panic of 1837 , when the money supply in the United States contracted by about 34 percent with prices falling by 33 percent . The magnitude of this contraction is matched only by the Great Depression . A fundamental cause of the Panic of 1837 was depletion of Mexican silver mines . Despite the deflation and depression , GDP rose 16 percent from 1839 to 1843 , partly because of rapid population growth . In order to dampen speculation in land , Andrew Jackson signed the executive order known as the Specie Circular in 1836 , requiring sale of government land to be paid in gold and silver . Branch mints at New Orleans ; Dahlonega , Georgia ; and Charlotte , North Carolina , were authorized by congress in 1835 and became operational in 1838 . Gold was being withdrawn from the U.S. by England and silver had also been taken out of the country because it had been under valued relative to gold by the Coinage Act of 1834 . Canal projects began to fail . The result was the financial Panic of 1837 . In 1838 there was a brief recovery . The business cycle upturn occurred in 1843 . Economic historians have explored the high degree of financial and economic instability in the Jacksonian era . For the most part , they follow the conclusions of Peter Temin , who absolved Jackson 's policies , and blamed international events beyond American control , such as conditions in Mexico , China and Britain . A survey of economic historians in 1995 show that the vast majority concur with Temin 's conclusion that `` the inflation and financial crisis of the 1830s had their origin in events largely beyond President Jackson 's control and would have taken place whether or not he had acted as he did vis - a-vis the Second Bank of the U.S. '' Economics of the war of 1812 ( edit ) The War of 1812 was financed by borrowing , by new issues of private bank notes and by an inflation in prices of 15 % . The government was a very poor manager during the war , with delays in payments and confusion , as the Treasury took in money months after it was scheduled to pay it out . Inexperience , indecision , incompetence , partisanship and confusion the main hallmarks . The federal government 's management system was designed to minimize the federal role before 1812 . The Republicans in power deliberately wanted to downsize the power and roles of the federal government ; when the war began , the Federalist opposition worked hard to sabotage operations . Problems multiplied rapidly in 1812 , and all the weaknesses were magnified , especially regarding the Army and the Treasury . There were no serious reforms before the war ended . In financial matters , the decentralizing ideology of the Republicans meant they wanted the First Bank of the United States to expire in 1811 , when its 20 - year charter ran out . Its absence made it much more difficult to handle the financing of the war , and cause special problems in terms of moving money from state to state , since state banks were not allowed to operate across state lines . The bureaucracy was terrible , often missing deadlines . On the positive side , over 120 new state banks were created all over the country , and they issued notes that financed much of the war effort , along with loans raised by Washington . Some key Republicans , especially Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin realized the need for new taxes , but the Republican Congress was very reluctant and only raised small amounts . The whole time , the Federalists in Congress and especially the Federalist - controlled state governments in the Northeast , and the Federalist - aligned financial system in the Northeast , was strongly opposed to the war and refused to help in the financing . Indeed , they facilitated smuggling across the Canadian border , and sent large amounts of gold and silver to Canada , which created serious shortages of specie in the US . Across the two and half years of the war , 1812 - 1815 , the federal government took in more money than it spent . Cash out was $119.5 million , cash in was $154.0 million . Two - thirds of the income was borrowing that had to be paid back in later years ; the national debt went from $56.0 million in 1812 to $127.3 million in 1815 . Out of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) of about $925 million ( in 1815 ) , this was not a large burden for a national population of 8 million people ; it was paid off in 1835 . A new Second Bank of the United States was set up in 1816 , and after that the financial system performed very well , even though there was still a shortage of gold and silver . The economy grew every year 1812 - 1815 , despite a large loss of business by East Coast shipping interests . Wartime inflation averaged 4.8 % a year . The national economy grew 1812 - 1815 at the rate of 3.7 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Per capita GDP grew at 2.2 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Money that would have been spent on imports -- mostly cloth -- was diverted to opening new factories , which were profitable since British cloth was not available . This gave a major boost to the industrial revolution , as typified by the Boston Associates . The Boston Manufacturing Company built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , in 1813 . The mid 19th century ( edit ) The mid-19th century was a period of transition toward industrialization , particularly in the Northeast , which produced cotton textiles and shoes . The population of the West ( generally meaning from Ohio to and including Wisconsin , Minnesota , Iowa and Missouri and south to include Kentucky ) grew rapidly . The West was primarily a grain and pork producing region , with an important machine tool industry developing around Cincinnati , Ohio . The Southern economy was based on plantation agriculture , primarily cotton , tobacco and sugar , produced with slave labor . The market economy and factory system were not typical before 1850 , but developed along transportation routes . Steamboats and railroads , introduced in the early part of the century , became widespread and aided westward expansion . The telegraph was introduced in 1844 and was in widespread use by the mid 1850s . A machine tool industry developed and machinery became a major industry . Sewing machines began being manufactured . The shoe industry became mechanized . Horse drawn reapers became widely introduced , significantly increasing the productivity of farming . The use of steam engines in manufacturing increased and steam power exceeded water power after the Civil War . Coal displaced wood as the major fuel . The combination of railroads , the telegraph and machinery and factories began to create an industrial economy . The longest economic expansion of the United States occurred in the recession - free period between 1841 - 1856 . A 2017 study attributes this expansion primarily to `` a boom in transportation - goods investment following the discovery of gold in California . '' Commerce , industry and agriculture ( edit ) The depression that began in 1839 ended with an upswing in economic activity in 1843 . Table 1 : Sector shares <Th_colspan="3"> Employment % <Th_colspan="3"> Output % ( 1860 prices ) Year Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Industry Services 1840 68 12 20 47 21 31 1850 60 17 23 42 29 29 1860 56 19 25 38 28 34 1870 53 22 25 35 31 34 1880 52 23 25 31 32 38 1890 43 26 31 22 41 37 1900 40 26 33 20 40 39 <Td_colspan="7"> Source : Joel Mokyr Railroads ( edit ) Main article : Rail transportation in the United States Railroads opened up remote areas and drastically cut the cost of moving freight and passengers . By 1860 long distance bulk rates had fallen by 95 % , less than half of which was due to the general fall in prices . This large fall in transportation costs created `` a major revolution in domestic commerce . '' As transportation improved , new markets continuously opened . Railroads greatly increased the importance of hub cities such as Atlanta , Billings , Chicago , and Dallas . Railroads were a highly capital intensive business , with a typical cost of $30,000 per mile with a considerable range depending on terrain and other factors . Private capital for Railroads during the period from 1830 -- 1860 was inadequate . States awarded charters , funding , tax breaks , land grants , and provided some financing . Railroads were allowed banking privileges and lotteries in some states . Private investors provided a small but not insignificant share or railroad capital . A combination of domestic and foreign investment along with the discovery of gold and a major commitment of America 's public and private wealth , enabled the nation to develop a large - scale railroad system , establishing the base for the country 's industrialization . Table 2 : Railroad Mileage Increase by Groups of States 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 New England 2,507 3,660 4,494 5,982 6,831 Middle States 3,202 6,705 10,964 15,872 21,536 Southern States 2,036 8,838 11,192 14,778 29,209 Western States and Territories 1,276 11,400 24,587 52,589 62,394 Pacific States and Territories 23 1,677 4,080 9,804 TOTAL NEW TRACK USA 9,021 30,626 52,914 93,301 129,774 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Chauncey M. Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 p 111 1864 , Pennsylvania oil drilling early in the history of the petroleum industry in the United States Railroad executives invented modern methods for running large - scale business operations , creating a blueprint that all large corporations basically followed . They created career tracks that took 18 - year - old boys and turned them into brakemen , conductors and engineers . They were first to encounter managerial complexities , labor union issues , and problems of geographical competition . Due to these radical innovations , the railroad became the first large - scale business enterprise and the model for most large corporations . Historian Larry Haeg argues from the perspective of the end of the nineteenth century : Railroads created virtually every major American industry : coal , oil , gas , steel , lumber , farm equipment , grain , cotton , textile factories , California citrus . 1900 panoramic image of the Chicago slaughter houses Iron industry ( edit ) The most important technological innovation in mid 19th century pig iron production was the adoption of hot blast , which was developed and patented in Scotland in 1828 . Hot blast is a method of using heat from the blast furnace exhaust gas to preheat combustion air , saving a considerable amount of fuel . It allowed much higher furnace temperatures and increased the capacity of furnaces . Hot blast allowed blast furnaces to use anthracite or lower grade coal . Anthracite was difficult to light with cold blast . High quality metallurgical coking coal deposits of sufficient size for iron making were only available in Great Britain and western Germany in the 19th century , but with less fuel required per unit of iron , it was possible to use lower grade coal . The use of anthracite was rather short lived because the size of blast furnaces increased enormously toward the end of the century , forcing the use of coke , which was more porous and did not impede the upflow of the gases through the furnace . Charcoal would have been crushed by the column of material in tall furnaces . Also , the capacity of furnaces would have eventually exceeded the wood supply , as happened with locomotives . Iron was used for a wide variety of purposes . In 1860 large consumers were numerous types of castings , especially stoves . Of the $32 million of bar , sheet and railroad iron produced , slightly less than half was railroad iron . The value added by stoves was equal to the value added by rails . Coal displaces wood ( edit ) Coal displaced wood during the mid-nineteenth century . In 1840 wood was the major fuel while coal production was minor . In 1850 wood was 90 % of fuel consumption and 90 % of that was for home heating . By 1880 wood was only 5 % of fuel consumption . Cast iron stoves for heating and cooking displaced inefficient fireplaces . Charcoal production was very labor and land intensive . It was estimated that to fuel a typical sized 100 ton of pig iron per week furnace in 1833 at a sustained yield , timber plantations required 20,000 acres . The trees had to be hauled by oxen to where they were cut , stacked on end and covered with earth or put in a kiln to be charred for about a week . Anthracite reduced labor cost to $2.50 per ton compared to charcoal at $15.50 per ton . Wood was a byproduct of land clearing and was placed along the banks of rivers for steamboats . By mid century the forests were being depleted while steamboats and locomotives were using enough wood to create shortages along their routes ; however , railroads , canals and navigable internal waterways were able to bring coal to market at a price far below the cost of wood . Coal sold in Cincinnati for 10 cents per bushel ( 94 pounds ) and in New Orleans for 14 cents . Manufacturing ( edit ) Manufacturing became well established during the mid 19th century . Labor in the U.S. was expensive and industry made every effort to economize by using machinery . Woodworking machinery such as circular saws , high speed lathes , planers and mortising machines and various other machines amazed the British as was reported by Joseph Whitworth . See : American system of manufacturing # Use of machinery In the early 19th century machinery was made mostly of wood with iron parts . By the mid century machines were being increasingly of all iron , which allowed them to operate at higher speeds and with higher precision . The demand for machinery created a machine tool industry that designed and manufactured lathes , metal planers , shapers and other precision metal cutting tools . The shoe industry was the second to be mechanized , beginning in the 1840s . Sewing machines were developed for sewing leather . A leather rolling machine eliminated hand hammering , and was thirty times faster . Blanchard lathes began being used for making shoe lasts ( forms ) in the 1850s , allowing the manufacture of standard sizes . By the 1850s much progress had been made in the development of the sewing machine , with a few companies making the machines , based on a number of patents , with no company controlling the right combination of patents to make a superior machine . To prevent damaging lawsuits , in 1856 several important patents were pooled under the Sewing Machine Combination , which licensed the patents for a fixed fee per machine sold . The sewing machine industry was a beneficiary of machine tools and the manufacturing methods developed at the Federal Armories . By 1860 two sewing machine manufacturers were using interchangeable parts . The sewing machine increased the productivity of sewing cloth by a factor of 5 . In 1860 the textile industry was the largest manufacturing industry in terms of workers employed ( mostly women and children ) , capital invest and value of goods produced . That year there were 5 million spindles in the U.S. Steam power ( edit ) The Treasury Department 's steam engine report of 1838 was the most valuable survey of steam power until the 1870 Census . According to the 1838 report there were an estimated 2,000 engines totaling 40,000 hp , of which 64 % were used in transportation , mostly in steamboats . The Corliss steam engine , patented in 1848 , was called the most significant development in steam engineering since James Watt . The Corliss engine was more efficient than previous engines and maintained more uniform speed in response to load changes , making it suitable for a wide variety of industrial applications . It was the first steam engine that was suitable for cotton spinning . Previously steam engines for cotton spinning pumped water to a water wheel that powered the machinery . Steam power greatly expanded during the late 19th century with the rise of large factories , the expanded railroad network and early electric lighting and electric street railways . Steamboats and ships ( edit ) The number of steamboats on western rivers in the U.S. grew from 187 in 1830 to 735 in 1860 . Total registered tonnage of steam vessels for the U.S. grew from 63,052 in 1830 to 770,641 in 1860 . Until the introduction of iron ships , the U.S. made the best in the world . The design of U.S. ships required fewer crew members to operate . U.S. made ships cost from 40 % to 60 % as much as European ships , and lasted longer . The screw propeller was tested on Lake Ontario in 1841 before being used on ocean ships . Propellers began being used on Great Lakes ships in 1845 . Propellers caused vibrations which were a problem for wooden ships . The SS Great Britain , launched in 1845 , was the first iron ship with a screw propeller . Iron ships became common and more efficient multiple expansion engines were developed . After the introduction of iron ships , Britain became the leading shipbuilding country . The U.S. tried to compete by building wooden clipper ships , which were fast , but too narrow to carry economic volumes of low value freight . Telegraph ( edit ) Congress approved funds for a short demonstration telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington D.C. , which was operational in 1844 . The telegraph was quickly adopted by the railroad industry , which needed rapid communication to coordinate train schedules , the importance of which had been highlighted by a collision on the Western Railroad in 1841 . Railroads also needed to communicate over a vast network in order to keep track of freight and equipment . Consequently , railroads installed telegraphs lines on their existing right - of - ways . By 1852 there were 22,000 miles of telegraph lines in the U.S. , compared to 10,000 miles of track . Urbanization ( edit ) By 1860 , on the eve of Civil War , 16 % of the people lived in cities with 2500 or more people and one third of the nation 's income came from manufacturing . Urbanized industry was limited primarily to the Northeast ; cotton cloth production was the leading industry , with the manufacture of shoes , woolen clothing , and machinery also expanding . Most of the workers in the new factories were immigrants or their children . Between 1845 and 1855 , some 300,000 European immigrants arrived annually . Many remained in eastern cities , especially mill towns and mining camps , while those with farm experience and some savings bought farms in the West . Agriculture ( edit ) Threshing machine from 1881 . Steam engines were also used instead of horses . Adriance reaper , late 19th century In antebellum period the U.S. supplied 80 % of Britain 's cotton imports . Just before the Civil War the value of cotton was 61 % of all goods exported from the U.S. The westward expansion into the highly productive heartland was aided the new railroads , and both population and grain production in the West expanded dramatically . Increased grain production was able to capitalize on high grain prices caused by poor harvests in Europe during the time of the Great Famine in Ireland Grain prices also rose during the Crimean War , but when the war ended U.S. exports to Europe fell dramatically , depressing grain prices . Low grain prices were a cause of the Panic of 1857 . Cotton and tobacco prices recovered after the panic . Agriculture was the largest single industry and it prospered during the war . Prices were high , pulled up by a strong demand from the army and from Britain , which depended on American wheat for a fourth of its food imports . John Deere developed a cast steel plow in 1837 which was lightweight and had a moldboard that efficiently turned over and shed the plowed earth . It was easy for a horse to pull and was well suited to cutting the thick prairie sod of the Midwest . He and his brother Charles founded Deere and Company which continues into the 21st century as the largest maker of tractors , combines , harvesters and other farm implements . Threshing machines , which were a novelty at the end of the 18th century , began being widely introduced in the 1830s and 1840s . Mechanized threshing required less than half the labor of hand threshing . The Civil War acted as a catalyst that encouraged the rapid adoption of horse - drawn machinery and other implements . The rapid spread of recent inventions such as the reaper and mower made the work force efficient , even as hundreds of thousands of farmers were in the army . Many wives took their place , and often consulted by mail on what to do ; increasingly they relied on community and extended kin for advice and help . The 1862 Homestead Act opened up the public domain lands for free . Land grants to the railroads meant they could sell tracts for family farms ( 80 to 200 acres ) at low prices with extended credit . In addition the government sponsored fresh information , scientific methods and the latest techniques through the newly established Department of Agriculture and the Morrill Land Grant College Act . Slave labor ( edit ) In 1860 , there were 4.5 million Americans of African descent , 4 million of which were slaves , worth $3 billion . They were mainly owned by southern planters of cotton and sugar cane . An estimated 60 % of the value of farms in Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi and South Carolina was in slaves , with less than a third in land and buildings . In the aftermath of the Panic of 1857 , which left many northern factory workers unemployed and deprived to the point of causing bread riots , supporters of slavery pointed out that slaves were generally better fed and had better living quarters than many free workers . It is estimated that slaves received 15 % more in imputed wages than the free market . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) After the expiration of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States , federal revenues were handled by the Independent Treasury beginning in 1846 . The Second Bank of the U.S. had also maintained some control over other banks , but in its absence banks were only under state regulation . One of the main problems with banks was over-issuance of banknotes . These were redeemable in specie ( gold or silver ) upon presentation to the chief cashier of the bank . When people lost trust in a bank they rushed to redeem its notes , and because banks issued more notes than their specie reserves , the bank could n't redeem the notes , often causing the bank to fail . In 1860 there were over 8,000 state chartered banks issuing notes . In 1861 the U.S. began issuing United States Notes as legal tender . Banks began paying interest on deposits and using the proceeds to make short term call loans , mainly to stock brokers . New York banks created a clearing house association in 1853 in which member banks cleared accounts with other city banks at the close of the week . The clearinghouse association also handled notes from banks in other parts of the country . The association was able to detect banks that were issuing excessive notes because they could not settle . Panic of 1857 ( edit ) The recovery from the depression that followed the Panic of 1837 began in 1843 and lasted until the Panic of 1857 . The panic was triggered by the August 24 failure of the well regarded Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co . A manager in the New York branch , one of the city 's largest financial institutions , had embezzled funds and made excessive loans . The company 's president announced suspension of specie redemption , which triggered a rush to redeem banknotes , causing many banks to fail because of lack of specie . The United States had been running a trade deficit , draining gold out of the country . Because of the tariff revenues , the U.S. Treasury held a considerable amount of gold , which kept it out of circulation . On September 12 , the SS Central America , which was carrying $1.5 million in gold from California , sank , contributing to the panic . Secretary of the Treasury Howell Cobb came to the aid of New York mercantile interests by buying back some of the national debt . On September 25 the Bank of Pennsylvania suspended specie payment , starting a nationwide bank run . The danger of interest bearing deposits became apparent when bankers had to call loans made to stock brokers , many of who were unable to pay . Banks then had to curtail credit to commercial and industrial customers . Many business were unable to pay workers back wages because they held so many worthless banknotes . The Crimean War , which had cut off Russian wheat exports , ended in 1856 . The war had caused high wheat prices and overexpansion in the U.S. , which had been exporting wheat to Europe . Bountiful western harvests in 1857 caused grain prices to fall . Good harvests in England , France and Russia caused collapse in demand for U.S. grains in 1858 and 1859 . This caused railroad shipments from the West to fall , which resulted in the bankruptcy of some railroads . The inability of the West to sell its crops hurt businesses in other regions , such as New England , which manufactured shoes sold in the West . Cotton and tobacco prices fell , but unlike grains , soon recovered . The panic left many northern wage earners unemployed , most temporarily , but high unemployment lingered for a couple of years . Immigration surge ( edit ) Immigration to the U.S. surged following the Great Famine ( Ireland ) . There were about 3 million immigrants during the decade of the 1850s . They were mainly from Germany , Ireland and England . Collapse of the South ( edit ) See also : Economy of the Confederate States of America The wartime devastation of the South was great and poverty ensued ; incomes of whites dropped , but income of the former slaves rose . During Reconstruction railroad construction was heavily subsidized ( with much corruption ) , but the region maintained its dependence on cotton . Former slaves became wage laborers , tenant farmers , or sharecroppers . They were joined by many poor whites , as the population grew faster than the economy . As late as 1940 the only significant manufacturing industries were textile mills ( mostly in the upland Carolinas ) and some steel in Alabama . The industrial advantages of the North over the South helped secure a Northern victory in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . The Northern victory sealed the destiny of the nation and its economic system . The slave - labor system was abolished ; sharecropping emerged and replaced slavery to supply the labor needed for cotton production , but cotton prices plunged during the Depression of 1873 , leading Southern plantations to decline in profitability . Northern industry , which had expanded rapidly before and during the war , surged ahead . Industrialists came to dominate many aspects of the nation 's life , including social and political affairs . Political developments ( edit ) From the 1830s to 1860 , Congress repeatedly rejected Whig calls for higher tariffs , and its policies of economic nationalism , which included increased state control , regulation and macroeconomic development of infrastructure . President Andrew Jackson , for example , did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States . The tariff was lowered time and again before the Civil War . Proposals to fund massive western railroad projects , or to give free land to homesteaders , were defeated by Southerners afraid these policies would strengthen the North . The Civil War changed everything . Territorial expansion of the United States to the area of the Lower 48 States was essentially completed with the Texas annexation ( 1845 ) , the Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) , the Mexican cession ( 1848 ) and the Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) . Treasury ( edit ) In 1860 the Treasury was a small operation that funded the small - scale operations of the government through the low tariff and land sales . Revenues were trivial in comparison with the cost of a full - scale war , but the Treasury Department under Secretary Salmon P. Chase showed unusual ingenuity in financing the war without crippling the economy . Many new taxes were imposed , and always with a patriotic theme comparing the financial sacrifice to the sacrifices of life and limb . The government paid for supplies in real money , which encouraged people to sell to the government regardless of their politics . By contrast the Confederacy gave paper promissory notes when it seized property , so that even loyal Confederates would hide their horses and mules rather than sell them for dubious paper . Overall the Northern financial system was highly successful in raising money and turning patriotism into profit , while the Confederate system impoverished its patriots . The United States needed $3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and fleets raised to fight the Civil War -- over $400 million just in 1862 . The largest tax sum by far came from new excise taxes -- a sort of value added tax -- that was imposed on every sort of manufactured item . Second came much higher tariffs , through several Morrill tariff laws . Third came the nation 's first income tax ; only the wealthy paid and it was repealed at war 's end . Apart from taxes , the second major source was government bonds . For the first time bonds in small denominations were sold directly to the people , with publicity and patriotism as key factors , as designed by banker Jay Cooke . State banks lost their power to issue banknotes . Only national banks could do that , and Chase made it easy to become a national bank ; it involved buying and holding federal bonds and financiers rushed to open these banks . Chase numbered them , so that the first one in each city was the `` First National Bank '' . Fourth the government printed `` greenbacks '' -- paper money -- which were controversial because they caused inflation . Secretary Chase , though a long - time free - trader , worked with Congressman Justin Morrill to pass a second tariff bill in summer 1861 , raising rates another 10 points in order to generate more revenues . These subsequent bills were primarily revenue driven to meet the war 's needs , though they enjoyed the support of protectionists such as Carey , who again assisted Morrill in the bill 's drafting . The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was designed to raise revenue . The tariff act of 1862 served not only to raise revenue , but also to encourage the establishment of factories free from British competition by taxing British imports . Furthermore , it protected American factory workers from low paid European workers , and as a major bonus attracted tens of thousands of those Europeans to immigrate to America for high wage factory and craftsman jobs . Land grants ( edit ) Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1886 The U.S. government owned vast amounts of good land ( mostly from the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the Oregon Treaty with Britain in 1846 ) . The challenge was to make the land useful to people and to provide the economic basis for the wealth that would pay off the war debt . The government did this by breaking it up into smaller plots for private ownership , through various federal laws . Bounty - land warrants were issued to military veterans in the United States from 1775 to 1855 . The land grants were used extensively for settlement of pre-Louisiana Purchase lands east of the Mississippi River , including the Ohio Territory , the Northwest Territory , and the Platte Purchase in Missouri . About 180 million acres were granted to railroad construction companies between 1850 and 1871 . The Land Grant Act of 1850 provided for 3.75 million acres of land to the states to support railroad projects ; by 1857 21 million acres of public lands were used for railroads in the Mississippi River valley , and the stage was set for more substantial Congressional subsidies to future railroads . The Pacific Railroad Acts financed several transcontinental railroads by granting land directly to corporations for the first time . In addition to operating revenues , railroads were able to finance networks crossing vast distances by selling granted property adjacent to the tracks ; these would become highly desirable plots for new settlers and businesses because of the easy access to long - distance transportation . Morrill Land - Grant Acts starting in 1860 benefited colleges and universities . Various Homestead Acts distributed land nearly for free in return for improvements such as building a house , farming , or planting trees . Between 1862 and 1934 , the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres ( 420,000 sq mi ) of federal land for private ownership . This was a total of 10 % of all land in the United States . Eligibility for the last such program , in Alaska , ended in 1986 . The Land Office made about 100 million acres of direct sales in the western United States from 1850 to 1900 , benefiting cattle ranchers and speculators . The economic and military power of the federal government was used to clear Native Americans from land desired by European - American settlers . Land grants creating the Indian Reservation system were used by the Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 to segregate native tribes , but later acts opened some of that land to white settlement , notably including a land run opening the Unassigned Lands in Oklahoma . The Dawes Act of 1887 pressured Native Americans to assimilate to European - American culture , offering former tribal land to individuals separating from their tribes and putting `` surplus '' reservation land up for auction . Overall , about half of Indian Reservation land was sold to white Americans by 1906 , about 75 million acres . Further information : Land grant § United_States Banking ( edit ) The North 's most important war measure was perhaps the creation of a system of national banks that provided a sound currency for the industrial expansion . Even more important , the hundreds of new banks that were allowed to open were required to purchase government bonds . Thereby the nation monetized the potential wealth represented by farms , urban buildings , factories , and businesses , and immediately turned that money over to the Treasury for war needs . Education ( edit ) British Parliamentary Committee members Joseph Whitworth and George Wallis were very impressed at the educational level of workers in the U.S. , commenting that `` ... so that everybody reads ... and intelligence penetrates through the lowest grades of society . '' They also remarked that most states had compulsory education laws requiring a minimum of three months per year schooling for child factory workers . Civil war ( edit ) The Union grew rich fighting the war , as the Confederate economy was destroyed . The Republicans in control in Washington had a Whig vision of an industrial nation , with great cities , efficient factories , productive farms , national banks , and high - speed rail links . The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because slavery would not benefit ; with the South gone , and Northern Democrats very weak in Congress , the Republicans enacted their legislation . At the same time they passed new taxes to pay for part of the war , and issued large amounts of bonds to pay for the most of the rest . ( The remainder can be charged to inflation . ) They wrote an elaborate program of economic modernization that had the dual purpose of winning the war and permanently transforming the economy . The key policy - maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens , as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee . He took charge of major legislation that funded the war effort and revolutionized the nation 's economic policies regarding tariffs , bonds , income and excise taxes , national banks , suppression of money issued by state banks , greenback currency , and western railroad land grants . Historians have debated whether or not the Civil War sped up the rate of economic growth in the face of destruction throughout the South and the diversion of resources to military supplies and away from civilian goods . In any case the war taught new organizational methods , prioritized engineering skills , and shifted the national attention from politics to business . Late 19th century ( edit ) Commerce , industry and agriculture ( edit ) See also : Gilded Age In the last third of the 19th century the United States entered a phase of rapid economic growth which doubled per capita income over the period . By 1895 , the USA leaped ahead of Britain for first place in manufacturing output . For the first time , exports of machinery and consumer goods became important . For example , Standard Oil led the way in exporting kerosene ; Russia was its main rival in international trade . Singer Corporation led the way in developing a global marketing strategy for its sewing machines . The greatly expanded railroad network , using inexpensive steel rails produced by new steel making processes , dramatically lowered transportation cost to areas without access to navigable waterways . Low freight rates allowed large manufacturing facilities with great economies of scale . Machinery became a large industry and many types of machines were developed . Businesses were able to operate over wide areas and chain stores arose . Mail order companies started operating . Rural Free Delivery began in the early 1890s , but it was not widely implemented for a decade . Companies created a new management systems to carry out their operations on a large scale . Companies integrated processes to eliminate unnecessary steps and to eliminate middlemen . An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place , a process called the Second Industrial Revolution . The electric light , telephone , steam turbine , internal combustion engine , automobile , phonograph , typewriter and tabulating machine were some of the many inventions of the period . New processes for making steel and chemicals such as dyes and explosives were invented . The pneumatic tire , improved ball bearings , machine tools and newly developed metal stamping techniques enabled the large scale production of bicycles in the 1890s . Another significant development was the widespread introduction of electric street railways ( trams , trolleys or streetcars ) in the 1890s . Improvements in transportation and other technological progress caused prices to fall , especially during the so - called long depression , but the rising amount of gold and silver being mined eventually resulted in mild inflation during the 1890s and beyond . Table 3 : Ten leading U.S. industries by value added ( millions of 1914 $ 's ) <Th_colspan="2"> 1860 <Th_colspan="2"> 1880 <Th_colspan="2"> 1900 <Th_colspan="2"> 1920 Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added Industry Value added Cotton goods 59 Machinery 111 Machinery 432 Machinery 576 Lumber 54 Iron and steel 105 Iron and steel 339 Iron and steel 493 Boots and shoes 53 Cotton goods 97 Printing and publishing 313 Lumber 393 Flour and meal 43 Lumber 87 Lumber 300 Cotton goods 364 Men 's clothing 39 Boots and shoes 82 Clothing 262 Shipbuilding 349 Machinery 31 Men 's clothing 78 Liquor 224 Automotive 347 Woolen goods 27 Flour and meal 64 Cotton goods 196 General shop construction 328 Leather goods 24 Woolen goods 60 Masonry and brick 140 Printing and publishing 268 Cast iron 23 Printing 58 General shop construction 131 Electrical machinery 246 Printing 20 Liquor 44 Meatpacking 124 Clothing 239 <Td_colspan="8"> Source : Joel Mokyr Steel workers in 1905 , Meadville , Philadelphia Railroads ( edit ) Real gross national product per capita of the United States 1869 -- 1918 Pork packing in Cincinnati , 1873 Railroads saw their greatest growth in new track added in the last three decades of the 19th century . ( See Table 2 ) Railroads also enjoyed high productivity growth during this time , mainly because of the introduction of new processes that made steel inexpensive . Steel rails lasted roughly ten times longer than iron rails . Steel rails , which became heavier as steel prices fell , enabled heavier , more powerful locomotives that could pull longer trains . Rail cars made of steel on steel rails could be made longer cars and had a load carrying to car weight ratio of 2 : 1 compared to cars made of iron at 1 : 1 . In 1890 David Ames Wells estimated wagon transport at 16 cents per ton - mile compared to railroads at less than one cent per ton - mile . Railroads competed fiercely for passengers and freight by expanding their routes , too often into increasingly marginal ones . The high capital required for expansion plus the low rates , driven by competition and by what the market would bear , resulted in a large percentage of railroad track in bankruptcy . A practical refrigerated ( ice cooled ) railcar was introduced in 1881 . This made it possible to ship cattle and hog carcasses , which weighed only 40 % as much as live animals . Gustavus Franklin Swift developed an integrated network of cattle procurement , slaughtering , meat - packing and shipping meat to market . Up to that time cattle were driven great distances to railroad shipping points , causing the cattle to lose considerable weight . Swift developed a large business , which grew in size with the entry of several competitors . Steel ( edit ) Main articles : Carnegie Steel Company and History of the steel industry ( 1850 -- 1970 ) In the last three decades of the 19th century iron and steel became a leading industry , in second place by value added , with machinery being in first place . The Bessemer process was the first large scale process for producing steel , which it was able to do at low cost . The first U.S. licensed Bessemer plant began operation in 1865 . Bessemer steel was used mostly for rails . Due to difficulty in controlling quality and embrittlement with aging , Bessemer steel was not suitable for structural purposes . The Siemens - Martin process , or open hearth process , produced a suitable grade structural steel . Open hearth steel displaced wrought iron as a structural material in the 1880s . Open hearth steel began being used in a wide variety of applications including high rise buildings , ships , machinery , pipelines , rails and bridges . Electric lights and electric street railways ( edit ) Main article : Electrification Early electrification was too limited to have a big impact on the late 19th century economy . Electricity was also very expensive because of the low conversion efficiency of fuel to power , the small scale of power plants and the fact that most utilities offered only nighttime service . Daytime service became common during the early 20th century after the introduction of the AC motor , which tended to be used more during the day , balancing the load . Until that time a large share of power was self - generated by the user , such as a factory , hotel or electric street railway ( tram or streetcar ) . Electric street railways were introduced in the U.S. in 1888 when Frank J. Sprague designed and built the first practical system , the Richmond Union Passenger Railway in Richmond , Virginia . Electric street railways rapidly spread to cities around the country in the following years . The early electric street railways typically generated their own power and also operated as electric utilities , which served to even out daily load because the main use of power for lighting was after the peak usage by railways . Until the early 1880s electricity had been used mainly in telegraphy and electroplating . Efficient dynamo 's were introduced in the 1870s and began being used to power electric carbon arc lamps after 1879 . In 1880 Thomas Edison patented his invention of a long lasting incandescent light bulb and a system for distributing electrical power . In 1882 he opened the Pearl Street Station in Manhattan , which was the first central power station in the U.S. Using DC placed severe restrictions on the distance power could be transmitted due to power losses . With DC there was no way to transform power to high voltages , which would have reduced the current and lowered the transmission losses . Power can be safely generated to about 2000 volts , but this is a dangerous voltage for household use . With alternating current voltage can be changed up or down using a transformer . AC power began being widely introduced in the 1890s . Communications ( edit ) Following the failure of the first short lived Transatlantic telegraph cable of 1858 , a second , more durable cable was completed in 1865 , connecting Nova Scotia to England . By 1890 there was an international telegraph network . After invention of the telephone in 1876 additional development work was required to make it commercially viable . The first telephones were for local calls . Long distance calling came into being in the 1890s , but the technology to make transcontinental calls took until 1915 to be operational . Automatic telephone switching , which eliminated the need for telephone operators to manually connect local calls on a switchboard , was introduced in 1892 ; however it did not become widespread for several decades . Modern business management ( edit ) Before railroads most businesses were run by a sole proprietor or were a partnership . The owners typically ran the daily operations . The railroad industry was the first to adopt modern business management practices in response to the need to operate over vast areas , to maintain continuous long distance communications , to manage a complex network , to track trains and freight . Railroads hired professional managers and divided work into various corporate departments , and developed the organization diagram . Another modern business innovation was vertical integration , by which companies expanded to encompass all stages of a business , from producing the raw materials , processing them into saleable products and selling the finished products . Notable examples occurred in the steel and petroleum industries . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : History of agriculture in the United States § Railroad Age : 1860 - 1910 A dramatic expansion in farming took place . The number of farms tripled from 2.0 million in 1860 to 6.0 million in 1905 . The number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905 . The value of farms soared from $8.0 billion in 1860 to $30 billion in 1906 . The federal government issued 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) tracts virtually free to settlers under the Homestead Act of 1862 . Even larger numbers of settlers purchased lands at very low interest from the new railroads , which were trying to create markets . The railroads advertised heavily in Europe and brought over , at low fares , hundreds of thousands of farmers from Germany , Scandinavia and Britain . Despite their remarkable progress and general prosperity , 19th - century U.S. farmers experienced recurring cycles of hardship , caused primarily by falling world prices for cotton and wheat . Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per unit area , the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century , as the railroads opened up new areas of the West for settlement . The wheat farmers enjoyed abundant output and good years from 1876 to 1881 when bad European harvests kept the world price high . They then suffered from a slump in the 1880s when conditions in Europe improved . The farther west the settlers went , the more dependent they became on the monopolistic railroads to move their goods to market , and the more inclined they were to protest , as in the Populist movement of the 1890s . Wheat farmers blamed local grain elevator owners ( who purchased their crop ) , railroads and eastern bankers for the low prices . Sales of various types of horse pulled harvesting machines increased dramatically between the Civil war and the end of the century . Harvesting machine improvements included automatic rakers , which eliminated the manual raker , allowing operation by a single man , and combination harvester and binders . To modernize traditional agriculture reformers founded the Grange movement , in 1867 . The Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families experienced . Women 's participation was actively encouraged . Spurred by the Panic of 1873 , the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members . The Granges set up their own marketing systems , stores , processing plants , factories and cooperatives . Most went bankrupt . The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s . A few Midwestern states passed `` Granger Laws '' , limiting railroad and warehouse fees . Federal land grants helped each state create an agricultural college and a network of extension agents who demonstrated modern techniques to farmers . Wheat and cotton farmers in the 1890s supported the Populist movement , but failed in their demands for free silver and inflation . Instead the 1896 election committed the nation to the gold standard and a program of sustained industrialization . Farmers in the Midwest and East gave verbal support to the Populists . They focused on the nearby urban markets , rather than on highly fluctuating European markets for weaving cotton . Oil , minerals and mining ( edit ) Oil ( edit ) Further information : Standard Oil In the 1850s an advance in lighting was the use of kerosene lamps with glass chimneys , which produced a good quality light at a relatively affordable price . Kerosene lighting effectively extended the day and made it easier to read at night . An industry developed to produce coal oil , as kerosene was then called . Kerosene was also being distilled from Pennsylvania crude oil by Samuel Kier . George Bissell paid a visit Dartmouth College , which he had attended , and saw a sample of `` rock oil '' from Pennsylvania . Suspecting that the oil may have potential as an illuminant and lubricant , he organized an investor group . In 1853 Bissell 's group , which became the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co. , hired Yale chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman , Jr. to perform an analysis of `` rock oil '' . Silliman 's report of April 1864 stated that `` rock oil '' could yield an excellent illuminating oil . However , there was no economical means for producing sufficient commercial quantities of oil . Bissell had a chance insight when he saw a picture of oil derricks used to produce an oil based patent medicine obtained as a byproduct of a brine well . Following a shareholder disagreement , Bissell and fellow investor Jonathan Eveleth investor split with Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co. and formed Seneca Oil in 1858 . Edwin Drake , a shareholder , was hired by the company to drill for oil . The site chosen to drill the well was on Oil Creek near Titusville , PA , where a water well was producing oil . Drake chose to use brine well drilling technology based on the technique used in China since ancient times that reached the West in the late 1820s , except that Drake used iron cable , an iron well casing and a steam engine . The Drake Well hit oil at a depth of 69.55 feet on August 27 , 1858 , starting a drilling boom in the region . Among the numerous refineries that were started were several along a new rail link to Cleveland , Ohio , where John D. Rockefeller and his partner Maurice Clark owned a grocery produce shipping business . Rockefeller and Clark also got in the refining business , and in 1865 the partners decided to hold a private auction between the two , with Rockefeller being the successful bidder . The refining industry was intensely competitive , and by 1869 there was three times the capacity needed , a situation which lasted many years , with the number of refineries reaching 6000 . In 1870 John D. Rockefeller , his brother William Rockefeller , Henry Flagler , Oliver Burr Jennings and silent partner Stephen V. Harkness formed Standard Oil . John D. Rockefeller was the master planner and organizer of the systematic plan to form combinations with or acquire competitors and enter all phases of the oil industry from production to transportation , refining and distribution , a concept called vertical integration . Standard Oil sought every possible advantage over its competitors . One method was using Standard 's high shipping volume to secure discounts and drawbacks ( payments from railroads for transporting competitors products ) from railroads . By 1879 Standard oil controlled 90 % of U.S. refining capacity . Producers in the Pennsylvania oil region tried to counter Standard Oil 's transportation arrangements buy building the first long distance pipeline , the 110 mile long Tidewater Pipeline to Williamsport , Pennsylvania , which was on the Reading Railroad . Standard Oil fought back by building four pipelines of its own . Standard continued to monopolize the oil industry in the U.S. until it was broken up by the 1911 supreme court case Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States . Efficient gas mantles and electric lighting were eroding the illuminating oil market beginning in the 1880s ; however a previously low value byproduct of refining was gasoline , which more than offset the role of kerosene in the early 20th century . Coal ( edit ) Coal was found in abundance in the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to Kentucky . Iron ore ( edit ) Large iron ore mines opened in the Lake Superior region of the upper Midwest . Steel mills thrived in places where these coal and iron ore could be brought together to produce steel . Large copper and silver mines opened , followed by lead mines and cement factories . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) During the period , a series of recessions happened . The recession of 1869 resulted from a stock market panic , which lowered stock prices 20 % and briefly cut wheat prices in half . It was one of the shortest and mildest recessions in American economic history . Panic of 1873 created one of the worst and longest depressions in American history , seriously affecting every aspect of the economy and bringing the railroad expansion to a halt . The New York Stock Exchange closed for ten days . Of the country 's 364 railroads , 89 went bankrupt , a total of 18,000 businesses failed between 1873 and 1875 , unemployment reached 14 % by 1876 , during a time which became known in Britain as the Long Depression . Politically , the Democrats took control of Congress in 1874 , the election of 1876 was deadlocked . The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893 , a deep depression that lasted until 1897 . Wheat and cotton farmers in the West and South were especially hard hit , and moved toward radicalism . President Grover Cleveland was forced to ask the Wall Street bankers help keep the Treasury liquid . Agrarian spokesmen William Jennings Bryan called for an inflationary policy of using cheap silver to effectively replace expensive gold . Bryan lost in a major political realignment in favor of the conservative pro-gold Republicans in the election of 1896 . Water supply and sewers ( edit ) Europe had a substantial amount of water supply and sewer infrastructure installed by the mid 1870s . In 1880 only 0.3 % of urban households had filtered water , with this figure rising to 1.5 % in 1890 and 6.3 % in 1900 . Labor unions ( edit ) Main article : Labor unions in the United States Workers in New York in 1871 demand the eight - hour day The American labor movement began with the first significant labor union , the Knights of Labor in 1869 . The Knights collapsed in the 1880s and were displaced by strong international unions that banded together as the American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers . Rejecting socialism , the AFL unions negotiated with owners for higher wages and better working conditions . Union growth was slow until 1900 , then grew to a peak during World War I . Political developments ( edit ) Concern over railroads ' unfair practices , such as freight rates favoring certain shippers , led to the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 which created the nation 's first regulatory agency , the Interstate Commerce Commission . Early 20th century ( edit ) Economic growth and the 1910 break ( edit ) The period from 1890 to 1910 was one of rapid economic growth of above 4 % , in part due to rapid population growth . However , a sharp break in the growth rate to around 2.8 % occurred from 1910 to 1929 . Economists are uncertain what combination of supply and demand factors caused the break , but productivity growth was strong , enabling the labor cost per unit of output to decline from 1910 to 1929 . The growth rate in hours worked fell 57 % compared to the decline in the growth rate of output of 27 % . It is generally accepted that the new technologies and more efficient business methods permanently shifted the supply and demand relationship for labor , with labor being in surplus ( except during both world wars when the economy was engaged in war - time production and millions of men served in the armed forces ) . The technologies that became widespread after 1910 , such as electrification , internal powered transportation and mass production , were capital saving . Total non-residential fixed business fell after 1910 due to the fall of investment in structures . Industry , commerce and agriculture ( edit ) Further information : Causes of the Great Depression § Specific theories of cause # Productivity shock Two of the most transformative technologies of the century were widely introduced during the early decades : electrification , powered by high pressure boilers and steam turbines and automobiles and trucks powered by the internal combustion engine . Chain stores experienced rapid growth . Standardization was urged by Dept. of Commerce for consumer goods such as bedspreads and screws . A simplified standardization program was issued during World War I . Electrification ( edit ) Main article : Electrification Electrification was one of the most important drivers of economic growth in the early 20th century . The revolutionary design of electric powered factories caused the period of the highest productivity growth in manufacturing . There was large growth in the electric utility industry and the productivity growth of electric utilities was high as well . At the turn of the 20th century electricity was used primarily for lighting and most electric companies did not provide daytime service . Electric motors that were used in daytime , such as the DC motors that powered street railways , helped balance the load , and many street railways generated their own electricity and also operated as electric utilities . The AC motor , developed in the 1890s , was ideal for industrial and commercial power and greatly increased the demand for electricity , particular during daytime . Electrification in the U.S. started in industry around 1900 , and by 1930 about 80 % of power used in industry was electric . Electric utilities with central generating stations using steam turbines greatly lowered the cost of power , with businesses and houses in cities becoming electrified . In 1900 only 3 % of households had electricity , increasing to 30 % by 1930 . By 1940 almost all urban households had electricity . Electrical appliances such as irons , cooking appliances and washing machines were slowly adopted by households . Household mechanical refrigerators were introduced in 1919 but were in only about 8 % of households by 1930 , mainly because of their high cost . The electrical power industry had high productivity growth . Many large central power stations , equipped with high pressure boilers and steam turbine generators began being built after 1913 . These central stations were designed for efficient handling of coal from the layout of the rail yards to the conveyor systems . They were also much more fuel efficient , lowering the amount of fuel per kilowatt - hour of electricity to a small fraction of what it had been . In 1900 it took 7 lbs coal to generate one kilowatt hour . In 1960 it took 0.9 lb / kw hr . Manufacturing ( edit ) Main article : Mass production § Factory electrification Rapid economic growth in the early decades of the 20th century were largely due to productivity growth in manufacturing . Factory electrification revolutionized manufacturing . Unit drive , which means using a single electric motor for powering a single machine , eliminated line shafts previously used to transmit power from a small number of steam engines or hydraulic turbines . Line shafts created constraints on building arrangement that impeded the efficient flow of materials because they presented traffic barriers and required multi-story buildings for economy . It was not uncommon for large manufacturing sites to have many miles of line shafts . Electric motors were much more economical to operate than steam engines in terms of energy efficiency and operator attention . Electric motors were also lower in capital cost . Frederick W. Taylor was the best known pioneer in the field of scientific management in the late 19th century , carefully timing and plotting the functions of various workers and then devising new , more efficient ways for them to do their jobs . Ford Motor Co. used techniques of scientific management although Henry Ford claimed not to know of the Taylor 's system . Ford Motor used every practical means to reduce the effort and movement of workers in order to reduce the time involved in making parts , moving parts and assembling parts into automobiles . Ford used electric powered factories and in 1913 Ford introduced the assembly line , a step in the process that became known as mass - production . The price of a Ford Model T fell from $900 in 1908 - 9 to $360 in 1916 , despite the fact that wages doubled to $5 per day in 1914 . Production grew from 13,840 in 1909 to 132,702 in 1916 . Productivity for this period , measured in output of Model T 's per worker , rose 150 % . Taking his cue from developments during the progressive era , Ford offered a very generous wage -- $5 a day -- to his workers , arguing that a mass production enterprise could not survive if average workers could not buy the goods . However , the wage increase did not extend to women , and Ford expanded the company 's Sociological Department to monitor his workers and ensure that they did not spend their newfound bounty on `` vice and cheap thrills '' . Gasoline powered tractors were introduced . The Fordson began mass production in 1917 . Electric street railways ( edit ) Electric street railways developed into a major mode of transportation , and electric inter-urban service connected many cities in the Northeast and Midwest . Electric street railways also carried freight , which was important before trucks became widely introduced . The widespread adoption of the automobile and motor bus halted the expansion of the electric street railways during the 1920s . Electrochemicals ( edit ) Electrochemicals are chemicals and metals produced by an electrolytic process . Important examples include aluminum made by the Hall -- Héroult process and chlorine and caustic ( sodium and potassium compounds ) . Chlorine and caustic had been produced by chemical processes but producing aluminum this way was prohibitively expensive . A large plant using Hall -- Héroult process was opened in Pittsburgh , USA in 1888 and others opened around the world . Falling electricity prices in the early 20th century greatly lowered the cost of making electrochemicals . There was high demand for aluminum for aircraft during World War I and afterward for commercial aviation . Some other electrochemicals are chromium , manganese and tungsten . Chlorine began being used for treating household water to kill microorganisms . Railroads ( edit ) Main article : Rail transportation in the United States At the beginning of the 20th century the railroad network had over-expanded with many miles of unprofitable routes . In 1906 Congress gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate freight rates and the industry was unable to increase revenue enough to cover rising costs . By 1916 , the peak year of track mileage , one - sixth of the nations railroad trackage was in bankruptcy . The railroads proved inadequate to the increased freight volume created by World War I . There were major traffic jams in the system and critical supplies were experiencing delays . In December 1917 the railroads were taken over by the government and put under control of the United States Railroad Administration ( USRA ) . The USRA ordered 1,930 new standardized steam locomotives and over 100,000 railcars . The USRA 's control over the railroads ended in March 1920 . Automobiles and trucks ( edit ) By the dawn of the 20th century , automobiles had begun to replace horse - drawn carriages . Numerous companies were building cars , but car manufacturing was challenging . Consequently , prices were high and production was low . Mass production techniques of the mid 1910s brought down the cost of automobiles and sales grew dramatically . By 1919 automobile registrations were 6.6 million and truck registrations were 898,000 . Replacing horses with cars and trucks eliminated enormous quantities of horse manure and urine from city streets , greatly reducing the labor for street cleaning and also improving sanitation and living conditions . Reducing the number of horses for transportation freed up between one - sixth and one - quarter of all farm land . Highway system ( edit ) In 1900 there were only 200 miles of paved roads outside of cities in the U.S. By the late 1920s automobiles were becoming common , but there were few highways connecting cities . The Federal road building program ended in 1818 , leaving states to build roads until the Federal Road act of 1916 . A national highway system was agreed on in 1926 , at which time there were 23.1 million cars and 3.5 million trucks.In 1926 , when an interstate program ( not to be confused with the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways ) began , there were 23.1 million cars and 3.5 million trucks . The system was nearly complete when the U.S. entered World War II in December , 1941 . Water supply and sewers ( edit ) At the turn of the century approximately one - third of urban households had running water ; however , most of it was untreated and carried disease causing microorganisms . The widespread building of water treatment plants and piping of water to and sewage from urban households occurred in the early decades of the century . The number of urban households supplied with running filtered water increased from 6.3 % in 1900 to 25 % in 1910 and 42 % in 1925 . In 1908 the Jersey City Water Works in New Jersey was the first to sterilize water using sodium hypochlorite ( chlorine bleach ) . Chlorination of drinking water became common in urban water supplies by the 1930s and contributed to a sharp reduction in many diseases such as hepatitis A , typhoid fever , cholera and dysentery . Agriculture ( edit ) Tractors appeared on farms and farmers began using automobiles and trucks to haul produce . Combined harvester - threshers reduced labor cost 85 % compared to using binders and stationary threshers . Communications ( edit ) Telephone ( edit ) Before 1900 telephones were used primarily by businesses . The number of telephones per 100 households was approximately 2 in 1900 , but the number steadily grew until it peaked at 45 in 1929 , then declined to 33 in 1933 . Automatic telephone switching , which was introduced in 1892 , eliminated the need for telephone operators to manually connect local calls on a switchboard . By 1929 , 31.9 % of the Bell system was automatic . Radio ( edit ) Main article : History of radio Radio communications using Morse code were introduced in the first decade of the 20th century . Their main use was for communicating with ships . Ship radio became more widely used after the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912 . Radio technology advanced rapidly . The triode vacuum tube made it possible to build amplifiers for broadcasting and for receivers . Radio circuit design also advanced , allowing better signals with less noise . By the early 1920s radios began being mass - produced and commercial broadcast stations were set up around the country . Finance , money and banking ( edit ) Main article : Wall Street § History A major economic downturn in 1906 ended the expansion from the late 1890s . This was followed by the Panic of 1907 . The Panic of 1907 was a factor in the establishment of the Federal Reserve Bank in 1913 . The mild inflation of the 1890s , attributed to the rising gold supply from mining , continued until World War I , at which time inflation rose sharply with wartime shortages including labor shortages . Following the war the rate of inflation fell , but prices remained above the prewar level . The U.S. economy prospered during World War I , partly due to sales of war goods to Europe . The stock market had its best year in history in 1916 . The U.S. gold reserves doubled between 1913 and 1918 , causing the price level to rise . Interest rates had been held low to minimize interest on war bonds , but after the final war bonds were sold in 1919 , the Federal Reserve raised the discount rate from 4 % to 6 % . Interest rates rose and the money supply contracted . The economy entered the Depression of 1920 - 21 , which was a sharp decline financially . By 1923 , the economy had returned to full employment . A debt fueled boom developed following the war . Jerome ( 1934 ) gives an unattributed quote about finance conditions that allowed the great industrial expansion of the post WW I period : Probably never before in this country had such a volume of funds been available at such low rates for such a long period . There was also a real estate and housing bubble in the 1920s , especially in Florida , which burst in 1925 . Alvin Hansen stated that housing construction during the 1920s decade exceeded population growth by 25 % . See also : Florida land boom of the 1920s Debt reached unsustainable levels . Speculation in stocks drove prices up to unpresented valuation levels . The stock market crashed in late October 1929 . Political developments ( edit ) See also : Progressive Era The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of legislation that led to the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Another such act passed the same year was the Federal Meat Inspection Act . The new laws helped the large packers , and hurt small operations that lacked economy of scale or quality controls . The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which allowed the Federal Government to tax all income , was adopted in 1913 . The Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) established a quota system on immigrants by country of origin , with the maximum number of annual immigrants from a country limited to 3 % of the number of that national background living in the U.S. according to the 1910 United States Census . The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the quota from 3 % to 2 % and added additional restrictions on certain nationalities . In the early years of American history , most political leaders were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector , except in the area of transportation . In general , they accepted the concept of laissez - faire , a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order . This attitude started to change during the latter part of the 19th century , when small business , farm , and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf . Fear of monopolies ( `` trusts '' ) is shown in this attack on Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company By the start of the 20th century , a middle class had developed that was leery of both the business elite and the somewhat radical political movements of farmers and laborers in the Midwest and West . Known as Progressives , these people favored government regulation of business practices to , in their minds , ensure competition and free enterprise . Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 ( the Interstate Commerce Act ) , and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 ( the Sherman Antitrust Act ) . These laws were not rigorously enforced , however , until the years between 1900 and 1920 , when Republican President Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) , Democrat President Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) , and others sympathetic to the views of the Progressives came to power . Many of today 's U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years , including the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission . Ida M. Tarbell wrote a series of articles against the Standard Oil monopoly . The series helped pave the way for the breakup of the monopoly . Noon hour in a furniture factory . Indianapolis , Indiana , 1908 Muckrakers were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more regulation of business . Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle ( 1906 ) showed America the horrors of the Chicago Union Stock Yards , a giant complex of meat processing that developed in the 1870s . The federal government responded to Sinclair 's book with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration . President Wilson in 1913 using tariff , currency , and anti-trust laws to `` prime the pump '' and get the economy working . When Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected President with a Democrat controlled Congress in 1912 he implemented a series of progressive policies . In 1913 , the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified , and the income tax was instituted in the United States . Wilson resolved the longstanding debates over tariffs and antitrust , and created the Federal Reserve , a complex business - government partnership that to this day dominates the financial world . World war I ( edit ) Main article : United States home front during World War I See also : Liberty bond The World War involved a massive mobilization of money , taxes , and banking resources to pay for the American war effort and , through government - to - government loans , most of the Allied war effort as well . Roaring Twenties : 1920 -- 1929 ( edit ) Main article : Roaring Twenties People filing tax forms in 1920 Under Republican President Warren G. Harding , who called for normalcy and an end to high wartime taxes , Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon raised the tariff , cut other taxes , and used the large surplus to reduce the federal debt by about a third from 1920 to 1930 . Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover worked to introduce efficiency , by regulating business practices . This period of prosperity , along with the culture of the time , was known as the Roaring Twenties . The rapid growth of the automobile industry stimulated industries such as oil , glass , and road - building . Tourism soared and consumers with cars had a much wider radius for their shopping . Small cities prospered , and large cities had their best decade ever , with a boom in construction of offices , factories and homes . The new electric power industry transformed both business and everyday life . Telephones and electricity spread to the countryside , but farmers never recovered from the wartime bubble in land prices . Millions migrated to nearby cities . However , in October 1929 , the Stock market crashed and banks began to fail in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . Quality of life ( edit ) The early decades of the 20th century was remarkable for the improvements of the quality of life in the U.S. The quality of housing improved , with houses offering better protection against cold . Floor space per occupant increased . Sanitation was greatly improved by the building of water supply and sewage systems , plus the treatment drinking water by filtration and chlorination . The change over to internal combustion took horses off the streets and eliminated horse manure and urine and the flies they attracted . Federal regulation of food products and processing , including government inspection of meat processing plants helped lower the incidence of food related illness and death . Infant mortality , which had been declining dramatically in the last quarter of the 19th century , continued to decline . The workweek , which averaged 53 hours in 1900 , continued to decline . The burden of household chores lessened considerably . Hauling water and firewood into the home every day was no longer necessary for an increasing number of households . Electric light was far less expensive and higher quality than kerosene lamp light . Electric light also eliminated smoke and fumes and reduced the fire hazard . From 1929 through world war II ( edit ) Prewar industry , commerce , and agriculture ( edit ) Despite the Great Depression and World War II , the middle decades of the 20th century were among the highest for productivity growth . The research developed through informal cooperation between U.S. industry and academia grew rapidly and by the late 1930s exceeded the size of that taking place in Britain ( although the quality of U.S. research was not yet on par with British and German research at the time ) . Manufacturing ( edit ) Productivity growth in manufacturing slowed from the electrification era of the early century , but remained moderate . Automation of factories became widespread during the middle decades as industry invested in newly developed instruments and controls that allowed fewer workers to operate vast factories , refineries and chemical plants with fewer workers . Great Depression : 1929 -- 1941 ( edit ) Main article : Great Depression in the United States Further information : Causes of the Great Depression Stock exchange trading floor after the 1929 crash `` Broke , baby sick , and car trouble ! '' Dorothea Lange 's photo of Missouri migrants living in a truck in California . Many displaced people moved to California to look for work during the Depression . John Steinbeck depicted the situation in The Grapes of Wrath Following the stock market crash , the worldwide economy plunged into the Great Depression . The U.S. money supply began to contract by one - third . The protectionist Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act incited retaliation by Canada , Britain , Germany and other trading partners . Congress , in 1932 , worried about the rapidly growing deficit and national debt , and raised income tax rates . Economists generally agree that these measures deepened an already serious crisis . By 1932 , the unemployment rate was 25 % . Conditions were worse in heavy industry , lumbering , export agriculture ( cotton , wheat , tobacco ) , and mining . Conditions were not quite as bad in white collar sectors and in light manufacturing . Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 without a specific program . He relied on a highly eclectic group of advisors who patched together many programs , known as the New Deal . Table 2 : Depression Data 1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940 Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 103.7 113.0 Consumer Price Index 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2 Index of Industrial Production 109 75 69 112 89 126 Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2 Exports ( $ billions ) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02 Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9 in 1929 dollars 1935 -- 39 = 100 Spending ( edit ) Government spending increased from 8.0 % of GNP under Hoover in 1932 to 10.2 % of GNP in 1936 . Roosevelt balanced the `` regular '' budget the emergency budget was funded by debt , which increased from 33.6 % of GNP in 1932 to 40.9 % in 1936 . Deficit spending had been recommended by some economists , most notably John Maynard Keynes in Britain . Roosevelt met Keynes but did not pay attention to his recommendations . After a meeting with Keynes , who kept drawing diagrams , Roosevelt remarked that `` He must be a mathematician rather than a political economist '' . Banking crisis ( edit ) In 1929 -- 33 the economy was destabilized by bank failures . The initial reasons were substantial losses in investment banking , followed by bank runs . Bank runs occurred when a large number of customers lost confidence in their deposits ( which were not insured ) and rushed to withdraw their deposits . Runs destabilized many banks to the point where they faced bankruptcy . Between 1929 and 1933 40 % of all banks ( 9,490 out of 23,697 banks ) went bankrupt . Much of the Great Depression 's economic damage was caused directly by bank runs . Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs , but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic . Roosevelt acted as soon as he took office ; he closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation . On March 9 , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors . The act was passed and signed into law the same day . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days . Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month , thus stabilizing the banking system . By the end of 1933 , 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks . Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion ; depositors lost a total of $540 million , and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits ; it is a common myth that they received nothing back . The Glass -- Steagall Act limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms to regulate speculations . It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , which insured deposits for up to $250,000 , ended the risk of runs on banks . Unemployment ( edit ) Unemployment reached 25 percent in the worst days of 1932 -- 33 , but it was unevenly distributed . Job losses were less severe among women than men , among workers in nondurable industries ( such as food and clothing ) , in services and sales , and in government jobs . The least skilled inner city men had much higher unemployment rates , as did young people who had a hard time getting their first job , and men over the age of 45 who if they lost their job would seldom find another one because employers had their choice of younger men . Millions were hired in the Great Depression , but men with weaker credentials were never hired , and fell into a long - term unemployment trap . The migration that brought millions of farmers and townspeople to the bigger cities in the 1920s suddenly reversed itself , as unemployment made the cities unattractive , and the network of kinfolk and more ample food supplies made it wise for many to go back . City governments in 1930 -- 31 tried to meet the depression by expanding public works projects , as president Herbert Hoover strongly encouraged . However tax revenues were plunging , and the cities as well as private relief agencies were totally overwhelmed by 1931 men were unable to provide significant additional relief . They fell back on the cheapest possible relief , soup kitchens which provided free meals for anyone who showed up . After 1933 new sales taxes and infusions of federal money helped relieve the fiscal distress of the cities , but the budgets did not fully recover until 1941 . The federal programs launched by Hoover and greatly expanded by president Roosevelt 's New Deal used massive construction projects to try to jump start the economy and solve the unemployment crisis . The alphabet agencies ERA , CCC , FERA , WPA and PWA built and repaired the public infrastructure in dramatic fashion , but did little to foster the recovery of the private sector . FERA , CCC , and especially WPA focused on providing unskilled jobs for long - term unemployed men . Relief ( edit ) The extent to which the spending for relief and public works provided a sufficient stimulus to revive the U.S. economy , or whether it harmed the economy , is also debated . If one defines economic health entirely by the gross domestic product , the U.S. had gotten back on track by 1934 , and made a full recovery by 1936 , but as Roosevelt said , one third of the nation was ill fed , ill - housed and ill - clothed . See Chart 3 . GNP was 34 % higher in 1936 than 1932 , and 58 % higher in 1940 on the eve of war . The economy grew 58 % from 1932 to 1940 in 8 years of peacetime , and then grew another 56 % from 1940 to 1945 in 5 years of wartime . The unemployment rate fell from 25.2 % in 1932 to 13.9 % in 1940 when the draft started . During the war the economy operated under so many different conditions that comparison is impossible with peacetime , such as massive spending , price controls , bond campaigns , controls over raw materials , prohibitions on new housing and new automobiles , rationing , guaranteed cost - plus profits , subsidized wages , and the draft of 12 million soldiers . Chart 3 : GDP annual pattern and long - term trend , 1920 -- 40 , in billions of constant dollars In 1995 economist Robert Whaples stated that measuring the effect of the New Deal remains a thorny issue for economists because it is so difficult to measure the effects it had on the country . A survey of academic specialists by Whaples showed that 49 % of those economists surveyed felt that the New Deal lengthened and deepened the depression , while 51 % disagreed . The same survey also showed that only 5 % of professional historians and 27 % of professional economists felt the same way . However , economist Eric Rauchway of the University of California stated `` very few people disapprove of most of the New Deal reforms '' , which include Social Security , the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. , and Fannie Mae . Regardless , unemployment peaked in 1932 at 25 % and was reduced to 13.9 % by 1940 . As Broadus Mitchell summarized , `` Most indexes worsened until the summer of 1932 , which may be called the low point of the depression economically and psychologically '' . Economic indicators show the American economy declined until February 1933 . After Roosevelt took office , there began a steady , sharp upward recovery that persisted until the brief Recession of 1937 -- 1938 ( see graph ) after which they continued their upward climb . Thus the Federal Reserve Index of Industrial Production bottomed at 52.8 on July 1 , 1932 and was practically unchanged at 54.3 on March 1 , 1933 ; however by July 1 , 1933 , it had climbed to 85.5 ( with 1935 -- 39 = 100 , and for comparison 2005 = 1,342 ) . New Deal impact ( edit ) A 2017 review of the published scholarship summarized the findings of researchers as follows : The studies find that public works and relief spending had state income multipliers of around one , increased consumption activity , attracted internal migration , reduced crime rates , and lowered several types of mortality . The farm programs typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for share croppers , tenants , and farm workers . The Home Owners ' Loan Corporation 's purchases and refinancing of troubled mortgages staved off drops in housing prices and home ownership rates at relatively low ex post cost to taxpayers . The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 's loans to banks and railroads appear to have had little positive impact , although the banks were aided when the RFC took ownership stakes . Wartime output and controls : 1940 -- 1945 ( edit ) Women making aluminum shells for the war in 1942 Unemployment dropped to 2 % , relief programs largely ended , and the industrial economy grew rapidly to new heights as millions of people moved to new jobs in war centers , and 16 million men and 300,000 women were drafted or volunteered for military service . All economic sectors grew during the war . Farm output went from an index ( by volume ) of 106 in 1939 to 128 in 1943 . Coal output went from 446 million tons in 1939 to 651 in 1943 ; oil from 1.3 billion barrels to 1.5 billion . Manufacturing output doubled , from a volume index of 109 in 1939 to 239 in 1943 . Railroads strained to move it all to market , going from an output of 13.6 billion loaded car miles in 1939 to 23.3 in 1943 . The War Production Board coordinated the nation 's productive capabilities so that military priorities would be met . Converted consumer - products plants filled many military orders . Automakers built tanks and aircraft , for example , making the United States the `` arsenal of democracy '' . In an effort to prevent rising national income and scarce consumer products from causing inflation , the newly created Office of Price Administration rationed and set prices for consumer items ranging from sugar to meat , clothing and gasoline , and otherwise tried to restrain price increases . It also set rent in war centers . Six million women took jobs in manufacturing and production ; most were newly created temporary jobs in munitions . Some were replacing men away in the military . These working women were symbolized by the fictional character of Rosie the Riveter . After the war many women returned to household work as men returned from military service . The nation turned to the suburbs , as a pent - up demand for new housing was finally unleashed . Household gas , water , electricity , sanitation , heating , refrigeration ( edit ) By 1940 nearly 100 % of urban homes had electricity , 80 % had indoor flush toilets , 73 % had gas heating or cooking , 58 % central heating , 56 % had mechanical refrigerators . Postwar prosperity : 1945 -- 1973 ( edit ) Further information : Post -- World War II economic expansion The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was a golden era of economic growth . $200 billion in war bonds matured , and the G.I. Bill financed a well - educated work force . The middle class swelled , as did GDP and productivity . This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes , which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period -- labor union membership peaked historically in the U.S. during the 1950s , in the midst of this massive economic growth . Much of the growth came from the movement of low income farm workers into better paying jobs in the towns and cities -- a process largely completed by 1960 . Congress created the Council of Economic Advisors , to promote high employment , high profits and low inflation . The Eisenhower administration ( 1953 -- 1961 ) supported an activist contracyclical approach that helped to establish Keynesianism as a bipartisan economic policy for the nation . Especially important in formulating the CEA response to the recession -- accelerating public works programs , easing credit , and reducing taxes -- were Arthur F. Burns and Neil H. Jacoby . `` '' I am now a Keynesian in economics `` , proclaimed Republican President Richard Nixon in 1969 . Although this period brought economic expansion to the country as a whole , it was not recession proof . The recessions of 1945 , 1949 , 1953 , 1958 , and 1960 saw a drastic decline in GDP . The `` Baby Boom '' saw a dramatic increase in fertility in the period 1942 -- 1957 ; it was caused by delayed marriages and childbearing during depression years , a surge in prosperity , a demand for suburban single - family homes ( as opposed to inner city apartments ) and new optimism about the future . The boom crested about 1957 , then slowly declined . Agriculture ( edit ) Farm machinery , fertilizer and high yield seed varieties ( edit ) Ammonia from plants built during World War II to make explosives became available for making fertilizers , leading to a permanent decline in real fertilizer prices . The early 1950s was the peak period for tractor sales in the U.S. as the few remaining horses and mules were phased out . The horsepower of farm machinery underwent a large expansion . A successful cotton picking machine was introduced in 1949 . The machine could do the work of 50 men picking by hand . Research on plant breeding produced varieties of grain crops that could produce high yields with heavy fertilizer input . This resulted in the Green revolution , beginning in the 1940s . By the century 's end yields of corn ( maize ) rose by a factor of over four . Wheat and soybean yields also rose significantly . Government policies ( edit ) Main article : United States farm bill The New Deal era farm programs were continued into the 1940s and 1950s , with the goal of supporting the prices received by farmers . Typical programs involved farm loans , commodity subsidies , and price supports . The rapid decline in the farm population led to a smaller voice in Congress . So the well - organized Farm Bureau and other lobbyists , worked in the 1970s to appeal to urban Congressman through food stamp programs for the poor . By 2000 , the food stamp program was the largest component of the farm bill . In 2010 , the Tea Party movement brought in many Republicans committed to cutting all federal subsidies , including those agriculture . Meanwhile , urban Democrats strongly opposed reductions , pointing to the severe hardships caused by the 2008 - 10 economic recession . The Agricultural Act of 2014 saw many rural Republican Congressman voting against the program despite its support from farmers ; it passed with urban support . Aircraft and air transportation industries ( edit ) Air transport was a major beneficiary of the war . The United States was the leading producer of combat aircraft during World War II and had a large surplus of machine tools and manufacturing facilities for airplanes at the end of the war . There were also experienced airplane manufacturing and maintenance personnel . Additionally , radar had been developed during the war . The aircraft industry had the highest productivity growth of any major industry , growing by 8.9 % per year from 1929 - 1966 . Housing ( edit ) Very little housing had been built during the Great Depression and World War , except for emergency quarters near war industries . Overcrowded and inadequate apartments was the common condition . Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown . However , the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles , highways , and inexpensive housing . The population had grown , and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments , automobiles and appliances . The product was a great housing boom . Whereas an average of 316,000 new housing non-farm units had been constructed from the 1930s through 1945 , there were 1,450,000 units built annually from 1946 through 1955 . The G.I. Bill guaranteed low cost loans for veterans , with very low down payments , and low interest rates . With 16 million eligible veterans , the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand . In 1947 alone , 540,000 veterans bought one ; their average price was $7300 . The construction industry kept prices low by standardization -- for example standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets , refrigerators and stoves , allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings . Developers purchased empty land just outside the city , installed tract houses based on a handful of designs , and provided streets and utilities , or local public officials race to build schools . The most famous development was Levittown , in Long Island just east of New York City . It offered a new house for $1000 down , and $70 a month ; it featured three bedrooms , fireplace , gas range and gas furnace , and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet , all for a total price of $10,000 . Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment . Interstate Highway system ( edit ) Construction of the Interstate Highway System began in 1956 . Computer technology ( edit ) Main article : Computer Mainframe business computer systems were introduced in the 1950s following the manufacture of transistors . Mainframe computers were in widespread use by the 1960s . These computers handled a variety of accounting , billing an payroll applications . One highly significant application was the Sabre airline reservations system , which first went into operation in 1960 . With Sabre reservations could be placed remotely using teleprinters and all functions were done automatically , including ticket printing . This eliminated manually handling file cards . Fiscal policy ( edit ) Federal taxes on incomes , profits and payrolls had risen to high levels during World War II and had been cut back only slowly ; the highest rates for individuals reached the 90 % level . Congress cut tax rates in 1964 . President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) dreamed of creating a `` Great Society '' , and began many new social programs to that end , such as Medicaid and Medicare . Military and space spending ( edit ) After the Cold War began in 1947 , and especially after the Korean War began in 1950 , the government adopted a strategy in NSC 68 military spending . Economists examined how much this `` military Keynesianism '' stimulated the economy . President Eisenhower feared that excessive military spending would damage the economy , so he downsized the Army after Korea and shifted priorities to missiles and nuclear weapons ( which were much less expensive than army divisions ) . He also promoted the Interstate Highway system as necessary for national defense , and made space exploration a priority . His successor John F Kennedy made a manned mission to the moon a national priority . Much of the new spending went to California and the West , a continuation of wartime spending . An even greater impact came in the South , where it stimulated a modernization of the economy away from cotton towards manufacturing and high technology . For example , there were new , large technologically sophisticated installations at the Atomic Energy Commission 's Savannah River Site in South Carolina ; the Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville in Alabama ; nuclear research facilities at Oak Ridge , Tennessee ; and space facilities at Cape Canaveral , Florida , at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , and at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi . The Defense Department financed some of private industry 's research and development throughout these decades , most notably ARPANET ( which would become the Internet ) . Late 20th century ( edit ) The US Trade Balance 1980 - 2010 . U.S. Trade Balance ( 1895 -- 2015 ) and Trade Policy Number of countries having a banking crisis in each year since 1800 . This is based on This Time is Different : Eight Centuries of Financial Folly which covers only 70 countries . The general upward trend might be attributed to many factors . One of these is a gradual increase in the percent of people who receive money for their labor . The dramatic feature of this graph is the virtual absence of banking crises during the period of the Bretton Woods agreement , 1945 to 1971 . This analysis is similar to Figure 10.1 in Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) . For more details see the help file for `` bankingCrises '' in the Ecdat package available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network ( CRAN ) . Post industrial ( service ) economy ( edit ) Manufacturing employment and nominal value added shares of the economy have been in a steady decline since World War II . In the late 1960s manufacturing 's share of both employment and nominal value added was about 26 % , falling to about 11 % and 12 % respectively by the end of the century . Per - capita steel consumption in the U.S. peaked in 1977 , then fell by half before staging a modest recovery to levels well below the peak . Service sector expansion ( edit ) The decline in the relative size of manufacturing coincided with a rise in the size of the service sector . Productivity slowdown ( edit ) Technological innovations of the final third of the 20th century were significant , but were not as powerful as those of the first two - thirds of the century . Manufacturing productivity growth continued at a somewhat slower rate than in earlier decades , but overall productivity was dragged down by the relative increase in size of the government and service sectors . Inflation woes : 1970s ( edit ) The postwar boom ended with a number of events in the early 1970s : the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 the growing influx of imported manufacturing goods , such as automobiles and electronics the 1973 oil crisis , productivity growth fell to a low level after 1973 and remained low until the 1990s , the 1973 -- 1974 stock market crash , and the ensuing displacement of Keynesian economics by monetarist economics , especially by the free - market Chicago School of Economics , led by economist Milton Friedman . At the same time , the consensus among experts moved against New - Deal - style regulation , in favor of deregulation . In the late 1960s it was apparent to some that this juggernaut of economic growth was slowing down , and it began to become visibly apparent in the early 1970s . The United States grew increasingly dependent on oil importation from OPEC after peaking production in 1970 , resulting in oil supply shocks in 1973 and 1979 . Stagflation gripped the nation , and the government experimented with wage and price controls under President Nixon . The Bretton Woods Agreement collapsed in 1971 -- 1972 , and President Nixon closed the gold window at the Federal Reserve , taking the United States entirely off the gold standard . President Gerald Ford introduced the slogan , `` Whip Inflation Now '' ( WIN ) . In 1974 , productivity shrunk by 1.5 % , though this soon recovered . In 1976 , Jimmy Carter won the Presidency . Carter would later take much of the blame for the even more turbulent economic times to come , though some say circumstances were outside his control . Inflation continued to climb skyward . Productivity growth was small , when not negative . Interest rates remained high , with the prime reaching 20 % in January 1981 ; Art Buchwald quipped that 1980 would go down in history as the year when it was cheaper to borrow money from the Mafia than the local bank . Unemployment dropped mostly steadily from 1975 to 1979 , although it then began to rise sharply . This period also saw the increased rise of the environmental and consumer movements , and the government established new regulations and regulatory agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration , the Consumer Product Safety Commission , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission , and others . Deregulation and Reaganomics : 1976 -- 1992 ( edit ) Deregulation gained momentum in the mid-1970s , spurred by slow productivity growth and increasing operation and capital costs in several key sectors . It was not until 1978 that the first meaningful deregulation legislation , the Airline Deregulation Act , was cleared by Congress . Transportation deregulation accelerated in 1980 , with the deregulation of railroads and trucking . Deregulation of interstate buses followed in 1982 . In addition to transportation deregulation , savings and loan associations and banks were partially deregulated with the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act in 1980 and the Garn -- St. Germain Depository Institutions Act in 1982 . On a broader front , the economy initially recovered at a brisk pace from the 1973 -- 75 recession . Incoming president Jimmy Carter instituted a large fiscal stimulus package in 1977 in order to boost the economy . However , inflation began a steep rise beginning in late 1978 , and rose by double digits following the 1979 energy crisis . In order to combat inflation , Carter appointed Paul Volcker to the Federal Reserve , who raised interest rates and caused a sharp recession in the first six months of 1980 . In March 1980 , Carter introduced his own policies for reducing inflation , and the Federal Reserve brought down interest rates to cooperate with the initiatives . During the 1980 recession , manufacturing shed 1.1 million jobs , while service industries remained intact . Employment in automotive manufacturing in particular suffered , experiencing a 33 % reduction by the end of the recession . Collectively these factors contributed to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . The Federal Reserve once again began to raise interest rates in 1981 , which plunged the economy back into recession . Unemployment rose to a peak of 10.8 % in December 1982 , a post-war high . In 1981 , Ronald Reagan introduced Reaganomics . That is , fiscally expansive economic policies , cutting marginal federal income tax rates by 25 % . Inflation dropped dramatically from 13.5 % annually in 1980 to just 3 % annually in 1983 due to a short recession and the Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker 's tighter control of the money supply and interest rates . Real GDP began to grow after contracting in 1980 and 1982 . The unemployment rate continued to rise to a peak of 10.8 % by late 1982 , but dropped well under 6 % unemployment at the end of Reagan 's presidency in January 1989 . 20 million jobs were created under Reagan 's presidency -- which were made up of 82 percent high - paying and long - term jobs . From 1982 to 1987 the Dow Jones Industrial Average gained over 1900 points from 776 in 1982 to 2722 in 1987 -- about a 350 % increase . An economic boom took place from 1983 until a recession began in 1990 . Between 1983 and 1989 the number of people below the poverty line decreased by 3.8 million . The boom saw the increasing popularity of electronic appliances like computers , cell phones , music players and video games . Credit cards were a symbol of the boom . The Reagan tax cuts seemed to work and Americans were able to shrug off the crash of 1987 by the beginning of 1988 . The growth ended by 1990 after seven years of stock market growth and prosperity for the upper and middle class . The federal debt spawned by his policies tripled ( from $930 billion in 1981 to $2.6 trillion in 1988 ) , reaching record levels . Though debt almost always increased under every president in the latter half of the 20th century , it declined as a percentage of GDP under all Presidents after 1950 and prior to Reagan . In addition to the fiscal deficits , the U.S. started to have large trade deficits . Also it was during his second term that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 was passed . Vice President George H.W. Bush was elected to succeed Reagan in 1988 . The early Bush Presidency 's economic policies were sometimes seen as a continuation of Reagan 's policies , but in the early 1990s , Bush went back on a promise and increased taxes in a compromise with Congressional Democrats . He ended his presidency on a moderate note , signing regulatory bills such as the Americans With Disabilities Act , and negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement . In 1992 , Bush and third - party candidate Ross Perot lost to Democrat Bill Clinton . The advent of deindustrialization in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw income inequality increase dramatically to levels never seen before . But at the same time , most orthodox economists , and most policy makers , pointed to the fact that consumers could buy so many goods , even with the inflation of the 1970s , as evidence that the general shift away from manufacturing and into services was creating widespread prosperity . In 1968 , the U.S. Gini coefficient was 0.386 . In 2005 , the American Gini coefficient had reached 0.469 . Critics of economic policies favored by Republican and Democratic administrations since the 1960s , particularly those expanding `` free trade '' and `` open markets '' ( see Neoliberalism ) say that these policies , though benefiting trading as well as the cost of products in the U.S. , could have taken their own on the prosperity of the America middle - class . But in this period , consumers were buying as never before with so many products and goods at such low costs and in high quantities . Critics however argued that this consumer behavior was giving a false reading of the health of the economy , because it was being paid for by taking on rapidly increasing levels of indebtedness , thus covering up the stagnating wages and earnings of most of the workforce . The rise of globalization : 1990s -- late 2000s ( edit ) Main article : New economy This graph shows three major stock indices since 1975 . Notice the meteoric rise of the stock market in the 1990s , followed by the collapse of the dot - com bubble in 2000 on the tech - heavy NASDAQ . During the 1990s , government debt increased by 75 % , GDP rose by 69 % , and the stock market as measured by the S&P 500 grew more than threefold . From 1994 to 2000 real output increased , inflation was manageable and unemployment dropped to below 5 % , resulting in a soaring stock market known as the dot - com boom . The second half of the 1990s was characterized by well - publicized initial public offerings of high - tech and `` dot - com '' companies . By 2000 , however , it was evident a bubble in stock valuations had occurred , such that beginning in March 2000 , the market would give back some 50 % to 75 % of the growth of the 1990s . The economy worsened in 2001 with output increasing only 0.3 % and unemployment and business failures rising substantially , and triggering a recession that is often blamed on the September 11 attacks . An additional factor in the fall of the US markets and in investor confidence included numerous corporate scandals . From 2001 - 07 , the red - hot housing market across the United States fueled a false sense of security regarding the strength of the U.S. economy . The 21st century ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 ) Main article : Economy of the United States Great recession ( edit ) Further information : Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 In 2008 , a series of related economic disasters hit the American and European financial systems . The bursting of a worldwide bubble in housing set the recession in motion . The end of housing bubbles in California , Florida and Arizona led to the collapse of housing prices and the shrinkage of construction sector . Millions of mortgages ( averaging about $200,000 each ) had been bundled into securities called collateralized debt obligations that were resold worldwide . Many banks and hedge funds had borrowed hundreds of billions of dollars to buy these securities , which were now `` toxic '' because their value was unknown and no one wanted to buy them . A series of the largest banks in the U.S. and Europe collapsed ; some went bankrupt , such as Lehman Brothers with $690 billion in assets ; others such as the leading insurance company AIG , the leading bank Citigroup , and the two largest mortgage companies were bailed out by the government . Congress voted $700 billion in bailout money , and the Treasury and Federal Reserve committed trillions of dollars to shoring up the financial system , but the measures did not reverse the declines . Banks drastically tightened their lending policies , despite infusions of federal money . The government for the first time took major ownership positions in the largest banks . The stock market plunged 40 % , wiping out tens of trillions of dollars in wealth ; housing prices fell 20 % nationwide wiping out trillions more . By late 2008 distress was spreading beyond the financial and housing sectors , especially as the `` Big Three '' of the automobile industry ( General Motors , Ford and Chrysler ) were on the verge of bankruptcy , and the retail sector showed major weaknesses . Critics of the $700 billion Troubled Assets Relief Program ( TARP ) expressed anger that much of the TARP money that has been distributed to banks is seemingly unaccounted for , with banks being secretive on the issue . Percent of US civilian working age population employed , 1995 -- 2012 President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 in February 2009 ; the bill provides $787 billion in stimulus through a combination of spending and tax cuts . The plan is largely based on the Keynesian theory that government spending should offset the fall in private spending during an economic downturn ; otherwise the fall in private spending may perpetuate itself and productive resources , such as the labor hours of the unemployed , will be wasted . Critics claim that government spending can not offset a fall in private spending because government must borrow money from the private sector in order to add money to it . However , most economists do not think such `` crowding out '' is an issue when interest rates are near zero and the economy is stagnant . Opponents of the stimulus also point to problems of possible future inflation and government debt caused by such a large expenditure . In the U.S. , jobs paying between $14 and $21 per hour made up about 60 % those lost during the recession , but such mid-wage jobs have comprised only about 27 % of jobs gained during the recovery through mid-2012 . In contrast , lower - paying jobs constituted about 58 % of the jobs regained . Historical Statistics ( edit ) GDP ( edit ) 1790 -- 2006 GDP ( edit ) United States Annual Economic Data <Th_colspan="6"> United States Annual Economic Data Year GDP Nominal ( $ billions ) GDP Adjusted ( $ billions ) Population ( millions ) GDP per capita Nominal ( $ ) GDP per capita Adjusted ( $ ) 1790 0.19 3.60 3.929 48 916 1791 0.21 3.82 4.048 52 944 1792 0.22 4.10 4.171 53 983 1793 0.25 4.43 4.297 58 1031 1794 0.31 5.00 4.428 70 1129 1795 0.38 5.31 4.562 83 1164 1796 0.41 5.47 4.700 87 1164 1797 0.41 5.57 4.843 85 1150 1798 0.41 5.80 4.990 82 1162 1799 0.44 6.20 5.141 86 1206 1800 0.48 6.55 5.297 91 1237 1801 0.51 6.87 5.486 93 1252 1802 0.45 7.09 5.679 79 1248 1803 0.48 7.21 5.872 82 1228 1804 0.53 7.49 6.065 87 1235 1805 0.56 7.88 6.258 89 1259 1806 0.61 8.26 6.451 95 1280 1807 0.58 8.27 6.644 87 1245 1808 0.64 8.28 6.838 94 1211 1809 0.68 8.92 7.031 97 1269 1810 0.70 9.40 7.224 97 1301 1811 0.76 9.82 7.460 102 1316 1812 0.78 10.2 7.700 101 1326 1813 0.96 10.8 7.939 121 1358 1814 1.06 11.2 8.179 130 1372 1815 0.91 11.3 8.419 108 1342 1816 0.81 11.3 8.659 94 1304 1817 0.76 11.5 8.899 85 1297 1818 0.72 12.0 9.139 79 1308 1819 0.72 12.3 9.379 77 1309 1820 0.70 12.8 9.618 73 1328 1821 0.73 13.4 9.939 73 1351 1822 0.80 14.0 10.268 78 1360 1823 0.75 14.5 10.596 71 1364 1824 0.75 15.3 10.924 69 1400 1825 0.81 16.0 11.252 72 1421 1826 0.86 16.6 11.580 74 1431 1827 0.91 17.1 11.909 76 1433 1828 0.89 17.3 12.237 73 1415 1829 0.92 18.0 12.565 73 1431 1830 1.01 19.5 12.901 78 1518 1831 1.04 21.2 13.321 78 1591 1832 1.12 22.6 13.742 82 1646 1833 1.14 23.3 14.162 80 1647 1834 1.20 23.7 14.582 82 1625 1835 1.32 25.0 15.003 88 1664 1836 1.46 25.7 15.423 95 1667 1837 1.54 26.0 15.843 97 1639 1838 1.58 27.1 16.264 97 1663 1839 1.65 27.8 16.684 99 1666 1840 1.55 27.8 17.123 91 1622 1841 1.63 28.4 17.733 92 1603 1842 1.60 29.4 18.345 87 1600 1843 1.55 30.8 18.957 82 1623 1844 1.69 32.6 19.569 86 1665 1845 1.84 34.6 20.182 91 1715 1846 2.04 37.4 20.794 98 1799 1847 2.39 40.0 21.406 112 1870 1848 2.41 41.4 22.018 109 1881 1849 2.40 42.0 22.631 106 1855 1850 2.56 43.9 23.261 110 1889 1851 2.70 47.5 24.086 112 1972 1852 3.04 53.0 24.911 122 2128 1853 3.28 57.3 25.736 127 2226 1854 3.68 59.3 26.561 139 2232 1855 3.94 61.7 27.386 144 2254 1856 4.00 64.1 28.212 142 2270 1857 4.13 64.4 29.037 142 2218 1858 4.05 67.1 29.862 136 2247 1859 4.38 72.0 30.687 143 2346 1860 4.32 72.3 31.513 137 2296 1861 4.58 73.7 32.351 142 2277 1862 5.76 82.9 33.188 174 2497 1863 7.60 89.3 34.026 223 2624 1864 9.43 90.4 34.863 270 2592 1865 9.86 93.0 35.701 276 2606 1866 8.98 88.8 36.538 246 2430 1867 8.33 90.4 37.376 223 2418 1868 8.14 93.9 38.213 213 2458 1869 7.85 96.6 39.051 201 2473 1870 7.79 100 39.905 195 2509 1871 7.68 105 40.938 188 2573 1872 8.21 113 41.972 196 2683 1873 8.68 123 43.006 202 2824 1874 8.43 124 44.040 191 2815 1875 8.05 123 45.073 179 2726 1876 8.21 128 46.107 178 2781 1877 8.27 132 47.141 175 2804 1878 8.31 139 48.174 172 2894 1879 9.36 157 49.208 190 3188 1880 10.4 170 50.262 206 3379 1881 11.6 191 51.542 226 3708 1882 12.2 201 52.821 231 3800 1883 12.3 206 54.100 227 3808 1884 11.8 203 55.379 212 3667 1885 11.4 201 56.658 202 3552 1886 12.0 218 57.938 208 3764 1887 13.0 234 59.217 219 3944 1888 13.8 249 60.496 227 4108 1889 13.8 258 61.775 224 4169 1890 15.2 284 63.056 240 4502 1891 15.5 287 64.361 240 4459 1892 16.4 301 65.666 250 4590 1893 15.5 284 66.970 231 4242 1894 14.2 271 68.275 208 3972 1895 15.6 300 69.580 224 4313 1896 15.4 294 70.885 218 4153 1897 16.1 307 72.189 223 4256 1898 18.2 344 73.494 248 4685 1899 19.5 365 74.799 261 4884 1900 20.7 376 76.094 272 4943 1901 22.4 397 77.584 289 5112 1902 24.2 417 79.163 305 5261 1903 26.1 429 80.632 323 5317 1904 25.8 414 82.166 314 5034 1905 28.9 459 83.822 344 5480 1906 30.9 475 85.450 362 5564 1907 34.0 492 87.008 391 5649 1908 30.3 439 88.710 342 4949 1909 32.2 468 90.490 356 5169 1910 33.4 473 92.407 362 5116 1911 34.3 488 93.863 366 5200 1912 37.4 511 95.335 392 5359 1913 39.1 531 97.225 403 5462 1914 36.5 490 99.111 368 4948 1915 38.7 504 100.546 385 5011 1916 49.6 574 101.961 487 5626 1917 59.7 560 103.268 578 5418 1918 75.8 610 103.208 735 5910 1919 78.3 615 104.514 749 5883 1920 88.4 609 106.461 830 5721 1921 73.6 595 108.538 678 5483 1922 73.4 628 110.049 667 5708 1923 85.4 711 111.947 763 6350 1924 87.0 733 114.109 762 6422 1925 90.6 750 115.829 782 6475 1926 97.0 799 117.397 826 6806 1927 95.5 807 119.035 803 6777 1928 97.4 816 120.509 808 6771 1929 103.6 865.2 121.767 851 7105 1930 91.2 790.7 123.077 741 6424 1931 76.5 739.9 124.040 617 5965 1932 58.7 643.7 124.840 470 5156 1933 56.4 635.5 125.579 449 5061 1934 66.0 704.2 126.374 522 5572 1935 73.3 766.9 127.250 576 6027 1936 83.8 866.6 128.053 654 6768 1937 91.9 911.1 128.825 713 7072 1938 86.1 879.7 129.825 663 6776 1939 92.2 950.7 130.880 704 7264 1940 101.4 1034.1 131.954 768 7837 1941 126.7 1211.1 133.121 952 9098 1942 161.9 1435.4 133.920 1209 10718 1943 198.6 1670.9 134.245 1479 12447 1944 219.8 1806.5 132.885 1654 13594 1945 223.1 1786.3 132.481 1684 13483 1946 222.3 1589.4 140.054 1587 11348 1947 244.2 1574.5 143.446 1702 10976 1948 269.2 1643.2 146.093 1843 11248 1949 267.3 1634.6 148.665 1798 10995 1950 293.8 1777.3 151.235 1943 11752 1951 339.3 1915.0 153.310 2213 12491 1952 358.3 1988.3 155.687 2301 12771 1953 379.4 2079.5 158.242 2398 13141 1954 380.4 2065.4 161.164 2360 12816 1955 414.8 2212.8 164.308 2525 13467 1956 437.5 2255.8 167.306 2615 13483 1957 461.1 2301.1 170.371 2706 13506 1958 467.2 2279.2 173.320 2696 13150 1959 506.6 2441.3 176.289 2874 13848 1960 526.4 2501.8 179.979 2925 13901 1961 544.7 2560.0 182.992 2977 13990 1962 585.6 2715.2 185.771 3152 14616 1963 617.7 2834.0 188.483 3277 15036 1964 663.6 2998.6 191.141 3472 15688 1965 719.1 3191.1 193.526 3716 16489 1966 787.8 3399.1 195.576 4028 17380 1967 832.6 3484.6 197.457 4217 17647 1968 911.0 3652.7 199.399 4564 18319 1969 984.6 3765.4 201.385 4889 18698 1970 1038.5 3771.9 203.984 5091 18491 1971 1127.1 3898.6 206.827 5449 18850 1972 1238.3 4105.0 209.284 5917 19614 1973 1382.7 4341.5 211.357 6542 20541 1500.0 4319.6 213.342 7031 20247 1638.3 4311.2 215.465 7604 20009 1976 1825.3 4540.9 217.583 8389 20870 1977 2030.9 4750.5 219.760 9241 21617 1978 2294.7 5015.0 222.095 10332 22580 1979 2563.3 5173.4 224.567 11414 23037 1980 2789.5 5161.7 227.225 12276 22716 1981 3128.4 5291.7 229.466 13633 23061 1982 3255.0 5189.3 231.664 14051 22400 3536.7 5423.8 233.792 15128 23199 1984 3933.2 5813.6 235.825 16678 24652 1985 4220.3 6053.7 237.924 17738 25444 1986 4462.8 6263.6 240.133 18585 26084 4739.5 6475.1 242.289 19561 26725 1988 5103.8 6742.7 244.499 20875 27578 5484.4 6981.4 246.819 22220 28286 5803.1 7112.5 249.623 23247 28493 1991 5995.9 7100.5 252.981 23701 28067 6337.7 7336.6 256.514 24707 28601 6657.4 7532.7 259.919 25613 28981 7072.2 7835.5 263.126 26878 29779 1995 7397.7 8031.7 266.278 27782 30163 7816.9 8328.9 269.394 29017 30917 8304.3 8703.5 272.647 30458 31922 1998 8747.0 9066.9 275.854 31709 32868 1999 9268.4 9470.3 279.040 33215 33939 2000 9817.0 9817.0 282.217 34785 34785 10128.0 9890.7 285.226 35509 34677 2002 10469.6 10048.8 288.126 36337 34876 2003 10960.8 10301.0 290.796 37692 35423 11685.9 10675.8 293.638 39797 36357 2005 12433.9 11003.4 296.507 41935 37110 2006 13194.7 11319.4 299.98 44071 37807 Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1930 -- 1946 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1947 -- 1973 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1974 -- 1990 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1991 -- 2008 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis GDP per capita growth . Real GDP per capita in the United States Historical growth of the US economy from 1961 - 2015 GDP per person in the United States US Gross Private Domestic Investment and Corporate Profits After Tax as shares of Gross Domestic Product US share of world GDP ( % ) since 1980 . US share of world GDP ( nominal ) peaked in 1985 with 32.74 % of global GDP ( nominal ) . The second highest share was 32.24 % in 2001 . US share of world GDP ( PPP ) peaked in 1999 with 23.78 % of global GDP ( PPP ) . The share has been declining each year since then . U.S. in global economy Employment ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment in the United States The Percentage of the US working age population employed , 1995 -- 2012 . Official U.S. unemployment rate , 1950 -- 2005 United States mean duration of unemployment 1948 -- 2010 . Average annual hours worked All employees , private industries , by branches Manufacturing ( edit ) Main articles : Manufacturing in the United States and Economy of the United States by sector U.S. manufacturing employment Wealth and income ( edit ) Main articles : Income in the United States and Wealth in the United States See also : Personal income in the United States , Household income in the United States , Income inequality in the United States , Affluence in the United States , and United States counties by per capita income U.S. Change in real income versus selected goods and services v1 Real compensation per hour in the US . Does not include non-cash compensation . ( 1947 -- 2013 ) . Real GDP , Real Wages and Trade Policy in the U.S. ( 1947 -- 2014 ) Real wages do not include non-cash compensation . Historical graph of real wages in the US from 1964 to 2005 . Productivity ( edit ) Productivity and real median family income growth , 1947 -- 2009 . Does not reflect change in family caused by rise in single mother households or non cash compensation . U.S. Productivity and Real Hourly Compensation ( 1948 - 2013 ) Inequality ( edit ) Main articles : Income inequality in the United States and Poverty in the United States Top income inequality in the United States and France Top 1 % fiscal income share Gini Coefficient for Household Income ( 1967 -- 2007 ) , source United States Chamber of Commerce U.S. Income Shares of Top 1 % and 0.1 % 1913 - 2013 Income inequality panel - v1 Health spending ( edit ) Main article : Health care in the United States Life expectancy compared to healthcare spending from 1970 to 2008 , in the US and the next 19 most wealthy countries by total GDP . Health spending as a share of GDP International Comparison - Healthcare spending as % GDP Tariff Rates ( edit ) Main articles : List of tariffs in the United States , Tariffs in United States history , and Protectionism in the United States Average Tariff Rates in USA ( 1821 - 2016 ) Average tariff rates ( France , UK , US ) Average Tariff Rates for Selected Countries ( 1913 - 2007 ) Average Tariff Rates on manufactured products Trade Balance ( edit ) Main article : Foreign trade of the United States U.S. Trade Balance and Trade Policies ( 1895 -- 2015 ) Imports vs exports & net imports US Trade Balance 1980 2010 Merchandise exports ( 1870 - 1992 ) Inflation ( edit ) United States historical inflation rate , 1666 -- 2004 . U.S. federal tax ( edit ) Main article : Taxation in the United States U.S. federal effective tax rates by income percentile and component as projected for 2014 by the Tax Policy Center . CBO estimates of historical effective federal tax rates broken down by income level . Government spending ( edit ) Main article : United States federal budget Federal , state , and local government spending as a % of GDP history Revenue and Expense as % GDP . Debt ( edit ) Main article : United States public debt Assets of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960 -- 2008 Liabilities of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960 -- 2009 Development of US federal government debt ceiling from 1990 to January 2012 . Deficit and debt increases 2001 -- 2016 . U.S. public net debt and the total public debt Deficit ( edit ) Annual federal deficit as a percent of GDP `` Twin deficit '' ( 1960 -- 2006 ) See also ( edit ) Credit in the Thirteen Colonies History of agriculture in the United States History of banking in the United States History of coal mining in the United States List of regions by past GDP ( PPP ) Productivity improving technologies ( historical ) Wall Street 's history Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 144 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans ' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world . Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. x ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1988 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 24 , 28 Jump up ^ Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co. p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 36 ^ Jump up to : Atack & Passell 1994 Jump up ^ Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 89 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 55 Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1969 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 - 1860 . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Edwin J. ( 1988 ) . The Economy of Colonial America ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole , eds. , A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) chapter 7 Jump up ^ Margaret Alan Newell , `` The Birth of New England in the Atlantic Economy : From its Beginning to 1770 , '' in Peter Temin , ed. , Engines of Enterprise : An Economic History of New England ( Harvard UP , 2000 ) , pp. 11 -- 68 , esp . p. 41 Jump up ^ Gloria L. Main and Jackson T. Main , `` The Red Queen in New England ? '' , William and Mary Quarterly ( 1999 ) 56 # 1 pp 121 -- 50 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bruce C. Daniels , `` Economic Development in Colonial and Revolutionary Connecticut : An Overview , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1980 ) 37 # 3 pp. 429 - 450 in JSTOR Jump up ^ P. Bradley Nutting , `` Colonial Connecticut 's Search for a Staple : A Mercantile Paradox , '' New England Journal of History ( 2000 ) 57 # 1 pp 58 - 69 . Jump up ^ Freeman W. Meyer , `` The Evolution of the Interpretation of Economic Life in Colonial Connecticut , '' Connecticut History ( 1985 ) 26 # 1 pp 33 - 43 . Jump up ^ Carl Bridenbaugh , Cities in the Wilderness - The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625 - 1742 ( 1938 ) online edition Jump up ^ Carl Bridenbaugh , Cities in Revolt : Urban Life in America , 1743 - 1776 ( 1955 ) , pp 147 , 332 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , `` Cities in review , '' Common - Place ( July 2003 ) 3 # 4 online Archived March 15 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seth Rockman , `` Work in the Cities of Colonial British North America , '' Journal of Urban History ( 2007 ) 33 # 6 pp 1021 - 1032 Jump up ^ Seth Rockman , `` Class and the History of Working People in the Early Republic . '' Journal of the Early Republic ( 2005 ) 25 # 4 pp : 527 - 535 . online Jump up ^ Peter Wood , Origins of American Slavery ( 1997 ) , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Walter J. Fraser , Charleston ! Charleston ! : The History of a Southern City ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Rebels Rising : Cities and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) online edition Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , The Urban Crucible : The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution ( 2nd ed. 1986 ) pp 240 - 47 ; the first edition of 1979 was entitled Urban Crucible : Social Change , Political Consciousness , and the Origins of the American Revolution Jump up ^ Schweikart , Larry ; Allen , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Patriot 's History of the United States . USA : Sentinel , member of Penguin Group . pp. 12 -- 17 . ISBN 1595230017 . Jump up ^ Perkins 1988 , pp. 13 Jump up ^ Edmund Morgan , and Helen M. Morgan , The Stamp Act Crisis : Prologue to Revolution ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` ' In Our Contracted Sphere ' : The Constitutional Contract , the Stamp Act Crisis , and the Coming of the American Revolution , '' Columbia Law Review 76 # 1 pp. 21 - 47 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Larry Sawers , `` The Navigation Acts Revisited . '' Economic History Review ( 1992 ) 45 # 2 pp : 262 - 284 . online Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Merrill Jensen , The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds. , A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) chapters 42 , 48 Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) p. 81 , 119 Jump up ^ John Brewer , The sinews of power : war , money , and the English state , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) p 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 Jump up ^ Charles Rappleye , Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) pp 225 -- 52 Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood , A History of Colonial America ( 1961 ) pp 586 -- 589 Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow , `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance , 1775 -- 1783 '' , American Historical Review Vol. 35 , No. 1 ( Oct. , 1929 ) , pp. 46 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The power of the purse : A history of American public finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Erna Risch , Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp , To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettles , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 - 1815 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Robert A. East , `` The Business Entrepreneur in a Changing Colonial Economy , 1763 - 1795 , '' Journal of Economic History ( May , 1946 ) , Vol. 6 , Supplement pp. 16 - 27 in JSTOR Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 34 Jump up ^ Angela Lakwete ( 2005 ) . Inventing the Cotton Gin : Machine and Myth in Antebellum America . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Lewis Cecil Gray , History of agriculture in the southern United States to 1860 ( 2 vol 1933 ) Jump up ^ Thomson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 - 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bray Hammond , Banks and Politics in America , from the Revolution to the Civil War ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Larry Schweikart , ed . Banking and Finance to 1913 ( 1990 ) , an encyclopedia with short articles by experts , ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1969 , pp. 126 Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1969 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 -- 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . Jump up ^ Lind , Michael ( 1997 ) . Hamilton 's Republic : Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition . Jump up ^ Boritt , Gabor S. ( 1994 ) . Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream . Jump up ^ Bray Hammond , Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War ( 1958 ) ^ Jump up to : North , Douglas C. ( 1966 ) . The Economic Growth of the United States 1790 - 1860 . New York , London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0393003468 . Jump up ^ Matthew H. Wahlert , `` Towards Protectionism : An Examination of the Napoleonic Wars , the War of 1812 and America 's Trade Policy '' , New England Journal of History , Fall 2011 , Vol. 68 Issue 1 , pp 4 -- 20 Jump up ^ Carter Goodrich , ed . The Government and the economy , 1783 -- 1861 ( 1967 ) , primary sources and a detailed overview Jump up ^ Bray Hammond , Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War ( 1958 ) ; Taylor , The Transportation Revolution 1815 -- 1860 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : Colonial Times to 1970 ( 1976 ) series A-1 and A-2 , p 8 Jump up ^ George Rogers Taylor , The transportation revolution , 1815 - 1860 ( 1951 ) pp 15 - 73 . Jump up ^ Richard C. Wade , The urban frontier : pioneer life in early Pittsburgh , Cincinnati , Lexington , Louisville , and St. Louis ( 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Habakkuk , H.J. ( 1962 ) . American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century . London , U.K. , New York , USA : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521094474 . Jump up ^ Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : A Global History . US : Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 71396 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : A Global History . US : Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 71396 - 5 . Jump up ^ North 1966 Jump up ^ `` 1823 -- First American Macadam Road '' . US Department of Transportation -- Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1969 , pp. 133 Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 , pp. 53 Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 146 Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1969 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 - 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Louis C. ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 - 1930 , Vol. 2 : Steam Power . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ Eugene S. Ferguson , Oliver Evans , Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution ( Hagley Museum & Library , 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Thomson 2009 , pp. 32 ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis C. ; Bryant , Lynwood ( 1991 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 3 : The Transmission of Power . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 08198 - 9 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 Jump up ^ Hunter 1985 , pp. 14 -- 31 ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1969 , pp. 63 Jump up ^ Thomson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 - 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Atack & Passell 1994 , pp. 429 Jump up ^ Thomson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 - 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1969 , pp. 46 Jump up ^ Victor Clark , History of manufactures in the United States : 1607 - 1860 . Vol. 1 . ( 1916 ) . online Jump up ^ Chandler 1993 , pp. 51 Jump up ^ David Montgomery , `` The Working Classes of the Pre-Industrial American City , 1780 - 1830 , '' Labor History ( 1968 ) 9 # 1 pp 3 - 22 , esp . p. 4 Jump up ^ Barbara M. Tucker , Samuel Slater and the origins of the American textile industry : 1790 - 1860 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Chandler 1993 , pp. 57 -- 9 Jump up ^ Kenton Beerman , `` The Beginning of a Revolution : Waltham and the Boston Manufacturing Company . '' The Concord Review ( 1994 ) online . Jump up ^ Peter Temin , `` Product quality and vertical integration in the early cotton textile industry . '' Journal of Economic History ( 1988 ) 48 # 4 pp : 891 - 907 . Jump up ^ Clark , History of Manufacturers 1 : 529 - 77 Jump up ^ George S. Gibb , The Saco - Lowell Shops : Textile Machinery Building in New England , 1813 - 1949 ( 1950 ) . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , Ross ( 1989 ) . The Path to Mechanized Shoe Production in the United States . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0807818671 . Jump up ^ North 1966 , pp. 126 Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1982 , pp. 818 ^ Jump up to : Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ Merritt Roe Smith , Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology : The Challenge of Change ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ David R. Meyer , Networked Machinists : High - Technology Industries in Antebellum America ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Otto Mayr , et al. ( eds . ) , Yankee Enterprise : The Rise of the American System of Manufactures ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 324 - 48 . Complete text line free Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini , Andrew Jackson and the bank war ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1951 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 - 1860 . New York , Toronto : Rinehart & Co. pp. 133 , 331 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 101 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co. p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schweikart , Larry ; Allen , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Patriot 's History of the United States . USA : Sentinel , member of Penguin Group . ISBN 1595230017 . Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , `` Were Andrew Jackson 's Policies ' Good for the Economy ' ? '' Independent Review ( 2014 ) 18 # 4 online Jump up ^ Leonard D. 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CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Special studies ( edit ) Chandler , Alfred D . The Visible Hand : The Managerial Revolution in American Business ( 1977 ) , business history Chandler , Alfred D. ; Strategy and Structure : Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise ( 1969 ) online Chandler , Alfred D. and James W. Cortada . A Nation Transformed by Information : How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present ( 2000 ) online Chernow , Ron . The house of Morgan : an American banking dynasty and the rise of modern finance ( 2001 ) . Folsom , Burt , et al . The Myth of the Robber Barons ( 2010 ) Goldin , Claudia Understanding the Gender Gap : An Economic History of American Women ( 1990 ) , quantitative Gordon , Robert . `` U.S. Economic Growth since 1870 : One Big Wave '' , American Economic Review 89 : 2 ( May 1999 ) , 123 -- 28 ; in JSTOR Gordon , Robert . The Rise and Fall of American Growth : The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War ( 2016 ) , Comprehensive coverage by leading scholar . Klebaner , Benjamin J. American commercial banking : A history ( Twayne , 1990 ) . online Lindert , Peter H. and Jeffrey G. Williamson . Unequal Gains : American Growth and Inequality since 1700 ( 2016 ) Mason , David L. From buildings and loans to bail - outs : A history of the American savings and loan industry , 1831 -- 1995 ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) . Misa , Thomas J. A Nation of Steel : The Making of Modern America , 1865 -- 1925 ( 1995 ) chapter 1 online , on steel industry Morris , Charles R . The Tycoons : How Andrew Carnegie , John D. Rockefeller , Jay Gould , and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy ( 2005 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 - 1939 ( 2017 ) Murphy , Sharon Ann . Other People 's Money : How Banking Worked in the Early American Republic ( 2017 ) online review Ransom , Roger . Conflict and Compromise : The Political Economy of Slavery , Emancipation and the American Civil War ( 1989 ) Schweikart , Larry , ed . Banking and Finance to 1913 ( 1990 ) ; Banking and Finance , 1913 - 1989 ( 2 vol 1990 ) , an encyclopedia with short articles by experts Wright , Gavin . Old South , New South : Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War ( 1986 ) Wright , Gavin . The Political Economy of the Cotton South : Households , Markets , and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century ( 1978 ) online Wright , Robert E. and David J. Cowen . Financial Founding Fathers : The Men Who Made America Rich , University of Chicago Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 91068 - 7 . Yarrow , Andrew L. `` The big postwar story : Abundance and the rise of economic journalism . '' Journalism History 32.2 ( 2006 ) : 58 + online Data ( edit ) Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : Colonial Times to 1970 ( 1976 ) part 1 online ; part 2 online ; volumes 1 and 2 Carter , Susan B. et al. eds . The Historical Statistics of the United States ( 6 vol : Cambridge UP , 2006 ) ; huge compilation of statistical data ; online Council of Economic Advisors , Economic Report of the President ( annual 1947 -- ) , complete series online ; important analysis of current trends and policies , plus statistical tables Bureau of Economic Analysis : Official United States GDP data What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? Annual Observations in Table and Graphical Format for years 1790 to Present . Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances , 1789 -- 1980 Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency , 1863 -- 1980 Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 75 Years of American Finance , a graphic presentation of American financial history from 1861 through 1938 Statistical Abstract of the United States Long Term Economic Growth -- 1860 -- 1965 : A Statistical Compendium Business Booms and Depressions since 1775 , a chart of the past trend of price inflation , federal debt , business , national income , stocks and bond yields for the United States from 1775 to 1943 . Budget of the United States Government External links ( edit ) 594 historic photographs regarding American business and commerce ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright . 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who did we buy the gadsden purchase from
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Gadsden Purchase - wikipedia Gadsden Purchase The Gadsden Purchase The Gadsden Purchase ( shown in yellow with current day state boundaries and cities ) The northeastern boundary was the disputed U.S. -- Mexico boundary ; the line shown is the unratified Bartlett -- Conde compromise proposal which the Gadsden Purchase preempted . Territorial enlargement of the United States , the Gadsden Purchase shown in red - orange The Gadsden Purchase ( known in Mexico as Spanish : Venta de La Mesilla , `` Sale of La Mesilla '' ) is a 29,670 - square - mile ( 76,800 km ) region of present - day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States purchased via a treaty signed on December 30 , 1853 , by James Gadsden , U.S. ambassador to Mexico at that time . The U.S. Senate voted in favor of ratifying it with amendments on April 25 , 1854 , and then transmitted it to 14th President Franklin Pierce . Mexico 's government and its General Congress or Congress of the Union took final approval action on June 8 , 1854 . The purchase was the last substantial territorial acquisition in the contiguous United States . The U.S. sought the land as a better route for the construction of the southern transcontinental railway line , and the financially - strapped government of Antonio López de Santa Anna agreed to the sale , which netted Mexico $10 million ( equivalent to $270 million in 2017 ) . After the devastating loss of Mexican territory to the U.S. in the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) and the continued filibustering by U.S. citizens , Santa Anna may have calculated it was better to yield territory by treaty and receive payment rather than have the territory simply seized by the U.S. The purchase included lands south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande which the U.S. acquired so that it could construct a transcontinental railroad along a deep southern route , which the Southern Pacific Railroad later completed in 1881 / 1883 . The purchase also aimed to reconcile outstanding border issues between the U.S. and Mexico following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which ended the earlier Mexican -- American War of 1846 -- 1848 . As the railroad age evolved , business - oriented Southerners saw that a railroad linking the South with the Pacific Coast would expand trade opportunities . They thought the topography of the southern portion of the original boundary line to the Mexican Cession ( future states of California , Nevada , Utah , Arizona , New Mexico , western Colorado ) of 1848 was too mountainous to allow a direct route . Projected southern railroad routes tended to veer to the north as they proceeded eastward , which would favor connections with northern railroads and ultimately favor northern seaports . Southerners saw that to avoid the mountains , a route with a southeastern terminus might need to swing south into what was still Mexican territory . The administration of President Franklin Pierce , strongly influenced by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis ( later President of the southern seceding Confederate States ) , saw an opportunity to acquire land for the railroad , as well as to acquire significant other territory from northern Mexico . In the end , territory for the railroad was purchased for $10 million ( equivalent to $220 million in 2016 ) , but Mexico balked at any large - scale sale of territory . In the United States , the debate over the treaty became involved in the dispute over slavery , ending progress before the American Civil War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Southern route for the Transcontinental Railroad 1.1 Southern commercial conventions 1.2 James Gadsden and California 1.3 Stephen Douglas and land grants 2 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2.1 Mesilla Valley 2.2 Indian raids 2.3 Isthmus of Tehuantepec 3 Pierce administration 3.1 Gadsden and Santa Anna 3.2 Ratification 3.3 Post-ratification controversy 4 Growth of the region after 1854 4.1 Army control 4.2 Civil War 4.3 Social development 4.4 Economic development 4.5 Railroad development 5 Population 6 Cost 7 References in popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Works cited 11 Further reading 12 External links Southern route for the transcontinental railroad ( edit ) Southern commercial conventions ( edit ) Lieutenant James Gadsden , U.S. Army ( 1788 -- 1858 ) , of South Carolina , later American ambassador / minister to Mexico In January 1845 Asa Whitney of New York state presented the United States Congress with the first plan to construct a transcontinental railroad . Although Congress took no action on his proposal , a commercial convention of 1845 in Memphis took up the issue . Prominent attendees included John C. Calhoun , Clement C. Clay , Sr. , John Bell , William Gwin , and Edmund P. Gaines , but it was James Gadsden of South Carolina who was influential in the convention 's recommending a southern route for the proposed railroad . The route was to begin in Texas and end in San Diego or Mazatlán . Southerners hoped that such a route would ensure southern prosperity while opening the `` West to southern influence and settlement '' . Southern interest in railroads in general , and the Pacific railroad in particular , accelerated after the conclusion of the Mexican -- American War in 1848 . During that war , topographical officers William H. Emory and James W. Abert had conducted surveys that demonstrated the feasibility of a railroad 's originating in El Paso or western Arkansas and ending in San Diego . J.D.B. DeBow , the editor of DeBow 's Review , and Gadsden both publicized within the South the benefits of building this railroad . Gadsden had become the president of the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company in 1839 ; about a decade later , the company had laid 136 miles ( 219 km ) of track extending west from Charleston , South Carolina , and was 3 million dollars in debt . Gadsden wanted to connect all Southern railroads into one sectional network . He was concerned that the increasing railroad construction in the North was shifting trade in lumber , farm and manufacturing goods from the traditional north -- south route based on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to an east -- west axis that would bypass the South . He also saw Charleston , his home town , losing its prominence as a seaport . In addition , many Southern business interests feared that a northern transcontinental route would exclude the South from trade with the Orient . Other Southerners argued for diversification from a plantation economy to keep the South independent of northern bankers . In October 1849 the southern interests held a convention to discuss railroads in Memphis , in response to a convention in St. Louis earlier that fall which discussed a northern route . The Memphis convention overwhelmingly advocated the construction of a route beginning there , to connect with an El Paso , Texas to San Diego , California line . Disagreement arose only over the issue of financing . The convention president , Matthew Fontaine Maury of Virginia , preferred strict private financing , whereas John Bell and others thought that federal land grants to railroad developers would be necessary . James Gadsden and California ( edit ) Gadsden supported nullification in 1831 . When California was admitted to the Union as a free state in 1850 , he advocated secession by South Carolina . Gadsden considered slavery `` a social blessing '' and abolitionists `` the greatest curse of the nation '' . When the secession proposal failed , Gadsden worked with his cousin Isaac Edward Holmes , a lawyer in San Francisco since 1851 , and California state senator Thomas Jefferson Green , in an attempt to divide California into northern and southern portions and proposed that the southern part allow slavery . Gadsden planned to establish a slave - holding colony there based on rice , cotton , and sugar , and wanted to use slave labor to build a railroad and highway that originated in either San Antonio or the Red River valley . The railway or highway would transport people to the California gold fields . Toward this end , on December 31 , 1851 , Gadsden asked Green to secure from the California state legislature a large land grant located between the 34th and 36th parallels , along the proposed dividing line for the two California states . A few months later , Gadsden and 1,200 potential settlers from South Carolina and Florida submitted a petition to the California legislature for permanent citizenship and permission to establish a rural district that would be farmed by `` not less than Two Thousand of their African Domestics '' . The petition stimulated some debate , but it finally died in committee . Stephen Douglas and land grants ( edit ) The Compromise of 1850 , which created the Utah Territory and the New Mexico Territory , would facilitate a southern route to the West Coast since all territory for the railroad was now organized and would allow for federal land grants as a financing measure . Competing northern or central routes championed , respectively , by U.S. Senators Stephen Douglas of Illinois and Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri , would still need to go through unorganized territories . Millard Fillmore established a precedent for using federal land grants when he signed a bill promoted by Douglas that allowed a south to north , Mobile to Chicago railroad to be financed by `` federal land grants for the specific purpose of railroad construction '' . To satisfy Southern opposition to the general principle of federally supported internal improvements , the land grants would first be transferred to the appropriate state or territorial government , which would oversee the final transfer to private developers . By 1850 , however , the majority of the South was not interested in exploiting its advantages in developing a transcontinental railroad or railroads in general . Businessmen like Gadsden , who advocated economic diversification , were in the minority . The Southern economy was based on cotton exports , and then - current transportation networks met the plantation system 's needs . There was little home market for an intra-South trade . In the short term , the best use for capital was to invest it in more slaves and land rather than in taxing it to support canals , railroads , roads , or in dredging rivers . Historian Jere W. Roberson wrote : `` Southerners might have gained a great deal under the 1850 land grant act had they concentrated their efforts . But continued opposition to Federal aid , filibustering , an unenthusiastic President , the spirit of `` Young America '' , and efforts to build railroads and canals across Central America and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico divided their forces , leaving a lot of time for the Pacific railroad . Moreover , the Compromise of 1850 encouraged Southerners not to antagonize opponents by resurrecting the railroad controversy . '' Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( edit ) Main article : Mexican Cession President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna , photo circa 1853 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848 ) ended the Mexican -- American War , but left issues affecting both sides that still needed to be resolved : possession of the Mesilla Valley , protection for Mexico from Indian raids , and the right of transit in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . Mesilla Valley ( edit ) The treaty provided for a joint commission , made up of a surveyor and commissioner from each country , to determine the final boundary between the United States and Mexico . The treaty specified that the Rio Grande Boundary would veer west eight miles ( 13 km ) north of El Paso . The treaty was based on the attached 1847 copy of a twenty - five - year - old map . Surveys revealed that El Paso was 36 miles ( 58 km ) further south and 100 miles ( 160 km ) further west than the map showed . Mexico favored the map , but the United States put faith in the results of the survey . The disputed territory involved a few thousand square miles and about 3,000 residents ; more significantly , it included the Mesilla Valley . Bordering the Rio Grande , the valley consisted of flat desert land measuring about 50 miles ( 80 km ) , north to south , by 200 miles ( 320 km ) , east to west . This valley was essential for the construction of a transcontinental railroad using a southern route . John Bartlett of Rhode Island , the United States negotiator , agreed to allow Mexico to retain the Mesilla Valley ( setting the boundary at 32 ° 22 ′ N , north of the American claim 31 ° 52 ′ and at the easternmost part , also north of the Mexican - claimed boundary at 32 ° 15 ′ ) in exchange for a boundary that did not turn north until 110 ° W in order to include the Santa Rita Mountains , which were believed to have rich copper deposits , and some silver and gold which had not yet been mined . Southerners opposed this alternative because of its implication for the railroad , but President Fillmore supported it . Southerners in Congress prevented any action on the approval of this separate border treaty and eliminated further funding to survey the disputed borderland . Robert B. Campbell , a pro-railroad politician from Alabama , later replaced Bartlett . Mexico asserted that the commissioners ' determinations were valid and prepared to send in troops to enforce the unratified agreement . Indian raids ( edit ) Then U.S. Secretary of State James Buchanan ( 1791 -- 1868 ) , who later became 15th President of the United States ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Article XI of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo contained a guarantee that the United States would protect Mexicans by preventing cross-border raids by local Comanche and Apache tribes . At the time the treaty was ratified , Secretary of State James Buchanan had believed that the United States had both the commitment and resources to enforce this promise . Historian Richard Kluger , however , described the difficulties of the task : Comanche , Apache , and other tribal warriors had been punishing Spanish , Mexican , and American intruders into their stark homeland for three centuries and been given no incentive to let up their murderous marauding and pillaging , horse stealing in particular . The U.S. Army had posted nearly 8,000 of its total of 11,000 soldiers along the southwestern boundary , but they could not halt the 75,000 or so native nomads in the region from attacking swiftly and taking refuge among the hills , buttes , and arroyos in a landscape where one 's enemies could be spotted twenty or thirty miles away . In the five years after approval of the Treaty , the United States spent $12 million ( equivalent to $270 million in 2016 ) in this area , and General - in - Chief Winfield Scott estimated that five times that amount would be necessary to police the border . Mexican officials , frustrated with the failure of the United States to effectively enforce its guarantee , demanded reparations for the losses inflicted on Mexican citizens by the raids . The United States argued that the Treaty did not require any compensation nor did it require any greater effort to protect Mexicans than was expended in protecting its own citizens . During the Fillmore administration , Mexico claimed damages of $40 million ( equivalent to $900 million in 2016 ) but offered to allow the U.S. to buy - out Article XI for $25 million ( equivalent to $540 million in 2016 ) while President Fillmore proposed a settlement that was $10 million less ( equivalent to $220 million in 2016 ) . Isthmus of Tehuantepec ( edit ) Shaded relief map of Arizona During negotiations of the treaty , Americans had failed to secure the right of transit across the 125 - mile - wide ( 201 km ) Isthmus of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico . The idea of building a railroad here had been considered for a long time , connecting the Gulf of Mexico with the Pacific Ocean . In 1842 Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna sold the rights to build a railroad or canal across the isthmus . The deal included land grants 300 miles ( 480 km ) - wide along the right - of - way for future colonization and development . In 1847 a British bank bought the rights , raising U.S. fears of British colonization in the hemisphere , in violation of the precepts of the Monroe Doctrine . United States interest in the right - of - way increased in 1848 after the gold strikes in the Sierra Nevada , which led to the California Gold Rush . The Memphis commercial convention of 1849 recommended that the United States pursue the trans - isthmus route , since it appeared unlikely that a transcontinental railroad would be built anytime soon . Interests in Louisiana were especially adamant about this option , as they believed that any transcontinental railroad would divert commercial traffic away from the Mississippi and New Orleans , and they at least wanted to secure a southern route . Also showing interest was Peter A. Hargous of New York who ran an import - export business between New York and Vera Cruz . Hargous purchased the rights to the route for $25,000 ( equivalent to $600 thousand in 2016 ) , but realized that the grant had little value unless it was supported by the Mexican and American governments . In Mexico , topographical officer George W. Hughes reported to Secretary of State John M. Clayton that a railroad across the isthmus was a `` feasible and practical '' idea . Clayton then instructed Robert P. Letcher , the minister to Mexico , to negotiate a treaty to protect Hargous ' rights . The United States ' proposal gave Mexicans a 20 % discount on shipping , guaranteed Mexican rights in the zone , allowed the United States to send in military if necessary , and gave the United States most - favored - nation status for Mexican cargo fees . This treaty , however , was never finalized . The Clayton -- Bulwer Treaty between the United States and Great Britain , which guaranteed the neutrality of any such canal , was finalized in April 1850 . Mexican negotiators refused the treaty because it would eliminate Mexico 's ability to play the US and Britain against each other . They eliminated the right of the United States to unilaterally intervene militarily . The United States Senate approved the treaty in early 1851 , but the Mexican Congress refused to accept the treaty . In the meantime , Hargous proceeded as if the treaty would be approved eventually . Judah P. Benjamin and a committee of New Orleans businessmen joined with Hargous and secured a charter from the Louisiana legislature to create the Tehuantepec Railroad Company . The new company sold stock and sent survey teams to Mexico . Hargous started to acquire land even after the Mexican legislature rejected the treaty , a move that led to the Mexicans canceling Hargous ' contract to use the right of way . Hargous put his losses at $5 million ( equivalent to $116 million in 2016 ) and asked the United States government to intervene . President Fillmore refused to do so . Mexico sold the canal franchise , without the land grants , to A.G. Sloo and Associates in New York for $600,000 ( equivalent to $14 million in 2016 ) . In March 1853 Sloo contracted with a British company to build a railroad and sought an exclusive contract from the new Franklin Pierce Administration to deliver mail from New York to San Francisco . However , Sloo soon defaulted on bank loans and the contract was sold back to Hargous . Pierce administration ( edit ) The Pierce administration , which took office in March 1853 , had a strong pro-southern , pro-expansion mindset . It sent Louisiana Senator Pierre Soulé to Spain to negotiate the acquisition of Cuba . Pierce appointed expansionists John Y. Mason of Virginia and Solon Borland of Arkansas as ministers , respectively , to France and Nicaragua . Pierce 's Secretary of War , Jefferson Davis , was already on record as favoring a southern route for a transcontinental railroad , so southern rail enthusiasts had every reason to be encouraged . The South as a whole , however , remained divided . In January 1853 Senator Thomas Jefferson Rusk of Texas introduced a bill to create two railroads , one with a northern route and one with a southern route starting below Memphis on the Mississippi River . Under the Rusk legislation , the President would be authorized to select the specific termini and routes as well as the contractors who would build the railroads . Some southerners , however , worried that northern and central interests would leap ahead in construction and opposed any direct aid to private developers on constitutional grounds . Other southerners preferred the isthmian proposals . An amendment was added to the Rusk bill to prohibit direct aid , but southerners still split their vote in Congress and the amendment failed . This rejection led to legislative demands , sponsored by William Gwin of California and Salmon P. Chase of Ohio and supported by the railroad interests , for new surveys for possible routes . Gwin expected that a southern route would be approved -- both Davis and Robert J. Walker , former secretary of the treasury , supported it . Both were stockholders in a Vicksburg - based railroad that planned to build a link to Texas to join up with the southern route . Davis argued that the southern route would have an important military application in the likely event of future troubles with Mexico . Gadsden and Santa Anna ( edit ) The Gadsden Purchase historical marker near Interstate 10 On March 21 , 1853 , a treaty initiated in the Fillmore administration , that would provide joint Mexican and United States protection for the Sloo grant was signed in Mexico . At the same time that this treaty was received in Washington , Pierce learned that New Mexico Territorial Governor William C. Lane had issued a proclamation claiming the Mesilla Valley as part of New Mexico , leading to protests from Mexico . Pierce was also aware of efforts by France , through its consul in San Francisco , to acquire the Mexican state of Sonora . Pierce recalled Lane in May and replaced him with David Meriwether of Kentucky . Meriwether was given orders to stay out of the Mesilla Valley until negotiations with Mexico could be completed . With the encouragement of Davis , Pierce also appointed James Gadsden to negotiate with Mexico over the acquisition of additional territory . Secretary of State William L. Marcy gave Gadsden clear instructions : he was to secure the Mesilla Valley for the purposes of building a railroad through it , convince Mexico that the US had done its best regarding the Indian raids , and elicit Mexican cooperation in efforts by US citizens to build a canal or railroad across the isthmus of Tehuantepec . Supporting the Sloo interests was not part of the instructions . The Mexican government was going through political and financial turmoil . In the process , Santa Anna had been returned to power about the same time that Pierce was inaugurated . Santa Anna was willing to deal because he needed money to rebuild the Mexican Army for defense against the United States , but he initially rejected the extension of the border further south to the Sierra Madre Mountains . He initially insisted on reparations for the damages caused by American Indian raids , but agreed to let an international tribunal resolve this . Gadsden realized that Santa Anna needed money and passed this information along to Secretary Marcy . Marcy and Pierce responded with new instructions . Gadsden was authorized to purchase any of six parcels of land with a price fixed for each . The price would include the settlement of all Indian damages and relieve the United States from any further obligation to protect Mexicans . $50 million ( equivalent to $1.2 billion in 2016 ) would have bought the Baja California Peninsula and a large portion of its northwestern Mexican states while $15 million ( equivalent to $350 million in 2016 ) was to buy the 38,000 square miles ( 98,000 km ) of desert necessary for the railroad plans . `` Gadsden 's antagonistic manner '' alienated Santa Anna . Gadsden had advised Santa Anna that `` the spirit of the age '' would soon lead the northern states to secede so he might as well sell them now . The Mexican President felt threatened by William Walker 's attempt to capture Baja California with 50 troops and annex Sonora . Gadsden disavowed any government backing of Walker , who was expelled by the U.S. and placed on trial as a criminal . Santa Anna worried that the US would allow further aggression against Mexican territory . Santa Anna needed to get as much money for as little territory as possible . When Great Britain rejected Mexican requests to assist in the negotiations , Santa Anna opted for the $15 million package ( equivalent to $325 million in 2016 ) . Ratification ( edit ) Pierce and his cabinet began debating the treaty in January 1854 . Although disappointed in the amount of territory secured and some of the terms , they submitted it to the Senate on February 10 . Gadsden , however , suggested that northern senators would block the treaty in order to deny the South a railroad . Although signed by Pierce and Santa Anna , the treaty needed a 2 / 3 vote in favor of ratification in the US Senate , where it met strong opposition . Antislavery senators opposed further acquisition of slave territory . Lobbying by speculators gave the treaty a bad reputation . Some senators objected to furnishing Santa Anna financial assistance . The treaty reached the Senate as that body focused on the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act . On April 17 , after much debate , the Senate voted 27 to 18 in favor of the treaty , falling three votes short of the necessary two - thirds required for treaty approval . After this defeat , Secretary Davis and southern senators pressed Pierce to add more provisions to the treaty including : protection for the Sloo grant ; a requirement that Mexico `` protect with its whole power the prosecution , preservation , and security of the work ( referring to the isthmian canal ) '' ; permission for the United States to intervene unilaterally `` when it may feel sanctioned and warranted by the public or international law '' ; and a reduction of the territory to be acquired by 9,000 square miles ( 23,000 km ) and dropping the price from $15 million ( equivalent to $325 million in 2016 ) to $10 million ( equivalent to $217 million in 2016 ) . This version of the treaty successfully passed the US Senate April 25 , 1854 , by a vote of 33 to 12 . The reduction in territory was an accommodation of northern senators who opposed the acquisition of additional slave territory . In the final vote , northerners split 12 to 12 . Gadsden took the revised treaty back to Santa Anna , who accepted the changes . The treaty went into effect June 30 , 1854 . While the land was available for construction of a southern railroad , the issue had become too strongly associated with the sectional debate over slavery to receive federal funding . Roberson wrote : The unfortunate debates in 1854 left an indelible mark on the course of national politics and the Pacific railroad for the remainder of the antebellum period . It was becoming increasingly difficult , if not outright impossible , to consider any proposal that could not somehow be construed as relating to slavery and , therefore , sectional issues . Although few people fully realized it at the close of 1854 , sectionalism had taken such a firm , unrelenting hold on the nation that completion of an antebellum Pacific railroad was prohibited . Money , interest , and enthusiasm were devoted to emotion - filled topics , not the Pacific railroad . -- Jere W. Roberson , The South and the Pacific Railroad , 1845 -- 1855 The effect was such that railroad development , which accelerated in the North , stagnated in the South . Post-ratification controversy ( edit ) As originally envisioned , the purchase would have encompassed a much larger region , extending far enough south to include most of the current Mexican states of Baja California , Baja California Sur , Coahuila , Chihuahua , Sonora , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas . The Mexican people opposed such boundaries , as did anti-slavery US Senators , who saw the purchase as acquisition of more slave territory . Even the sale of a relatively small strip of land angered the Mexican people , who saw Santa Anna 's actions as a betrayal of their country . They watched in dismay as he squandered the funds generated by the Purchase . Contemporary Mexican historians continue to view the deal negatively and believe that it has defined the American -- Mexican relationship in a deleterious way . The purchased lands were initially appended to the existing New Mexico Territory . To help control the new land , the US Army established Fort Buchanan on Sonoita Creek in present - day southern Arizona on November 17 , 1856 . The difficulty of governing the new areas from the territorial capital at Santa Fe led to efforts as early as 1856 to organize a new territory out of the southern portion . Many of the early settlers in the region were , however , pro-slavery and sympathetic to the South , resulting in an impasse in Congress as to how best to reorganize the territory . The shifting of the course of the Rio Grande would cause a later dispute over the boundary between Purchase lands and those of the state of Texas , known as the Country Club Dispute . Pursuant to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , the Gadsden Treaty and subsequent treaties , the International Boundary and Water Commission which was established in 1889 to maintain the border , and pursuant to still later treaties its duties expanded to allocation of river waters between the two nations , and providing for flood control and water sanitation . Once viewed as a model of international cooperation , in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism , by - passed by modern social , environmental and political issues . Growth of the region after 1854 ( edit ) Army control ( edit ) The residents of the area gained full US citizenship and slowly assimilated into American life over the next half - century . The principal threat to the peace and security of settlers and travelers in the area were raids by Apache Indians . The US Army took control of the purchase lands in 1854 but not until 1856 were troops stationed in the troubled region . In June 1857 it established Fort Buchanan south of the Gila at the head of the Sonoita Creek Valley . The fort protected the area until it was evacuated and destroyed in July 1861 . The new stability brought miners and ranchers . By the late 1850s mining camps and military posts had not only transformed the Arizona countryside ; they had also generated new trade linkages to the state of Sonora , Mexico . Magdalena , Sonora , became a supply center for Tubac , wheat from nearby Cucurpe fed the troops at Fort Buchanan , and the town of Santa Cruz sustained the Mowry mines , just miles to the north . Civil War ( edit ) In 1861 , during the American Civil War , the Confederate States of America formed the Confederate Territory of Arizona , including in the new territory mainly areas acquired by the Gadsden Purchase . In 1863 , using a north - to - south dividing line , the Union created its own Arizona Territory out of the western half of the New Mexico Territory . The new American Arizona Territory also included most of the lands acquired in the Gadsden Purchase . This territory would be admitted into the Union as the State of Arizona on February 14 , 1912 , the last area of the Lower 48 States to receive statehood . Social development ( edit ) After the Gadsden Purchase , southern Arizona 's social elite , including the Estevan Ochoa , Mariano Samaniego , and Leopoldo Carillo families , remained primarily Mexican American until the coming of the railroad in the 1880s . When the Sonora Exploring and Mining Company opened silver mines in southern Arizona , it sought to employ educated , middle - class Americans who shared a work ethic and leadership abilities to operate the mines . A biographical analysis of some 200 of its employees , classed as capitalists , managers , laborers , and general service personnel , reveals that the resulting work force included Europeans , Americans , Mexicans , and Indians . This mixture failed to stabilize the remote area , which lacked formal social , political , and economic organization in the years from the Gadsden Purchase to the Civil War . Economic development ( edit ) From the late 1840s into the 1870s , Texas stockmen drove their beef cattle through southern Arizona on the Texas -- California trail . Texans were impressed with the grazing possibilities offered by the Gadsden Purchase country of Arizona . In the last third of the century , they moved their herds into Arizona and established the range cattle industry there . The Texans contributed their proven range methods to the new grass country of Arizona , but also brought their problems as well . Texas rustlers brought lawlessness , poor management resulted in overstocking , and carelessness introduced destructive diseases . But these difficulties did force laws and associations in Arizona to curb and resolve them . The Anglo - American cattleman frontier in Arizona was an extension of the Texas experience . When the Arizona Territory was formed in 1863 from the southern portion of the New Mexico Territory , Pima County and later Cochise County -- created from the easternmost portion of Pima County in January 1881 -- were subject to ongoing border - related conflicts . The area was characterized by rapidly growing boom towns , ongoing Apache raids , smuggling and cattle rustling across the United States - Mexico border , growing ranching operations , and the expansion of new technologies in mining , railroading , and telecommunications . In the 1860s conflict between the Apaches and the Americans was at its height . Until 1886 , almost constant warfare existed in the region adjacent to the Mexican border . The illegal cattle operations kept beef prices in the border region lower and provided cheap stock that helped small ranchers get by . Many early Tombstone residents looked the other way when it was `` only Mexicans '' being robbed . Outlaws derisively called `` The Cowboys '' frequently robbed stagecoaches and brazenly stole cattle in broad daylight , scaring off the legitimate cowboys watching the herds . Bandits used the border between the United States and Mexico to raid across in one direction and take sanctuary in the other . In December 1878 , and again the next year , Mexican authorities complained about the `` Cowboy '' outlaws who stole Mexican beef and resold it in Arizona . The Arizona Citizen reported that both U.S. and Mexican bandits were stealing horses from the Santa Cruz Valley and selling them in Sonora . Arizona Territorial Governor Frémont investigated the Mexican government 's allegations and accused them in turn of allowing outlaws to use Sonora as a base of operations for raiding into Arizona . In the 1870s and 1880s there was considerable tension in the region -- between the rural residents , who were for the most part Democrats from the agricultural South , and town residents and business owners , who were largely Republicans from the industrial Northeast and Midwest . The tension culminated in what has been called the Cochise County feud , and the Earp - Clanton feud , which ended with the historic Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and Wyatt Earp 's Vendetta Ride . Railroad development ( edit ) Gadsden Purchase The Southern Pacific Railroad from Los Angeles reached Yuma , Arizona , in 1877 , Tucson in March 1880 , El Paso in May 1881 , and thus completed the second transcontinental railroad in December 1881 . The portion in Arizona was originally largely in the Gadsden Purchase but the western part was later rerouted north of the Gila River to serve the city of Phoenix . The portion in New Mexico runs largely through the territory that had been disputed between Mexico and the United States after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had gone into effect , and before the time of the Gadsden Purchase . The Santa Fe Railroad Company also completed a railroad across Northern Arizona , via Prescott , Winslow , Flagstaff and Kingman in August 1883 . The remainder of the Gila Valley pre-Purchase border area was traversed by the Arizona Eastern Railway by 1899 and the Copper Basin Railway by 1904 . Excluded was a 20 - mile ( 32 km ) section 33 ° 06 ′ N 110 ° 36 ′ W / 33.1 ° N 110.6 ° W / 33.1 ; - 110.6 in the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation , from today 's San Carlos Lake to Winkelman at the mouth of the San Pedro River , including the Needle 's Eye Wilderness . The section of US Highway 60 about 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the northwest , between Superior and Miami via Top - of - the - World , takes an alternate route ( 17.4 road miles ) between the Magma Arizona Railroad and the Arizona Eastern Railway railheads on each side of this gap . This highway is well north of the Gadsden Purchase . Given the elevations of those three places , at least a 3 % grade would have been required . Population ( edit ) Sunland Park ( pop . 13,309 in 2000 ) , a suburb of El Paso , Texas , in Doña Ana County , New Mexico , is the largest community of New Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase . Lordsburg , New Mexico ( pop . 3,379 in 2000 ) , the county seat of Hidalgo County , was in the disputed area before the Gadsden Purchase , and Deming , New Mexico , the county seat of Luna County , was north of both the Mexican and American land claims before the Gadsden Purchase , though the proposed Bartlett -- Conde compromise of 1851 would have left it in Mexico . The boundaries of most counties in Arizona do not follow the northern boundary of the Gadsden Purchase , but six counties in Arizona do have most of their populations within the land of the Gadsden Purchase . Four of these also contain areas north of the Gadsden Purchase , but these areas do have low population densities , with the exception of northeastern Pinal County , Arizona , including the towns of Apache Junction and Florence . Maricopa County also extends south into the area of the Gadsden Purchase , but this area is also thinly populated . Tucson is the largest city in the Gadsden Purchase . County Seat Pop . Area ( mi2 ) Cochise Bisbee 131,346 6,219 Graham Safford 37,220 4,641 Pima Tucson 980,263 9,189 Pinal Florence 375,770 5,374 Santa Cruz Nogales 47,420 1,238 Yuma Yuma 195,751 5,519 Total 1,767,770 32,180 The northmost point of the Gadsden Purchase , and also along the American -- Mexican border during the period of 1848 -- 53 , is at approximately 33 ° 23 ′ 30 '' N 112 ° 23 ′ 0 '' W / 33.39167 ° N 112.38333 ° W / 33.39167 ; - 112.38333 in the town of Goodyear , Arizona , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) southwest of Phoenix . Cost ( edit ) David R. Barker of the University of Iowa estimated in 2009 that the Gadsden Purchase was likely not profitable for the United States . The region produces little tax revenue ; most mines are on Indian reservations which receive all royalties . The federal government spent much money during the 19th century to defend the territory from Apaches that would not have been necessary without the purchase . References in popular Culture ( edit ) The consequences the Gadsden Purchase brought to Mexicans and Native Americans living in the region form the background of the story in the film Conquest of Cochise ( Columbia , 1953 ) . The United States Post Office Department issued a postage stamp commemorating the Gadsden Purchase on December 30 , 1953 . See also ( edit ) Butterfield Overland Mail Historic regions of the United States Mexico -- United States border Republic of Sonora Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Purchase treaty defines the new border as `` up the middle of that river to the point where the parallel of 31 ° 47 ' north latitude crosses the same 31 ° 47 ′ 0 '' N 106 ° 31 ′ 41.5 '' W / 31.78333 ° N 106.528194 ° W / 31.78333 ; - 106.528194 ; thence due west one hundred miles ; thence south to the rallel of 31 ° 20 ' north latitude ; thence along the said parallel of 31 ° 20 ' to the 111th meridian of longitude west of Greenwich 31 ° 20 ′ N 111 ° 0 ′ W / 31.333 ° N 111.000 ° W / 31.333 ; - 111.000 ; thence in a straight line to a point on the Colorado River twenty English miles below the junction of the Gila and Colorado rivers ; thence up the middle of the said Colorado river until it intersects the present line between the United States and Mexico `` . The new border included a few miles of the Colorado River at the western end ; the remaining land portion consisted of line segments between points , including 32 ° 29 ′ 38 '' N 114 ° 48 ′ 47 '' W / 32.49399 ° N 114.813043 ° W / 32.49399 ; - 114.813043 at the Colorado River , west of Nogales at 31 ° 19 ′ 56 '' N 111 ° 04 ′ 27 '' W / 31.33214 ° N 111.07423 ° W / 31.33214 ; - 111.07423 , near Arizona - New Mexico - Mexico tripoint at 31 ° 19 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 03 ′ 02 '' W / 31.332099 ° N 109.05047 ° W / 31.332099 ; - 109.05047 , the eastern corners of the New Mexico southern boot heel ( Hidalgo County ) at 31 ° 47 ′ 02 '' N 108 ° 12 ′ 31 '' W / 31.78378 ° N 108.20854 ° W / 31.78378 ; - 108.20854 , and the west bank of the Rio Grande river at 31 ° 47 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 31 ′ 43 '' W / 31.78377 ° N 106.52864 ° W / 31.78377 ; - 106.52864 . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pierce , Franklin & Marcy , William L. ( December 30 , 1853 ) . `` Gadsden Purchase Treaty '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 -- via The Avalon Project , Yale University . ^ Jump up to : Ibarra , Ignacio ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` Land sale still thorn to Mexico : Historians say United States imperialism behind treaty '' . Arizona Daily Star . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deeds , Susan M. ( 1996 ) . `` Gadsden Purchase '' . Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture . Vol. 3 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Nevins ( 1947 ) , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ Gadsden Purchase , 1853 -- 1854 U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , pp. 163 -- 164 Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Richards ( 2007 ) , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Richards ( 2007 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Richards ( 2007 ) , p ... 127 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 487 ; Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 487 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Griswold del Castillo , Richard ( 1990 ) . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo : A Legacy of Conflict . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2240 - 3 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , pp. 491 -- 492 ; Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 492 . ^ Jump up to : Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 182 ; Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 493 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , pp. 493 -- 494 ; Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 494 . Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , pp. 494 -- 495 . Jump up ^ Nevins ( 1947 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Mauck , Jeffrey Gordon ( 1991 ) . The Gadsden Treaty : The Diplomacy of Transcontinental Transportation ( PhD dissertation ) . Indiana University . DAI 1992 52 ( 9 ) : 3405 - A. DA9205951 . Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , pp. 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 172 ; Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Nichols ( 1969 ) , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Nichols ( 1969 ) , p. 266 ; Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 496 ; Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Kluger ( 2007 ) , pp. 497 -- 498 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , pp. 498 -- 499 . Jump up ^ Nichols ( 1969 ) , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Railroad : Southern Plan '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . April 25 , 1854 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Potter , David N. ( 1977 ) . The Impending Crisis 1848 -- 1861 . New York : Harper Torchbooks . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 131929 - 7 . Jump up ^ Garber , Paul Neff ( 1923 ) . The Gadsden Treaty ( Thesis ) . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ Roberson ( 1974 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Kluger ( 2007 ) , p. 504 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Robert J. ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Adaptive Treaty Interpretation , and the International Boundary and Water Commission '' . Water Law Review . SSRN 1839903 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Marcy Gail ( 1977 ) . Americanization and Mexicanization : The Mexican Elite and Anglo - Americans in the Gadsden Purchase Lands , 1853 -- 1880 ( PhD dissertation ) . Case Western Reserve University . DAI 1977 38 ( 3 ) : 1572 - 1573 - A . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ben ( 1965 ) . `` The Origins of Fort Buchanan : Myth and Fact '' . Arizona and the West . Vol. 7 no . 3 . pp. 207 -- 226 . ISSN 0004 - 1408 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Thomas E. ( 1984 ) . `` Peacock in the Parlor : Frontier Tucson 's Mexican Elite '' . Journal of Arizona History . Vol. 25 no . 3 . pp. 245 -- 264 . ISSN 0021 - 9053 . Jump up ^ North , Diane ( 1984 ) . `` ' A Real Class of People ' in Arizona : a Biographical Analysis of the Sonora Exploring and Mining Company , 1856 -- 1863 '' . Arizona and the West . Vol. 26 no . 3 . pp. 261 -- 274 . ISSN 0004 - 1408 . Jump up ^ Wilson , James A. ( 1967 ) . `` West Texas Influence on the Early Cattle Industry of Arizona '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . Vol. 71 no . 1 . pp. 26 -- 36 . ISSN 0038 - 478X . Jump up ^ `` History of Old Tombstone '' . Discover Arizona . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstones O.K. Corral 2 '' . The Old West History Net . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ball , Larry D. ( Autumn 1973 ) . `` Pioneer Lawman : Crawley P. Dake and Law Enforcement on the Southwestern Frontier '' . The Journal of Arizona History . Vol. 14 no . 3 . Arizona Historical Society . pp. 243 -- 256 . JSTOR 41695121 . Jump up ^ Devine , David ( 2004 ) . Slavery , Scandal , and Steel Rails : The 1854 Gadsden Purchase and the Building of the Second Transcontinental Railroad Across Arizona and New Mexico Twenty - Five Years Later . New York : iUniverse . Jump up ^ `` Second Transcontinental Line brings competition '' . Railswest.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , Marc ( 2002 ) . Railroads of Arizona ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Scale not given . Chandler : Arizona Railway Museum . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeskMap Systems ( 2005 ) . Arizona Eastern Railway ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Scale not given . Austin , TX : DeskMapSystems . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/20/20_p0040_p0055.pdf Jump up ^ `` Researcher 's analysis shows buying Alaska no sweet deal for American taxpayers '' ( Press release ) . University of Iowa . 2009 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Gasden Purchase '' . U.S. Stamp Gallery . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Works cited ( edit ) Kluger , Richard ( 2007 ) . Seizing Destiny : How America Grew From Sea to Shining Sea . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41341 - 4 . Nevins , Allan ( 1947 ) . Ordeal of the Union : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 . SBN 684 - 10424 - 5 . Nichols , Roy Franklin ( 1969 ) . Franklin Pierce : Young Hickory of the Granite Hills ( 2nd ed . ) . SBN 8122 - 7044 - 4 . Richards , Leonard L. ( 2007 ) . The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 307 - 26520 - X . Roberson , Jere W. ( April 1974 ) . `` The South and the Pacific Railroad , 1845 -- 1855 '' . The Western Historical Quarterly . Vol. 5 no . 2 . pp. 163 -- 186 . JSTOR 967035 . Further reading ( edit ) Terrazas , Marcela ( 2001 ) . `` The Regional Conflict , the Contractors , and the Construction Projects of a Road to the Pacific at the End of the War Between Mexico and the United States '' . Journal of Popular Culture . Vol. 35 no . 2 . pp. 161 -- 169 . ISSN 0022 - 3840 . stresses railroad speculation and corruption themes Truett , Samuel ( 2004 ) . `` The Ghosts of Frontiers Past : Making and Unmaking Space in the Borderlands '' . Journal of the Southwest . Vol. 46 no . 2 . pp. 309 + -- via Questia . Vázquez , Josefina Z . & Meyer , Lorenzo ( 1985 ) . The United States and Mexico . External links ( edit ) US Geological Survey USGS Public Lands Survey Map including survey township ( 6 mile ) lines . Map of proposed Arizona Territory . From explorations by A.B. Gray & others , to accompany memoir by Lieut . Mowry U.S. Army , Delegate elect . with some proposed railroad routes Medium - sized JPG Zoom navigator National Park Service Map including route of the Southern Pacific railroad finally built in the 1880s . Gadsden Purchase , 1853 -- 1854 , Office of the Historian , US Department of State 3 - cent commemorative stamp showing small version of northeast boundary of Purchase -- i.e. claiming more territory for US pre-Purchase . `` Gadsden Purchase , The '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1906 . Map of North America at the time of the Gadsden Purchase at omniatlas.com <Th_colspan="3"> hide Territorial expansion of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Concept : Manifest destiny Coordinates : 32 ° 07 ′ 54 '' N 110 ° 33 ′ 13 '' W / 32.1318 ° N 110.5535 ° W / 32.1318 ; - 110.5535 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadsden_Purchase&oldid=846302466 '' Categories : 1853 treaties History of the American West 1853 in Mexico 1853 in the United States History of United States expansionism Independent Mexico Mexico -- United States border New Mexico Territory Pre-statehood history of Arizona Treaties involving territorial changes Presidency of Franklin Pierce Purchased territories Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 20 : 53 . 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1. Gadsden Purchase
2. Southern route for the Transcontinental Railroad
3. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
4. Land grants for railroad construction
5. Mexican-American War
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6,736,627,038,987,538,000 |
where did le tour de france start 2018
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2018 Tour de France - Wikipedia 2018 Tour de France 2018 Tour de France <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 UCI World Tour , race 25 of 37 <Td_colspan="2"> Route of the 2018 Tour de France <Th_colspan="2"> Race details Dates 7 -- 29 July Stages 21 Distance 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Winning time 83h 17 ' 13 '' <Th_colspan="2"> Results <Td_colspan="2"> Winner Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) Second Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) ( Team Sunweb ) Third Chris Froome ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) <Th_colspan="4"> Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) Mountains Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) ( Quick - Step Floors ) Youth Pierre Latour ( FRA ) ( AG2R La Mondiale ) Combativity Dan Martin ( IRL ) ( UAE Team Emirates ) Team Movistar Team <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Tour de France was the 105th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's three Grand Tours . The 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) race started from Noirmoutier - en - l'Île , in the Vendée department , on 7 July and concluded with the Champs - Élysées stage in Paris , on 29 July . A total of 176 riders across 22 teams were participating in the 21 - stage race . The Tour was the shortest of the millennium and was the fifth time a tour had set out from Vendée . The race was won for the first time by Geraint Thomas of Team Sky . Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) placed second , with Thomas ' teammate and four - time Tour champion Chris Froome coming third . The opening stage was won by Fernando Gaviria of Quick - Step Floors , who became the Tour 's first rider to wear the general classification leader 's yellow jersey . Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) then took the race lead the following stage . BMC Racing Team won stage three 's team time trial , putting their rider Greg Van Avermaet in yellow . He held the jersey for eight days until the second high mountain stage , where stage winner Thomas took the lead . He held it for the rest of the race to become the first Welshman to win the overall race . As a result , Team Sky -- and additionally British riders -- won six of the previous seven Tours dating back to 2012 . Sagan won the points classification for the sixth time , Julian Alaphilippe ( Quick - Step Floors ) won the mountains classification , and Pierre Latour of AG2R La Mondiale won the young rider classification . Movistar Team won the team classification , and UAE Team Emirates rider Dan Martin was named the most combative for the entire race . Contents 1 Teams 2 Pre-race favourites 2.1 Froome 2.2 Others 3 Route and stages 4 Race overview 5 Classification leadership 6 Final standings 6.1 General classification 6.2 Points classification 6.3 Mountains classification 6.4 Young rider classification 6.5 Team classification 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 References 8.3 Sources 9 External links Teams ( edit ) Main article : List of teams and cyclists in the 2018 Tour de France The Place Napoléon ( fr ) square in La Roche - sur - Yon , hosted the team presentation ceremony on 5 July . The 18 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited to the race . On 6 January 2018 , organisers of the Tour , the Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) , announced the four second - tier UCI Professional Continental teams that received a wildcard invitation to participate in the event . The four teams were Cofidis , Direct Énergie , Fortuneo -- Samsic , from France and Belgium 's Wanty -- Groupe Gobert , all of which have participated in the race before . This meant that new French team Vital Concept , with their team leader , sprinter Bryan Coquard , missed out on the race . Christian Prudhomme wished the team the best in their inaugural season . The presentation of the teams -- where the members of each team 's roster are introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries -- took place on Place Napoleon ( fr ) in the town of La Roche - sur - Yon on 5 July , two days before the opening stage . New rules by the cycling 's governing body , the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) reduced the number of riders per team for Grand Tours from 9 to 8 , resulting in a start list total of 176 , instead of the usual 198 . Of these , 35 competed in their first Tour de France . The total number of riders that finished the race was 145 . The riders came from 30 countries . Seven countries had more than 10 riders in the race : France ( 35 ) , Belgium ( 19 ) , the Netherlands ( 13 ) , Italy ( 13 ) , Australia ( 11 ) , Germany ( 11 ) and Spain ( 11 ) . The average age of riders in the race was 29.37 years , ranging from the 21 - year - old Egan Bernal ( Team Sky ) to the 40 - year - old Franco Pellizotti ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . Groupama -- FDJ had the youngest average age while Bahrain -- Merida had the oldest . The teams entering the race were : UCI WorldTeams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale Team Dimension Data Groupama -- FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin LottoNL -- Jumbo Lotto -- Soudal Movistar Team Mitchelton -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates UCI Professional Continental teams Cofidis Direct Énergie Fortuneo -- Samsic Wanty -- Groupe Gobert Pre-race favourites ( edit ) Froome ( edit ) Defending champion Chris Froome ( pictured at the 2017 Tour de France ) had been considered the favourite for the general classification . Defending champion Chris Froome ( Team Sky ) had generally been considered the main favourite for the general classification . He had won four out of the last five editions , and was also the current defending champion at both other Grand Tours , the Vuelta a España and the Giro d'Italia . However , Froome 's participation was cast into doubt when he returned a urine sample at the 2017 Vuelta a España , which contained twice the allowed amount of the asthma drug salbutamol . This was considered not as a positive doping result , but as an `` Adverse Analytical Finding '' ( AAF ) , meaning that he was allowed to continue racing until the case was resolved . He did however face the possibility of losing his Vuelta victory and all subsequent results . The ASO were unhappy with the situation , which was very similar to that of Alberto Contador , who started the 2011 Tour with his case over a positive test for clenbuterol still unresolved . The UCI conducted an investigation into the AAF , which was still unresolved at the time that Froome won the 2018 Giro d'Italia . With an outcome before the start of the Tour unlikely , the ASO attempted to bar Froome from starting the race , citing article 28 of the race 's rules , saying that the organiser `` expressly reserves the right to refuse participation in -- or to exclude from -- the event , a team or any of its members whose presence would be such as to damage the image or reputation of ASO or the event '' . Froome was cleared by the UCI on 2 July 2018 , with a press statement reading that the authorities had found sufficient evidence `` that Mr Froome 's sample results do not constitute an AAF '' . He was thereafter cleared to start the Tour by the ASO as well . Others ( edit ) The closest rivals of Froome were thought to be Richie Porte ( BMC Racing Team ) , Nairo Quintana , Mikel Landa ( both of Movistar Team ) , Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) , and Vincenzo Nibali ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Geraint Thomas ( Team Sky ) , Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Primož Roglič ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Adam Yates ( Mitchelton -- BikeExchange ) , Jakob Fuglsang ( Astana ) , Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , Rigoberto Urán ( EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale ) , Dan Martin ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Bob Jungels ( Quick - Step Floors ) and Ilnur Zakarin ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) . The sprinters considered favourites for the points classification and wins on the flat or hilly bunch sprint finishes were Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) , Fernando Gaviria ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Dylan Groenewegen ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) , Marcel Kittel ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) , Michael Matthews ( Team Sunweb ) , Mark Cavendish ( Team Dimension Data ) , André Greipel ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Alexander Kristoff ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Sonny Colbrelli ( Bahrain -- Merida ) and John Degenkolb ( Trek -- Segafredo ) . Route and stages ( edit ) The highest point of elevation in the race was the Col de Portet Pyrenean pass , at 2,215 m ( 7,267 ft ) . It was used for the first time in the Tour de France . On 12 February 2017 at a rugby union match between France and Scotland at the Stade de France , the Tour 's race director Christian Prudhomme announced the start of the 2018 Tour ( known as the Grand Départ ) would be in the Vendée department , in the Pays de la Loire region . The departments in the Pays de la Loire region hosted the Tour de France in its first edition back in 1903 . Since then , the cities and towns of the Pays de la Loire region have welcomed the Grand Départ of the Tour de France nine times , five of which have set out from the Vendée . The last time the region hosted the Tour was in 2011 . Two weeks after the announcement , the ASO revealed that the Grand Départ would take place over three stages , with the third a team time trial . In June 2017 , the UCI 's Professional Cycling Council ( PCC ) moved the start of the Tour a week later than usual and originally planned due to a clash with the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The full route was announced on 17 October 2017 ; it was almost completely within France , with short deviations into Spain in the Pyrenees were the only exceptions . It would feature two of the Tour 's most historic climbs , Alpe d'Huez and the Col de Tourmalet , which last featured in 2015 and 2016 respectively . For the first time in 60 to 70 years , it included a section of unpaved roads on the Glières Plateau . Of the route , Mark Cavendish labelled it `` absolutely brutal '' . There were 21 stages in the race , covering a total distance of 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) , the shortest of the 21st century . The race also included 21.7 km ( 13.5 mi ) of cobblestones ( or pavés ) in stage 9 , which were last featured in 2015 . In the first week of the race , two laps of the short , but steep , Mûr - de-Bretagne were included . Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance <Th_colspan="2"> Stage type Winner leader of the GC 7 July Noirmoutier - en - l'Île to Fontenay - le - Comte 201 km ( 125 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) Fernando Gaviria 8 July Mouilleron - Saint - Germain to La Roche - sur - Yon 182.5 km ( 113 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Peter Sagan 9 July Cholet to Cholet 35.5 km ( 22 mi ) Team time trial BMC Racing Team ( CHE ) Greg van Avermaet 10 July La Baule to Sarzeau 195 km ( 121 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) 5 11 July Lorient to Quimper 204.5 km ( 127 mi ) Medium mountain Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 6 12 July Brest to Mûr - de-Bretagne 181 km ( 112 mi ) Medium mountain Dan Martin ( IRL ) 7 13 July Fougères to Chartres 231 km ( 144 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 8 14 July Dreux to Amiens 181 km ( 112 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 9 15 July Arras to Roubaix 156.5 km ( 97 mi ) 20px Cobbled Stage John Degenkolb ( GER ) 16 July <Td_colspan="2"> Annecy <Td_colspan="4"> Rest day 10 17 July Annecy to Le Grand - Bornand 158.5 km ( 98 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Greg van Avermaet 11 18 July Albertville to La Rosière 108.5 km ( 67 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Geraint Thomas 12 19 July Bourg - Saint - Maurice to Alpe d'Huez 175.5 km ( 109 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) 13 20 July Le Bourg - d'Oisans to Valence 169.5 km ( 105 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 14 21 July Saint - Paul - Trois - Châteaux to Mende 188 km ( 117 mi ) Medium mountain Omar Fraile ( ESP ) 15 22 July Millau to Carcassonne 181.5 km ( 113 mi ) Medium mountain Magnus Cort Nielsen ( DNK ) 23 July <Td_colspan="2"> Carcassonne <Td_colspan="4"> Rest day 16 24 July Carcassonne to Bagnères - de-Luchon 218 km ( 135 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Geraint Thomas 17 25 July Bagnères - de-Luchon to Saint - Lary - Soulan ( Col de Portet ) 65 km ( 40 mi ) High mountain Nairo Quintana ( COL ) 18 26 July Trie - sur - Baïse to Pau 171 km ( 106 mi ) Flat Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) 19 27 July Lourdes to Laruns 200.5 km ( 125 mi ) High mountain Primož Roglič ( SLO ) 20 28 July Saint - Pée - sur - Nivelle to Espelette 31 km ( 19 mi ) Individual time trial Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) 21 29 July Houilles to Paris ( Champs - Élysées ) 116 km ( 72 mi ) Flat Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) <Td_colspan="2"> Total <Td_colspan="4"> 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Race overview ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 Tour de France , Stage 1 to Stage 11 and 2018 Tour de France , Stage 12 to Stage 21 The peloton during the finale of the sixth stage Stage one 's bunch sprint was won by Tour debutant Fernando Gaviria , with Peter Sagan coming in second and Marcel Kittel in third . Gaviria took the yellow and green jerseys as the leader of the general and points classifications respectively . Kévin Ledanois ( Fortuneo -- Samsic ) took the first polka dot jersey as the leader of the mountains classification . Sagan won stage two from a sprint to take the yellow and green jerseys , with Dion Smith of Wanty -- Groupe Gobert claiming the polka . Stage three 's team time trial was won by BMC Racing Team whose riders Tejay van Garderen and Greg Van Avermaet became tied for the overall lead , with Van Avermaet moving into yellow for the second time in his career due to him crossing the finish line ahead of Van Garderen in the first two stages being as there was not yet an individual time trial to measure their times down to the 1000th of a second . Stage four was won by Gaviria from a bunch sprint . Sagan further extend his lead in the points competition by winning stage five . Also in stage five , Toms Skujiņš of Trek -- Segafredo won the mountains points which gave him the polka . Skujins became the first rider from Latvia to ever lead the mountains classification . Stage six was a sprint that Sagan and John Degenkolb raced for , seeing as virtually all of the top sprinters finished close to fifteen minutes behind the general classification contenders . Team Sky , BMC Racing Team , and Movistar Team controlled the peloton , where Geraint Thomas reeled in the final breakaway rider and won the three second time bonus sprint that put him back only three seconds behind Van Avermaet in the general classification . With only about a kilometre to go Dan Martin attacked and was able to stay away and win the stage one second ahead of the bulk of the general classification contenders . Romain Bardet and Tom Dumoulin suffered mechanical issues late in the stage which made them lose time . Stage seven was the longest stage . At the start of stage seven , Van Avermaet remained in the yellow jersey with Thomas in second at three seconds behind . The stage was won by Dylan Groenewegen . There were multiple crashes in the first week of the tour and after stage seven , six riders had abandoned the race for various reasons including the promising young Belgian Tiesj Benoot ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Luis León Sánchez ( Astana ) , and the green jersey winner of the 2017 Tour Michael Matthews . This marked the end of the first week of the tour . Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) wearing the race leader 's yellow on one of stage nine 's pavé sectors . He held the jersey from stage three to ten . Groenewegen then won his second sprint stage in a row . Notably , Greipel and Gaviria were penalized for headbutting each other and lost their placing and green jersey points . Martin lost more than a minute after being involved in a crash during the stage . Van Avermaet improved his lead in the general classification after earning a single second in the bonus sprint . Stage nine was the cobblestone stage that was a bad day for numerous sprinters and general classification riders . Richie Porte abandoned after a crash for the second year in a row . Egan Bernal , Jakob Fuglsang , Chris Froome , and Mikel Landa crashed as did many other riders ; many riders had flat tires as well , including Bardet who got three of them . Meanwhile , Yves Lampaert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Degenkolb , and Van Avermaet survived the carnage going on around them to escape the remaining peloton and cross the finish together with Degenkolb winning his first Tour stage , as Van Avermaet gained time as well as another time bonus to extend his lead in the yellow jersey . The following day was the Tour 's first rest day . The first stage at high altitude and first in the Alps , the tenth , was won by Quick - Step Floors rider Julian Alaphilippe from a large breakaway that included race leader Van Avermaet . Eventually , Alaphillipe attacked and won his first Tour stage while Van Avermaet retained his yellow jersey and extended his lead to nearly two and a half minutes , when many people thought he would not be retaining it . Alaphillipe also took the mountains classification . Thomas achieved back - to - back summit finish wins both from the group of favourites on stages eleven and twelve by pushing the breakaway riders until the very end . In the steep finish of the eleventh , Thomas attacked in the final kilometre and passed lone breakaway rider Mikel Nieve ( Mitchelton -- Scott ) to take the win . He won stage twelve from a sprint on flat finish atop Alpe d'Huez . Dumoulin and Froome arose as the likely contenders in Paris . Sagan won stage thirteen after coming out of nowhere while Kristoff and Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) dueled it out . In stage fourteen , Omar Fraile of Astana came out of the breakaway and remarkably opened a twenty - minute gap to the main peloton with the yellow jersey contenders . After the Alps , it was basically down to three riders in contention , Thomas , Froome , and Dumoulin . There were many withdrawals after the Alps after names like Kittel , Mark Cavendish , Rigoberto Uran , Gaviria , Groenewegen , and Andre Griepel withdrew for various reasons . Vincenzo Nibali was forced to withdraw after fracturing a vertebrae in his back after being involved in an accident with a spectator near the summit of Alpe d'huez . Smoke from flares and animosity towards Froome were a factor and better security was called for by many people for the final week . Tom Dumoulin of Team Sunweb ( left ) placed second to Team Sky 's Geraint Thomas ( right ) ( pictured on stage nineteen ) in the final general classification . Stage fifteen , the start of the final week , was once again a breakaway victory . Magnus Cort took Astana 's second win in two days as there were no major changes overall . The next day was the second rest day of the race . Stage sixteen had a further incident when the police used tear gas against a protest by local farmers who had placed hay bales on the road . As the riders passed that point , there was still gas in the air . The race was neutralized for about fifteen minutes because several riders had problems with their eyes and had to rinse them . After the restart , a large breakaway escaped and Philippe Gilbert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , while in the lead on a descent , lost control of his bike and smashed into and over the wall . Later , Adam Yates , having taken the lead , fell on the final descent and handed the position and win to Alaphilippe , giving him his second stage win of the tour . On the first of the three Pyrenan stages , seventeen , Froome 's challenge faded on the approach to the summit of the Col de Portet and he dropped to third position in the general classification , 2 : 31 behind Thomas . Dumoulin moved into second place , 1 : 59 off the lead . Nairo Quintana won the stage after attacking at the bottom of the final climb , moving himself up to fifth overall , behind Primož Roglič . The flat stage eighteen was won by Demare from a sprint finish ; by now most of the top sprint had now left the race and Sagan was suffering with injury . On the mountainous stage nineteen from Lourdes to Laruns , Roglič attacked on the final climb , the Col d'Aubisque , and soloed to the finish nineteen seconds ahead of the chasing group of overall favourites . Thomas was able to consolidate his position in the yellow jersey by picking up six bonus seconds in the sprint thereby extending his lead over Dumoulin to 2 min 5 s . The penultimate stage was a 31 km ( 19.3 mi ) time trial , Dumoulin won the stage , one second ahead of Froome . Thomas survived a scare when his back wheel locked , but completed the time trial successfully , finishing fourteen seconds behind Dumoulin taking a lead of 1 min 51 s into the final stage . The stage was won by Kristoff in a bunch sprint on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . Classification leadership ( edit ) Four main individual classifications were contested in the 2018 Tour de France , as well as a team competition . The most important was the general classification , calculated by adding each rider 's finishing times on each stage . Time bonuses were awarded at the end of every stage apart from the time trial stages . The first three riders would get 10 , 6 , and 4 seconds , respectively . Time bonuses of three , two and one seconds , would be given to the first three riders to cross a `` bonus point '' in each of the first nine mass - start stages of the race . It would affect the general classification , but not the points . For crashes within the final 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) of a stage , not including time trials and summit finishes , any rider involved would receive the same time as the group he was in when the crash occurred . The rider with the lowest cumulative time would be the winner of the general classification and the overall winner of the Tour . The rider leading the classification would wear a yellow jersey . Points classification points for the top 15 positions by type <Th_colspan="2"> Type 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Flat stage 50 30 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 Medium mountain stage 30 25 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 High mountain stage 20 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Individual time trial Intermediate sprint The second classification was the points classification . Riders received points for finishing among the highest placed in a stage finish , or in intermediate sprints during the stage . The points available for each stage finish were determined by the stage 's type . The leader was identified by a green jersey . The third classification was the mountains classification . Points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit of the most difficult climbs first . The climbs were categorized , in order of increasing difficulty , as fourth - , third - , second - , and first - category and hors catégorie ( read : `` beyond category '' ) . Double points were awarded at the top of the last mountains in the three mountain stages in the Pyrenees ( 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The leader wore a white jersey with red polka dots . The final individual classification was the young rider classification . This was calculated the same way as the general classification , but was restricted to riders born on or after 1 January 1993 . The leader wears a white jersey . The final classification was a team classification . This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage ; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time . The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie . The riders in the team that lead this classification are identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets . In addition , there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered , by a jury , to have `` made the greatest effort and who demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship '' . No combativity awards are given for the time trials and the final stage . The winner wore a red number bib the following stage . At the conclusion of the Tour , a rider would win the overall super-combativity award which was , again , awarded by a jury . A total of € 2,287,750 was awarded in cash prizes in the race . The overall winner of the general classification received € 500,000 , with the second and third placed riders getting € 200,000 and € 100,000 respectively . All finishers in the top 160 were awarded money . The holders of the classifications would benefit on each stage they led ; the final winners of the points and mountains would be given € 25,000 , while the best young rider and most combative rider would get € 20,000 . The team classification winners was given € 50,000 . € 11,000 was given to the winners of each stage of the race , with smaller amounts given to places 2 -- 20 . There were also two special awards each with a prize of € 5000 . The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , given to first rider to pass the summit of the highest climb in the Tour , the Col du Portet on stage seventeen , and the Souvenir Jacques Goddet , given to the first rider to pass Goddet 's memorial at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet in stage nineteen . Nairo Quintana won the Henri Desgrange and Julian Alaphilippe won the Jacques Goddet . Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Points classification Mountains classification Young rider classification Team classification Combativity award Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Kévin Ledanois Fernando Gaviria Quick - Step Floors Yoann Offredo Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Dion Smith Sylvain Chavanel BMC Racing Team Greg Van Avermaet Søren Kragh Andersen No award Fernando Gaviria Jérôme Cousin 5 Peter Sagan Toms Skujiņš Toms Skujiņš 6 Daniel Martin Damien Gaudin 7 Dylan Groenewegen Laurent Pichon 8 Dylan Groenewegen Fabien Grellier 9 John Degenkolb Damien Gaudin 10 Julian Alaphilippe Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Greg Van Avermaet 11 Geraint Thomas Geraint Thomas Alejandro Valverde 12 Geraint Thomas Steven Kruijswijk 13 Peter Sagan Michael Schär 14 Omar Fraile Jasper Stuyven 15 Magnus Cort Nielsen Rafał Majka 16 Julian Alaphilippe Bahrain -- Merida Philippe Gilbert 17 Nairo Quintana Movistar Team Tanel Kangert 18 Arnaud Démare Luke Durbridge 19 Primož Roglič Mikel Landa 20 Tom Dumoulin No award 21 Alexander Kristoff <Th_colspan="2"> Final Geraint Thomas Peter Sagan Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Dan Martin In stage two , Marcel Kittel , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification and Peter Sagan , who was second in the points classification , wore the rainbow jersey of the world champion . In stage two , Dylan Groenewegen , who was second in the best young rider classification , wore the white jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification . In stage three , Alexander Kristoff , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Peter Sagan wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification , and second placed Fernando Gaviria wore the white jersey as leader of the young rider classification . In stage seventeen Philippe Gilbert did not start , so no rider wore the red bib as the most combative rider of previous stage . Final standings ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Legend Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the team classification Denotes the winner of the combativity award General classification ( edit ) Final general classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 83h 17 ' 13 '' Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 1 ' 51 '' Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky + 2 ' 24 '' Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 3 ' 22 '' 5 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 6 ' 08 '' 6 Romain Bardet ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 6 ' 57 '' 7 Mikel Landa ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 7 ' 37 '' 8 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates + 9 ' 05 '' 9 Ilnur Zakarin ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 12 ' 37 '' 10 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team + 14 ' 18 '' <Th_colspan="4"> show Final general classification ( 11 -- 145 ) Rank Rider Team Time 11 Bob Jungels ( LUX ) Quick - Step Floors + 16 ' 32 '' 12 Jakob Fuglsang ( DEN ) Astana + 19 ' 46 '' 13 Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 22 ' 13 '' 14 Alejandro Valverde ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 27 ' 26 '' 15 Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 27 ' 52 '' 16 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana + 34 ' 52 '' 17 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 37 ' 06 '' 18 Domenico Pozzovivo ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 39 ' 08 '' 19 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 39 ' 57 '' 20 Damiano Caruso ( ITA ) BMC Racing Team + 42 ' 31 '' 21 Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 44 ' 39 '' 22 Ion Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 46 ' 36 '' 23 Mikel Nieve ( ESP ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 49 ' 19 '' 24 Gorka Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 50 ' 02 '' 25 Simon Geschke ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 50 ' 15 '' 26 Bauke Mollema ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 06 ' 33 '' 27 Pierre Rolland ( FRA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 09 ' 09 '' 28 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 10 ' 14 '' 29 Adam Yates ( GBR ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 1h 17 ' 35 '' 30 Lilian Calmejane ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 18 ' 09 '' 31 Robert Gesink ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 21 ' 13 '' 32 Tejay van Garderen ( USA ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 23 ' 05 '' 33 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors + 1h 28 ' 08 '' 34 David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 30 ' 01 '' 35 Julien Bernard ( FRA ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 34 ' 12 '' 36 Daniel Felipe Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 38 ' 38 '' 37 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 39 ' 01 '' 38 Rudy Molard ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 47 ' 36 '' 39 Sylvain Chavanel ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 47 ' 47 '' 40 Kristijan Đurasek ( CRO ) UAE Team Emirates + 1h 48 ' 06 '' 41 Arthur Vichot ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 51 ' 19 '' 42 Maxime Bouet ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 1h 58 ' 08 '' 43 Nicolas Edet ( FRA ) Cofidis + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 44 Michael Valgren ( DEN ) Astana + 1h 59 ' 20 '' 45 Daniel Navarro ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 00 ' 32 '' 46 Daryl Impey ( RSA ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 2h 00 ' 53 '' 47 Jesús Herrada ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 01 ' 52 '' 48 Amaël Moinard ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 2h 03 ' 20 '' 49 Michał Kwiatkowski ( POL ) Team Sky + 2h 05 ' 29 '' 50 Andrey Amador ( CRC ) Movistar Team + 2h 05 ' 38 '' 51 Laurens ten Dam ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 22 '' 52 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 23 '' 53 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 2h 07 ' 14 '' 54 Thomas Degand ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 09 ' 54 '' 55 Mathias Frank ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 10 ' 29 '' 56 Jesper Hansen ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 33 '' 57 Omar Fraile ( ESP ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 59 '' 58 Wout Poels ( NED ) Team Sky + 2h 13 ' 23 '' 59 Tom - Jelte Slagter ( NED ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 13 ' 58 '' 60 Franco Pellizotti ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 2h 17 ' 32 '' 61 Pavel Kochetkov ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 17 ' 52 '' 62 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 18 ' 51 '' 63 Jasper Stuyven ( BEL ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 20 ' 24 '' 64 Marco Minnaard ( NED ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 20 ' 31 '' 65 Thomas De Gendt ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 2h 24 ' 41 '' 66 Oliver Naesen ( BEL ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 29 ' 36 '' 67 Nikias Arndt ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 2h 32 ' 02 '' 68 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 32 ' 26 '' 69 Darwin Atapuma ( COL ) UAE Team Emirates + 2h 35 ' 47 '' 70 Jonathan Castroviejo ( ESP ) Team Sky + 2h 36 ' 06 '' 71 Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 38 ' 08 '' 72 Chad Haga ( USA ) Team Sunweb + 2h 39 ' 40 '' 73 Romain Sicard ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 2h 42 ' 53 '' 74 Tobias Ludvigsson ( SWE ) Groupama -- FDJ + 2h 45 ' 40 '' 75 Julien Vermote ( BEL ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 45 ' 57 '' 76 Gregor Mühlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 46 ' 13 '' 77 Imanol Erviti ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 47 ' 46 '' 78 Koen de Kort ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 48 ' 29 '' 79 Ian Boswell ( USA ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 51 ' 47 '' 80 Yves Lampaert ( BEL ) Quick - Step Floors + 2h 52 ' 37 '' 81 Paul Martens ( GER ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 2h 52 ' 46 '' 82 Toms Skujiņš ( LAT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 53 ' 41 '' 83 Silvan Dillier ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 55 ' 15 '' 84 Edvald Boasson Hagen ( NOR ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 57 ' 00 '' 85 Anthony Perez ( FRA ) Cofidis + 2h 58 ' 56 '' 86 Élie Gesbert ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 00 ' 48 '' 87 Nils Politt ( GER ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 3h 00 ' 54 '' 88 Edward Theuns ( BEL ) Team Sunweb + 3h 02 ' 15 '' 89 Thomas Boudat ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 04 ' 07 '' 90 Michael Schär ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 04 ' 14 '' 91 Yoann Offredo ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 04 ' 27 '' 92 Marcus Burghardt ( GER ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 04 ' 48 '' 93 Jérôme Cousin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 05 ' 34 '' 94 Paweł Poljański ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 07 ' 14 '' 95 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 09 ' 34 '' 96 Kévin Ledanois ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 11 ' 55 '' 97 Dion Smith ( NZL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 12 ' 24 '' 98 Laurent Pichon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 12 ' 46 '' 99 Florian Vachon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 13 ' 47 '' 100 Simon Clarke ( AUS ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 15 ' 40 '' 101 Julien Simon ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 15 ' 55 '' 102 Kristijan Koren ( SLO ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 16 ' 54 '' 103 Tomasz Marczyński ( POL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 3h 19 ' 10 '' 104 Daniele Bennati ( ITA ) Movistar Team + 3h 19 ' 22 '' 105 Romain Hardy ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 19 ' 49 '' 106 Rory Sutherland ( AUS ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 21 ' 22 '' 107 Simon Gerrans ( AUS ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 21 ' 37 '' 108 Mathew Hayman ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 109 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 110 Reinardt Janse van Rensburg ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 3h 24 ' 25 '' 111 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 26 ' 35 '' 112 Daniel Oss ( ITA ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 32 ' 29 '' 113 Michael Gogl ( AUT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 32 ' 54 '' 114 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 33 ' 33 '' 115 Sep Vanmarcke ( BEL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 34 ' 17 '' 116 Anthony Turgis ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 36 ' 11 '' 117 Michael Hepburn ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 36 ' 30 '' 118 Luke Durbridge ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 37 ' 21 '' 119 Niki Terpstra ( NED ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 37 ' 31 '' 120 Fabien Grellier ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 37 ' 56 '' 121 Jack Bauer ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 39 ' 02 '' 122 Maciej Bodnar ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 39 ' 20 '' 123 Guillaume Van Keirsbulck ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 40 ' 30 '' 124 Christophe Laporte ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 41 ' 55 '' 125 Heinrich Haussler ( AUS ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 42 ' 24 '' 126 Marco Marcato ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 42 ' 54 '' 127 Olivier Le Gac ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 49 ' 03 '' 128 Luke Rowe ( GBR ) Team Sky + 3h 50 ' 55 '' 129 Tom Scully ( NZL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 50 ' 59 '' 130 Dimitri Claeys ( BEL ) Cofidis + 3h 51 ' 15 '' 131 Timothy Dupont ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 51 ' 16 '' 132 Lukas Pöstlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 56 ' 53 '' 133 Oliviero Troia ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 57 ' 02 '' 134 Ramon Sinkeldam ( NED ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 58 ' 01 '' 135 Maximiliano Richeze ( ARG ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 58 ' 58 '' 136 Taylor Phinney ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 59 ' 07 '' 137 Timo Roosen ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 01 ' 05 '' 138 Roberto Ferrari ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 4h 01 ' 34 '' 139 Amund Grøndahl Jansen ( NOR ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 02 ' 04 '' 140 Damien Gaudin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 4h 02 ' 07 '' 141 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 08 ' 18 '' 142 Jasper De Buyst ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 4h 08 ' 54 '' 143 Jay Thomson ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 4h 09 ' 49 '' 144 Jacopo Guarnieri ( ITA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 12 ' 29 '' 145 Lawson Craddock ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 4h 34 ' 19 '' Points classification ( edit ) Final points classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 477 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates 246 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ 203 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo 178 5 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 143 6 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team 134 7 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert 115 8 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 110 9 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida 104 10 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 98 Mountains classification ( edit ) Final mountains classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 170 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic 91 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 76 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 74 5 Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb 63 6 Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 56 7 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 41 8 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team 40 9 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana 39 10 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 36 Young rider classification ( edit ) Final young rider classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale 83h 39 ' 26 '' Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 5 ' 39 '' Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 22 ' 05 '' David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 07 ' 18 '' 5 Daniel Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac + 1h 16 ' 01 '' 6 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 16 ' 48 '' 7 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 1h 44 ' 10 '' 8 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 45 ' 01 '' 9 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 1h 56 ' 14 '' 10 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 13 '' Team classification ( edit ) Final team classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Team Time Movistar Team 250h 24 ' 53 '' Bahrain -- Merida + 12 ' 33 '' Team Sky + 31 ' 14 '' LottoNL -- Jumbo + 47 ' 24 '' 5 Astana + 1h 15 ' 32 '' 6 Team Sunweb + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 7 AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 15 ' 49 '' 8 BMC Racing Team + 2h 35 ' 45 '' 9 Quick - Step Floors + 3h 06 ' 17 '' 10 Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 13 ' 41 '' See also ( edit ) Cycling portal France portal 2018 in men 's road cycling 2018 in sports 2018 La Course by Le Tour de France Notes and references ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The start of the tour was postponed a week in order to reduce overlap with the 2018 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robertshaw , Henry ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` 2018 Tour de France rescheduled to reduce clash with FIFA World Cup '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Energie , Cofidis , Fortuneo and Wanty receive 2018 Tour de France wild cards '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France wildcard decision explained by Christian Prudhomme '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France team presentation -- Gallery '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Tour teams to be reduced from nine to eight riders from 2018 '' . Cycling Weekly . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of starters -- Tour de France 2018 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Debutants '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official classifications of Tour de France 2018 -- Stage 21 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Peloton averages '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Youngest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Oldest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Average team age '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benson , Daniel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Froome returns adverse analytical finding for Salbutamol '' . Cyclingnews.com. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fotheringham , William ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Similarities of Chris Froome now to Alberto Contador in 2011 are clear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ASO try to block Chris Froome from racing Tour de France '' . Cyclingnews.com. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UCI statement on anti-doping proceedings involving Mr Christopher Froome '' . uci.org . Union Cycliste Internationale. 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Barry ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Prudhomme says attempt to bar Chris Froome from Tour de France is now ' obsolete ' '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Dumoulin to ride Tour de France after second place at the Giro d'Italia '' . Cyclist.co.uk . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 start list -- Cycling Weekly '' . Cyclingweekly.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ MacLeary , John ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are this year 's favourites and can anybody challenge Chris Froome ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are the bookmakers backing for victory ? '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 5 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Chris Froome , Mark Cavendish , Peter Sagan - all you need to know '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : All you need to know about the 105th race for the yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist predictions : Who we 're backing at the 2018 Tour de France '' . Cyclist . Dennis Publishing . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 yellow jersey guide and top 10 predictions '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Lawrence ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 contenders : Chris Froome starts as favourite against challenge of Richie Porte , Nairo Quintana and more '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 green jersey guide - Sagan , Matthews , Gaviria , Kittel ... '' Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Henrys , Colin ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 preview : can anybody stop Peter Sagan winning the green jersey ? '' . Road Cycling UK . Mpora . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Aubrey , Jane ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` ' It 's what I want to be ' - the green jersey contenders '' . SBS . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France announces 2018 Grand Départ '' . VeloNews . Pocket Outdoor Media . Agence France - Presse. 12 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 to start on Passage du Gois '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand , Stephen ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 route revealed '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Riders and teams react to the 2018 Tour de France route announcement '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Route of Tour de France '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Augendre 2018 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Ostanek ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins opener and takes first yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostanek , Daniel ( 8 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Peter Sagan wins crash - marred stage 2 and takes yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At Tour de France , BMC Presents Chris Froome With an Uphill Climb '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 9 July 2018 ) . `` Tejay van Garderen misses Tour de France yellow jersey on tiebreak '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins stage 4 in Sarzeau '' . Cycling News . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Fernando Gaviria out - sprints Peter Sagan to take second stage win of Tour de France '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Peter Sagan powers to stage five win '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Dan Martin wins on the Mur de Bretagne '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Dan Martin takes uphill victory on Tour de France stage six as Bardet and Dumoulin lose time '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Organisation , Amaury Sport . `` Tour de France 2018 '' . racecenter.letour.fr . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Laurence ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen wins stage seven with sprint win over Fernando Gaviria and Peter Sagan '' . The Independebt . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Greipel , Gaviria relegated in separate incidents during sprint in Amiens '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen takes stage eight for second straight win '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthurs - Brennan , Michelle ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Richie Porte abandons 2018 Tour de France after stage nine crash '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McCleary , John ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage nine : John Degenkolb triumphs after Richie Porte crashes out on day of chaos on cobbles '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Degenkolb wins much - feared stage in Roubaix '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whittle , Jeremy ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Julian Alaphilippe takes stage 10 as Tour de France starts Alps climb '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gregor ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Greg Van Avermaet : ' It 's an honour to ride in the yellow jersey , that 's why I tried to defend it ' '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Patrick ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins stage 11 at La Rosiere , takes yellow '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 12 : Geraint Thomas makes history on Alpe d'Huez as Welshman extends overall lead '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Kristoff : I thought I had it , but Peter Sagan was too fast '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Omar Fraile wins stage 14 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magnus Cort Nielsen sprints to victory in Tour de France Stage 15 '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France - etappe tijdelijk stilgelegd na gebruik traangas door politie '' ( The Tour de France -- the stage of his career in style at the doorstep of the door of politics ) . NU.nl ( in Dutch ) . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Alaphilippe wins stage 16 after Adam Yates crash '' . The Guardian . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 17 : Geraint Thomas tightens grip on yellow as Chris Froome cracks as Nairo Quintana ends five - year wait for victory '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arnaud Demare wins Tour de France stage 18 ; Geraint Thomas retains yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas edges closer to victory after second place on stage 19 '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas set to win after maintaining lead on stage 20 '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins as Chris Froome finishes third '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Stage 17 preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 25 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Quintana wins on Col du Portet as Froome cracks and Thomas strengthens GC grip '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Geraint Thomas extends lead as Primoz Roglic zips to Stage 19 win '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Augendre , Jacques ( 2018 ) . Guide historique ( Historical guide ) ( PDF ) . Tour de France ( in French ) . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Race regulations ( PDF ) . Tour de France . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation. 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Tour de France . 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1. 2018 Tour de France
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what is the open door policy for china
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Open Door Policy - wikipedia Open Door Policy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the economic policy in China . For the managerial practice of leaving your office door open , see Open door policy ( business ) . The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century , as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay 's Open Door Note , dated September 6 , 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers . The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis , keeping any one power from total control of the country , and calling upon all powers , within their spheres of influence , to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest , to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis , and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges . Open Door policy was rooted in the desire of U.S. businesses to trade with Chinese markets , though it also tapped the deep - seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism , with the policy pledging to protect China 's sovereignty and territorial integrity from partition . It had little legal standing , and was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese , creating lingering resentment and causing it to later be seen as a symbol of national humiliation by Chinese historians . There was an essential conflict in the policy . The U.S. announced its Open Door Policy with the dual intentions of avoiding the actual political division of China and taking financial advantage , but only in a fair way , acknowledging equal rights for all nations to trade with China . All the imperial nations gave a green light to the American decision except Russia . The next result was that China remained undivided , but in the coming years the imperial nations continued to exploit China to a large extent . In more recent times , Open Door policy describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open up China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country . This policy set into motion the economic transformation of modern China . `` Putting his foot down '' Uncle Sam in 1899 demands Open Door while major powers plan to cut up China for themselves ; Germany , Italy , England , Austria , Russia & France are represented by Wilhelm II , Umberto I , John Bull , Franz Joseph I ( in rear ) , Uncle Sam , Nicholas II , and Emile Loubet . Punch Aug 23 , 1899 by J.S. Pughe Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 A principle only 3 The second Open Door Policy 4 Formation of the policy 5 Subsequent development 6 In modern China 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) As a theory , the United States ' Open Door Policy originated with British commercial practice as reflected in treaties concluded with the Qing dynasty China after the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . The Open Door concept was first seen at the Berlin Conference of 1885 , which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo . A principle only ( edit ) The Open Door Policy was a principle , never formally adopted via treaty or international law . It was invoked or alluded to but never enforced as such . Starting with the 1931 Japanese seizure of Manchuria and the creation of Manchukuo , however , the policy was broken with impunity and with increasing frequency . The second Open Door Policy ( edit ) Technically , the term Open Door Policy was only applicable before the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . After Deng Xiaoping took office in 1978 , the term referred to China 's policy of opening up to foreign business that wanted to invest in the country , setting into motion the economic transformation of modern China . Formation of the Policy ( edit ) During the First Sino - Japanese War in 1895 , China faced imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperialist powers such as Britain , France , Russia , Japan and Germany . After winning the Spanish -- American War of 1898 , with the newly acquired territory the Philippine Islands , the United States increased its Asian presence and was expecting to further its commercial and political interest in China . It felt threatened by other powers ' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese market should the country be partitioned . As a response , William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in China . On September 6 , 1899 , U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers ( France , Germany , Britain , Italy , Japan , and Russia ) , asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China . The Open Door Policy stated that all nations , including the United States , could enjoy equal access to the Chinese market . In reply , each country tried to evade Hay 's request , taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied . However , by July 1900 , Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle . Although treaties made after 1900 refer to the Open Door Policy , competition among the various powers for special concessions within China for railroad rights , mining rights , loans , foreign trade ports , and so forth , continued unabated . On October 6 , 1900 Britain and Germany signed the Yangtze Agreement , providing that they would oppose the partition of China into spheres of influence . The agreement , signed by Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Paul von Hatzfeldt was an endorsement of the Open Door Policy proposed by the United States for free trade in China . However , Germany 's failure to keep up the agreement led to the Anglo - Japanese Alliance of 1902 . Subsequent Development ( edit ) In 1902 , the United States government protested that Russian encroachment in Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion was a violation of the Open Door Policy . When Japan replaced Russia in southern Manchuria after the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) the Japanese and U.S. governments pledged to maintain a policy of equality in Manchuria . In finance , American efforts to preserve the Open Door Policy led ( 1909 ) to the formation of an international banking consortium through which all Chinese railroad loans would agree ( 1917 ) to another exchange of notes between the United States and Japan in which there were renewed assurances that the Open Door Policy would be respected , but that the United States would recognize Japan 's special interests in China ( the Lansing -- Ishii Agreement ) . The Open Door Policy had been further weakened by a series of secret treaties ( 1917 ) between Japan and the Allied Triple Entente , which promised Japan the German possessions in China on successful conclusion of World War I . The subsequent realization of such promise in the Versailles Treaty of 1919 angered the Chinese public and sparked the protest known as May Fourth Movement . The Nine - Power Treaty , signed in 1922 , expressly reaffirmed the Open Door Policy . Since the policy in effect hindered Chinese sovereignty , the government of the Republic of China endeavored to revise related treaties with foreign powers in the twenties and thirties . Only after the conclusion of World War II did China manage to regain its full sovereignty . In modern China ( edit ) Main article : Chinese economic reform In China 's modern day economic history the Open Door Policy refers to the new policy announced by Deng Xiaoping in December 1978 to open the door to foreign businesses that wanted to set up in China . Special Economic Zones ( SEZ ) were set up in 1980 in his belief that in order to modernize China 's industry and boost its economy , it needed to welcome foreign direct investment . Chinese economic policy then shifted to encouraging and supporting foreign trade & investment . It is the turning point in China economic fortune that truly started China on the path to becoming ' The World 's Factory ' . Four SEZs were initially set up in 1980 , namely Shenzhen , Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong , and Xiamen in Fujian . These SEZs were strategically located near Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan , but with a favorable tax regime and low wages in order to attract capital and business from these overseas Chinese communities . Shenzhen was the first to be established and it showed the most rapid growth , averaging at a very high growth rate of 40 % per annum between 1981 and 1993 , compared to the average GDP growth of 9.8 % for the country as a whole . Further SEZs were later set up in other parts of China . In 1978 , China was ranked 32nd in the world in export volume , but by 1989 , it had doubled its world trade and became the 13th largest exporter . Between 1978 and 1990 , the average annual rate of trade expansion was above 15 percent , and a high rate of growth continued for the next decade . In 1978 its exports in the world market share was negligible , in 1998 it still had less than 2 % , but by 2010 , it had a world market share of 10.4 % according to the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , with merchandise export sales of more than $1.5 trillion , the highest in the world . In 2013 , China overtook the USA and became the world 's biggest trading nation in goods with a total for imports and exports valued at US $4.16 trillion for the year . See also ( edit ) Boxer Rebellion New Imperialism # China Nine - Power Treaty # Open Door Policy Russian invasion of Manchuria Economic history of China before 1912 Economic history of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Commercial Rights in China ( `` Open Door '' Policy ) : Declarations by France , Germany , the United Kingdom , Italy , Japan , and Russia accepting United States proposal for `` open door '' policy in China , September 6 , 1899 - March 20 , 1900 , 1 Bevans 278 ^ Jump up to : `` Open Door Policy '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Philip Joseph , Foreign diplomacy in China , 1894 - 1900 Jump up ^ Shizhang Hu , Stanley K. Hornbeck and the Open Door Policy , 1919 - 1937 ( 1977 ) ch 1 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State John Hay and the Open Door in China , 1899 -- 1900 '' . Milestones : 1899 -- 1913 . Office of the Historian , US Department of State . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sugita ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Yangtze Agreement '' , Historical Dictionary of the British Empire ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1996 ) , pp1176 Jump up ^ Holstein , Friedrich von ( 1961 - 01 - 01 ) . The Holstein Papers , Correspondence . CUP Archive . Jump up ^ Gardner , Professor Hall ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) . The Failure to Prevent World War I : The Unexpected Armageddon . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 9781472430564 . Jump up ^ Ricci , Gabriel R. ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) . Culture and Civilization : Cosmopolitanism and the Global Polity . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9781412849289 . Jump up ^ Swee - Hock Saw , John Wong ( ed . ) . Regional Economic Development in China . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . pp. 85 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 230 - 941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wei Ge ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 4 : The Performance of Special Economic Zones '' . Special Economic Zones and the Economic Transition in China . World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd . pp. 67 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 9810237905 . Jump up ^ Shang - Jin Wei . `` The Open Door Policy and China 's Rapid Growth : Evidence from City - Level Data '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Steven Husted and Shuichiro Nishioka . `` China 's Fare Share ? The Growth of Chinese Exports in World Trade '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Katherine Rushton ( 10 Jan 2014 ) . `` China overtakes US to become world 's biggest goods trading nation '' . The Telegraph . References ( edit ) Esthus , Raymond A . `` The Changing Concept of the Open Door , 1899 - 1910 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol. 46 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1959 ) , pp. 435 -- 454 JSTOR Hu , Shizhang ( 1995 ) . Stanley K. Hornbeck and the Open Door Policy , 1919 - 1937 . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29394 - 5 . Kolko , Gabriel ( 1972 ) . The Limits of Power : The World and United States Foreign Policy , 1945 -- 1954 . New York , NY : The Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 060 - 12447 - 2 . Mark Atwood Lawrence , `` Open Door Policy '' , Encyclopedia of the New American Nation , ( online ) ( 1 ) . McKee , Delber ( 1977 ) . Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy , 1900 - 1906 : Clashes over China Policy in the Roosevelt Era . Wayne State Univ Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 1565 - 8 . Otte , Thomas G. ( 2007 ) . The China question : great power rivalry and British isolation , 1894 - 1905 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921109 - 8 . Sugita , Yoneyuki , `` The Rise of an American Principle in China : A Reinterpretation of the First Open Door Notes toward China '' in Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugita , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) pp 3 -- 20 online External links ( edit ) Look up open - door policy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Text of the First Open Door Note Text of the First and Second Open Door Note `` Milestones : Secretary of State John Hay and the Open Door Policy in China '' ( U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian ) ( 2 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Door_Policy&oldid=815075478 '' Categories : Economic history of China History of United States expansionism Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 16 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Open Door Policy in China
2. United States policy in the late 19th and early 20th century
3. Trade with China on an equal basis
4. Protecting China's sovereignty and territorial integrity
5. Economic transformation of modern China
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2,094,392,886,389,474,600 |
what area of san diego is sdsu in
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College Area , San Diego - wikipedia College Area , San Diego Community of San Diego in California , United States of America <Th_colspan="2"> College Area , San Diego <Td_colspan="2"> Community of San Diego <Td_colspan="2"> College Area <Td_colspan="2"> Campanile Drive <Td_colspan="2"> College Area , San Diego Location within San Diego <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 32 ° 46 ′ 19 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 08 '' W / 32.771831 ° N 117.068939 ° W / 32.771831 ; - 117.068939 Country United States of America State California County San Diego City San Diego The College Area is a neighborhood of the Mid-City region of San Diego , California , United States . The College Area is dominated by San Diego State University ( SDSU ; once known as San Diego State College ) , after which the area is named . Several neighborhoods in the College Area were developed in the 1930s , with others becoming established in the post-war period . The College Area is bordered on the west by Kensington and Talmadge and on the east by the city of La Mesa . El Cajon Boulevard is a busy shopping district ; additional retail is in development near SDSU . The College Area includes the neighborhoods of the Catoctin Area , Dennstedt Point , East Falls View Drive , Saranac - Mohawk , and an Orthodox Jewish neighborhood in the area near Congregation Beth Jacob Orthodox Synagogue on College Avenue . The region includes Alvarado Hospital , a 306 - bed acute care facility , and the College - Rolando branch of the San Diego Public Library . Contents 1 Geography 2 Transportation 3 Traffic 4 Education 4.1 Elementary schools 4.2 K through 8 4.3 K through 12 4.4 Colleges and universities 5 References 6 External links Geography ( edit ) The college area lies on a plateau which overlooks Interstate 8 . The neighborhood 's borders are defined by Montezuma Road / Collwood Boulevard to the southwest , Interstate 8 to the north , 73rd Street to the east , and El Cajon Boulevard to the south . Transportation ( edit ) MTS ( Metropolitan Transit System ) operates the San Diego Trolley to SDSU Transit Center and the Alvarado Medical Center trolley station , both of which are in the College Area . The trolley station at SDSU , as well as a bus plaza , make up the SDSU Transit Center . Bus routes 11 , 11A , 14 , 936 , and Rapid Bus 215 go to the Transit Center , to name a few . Transfers are made from the SDSU trolley subway station located at the Transit Center , underneath the bus plaza . Riders can go up to the bus plaza via elevator or stairs . As of October 12 , 2014 , the SDSU Transit Station serves as the starting point for MTS Rapid Bus Route 215 . A high - frequency , limited - stop service runs between San Diego State University and Downtown San Diego via El Cajon Boulevard and Park Boulevard . This route provides a convenient transit option for visitors and nearby neighbors from downtown San Diego , North Park and Hillcrest to shop and dine in the busy commercial corridor . All mass transit routes noted enable visitors from the San DIego region to explore San Diego State University 's beautiful campus and enjoy the leisure , arts and culture provided by this institution of higher learning . Traffic ( edit ) The College Area is accessible from Interstate 8 , State Route 94 . Surface streets entering into the College Area include 70th Street ( accessible from I - 8 ) , College Avenue ( accessible from I - 8 and SR94 ) and 54th Street and Montezuma Road ( accessible from I - 8 ) . Built in July 2005 there is also a mass transit connection by MTS San Diego Trolley accessing the SDSU on - campus underground station . Traffic can be high during the day however , local residents and City officials working together to increase pedestrian and bicycle routes and modifying the street infrastructure to eleviate any congestion in the area as the population grows in the neighborhoods . Education ( edit ) The college area is home to one traditional elementary school , one private K - 8 school , two alternative K - 8 schools , and SDSU . Elementary schools ( edit ) Hardy ( San Diego Unified School District ) K through 8 ( edit ) Blessed Sacrament Parish School K through 12 ( edit ) San Diego Unified School District Language Academy Tubman Village Charter Colleges and universities ( edit ) San Diego State University References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Historical Neighborhoods . '' College Neighborhoods , 2013 . http://collegeneighborhoods.com/history/baja.html . Jump up ^ Transit.511sd.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to College Area , San Diego . City Council District 9 Neighborhood : College Area College Area Community Council Alvarado Estates College View Estates Rolando Community Council Rolando Village , located in San Diego 's college area , 92115 College Neighborhoods Foundation Mission Times Courier , community newspaper College Area Business District <Th_colspan="2"> Neighborhoods of San Diego Northern Bay Ho Bay Park Carmel Valley Clairemont Del Mar Heights Del Mar Mesa La Jolla La Jolla Village Mission Beach North City Pacific Beach Pacific Highlands Ranch Torrey Hills Torrey Pines University City Village of La Jolla Northeastern Black Mountain Ranch Carmel Mountain Ranch Mira Mesa Miramar Rancho Bernardo Rancho Encantada Rancho Peñasquitos Sabre Springs San Pasqual Valley Scripps Ranch Sorrento Valley Sorrento Mesa Torrey Highlands Eastern Birdland East Elliott Kearny Mesa Mission Valley East Navajo ( Allied Gardens Del Cerro Grantville San Carlos ) Serra Mesa Tierrasanta Western Burlingame Hillcrest ( Marston Hills ) Linda Vista Midtown Mission Hills Mission Valley West Morena North Park Ocean Beach Old Town Point Loma ( La Playa Liberty Station Loma Portal Midway Point Loma Heights Roseville - Fleetridge Sunset Cliffs Wooded Area ) University Heights Central Downtown ( Columbia Core Cortez Hill East Village Gaslamp Quarter Harborview Little Italy Marina ) Balboa Park Bankers Hill Barrio Logan Golden Hill Grant Hill Logan Heights Memorial Middletown Sherman Heights South Park Stockton Mid-City City Heights College Area El Cerrito Fairmount Park Gateway Islenair Kensington Normal Heights Oak Park Redwood Village Rolando Rolando Park Swan Canyon Talmadge Webster Southeastern Alta Vista Bay Terraces Broadway Heights Chollas View Emerald Hills Encanto Jamacha Lincoln Park Lomita Mountain View Mount Hope Paradise Hills Shelltown Skyline Southcrest Valencia Park Southern Border Egger Highlands Nestor Ocean View Hills Otay Mesa Otay Mesa West Palm City San Ysidro Tijuana River Valley Coordinates : 32 ° 46 ′ 18.59 '' N 117 ° 4 ′ 8.18 '' W / 32.7718306 ° N 117.0689389 ° W / 32.7718306 ; - 117.0689389 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_Area,_San_Diego&oldid=844919870 '' Categories : Neighborhoods in San Diego Urban communities in San Diego San Diego State University Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. College Area, San Diego
2. San Diego State University
3. Neighborhoods in the College Area
4. Transportation in the College Area
5. Education in the College Area
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797,133,093,572,882,300 |
what are some u.s. values about social justice
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Social justice - Wikipedia Social justice This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 August 2018 . For the early - 20th - century periodical , see Social Justice ( periodical ) . College students live in tents for a week to call attention to perceived social injustice Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society . This is measured by the explicit and tacit terms for the distribution of wealth , opportunities for personal activity , and social privileges . In Western as well as in older Asian cultures , the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive what was their due from society . In the current global grassroots movements for social justice , the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for social mobility , the creation of safety nets and economic justice . Social justice assigns rights and duties in the institutions of society , which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation . The relevant institutions often include taxation , social insurance , public health , public school , public services , labour law and regulation of markets , to ensure fair distribution of wealth , and equal opportunity . Interpretations that relate justice to a reciprocal relationship to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions , some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use . Hence , social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas , in philosophical debates about differences among human beings , in efforts for gender , racial and social equality , for advocating justice for migrants , prisoners , the environment , and the physically and developmentally disabled . While the concept of social justice can be traced through the theology of Augustine of Hippo and the philosophy of Thomas Paine , the term `` social justice '' became used explicitly from the 1840s . A Jesuit priest named Luigi Taparelli is typically credited with coining the term , and it spread during the revolutions of 1848 with the work of Antonio Rosmini - Serbati . However , recent research has proved that the use of the expression `` social justice '' is older ( even before the 19th century ) . In the late industrial revolution , progressive American legal scholars began to use the term more , particularly Louis Brandeis and Roscoe Pound . From the early 20th century it was also embedded in international law and institutions ; the preamble to establish the International Labour Organization recalled that `` universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice . '' In the later 20th century , social justice was made central to the philosophy of the social contract , primarily by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) . In 1993 , the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of human rights education . Contents 1 History 2 Contemporary theory 2.1 Philosophical perspectives 2.1. 1 Cosmic values 2.1. 2 John Rawls 2.1. 3 Thomas Pogge 2.1. 4 United Nations 3 Religious perspectives 3.1 Hinduism 3.2 Islam 3.3 Judaism 3.4 Christianity 3.4. 1 Methodism 3.4. 2 Catholicism 3.5 Traditional Chinese religion 4 Criticism 5 Social justice movements 5.1 Liberation theology 5.2 Health care 5.3 Human rights education 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Articles 8.2 Books 9 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : Social contract , Justice , Corrective justice , and Distributive justice The different concepts of justice , as discussed in ancient Western philosophy , were typically centered upon the community . Plato Plato wrote in The Republic that it would be an ideal state that `` every member of the community must be assigned to the class for which he finds himself best fitted . '' In an article for J.N.V University , author D.R. Bhandari says , `` Justice is , for Plato , at once a part of human virtue and the bond , which joins man together in society . It is the identical quality that makes good and social . Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul , it is to the soul as health is to the body . Plato says that justice is not mere strength , but it is a harmonious strength . Justice is not the right of the stronger but the effective harmony of the whole . All moral conceptions revolve about the good of the whole - individual as well as social '' . Aristotle Aristotle believed rights existed only between free people , and the law should take `` account in the first instance of relations of inequality in which individuals are treated in proportion to their worth and only secondarily of relations of equality . '' Reflecting this time when slavery and subjugation of women was typical , ancient views of justice tended to reflect the rigid class systems that still prevailed . On the other hand , for the privileged groups , strong concepts of fairness and the community existed . Distributive justice was said by Aristotle to require that people were distributed goods and assets according to their merit . Socrates Socrates ( through Plato 's dialogue Crito ) is attributed with developing the idea of a social contract , whereby people ought to follow the rules of a society , and accept its burdens because they have accepted its benefits . During the Middle Ages , religious scholars particularly , such as Thomas Aquinas continued discussion of justice in various ways , but ultimately connected being a good citizen to the purpose of serving God . After the Renaissance and Reformation , the modern concept of social justice , as developing human potential , began to emerge through the work of a series of authors . Baruch Spinoza in On the Improvement of the Understanding ( 1677 ) contended that the one true aim of life should be to acquire `` a human character much more stable than ( one 's ) own '' , and to achieve this `` pitch of perfection ... The chief good is that he should arrive , together with other individuals if possible , at the possession of the aforesaid character . '' During the enlightenment and responding to the French and American Revolutions , Thomas Paine similarly wrote in The Rights of Man ( 1792 ) society should give `` genius a fair and universal chance '' and so `` the construction of government ought to be such as to bring forward ... all that extent of capacity which never fails to appear in revolutions . '' Social justice has been traditionally credited to be coined by Jesuit priest Luigi Taparelli in the 1840s , but the expression is older Although there is no certainty about the first use of the term `` social justice '' , early sources can be found in Europe in the 18th century . Some references to the use of the expression are in articles of journals aligned with the spirit of the Enlightenment , in which social justice is described as an obligation of the monarch ; also the term is present in books written by Catholic Italian theologians , notably members of the Society of Jesus . Thus , according to this sources and the context , social justice was another term for `` the justice of society '' , the justice that rules the relations among individuals in society , without any mention to socio - economic equity or human dignity . The usage of the term started to become more frequent by Catholic thinkers from the 1840s , including the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in Civiltà Cattolica , based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas . He argued that rival capitalist and socialist theories , based on subjective Cartesian thinking , undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics as neither were sufficiently concerned with moral philosophy . Writing in 1861 , the influential British philosopher and economist , John Stuart Mill stated in Utilitarianism his view that `` Society should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it , that is , who have deserved equally well absolutely . This is the highest abstract standard of social and distributive justice ; towards which all institutions , and the efforts of all virtuous citizens , should be made in the utmost degree to converge . '' In the later 19th and early 20th century , social justice became an important theme in American political and legal philosophy , particularly in the work of John Dewey , Roscoe Pound and Louis Brandeis . One of the prime concerns was the Lochner era decisions of the US Supreme Court to strike down legislation passed by state governments and the Federal government for social and economic improvement , such as the eight - hour day or the right to join a trade union . After the First World War , the founding document of the International Labour Organization took up the same terminology in its preamble , stating that `` peace can be established only if it is based on social justice '' . From this point , the discussion of social justice entered into mainstream legal and academic discourse . Thus , in 1931 , the Pope Pius XI stated the expression for the first time in the Catholic Social Teaching in the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno . Then again in Divini Redepmtoris , the Church pointed out that the realisation of social justice relied on the promotion of the dignity of human person . The same year , and because of the documented influence of Divini Redemptoris in its drafters , the Constitution of Ireland was the first one to establish the term as a principle of the economy in the State , and then other countries around the world did the same throughout the 20th century , even in Socialist regimes such as the Cuban Constitution in 1976 . In the late 20th century , a number of liberal and conservative thinkers , notably Friedrich von Hayek rejected the concept by stating that it did not mean anything , or meant too many things . However the concept remained highly influential , particularly with its promotion by philosophers such as John Rawls . Even though the meaning of social justice varies , at least three common elements can be identified in the contemporary theories about it : a duty of the State to distribute certain vital means ( such as economic , social , and cultural rights ) , the protection of human dignity , and affirmative actions to promote equal opportunities for everybody . Contemporary Theory ( edit ) Philosophical Perspectives ( edit ) Cosmic values ( edit ) Hunter Lewis ' work promoting natural healthcare and sustainable economies advocates for conservation as a key premise in social justice . His manifesto on sustainability ties the continued thriving of human life to real conditions , the environment supporting that life , and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of unintended consequences of human actions . Quoting classical Greek thinkers like Epicurus on the good of pursuing happiness , Hunter also cites ornithologist , naturalist , and philosopher Alexander Skutch in his book Moral Foundations : The common feature which unites the activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they can not be both habitual and enduring , because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible . Pope Benedict XVI cites Teilhard de Chardin in a vision of the cosmos as a ' living host ' embracing an understanding of ecology that includes humanity 's relationship to others , that pollution affects not just the natural world but interpersonal relations as well . Cosmic harmony , justice and peace are closely interrelated : If you want to cultivate peace , protect creation . John Rawls ( edit ) Main article : John Rawls Political philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill , the social contract ideas of John Locke , and the categorical imperative ideas of Kant . His first statement of principle was made in A Theory of Justice where he proposed that , `` Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole can not override . For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others . '' A deontological proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in absolutist terms . His views are definitively restated in Political Liberalism where society is seen `` as a fair system of co-operation over time , from one generation to the next '' . All societies have a basic structure of social , economic , and political institutions , both formal and informal . In testing how well these elements fit and work together , Rawls based a key test of legitimacy on the theories of social contract . To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate , he argued that one must look for agreement by the people who are subject to it , but not necessarily to an objective notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding . Obviously , not every citizen can be asked to participate in a poll to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion is involved , so one has to assume that all citizens are reasonable . Rawls constructed an argument for a two - stage process to determine a citizen 's hypothetical agreement : The citizen agrees to be represented by X for certain purposes , and , to that extent , X holds these powers as a trustee for the citizen . X agrees that enforcement in a particular social context is legitimate . The citizen , therefore , is bound by this decision because it is the function of the trustee to represent the citizen in this way . This applies to one person who represents a small group ( e.g. , the organiser of a social event setting a dress code ) as equally as it does to national governments , which are ultimate trustees , holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries . Governments that fail to provide for welfare of their citizens according to the principles of justice are not legitimate . To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the people and not be dictated by the law - making powers of governments , Rawls asserted that , `` There is ... a general presumption against imposing legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason . But this presumption creates no special priority for any particular liberty . '' This is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and uphold -- to some extent , the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome . According to Rawls , the basic liberties that every good society should guarantee are : Freedom of thought ; Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion , philosophy , and morality ; Political liberties ( e.g. , representative democratic institutions , freedom of speech and the press , and freedom of assembly ) ; Freedom of association ; Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of the person ( namely : freedom from slavery , freedom of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose one 's occupation ) ; and Rights and liberties covered by the rule of law . Thomas Pogge ( edit ) Thomas Pogge 's arguments pertain to a standard of social justice that creates human rights deficits . He assigns responsibility to those who actively cooperate in designing or imposing the social institution , that the order is foreseeable as harming the global poor and is reasonably avoidable . Pogge argues that social institutions have a negative duty to not harm the poor . Pogge speaks of `` institutional cosmopolitanism '' and assigns responsibility to institutional schemes for deficits of human rights . An example given is slavery and third parties . A third party should not recognize or enforce slavery . The institutional order should be held responsible only for deprivations of human rights that it establishes or authorizes . The current institutional design , he says , systematically harms developing economies by enabling corporate tax evasion , illicit financial flows , corruption , trafficking of people and weapons . Joshua Cohen disputes his claims based on the fact that some poor countries have done well with the current institutional design . Elizabeth Kahn argues that some of these responsibilities should apply globally . United Nations ( edit ) The United Nations ' 2006 document Social Justice in an Open World : The Role of the United Nations , states that `` Social justice may be broadly understood as the fair and compassionate distribution of the fruits of economic growth ... '' The term `` social justice '' was seen by the U.N. `` as a substitute for the protection of human rights ( and ) first appeared in United Nations texts during the second half of the 1960s . At the initiative of the Soviet Union , and with the support of developing countries , the term was used in the Declaration on Social Progress and Development , adopted in 1969 . '' The same document reports , `` From the comprehensive global perspective shaped by the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , neglect of the pursuit of social justice in all its dimensions translates into de facto acceptance of a future marred by violence , repression and chaos . '' The report concludes , `` Social justice is not possible without strong and coherent redistributive policies conceived and implemented by public agencies . '' The same UN document offers a concise history : `` ( T ) he notion of social justice is relatively new . None of history 's great philosophers -- not Plato or Aristotle , or Confucius or Averroes , or even Rousseau or Kant -- saw the need to consider justice or the redress of injustices from a social perspective . The concept first surfaced in Western thought and political language in the wake of the industrial revolution and the parallel development of the socialist doctrine . It emerged as an expression of protest against what was perceived as the capitalist exploitation of labour and as a focal point for the development of measures to improve the human condition . It was born as a revolutionary slogan embodying the ideals of progress and fraternity . Following the revolutions that shook Europe in the mid-1800s , social justice became a rallying cry for progressive thinkers and political activists ... By the mid-twentieth century , the concept of social justice had become central to the ideologies and programmes of virtually all the leftist and centrist political parties around the world ... '' Religious Perspectives ( edit ) Hinduism ( edit ) The present - day Jāti hierarchy is undergoing changes for a variety of reasons including ' social justice ' , which is a politically popular stance in democratic India . Institutionalized affirmative action has promoted this . The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour of the jātis -- exclusive , endogamous communities centred on traditional occupations -- has led to various reform movements in Hinduism . While legally outlawed , the caste system remains strong in practice . Islam ( edit ) In Muslim history , Islamic governance has often been associated with social justice . Establishment of social justice was one of the motivating factors of the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads . The Shi'a believe that the return of the Mahdi will herald in `` the messianic age of justice '' and the Mahdi along with the Isa ( Jesus ) will end plunder , torture , oppression and discrimination . For the Muslim Brotherhood the implementation of social justice would require the rejection of consumerism and communism . The Brotherhood strongly affirmed the right to private property as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work . However , the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need . It held that zakat ( alms - giving ) was not voluntary charity , but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate . Most Islamic governments therefore enforce the zakat through taxes . Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Tikkun olam In To Heal a Fractured World : The Ethics of Responsibility , Rabbi Jonathan Sacks states that social justice has a central place in Judaism . One of Judaism 's most distinctive and challenging ideas is its ethics of responsibility reflected in the concepts of simcha ( `` gladness '' or `` joy '' ) , tzedakah ( `` the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts '' ) , chesed ( `` deeds of kindness '' ) , and tikkun olam ( `` repairing the world '' ) . Christianity ( edit ) Methodism ( edit ) From its founding , Methodism was a Christian social justice movement . Under John Wesley 's direction , Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day , including the prison reform and abolition movements . Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights attracting significant opposition . Today , social justice plays a major role in the United Methodist Church . The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church says , `` We hold governments responsible for the protection of the rights of the people to free and fair elections and to the freedoms of speech , religion , assembly , communications media , and petition for redress of grievances without fear of reprisal ; to the right to privacy ; and to the guarantee of the rights to adequate food , clothing , shelter , education , and health care . '' The United Methodist Church also teaches population control as part of its doctrine . Catholicism ( edit ) Main article : Catholic social teaching Catholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the respect of the individual human life . A distinctive feature of Catholic social doctrine is its concern for the poorest and most vulnerable members of society . Two of the seven key areas of `` Catholic social teaching '' are pertinent to social justice : Life and dignity of the human person : The foundational principle of all `` Catholic Social Teaching '' is the sanctity of all human life and the inherent dignity of every human person , from conception to natural death . Human life must be valued above all material possessions . Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable : Catholics believe Jesus taught that on the Day of Judgement God will ask what each person did to help the poor and needy : `` Amen , I say to you , whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine , you did for me . '' The Catholic Church believes that through words , prayers and deeds one must show solidarity with , and compassion for , the poor . The moral test of any society is `` how it treats its most vulnerable members . The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation . People are called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor . '' Even before it was propounded in the Catholic social doctrine , social justice appeared regularly in the history of the Catholic Church : Pope Leo XIII , who studied under Taparelli , published in 1891 the encyclical Rerum novarum ( On the Condition of the Working Classes ; lit . `` On new things '' ) , rejecting both socialism and capitalism , while defending labor unions and private property . He stated that society should be based on cooperation and not class conflict and competition . In this document , Leo set out the Catholic Church 's response to the social instability and labor conflict that had arisen in the wake of industrialization and had led to the rise of socialism . The Pope advocated that the role of the State was to promote social justice through the protection of rights , while the Church must speak out on social issues in order to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony . The encyclical Quadragesimo anno ( On Reconstruction of the Social Order , literally `` in the fortieth year '' ) of 1931 by Pope Pius XI , encourages a living wage , subsidiarity , and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order , saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just . Pope John Paul II added much to the corpus of the Catholic social teaching , penning three encyclicals which focus on issues such as economics , politics , geo - political situations , ownership of the means of production , private property and the `` social mortgage '' , and private property . The encyclicals Laborem exercens , Sollicitudo rei socialis , and Centesimus annus are just a small portion of his overall contribution to Catholic social justice . Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate of justice and human rights , and spoke forcefully for the poor . He addresses issues such as the problems that technology can present should it be misused , and admits a fear that the `` progress '' of the world is not true progress at all , if it should denigrate the value of the human person . He argued in Centesimus annus that private property , markets , and honest labor were the keys to alleviating the miseries of the poor and to enabling a life that can express the fullness of the human person . Pope Benedict XVI 's encyclical Deus caritas est ( `` God is Love '' ) of 2006 claims that justice is the defining concern of the state and the central concern of politics , and not of the church , which has charity as its central social concern . It said that the laity has the specific responsibility of pursuing social justice in civil society and that the church 's active role in social justice should be to inform the debate , using reason and natural law , and also by providing moral and spiritual formation for those involved in politics . The official Catholic doctrine on social justice can be found in the book Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church , published in 2004 and updated in 2006 , by the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax . The Catechism ( § 1928 -- 1948 ) contain more detail of the Church 's view of social justice . Traditional Chinese religion ( edit ) Main article : Mandate of Heaven The Chinese concept of Tian Ming has occasionally been perceived as an expression of social justice . Through it , the deposition of unfair rulers is justified in that civic dissatisfaction and economical disasters is perceived as Heaven withdrawing its favor from the Emperor . A successful rebellion is considered definite proof that the Emperor is unfit to rule . Criticism ( edit ) Many authors criticize the idea that there exists an objective standard of social justice . Moral relativists deny that there is any kind of objective standard for justice in general . Non-cognitivists , moral skeptics , moral nihilists , and most logical positivists deny the epistemic possibility of objective notions of justice . Political realists believe that any ideal of social justice is ultimately a mere justification for the status quo . Many other people accept some of the basic principles of social justice , such as the idea that all human beings have a basic level of value , but disagree with the elaborate conclusions that may or may not follow from this . One example is the statement by H.G. Wells that all people are `` equally entitled to the respect of their fellowmen . '' On the other hand , some scholars reject the very idea of social justice as meaningless , religious , self - contradictory , and ideological , believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible , and that the attempt to do so must destroy all liberty . Perhaps the most complete rejection of the concept of social justice comes from Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economics : There can be no test by which we can discover what is ' socially unjust ' because there is no subject by which such an injustice can be committed , and there are no rules of individual conduct the observance of which in the market order would secure to the individuals and groups the position which as such ( as distinguished from the procedure by which it is determined ) would appear just to us . ( Social justice ) does not belong to the category of error but to that of nonsense , like the term ' a moral stone ' . Ben O'Neill of the University of New South Wales argues that , for proponents of `` social justice '' : the notion of `` rights '' is a mere term of entitlement , indicative of a claim for any possible desirable good , no matter how important or trivial , abstract or tangible , recent or ancient . It is merely an assertion of desire , and a declaration of intention to use the language of rights to acquire said desire . In fact , since the program of social justice inevitably involves claims for government provision of goods , paid for through the efforts of others , the term actually refers to an intention to use force to acquire one 's desires . Not to earn desirable goods by rational thought and action , production and voluntary exchange , but to go in there and forcibly take goods from those who can supply them ! Janusz Korwin - Mikke states , `` Either ' social justice ' has the same meaning as ' justice ' -- or not . If so -- why use the additional word ' social ? ' We lose time , we destroy trees to obtain paper necessary to print this word . If not , if ' social justice ' means something different from ' justice ' -- then ' something different from justice ' is by definition ' injustice . ' '' Sociologist Carl L. Bankston has argued that a secular , leftist view of social justice entails viewing the redistribution of goods and resources as based on the rights of disadvantaged categories of people , rather than on compassion or national interest . Bankston maintains that this secular version of social justice became widely accepted due to the rise of demand - side economics and to the moral influence of the civil rights movement . Social justice movements ( edit ) Part of a series on Progressivism History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Philosophy of progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal Social justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world , e.g. , the Global Justice Movement . In this context , social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality , and can be defined as `` the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society '' . A number of movements are working to achieve social justice in society . These movements are working towards the realization of a world where all members of a society , regardless of background or procedural justice , have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society . Liberation theology ( edit ) Main article : Liberation theology Liberation theology is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic , political , or social conditions . It has been described by proponents as `` an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor 's suffering , their struggle and hope , and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor '' , and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism . Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement , it began as a movement within the Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s -- 1960s . It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injustice in that region . It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s . The term was coined by the Peruvian priest , Gustavo Gutiérrez , who wrote one of the movement 's most famous books , A Theology of Liberation ( 1971 ) . According to Sarah Kleeb , `` Marx would surely take issue , '' she writes , `` with the appropriation of his works in a religious context ... there is no way to reconcile Marx 's views of religion with those of Gutierrez , they are simply incompatible . Despite this , in terms of their understanding of the necessity of a just and righteous world , and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path , the two have much in common ; and , particularly in the first edition of ( A Theology of Liberation ) , the use of Marxian theory is quite evident . '' Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil , Carlos Mugica of Argentina , Jon Sobrino of El Salvador , and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay . Health care ( edit ) Social justice has more recently made its way into the field of bioethics . Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care , especially for low income households and families . The discussion also raises questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low income families , and whether the global marketplace is the best way to distribute healthcare . Ruth Faden of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Madison Powers of Georgetown University focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter the most . They develop a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings . Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people . These social injustices take the form of health inequities when negative health states such as malnourishment , and infectious diseases are more prevalent in impoverished nations . These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as primary healthcare which ensures the general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level , gender , education or any other stratifying factors . Integrating social justice with health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model . Human rights education ( edit ) Main article : Human rights education The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirm that `` Human rights education should include peace , democracy , development and social justice , as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments , in order to achieve common understanding and awareness with a view to strengthening universal commitment to human rights . '' See also ( edit ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' , an anti-Vietnam war and pro-social justice speech delivered by Martin Luther King , Jr. in 1967 Counterculture of the 1960s Climate justice Environmental justice Environmental racism Essentially contested concept Labour law and labour rights Left - wing politics Resource justice Right to education Right to health Right to housing Right to social security Socialism Social justice art Social justice warrior Social law Social work Solidarity World Day of Social Justice All pages beginning with `` Social justice '' All pages with a title containing Social justice Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aristotle , The Politics ( ca 350 BC ) ^ Jump up to : Clark , Mary T. ( 2015 ) . `` Augustine on Justice , '' a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice . Lexington Books . pp. 3 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0918 - 3 . Jump up ^ Banai , Ayelet ; Ronzoni , Miriam ; Schemmel , Christian ( 2011 ) . Social Justice , Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives . Florence : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 81929 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kitching , G.N. ( 2001 ) . Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective . University Park , Pa : Pennsylvania State University Press . pp. 3 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02377 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Arye L. ( 2008 ) . `` Globalization and Social Justice '' . The Singapore Economic Review . 53 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Agartan , Kaan ( 2014 ) . `` Globalization and the Question of Social Justice '' . Sociology Compass. 8 ( 6 ) : 903 -- 915 . doi : 10.1111 / soc4. 12162 . Jump up ^ El Khoury , Ann ( 2015 ) . Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach . Florence : Taylor and Francis . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 50480 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Cecile & Natalie Churn ( 2012 ) . Movements in Time Revolution , Social Justice , and Times of Change . Newcastle upon Tyne , UK : : Cambridge Scholars Pub . pp. xi -- xv . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 4552 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) 4 , `` the principles of social justice : they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation . '' Jump up ^ Aiqing Zhang ; Feifei Xia ; Chengwei Li ( 2007 ) . `` The Antecedents Of Help Giving In Chinese Culture : Attribution , Judgment Of Responsibility , Expectation Change And The Reaction Of Affect '' . Social Behavior and Personality . 35 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Jalata , Asafa ( 2013 ) . `` Indigenous Peoples and the Capitalist World System : Researching , Knowing , and Promoting Social Justice '' . Sociology Mind . 3 ( 2 ) : 156 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Smith , Justin E.H. ( 2015 ) . Nature , Human Nature , and Human Difference : Race in Early Modern Philosophy . Princeton University Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 6631 - 1 . Jump up ^ Trương , Thanh - Đạm ( 2013 ) . Migration , Gender and Social Justice : Perspectives on Human Insecurity . Springer . pp. 3 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 28012 - 2 . Jump up ^ Teklu , Abebe Abay ( 2010 ) . `` We Cannot Clap with One Hand : Global Socio -- Political Differences in Social Support for People with Visual Impairment '' . International Journal of Ethiopian Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas . Agrarian Justice . Jump up ^ J. Zajda , S. Majhanovich , V. Rust , Education and Social Justice , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 4721 - 5 Jump up ^ Garzón , Carlos Andrés Pérez ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia '' . Mexican Law Review . 1 ( 20 ) : 27 -- 66 . ISSN 2448 - 5306 . Jump up ^ The Preamble of ILO Constitution Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action , Part II , D . Jump up ^ Plato , The Republic ( ca 380BC ) Jump up ^ `` 20th WCP : Plato 's Concept Of Justice : An Analysis '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicomachean Ethics V. 3 Jump up ^ Plato , Crito ( ca 380 BC ) Jump up ^ B Spinoza , On the Improvement of the Understanding ( 1677 ) para 13 Jump up ^ T Paine , Rights of Man ( 1792 ) 197 ^ Jump up to : Pérez - Garzón , Carlos Andrés ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia '' . Mexican Law Review . 10 ( 2 ) : 27 -- 66 . ISSN 2448 - 5306 . Jump up ^ Rousseau ( 1774 ) . Journal encyclopédique ... ( Ed . Pierre Rousseau ) ( in French ) . De l'Imprimerie du Journal . Jump up ^ L'Esprit des journaux , françois et étrangers ( in French ) . Valade. 1784 . Jump up ^ L'Episcopato ossia della Potesta di governar la chiesa . Dissertazione ( in Italian ) . na . 1789 . Jump up ^ JS Mill , Utilitarianism ( 1863 ) Jump up ^ `` Divini Redemptoris ( March 19 , 1937 ) PIUS XI '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Moyn , Samuel ( 2014 ) . `` The Secret History of Constitutional Dignity '' . Yale Human Rights and Development Journal . 17 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1548 - 2596 . Jump up ^ FA Hayek , Law , Legislation and Liberty ( 1973 ) vol II , ch 3 Jump up ^ Hunter Lewis ( 14 October 2009 ) . `` Sustainability , The Complete Concept , Environment , Healthcare , and Economy '' ( PDF ) . ChangeThis . Jump up ^ John Allen Jr. ( 28 July 2009 ) . `` Ecology -- The first stirring of an ' evolutionary leap ' in late Jesuit 's official standing ? '' . National Catholic Reporter . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandro Magister ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Benedict XVI to the Diplomats : Three Levers for Lifting Up the World '' . www. chiesa , Rome . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( 2005 reissue ) , Chapter 1 , `` Justice as Fairness '' -- 1 . The Role of Justice , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ John Rawls , Political Liberalism 15 ( Columbia University Press 2003 ) Jump up ^ John Rawls , Political Liberalism 291 -- 92 ( Columbia University Press 2003 ) Jump up ^ James , Nickel . `` Human Rights '' . stanford.edu . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pogge , Thomas Pogge . `` World Poverty and Human Rights '' . thomaspogge.com . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ North , James . `` The Resource Privilege '' . thenation.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pogge , Thomas . `` Human Rights and Just Taxation -- Global Financial Transparency '' . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Alison M. Jaggar1 by , ed. ( 2010 ) . Thomas Pogge and His Critics ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 4258 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Elizabeth ( June -- December 2012 ) . `` Global Economic Justice : A Structural Approach '' . Public Reason . 4 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 48 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Justice in an Open World : The Role of the United Nations '' , The International Forum for Social Development , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Division for Social Policy and Development , ST / ESA / 305 '' ( PDF ) . New York : United Nations . 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Patil , Vijaykumar . `` Caste system hindering the goal of social justice : Siddaramaiah '' . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 1998 ) . Islam and Politics . Syracuse University Press . p. 17 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 1998 ) . Islam and Politics . Syracuse University Press . p. 205 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 1998 ) . Islam and Politics . Syracuse University Press . pp. 147 -- 8 . Jump up ^ S.R. Valentine , John Bennet & the Origins of Methodism and the Evangelical revival in England , Scarecrow Press , Lanham , 1997 . Jump up ^ Carey , Brycchan . `` John Wesley ( 1703 -- 1791 ) . '' The British Abolitionists . Brycchan Carey , 11 July 2008 . 5 October 2009 . Brycchancarey.com Archived 29 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wesley John , `` Thoughts Upon Slavery , '' John Wesley : Holiness of Heart and Life . Charles Yrigoyen , 1996 . 5 October 2009 . Gbgm-umc.org Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church -- 2012 ¶ 164 V , umc.org Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church -- 2008 ¶ 162 K , umc.org Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Seven Key Themes of Catholic Social Teaching '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthew 25 : 40 . Jump up ^ Option for the Poor , Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching Archived 16 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Office for Social Justice , Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Popularised by John A. Ryan , although see Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb , Industrial Democracy ( 1897 ) Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church -- Social justice '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee Jen - der ( 2014 ) , `` Crime and Punishment : The Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu '' , Early Medieval China : A Sourcebook , New York : Columbia University Press , pp. 156 -- 165 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 15987 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Rights of Man '' , Daily Herald , London , February 1940 Jump up ^ Hayek , F.A. ( 1982 ) . Law , Legislation and Liberty , Vol. 2 . Routledge . p. 78 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Ben ( 16 March 2011 ) The Injustice of Social Justice Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Mises Institute Jump up ^ Social Justice : Cultural Origins of a Theory and a Perspective By Carl L. Bankston III , Independent Review vol. 15 no . 2 , pp. 165 -- 178 , 2010 Jump up ^ Just Comment -- Volume 3 Number 1 , 2000 Jump up ^ Capeheart , Loretta ; Milovanovic , Dragan . Social Justice : Theories , Issues , and Movements . Jump up ^ In the mass media , ' Liberation Theology ' can sometimes be used loosely , to refer to a wide variety of activist Christian thought . This article uses the term in the narrow sense outlined here . Jump up ^ Berryman , Phillip , Liberation Theology : essential facts about the revolutionary movement in Latin America and beyond ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ `` ( David ) Horowitz first describes liberation theology as ' a form of Marxised Christianity , ' which has validity despite the awkward phrasing , but then he calls it a form of ' Marxist - Leninist ideology , ' which is simply not true for most liberation theology ... '' Robert Shaffer , `` Acceptable Bounds of Academic Discourse Archived 4 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Organization of American Historians Newsletter 35 , November 2007 . URL retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberation Theology and Its Role in Latin America . Elisabeth Erin Williams . Monitor : Journal of International Studies . The College of William and Mary . Jump up ^ Sarah Kleeb , `` Envisioning Emancipation : Karl Marx , Gustavo Gutierrez , and the Struggle of Liberation Theology `` ; Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Religion ( CSSR ) , Toronto , 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard P. McBrien , Catholicism ( Harper Collins , 1994 ) , chapter IV . Jump up ^ Gustavo Gutierrez , A Theology of Liberation , First ( Spanish ) edition published in Lima , Peru , 1971 ; first English edition published by Orbis Books ( Maryknoll , New York ) , 1973 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Paul E. , Bruce Nizeye , Sara Stulac , and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006 . Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine . PLoS Medicine , 1686 -- 1691 Jump up ^ Cueto , Marcos . 2004 . The ORIGINS of Primary Health Care and SELECTIVE Primary Health Care . Am J Public Health 94 ( 11 ) : 1868 Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action , Part II , paragraph 80 References ( edit ) Articles ( edit ) LD Brandeis , ' The Living Law ' ( 1915 -- 1916 ) 10 Illinois Law Review 461 A Etzioni , ' The Fair Society , Uniting America : Restoring the Vital Center to American Democracy ' in N Garfinkle and D Yankelovich ( eds ) ( Yale University Press 2005 ) pp. 211 -- 223 Otto von Gierke , The Social Role of Private Law ( 2016 ) translated and introduced by E McGaughey , originally Die soziale Aufgabe des Privatrechts M Novak , ' Defining Social Justice ' ( 2000 ) First Things B O'Neill , ' The Injustice of Social Justice ' ( Mises Institute ) R Pound , ' Social Justice and Legal Justice ' ( 1912 ) 75 Central Law Journal 455 M Powers and R Faden , ' Inequalities in health , inequalities in health care : four generations of discussion about justice and cost - effectiveness analysis ' ( 2000 ) 10 ( 2 ) Kennedy Inst Ethics Journal 109 -- 127 M Powers and R Faden , ' Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care : An Ethical Analysis of When and How They Matter , ' in Unequal Treatment : Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care ( National Academy of Sciences , Institute of Medicine , 2002 ) 722 -- 38 United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , ' Social Justice in an Open World : The Role of the United Nations ' ( 2006 ) ST / ESA / 305 Books ( edit ) AB Atkinson , Social Justice and Public Policy ( 1982 ) previews Gad Barzilai , Communities and Law : Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities ( University of Michigan Press ) analysis of justice for non-ruling communities TN Carver , Essays in Social Justice ( 1915 ) Chapter links . C Quigley The Evolution Of Civilizations : An Introduction to Historical Analysis ( 1961 ) 2nd edition 1979 P Corning , The Fair Society : The Science of Human Nature and the Pursuit of Social Justice ( Chicago UP 2011 ) R Faden and M Powers , Social Justice : The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy ( OUP 2006 ) J Franklin ( ed ) , Life to the Full : Rights and Social Justice in Australia ( Connor Court 2007 ) FA Hayek , Law , Legislation and Liberty ( 1973 ) vol II , ch 3 G Kitching , Seeking Social Justice through Globalization : Escaping a Nationalist Perspective ( 2003 ) JS Mill , Utilitarianism ( 1863 ) John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( Harvard University Press 1971 ) John Rawls , Political Liberalism ( Columbia University Press 1993 ) C Philomena , B Hoose and G Mannion ( eds ) , Social Justice : Theological and Practical Explorations ( 2007 ) A Swift , Political Philosophy ( 3rd edn 2013 ) ch 1 Michael J. Thompson , The Limits of Liberalism : A Republican Theory of Social Justice ( International Journal of Ethics : vol. 7 , no . 3 ( 2011 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSocial justiceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Library resources about Social justice Resources in your library <Th_colspan="3"> Social work and related concepts Concepts Primary Social work Secondary Anti-oppressive practice Crisis intervention Community practice Community organization Critical social work Gerontology Group development Leadership Management New Public Management Policy analysis Program evaluation Performance measurement Psychometrics Psychosocial assessment Cognitive behavioral therapy Recreational therapy Health psychology Solution focused brief therapy Strength - based practice Systems thinking Social justice Social actions Social medicine Social learning ( social pedagogy ) Types of social work Social case worker Child protection Forensic social worker Medical social worker Psychiatric social worker Rehabilitation worker School social worker Social work in the military Social group worker Social planning Welfare worker Licensed Clinical Social Worker ( LCSW ) Qualifications Qualifications for professional social work Bachelor of Social Work ( BA , BSc or BSW ) degree Socionom ( Scandinavia ) Master of Social Work degree ( MA , MSc or MSW ) Doctor of Social Work degree ( Ph. 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1. Fair and just relations between individuals and society
2. Distribution of wealth and opportunities
3. Breaking barriers for social mobility
4. Creation of safety nets and economic justice
5. Rights and duties in society
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what season is when calls the heart on
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When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . <Th_colspan="2"> When Calls the Heart <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Characters 5 Production 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="3"> New Year 's Wish <Td_colspan="2"> December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Christmas <Td_colspan="2"> December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="3"> The Christmas Wishing Tree <Td_colspan="2"> December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Characters ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired all five seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Erin ( @ erinkrakow ) ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth ! It flew ! Missing my Hope Valley friends already ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=842350049 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 21 : 52 . About Wikipedia
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1. When Calls the Heart television series
2. Family drama and western genre
3. Based on Janette Oke's book series
4. Main characters: Elizabeth Thatcher, Jack Thornton, Abigail Stanton
5. Plot set in a small coal-mining town in Western Canada
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who is nicole on days of our lives married to
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Nicole Walker - Wikipedia Nicole Walker Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Nicola Walker . <Th_colspan="2"> Nicole Walker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Days of our Lives character Portrayed by Arianne Zucker Duration 1998 -- 2006 2008 -- 17 First appearance February 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 27 ) Last appearance October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Created by Sally Sussman Morina Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( 1998 ) Ken Corday and Edward J. Scott ( 2008 ) Classification Former ; regular ( returning ) <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Nicole Mendez Nicole Stella Walker Nicole Roberts Nicole Kiriakis Nicole DiMera Misty Circle Mary Smith Mary Bridget Occupation Businesswoman Journalist Secretary Campaign manager Editor - in - chief Model Waitress Pornographic actress <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Father Paul Mendez Mother Fay Walker Sisters Taylor Walker Half - brothers Brandon Walker Spouse Trent Robbins ( pre-1998 -- 2008 ) Lucas Roberts ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Victor Kiriakis ( 2002 -- 08 ) EJ DiMera ( 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 ) Daughters Holly Walker Nicole Walker is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera , Days of Our Lives , a long - running series about working - class life in the fictional town of Salem . She was introduced in 1998 by head writer Sally Sussman Morina , and executive producer Ken Corday . Actress Arianne Zucker has portrayed the character since her introduction to the series in 1998 . In 2006 , Zucker left the soap in pursuit of other acting possibilities . She returned to the role in 2008 . In March 2017 , Zucker announced she would once again leave the role . She made her final appearance in the role on October 20 , 2017 , though she will make several guest appearances during the holiday season . Many of Nicole 's storylines have often focused on treachery , death , and love , with the character being portrayed as always in pursuit of finding true love and having the family she never had as a child growing up . The character is the daughter of Fay Walker and Paul Mendez . During her childhood , Nicole was a victim of child sexual abuse at the hands of her father , Paul , who forced her to do pornography in her adolescence under the name `` Misty Circle '' . The character came to Salem as a small town waitress , but almost immediately started getting involved with the major families that the show revolved around . While once being seen as a scheming gold - digger , Nicole has grown into a woman committed to finding love and being a good mother . She is known for her longstanding feud with her enemy , Sami Brady , her relationships with Eric Brady , Victor Kiriakis , Brady Black and EJ DiMera , and the 2009 Baby Switch story line which featured Nicole having a miscarriage ; lying to her husband ; and stealing Sami 's baby , Sydney . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 1998 -- 2006 1.2 2008 -- 2 References 3 External links Storylines ( edit ) 1998 -- 2006 ( edit ) Overworked and underpaid waitress Nicole comes to Salem with dreams of becoming a model and meets Eric Brady ( Jensen Ackles ) . Eric convinces his sister Sami ( Alison Sweeney ) to give Nicole a modeling contract landing Nicole on the cover of Bella magazine . Despite her success , Nicole seems to be hiding something . It is eventually revealed that Nicole is being followed by her ex-boyfriend , Jay . As Eric and Nicole fall in love , a jealous Jay threatens to tell Nicole 's secrets . Nicole develops friendships with Sami and Kate Roberts ( Lauren Koslow ) , even planning out Sami 's bachelorette party . Kate 's son and Sami 's ex-boyfriend Lucas ( Bryan Dattilo ) starts showering Nicole with gifts despite his mother 's disapproval ; Lucas wants to use Nicole to get custody of his son Will from Sami . Meanwhile , Nicole 's sister , Taylor Raines ( Katherine Ellis ) comes to Salem and befriends Eric and Lucas uses the relationship to keep Nicole and Eric apart so he can have her for himself . Taylor catches on to Lucas 's schemes and skips town while Nicole agrees to marriage in exchange for $5 million leaving Eric devastated and running him out of town . When Victor Kiriakis ( John Aniston ) takes the money away from her , Nicole decides to help Sami regain custody of Will . Also , a brief cancer scare forces Nicole to realize the error of her ways . She shares a brief reunion with Eric and divorces Lucas . However , Eric helps Nicole open up about her troubled past and being forced into porn as a teenager by her father , Paul Mendez . Nicole cozies up to Victor by exposing Kate 's plot to kill him and also uses his grandson Brady Black ( Kyle Lowder ) in her schemes . Victor and Nicole eventually marry on New Year 's Eve in 2002 only for Nicole to fake his death with the help of Jan Spears ( Heather Lauren Olson ) , leaving Nicole as the wealthy grieving widow who has fallen for her step grandson . However , Nicole 's plans begin to unravel when Victor is discovered alive . Meanwhile , in an effort to keep Brady for herself , Nicole tries to disfigure his presumed dead first love , Chloe Lane ( Nadia Bjorlin ) during surgery with help from Stan ( Dan Wells ) and Tony DiMera ( Thaao Penghlis ) . Nicole learns that Stan is actually Sami in disguise and threatens to expose her . However , Sami exposes Nicole 's schemes instead and Brady kicks her out of his life believing she was behind Chloe 's `` death . '' Nicole later goes into business with Sami and Austin Reed ( Austin Peck ) . In 2006 , she agrees to move to Los Angeles to manage the newly acquired branch of the company . Before leaving town , Nicole has a one - night stand with Sami 's father , Roman Brady ( Josh Taylor ) . After her departure , it is mentioned that Nicole had plans to marry `` some soap actor . '' This was presumably a nod to Zucker 's marriage to her former Days of Our Lives costar , Kyle Lowder , who played Brady . 2008 -- ( edit ) Nicole resurfaces in 2008 and announces that she and Victor are still legally married . Nicole hires EJ DiMera ( James Scott ) to help her with the divorce only for Nicole to discover that she is still married to her first husband , Trent Robbins ( Roscoe Born ) , making her subsequent marriages to Lucas and Victor invalid . Nicole had married Trent when she was in college but she left him because he was abusive ; however , she never filed for divorce . EJ starts using Nicole to make his soon to be ex-wife Sami jealous and after Sami dumps him , EJ and Nicole end up having sex in an elevator . Nicole is a prime suspect when Trent is found dead in September 2008 , but she is exonerated . Nicole later discovers she is pregnant , and knowing she was not supposed to have children , Nicole considers the child to be a `` miracle . '' EJ and Nicole move in together only for her to miscarry . Realizing that EJ loved their baby and not her , Nicole fakes her pregnancy fearing he will leave her . Nicole discovers that EJ is still in love with Sami , so she adopts Mia McCormick ( Taylor Spreitler ) 's baby with help from Dr. Richard Baker ( John Callahan ) and passes the child off as her own . To make matters worse , Nicole switches Mia 's child with Sami and EJ 's baby allowing EJ to raise the child even though Sami planned to keep him from the child . Nicole names the child , Sydney only for her lies to be exposed when the child 's father , Chad Peterson - Woods ( Casey Deidrick ) tries to sue for custody . Nicole is sent to prison for her crimes and later released with the help of Anna DiMera ( Leann Hunley ) . Seeing that Nicole is still attached to Sydney , EJ arranges for her to be a part of Sydney 's life and live in the mansion leading him to propose to her in order for Nicole to be a `` mother figure '' to EJ 's children . Nicole accepts leading her to start falling in love with him again . On their wedding day , EJ meets Nicole 's sister Taylor ( Natalia Livingston ) and it is love at first sight . After weeks of cheating , EJ asks Nicole for a divorce and she is left shattered . Nicole is employed as EJ 's secretary and they start working together for EJ to win the election and become Mayor of Salem . During the election their romantic relationship evolves but Nicole holds back fearing that EJ will end up hurting her again . When he proposes to her in February 2012 , Nicole accepts only to find out that EJ had cheated on her once again with Sami . She storms out of the mansion and goes to the Town Square where she meets Daniel Jonas ( Shawn Christian ) . During their talk Nicole faints and Daniel takes her to the hospital only to find out that Nicole is pregnant . Nicole worries about her pregnancy ending up in a miscarriage again and wanting to get away from EJ she hides her pregnancy from him with the help of Daniel and Rafe Hernandez ( Galen Gering ) . EJ finds out that Nicole is pregnant and Rafe steps in claiming the child is his leading him and Nicole to fabricate this story to keep the baby from EJ . In May 2012 , Nicole stresses over EJ and starts having pains in her stomach but gets to the hospital in time and everything turns out to be fine . Nicole begins a romantic relationship with Daniel but due to his daughter 's priorities at the time , he broke it off . In August 2012 , an earthquake hits Salem and Nicole goes into preterm labor but luckily enough Daniel manages to stop the contractions and keep the pregnancy healthy . She then starts a rivalry with Jennifer Horton ( Melissa Reeves ) fearing that Daniel will get back together with Jenn . In October 2012 and at 37 weeks pregnant , Nicole goes to her prenatal visit but her doctor informs her that her baby is dead . A distraught Nicole grieves her second loss but does not tell Daniel fearing that he will get back together with Jenn seeing there is no baby . That same day Nicole gets into a fight with Jennifer on the stairs of the Town Square and Nicole falls down going into labor . Nicole gives birth to her stillborn son and seeing the opportunity she blames Jennifer in pushing her . A month later the truth comes out and seeing she is left with nothing , she tries to commit suicide but Rafe and Daniel step in just in time to stop her . Nicole 's first love , Eric Brady ( Greg Vaughan ) , returns to Salem as a priest . He offers her a job as his secretary at the church , which Nicole accepts . As the two continue working together , Nicole 's old feelings for Eric resurface . Knowing that he is a priest and can not be with her , Nicole aches about not being with him . In June 2013 , Eric is drugged and seduced by Kristen DiMera . Due to coincidences that happened that night , such as Nicole finding a delirious Eric in his hotel room shortly after Kristen leaves , Eric is led to believe that it was Nicole who raped him . He confronts her about the matter . While Nicole admits her feelings towards him during the confrontation , she repeatedly denies any wrongdoing . Eric does not believe her , concluding that Nicole acted on her feelings . Dismayed by Eric 's false accusation , Nicole does not want to have anything to do with Eric . After Eric is suspended from the priesthood due to the sex scandal , Nicole forgives him , and together with Daniel , they work together to prove Eric 's innocence . Knowing that Eric would deny her help due to her feelings for him , Nicole fabricates a fake romance with Daniel , assuring Eric she is over him . The lie shocks both Daniel and Eric . Daniel is initially reluctant at first , as Nicole had made up the lie before informing him , but he agrees to play along , blindsiding Eric . Since finding out about Nicole 's new romance , Eric begins to have dreams about Nicole and is unsure how he feels about her . As Nicole and Eric begin spending more time together to clear his name , Eric 's old feelings for Nicole resurface . This becomes especially apparent after Nicole 's photo shoot , when Eric reminisces about an old photo shoot with Nicole during her modeling days with Countess Wilhelmina . Nicole and Eric 's relationship becomes more mutual , leaving both of them confused and unsure how to react . On January 13 , 2014 , Nicole and Eric are kidnapped by Kristen 's potion doctor , as the two have gotten too close to the truth about the night Eric was drugged . The doctor tied them together in the basement of Daniel 's apartment complex . He initially was going to wipe their memories with his drugs , but instead opens a gas line in the basement and leaves Nicole and Eric to die , either by asphyxiation or an eventual explosion . It is in this dire situation Eric confesses he loves Nicole . She was engaged to Eric briefly but they broke up and now she is currently engaged to Daniel . Sadly , on New Year 's Eve of 2015 , Brady , his brother Eric , Jennifer Horton , and Daniel are involved in a tragic car accident due to Eric driving drunk . The accident leaves Daniel brain dead , and Brady in need of a heart transplant . With Maggie 's permission , Daniel is taken off of life support and his heart is donated to Brady . Eric is later sent to prison for causing Daniel 's death , leaving Nicole heartbroken . Nicole was in a relationship with Deimos Kiriakis and then they were engaged and then she dumped him . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Arianne Zucker -- Nicole -- Actor Page -- DAYS OF OUR LIVES '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Arianne Zucker Leaving DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . March 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Arianne Zucker leaving Days of our Lives '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Summaries '' . Sony.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards Pre-Nominations Announced '' . We Love Soaps. 2010 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicole Walker Bio '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Scoop : DAYS preview for the week of December 30 , 2013 - Days of our Lives @ soapcentral.com '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Nicole Walker at SoapCentral.com Nicole Walker at Soaps.com Nicole Walker at nbc.com/days of our lives <Th_colspan="2"> Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Present and future characters <Td_colspan="2"> Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Character lists <Td_colspan="2"> 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Walker&oldid=807904564 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional pornographic film actors Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people Fictional reporters Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Nicole Walker - Days of Our Lives character
2. Arianne Zucker - actress who portrays Nicole Walker
3. Nicole's relationships and storylines
4. Nicole's troubled past and family background
5. Nicole's return and departure from the show
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what transmission is in my 2012 gmc sierra 1500
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Chevrolet Silverado - wikipedia Chevrolet Silverado Jump to : navigation , search For the Chevrolet C / K series Silverado , see Chevrolet C / K . <Th_colspan="2"> Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Manufacturer General Motors Also called GMC Sierra Chevrolet Cheyenne ( Mexico ) VIA VTRUX VTA SolTRUX Chevrolet C / K ( South Korea and east Asia ) Production 1998 -- present Assembly United States : Flint , Michigan Roanoke , Indiana Canada : Oshawa , Ontario Mexico : Silao , Guanajuato <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Class Full - size / Heavy - Duty pickup truck Body style 2 - door regular cab 4 - door double cab 4 - door crew cab Dually Layout FR layout F4 layout <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Predecessor Chevrolet / GMC C / K The Chevrolet Silverado , and its mechanically identical cousin , the GMC Sierra , are a series of full - size and heavy - duty pickup trucks manufactured by General Motors and introduced in 1998 as the successor to the long - running Chevrolet C / K line . The Silverado name was taken from a trim level previously used on its predecessor , the Chevrolet C / K pickup truck from 1975 through 1998 . General Motors continues to offer a GMC - badged variant of the Chevrolet full - size pickup under the GMC Sierra name , first used in 1987 for its variant of the GMT400 platform trucks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 First generation ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2.1 Light duty 2.1. 1 2001 GMC Sierra C3 / Denali 2.1. 2 Chevrolet Silverado SS 2.1. 2.1 Intimidator SS 2.1. 3 Vortec High Output / Vortec Max 2.1. 4 Hybrid 2.2 Heavy duty 2.3 Engines 3 Second generation ( 2007 -- 2014 ) 3.1 Engines 3.2 Production location switch 3.3 Safety 3.4 Electric version 4 Third generation ( 2014 -- 2019 ) 4.1 2015 4.1. 1 Special Editions 4.1. 1.1 Chevrolet 4.2 2016 4.3 2019 Silverado LD 4.3. 1 Special editions 4.3. 1.1 GMC 4.3. 1.2 Chevrolet 4.4 Engines 5 Fourth generation ( 2019 -- present ) 5.1 GMC Sierra 5.2 Medium duty version ( 4500HD and 5500HD ) 6 Military applications 6.1 Variants 7 Awards 8 Motorsport 9 World markets 9.1 Gray import gallery 10 Yearly American sales 11 Special use Silverados and Sierras 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Although General Motors introduced its first pickup truck in 1930 , the term `` Silverado '' was a designation used only to detail the trim for the Chevrolet C / K pickup trucks , Suburbans , and Tahoes from 1975 through 1999 . GMC used a few variations of the `` Sierra '' name ( e.g. Sierra , Sierra Classic , and High Sierra ) ; however , Chevrolet still uses the CK and the CC in their current model codes . 1997 Silverado trim package on C / K pickup The Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks have been essentially the same for their entire history . However , there are some trim and add - on option variations . Early models included variations in the engine and equipment , but the present differences are slight . The 1999 model year redesign included different grilles and interior trim , and certain features ( e.g. Quadrasteer ) were included at different times on the two trucks . The GMC Sierra has a luxury package known as `` Denali '' which adds tons of creature comfort features and design changes . Chevrolet 's equivalent to the Denali trim level is the High Country Silverado which was introduced in the 2014 model year . In 2018 , at the Work Truck Show , another new Silverado will be released , being the 4500 and 5500 ; these vehicles will be exclusive to Chevrolet , as GMC has no plans to offer a equivalent . GM webpage First generation ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> First generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Also called Chevrolet C / K ( South Korea ) Production June 1998 - 2007 Designer Ken Sohocki ( 1994 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform GM GMT800 platform <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine Vortec 4300 ( 4.3 L ) V6 Vortec 4800 ( 4.8 L ) V8 Vortec 5300 ( 5.3 L ) V8 Vortec 6000 ( 6.0 L ) V8 Transmission 4 - speed 4L60 - E automatic 4 - speed 4L65 - E automatic 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic 5 - speed NV3500 manual <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 119 in ( 3,023 mm ) 133 in ( 3,378 mm ) 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) Length 203 in ( 5,156 mm ) 227 in ( 5,766 mm ) 246 in ( 6,248 mm ) Hybrid : 230.2 in ( 5,847 mm ) Width 78.5 in ( 1,994 mm ) Height 74 in ( 1,880 mm ) 77 in ( 1,956 mm ) Hybrid 2WD : 71.2 in ( 1,808 mm ) Hybrid 4WD : 73.9 in ( 1,877 mm ) The GMT800 Silverado / Sierra 1500 and 2500 ( non Heavy Duty ) ( light pickup trucks ) were released in August 1998 as 1999 models . The `` classic '' light - duty GMT400 C / K trucks were continued in production for that first year alongside the new models , and the Heavy - Duty GMT400 pickups ( alongside the GMT400 SUVs ) were continued through 2000 , with the new GMT800 Silverado / Sierra HD ( Heavy Duty ) being introduced . A small refresh for 2003 models was introduced in 2002 , bringing slight design changes and an upgrade to the audio and HVAC controls . The latter 2006 and 2007 GMT800 production units used the name Classic to denote the difference between the first and second generation trucks . Light duty ( edit ) There are a number of models of light - duty Silverados and Sierras , including the half - ton , SS , and Hybrid . The light - duty trucks use the 1500 name . They are available in three cab lengths , 2 - door standard / regular cab , 4 - door extended cab , and front - hinged 4 - door crew cab . Three cargo beds are available : a 69.2 in ( 1,758 mm ) short box , 78.7 in ( 1,999 mm ) standard box , and a 97.6 in ( 2,479 mm ) long box . The short box is only available with the crew cab . For the first year , only the regular cab and an extended cab were available , along with the Vortec 4300 V6 , Vortec 4800 V8 , and the Vortec 5300 V8 . In 2000 , a driver 's side door option became available for the extended cab , giving it four doors , and the crew - cab body was added to the lineup in 2004 . Output on the 5.3 L engine also increased to 285 hp ( 213 kW ) and 325 lb ⋅ ft ( 441 N ⋅ m ) . The 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 was standard on the 2500 and was added for the 2001 Heavy Duty models , rated at 300 hp ( 224 kW ) , with the GMC Sierra 1500 C3 getting an uprated 325 hp ( 242 kW ) version of this engine . The Silverado Z71 got an optional lighter composite box , with a suspension package for towing , but lacked the high - output engine . The C3 became the Denali for 2002 , and Quadrasteer was added . GM introduced a reworked version of the Silverado and Sierra in 2003 , with a new front end and a slightly updated rear end . In 2006 the Silverado received another facelift , similar to the HD version introduced in 2005 HD models . In addition to that , Chevrolet has deleted the `` Chevrolet '' badge off the tailgate that was used from 1998 - 2005 . Its SUV counterparts retained the use of the pre-facelift sheetmetal . The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) gave the Silverado an overall `` marginal '' score on the frontal offset crash test for poor structural integrity and poor dummy control , although no injuries were recorded on the dummy 's body regions . 2001 GMC Sierra C3 / Denali ( edit ) Sierra Denali with Quadrasteer GMC created an upscale version of its Sierra 1500 in 2000 called the Sierra C3 . It used all - wheel drive with a 3.73 final drive gear ratio and included the 6.0 L Vortec 6000 LQ4 V8 rated at 325 hp ( 242 kW ) at 5000 rpm and 370 lb ft ( 502 N m ) of torque at 4000 rpm coupled to a 4L60E - HD four speed automatic transmission along with other upscale equipment . For 2002 , the name was changed to Sierra Denali , but the specifications remained essentially the same except for the addition of Quadrasteer and GM changed from the 4L60E - HD to the 4L65E in conjunction with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio . The Denali is rated for towing 9,100 pounds ( 4,100 kg ) and hauling 1,595 pounds ( 723 kg ) in the cargo box . The Sierra Denali was initially equipped with Delphi 's Quadrasteer system as standard equipment . It was a 4 - wheel steering system that greatly reduced the truck 's turning radius and improved lane changing while towing . General Motors dropped Quadrasteer from the Sierra Denali after the 2004 model year and its entire lineup after 2005 due to poor sales of this expensive option . For the ' 07 model year , the Sierra Denali shares the same billet grille from the other Denali models , and also has the same dash as the ' 07 SUV 's . The ' 07 Sierra Denali was initially the only half ton pickup that had a 6.2 liter with 403 hp ( 301 kW ) and 417 lb ⋅ ft ( 565 N ⋅ m ) of torque coupled to a six speed transmission . This truck is also an optional all wheel drive vehicle and goes 0 - 60 mph in 6.3 seconds . Chevrolet Silverado SS ( edit ) Silverado SS Launched in early 2003 , the Silverado SS is a high - performance pickup truck built by Chevrolet . It is based on the 1500 Silverado with upgrades in drive train and both exterior and interior appearance . It was equipped standard with the 6.0 liter Vortec High - Output V8 rated at 345 hp ( 257 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4000 rpm coupled to a 4L65E four speed automatic transmission . This was the same engine used for the second generation Cadillac Escalade . Chevrolet and GMC advertised this engine as the Vortec High Output and later as the `` VortecMAX '' , while Cadillac calls it the `` HO 6000 '' . The SS debuted in 2003 with a standard All Wheel Drive setup with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio and 4 wheel disc brakes . In 2005 , in an attempt to increase sales , a 2 - wheel drive version became available ( the 2WD SS also lost its rear disc brakes in favor of drums , as did the rest of the 1 / 2 - ton GMT800s ) . 2005 was also the first year the sun roof was available in the SS line up . In 2006 , the AWD variant was dropped and the rear wheel drive was the only driveline layout available . In a further effort to reduce cost , you could also get cloth interior and / or bench seat . The Silverado SS also comes with the Z60 performance suspension and 20 inch aluminum wheels . All the SS trucks in both 2 wheel drive and AWD used the torsion bar style front suspension for better handling . It should also be noted the SS themed trucks were only available from the factory in Black Onyx , Victory Red , and Arrival Blue Metallic from 2003 to 2004 . In 2005 Arrival Blue Metallic was dropped from the color choice and replaced with Silver Birch Metallic ... Intimidator SS ( edit ) In 2006 , Chevrolet released a special edition Silverado SS under the name `` Intimidator SS '' ( licensed by Dale Earnhardt Inc . ) to honor the late Dale Earnhardt . The truck came with several minor appearance upgrades ( rear spoiler , embroidered headrests , Intimidator custom badging ) , but was essentially just a regular Silverado SS . Of the 1,033 scheduled trucks , only 933 were made ( the remaining 100 were sold as 2007 Silverado SS `` classic '' bodystyle trucks before the 2007.5 MY changeover . These trucks were only available in Black Onyx exterior but could be ordered with cloth or leather interior . Also features - Vortec High output / Vortec Max ( edit ) 2004 GMC Sierra with VHO package The Vortec High Output option was first introduced in 2004 to a limited market ( mainly consisting of Texas and several surrounding areas ) ; it was available nationwide for MY 2005 . It was available for both the Chevy and GMC 1500 series trucks . This special edition package ( under option code B4V ) included several options previously not found on the standard 1500 model , most notably the LQ9 6.0 L V - 8 engine ( the same used for the Silverado SS , the 2005 - 2006 GMC Denalis and the Cadillac Escalade ) . The LQ9 motor was rated at 345 hp ( 257 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4000 rpm , which was the same specifications shared in the SS models . The B4V package could only be ordered on extended cab standard box 2WD trucks . They were all built at the Canadian assembly plant and were equipped with the Z60 High Performance suspension package , in addition to the M32 = 4L65E transmission , GT4 = 3.73 rear gear , and G80 Gov Lock as standard equipment . The 2004 models were equipped with the standard 10 bolt 8.625 rear end . The 2005 models were upgraded with the larger 14 bolt 9.5 rear end under RPO option AXN . The package also included one style of the newly introduced GM 20 inch wheels installed from the factory . This marked the first time the LQ9 engine was available for a two - wheel drive application . Unlike the previous years with the SS Package , you could order the interior combination in anything from basic cloth to fully loaded . There were also more exterior color options available with this package . In 2006 , the Vortec Max trailering package became available . The Vortec Max package was added to the option list with an array of similar features and new badges , and at its core retained the LQ9 / 4L65 - E powertrain . However , the Vortec Max package differed from the Performance edition in that it also came with a variant of the Z85 Handling / Trailering suspension , as well as 17 - inch wheels and tires under the option code NHT on 4x4 models versus the Z60 High Performance Suspension and 20 - inch wheel and tire package of the regular B4V 2 wheel drive Performance Edition . This was because the Vortec Max package was intended for max trailer towing , while the Performance Edition was intended more for customers who wanted the Silverado SS mechanicals without the visuals of the SS . It was also made available ( in addition to the extended cab ) in the light duty 4 door crew cab models . For the first time it was also available in 2 wheel drive or 4 wheel drive on both the Silverados and Sierras , with or without the Z71 package . The newest Vortec Max performance package introduced in 2006 on the GMT900 includes a 10,800 pounds towing capacity . Hybrid ( edit ) The engine compartment of a 2006 GMC Sierra Hybrid GM launched a hybrid version of the Silverado / Sierra in 2004 , becoming the first ever GM hybrid passenger vehicle . Known within GM as the Parallel Hybrid Truck or PHT it is not actually a parallel hybrid by the current definition , but a type of micro hybrid design . The electric motor housed within the transmission flywheel housing , serves only to provide engine cranking / starting , battery charging , and powering accessories . The engine automatically shuts down as the truck comes to a stop and uses 42 Volt electric power to the starter / generator unit to restart the engine as the brake pedal is released . Besides the typical 12 V automotive battery the PHT uses three additional 12 V valve regulated lead acid ( VRLA ) batteries mounted under the rear seat to store and provide power . The truck uses a 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 for primary propulsion power . These trucks were also purchased back from customers for more than what they were worth in the late 2000s . The PHT features four 120 volt 20 amp AC outlets , two in the bed and two inside the cab under the rear seat . These are particularly interesting to the building / construction contractor market , since they often require AC power when on the job . Additionally , the extra reserves of power for the accessories make this truck well - suited to that market , where trucks often sit at idle for hours at a time . Availability was extremely limited at first , with commercial buyers getting the first allotment . Later in 2005 , the truck was offered at retail in Alaska , California , Florida , Nevada , Oregon , Washington and Canada . For 2006 - 07 the truck was generally available to retail buyers throughout North America . The Parallel Hybrid Truck was discontinued for the 2008 model year with the release of the GMT900 truck line . Starting in 2009 , General Motors offers a second generation Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra equipped with a Two - Mode Hybrid powertrain and CVT . Heavy duty ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> GMT800 Heavy Duty <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 2000 -- 2007 <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform GM GMT880 platform <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 8.1 L Vortec 8100 V8 6.6 L Duramax V8 Transmission 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic 5 - speed Allison 1000 automatic ( 2000 -- 2005 ) 6 - speed Allison 1000 automatic ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 5 - speed NV4500 manual ( 2000 -- 2007 6.0 ) 6 - speed ZF S6 - 650 manual ( 2000 -- 2006 6.6 and 8.1 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 133 in ( 3,378 mm ) 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) 157.5 in ( 4,000 mm ) 167 in ( 4,242 mm ) 153 in ( 3,886 mm ) Length 222.1 in ( 5,641 mm ) 227.7 in ( 5,784 mm ) 246.6 in ( 6,264 mm ) 237.2 in ( 6,025 mm ) 256.1 in ( 6,505 mm ) Width SRW : 79.7 in ( 2,024 mm ) DRW : 96.1 in ( 2,441 mm ) Height 76.0 -- 77.4 in ( 1,930 -- 1,966 mm ) The HD variant is a heavy - duty light truck . It is a strengthened version of the Silverado / Sierra light - duty , and is available in the 1500HD , 2500HD , and 3500HD models . The 1500HD , introduced in 2000 , offers a Vortec 6000 V8 with 300 hp ( 224 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 360 lb ⋅ ft ( 488 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4000 rpm with a Hydra - Matic 4L80E four - speed automatic transmission . The 2500HD also offers the LB7 Duramax V8 with 300 hp ( 224 kW ) at 3100 rpm and 520 lb ⋅ ft ( 705 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 1800 rpm , the LLY Duramax V8 with 310 hp ( 231 kW ) @ 3000RPM and 605 lb ft ( 820 N m ) @ 1600RPM , and the LBZ Duramax V8 with 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 3200RPM and 650 lb ft ( 881 N m ) @ 1600RPM . Also available is the Vortec 8100 V8 with 340 hp ( 254 kW ) at 4200 rpm and 455 lb ⋅ ft ( 617 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 3200 rpm . The 2500HD has an available five - speed ( six - speed for 2006 - 2007 models ) Allison 1000 transmission with the Vortec 8100 and Duramax 6.6 . The Silverado 3500 offers the same engine / transmission features that the 2500HD does , however it is usually equipped with `` dually '' twin wheels at the rear and has a stronger suspension . The HD models are primarily used for towing and high - weight cargo . The Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD came in at # 2 in a 2016 study by iSeeCars.com ranking the top 10 longest - lasting vehicles . The Silverado 2500HD had 5.7 % of vehicles over 200,000 miles , according to the iSeeCars study . Towing capacity for the 1500HD is rated at 10,300 pounds ( 4,700 kg ) and can haul 3,129 pounds ( 1,419 kg ) in the bed depending on options . Towing capacity for the 2500HD is rated at 16,100 pounds ( 7,300 kg ) with the gasoline 8.1 L V8 with 3.73 : 1 rear and can haul 3,964 pounds ( 1,798 kg ) in the bed depending on options . Towing capacity for the 3500HD is rated at 16,700 pounds ( 7,600 kg ) and can haul 5,753 pounds ( 2,610 kg ) in the bed depending on options . The addition of 4 wheel drive tends to reduce the towing and carrying capacity by 200 to 400 lb ( 181 kg ) , depending upon year and model . Other factors , such as options , can also affect these numbers . Engines ( edit ) Model Year Engine Power Torque 1500 1998 -- 2003 4.3 L Vortec 4300 V6 200 hp ( 149 kW ) @ 4600 RPM 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) @ 2800 RPM 2004 -- 2006 195 hp ( 145 kW ) @ 4600 RPM 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) @ 2800 RPM 1999 4.8 L Vortec 4800 V8 255 hp ( 190 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 285 lb ⋅ ft ( 386 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM 2000 - 2003 270 hp ( 201 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 285 lb ⋅ ft ( 386 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM 2004 - 2007 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM 1999 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 270 hp ( 201 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 315 lb ⋅ ft ( 427 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM 2000 -- 2003 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 325 lb ⋅ ft ( 441 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM 2004 -- 2007 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 335 lb ⋅ ft ( 454 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM 2005 - 2007 310 hp ( 231 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 335 lb - ft ( 454 N-m ) @ 4000 RPM 1500HD / 2500HD / 3500HD 2000 - 2006 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 300 hp ( 224 kW ) @ 4400 RPM 360 lb ⋅ ft ( 488 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM 2001 -- 2003 8.1 L Vortec 8100 V8 340 hp ( 254 kW ) @ 4200 RPM 455 lb ⋅ ft ( 617 N ⋅ m ) @ 3200 RPM 2004 -- 2006 330 hp ( 246 kW ) @ 4200 RPM 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 3200 RPM 2001 -- 2002 w / LQY 270 hp ( 201 kW ) @ 3600 RPM 400 lb ⋅ ft ( 542 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM 2001 -- 2002 w / LQQ 210 hp ( 157 kW ) @ 3600 RPM 325 lb ⋅ ft ( 441 N ⋅ m ) @ 1200 RPM 2002 -- 2005 w / LRW 325 hp ( 242 kW ) @ 4000 RPM 450 lb ⋅ ft ( 610 N ⋅ m ) @ 2800 RPM 2002 -- 2006 w / LRZ 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 3600 RPM 440 lb ⋅ ft ( 597 N ⋅ m ) @ 3200 RPM 2002 -- 2006 w / LQR 225 hp ( 168 kW ) @ 3600 RPM 350 lb ⋅ ft ( 475 N ⋅ m ) @ 1200 RPM 2000 -- 2004 6.6 L Duramax ( LB7 / LLY ) V8 300 hp ( 224 kW ) @ 3100 RPM 520 lb ⋅ ft ( 705 N ⋅ m ) @ 1800 RPM 2005 - 2006 w / MTX 300 hp ( 224 kW ) @ 3000 RPM 520 lb ⋅ ft ( 705 N ⋅ m ) @ 1800 RPM 2005 - 2006 w / ATX 310 hp ( 231 kW ) @ 3000 RPM 605 lb ⋅ ft ( 820 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM 2006 - 2007 6.6 L Duramax ( LBZ ) V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 3200 RPM 650 lb ⋅ ft ( 881 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM GMC Sierra C3 2000 - 2001 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 325 hp ( 242 kW ) @ 5000 RPM 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM GMC Sierra Denali 2002 -- 2004 2004 -- 2006 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 345 hp ( 257 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 RPM Chevrolet Silverado SS 2002 -- 2006 Chevrolet Silverado Vortec High Output 2003 -- 2005 Chevrolet Silverado VortecMAX 2005 - 2006 1999 -- 2002 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD regular cab 2003 -- 2007 Chevrolet Silverado 3500 crew cab The Allison 1000 attached to the 6.6 L Duramax Diesel 2004 Silverado 2500 HD 2009 Chevrolet Silverado Single Cab in Chile Second generation ( 2007 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Second generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Also called Chevrolet Platform GMC Dump Truck VIA VTRUX GMC Sierra Chevrolet / GMC C / K Production 2006 -- 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform GM GMT900 platform : GMT901 ( Chevrolet Silverado ) GMT902 ( GMC Sierra ) <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 4.3 L V6 195 hp ( 145 kW ) 4.8 L V8 295 hp ( 220 kW ) 5.3 L V8 315 hp ( 235 kW ) 6.0 L V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) 6.2 L V8 403 hp ( 301 kW ) Transmission 4 - speed 4L60 - E automatic 4 - speed `` 2 - Mode Hybrid transmission '' 2ML70 ( Hybrid ) 6 - speed 6L80 automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase Regular : 119 in ( 3,023 mm ) Extended & Crew : 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) Length Regular : 205.6 in ( 5,222 mm ) Extended & Crew : 230.2 in ( 5,847 mm ) Hybrid : 229.9 in ( 5,839 mm ) Width Regular & Extended : 79.9 in ( 2,029 mm ) Crew : 80 in ( 2,032 mm ) Height Regular & Extended : 73.9 in ( 1,877 mm ) Crew : 73.8 in ( 1,875 mm ) Hybrid 4WD : 73.7 in ( 1,872 mm ) The all - new GMT900 generation of the Silverado / Sierra arrived in the last quarter of 2006 as a 2007 model . It features a redesigned exterior , interior , frame , and suspension as well as a power increases on certain engines . It takes styling cues from the 2007 GMT900 SUVs and the Chevrolet Colorado pickups . Like the GMT900 SUVs , these pickups also have greatly improved aerodynamics over their predecessors like steeply raked windshields and tighter panel gaps which improve fuel economy . The GMT800 models were continued through 2007 badged as `` Classic '' , just as the GMT400 models continued for two years after the GMT800 's introduction . The new Silverado earned the North American Truck of the Year award for 2007 and was Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year for 2007 . Like its predecessors , the new Silverado offers buyers a choice of two door regular cabs , four door extended cabs ( with rear doors that now open 170 degrees similar to the Nissan Titan ) and four door crew cabs with the rear doors opening in the same direction as the front doors . GM also offers the trucks in the traditional two and four wheel drive configurations . The Generation III small block V8 engines offered in the GMT 800 trucks were replaced in the GMT 900 series by the Generation IV small block V8 engine family , featuring upgrades such as increased power and Active Fuel Management on the 5.3 L and 6.0 L V8s . A new high performance 6.2 liter V8 ( with 403 hp ( 301 kW ) and 417 lb ⋅ ft ( 565 N ⋅ m ) of torque ) was introduced with the 2007 Cadillac Escalade and 2007 GMC Denali line , and is now available on the Silverado LTZ trim line . After skipping the 2008 model year , with 2007 being the last for the GMT800 hybrid line , a two - mode hybrid model was introduced in late 2008 as a 2009 model . General Motors discontinued the Silverado Hybrid due to poor sales along with the GMC Sierra Hybrid , Chevy Avalanche , Chevy Tahoe Hybrid , GMC Yukon Hybrid , Cadillac Escalade Hybrid , and Cadillac Escalade EXT after the 2013 model year even though it was the one of the two first hybrid pickup trucks ever manufactured . Available in either two - or four - wheel - drive , the Sierra 1500 Hybrid is powered by a 6.0 - liter V8 . It 's joined by two 60 - kilowatt electric motors supplied by a nickel -- metal hydride battery pack under the rear seat . On its own , the V8 is rated at 332 horsepower and 367 pound - feet of torque . GM engineers say that combined output with the electric motors is 379 hp . The unique transmission houses the electric motors along with three different planetary gear sets and four traditional clutches . There were two dash options offered in this model Silverado and Sierra : a luxury - inspired dash that closely mimics the dash in their GMT900 SUVs , and a more traditional upright dash to make room for a passenger seat in place of a center console . As of 2008 , General Motors full - size trucks were no longer sold in United States and Canada with manual transmissions ; they were only offered in Mexico in the Silverado 1500 V6 engine and Silverado 3500 . All Silverado & Sierra 1 / 2 - ton models received a revised bumper and shortened front fascia midway through the 2009 model year and a full mid-cycle refresh followed with all 2010 models , including new interior door panels ( which moved the handle forward and added an additional cup holder ) and a six - speed automatic transmission on regular and extended cab models with 5.3 L or larger V8 's was also made standard . Two new exterior colors were added : Taupe Gray Metallic and Sheer Silver Metallic . 2007 GMC Sierra Denali Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid 2009 GMC Sierra Hybrid 2012 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LTZ extended cab 2013 GMC Sierra Denali Crew Cab <Th_colspan="2"> GMT900 Heavy Duty <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 2006 -- 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform GM GMT910 platform : GMT911 ( Chevrolet Silverado ) GMT912 ( GMC Sierra ) <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 6.0 L V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) 6.6 L Duramax diesel V8 397 hp ( 296 kW ) Transmission 6 - speed 6L90 automatic 6 - speed Allison 1000 automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase Varies greatly Length Varies greatly Width 80 in ( 2,032 mm ) 95.9 in ( 2,436 mm ) ( Towing mirrors ) Height 76 in ( 1,930 mm ) The 8.1 L big - block V8 is no longer offered on the Heavy Duty models , and no replacement has been announced . The 6L90 6 - speed automatic transmission is standard in all Heavy Duty models . The Allison 1000 transmission is paired with the optional Duramax V8 diesel . As of 2011 the GMC and Chevrolet heavy Duty 's have being upgraded with a new fully boxed high strength steel frame from front to rear improving stiffness by 92 % with bigger rear springs , larger engine and transmission mounts and new hydraulic body mounts to improve the ride. The front suspension incorporates new upper and lower control arms and new torsion bars tailored to one of five different gross axle weight ratings . Upper control arms are constructed from forged steel that is both stronger and lighter than the previous arms , while the new lower arms are cast iron to maximize load capacity . Using a unique torsion bar for each gross weight rating allows for better control over vehicle height , resulting in improved handling and better alignment for reduced tire wear . These improvements allow for up to a 6,000 pound front axle weight rating , allowing all 4wd trucks to accommodate a snow plow . Additional front suspension enhancements come from new urethane bump stops , two per side . The upper shock mount has been changed from a single stem mount to a two - bolt design to eliminate the possibility of squeaks and thumps . The rear suspension design uses asymmetrical leaf springs that are wider and capable of greater load handling . The design features 3 - inch wide leaves , with front and rear spring sections of different lengths to reduce the twisting that can result in axle hop and loss of traction . The 2500HD use a two - stage design with a rating of 6,200 lbs , and 3500HD models have a three - stage design with 7,050 lb and 9,375 lb ratings on single and dual - wheel models respectively 2012 Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD crew cab 2012 GMC Sierra Denali HD 2008 GMC Sierra 3500HD SLT crew cab 2012 Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD crew cab Engines ( edit ) Model Year Engine Power Torque 1500 2007 - 2013 4.3 L Vortec 4300 V6 195 hp ( 145 kW ) @ 4600 RPM 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) @ 2800 RPM 2007 - 2008 4.8 L Vortec 4800 V8 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 4800 RPM 2009 295 hp ( 220 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 4600 RPM 2010 - 2013 302 hp ( 225 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 4600 RPM 2007 - 2009 5.3 L Vortec 5300 V8 315 hp ( 235 kW ) @ 5200 RPM 338 lb ⋅ ft ( 458 N ⋅ m ) @ 4400 RPM 2010 - 2013 315 hp ( 235 kW ) @ 5300 RPM 335 lb ⋅ ft ( 454 N ⋅ m ) @ 4400 RPM 2007 - 2008 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 367 hp ( 274 kW ) @ 5500 RPM 375 lb ⋅ ft ( 508 N ⋅ m ) @ 4300 RPM 2009 367 hp ( 274 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 375 lb ⋅ ft ( 508 N ⋅ m ) @ 4300 RPM 2009 - 2013 6.2 L Vortec 6200 V8 403 hp ( 301 kW ) @ 5700 RPM 417 lb ⋅ ft ( 565 N ⋅ m ) @ 4300 RPM 2500HD / 3500HD 2007 - 2008 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 353 hp ( 263 kW ) @ 5400 RPM 373 lb ⋅ ft ( 506 N ⋅ m ) @ 4400 RPM 2009 - 2014 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 5400 RPM 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) @ 4200 RPM 2007 - 2010 6.6 L Duramax V8 365 hp ( 272 kW ) @ 3200 RPM 660 lb ⋅ ft ( 895 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM 2011 - 2014 397 hp ( 296 kW ) @ 3000 RPM 765 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,037 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM Silverado XFE 2009 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 332 hp ( 248 kW ) @ 5100 RPM 367 lb ⋅ ft ( 498 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 RPM Silverado Hybrid 2009 - 2013 Production location switch ( edit ) For the 2011 model year of the Silverado / Sierra , the production of crew cab models partially shipped from Silao , Mexico to Flint , Michigan . Safety ( edit ) The Silverado comes standard with four - wheel ABS . StabiliTrak and side curtain airbags are optional on certain trim levels . 2007 NHTSA crash test : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover : The IIHS gave the Silverado a `` Good '' score in their frontal crash test , however 2007 - 09 models equipped with or without optional side curtain airbags received a `` Poor '' rating in the side impact test . For 2010 models the side structure was strengthened , side torso air bags were added , and side airbags became standard , with the upgrades the IIHS side impact overall rating improved to `` Acceptable '' , while the overall side structure rating is improved from `` Poor '' to `` Acceptable '' . The crew cab variant of the 2011 - 13 Silverado is also rated `` Marginal '' in the IIHS roof strength test . Electric version ( edit ) In 2011 developer of the Chevrolet Volt and former vice chairman Bob Lutz joined VIA Motors in developing electric versions of the Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra called VIA VTrux . 2013 VIA VTRUX Third generation ( 2014 -- 2019 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Third generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Also called GMC Sierra VIA Vtrux Truck Chevrolet Silverado LD ( 2019 ) Production 2013 -- present ( 1500 ) 2014 -- present ( 2500 and 3500 ) Model years 2014 -- present ( 1500 ) 2015 -- present ( 2500 and 3500 ) Designer Kevin O'Donnell ( 2010 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform GMT K2XX <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine LV3 EcoTec3 4.3 L V6 285 hp ( 213 kW ) L83 EcoTec3 5.3 L V8 355 hp ( 265 kW ) L8B EcoTec3 5.3 L V8 355 hp ( 265 kW ) L86 EcoTec3 6.2 L V8 420 hp ( 313 kW ) LY6 Vortec 6000 6.0 L V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) LML Duramax 6.6 L V8 397 hp ( 296 kW ) Transmission 6 - speed 6L80 automatic 8 - speed 8L90 automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase Regular 6'6 `` : 119 in ( 3,023 mm ) Regular 8 ' : 133 in ( 3,378 mm ) Double 6'6 '' & Crew 5'5 `` : 143.5 in ( 3,645 mm ) Crew 6'6 `` : 153 in ( 3,886 mm ) Length Regular 6'6 `` : 205.6 in ( 5,222 mm ) Regular 8 ' : 224.4 in ( 5,700 mm ) Double & Crew 5'5 `` : 230 in ( 5,842 mm ) Crew 6'6 `` : 239.6 in ( 6,086 mm ) Width 80 in ( 2,032 mm ) Height 73.5 in ( 1,867 mm ) -- 74.2 in ( 1,885 mm ) 2014 Silverado LTZ Crew Cab 4x4 On December 13 , 2012 , the redesigned 2014 Chevrolet Silverado , along with the related 2014 GMC Sierra were introduced in Detroit , Michigan , later making their public debut at the North American International Auto Show . GM dropped the 900 platform and changed to K2XX . The third generation Silverado 1500 has three gas engine options : 4.3 L EcoTec3 V6 , 5.3 L EcoTec3 V8 , or 6.2 L EcoTec3 V8 . Chevrolet 's MyLink touch - screen multimedia interface system will be available on most models . It will have A2DP stereo streaming technologies , Bluetooth hands - free telephone , USB hookups , and an input for an Apple iPod or iPhone . When connected via the USB port , an iPhone 4 / 4S , iPhone 5 / iPhone 5S , iPhone 6 , or iPhone 6 Plus will be able to stream music from Pandora Radio . A Bose premium audio system , as well as a Bose surround sound audio system will be available on most models . OnStar will be standard on all models . Underneath , the Silverado rides on a fully boxed high strength steel frame with hydroforming technology ; truck cab 's frame is built with high strength steel as well . The third generation Silverado uses aluminum on the hood , for the engine block and for the control arms in order to save mass . The truck 's bed is made of roll - formed steel instead of stamped steel used by other manufacturers in order to save weight and gain strength . The third generation Silverado introduced the upmarket High Country edition which includes saddle brown leather interior , which is Chevrolet 's first entry into the luxury market . A revised front end features styling cues from the 1980s - era Chevrolet C - Series Trucks , and , on Z - 71 models , a Z - 71 badge was added to the front grille . The first production Silverado completed assembly on April 29 , 2013 . The Silverado 1500 went on sale in May 2013 as a 2014 model , with the Silverado HD Series being available in early 2014 for the 2015 model year . On January 10 , 2014 a recall was issued for 370,000 Silverado and Sierra pickups due to a fire risk . A rebadged version of the Silverado called the Chevrolet Cheyenne is sold in Mexico . The American model version of the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 / 2500HD / 3500HD and the 2015 Chevrolet Silverado High Country was introduced to the Philippines market by Chevrolet Motorama Show late November 2014 as a MY2015 , along with the MY2015 Chevrolet Suburban , 2015 Chevrolet Tahoe , 2015 Chevrolet Impala , 2015 Chevrolet Express Van , 2015 Chevrolet Trax and 2015 Chevrolet Colorado . On January 14 , 2014 , The Silverado , along with the Chevrolet Corvette Stingray , received the 2014 North American International Auto Show 's Car and Truck of the Year awards . 2015 ( edit ) For the 2015 model year , the 6.2 L Ecotec3 was paired with the new 8 - speed 8L90 transmission , offering a wider ratio spread with more closely spaced gears , quicker shifts , and improved acceleration and fuel economy . The Silverado 2500 / 3500 HD models continue to use the 6.0 L L96 flex fuel capable Vortec engine combined with the 6l90e transmission , installed with engine oil and transmission fluid coolers for hauling / towing applications . Special Editions ( edit ) Chevrolet ( edit ) For that year , Chevrolet introduced Special Edition for the Silverado truck series . They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2 , Midnight Edition , Custom Sport Edition , Custom Sport Plus Edition , Black Out Edition , and Texas Longhorns Edition . Rally Edition 1 Rally Edition 2 Black Out Edition Texas Longhorns Edition 2016 ( edit ) For 2016 , the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 received its first mid-cycle refresh . The refreshed Silverado and Sierra received a new grille , new headlights and new front fascia , with design influences from the 2015 Chevrolet Colorado , as well as all new LED tail lights on the 2016 Silverado LTZ , HIGH COUNTRY , 2016 GMC Sierra SLT and DENALI trim levels while the 2016 Chevy Silverado LT trim levels and below still have the pre-facelifted taillights along with the 2016 GMC Sierra SLE trim levels and below . On October 1 , 2015 , HD Radio was added to the Silverado , Sierra , and their HD level models . The Silverado / Silverado HD will add HD Radio to their 8 - inch MyLink system as a standard on the LT and LTZ trims , while the Sierra / Sierra HD will include the feature in its IntelliLink system as a standard on all its trims and for the 2017 model year the Chevy Silverado received CarPlay in the IntelliLink system and the Silverado 2500 and 3500 models received a new front hood with vents . 2016 Chevrolet Silverado 2017 Chevrolet Silverado back Starting in 2016 , GM offered an eAssist mild hybrid version of the 5.3 L V8 engine in the Silverado LT and Sierra SLT , but only in the state of California . The engine came with an 8 - speed automatic transmission has the same horse power and torque as the regular 5.3 V8 . For 2017 , it was also available in Hawaii , Oregon , Texas , and Washington . For 2018 , it became available nationwide and was also offered in the Silverado LTZ . 2019 Silverado LD ( edit ) In January of 2018 , Chevrolet announced that it would continue production of the third - generation Silverado 1500 for 2019 , and that it would be sold alongside the all - new , fourth - generation 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 . Renamed the Chevrolet Silverado LD ( `` LD '' for Light Duty ) , production of the previous - generation truck will move from Silao , Mexico and Detroit , Michigan to Oshawa , Ontario , Canada . The first - generation Chevrolet Silverado 1500 was sold alongside the second - generation Chevrolet Silverado 1500 for the 2007 model year as the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Classic , and 2500 and 3500 versions of the truck were also sold alongside their successors , the Chevrolet Silverado 2500 and 3500 . GMC also offered versions of their Sierra trucks as the Sierra Classic for 2007 as well , though it was not announced whether GMC would sell a Sierra LD alongside the all - new 2019 GMC Sierra 1500 . Special Editions ( edit ) GMC ( edit ) In 2016 , GMC introduced the Sierra All Terrain X , which is equipped with a 5.3 - liter V8 engine with performance exhaust , bumping output up from 355 to 365 horsepower . On the exterior , the Sierra All Terrain X features back 18 inch rims fitted with Goodyear Wrangler DuraTrac MT tires , black bed - mounted sport bar , LED off - road lights , and blacked - out accents . After introducing the Sierra 1500 All Terrain X full - size pickup and the Canyon All Terrain X small pickup , in 2017 GMC extended the same formula to its heavy - duty pickup family with the Sierra HD All Terrain X . Available on four - wheel drive Sierra 2500 HD crew cab models in either Black Onyx or Summit White exterior colors , the Sierra HD All Terrain X package provides a unique , premium mix of specialized exterior trim and off - road special equipment , uniquely paired with GMC 's high - level of refinement and technologies . All Terrain X 's customized appearance starts with a unique body - color grille surround , which flanks a distinctive grille insert that 's unique to All Terrain . Body color door handles , front and rear bumpers , and bodyside moldings provide a distinctive monochromatic appearance , while black accents , including belt moldings , front bumper skid plate , and B - pillar accents , enhance its bold attitude . Sierra HD All Terrain X models also include unique eighteen - inch black - painted aluminum wheels -- fitted with rugged LT275 / 65R18 Goodyear Duratrac MT - rated tires -- along with four - inch black sport side steps , black heated and power - folding trailering mirrors with integrated turn signals and LED guidance lamps , a spray - on bedliner , and a distinctive black bed - mounted sport bar , which is designed to support available GMC Accessories LED off - road driving lamps . Inside , the 2017 Sierra 2500 HD All Terrain X also features GMC IntelliLink with an 8 - inch - diagonal color touchscreen , Teen Driver , remote - locking tailgate , remote starting system , Rear Vision Camera , adjustable pedals , leather - appointed seats , heated front seats and wireless mobile device charging . Sierra HD All Terrain X 's strong , bold appearance is matched by equally strong engineering underneath its surface . A 6.0 - liter gasoline engine is standard , but the all - new , next - generation 6.6 - liter Duramax Diesel turbo - diesel V - 8 is also available . More powerful and refined than ever before , this latest Duramax Diesel delivers 445 hp and 910 lb - ft of torque -- providing plenty of power to trailer with confidence . For added confidence off - road , the Sierra HD All Terrain X also includes the Z71 off - road suspension package , which adds front underbody and transfer case skid plates , twin - tube Rancho shocks , hill descent control , and off - road information graphics in the Driver Information Center . An Eaton automatically - locking rear differential ( 410 : 1 ) is also standard equipment . < http://www.gmc.com/gmc-life/trucks/sierra-2500-hd-all-terrain-x > Chevrolet ( edit ) For that year , Chevrolet has added and dropped some of the Special Editions for the Silverado truck series . They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2 , Midnight HD Edition , Midnight Edition , Custom Sport HD Edition , Realtree Edition , Custom Sport HD Edition , Black Out Edition , and Special Ops Edition . Custom Sport HD Edition Black Out Edition Engines ( edit ) Model Year Engine Power Torque 1500 2014 - 4.3 L LV3 GM EcoTec3 4300 V6 285 hp ( 213 kW ) @ 5300 RPM 305 lb ⋅ ft ( 414 N ⋅ m ) @ 3900 RPM 2014 - 5.3 L L83 GM EcoTec3 5300 V8 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 383 lb ⋅ ft ( 519 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 RPM 2016 - 5.3 L L8B GM EcoTec3 5300 V8 ( eAssist ) 355 hp ( 265 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 383 lb ⋅ ft ( 519 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 RPM 2014 - 6.2 L L86 GM EcoTec3 6200 V8 420 hp ( 313 kW ) @ 5600 RPM 460 lb ⋅ ft ( 624 N ⋅ m ) @ 4100 RPM 2500HD / 3500HD 2015 - 6.0 L L96 Vortec 6000 V8 360 hp ( 268 kW ) @ 5400 RPM 380 lb ⋅ ft ( 515 N ⋅ m ) @ 4400 RPM 2015 - 2016 6.6 L LML Duramax V8 397 hp ( 296 kW ) @ 3200 RPM 765 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,037 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM 2017 6.6 L L5P Duramax V8 445 hp ( 332 kW ) @ 2800 RPM 910 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,234 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600 RPM Fourth generation ( 2019 -- present ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fourth generation <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 2018 -- present ( 1500 ) Model years 2019 -- present ( 1500 ) On December 16 , 2017 , Chevrolet unveiled the all - new , fourth - generation 2019 Silverado 1500 at its Chevy Truck Centennial Celebration Weekend at Texas Motor Speedway . The reveal of the all - new Silverado was not expected until early 2018 . For its debut , the all - new Silverado 1500 was airlifted via helicopter onto a stage , where it was introduced to a crowd of Chevrolet truck owners and enthusiasts , as well as to the automotive press . In addition to the reveal of the all - new 2019 Silverado 1500 , multiple Chevrolet trucks of different generations were on display as well . The model shown at the reveal was the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT Z / 71 Trail Boss 4X4 , which is a factory - modified version of the Silverado 1500 LT Z / 71 . Distinguishing features of the Trail Boss from other Silverado 1500 trim levels are its gloss black front fascia , black rear step bumper , black Chevrolet `` bow - tie '' emblems on the front grille and rear tailgate , gloss black - finished aluminum - alloy wheels , large off - road tires , altered suspension , `` Trail Boss '' decals on the sides of the pickup box , front bumper - mounted center fog lamps , `` Z / 71 '' emblems on each front fender , and red - painted front tow hooks . The all - new Silverado 1500 features a more sculpted exterior design , with front headlamps that integrate into the front grille , which also incorporate LED Daytime Running Accent Lamps ( DRL 's ) . The formal unveiling of the all - new Silverado 1500 took place at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in Detroit , Michigan on January 13 , 2018 . At the unveiling , full details on the fourth - generation Chevrolet Silverado were announced . The all - new Silverado 1500 will be available in eight distinct trim levels : WT , Custom , Custom Trail Boss , LT , LT Trail Boss , LTZ , and High Country . Standard features include a next - generation infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto , OnStar with 4G LTE Wi Fi Connectivity , and a lighter - weight construction . Engine options include a revised 5.3 L gasoline V8 , a revised 6.2 L gasoline V8 , and an all - new 3.0 L Duramax turbocharged diesel inline six ( I6 ) . The 6.2 L gasoline V8 and 3.0 L Duramax turbocharged diesel inline six ( I6 ) engines will be mated to a ten - speed automatic transmission . The Silverado 1500 is the fourth full - size , half - ton pickup truck to offer a diesel engine option , following the 2018 Ford F - 150 , 2016 Nissan Titan XD , and 2014 Ram Truck 1500 . The all - new 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 will go on sale in late 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle . GMC Sierra ( edit ) The all - new 2019 GMC Sierra was unveiled in Detroit , Michigan on March 1 , 2018 . The all - new Sierra 1500 will differ itself from its Chevrolet Silverado 1500 counterpart by offering unique features , such as a two - piece tailgate , a pickup bed constructed from carbon fiber , a 3 '' x 7 '' multi-color Heads - Up Display , a rear - view mirror backup camera system , and a luxury Denali trim level . The all - new Sierra 1500 will also feature its own distinct exterior styling , though interior styling will be similar to that of the all - new Chevrolet Silverado 1500 . Power trains include improved versions of the current 5.3 L and 6.2 L EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engines , as well as the same 3.0 L Duramax Turbocharged Diesel I6 engine that will also be available in the all - new 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 . An all - new , ten - speed automatic transmission will come as standard equipment on gasoline - powered Sierra 1500 models . Availability of the previous 4.3 L EcoTec3 V6 gasoline engine was not announced at launch . The all - new 2019 GMC Sierra will go on sale in the Fall of 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle at GMC dealerships nationwide . Medium duty version ( 4500HD and 5500HD ) ( edit ) Chevrolet introduced a medium duty version of its Silverado , the Silverado 4500HD and 5500HD , which will replace the discontinued Chevrolet Kodiak and GMC TopKick medium duty trucks . The truck was unveiled at the 2018 Work Truck Show in Indianapolis , Indiana in March 2018 , and will join the Chevrolet 4500HD / XD and 5500HD / XD cabover trucks . It will compete with the Ford Super Duty F - 450 and F - 550 and Ram 4500 and 5500 . Chevrolet also plans to make the vehicles available for sale at least 160 selected dealerships , including the 240 that specializes in fleet and commercial truck sales . GMC has confirmed that they will not offer a equivalent , citing a lack of support for GMC to expand back into a medium duty market while making a push towards a premium market with their current lineup . The move leaves Chevrolet as the only brand in the GM truck division to have medium - duty vehicles in this segment as well as the only division to make its trucks and SUVs available for fleet sales . Military applications ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> LSSV <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Manufacturer General Motors , AM General Model years 2001 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Body style 2 - door SUV 4 - door SUV 2 - door pickup 4 - door pickup Platform GM GMT880 platform <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 6.6 L Duramax V8 Transmission 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic 5 - speed Allison 1000 automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Width 79.9 in ( 2.03 m ) Height 74.5 in ( 1.89 m ) When production of the CUCV II ended in 2000 , GM redesigned it to coincide with civilian truck offerings . The CUCV nomenclature was changed to Light Service Support Vehicle in 2001 . In 2005 , LSSV production switched to AM General , a unit of MacAndrews and Forbes Holdings . The LSSV is a GM - built Chevrolet Silverado 1500 , Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD , Chevrolet Tahoe , or Chevrolet Suburban that is powered by a Duramax 6.6 liter turbo diesel engine . The various Silverados , Tahoes , and Suburbans that are used provide numerous platforms for different kinds of vehicles . As GM has redesigned its civilian trucks and SUVs from 2001 -- present , LSSVs have also been updated cosmetically . The Militarization of standard GM trucks / SUVs to become LSSVs includes exterior changes such as CARC paint ( Forest Green , Desert Sand , or 3 - color Camouflage ) , blackout lights , military bumpers , a brush guard , a NATO slave receptacle / NATO trailer receptacle , a pintle hook and tow shackles . The electrical system is changed to the 24 / 12 volt military standard . The dashboard has additional controls and dataplates . The truck also can be equipped with weapon supports in the cab , cargo tie down hooks , folding troop seats , pioneer tools , winches , and other military accessories . The Enhanced Mobility Package ( EMP ) option adds enhanced suspension , 4 - wheel anti-lock brakes , a locking differential , on / off - road beadlock tires , a tire pressure monitoring system and other upgrades . About 2,000 LSSV units were sold to U.S. and international military and law enforcement organizations . Variants ( edit ) Cargo / Troop Carrier Pickup ( 2 - door , Extended Cab , or 4 - door Silverado ) Cargo / Command Vehicle ( 4 - door Tahoe ) Cargo / Trooprier / Command Vehicle / Ambulance ( 4 - door Suburban ) Awards ( edit ) 1999 - Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year 2001 - Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year ( Heavy Duty Model ) 2001 - Car and Driver magazine 's Best Pickup Truck 2002 - Car and Driver magazine 's Best Pickup Truck 2003 - Car and Driver magazine 's Best Pickup Truck 2007 - North American Truck of the Year 2007 - Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year 2007 - ICOTY International Truck of the Year 2007 - Truckin ' magazine 's Truck of the Year 2011 - Heavy Duty model won Motor Trend magazine 's Truck of the Year Motorsport ( edit ) The Silverado of Jordan Anderson Chevrolet is represented in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series by the Silverado . As of the 2016 season , 19 full - time teams use the Silverado . Xpress Motorsports won the 2002 and 2003 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series . The Silverado is also the title sponsor for the Chevrolet Silverado 250 Truck Series race at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park . The truck also won the Primm 300 off - road race in 2004 , 2005 and 2006 . World markets ( edit ) As of 2015 , the Chevrolet Silverado is sold in the United States , Canada , Mexico , Venezuela , Chile , and the Middle East ( except Iran ) , and the GMC Sierra is sold in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East ( except Israel and Iran ) . GM has also announced plans to introduce the Silverado , along with the smaller Colorado , to China . Chevrolet will start selling the Silverado in Oceania in 2018 via its division Holden but will retain the Chevrolet brand and badge . The vehicles will be Right Hand Drive versions for that region . There is a small gray market for both the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks in some parts of the world , mostly in Scandinavian countries and Germany . Gray import gallery ( edit ) Chevrolet Silverado in front of McDonald 's in Norway Yearly American sales ( edit ) Calendar year Chevrolet Silverado GMC Sierra Total 1998 538,254 160,555 698,809 1999 636,150 208,693 844,843 2000 642,119 188,907 831,026 716,051 210,154 926,205 2002 652,646 202,045 854,691 2003 684,302 196,689 880,991 680,768 213,756 894,524 2005 705,982 229,488 935,468 2006 636,069 210,736 846,805 2007 618,259 208,243 826,500 2008 465,065 168,544 633,609 2009 316,554 111,842 428,396 370,135 129,794 499,929 2011 415,130 149,170 564,300 2012 418,312 157,185 575,497 2013 480,414 184,389 664,803 2014 529,755 211,833 741,588 2015 600,544 224,139 824,683 2016 574,876 221,680 796,556 2017 585,864 217,943 803,807 Special use Silverados and Sierras ( edit ) Tow truck in Honolulu , Hawaii . Spill response vehicle used after Hurricane Sandy , Staten Island , New York Firetruck in Nebraska Humpty Dumpty delivery van in Montreal Dump truck in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Ambulance in Uppsala , Sweden Landing an airplane in Airdrie , Alberta Race car Drying a race track Railway vehicle Taxi in Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands Beach patrol in Santa Monica , California Hearse in Indianola , Mississippi Chevrolet Cheyenne in use as a police car in Tijuana , Mexico See also ( edit ) List of Chevrolet pickup trucks Chevrolet Avalanche General Motors C / K Trucks Chevrolet S10 / Chevrolet Colorado List of hybrid vehicles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Silverado History '' . Jump up ^ `` GM Trucks Jump Back in the Saddle - A whole lot is riding on GM 's new fullsize pickups '' . wardsauto.com . ^ Jump up to : `` IIHS - HLDI : Chevrolet Silverado 1500 '' . Iihs.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cost , complexity kills Quadrasteer '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Chevy Silverado Intimidator SS - Featured Custom Trucks - Truckin Magazine '' . Truckinweb.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` chevrolet.com '' . chevrolet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Chevy Silverado 1500 Hybrid Review '' . Automoblog.net . Jump up ^ http://blog.iseecars.com/2016/03/03/longest-lasting-vehicles-2016/ ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Silverado Standard Features & Options '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` GM Powertrain '' . GM . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Chevrolet Models Offer Fuel - saving , Six - speed Automatic Transmissions for 2011 Model Year '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters Article . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Silverado 1500 ( Spanish site ) Archived 2008 - 03 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Some Chevy Silverado Production Going into Flint '' . TheDetroitBureau.com. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . Safercar.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Chevrolet Silverado 1500 '' . Iihs.org. 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle body exterior '' . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Silverado Standard Features & Options '' . GM . 2013 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://gmpowertrain.com/product_guide/2016_Information_Guide_20151030.pdf . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` General Motors news - Detroit Free Press - freep.com '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Sweeps 2014 NACTOY Awards '' . media.gm.com . Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Silverado Gears Up for 2015 '' . GM Media USA . GM . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-engines/l96/ ^ Jump up to : Special Edition Silverado Trucks Jump up ^ `` GENERAL MOTORS EXTENDS SUPPORT FOR HD RADIO TM TECHNOLOGY IN NEW 2016 CHEVROLET AND GMC TRUCKS '' from Ibiquity Digital ( October 1 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/feb/0225-silverado-eAssist.html Jump up ^ http://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/silverado/2018.html Jump up ^ https://www.thecarconnection.com/news/1114868_chevrolet-to-sell-redesigned-2019-silverado-alongside-outgoing-model Jump up ^ Turkus , Brandon ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 GMC Sierra All Terrain X is cool but no Raptor threat '' . Autoblog . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/dec/1216-silverado.html Jump up ^ http://www.chevrolet.com/upcoming-vehicles/all-new-2019-silverado Jump up ^ http://www.gmc.com/trucks/2019-sierra-1500-pickup-truck Jump up ^ http://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2018/jan/0108-silverado.html Jump up ^ `` Chevy Adding Dealers , Not Dabblers , For Work Trucks '' from Automotive News ( January 21 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ No Plans For GMC Versions Of 2019 Silverado 4500HD , 5500HD Medium Duty Truck from GM Authority ( January 22 , 2018 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Light Service Support Vehicle ( LSSV ) '' . Olive - Drab . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 ICOTY International Truck of the Year '' . Roadandtravel.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Chevrolet Silverado HD named Motor Trend Truck of the Year '' . CheersandGears.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Team Chart '' . Jayski 's Silly Season Site . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Norris ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Chevy Silverado to sponsor NASCAR race at CTMP '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2000 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2002 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` mediaOnline '' . Media.gm.com. 2003 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports December Sales of 447,900 , Down 9 Percent From Record Year - Ago Levels '' . Theautochannel.com. 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GM Media Online '' . Media.gm.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` DeliveriesDecember2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DeliveriesDecember2011 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` GM 2012 Sales : Chevrolet Silverado , Volt End Strong - GM Sells One Million 30 - MPG Cars '' . Motor Trend Magazine . 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2014/jan/Deliveries-December-2013.pdf Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2015/Jan/gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2014.pdf Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/Jan/0105-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/GM-Deliveries-December-2015.pdf Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/jan/0104-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2016.pdf Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2018/jan/0103-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2017.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet Silverado . Wikimedia Commons has media related to GMC Sierra . 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oklahoma musical songs the farmer and the cowman
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The Farmer and the Cowman - wikipedia The Farmer and the Cowman This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song from Oklahoma ! Published 1943 Songwriter ( s ) Lyricist : Oscar Hammerstein II Composer : Richard Rodgers `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' is a song composed by Richard Rodgers and with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II for their musical Oklahoma ! . It is sung primarily by Andrew Carnes , Aunt Eller , and Ike Skidmore . In various versions of Oklahoma ! , the singing parts for Ike , Andrew , and Aunt Eller have been swapped . Lines for Will Parker , Ado Annie , and Curly McLain are also included . Repetition of the refrain is sung by the entire company . This song is included in the first scene of the second act of Oklahoma ! . It is accompanied by an elaborate dancing sequence . This number , and the scene itself , takes place at the Skidmore Ranch , where the box social follows after the song . In contrast to the rest of the musical , `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' does not further the plot but does allow the audience to witness the tension between the farmers and the cowmen , a tension that comes from the farmers ' desire to protect their crops with fences while the cowmen prefer the freedom to move cattle over a wide open range . Carnes , Aunt Eller and Ike act as peacemakers and attempt to reconcile the two sides . The song appears to have no effect , and the two sides start fighting . Aunt Eller then shoots a gun in the air to stop the fighting , and conducts both groups -- preaching peace with the lyrics of the song , but threatening violence . At the end of the song , however , there is a resolution . Both sides agree to act hospitably toward each other after receiving a bit of advice from Aunt Eller : `` I do n't say I 'm no better than anybody else , But I 'll be danged if I ai n't just as good ! '' The song resolves a minor subplot , although the conflict between Jud and Curly ( a farmer and a cowman ) has yet to be resolved at that point . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Evanoff , Savannah ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` The history behind the lyrics of `` Oklahoma ! '' `` . NewsOK . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event <Th_colspan="2"> Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II 's Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) Source Lynn Riggs ' Green Grow the Lilacs Adaptations Oklahoma ! ( 1955 film ) Music Act 1 `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' Act 2 `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma ! '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Farmer_and_the_Cowman&oldid=839785470 '' Categories : Songs from Oklahoma ! Songs with music by Richard Rodgers Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II 1943 songs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Music infoboxes with unknown value for type Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 17 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "The Farmer and the Cowman" - a song from the musical Oklahoma!
2. Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II - composers of the song
3. Tension between farmers and cowmen in Oklahoma!
4. Conflict resolution in the song
5. The role of Aunt Eller in the song and scene
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using any two philosophers of the medieval era explain the aesthetic attitude of that epoch
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Medieval philosophy - wikipedia Medieval philosophy Philosophy seated between the seven liberal arts -- Picture from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad von Landsberg ( 12th century ) Medieval philosophy is the philosophy in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages , the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D. to the Renaissance in the 16th century . Medieval philosophy , understood as a project of independent philosophical inquiry , began in Baghdad , in the middle of the 8th century , and in France , in the itinerant court of Charlemagne , in the last quarter of the 8th century . It is defined partly by the process of rediscovering the ancient culture developed in Greece and Rome in the classical period , and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate sacred doctrine with secular learning . The history of medieval philosophy is traditionally divided into two main periods : the period in the Latin West following the Early Middle Ages until the 12th century , when the works of Aristotle and Plato were preserved and cultivated and the ' golden age ' of the 12th , 13th and 14th centuries in the Latin West , which witnessed the culmination of the recovery of ancient philosophy , along with a reception of its Arabic commentators , and significant developments in the field of Philosophy of religion , Logic and Metaphysics . The medieval era was disparagingly treated by the Renaissance humanists , who saw it as a barbaric ' middle ' period between the classical age of Greek and Roman culture , and the ' rebirth ' or renaissance of classical culture . Modern historians consider the medieval era to be one of philosophical development , heavily influenced by Christian theology . One of the most notable thinkers of the era , Thomas Aquinas , never considered himself a philosopher , and criticized philosophers for always `` falling short of the true and proper wisdom '' . The problems discussed throughout this period are the relation of faith to reason , the existence and simplicity of God , the purpose of theology and metaphysics , and the problems of knowledge , of universals , and of individuation . History of Western philosophy Western philosophy By era Pre-Socratic Ancient Medieval Renaissance Modern early modern late modern Contemporary By century 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st See also Religious philosophy Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Sikh Eastern philosophy Chinese Indian Iranian Japanese Korean Western culture Western world Contents 1 Characteristics 2 History 2.1 Early medieval Christian philosophy 2.2 High Middle Ages 3 Topics 3.1 Theology 3.2 Metaphysics 3.3 Natural philosophy 3.4 Logic 3.5 Philosophy of mind 3.6 Ethics 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Medieval philosophy is characteristically theological . With the possible exceptions of Avicenna and Averroes , medieval thinkers did not consider themselves philosophers at all : for them , the philosophers were the ancient pagan writers such as Plato and Aristotle . However , their theology used the methods and logical techniques of the ancient philosophers to address difficult theological questions and points of doctrine . Thomas Aquinas , following Peter Damian , argued that philosophy is the handmaiden of theology ( ancilla theologiae ) . The principles that underlie all their work are : The use of logic , dialectic , and analysis to discover the truth , known as ratio ; Respect for the insights of ancient philosophers , in particular Aristotle , and deference to their authority ( auctoritas ) ; The obligation to co-ordinate the insights of philosophy with theological teaching and revelation ( concordia ) . One of the most heavily debated topics of the period was that of faith versus reason . Avicenna and Averroes both leaned more on the side of reason . Augustine stated that he would never allow his philosophical investigations to go beyond the authority of God . Anselm attempted to defend against what he saw as partly an assault on faith , with an approach allowing for both faith and reason . The Augustinian solution to the faith / reason problem is to ( 1 ) believe , and then ( 2 ) seek to understand ( fides quaerens intellectum ) . History ( edit ) Early medieval Christian philosophy ( edit ) The boundaries of the early medieval period are a matter of controversy . It is generally agreed that it begins with Augustine ( 354 -- 430 ) who strictly belongs to the classical period , and ends with the lasting revival of learning in the late eleventh century , at the beginning of the high medieval period . After the collapse of the Roman empire , Western Europe lapsed into the so - called Dark Ages . Monasteries were among the limited number of focal points of formal academic learning , which might be presumed to be a result of a rule of St Benedict 's in 525 , which required monks to read the Bible daily , and his suggestion that at the beginning of Lent , a book be given to each monk . In later periods , monks were used for training administrators and churchmen . Early Christian thought , in particular in the patristic period , tends to be intuitional and mystical , and is less reliant on reason and logical argument . It also places more emphasis on the sometimes - mystical doctrines of Plato , and less upon the systematic thinking of Aristotle . Much of the work of Aristotle was unknown in the West in this period . Scholars relied on translations by Boethius into Latin of Aristotle 's Categories , the logical work On Interpretation , and his Latin translation of Porphyry 's Isagoge , a commentary on Aristotle 's Categories . Two Roman philosophers had a great influence on the development of medieval philosophy : Augustine and Boethius . Augustine is regarded as the greatest of the Church Fathers . He is primarily a theologian and a devotional writer , but much of his writing is philosophical . His themes are truth , God , the human soul , the meaning of history , the state , sin , and salvation . For over a thousand years , there was hardly a Latin work of theology or philosophy that did not quote his writing , or invoke his authority . Some of his writing had an influence on the development of early modern philosophy , such as that of Descartes . Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius ( 480 c. -- 524 ) was a Christian philosopher born in Rome to an ancient and influential family . He became consul in 510 in the kingdom of the Ostrogoths . His influence on the early medieval period was also marked ( so much so that it is sometimes called the Boethian period ) . He intended to translate all the works of Aristotle and Plato from the original Greek into Latin , and translated many of Aristotle 's logical works , such as On Interpretation , and the Categories . He wrote commentaries on these works , and on the Isagoge by Porphyry ( a commentary on the Categories ) . This introduced the problem of universals to the medieval world . The first significant renewal of learning in the West came when Charlemagne , advised by Candidus , Peter of Pisa and Alcuin of York , attracted the scholars of England and Ireland , and by imperial decree in 787 AD established schools in every abbey in his empire . These schools , from which the name Scholasticism is derived , became centres of medieval learning . Abbo of Fleury Johannes Scotus Eriugena ( c. 815 -- 877 ) , successor of Alcuin of York as head of the Palace School , was an Irish theologian and Neoplatonic philosopher . He is notable for having translated and made commentaries upon the work of Pseudo-Dionysius , initially thought to be from the apostolic age . Around this period several doctrinal controversies emerged , such as the question of whether God had predestined some for salvation and some for damnation . Eriugena was called in to settle this dispute . At the same time , Paschasius Radbertus raised an important question about the real presence of Christ at the Eucharist . Is the host the same as Christ 's historical body ? How can it be present at many places and many times ? Radbertus argued that Christ 's real body is present , veiled by the appearance of bread and wine , and is present at all places and all times , by means of God 's incomprehensible power . This period also witnessed a revival of scholarship . At Fleury , Theodulphus , bishop of Orléans , established a school for young noblemen recommended there by Charlemagne . By the mid-ninth century , its library was one of the most comprehensive ever assembled in the West , and scholars such as Lupus of Ferrières ( d . 862 ) traveled there to consult its texts . Later , under St. Abbo of Fleury ( abbot 988 -- 1004 ) , head of the reformed abbey school , Fleury enjoyed a second golden age . Remigius of Auxerre , at the beginning of the tenth century , produced glosses or commentaries on the classical texts of Donatus , Priscian , Boethius , and Martianus Capella . The Carolingian period was followed by a small dark age that was followed by a lasting revival of learning in the eleventh century , which owed much to the rediscovery of Greek thought from Arabic translations and Muslim contributions such as Avicenna 's On the soul . High Middle Ages ( edit ) The period from the middle of the eleventh century to the middle of the fourteenth century is known as the ' High medieval ' or ' scholastic ' period . It is generally agreed to begin with Saint Anselm of Canterbury ( 1033 -- 1109 ) an Italian philosopher , theologian , and church official who is famous as the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God . Plato , Seneca , and Aristotle from Devotional and Philosophical Writings , c. 1330 The 13th and early 14th centuries are generally regarded as the high period of scholasticism . The early 13th century witnessed the culmination of the recovery of Greek philosophy . Schools of translation grew up in Italy and Sicily , and eventually in the rest of Europe . Scholars such as Adelard of Bath travelled to Sicily and the Arab world , translating works on astronomy and mathematics , including the first complete translation of Euclid 's Elements . Powerful Norman kings gathered men of knowledge from Italy and other areas into their courts as a sign of their prestige . William of Moerbeke 's translations and editions of Greek philosophical texts in the middle half of the thirteenth century helped in forming a clearer picture of Greek philosophy , and in particular of Aristotle , than was given by the Arabic versions they had previously relied on , which had distorted or obscured the relation between Platonic and Aristotelian systems of philosophy . His work formed the basis of the major commentaries that followed . The universities developed in the large cities of Europe during this period , and rival clerical orders within the Church began to battle for political and intellectual control over these centers of educational life . The two main orders founded in this period were the Franciscans and the Dominicans . The Franciscans were founded by Francis of Assisi in 1209 . Their leader in the middle of the century was Bonaventure , a traditionalist who defended the theology of Augustine and the philosophy of Plato , incorporating only a little of Aristotle in with the more neoplatonist elements . Following Anselm , Bonaventure supposed that reason can discover truth only when philosophy is illuminated by religious faith . Other important Franciscan writers were Duns Scotus , Peter Auriol , and William of Ockham . Thomas Aquinas By contrast , the Dominican order , founded by St Dominic in 1215 placed more emphasis on the use of reason and made extensive use of the new Aristotelian sources derived from the East , and Moorish Spain . The great representatives of Dominican thinking in this period were Albertus Magnus and ( especially ) Thomas Aquinas , whose artful synthesis of Greek rationalism and Christian doctrine eventually came to define Catholic philosophy . Aquinas placed more emphasis on reason and argumentation , and was one of the first to use the new translation of Aristotle 's metaphysical and epistemological writing . This was a significant departure from the Neoplatonic and Augustinian thinking that had dominated much of early Scholasticism . Aquinas showed how it was possible to incorporate much of the philosophy of Aristotle without falling into the `` errors '' of the Commentator Averroes . At the start of the 20th century , historian and philosopher Martin Grabmann was the first scholar to work out the outlines of the ongoing development of thought in scholasticism and to see in Thomas Aquinas a response and development of thought rather than a single , coherently emerged and organic whole . Although Grabmann 's works in German are numerous , only Thomas Aquinas ( 1928 ) is available in English . However , Grabmann 's thought was instrumental in the whole modern understanding of scholasticism and the pivotal role of Aquinas . Topics ( edit ) All the main branches of philosophy today were a part of Medieval philosophy . Medieval philosophy also included most of the areas originally established by the pagan philosophers of antiquity , in particular Aristotle . However , the discipline now called Philosophy of religion was , it is presumed , a unique development of the Medieval era , and many of the problems that define the subject first took shape in the Middle Ages , in forms that are still recognisable today . Theology ( edit ) Medieval philosophy is characteristically theological . Subjects discussed in this period include : The problem of the compatibility of the divine attributes : How are the attributes traditionally ascribed to the Supreme Being , such as unlimited power , knowledge of all things , infinite goodness , existence outside time , immateriality , and so on , logically consistent with one another ? The problem of evil : The classical philosophers had speculated on the nature of evil , but the problem of how an all - powerful , all - knowing , loving God could create a system of things in which evil exists first arose in the medieval period . The problem of free will : A similar problem was to explain how ' divine foreknowledge ' -- God 's knowledge of what will happen in the future -- is compatible with our belief in our own free will . Questions regarding the immortality of the intellect , the unity or non-unity between the soul and the intellect , and the consequent intellectual basis for believing in the immortality of the soul . The question of whether there can be substances which are non-material , for example , angels . Metaphysics ( edit ) Book 7 of the Metaphysics : Ens dicitur multipliciter -- the word ' being ' is predicated in many ways After the ' rediscovery ' of Aristotle 's Metaphysics in the mid-twelfth century , many scholastics wrote commentaries on this work ( in particular Aquinas and Scotus ) . The problem of universals was one of the main problems engaged during that period . Other subjects included : Hylomorphism -- development of the Aristotelian doctrine that individual things are a compound of material and form ( the statue is a compound of granite , and the form sculpted into it ) Existence -- being qua being Causality -- Discussion of causality consisted mostly of commentaries on Aristotle , mainly the Physics , On the Heavens , On Generation and Corruption . The approach to this subject area was uniquely medieval , the rational investigation of the universe being viewed as a way of approaching God . Duns Scotus ' proof of the existence of God is based on the notion of causality . Individuation . The problem of individuation is to explain how we individuate or numerically distinguish the members of any kind for which it is given . The problem arose when it was required to explain how individual angels of the same species differ from one another . Angels are immaterial , and their numerical difference can not be explained by the different matter they are made of . The main contributors to this discussion were Aquinas and Scotus . Natural philosophy ( edit ) In natural philosophy and the philosophy of science , medieval philosophers were mainly influenced by Aristotle . However , from the fourteenth century onward , the increasing use of mathematical reasoning in natural philosophy prepared the way for the rise of science in the early modern period . The more mathematical reasoning techniques of William Heytesbury and William of Ockham are indicative of this trend . Other contributors to natural philosophy are Albert of Saxony , John Buridan , and Nicholas of Autrecourt . See also the article on the Continuity thesis , the hypothesis that there was no radical discontinuity between the intellectual development of the Middle Ages and the developments in the Renaissance and early modern period . Logic ( edit ) The great historian of logic I.M. Bochenski regarded the Middle Ages as one of the three great periods in the history of logic . From the time of Abelard until the middle of the fourteenth century , scholastic writers refined and developed Aristotelian logic to a remarkable degree . In the earlier period , writers such as Peter Abelard wrote commentaries on the works of the Old logic ( Aristotle 's Categories , On interpretation , and the Isagoge of Porphyry ) . Later , new departments of logical enquiry arose , and new logical and semantic notions were developed . For logical developments in the Middle Ages , see the articles on Insolubilia , Medieval theories of modality , Obligations , Properties of terms , Medieval theories of singular terms , Syllogism , and Sophismata . Other great contributors to medieval logic include Albert of Saxony , John Buridan , John Wyclif , Paul of Venice , Peter of Spain , Richard Kilvington , Walter Burley , William Heytesbury , and William of Ockham . Philosophy of mind ( edit ) Medieval philosophy of mind is based on Aristotle 's De Anima , another work discovered in the Latin West in the twelfth century . It was regarded as a branch of the philosophy of nature . Some of the topics discussed in this area include : Divine illumination -- The doctrine of Divine illumination was an alternative to naturalism . It holds that humans need a special assistance from God in their ordinary thinking . The doctrine is most closely associated with Augustine and his scholastic followers . It reappeared in a different form in the early modern era . theories of demonstration mental representation -- The idea that mental states have ' intentionality ' ; i.e. , despite being a state of the mind , they are able to represent things outside the mind is intrinsic to the modern philosophy of mind . It has its origins in medieval philosophy . ( The word ' intentionality ' was revived by Franz Brentano , who was intending to reflect medieval usage ) . Ockham is well known for his theory that language signifies mental states primarily by convention , real things secondarily , whereas the corresponding mental states signify real things of themselves and necessarily . Writers in this area include Saint Augustine , Duns Scotus , Nicholas of Autrecourt , Thomas Aquinas , and William of Ockham . Ethics ( edit ) For details on some of the wider developments in medieval , see the articles on Medieval theories of conscience , practical reason , Medieval theories of natural law . Writers in this area include Anselm , Augustine , Peter Abelard , Scotus , Peter of Spain , Aquinas , and Ockham . Writers on political theory include Dante , John Wyclif , and William of Ockham . See also ( edit ) Christian philosophy Early Muslim philosophy Jewish philosophy Nominalism Renaissance of the 12th century Scholastic philosophy Supposition theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pasnau , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76216 - 8 . Jump up ^ Davies , Brian ( 2004 ) . Aquinas . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Gracia , Jorge J.E. ; Noone , Timothy B. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 9780631216728 . Jump up ^ Kretzmann , Norman ( 2002 ) . Stump , Eleonore , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Augustine . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521650182 . ^ Jump up to : Hyman , J. ; Walsh , J.J. ( 1967 ) . Philosophy in the Middle Ages : The Christian , Islamic , and Jewish Traditions . New York : Harper & Row . OCLC 370638 . Jump up ^ Catarina Dutilh Novaes & Stephen Read , The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Logic , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2016 , Introduction Jump up ^ Schulman , Jana K. , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Rise of the Medieval World : 500 -- 1300 : A Biographical Dictionary . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313308178 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Lyons ( 2007 ) . The House of Wisdom . Bloomsbury . Jump up ^ Marshall Clagett , `` Medieval Latin Translations from the Arabic of the Elements of Euclid , with Special Emphasis on the Versions of Adelard of Bath , '' Isis 44 : 16 -- 42 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ David C. Lindberg ( ed . ) , Science in the Middle Ages , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1978 , p. 70 - 72 . Jump up ^ Fryde , Edmund ( 2000 ) . The Early Palaeologan Renaissance ( 1261 - c. 1360 ) . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 9789004117143 . Jump up ^ I.M. Bochenski , A History of Formal Logic , Notre dame University Press , 1961 , pp. 10 -- 18 Jump up ^ Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint , transl . by A.C. Rancurello , D.B. Terrell , and L. McAlister , London : Routledge , 1973 . ( 2nd ed. , intr . by Peter Simons , 1995 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ That is , our idea of a rabbit necessarily represents a rabbit . A mental state ' is a true similitude of the external thing , on account of which it represents ( repraesentat ) the external thing itself , and stands for it from its nature , just as an utterance denotes things by institution ' . Further reading ( edit ) Guerizoli , Rodrigo ; Hamelin , Guy , eds. ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` Preface : Medieval Logic '' . Logica Universalis. 9 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 131 . doi : 10.1007 / s11787 - 015 - 0124 - x . ISSN 1661 - 8300 . Thomson , Garrett ; Kolak , Daniel ( 2006 ) . The Longman Standard History of Philosophy . New York : Pearson , Longman . ISBN 9780321235114 . Lagerlund , Henrik , ed. ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy : Philosophy Between 500 and 1500 . Dordrecht : Springer . ISBN 9781402097287 . Marenbon , John ( 2007 ) . Medieval Philosophy : An Historical and Philosophical Introduction . London : Routledge . ISBN 9780203968765 . Maurer , Armand A. ( 1982 ) . Medieval Philosophy ( 2nd ed . ) . Toronto : Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies . Pasnau , Robert ; Van Dyke , Christina , eds. ( 2010 ) . The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521762168 . Pasnau , Robert ( 2011 ) . Metaphysical Themes , 1274 - 1689 . Oxford , England : Clarendon Press . ISBN 9780191501791 . Schoedinger , Andrew B. , ed. ( 1996 ) . Readings in Medieval Philosophy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195092929 . External links ( edit ) The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read , depending on the student 's familiarity with the subject : Medieval Philosophy Zalta , Edward N. ( ed . ) . `` Medieval philosophy '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Zalta , Edward N. ( ed . ) . `` Literary forms of Medieval Philosophy '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Medieval philosophy '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Medieval philosophy at PhilPapers Medieval philosophy at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project * Medieval Philosophy Electronic Resources Article Philosophy at The Catholic Encyclopedia Some medieval Jewish philosophers Medieval Natural Philosophy and the Church by James Hannam The Fathers , the Scholastics , and Ourselves by von Balthasar Medieval Philosophy and Theology journal ( in German ) ALCUIN -- Regensburger Infothek der Scholastik -- Huge database with information on biography , text chronology , editions . <Th_colspan="2"> Medieval philosophers Islamic Early Al - Jahiz Alkindus Ibn al - Rawandi Al - Razi ( Rhazes ) Al - Farabi ( Alpharabius ) Ibn Masarra Al Amiri Ebn Meskavayh Ibn al - Haytham ( Alhazen ) Abu Rayhan Biruni `` Brethren of Purity '' High Ibn Sīnā ( Avicenna ) Ibn Hazm Al - Ghazali ( Algazel ) Abu'l - Barakāt al - Baghdādī Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ) Ayn al - Quzat Hamadani Ibn Tufail Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) Late Ibn Sab'in Shahab al - Din Suhrawardi Fakhr ad - Din ar - Razi Rashid al - Din Ibn Arabi Zachariah Kazwin Abd - el - latif Athīr al - Dīn al - Abharī Nasir al - Din al - Tusi Ibn al - Nafis Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi Ibn Taymiyyah Ibn Khaldun Jewish Medieval Isaac Israeli ben Solomon Saadia Gaon Solomon ibn Gabirol Judah Halevi Abraham ibn Daud Maimonides Nachmanides Gersonides Hasdai Crescas Joseph Albo Christian Early `` Church Fathers '' Augustine of Hippo Boethius Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite Isidore of Seville Johannes Scotus Eriugena Alcuin 11 -- 12th century `` Scholasticism '' Anselm of Canterbury Peter Abelard Anselm of Laon Hugh of Saint Victor Richard of Saint Victor Roscelin Peter Lombard Alexander of Hales Bernard of Chartres Dominicus Gundissalinus Gilbert de la Porrée Alain de Lille 13 -- 14th century Robert Grosseteste Albertus Magnus Bonaventure Thomas Aquinas Siger of Brabant Boetius of Dacia Henry of Ghent Roger Bacon John Peckham Ramon Llull Petrus Aureolus Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt Durandus Giles of Rome Godfrey of Fontaines Duns Scotus William of Ockham Late Jean Buridan Nicole Oresme Albert of Saxony Francesc Eiximenis Vincent Ferrer Paul of Venice Lambertus de Monte John Hennon <Td_colspan="2"> See also Renaissance philosophy <Th_colspan="2"> European Middle Ages <Td_colspan="2"> Architecture Art Cuisine Demography Literature Poetry Medicine Music Philosophy Science Technology Warfare Household Slavery <Th_colspan="2"> Philosophy <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Branches <Td_colspan="2"> Traditional Metaphysics Ontology Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Philosophy of Action Art Culture Design Music Film Business Color Cosmos Dialogue Education Environment Futility Happiness Healthcare History Human nature Humor Feminism Language Life Literature Mathematics Mind Pain Psychology Philosophy of psychiatry Philosophy of perception Philosophy Religion Science Physics Chemistry Biology Geography Sexuality Social science Culture Economics Justice Law Politics Society Space and time Sport Technology Artificial intelligence Computer science Engineering Information War <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Schools of thought <Td_colspan="2"> By era Ancient Western Medieval Renaissance Early modern Modern Contemporary Ancient Chinese Agriculturalism Confucianism Legalism Logicians Mohism Chinese naturalism Neotaoism Taoism Yangism Zen Greco - 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native american tribes in the rio grande valley
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Coahuiltecan - wikipedia Coahuiltecan For the deprecated language family , see Coahuiltecan languages . Drawing of a Coahuilteco man The Coahuiltecan were various small , autonomous bands of Native Americans who inhabited the Rio Grande valley in what is now southern Texas and northeastern Mexico . The various Coahuiltecan groups were hunter - gatherers . First encountered by Europeans in the sixteenth century , they became victims of epidemics of imported European diseases and slavery or were killed during the small - scale wars Coahuiltecan bands fought against the Spanish , criollo , Apache , and other Coahuiltecan groups . The survivors were absorbed into the Hispanic and mestizo population of Southern Texas or northern Mexico . In 1886 , ethnologist Albert Gatschet found the last known survivors of Coahuiltecan bands : 25 Comecrudo , 1 Cotoname , and 2 Pakawa . They were living near Reynosa , Mexico . Contents 1 Brief overview 2 Language 3 Population 4 Culture and subsistence 5 History 6 References 7 External links Brief overview ( edit ) The name given to the Coahuiltecan is derived from Coahuila , the state in New Spain in which some lived when first encountered . This name was derived by the Spanish from a Nahuatl word . This map shows the range of Indians of Coahuiltecan culture in Texas , although most authorities would not include the Karankawa and Tonkawa as Coahuiltecan . Map showing the area inhabited by Indians of Coahuiltecan origin in the present - day American and Mexican states The Coahuiltecan lived in the flat , brushy , dry country of southern Texas , roughly south of a line from the Gulf Coast at the mouth of the Guadalupe River to San Antonio and westward to around Del Rio . They lived on both sides of the Rio Grande . Their neighbors along the Texas coast were the Karankawa , and inland to their northeast were the Tonkawa . Both tribes were possibly related by language to some of the Coahuiltecan . To their north were the Jumano . Later the Lipan Apache and Comanche migrated into this area . Their indefinite western boundaries were the vicinity of Monclova , Coahuila , and Monterrey , Nuevo Leon , and southward to roughly the present location of Ciudad Victoria , Tamaulipas , the Sierra de Tamaulipas , and the Tropic of Cancer . People of similar hunting and gathering cultures lived throughout northeastern Mexico . Although living near the Gulf of Mexico , most of the Coahuiltecan were inland people . Near the Gulf for more than 70 miles ( 110 km ) both north and south of the Rio Grande , there is little fresh water . Bands thus were limited in their ability to survive near the coast , and were deprived of its other resources , such as fish and shellfish , which limited the opportunity to live near and exploit coastal resources . Language ( edit ) In the mid-20th century , linguists theorized that the Coahuiltecan belonged to a single language family and that the Coahuiltecan languages were related to the Hokan languages of present - day California , Arizona , and Baja California . Most modern linguists , however , discount this theory for lack of evidence ; instead , they believe that the Coahuiltecan were diverse in both culture and language . At least seven different languages are known to have been spoken , one of which is called Coahuiltecan or Pakawa , spoken by a number of bands near San Antonio . The best known of the languages are Comecrudo and Cotoname , both spoken by people in the delta of the Rio Grande and Pakawa . Catholic Missionaries compiled vocabularies of several of these languages in the 18th and 19th centuries , but the language samples are too small to establish relationships between and among the languages . ( See Coahuiltecan languages ) Population ( edit ) Over more than 300 years of Spanish colonial history , their explorers and missionary priests recorded the names of more than one thousand bands or ethnic groups . Band names and their composition doubtless changed frequently , and bands often identified by geographic features or locations . Most of the bands apparently numbered between 100 and 500 people . The total population of non-agricultural Indians , including the Coahuiltecan , in northeastern Mexico and neighboring Texas has been estimated by two different scholars as 86,000 and 100,000 . Possibly 15,000 of these lived in the Rio Grande delta , the most densely populated area . In 1757 a small group of African blacks was also recorded as living in the delta , apparently refugees from slavery . Smallpox and slavery decimated the Coahuiltecan in the Monterrey area by the mid-17th century . Due to their remoteness from the major areas of Spanish expansion , the Coahuiltecan in Texas may have suffered less from introduced European diseases and slave raids than did the indigenous populations in northern Mexico . But , the diseases spread through contact among indigenous peoples with trading . After a Franciscan Roman Catholic Mission was established in 1718 at San Antonio , the indigenous population declined rapidly , especially from smallpox epidemics beginning in 1739 . Most groups disappeared before 1825 , with their survivors absorbed by other indigenous and mestizo populations of Texas or Mexico . Culture and subsistence ( edit ) Prickly pear cactus grew in huge thickets in the south Texas brushlands . The pads and fruit were an important summer food for the Coahuiltecan . Coahuiltecan culture , in the words of one scholar , represents `` the culmination of more than 11,000 years of a way of life that had successfully adapted to the climate and resources of south Texas . '' The peoples shared the common traits of being non-agricultural and living in small autonomous bands , with no political unity above the level of the band and the family . They were nomadic hunter - gatherers , carrying their few possessions on their backs as they moved from place to place to exploit sources of food that might be available only seasonally . At each campsite , they built small circular huts with frames of four bent poles , which they covered with woven mats . They wore little clothing . At times , they came together in large groups of several bands and hundreds of people , but most of the time their encampments were small , consisting of a few huts and a few dozen people . Along the Rio Grande , the Coahuiltecan lived more sedentary lives , perhaps constructing more substantial dwellings and using palm fronds as a building material . The Coahuiltecan made good bows and arrows and hunted small game . Occasionally they killed bison that had strayed into their region from the Great Plains to the north . During times of need , they also subsisted on worms , lizards , ants , and undigested seeds collected from deer dung . They ate much of their food raw , but used an open fire or a fire pit for cooking . Most of their food came from plants . Pecans were an important food , gathered in the fall and stored for future use . In summer , large numbers of people congregated at the vast thickets of prickly pear cactus south - east of San Antonio , where they feasted on the fruit and the pads and interacted socially with other bands . They cooked the bulbs and root crowns of the maguey , sotol , and lechuguilla in pits , and ground mesquite beans to make flour . Most of the Coahuiltecan seemed to have had a regular round of travels in their food gathering . The Payaya band near San Antonio had ten different summer campsites in an area 30 miles square . Some of the Indians lived near the coast in winter . In the summer they would travel 85 miles ( 140 km ) inland to exploit the prickly pear cactus thickets . Fish were perhaps the principal source of protein for the bands living in the Rio Grande delta . Little is known about the religion of the Coahuiltecan . They came together in large numbers on occasion for all - night dances called mitotes . During these occasions , they ate peyote to achieve a trance - like state for the dancing . The meager resources of their homeland resulted in intense competition and frequent , although small scale , warfare . History ( edit ) In the early 1530s Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his three companions , survivors of a failed Spanish expedition to Florida , were the first Europeans known to have lived among and passed through Coahuiltecan lands . In 1554 , three Spanish vessels were wrecked on Padre Island . The survivors , perhaps one hundred persons , attempted to walk southward to Spanish settlements in Mexico . All but one were killed by the Indians . In the early 1570s the conquistador Luis de Carabajal y Cueva campaigned near the Rio Grande , ostensibly to punish the Indians for their 1554 attack on the shipwrecked sailors , more likely to capture slaves . In 1580 , Carabajal , governor of Nuevo Leon , and a gang of `` renegades who acknowledged neither God nor King '' , began conducting regular slave raids to capture Coahuiltecan along the Rio Grande . The Coahuiltecan were not defenseless . They often raided Spanish settlements , and they drove the Spanish out of Nuevo Leon in 1587 . But they lacked the organization and political unity to mount an effective defense when a larger number of Spanish settlers returned in 1596 . Conflicts between the Coahuiltecan peoples and the Spaniards continued throughout the 17th century . The Spanish replaced slavery by forcing the Indians to move into the encomienda system . Although this was exploitative , it was less destructive to Indian societies than slavery . Smallpox and measles epidemics were frequent , resulting in numerous deaths among the Indians , as they had no acquired immunity . The first recorded epidemic in the region was 1636 -- 39 , and it was followed regularly by other epidemics every few years . A 17th - century historian of Nuevo Leon , Juan Bautista Chapa , predicted that all Indian and tribes would soon be `` annihilated '' by disease ; he listed 161 bands that had once lived near Monterrey but had disappeared . Spanish expeditions continued to find large settlements of Coahuiltecan in the Rio Grande delta and large - multi-tribal encampments along the rivers of southern Texas , especially near San Antonio . The Spanish established Mission San Antonio de Valero ( the Alamo ) in 1718 to evangelize among the Coahuiltecan and other Indians of the region , especially the Jumano . They soon founded four additional missions . The Coahuiltecan supported the missions to some extent , seeking protection with the Spanish from a new menace , Apache , Comanche , and Wichita raiders from the north . The five missions had about 1,200 Coahuiltecan and other Indians in residence during their most prosperous period from 1720 until 1772 . That the Indians were often dissatisfied with their life at the missions was shown by frequent `` runaways '' and desertions . Spanish settlement of the lower Rio Grande Valley and delta , the remaining demographic stronghold of the Coahuiltecan , began in 1748 . The Spanish identified fourteen different bands living in the delta in 1757 . Overwhelmed in numbers by Spanish settlers , most of the Coahuiltecan were absorbed by the Spanish and mestizo people within a few decades . After a long decline , the missions near San Antonio were secularized in 1824 . The Coahuiltecan appeared to be extinct as a people , integrated into the mestizo Hispanic community . In 1827 only four property owners in San Antonio were listed in the census as `` Indians . '' A man identified as a Mission Indian , probably a Coahuiltecan , fought on the Texan side in the Texas Revolution in 1836 . But in the community of Berg 's Mill , near the former San Juan Capistrano Mission , a few families retained memories and elements of their Coahuiltecan heritage . In the late 20th century , they united in public opposition to excavation of Indian remains buried in the graveyard of the former Mission . In the words of scholar Alston V. Thoms , they `` became readily visible as resurgent Coahuiltecans . '' Archeological investigations had been done at the mission in order to prepare for projects to preserve the buildings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Powell , J.W. 7th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology , 1885 - 1886 . Washington : GPO , 1891 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Moore , R.E. `` The Texas Coahuiltecan people '' , Texas Indians ( 1 ) , accessed 16 Feb 2012 Jump up ^ Newcomb , Jr. , W.W. The Indians of Texas : From Prehistoric to Modern Times . Austin : U of TX Press , 1961 , pp 32 - 33 Jump up ^ Logan , Jennifer L. `` Chapter Eight : Linquistics '' , in Reassessing Cultural Extinction : Change and Survival at Mission San Juan Capistrano , Texas . College Station : Center for Ecological Archaeology , Texas A&M , 2001 Jump up ^ Salinas , Martin . Indigenous people of the Rio Grande Delta . Austin : U of TX Press , 1990 , pp. 142 - 147 ; `` Pakawa '' , Catholic Encyclopedia . http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11402a.htm , Jump up ^ `` Coahuiltecan people '' , Handbook of Texas Online ; accessed 16 Feb 2012 . Jump up ^ Salinas , p. 30 , 138 Jump up ^ Foster , William C. Spanish Expeditions into Texas , 1689 - 1768 , Austin : U of TX Press , 1995 , p. 12 Jump up ^ '' Pakawa tribe '' , Catholic Encyclopedia ; accessed 16 Feb 2012 Jump up ^ Logan , Chapter 9 Jump up ^ Newcomb , pp. 29 - 47 Jump up ^ Salinas , p. 122 Jump up ^ http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/cabez-cooking/index html , accessed 9 Aug 2011 Jump up ^ `` Coahuiltecan Indians . '' www.tashaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmcah , accessed 18 Feb 2012 Jump up ^ Salinas , p. 116 Jump up ^ Newcomb , p. 46 , 54 - 55 Jump up ^ `` Padre Island Spanish Shipwrecks of 1554 '' , Handbook of Texas Online ; accessed 21 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` Caravajal y de la Cueva , Luis de '' , Handbook of Texas Online , accessed 21 February 2012 Jump up ^ Salinas , pp. 15 - 16 Jump up ^ Foster , William C. Spanish Expeditions into Texas , 1689 - 1768 . Austin : U of TX Press , 1995 , pp. 12 , 262 - 263 Jump up ^ Salinas , pp. 24 - 26 ; Foster , p. 57 Jump up ^ `` Pakawa Indians '' , Catholic Encyclopedia , accessed 22 Feb 2012 Jump up ^ Thoms , Alston V. `` Historical Overview and Historical Context for Reassessing Coahuiltecan Extinction at Mission St. Juan '' , Reassessing Cultural Extinction : Change and Survival at Mission San Juan Capistrano , Texas , College Station : Center for Ecological Archaeology , Texas A&M U , 2001 , pp. 35 - 36 Jump up ^ Salinas , pp 30 - 68 Jump up ^ Thoms , pp. 37 - 44 External links ( edit ) Reassessing Cultural Extinction : Change and Survival at Mission San Juan Capistrano , Texas `` Pakawá Indians '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . `` South Texas Plains '' Who Were the `` Coahuiltecans '' ? `` . Texas Beyond History . Austin : The University of Texas . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coahuiltecan&oldid=827935658 '' Categories : Native American tribes in Texas Indigenous peoples in Mexico Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 16 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Coahuiltecan Native Americans
2. Rio Grande Valley
3. Hunter-gatherer lifestyle
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5. Assimilation into Hispanic and mestizo population
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if i don't see a ribbon round the ole oak tree
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Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree - wikipedia Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Tuneweaving B - side `` I Ca n't Believe How Much I Love You '' Released 19 February 1973 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded 1973 Genre Pop Length 3 : 20 Label Bell Songwriter ( s ) Irwin Levine , L. Russell Brown Producer ( s ) Hank Medress , Dave Appell <Th_colspan="2"> Dawn featuring Tony Orlando singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` You 're a Lady '' ( 1972 ) `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( 1973 ) `` Say , Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose '' ( 1973 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` You 're a Lady '' ( 1972 ) `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( 1973 ) `` Say , Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose '' ( 1973 ) `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' is a song by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando . It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell , with Motown / Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins , Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals . It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973 . The single reached the top 10 in ten countries , in eight of which it topped the charts . It reached number one on both the US and UK charts for four weeks in April 1973 , number one on the Australian charts for seven weeks from May to July 1973 and number one on the New Zealand charts for ten weeks from June to August 1973 . It was the top - selling single in 1973 in both the US and UK . In 2008 , Billboard ranked the song as the 37th biggest song of all time in its issue celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Origins of the song 3 Chart and sales performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 In popular culture 6 Association with the People Power Revolution 7 Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests 8 See also 9 References Synopsis ( edit ) The song is told from the point of view of someone who has `` done his time '' but is uncertain if he will be welcomed home . He writes to his love , asking her to tie a yellow ribbon around the `` ole oak tree '' in front of the house ( which the bus will pass by ) if she wants him to return to her life ; if he does not see such a ribbon , he will remain on the bus ( taking that to mean he is unwelcome ) and understand her reasons ( `` put the blame on me '' ) . He asks the bus driver to check , fearful of not seeing anything . To his amazement , the entire bus cheers the response -- there are 100 yellow ribbons around the tree , a sign he is very much welcome . Origins of the song ( edit ) This is NOT the story of a convict who had told his love to tie a ribbon book to a tree outside of town . I know because I wrote the song one morning in 15 minutes with the late lyrical genius Irwin Levine . The genesis of this idea came from the age old folk tale about a Union prisoner of war -- who sent a letter to his girl that he was coming home from a confederate POW camp in Georgia ... Anything about a criminal is pure fantasy ... -- L. Russell Brown The origin of the idea of a yellow ribbon as remembrance may have been the 19th - century practice that some women allegedly had of wearing a yellow ribbon in their hair to signify their devotion to a husband or sweetheart serving in the U.S. Cavalry . The song `` ' Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon '' , which later inspired the John Wayne movie She Wore a Yellow Ribbon , is a reference to this . The symbol of a yellow ribbon became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s as a reminder that an absent loved one , either in the military or in jail , would be welcomed home on their return . In October 1971 , newspaper columnist Pete Hamill wrote a piece for the New York Post called `` Going Home '' . In it , he told a variant of the story , in which college students on a bus trip to the beaches of Fort Lauderdale make friends with an ex-convict who is watching for a yellow handkerchief on a roadside oak in Brunswick , Georgia . Hamill claimed to have heard this story in oral tradition . In June 1972 , nine months later , Reader 's Digest reprinted `` Going Home '' . Also in June 1972 , ABC - TV aired a dramatized version of it in which James Earl Jones played the role of the returning ex-con . According to L. Russell Brown , he read Hamill 's story in the Reader 's Digest , and suggested to his songwriting partner Irwin Levine that they write a song based on it . Levine and Brown then registered for copyright the song which they called `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon ' Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . At the time , the writers said they heard the story while serving in the military . Pete Hamill was not convinced and filed suit for infringement . Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before `` Going Home '' had been written . Levine and Brown first offered the song to Ringo Starr , but Al Steckler of Apple Records told them that they should be ashamed of the song and described it as `` ridiculous '' . Chart and sales performance ( edit ) In April 1973 , the recording by Tony Orlando and Dawn reached No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 ( chart date April 21 , 1973 ) in the US , and stayed at No. 1 for four weeks . `` Tie A Yellow Ribbon '' sold 3 million records in the US in three weeks . It also reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times from seventeen continuous years of airplay . Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1973 . It also reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia , and has sold 1 million copies in the UK . In New Zealand , the song spent 10 weeks at number one . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada RPM Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia Canada New Zealand UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box Cover versions ( edit ) The song enjoyed duplicate success on country radio , as a cover version by Johnny Carver . Carver 's rendition - simply titled `` Yellow Ribbon '' - was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1973 . Carver 's version also reached Number One on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Musically similar , the only difference in the song is the substitution of the minor expletive `` damn '' ( in the lyric , `` Now the whole damn bus is cheering '' ) with `` darn '' . Bing Crosby recorded the song on June 8 , 1973 with an orchestra conducted by Billy Byers for Daybreak Records . Also in 1973 , Jim Nabors covered the song on his album The Twelfth of Never ( Columbia KC 32377 ) . Also in 1973 , Italian singer Domenico Modugno had a minor hit in Italy with a cover in his language : `` Appendi un nastro giallo '' . The lyrics are a very faithful translation of the original , the only difference is that instead of watching the tree from a bus , the Italian singer watches it from a tram . Perry Como - included in his album And I Love You So ( 1973 ) . Dean Martin - included in his album You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me ( 1973 ) . In Chile , Roberto Inglez achieved great success with his version , which was number one on the national radio for the September 11 , 1973 . Lou Sino covered the song which appeared on his Now album ( 1973 ) . It was also the B side of his single , `` She 's Got to Be a Saint '' released on Bengal 112873 . Kay Starr did a version of this song on the country pop charts in 1974 hitting number 12 . Frank Sinatra included the song in his album Some Nice Things I 've Missed ( 1974 ) Around 1974 the song was also covered by Hong Kong singing artist Agnes Chan . The song is included on the album `` With love from '' of Taiwanese superstar Teresa Teng . In 1974 Venezuelan group ' Los Tres Tristes Tigres ' ( Three Sad Tigers ) launched locally a huge hit version of the song in Spanish , entitled `` Amarra Una Cinta '' . The colour of the ribbon was changed from yellow ( amarillo ) to dark red ( carmesí ) , due to the rhyme of the song in Spanish . Max Bygraves included in his album Singalong with Max ( 1975 ) . The song was covered by Lawrence Welk , whose orchestra performed it many times on his television program during the late 1970s ; a studio version was released in 1975 on his album Lawrence Welk 's Most Requested TV Favorites ( Champagne Style ) . The song was covered by Bobby Goldsboro on a multi-artist compilation album entitled Storytellers released in 1976 . Harry Connick Jr. - for his album 30 ( 2001 ) . In 2003 Dolly Parton recorded a cover on her patriotic album For God and Country . The song was covered by Eric D. Johnson and appears on the soundtrack for the 2011 film Our Idiot Brother starring Paul Rudd . The song is used over the opening credits as Rudd is released from prison after serving time for selling marijuana to a uniform police officer . In 2014 , a cover version was sung by Cuban stars Silvio Rodríguez , Amaury Pérez , Los Cinco , Kiki Corona , Luna Manzanares , Gretell Barreiro and the famous classical pianist Frank Fernández . This version , sung in English , was a protest asking Barack Obama to free three Cuban activists kept in a Miami prison . In popular culture ( edit ) The song had renewed popularity in 1981 , in the wake of the Iranian hostage crisis . Later in 1973 , Connie Francis had a minor hit in Australia with an answer song , `` The Answer ( Should I Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree ? ) '' . Her version remained in the top 40 for three weeks , peaking at number 31 . In 1977 , the song was sung by Andy Kaufman playing his character Tony Clifton on HBO . The song was performed by David Alan Grier over the closing credits of Amazon Women on the Moon ( 1987 ) . In 1993 , Aardman Animations ' stop - motion animated short film The Wrong Trousers featuring Wallace and Gromit , included the song when Gromit realises his bedroom has been taken over by the evil mute penguin disguised as a chicken , Feathers McGraw . The Hammond organ arrangement of the song is menacingly played from Feathers McGraw 's radio at a very loud volume . In 1999 S Club 7 performed the song for their hit TV series Miami 7 . It was featured in the second episode . The song was also covered by SHINee during their 1st Japan Arena Tour Shinee World 2012 starting with SHINee Fukuoka arena tour on April 25 , 2012 and ending with SHINee Hiroshima arena tour on July 1 , 2012 . They also performed the same song throughout their 2nd Asia Tour Shinee World II in various countries such as South Korea , Taiwan , China and Singapore . In The Simpsons ' `` Treehouse of Horror XXVI '' ( 2015 ) segment ' Homerzilla ' , Disco Stu sings the song at a karaoke box as all the power is cut off due to Homerzilla cutting off the wires in a wire tower . In 2016 the song appeared in Stranger Things ( Season 1 , Episode 2 ) . Association with the People power revolution ( edit ) In the Philippines , the song was best known for its use in the return of exiled politician Benigno Aquino , Jr. to the country in 1983 , during which Aquino supporters tied yellow ribbons on trees in anticipation of his arrival . However , Aquino was assassinated upon arrival , sparking the rise of People Power three years later that led to the demise of Ferdinand Marcos ' presidency and subsequent inauguration of Aquino 's widow Corazon Aquino as president . Yellow was also the campaign symbol of Aquino 's son who eventually became President Benigno Aquino III in 2010 . Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests ( edit ) During the 2014 Hong Kong Protests the song was routinely performed by pro-democracy protestors and sympathetic street musicians as a reference to the yellow ribbons that had become a popular symbol of the movement on site ( tied to street railings ) and on social media . Journalists covering the event described use of the tune as a protest song . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 1973 ( Ireland ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles from the 1970s ( UK ) Preceded by `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' by Vicki Lawrence Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Tony Orlando and Dawn version ) April 21 , 1973 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Dirty Old Man '' by George Hamilton IV RPM Country Tracks number one single ( Johnny Carver version ) June 16 , 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` You Always Come Back ( To Hurting Me ) '' by Johnny Rodriguez Preceded by `` Get Down '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan UK Singles Chart number one single April 21 , 1973 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` See My Baby Jive '' by Wizzard References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Gerald E. Parson , `` How the Yellow Ribbon Became a National Folk Symbol '' , available at Library of Congress , originally printed in the Folklife Center News ( Volume XIII , # 3 , 1991 , pp. 9 - 11 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The L. Russell Brown Interview '' . Classicbands.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1973 Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Dawn -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1973 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1973 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1973 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` RPM Country Tracks for June 16 , 1973 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Nabors - The Twelfth Of Never ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Discogs Lou Sino -- Now Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Welk - Lawrence Welk 's Most Requested TV Favorites ( Champagne Style ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic yellow ribbon -- why it keeps waving '' . Asian Journal . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Jasmine ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Hong Kong Protests : The Symbols and Songs Explained '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizie ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Hong Kong Protests : A Guide to Yellow Ribbons , Blue Ribbons and All the Other Colours '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for June 9 , 1973 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for June 23 , 1973 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . <Th_colspan="2"> Tony Orlando and Dawn <Td_colspan="2"> Tony Orlando Telma Hopkins Joyce Vincent Wilson Albums Candida Dawn 's New Ragtime Follies Singles `` Candida '' `` Knock Three Times '' `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' `` Say , Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose '' `` He Do n't Love You ( Like I Love You ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Tony Orlando and Dawn <Th_colspan="2"> Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree&oldid=817574630 '' Categories : 1973 singles Tony Orlando songs Johnny Carver songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by L. Russell Brown Songs written by Irwin Levine Bell Records singles Songs about buses Songs about prison Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austrian Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 07 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree
2. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando
3. Pop music
4. Worldwide hit
5. Symbol of remembrance
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-4,295,480,808,650,625,500 |
where does the male urethra begin and end
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Urethra - wikipedia Urethra Not to be confused with Ureter . <Th_colspan="2"> Urethra <Td_colspan="2"> The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body . This image shows ( a ) a female urethra and ( b ) a male urethra . <Th_colspan="2"> Details Precursor Urogenital sinus Artery Inferior vesical artery Middle rectal artery Internal pudendal artery Vein Inferior vesical vein Middle rectal vein Internal pudendal vein Nerve Pudendal nerve Pelvic splanchnic nerves Inferior hypogastric plexus Lymph Internal iliac lymph nodes Deep inguinal lymph nodes <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin urethra vagina ; feminina ( female ) ; urethra masculina ( male ) Greek οὐρήθρα MeSH D014521 TA A08. 4.01. 001F A08. 5.01. 001M FMA 19667 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In anatomy , the urethra ( from Greek οὐρήθρα -- ourḗthrā ) is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body . In males , the urethra travels through the penis and also carries semen . In human females ( and in other primates ) , the urethra connects to the urinary meatus above the vagina , whereas in non-primates , the female 's urethra empties into the urogenital sinus . Females use their urethra only for urinating , but males use their urethra for both urination and ejaculation . The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination . Only in the male is there an additional internal urethral sphincter muscle . Contents 1 Anatomy 1.1 Male 1.2 Female 1.3 Histology 2 Development 3 Physiology 3.1 Sexual physiology 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Investigations 4.2 Catheterization 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Anatomy ( edit ) Male ( edit ) See also : Category : Male urethra . In the human male , the urethra is about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) long and opens at the end of the external urethral meatus . The urethra provides an exit for urine as well as semen during ejaculation . The urethra is divided into four parts in men , named after the location : Region Description Epithelium pre-prostatic urethra This is the intramural part of the urethra and varies between 0.5 and 1.5 cm in length depending on the fullness of the bladder . Transitional prostatic urethra Crosses through the prostate gland . There are several openings : ( 1 ) the ejaculatory duct receives sperm from the vas deferens and ejaculate fluid from the seminal vesicle , ( 2 ) several prostatic ducts where fluid from the prostate enters and contributes to the ejaculate , ( 3 ) the prostatic utricle , which is merely an indentation . These openings are collectively called the verumontanum . Transitional membranous urethra A small ( 1 or 2 cm ) portion passing through the external urethral sphincter . This is the narrowest part of the urethra . It is located in the deep perineal pouch . The bulbourethral glands ( Cowper 's gland ) are found posterior to this region but open in the spongy urethra . Pseudostratified columnar spongy urethra ( or penile urethra ) Runs along the length of the penis on its ventral ( underneath ) surface . It is about 15 -- 16 cm in length , and travels through the corpus spongiosum . The ducts from the urethral gland ( gland of Littre ) enter here . The openings of the bulbourethral glands are also found here . Some textbooks will subdivide the spongy urethra into two parts , the bulbous and pendulous urethra . The urethral lumen runs effectively parallel to the penis , except at the narrowest point , the external urethral meatus , where it is vertical . This produces a spiral stream of urine and has the effect of cleaning the external urethral meatus . The lack of an equivalent mechanism in the female urethra partly explains why urinary tract infections occur so much more frequently in females . Pseudostratified columnar -- proximally , Stratified squamous -- distally There is inadequate data for the typical length of the male urethra ; however , a study of 109 men showed an average length of 22.3 cm ( SD = 2.4 cm ) , ranging from 15 cm to 29 cm . Female ( edit ) Urethra is number 2 , dark yellow In the human female , the urethra is about 1.9 inches ( 4.8 cm ) to 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) long and exits the body between the clitoris and the vagina , extending from the internal to the external urethral orifice . The meatus is located below the clitoris . It is placed behind the symphysis pubis , embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina , and its direction is obliquely downward and forward ; it is slightly curved with the concavity directed forward . The proximal 2 / 3rds is lined by transitional epithelium cells while distal 1 / 3rd is lined by stratified squamous epithelium cells . The urethra consists of three coats : muscular , erectile , and mucous , the muscular layer being a continuation of that of the bladder . Between the superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm , the female urethra is surrounded by the urethral sphincter . Somatic ( conscious ) innervation of the external urethral sphincter is supplied by the pudendal nerve . Histology ( edit ) The epithelium of the urethra starts off as transitional cells as it exits the bladder . Further along the urethra there are pseudostratified columnar and stratified columnar epithelia , then stratified squamous cells near the external urethral orifice . There are small mucus - secreting urethral glands , that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine . Development ( edit ) Further information : Urogenital sinus and Urachus The urogenital sinus may be divided into three component parts . The first of these is the cranial portion which is continuous with the allantois and forms the bladder proper . In the male the pelvic part of the sinus forms the prostatic urethra and epithelium as well as the membranous urethra and bulbo urethral glands . Part of the vagina in females is also formed from the pelvic part . Physiology ( edit ) See also : Urination The urethra is the vessel through which urine passes after leaving the bladder . During urination , the smooth muscle lining the urethra relaxes in concert with bladder contraction ( s ) to forcefully expel the urine in a pressurized stream . Following this , the urethra re-establishes muscle tone by contracting the smooth muscle layer , and the bladder returns to a relaxed , quiescent state . Urethral smooth muscle cells are mechanically coupled to each other to coordinate mechanical force and electrical signaling in an organized , unitary fashion . Sexual physiology ( edit ) The male urethra is the conduit for semen during sexual intercourse . It also serves as a passage for urine to flow . Urine typically contains epithelial cells shed from the urinary tract . Urine cytology evaluates this urinary sediment for the presence of cancerous cells from the lining of the urinary tract , and it is a convenient noninvasive technique for follow - up analysis of patients treated for urinary tract cancers . For this process , urine must be collected in a reliable fashion , and if urine samples are inadequate , the urinary tract can be assessed via instrumentation . In urine cytology , collected urine is examined microscopically . One limitation is the inability to definitively identify low - grade cancer cells and urine cytology is used mostly to identify high - grade tumors . Clinical significance ( edit ) Micrograph of urethral cancer ( urothelial cell carcinoma ) , a rare problem of the urethra . Hypospadias and epispadias are forms of abnormal development of the urethra in the male , where the meatus is not located at the distal end of the penis ( it occurs lower than normal with hypospadias , and higher with epispadias ) . In a severe chordee , the urethra can develop between the penis and the scrotum . Infection of the urethra is urethritis , said to be more common in females than males . Urethritis is a common cause of dysuria ( pain when urinating ) . Related to urethritis is so called urethral syndrome Passage of kidney stones through the urethra can be painful , which can lead to urethral strictures . Injuries to the urethra ( e.g. , from a pelvic fracture ) Cancer of the urethra . Foreign bodies in the urethra are uncommon , but there have been medical case reports of self - inflicted injuries , a result of insertion of foreign bodies into the urethra such as an electrical wire . Investigations ( edit ) As the urethra is an open vessel with a lumen , investigations of the genitourinary tract may involve the urethra . Endoscopy of the bladder may be conducted by the urethra , called cystoscopy . Urine cytology . Catheterization ( edit ) During a hospital stay or surgical procedure , a catheter may be inserted through the urethra to drain urine from the bladder . The length of a male 's urethra , and the fact it contains a prominent bend , makes catheterization more difficult . The integrity of the urethra can be determined by a procedure known as retrograde urethrogram . Additional images ( edit ) Position of the urethra in males Transverse section of the penis . Male urethral opening Muscles of the female perineum Urethra . Deep dissection. Serial cross section . See also ( edit ) Perineal urethra Vulvovaginal health Urethral sponge Sexual stimulation : Urethral sounding and Urethral intercourse Urethrorrhagia Urethrotomy Internal urethral orifice References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marvalee H. Wake ( 15 September 1992 ) . Hyman 's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy . University of Chicago Press . pp. 583 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 87013 - 7 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marianne J. Legato , John P. Bilezikian ( editors ) ( 2004 ) . `` 109 : The Evaluation and Treatment of Urinary Incontinence '' . Principles of Gender - specific Medicine . 1 . Gulf Professional Publishing . p. 1187 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Muscles - Bladder Control '' . www.bladder-control.co.uk . Jump up ^ Moore , Keith ( 2006 ) . Clinically oriented anatomy : student CD - ROM ( CD - ROM ) ( 5th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 781 - 73639 - 8 . Jump up ^ Atlas of Human Anatomy 5th Edition , Netter . Jump up ^ Kohler TS , Yadven M , Manvar A , Liu N , Monga M ( 2008 ) . `` The length of the male urethra '' . International Braz J Urol. 34 ( 4 ) : 451 -- 4 ; discussion 455 -- 6 . doi : 10.1590 / s1677 - 55382008000400007 . PMID 18778496 . Jump up ^ Manual of Obstetrics . ( 3rd ed . ) . Elsevier . pp. 1 - 16 . ISBN 9788131225561 . Jump up ^ Kyle BD ( Aug 2014 ) . `` Ion Channels of the Mammalian Urethra '' . Channels. 8 ( 5 ) : 393 -- 401 . doi : 10.4161 / 19336950.2014. 954224 . PMC 4594508 . PMID 25483582 . Jump up ^ Stein DM , Santucci RA ( July 2015 ) . `` An update on urotrauma '' . Current Opinion in Urology. 25 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 30 . doi : 10.1097 / MOU. 0000000000000184 . PMID 26049876 . Jump up ^ Stravodimos , Konstantinos G ; Koritsiadis , Georgios ; Koutalellis , Georgios ( 2009 ) . `` Electrical wire as a foreign body in a male urethra : a case report '' . Journal of Medical Case Reports . 3 : 49 . doi : 10.1186 / 1752 - 1947 - 3 - 49 . PMC 2649937 . PMID 19192284 . External links ( edit ) Histology at KUMC epithel - epith07 `` Male Urethra '' <Th_colspan="2"> Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans <Th_colspan="2"> Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter <Th_colspan="2"> Male reproductive system Internal Seminal tract Testes layers Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Tunica vasculosa Appendix Mediastinum Lobules Septa Leydig cell Sertoli cell Blood -- testis barrier Spermatogenesis Spermatogonium Spermatocytogenesis Spermatocyte Spermatidogenesis Spermatid Spermiogenesis Spermatozoon Other Seminiferous tubules Tubuli seminiferi recti Rete testis Efferent ducts Epididymis Appendix Stereocilia Paradidymis Spermatic cord Vas deferens Ampulla Ejaculatory duct Accessory glands Seminal vesicles excretory duct Prostate Urethral crest Seminal colliculus Prostatic utricle Ejaculatory duct Prostatic sinus Prostatic ducts Bulbourethral glands External Penis root Crus Bulb Fundiform ligament Suspensory ligament body Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum glans Foreskin Frenulum Corona fascia superficial deep Tunica albuginea Septum of the penis Urinary tract Internal urethral orifice Urethra Prostatic Intermediate Spongy Navicular fossa External urethral orifice Lacunae of Morgagni Urethral gland Scrotum layers skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster Cremasteric fascia Internal spermatic fascia Perineal raphe Scrotal septum GND : 4072327 - 6 NDL : 00568745 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urethra&oldid=843588636 '' Categories : Mammal reproductive system Urinary system Urethra Human reproductive system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 03 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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Freedom of the press in the United States - Wikipedia Freedom of the press in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Freedom of the press in the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . This amendment is generally understood to prevent the government from interfering with the distribution of information and opinions . Nevertheless , freedom of the press is subject to certain restrictions , such as defamation law ? Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Thirteen Colonies 1.2 20th century 1.2. 1 Near v. Minnesota 1.2. 2 Branzburg v. Hayes 1.2. 3 Associated Press v. United States 1.2. 4 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan 1.2. 5 New York Times Co. v. United States 1.3 21st century 1.3. 1 Stop Online Piracy Act 1.3. 2 Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox 2 Ranking of United States press freedom 3 Notable exceptions 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) Thirteen Colonies ( edit ) In the Thirteen Colonies before the signing of the Declaration of Independence , the media was subject to a series of regulations . British authorities attempted to prohibit the publication and circulation of information of which they did not approve ! One of the earliest cases concerning freedom of the press occurred in 1734 . In a libel case against The New York Weekly Journal publisher John Peter Zenger by British governor William Cosby , Zenger was acquitted and the publication continued until 1751 . At that time , there were only two newspapers in New York City and the second was not critical of Cosby 's government ! The First Amendment permits information , ideas and opinions without interference , constraint or prosecution by the government . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights ! 20th century ( edit ) Near v. Minnesota ( edit ) The 1931 U.S. Supreme Court decision Near v. Minnesota recognized freedom of the press by roundly rejecting prior restraints on publication , a principle that applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence . The court ruled that a Minnesota law targeting publishers of malicious or scandalous newspapers violated the First Amendment ( as applied through the Fourteenth Amendment ) . Branzburg v. Hayes ( edit ) Freedom of the press was described in Branzburg v. Hayes as `` a fundamental personal right '' , not confined to newspapers and periodicals . In Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined the press as `` every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion . '' This right has been extended to newspapers , books , plays , movies , and video games . Associated press v. United States ( edit ) Associated Press v. United States ( 1945 ) dealt with media cooperation and consolidation . The court held that the AP violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by prohibiting the sale or proliferation of news to nonmember organizations and keeping nonmembers from joining ; the AP bylaws constituted restraint of trade , and the fact that AP had not achieved a monopoly was irrelevant . The First Amendment did not excuse newspapers from the Sherman Antitrust Act . News , traded between states , counts as interstate commerce and is subject to the act . Freedom of the press from governmental interference under the First Amendment does not sanction repression of that freedom by private interests ( 326 U.S. 20 ) . Justice Hugo Black wrote , `` The First Amendment ... rests on the assumption that the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources is essential to the welfare of the public ... Freedom to publish is guaranteed by the Constitution , but freedom to combine to keep others from publishing is not '' . New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( edit ) In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that when a publication involves a public figure , to support a suit for libel the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the publisher acted with actual malice : knew of the inaccuracy of the statement or acted with reckless disregard of its truth . New York Times Co. v. United States ( edit ) Main article : New York Times Co. v. United States In 1971 , the Supreme Court upheld the publication of the Pentagon Papers . 21st century ( edit ) Although it had been uncertain whether people who blog or use other social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws , they are protected by the Free Speech and Free Press Clauses ( neither of which differentiates between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers ) . This is further supported by the Supreme Court , which has refused to grant increased First Amendment protection to institutional media over other speakers ; In a case involving campaign finance laws , the court rejected the `` suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by '' non-institutional - press businesses . Stop Online Piracy Act ( edit ) On October 26 , 2011 the Stop Online Piracy Act , which opponents said would threaten free speech and censor the Internet , was introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives . White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said that President Obama `` ( would ) not support legislation that reduces freedom of expression . '' The bill was shelved in 2012 after widespread protests . Obsidian finance group , llc v. Cox ( edit ) Main article : Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox On 2014 , blogger Crystal Cox accused Obsidian and Kevin D. Padrick of corrupt and fraudulent conduct . Although the court dismissed most of Cox 's blog posts as opinion , it found one post to be more factual in its assertions ( and , therefore , defamatory ) . It was ruled for the first time , by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , that a blogger is entitled to the same free speech protection as a journalist and can not be liable for defamation unless the blogger acted negligently . In the decision , journalists and bloggers are equally protected under the First Amendment because the `` protections of the First Amendment do not turn on whether the defendant was a trained journalist , formally affiliated with traditional news entities , engaged in conflict - of - interest disclosure , went beyond just assembling others ' writings , or tried to get both sides of a story . '' Ranking of United States press freedom ( edit ) Freedom House , an independent watchdog organization , ranked the United States 30th out of 197 countries in press freedom in 2014 . Its report praised the constitutional protections given American journalists and criticized authorities for placing undue limits on investigative reporting in the name of national security . Freedom House gives countries a score out of 100 , with 0 the most free and 100 the least free . The score is broken down into three separately - weighted categories : legal ( out of 30 ) , political ( out of 40 ) and economic ( out of 30 ) . The United States scored 6 , 10 , and 5 , respectively , that year for a cumulative score of 21 . In 2014 , the U.S. ranked 46th in the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index . This is a measure of freedom available to the press , which encompasses areas such as government censorship and is not indicative of journalistic quality . Its ranking fell from 20th in 2010 to 42nd in 2012 , which was attributed to arrests of journalists covering the Occupy movement . The U.S. ranked 49th in 2015 and 41st in 2016 . In 2012 , Finland and Norway tied for first place worldwide . Canada ranked 10th , Germany tied with Jamaica for 17th and Japan tied with Suriname for 22nd . The UK ranked 28th , Australia 30th and France 38th . Extraterritorial regions of the U.S. ranked 57th . Notable exceptions ( edit ) In 1798 , shortly after the adoption of the Constitution , the governing Federalist Party attempted to stifle criticism with the Alien and Sedition Acts . According to the Sedition Act , criticism of Congress or the President ( but not the Vice-President ) was a crime ; Thomas Jefferson -- a non-Federalist -- was Vice-President when the act was passed . These restrictions on the press were very unpopular , leading to the party 's eventual demise . Jefferson , who vehemently opposed the acts , was elected president in 1800 and pardoned most of those convicted under them . In his March 4 , 1801 inaugural address , he reiterated his longstanding commitment to freedom of speech and of the press : `` If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form , let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it . '' In mid-August 1861 , four New York City newspapers ( the New York Daily News , The Journal of Commerce , the Day Book and the New York Freeman 's Journal ) were given a presentment by a U.S. Circuit Court grand jury for `` frequently encouraging the rebels by expressions of sympathy and agreement '' . This began a series of federal prosecutions during the Civil War of northern U.S. newspapers which expressed sympathy for Southern causes or criticized the Lincoln administration . Lists of `` peace newspapers '' , published in protest by the New York Daily News , were used to plan retributions . The Bangor Democrat in Maine , was one of these newspapers ; assailants believed part of a covert Federal raid destroyed the press and set the building ablaze . These actions followed executive orders issued by President Abraham Lincoln ; his August 7 , 1861 order made it illegal ( punishable by death ) to conduct `` correspondence with '' or give `` intelligence to the enemy , either directly or indirectly '' . The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 , which amended it , imposed restrictions on the press during wartime . The acts imposed a fine of $10,000 and up to 20 years ' imprisonment for those publishing `` ... disloyal , profane , scurrilous , or abusive language about the form of government of the United States , or the Constitution of the United States , or the military or naval forces of the United States , or the flag ... '' In Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) the Supreme Court upheld the laws , setting the `` clear and present danger '' standard . Congress repealed both laws in 1921 , and Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) revised the clear - and - present - danger test to the significantly less - restrictive `` imminent lawless action '' test . In Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) , the Supreme Court upheld the right of a school principal to review ( and suppress ) controversial articles in a school newspaper funded by the school and published in its name . Chelsea Manning was found guilty of six counts of espionage for furnishing classified information to Wikileaks in United States v. Manning ( 2013 ) , preventing The New York Times from publishing Manning 's material . See also ( edit ) United States portal Freedom of speech portal Freedom of speech in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` First Amendment : An Overview '' . Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia . Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( November 2013 ) . `` Reconsidering Citizens United as a Press Clause Case '' . The Yale Law Journal . 123 2013 - 2014 ( 2 November 2013 Pages 266 - 529 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Lovell v. City of Griffin , 303 U.S. 444 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Lovell , at 452 Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Associated Press v. United States 326 U.S. 1 ( 1945 ) '' , Justia . US Supreme Court . June 18 , 1945 . Retrieved 8 feb 2017 Jump up ^ `` Media Bias '' , Paul Ruschmann . Infobase Publishing , 2006 . p. 87 . Retrieved 8 feb 2017 Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bloggers , Media Shield Laws , And The First Amendment '' . Outside The Beltway . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eugene Volokh ( Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at Los Angeles School of Law of the University of California . `` The American Heritage Foundatio 's Guide to the Constitution : Freedom of Speech and of the Press '' . The American Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ See Bartnicki v. Vopper , 532 U.S. 514 ( 2001 ) where the Court , `` draw no distinction between the media respondents and '' a non-institutional respondent . Jump up ^ See Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. , 501 U.S. 663 ( 1991 ) where the Court held that the press gets no special immunity from laws that apply to others , including those -- such as copyright law -- that target communication . Jump up ^ See also Henry v. Collins , 380 U.S. 356 , 357 ( 1965 ) ( per curiam ) ( applying Sullivan standard to a statement by an arrestee ) ; Garrison v. Louisiana , 379 U.S. 64 , 67 -- 68 ( 1964 ) ( applying Sullivan standard to statements by an elected district attorney ) ; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. at 286 ( applying identical First Amendment protection to a newspaper defendant and individual defendants ) . Jump up ^ First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Insider '' . Texas Insider . p. 1 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SOPA bill shelved after global protests from Google , Wikipedia and others '' . Washington Post . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Paulson , Ken ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Bloggers enjoy First Amendment protection against libel suits '' . First Amendment Center . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . In a landmark decision on Friday , a federal appellate court held for the first time that blogs enjoy the same First Amendment protection from libel suits as traditional news media . Jump up ^ Hull , Tim ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Blogger 's Speech Rights Championed in the 9th '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . I think it sets an important precedent that bloggers , for First Amendment purposes , have the same rights as others do , as for example the institutional media does , '' Volokh said in a phone interview . `` There have been plenty of past cases around the circuits that point in that direction , but this is the first time that the 9th Circuit has specifically ruled on this , and this is one of the cases that has focused on bloggers . Most cases have dealt with other nonprofessional media , but this one is particularly the first clear blogging case that I know from the circuit courts . ^ Jump up to : Arthur L. Alarcón , Milan D. Smith , Jr. , and Andrew D. Hurwitz ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case Obsidian Finance Group LLC and Kevin Padrick vs. Crystal Cox ( 12 - 35238 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Levine , Dan ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Blogger gets same speech protections as traditional press : U.S. court '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hull , Tim ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Blogger 's Speech Rights Championed in the 9th '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Press Freedom Rankings - Freedom House '' . Jump up ^ `` United States - Country report - Freedom of the Press - 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack Mirkinson ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Press Freedom Index : Occupy Wall Street Journalist Arrests Cost U.S. Dearly In Latest Survey '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Ranking 2015 '' . Reporters Without Borders . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking 2016 '' . Reporters Without Borders . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project '' . Yale Law School . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Words at War : The Civil War and American Journalism by David B. Sachsman , Purdue University Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order '' . American Presidency Project . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Espionage Act , 7 May 1918 '' . firstworldwar.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Tran , Jasper ( 2016 ) . `` Press Clause and 3D Printing '' . Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property . 14 : 75 . Epps , Garrett and David B. Oppenheimer . Freedom of the Press : The First Amendment : Its Constitutional History and the Contemporary Debate ( 2008 ) Martin , Robert W.T. The Free and Open Press : The Founding of American Democratic Press Liberty , 1640 - 1800 ( 2012 ) . Nelson , Harold Lewis , ed . Freedom of the Press from Hamilton to the Warren Court ( Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1967 ) Powe , Lucas A . The Fourth Estate and the Constitution : Freedom of the Press in America ( Univ of California Press , 1992 ) Ross , Gary . Who Watches the Watchmen ? : The Conflict Between National Security and Freedom of the Press ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Establishment Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Tilton v. Richardson ( 1971 ) Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist ( 1973 ) Sloan v. Lemon ( 1973 ) Wolman v. Walter ( 1977 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Establishment Clause , Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Larkin v. Grendel 's Den , Inc. ( 1982 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Free Exercise Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Vidal v. Girard 's Executors ( 1844 ) Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United State v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago ( 1979 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Freedom of speech ( portal ) <Td_colspan="2"> Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works ( 1951 ) Speiser v. Randall ( 1958 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( 1965 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb ( 1974 ) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) Island Trees School District v. Pico ( 1982 ) Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) Obscenity Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( S.D.N.Y. 1933 ) Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) Marcus v. Search Warrant ( 1961 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day ( 1962 ) Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) Quantity of Books v. Kansas ( 1964 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Memoirs v. Massachusetts ( 1966 ) Redrup v. New York ( 1967 ) Ginsberg v. New York ( 1968 ) Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) United States v. Thirty - seven Photographs ( 1971 ) Kois v. Wisconsin ( 1972 ) Miller v. California ( 1973 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft . Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) American Booksellers v. Hudnut ( 7th Cir. , 1985 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Nitke v. Gonzales ( S.D.N.Y. , 2005 ) United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases ( 2009 and 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland ( 6th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Kilbride ( 9th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) Brown v. 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The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Ass'n ( 1978 ) Friedman v. Rogers ( 1979 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products ( 1983 ) Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel ( 1985 ) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California ( 1986 ) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) San Francisco Arts & Athletics , Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee ( 1987 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. ( 2011 ) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley ( 1981 ) California Medical Association v. FEC ( 1981 ) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee ( 1982 ) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington ( 1983 ) FEC v. National Conservative Political Action Committee ( 1985 ) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life ( 1986 ) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC ( 1996 ) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC ( 2000 ) FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee ( 2001 ) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White ( 2002 ) McConnell v. FEC ( 2003 ) FEC v. Beaumont ( 2003 ) Randall v. Sorrell ( 2006 ) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) Davis v. FEC ( 2008 ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 ) McComish v. Bennett ( 2011 ) American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock ( 2012 ) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) Williams - Yulee v . The Florida Bar ( 2015 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Freedom of the press <Td_colspan="2"> Prior restraints and censorship Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) Hannegan v. Esquire , Inc. ( 1946 ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart ( 1976 ) Landmark Communications , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1978 ) Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co. ( 1979 ) Tory v. Cochran ( 2005 ) Privacy Time , Inc. v. Hill ( 1967 ) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn ( 1975 ) Florida Star v. B.J.F. ( 1989 ) Taxation and privileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) Minneapolis Star Tribune Company v. Commissioner ( 1983 ) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois ( 1952 ) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts ( 1967 ) Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) Time , Inc. v. Firestone ( 1976 ) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States , Inc. ( 1984 ) Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) McDonald v. Smith ( 1985 ) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) Harte - Hanks Communications v. Connaughton ( 1989 ) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox ( 9th Cir. , 2014 ) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC ( 1969 ) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ( 1978 ) Turner Broadcasting v. FCC ( 1994 ) Bartnicki v. Vopper ( 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Freedom of association <Td_colspan="2"> Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ( 1951 ) Watkins v. United States ( 1957 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Baggett v. Bullitt ( 1964 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Freedom of the press in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States&oldid=801642583 '' Categories : Freedom of the press by country American journalism Human rights in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 22 : 52 . 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who won the nobel peace prize in 1981
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List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates - wikipedia List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates Jump to : navigation , search The Norwegian Nobel Institute ( headquarters pictured ) assists the Norwegian Nobel Committee in selecting recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize and in organising the annual award in Oslo . The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize ( Norwegian and Swedish : Nobels fredspris ) `` to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Laureates 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Laureates ( edit ) As of 2016 , the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations . Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize , more than any other Nobel Prize . Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes : the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times ( 1917 , 1944 , and 1963 ) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice ( 1954 and 1981 ) . There have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded , more times than any other Nobel Prize . Lê Đức Thọ is the only person to ever refuse to accept a Nobel Peace Prize . He was jointly awarded the 1973 award with Henry Kissinger but declined the prize on grounds that such `` bourgeois sentimentalities '' were not for him and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full . Year <Th_colspan="2"> Laureate Country Rationale 1901 Henry Dunant Switzerland For his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross Frédéric Passy France `` ( For ) being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress '' 1902 Élie Ducommun Switzerland `` ( For his role as ) the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau '' Charles Albert Gobat `` ( For his role as the ) first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union '' 1903 William Randal Cremer United Kingdom `` ( For his role as ) the ' first father ' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union '' 1904 Institute of International Law Belgium `` ( F ) or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law '' 1905 Bertha von Suttner Austria - Hungary For writing Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize 1906 Theodore Roosevelt United States `` ( F ) or his successful mediation to end the Russo - Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration , having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case '' 1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy `` ( For his work as a ) key leader of the Italian peace movement '' Louis Renault France `` ( For his work as a ) leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague '' 1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson Sweden `` ( For his work as ) founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League '' Fredrik Bajer Denmark `` ( For being ) the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia , combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau '' 1909 Auguste Beernaert Belgium `` ( For being a ) representative to the two Hague conferences , and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union '' Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant France `` ( For ) combined diplomatic work for Franco - German and Franco - British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration '' 1910 Permanent International Peace Bureau Switzerland `` ( For acting ) as a link between the peace societies of the various countries '' 1911 Tobias Asser Netherlands `` ( For being a ) member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law '' Alfred Fried Austria - Hungary `` ( For his work as ) founder of the German Peace Society '' 1912 Elihu Root United States `` ( F ) or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court '' 1913 Henri La Fontaine Belgium `` ( For his work as ) head of the International Peace Bureau '' 1914 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded due to World War I . 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland `` ( For undertaking ) the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides ( of World War I ) , including their right to establish contacts with their families '' 1918 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded due to World War I . 1919 Woodrow Wilson United States `` ( F ) or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations '' 1920 Léon Bourgeois France `` ( For his participation ) in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 '' and for his work towards `` what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its ' spiritual father ' '' 1921 Hjalmar Branting Sweden `` ( F ) or his work in the League of Nations '' Christian Lange Norway `` ( For his work as ) the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee '' and `` the secretary - general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union '' 1922 Fridtjof Nansen `` ( For ) his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine '' and `` his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace '' 1923 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded 1924 1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain United Kingdom For work on the Locarno Treaties Charles G. Dawes United States `` ( F ) or ( work on ) the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925 '' 1926 Aristide Briand France For work on the Locarno Treaties Gustav Stresemann Germany 1927 Ferdinand Buisson France `` ( For ) contributions to Franco - German popular reconciliation '' Ludwig Quidde Germany 1928 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded 1929 Frank B. Kellogg United States `` ( F ) or the Kellogg - Briand pact , whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy '' 1930 Nathan Söderblom Sweden `` ( F ) or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity , but also for world peace '' 1931 Jane Addams United States `` ( F ) or her social reform work '' and `` leading the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom '' Nicholas Murray Butler `` ( For his promotion ) of the Briand - Kellogg pact '' and for his work as the `` leader of the more establishment - oriented part of the American peace movement '' 1932 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded 1933 Sir Norman Angell United Kingdom For authoring The Great Illusion and for being a `` supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist ( and ) educator for peace in general '' 1934 Arthur Henderson `` ( F ) or his work for the League , particularly its efforts in disarmament '' 1935 Carl von Ossietzky Germany `` ( For his ) struggle against Germany 's rearmament '' 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina `` ( F ) or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia '' 1937 The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood United Kingdom For his work with the League of Nations 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees League of Nations For its work in aiding refugees 1939 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded due to World War II . 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland `` ( F ) or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity '' 1945 Cordell Hull United States `` ( For ) his fight against isolationism at home , his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents , and his work for the United Nations Organization '' 1946 Emily Greene Balch `` Formerly Professor of History and Sociology ; Honorary International President , Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom '' John Raleigh Mott `` Chairman , International Missionary Council ; President , World Alliance of Young Men 's Christian Associations '' 1947 Friends Service Council United Kingdom `` compassion for others and the desire to help them '' American Friends Service Committee United States 1948 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded because `` there was no suitable living candidate . '' ( A tribute to the recently assassinated Gandhi in India , since the prize can not be awarded posthumously . ) 1949 The Lord Boyd - Orr United Kingdom `` Physician ; Alimentary Politician ; Prominent organizer and Director , General Food and Agricultural Organization ; President , National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations '' 1950 Ralph Bunche United States `` Professor , Harvard University Cambridge , MA ; Director , division of Trusteeship , U.N. ; Acting Mediator in Palestine , 1948 '' 1951 Léon Jouhaux France `` President of the International Committee of the European Council , vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions , vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions , member of the ILO Council , delegate to the United Nations '' 1952 Albert Schweitzer `` Missionary surgeon ; Founder of Lambaréné ( République de Gabon ) '' 1953 George C. Marshall United States `` General President American Red Cross ; Former Secretary of State and of Defense ; Delegate U.N. ; Originator of ( the ) ' Marshall Plan ' '' 1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations `` An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951 '' 1955 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded 1956 1957 Lester Bowles Pearson Canada `` former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada ; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly '' ; `` for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations . '' 1958 Dominique Pire Belgium `` Father in the Dominican Order ; Leader of the relief organization for refugees `` L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde '' '' 1959 Philip Noel - Baker United Kingdom `` Member of Parliament ; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation '' 1960 Albert Lutuli South Africa ( Born in Southern Rhodesia ) `` President of the African National Congress , '' `` was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa . '' 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden `` Secretary General of the U.N. , '' awarded `` for strengthening the organization . '' 1962 Linus Pauling United States `` for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing '' 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland For their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC 's 100 years of existence . League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King , Jr . United States Campaigner for civil rights , `` first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence . '' King spent his time working in various areas of the civil rights movement ; from equal education to economic disenfranchisement of minorities . King also organized the March on Washington , where he gave his famous `` I Have a Dream Speech '' . 1965 United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) United Nations `` An international aid organization . '' 1966 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded 1967 1968 René Cassin France `` President of the European Court for Human Rights '' 1969 International Labour Organization United Nations 1970 Norman E. Borlaug United States `` International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ; '' `` for his contributions to the `` green revolution '' that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America . '' 1971 Willy Brandt West Germany `` Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ; for West Germany 's Ostpolitik '' 1972 <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded 1973 Henry Kissinger United States ( Born in Germany ) `` For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease - fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces '' Lê Đức Thọ Vietnam ( North ) Seán MacBride Ireland ( Born in France ) `` President of the International Peace Bureau ; President of the Commission of Namibia . '' `` For his strong interest in human rights : piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe , helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary - general of the International Commission of Jurists '' Eisaku Satō Japan `` Prime Minister of Japan , '' `` for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation '' Andrei Sakharov Soviet Union `` ( for his ) struggle for human rights , for disarmament , and for cooperation between all nations '' 1976 Betty Williams United Kingdom `` Founder ( s ) of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement ( later renamed Community of Peace People ) '' Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International `` ( for ) protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience '' 1978 Mohamed Anwar Al - Sadat Egypt `` for the Camp David Agreement , which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel '' Menachem Begin Israel Poland ( Born in Russia ) 1979 Mother Teresa India ( Born in Skopje , now Republic of Macedonia ) `` Founder of Missionaries of Charity '' 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Argentina `` Human rights leader ; '' `` founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country ( Argentina ) . '' 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations `` An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951 '' 1982 Alva Myrdal Sweden `` ( for ) their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations , where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition '' Alfonso García Robles Mexico Lech Wałęsa Poland `` Founder of Solidarność ; campaigner for human rights '' 1984 Desmond Tutu South Africa `` Bishop of Johannesburg ; former Secretary General , South African Council of Churches '' 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War United States For `` authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare . The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities , with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues . '' 1986 Elie Wiesel United States ( Born in Romania ) `` Chairman of `` The President 's Commission on the Holocaust '' '' Óscar Arias Costa Rica `` for his work for peace in Central America , efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year '' 1988 United Nations Peace - Keeping Forces United Nations `` ( for ) their efforts ( that ) have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations '' 1989 Tenzin Gyatso , 14th Dalai Lama India ( Born in Tibet ) `` In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet ( he ) consistently has opposed the use of violence . He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people . '' 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet Union General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union , `` for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community '' 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Burma `` for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights '' 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala `` for her work for social justice and ethno - cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples '' 1993 Nelson Mandela South Africa `` for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime , and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa '' Frederik Willem de Klerk 1994 Yasser Arafat Palestine ( Born in Egypt ) `` to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides , and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East . '' Yitzhak Rabin Israel Shimon Peres Israel ( Born in Poland ) 1995 Joseph Rotblat United Kingdom ( Born in Poland ) `` for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and , in the longer run , to eliminate such arms '' Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Canada Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo East Timor `` for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor . '' José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines Switzerland `` for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines '' Jody Williams United States 1998 John Hume Ireland `` for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland '' David Trimble United Kingdom 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières Switzerland `` in recognition of the organization 's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents '' 2000 Kim Dae - jung South Korea `` for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general , and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular '' 2001 United Nations United Nations `` for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world '' Kofi Annan Ghana 2002 Jimmy Carter United States `` for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts , to advance democracy and human rights , and to promote economic and social development '' 2003 Shirin Ebadi Iran `` for her efforts for democracy and human rights . She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children . '' Wangari Muta Maathai Kenya `` for her contribution to sustainable development , democracy and peace '' 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations `` for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way '' Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt 2006 Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh `` for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor , especially women , through their pioneering microcredit work '' Grameen Bank 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations `` for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man - made climate change , and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change '' Al Gore United States 2008 Martti Ahtisaari Finland `` for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades , to resolve international conflicts '' 2009 Barack Obama United States `` for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples . '' Liu Xiaobo China `` for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China '' 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia `` for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women 's rights to full participation in peace - building work '' Leymah Gbowee Tawakkul Karman Yemen 2012 European Union European Union `` for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation , democracy and human rights in Europe . '' 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons International `` for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons . '' 2014 Kailash Satyarthi India `` for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education '' Malala Yousafzai Pakistan 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Tunisia `` for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011 '' 2016 Juan Manuel Santos Colombia `` for his resolute efforts to bring the country 's more than 50 - year - long civil war to an end , a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people '' See also ( edit ) List of Nobel laureates List of peace activists Notes ( edit ) Elihu Root , Austen Chamberlain , Charles G. Dawes , Frank B. Kellogg , and Norman Angell were all awarded their respective Prizes one year late because the Committee decided that none of the nominations in the year in which they are listed as being awarded the Prize met the criteria in Nobel 's will ; per its rules the Committee delayed the awarding of the Prizes until the next year , although they were awarded as the previous year 's Prize . Carl von Ossietzky 's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of Germany . Dag Hammarskjöld 's Prize was awarded posthumously . Lê Đức Thọ declined to accept the Prize . Andrei Sakharov 's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of the Soviet Union . Aung San Suu Kyi 's Prize was awarded in absentia because she was being held prisoner by the government of Burma . Following her release from house arrest and election to the Pyithu Hluttaw , Suu Kyi accepted her award in person on 16 June 2012 . Liu Xiaobo 's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned in China . References ( edit ) General `` All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 29 . `` Nobel Prize winners by category ( peace ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 29 . Rogers , Simon ( 8 October 2010 ) . `` Nobel peace prize winners list 2010 : how does Liu Xiaobo compare to previous medal holders ? '' . The Guardian . Specific Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily . `` Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Lundestad , Geir ( 2001 - 03 - 15 ) . `` The Nobel Peace Prize , 1901 -- 2000 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1902 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1903 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1904 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1905 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1907 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1908 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1909 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1910 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1910 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1911 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1912 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1913 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1917 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1919 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1920 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1921 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stang , Fredrik . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1922 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1922 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1925 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1926 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1927 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1929 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1930 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1933 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1934 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ BBC News : Nobel Peace Prize medal stolen in Newcastle 3 April 2013 , accessed 3 April 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1935 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1936 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1937 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stang , Fredrik . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1938 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jahn , Gunnar . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1944 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jahn , Gunnar . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1945 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1946 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jahn , Gunnar . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1947 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tønnesson , Øyvind ( 1999 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Controversies Mahatma Gandhi , the Missing Laureate '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1949 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1950 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1951 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1952 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1953 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1954 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1958 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1959 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1960 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1965 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1968 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1969 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1970 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1971 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1973 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1975 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1976 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1980 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 -- Presentation Speech '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1983 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1985 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1986 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1987 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1988 -- Press release '' . Nobel Foundation . 1988 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/lama-facts.html Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1989 -- Press release '' . Nobel Foundation . 1989 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1992 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release - The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1995 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1996 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1997 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1998 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1999 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2001 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2003 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2004 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2015 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Biography : Carl von Ossietzky '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lionaes , Aase . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1975 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sejersted , Francis . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 1991 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jagland , Thorbjørn . `` Award Ceremony Speech ( 2010 ) '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Peace Prize laureates . Official website of the Norwegian Nobel Committee <Th_colspan="2"> Nobel Peace Prize General topics Laureates Committee ( members ) Institute Center Concert Oslo Spektrum Oslo City Hall World Summit By year 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos <Th_colspan="2"> Nobel Prizes Prizes Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by subject Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine by criterion African Arab Asian Black Female Latino and Hispanic Jewish by country Argentine Australian Belgian Chinese Danish Hungarian Indian Israeli Italian Japanese Korean Liberian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Turkish Welsh by religion Christian Jewish Muslim Non-religious by year By year by university affiliation University affiliation by occupation Head of Government and State Committees and organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet Related topics Controversies Other prizes Alfred Nobel <Td_colspan="2"> Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates&oldid=799521388 '' Categories : Nobel Peace Prize laureates Lists of Nobel laureates Nobel Peace Prize Hidden categories : Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская བོད ་ ཡིག Català Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Русский Sicilianu Suomi Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 06 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Nobel Peace Prize laureates
2. Fraternity between nations
3. Reduction of standing armies
4. Peace congresses
5. International Committee of the Red Cross
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when did nebraska go to the rose bowl
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2002 Rose Bowl - wikipedia 2002 Rose Bowl Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> 2002 Rose Bowl <Td_colspan="2"> presented by AT&T BCS National Championship Game 88th Rose Bowl Game <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Nebraska Cornhuskers Miami Hurricanes ( 11 -- 1 ) ( 11 -- 0 ) 14 37 Head coach : Frank Solich Head coach : Larry Coker AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS <Td_colspan="2"> Total Nebraska 0 0 7 7 14 Miami 7 27 0 37 Date January 3 , 2002 Season 2001 Stadium Rose Bowl Location Pasadena , California MVP Ken Dorsey ( Miami QB ) and Andre Johnson ( Miami WR ) Favorite Miami by 81⁄2 National anthem Yolanda Adams Referee Courtney Mauzy ( ACC ) Halftime show Band of the Hour , University of Nebraska Cornhusker Marching Band Attendance 93,781 <Th_colspan="2"> United States TV coverage Network ABC Announcers Keith Jackson , Tim Brant Nielsen ratings 13.8 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Rose Bowl < 2001 2003 > <Th_colspan="2"> BCS National Championship Game < 2001 2003 > The 2002 Rose Bowl , played on January 3 , 2002 , was a college football bowl game . It was the 88th Rose Bowl game and was the BCS National Championship Game of the 2001 college football season . The game featured the Miami Hurricanes and the Nebraska Cornhuskers , marking the first time since the 1919 Rose Bowl , and only the third time in the game 's history , that neither the Big Ten nor the Pac - 10 Conferences had a representative in this game . The Hurricanes won the game , 37 -- 14 , for their fifth national title . Miami quarterback Ken Dorsey and wide receiver Andre Johnson were named the Rose Bowl Players of the Game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 1.1 Nebraska Cornhuskers and Miami Hurricanes 1.2 Pac - 10 and Big Ten 2 Scoring summary 3 Aftermath 4 References Teams ( edit ) Main article : 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season Because the Rose Bowl was hosting the BCS Championship game , as part of the agreement begun in the 1998 season , the Tournament of Roses committee would get the number one and number two ranked teams in the Bowl Championship Series system . However , this was actually the third Rose Bowl number one versus two pairing , with the first two in the 1963 and 1969 games . Nebraska became the first team from outside the Southern United States to play in a BCS title game , as the previous three title games were all - Southern affairs . Nebraska Cornhuskers and Miami Hurricanes ( edit ) See also : BCS controversies In yet another controversial season for the BCS , No. 4 Nebraska was chosen as a national title contender despite not having played in the Big 12 championship game . The Huskers went into their last regularly scheduled game at Colorado undefeated , but were beaten by Colorado 62 -- 36 . The Huskers dropped from No. 2 to No. 6 in the wire service polls . In the ensuing days , No. 2 Florida lost to Tennessee , the Colorado Buffaloes went on to win the Big 12 Championship Game over No. 3 Texas , and in the SEC Championship Game , No. 2 Tennessee was stunned by LSU . This left Miami as the undefeated and undisputed No. 1 team in the country but a host of other teams vying for # 2 . The BCS computers did not take into account at which point a team 's loss came during the season . There were also components for strength of schedule , quality win , and margin of victory . With this calculation , one - loss Nebraska came out ahead of two - loss Colorado and one - loss , second - ranked Oregon . Previously , Nebraska had appeared in the 1941 Rose Bowl in a 21 -- 13 loss to Stanford . This was the first appearance for the Miami Hurricanes in the Rose Bowl . Pac - 10 and Big Ten ( edit ) Oregon was the champion of the Pacific - 10 Conference and was ranked No. 2 in the AP Poll . They were selected for the 2002 Fiesta Bowl , where they faced No. 3 ranked Colorado , who was No. 4 in the BCS poll . The Illinois Fighting Illini , ranked No. 8 in the BCS , won the Big Ten Conference championship and were picked for the 2002 Sugar Bowl . Scoring summary ( edit ) Scoring Play Score <Td_colspan="4"> 1st quarter UM -- Andre Johnson 50 - yard pass from Ken Dorsey ( Todd Sievers kick ) . 6 : 51 UM 7 -- 0 <Td_colspan="4"> 2nd quarter UM -- Clinton Portis 39 - yard run ( Sievers kick ) . 14 : 33 UM 14 -- 0 UM -- James Lewis 47 - yard interception return ( Sievers kick ) . 12 : 52 UM 21 -- 0 UM -- Jeremy Shockey 21 - yard pass from Dorsey ( Kick failed ) . 10 : 40 UM 27 -- 0 UM -- Johnson 8 - yard pass from Dorsey ( Sievers kick ) . 3 : 35 UM 34 -- 0 <Td_colspan="6"> 3rd quarter NU -- Judd Davies 16 - yard run . ( Josh Brown kick ) . 2 : 39 UM 34 -- 7 <Td_colspan="6"> 4th quarter NU -- DeJuan Groce 71 - yard punt return ( Brown kick ) . 14 : 28 UM 34 -- 14 UM -- Sievers 37 - yard field goal . 10 : 04 UM 37 -- 14 Aftermath ( edit ) Oregon defeated Colorado in the 2002 Fiesta Bowl . In the final AP poll , Miami was the unanimous No. 1 team , Oregon was # 2 . The next time that the Rose Bowl hosted the BCS championship , the 2006 Rose Bowl , the USC Trojans would be a participant . The 2002 contest was the last one not to feature a team from either the Big Ten or Pac 12 until the 2018 Rose Bowl , which was a component of the College Football Playoff and pitted Georgia against Oklahoma . The game , which was played on a Thursday night , two days after the parade , has been remembered as a low point for the Rose Bowl . University of Michigan coach Bo Schembechler remarked , `` Did n't watch it , '' when asked what he thought of the 2002 Rose Bowl . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College Football : Rose Bowl '' . USA Today . December 17 , 2002 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BCS title game ratings down from last year '' . signonsandiego.com . January 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cane Whuppin ' '' . SI.com . January 7 , 2002 . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2008 Rose Bowl Program , 2008 Rose Bowl . Accessed January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No. 3 Georgia faces No. 2 Oklahoma for first time in Rose Bowl '' . Associated Press . 2017 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Dufresne , Chris - For the best in bowls , the subject is Roses Stanford vs. Michigan State will be the 100th Rose Bowl game . There have been some great moments in the first 99 . Los Angeles Times , December 28 , 2013 . Quote : `` The game has provided dizzying high points and a few lows , maybe none lower than Miami against Nebraska on a Thursday night two days after the parade . '' Jump up ^ Dufresne , Chris Bo Knows Rose Bowls , and This One 's the Real Thing . Los Angeles Times , December 29 , 2003 <Th_colspan="2"> 2001 -- 02 NCAA football bowl game season <Td_colspan="2"> New Orleans ( Dec. 18 ) GMAC ( Dec. 19 ) Tangerine ( Dec. 20 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 25 ) Seattle ( Dec. 27 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Galleryfurniture.com ( Dec. 28 ) Music City ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Motor City ( Dec. 29 ) Alamo ( Dec. 29 ) Insight.com ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 31 ) Liberty ( Dec. 31 ) Peach ( Dec. 31 ) Humanitarian ( Dec. 31 ) Silicon Valley ( Dec. 31 ) Cotton ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Gator ( Jan. 1 ) Florida Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Bowl Championship Series games : Fiesta ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( Jan. 1 ) Orange ( Jan. 2 ) Rose ( Jan. 3 ) <Td_colspan="2"> All - Star Games : East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 12 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 26 ) <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk <Th_colspan="2"> Rose Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Rose Bowl Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Pac - 12 Conference Games 1902 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Notes No games were held from 1903 to 1915 . The 1942 game was played at Duke Stadium in Durham , NC , due to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The game was also the national title game for the Bowl Championship Series in 2002 and 2006 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions . <Th_colspan="2"> BCS National Championship Game <Td_colspan="2"> History University of Phoenix Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Hard Rock Stadium Rose Bowl BCS Broadcasters Tie - ins BCS # 1 BCS # 2 Rotating bowl 1999 ( Fiesta ) 2000 ( Sugar ) 2001 ( Orange ) 2002 ( Rose ) 2003 ( Fiesta ) 2004 ( Sugar ) 2005 ( Orange ) 2006 ( Rose ) Game 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> AFCA National Championship Trophy <Th_colspan="2"> Miami Hurricanes bowl games <Td_colspan="2"> 1935 Orange Bowl 1946 Orange Bowl 1951 Orange Bowl 1952 Gator Bowl 1961 Liberty Bowl 1962 Gotham Bowl 1966 Liberty Bowl 1967 Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Peach Bowl 1984 Orange Bowl 1985 Fiesta Bowl 1986 Sugar Bowl 1987 Fiesta Bowl # 1988 Orange Bowl # 1989 Orange Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Cotton Bowl Classic 1992 Orange Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1994 Fiesta Bowl 1995 Orange Bowl # 1996 Carquest Bowl 1998 MicronPC Bowl 2000 Gator Bowl 2001 Sugar Bowl 2002 Rose Bowl # 2003 Fiesta Bowl # 2004 Orange Bowl 2004 Peach Bowl 2005 Peach Bowl 2006 MPC Computers Bowl 2008 Emerald Bowl 2009 Champs Sports Bowl 2010 Sun Bowl 2013 Russell Athletic Bowl 2014 Independence Bowl 2015 Sun Bowl 2016 Russell Athletic Bowl 2017 Orange Bowl Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . <Th_colspan="2"> Nebraska Cornhuskers bowl games <Td_colspan="2"> 1941 Rose Bowl 1955 Orange Bowl 1962 Gotham Bowl 1964 Orange Bowl 1965 Cotton Bowl Classic 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Orange Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Orange Bowl 1974 Cotton Bowl Classic 1974 Sugar Bowl 1975 Fiesta Bowl 1976 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1977 Liberty Bowl 1979 Orange Bowl 1980 Cotton Bowl Classic 1980 Sun Bowl 1982 Orange Bowl 1983 Orange Bowl 1984 Orange Bowl 1985 Sugar Bowl 1986 Fiesta Bowl 1987 Sugar Bowl 1988 Fiesta Bowl 1989 Orange Bowl 1990 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Florida Citrus Bowl 1992 Orange Bowl 1993 Orange Bowl 1994 Orange Bowl # 1995 Orange Bowl # 1996 Fiesta Bowl # 1996 Orange Bowl 1998 Orange Bowl # 1998 Holiday Bowl 2000 Fiesta Bowl 2000 Alamo Bowl 2002 Rose Bowl # 2002 Independence Bowl 2003 Alamo Bowl 2005 Alamo Bowl 2007 Cotton Bowl Classic 2009 Gator Bowl 2009 Holiday Bowl 2010 Holiday Bowl 2012 Capital One Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Holiday Bowl 2015 Foster Farms Bowl 2016 Music City Bowl Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . <Th_colspan="2"> 2001 -- 02 NCAA Division I championships <Td_colspan="2"> Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( I-A ) † Football ( I - AA ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Rifle Women 's rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Men 's tennis Women 's tennis Indoor track and field Outdoor track and field Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling <Td_colspan="2"> † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Rose_Bowl&oldid=823263587 '' Categories : 2001 -- 02 NCAA football bowl games Rose Bowl BCS National Championship Game Miami Hurricanes football bowl games Nebraska Cornhuskers football bowl games January 2002 sports events 2002 in sports in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. 2002 Rose Bowl
2. BCS National Championship Game
3. Miami Hurricanes vs Nebraska Cornhuskers
4. Ken Dorsey and Andre Johnson
5. Controversial BCS selection process
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-2,644,199,203,071,198,000 |
when did beauty and the beast come out on dvd
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Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Beauty and the Beast <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.264 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production design , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later , in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a birthday gift to Belle . Belle ventures out in search for him , and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who invite her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is ambushed by a pack of wolves , but the Beast rescues her , and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realizes that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage , and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the hermit Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston claims she has been charmed by dark magic , and has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father . He rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast before he curses the whole village . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his spirit upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston , but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls , and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle , and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film was released posthumously after Davies ' death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast , marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . The movie was re-released in New York and Los Angeles starting December 1 , 2017 , for an one week engagement . The move is an awards push as awards season heats up . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's highest - grossing film in the domestic side and second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , the cast 's performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume design , production design , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 304 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News called it `` this year 's best new old musical '' and `` the most magical thing of all '' while describing Watson 's performance of Belle as `` breakthrough '' . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he said the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Won Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Nominated Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Original Score Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot Nominated Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Nominated International Online Cinema Awards ( INOCA ) July 29 , 2017 Best Production Design Nominated Best Original Song `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Beauty and the Beast Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Won Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Won Choice Liplock Won Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Nominated Dan Stevens Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran Won Make - Up & Hair Styling Award Jenny Shircore Won Hollywood Post Alliance ( HPA ) November 16 , 2017 Outstanding Color Grading -- Feature Film Stefan Sonnenfeld Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film Kyle McCulloch , Glen Pratt , Richard Hoover , Dale Newton , Neil Weatherley , and Framestore Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Original Song -- Animated Film `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' - Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Original Song -- Sci - Fi , Fantasy , Horror Film Won `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Soundtrack Album Beauty and the Beast Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Dan Stevens Nominated Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Runner - up Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Won Best Use of Music Beauty and the Beast Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Production Design Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Pending Phoenix Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Original Song `` Evermore '' Pending Best Cinematography Beauty and the Beast Pending Best Production Design Pending Best Costume Design Pending Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society January 3 , 2018 Best Animated / Visual Effect Performance Dan Stevens Pending Best Blockbuster Beauty and the Beast Pending Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Original Song `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Pending Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Pending Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Pending Best Hair & Makeup Beauty and the Beast Pending Best Song `` Evermore '' Pending NAACP Image Awards January 15 , 2018 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Audra McDonald Pending Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Pending Women Film Critics Circle Awards TBA Best Family Film Beauty and the Beast Pending Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . The film also received criticsm over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible for a captor to fall in love with their prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tied with Dunkirk . Jump up ^ Tied with Mark Bridges for Phantom Thread . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 27 , 2017 ) , Entertainment Weekly and Beast returns to theaters http://ew.com/movies/2017/11/27/beauty-and-the-beast-returning-theaters/title=Beauty and Beast returns to theaters Check url = value ( help ) , retrieved December 3 , 2017 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' a magical delight with Emma Watson : movie review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( AW Halfways 2017 ) Winners Ceremony '' . awardswatch.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2017 : Complete list of winners for Sunday 's ceremony includes Kate Winslet , Jake Gyllenhaal , Allison Janney , Sam Rockwell '' . Goldderby.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' Guardians 2 ' Among HPA Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name '' and `` The Shape of Water '' lead 2017 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominees Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shape of Water Receives 12 Nominations From the St. Louis Film Critics Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seattle Film Critics Society Editors ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards NOMINATIONS '' . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations '' . LA Online Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . E ! . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare. 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> Beauty and the Beast <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) <Th_colspan="2"> Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston <Th_colspan="2"> Disney Princess <Td_colspan="2"> Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' <Th_colspan="2"> Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman <Th_colspan="2"> Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=816062181 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Films scored by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Historical romance films IMAX films Mandeville Films films Musical film remakes Performance capture in film Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 00 : 35 . 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1. Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)
2. Musical romantic fantasy film
3. Cast and characters
4. Production and filming
5. Music and soundtrack
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4,210,220,403,360,143,400 |
when does black canary show up in arrow
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Sara Lance - wikipedia Sara Lance Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Sara Lance <Td_colspan="2"> Arrowverse character <Td_colspan="2"> Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary in Legends of Tomorrow First appearance Arrow : `` Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) October 10 , 2012 Created by Greg Berlanti Marc Guggenheim Andrew Kreisberg Portrayed by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood ( 2012 ) Caity Lotz ( 2013 -- present ) Years 2012 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Information Aliases The Canary , Ta - er al - Sahfer ( الطائر الأصفر ) , The White Canary Family Dinah Lance ( mother ) Quentin Lance ( father ) Laurel Lance ( sister ) Significant other ( s ) Oliver Queen Nyssa al Ghul Ava Sharpe Affiliations League of Assassins Team Arrow Legends ( leader ) Abilities Master assassin , martial artist , and tactician Sara Lance is a fictional character originally created for the television series Arrow , which is based on the DC Comics superhero Green Arrow . The character was created specifically for television by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , but incorporates character and plot elements of the Black Canary , a DC Comics superhero . Originally portrayed by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood in Arrow 's pilot , she has been portrayed by Caity Lotz since the second season . She initially fights in Arrow under the moniker of The Canary , translated from her Arabic League of Assassins name Ta - er al - Sahfer ( Yellow Bird ) , and later adopts the codename White Canary on the Arrow spin - off Legends of Tomorrow . Sara Lance has also appeared in a digital comic book series , and while the character was initially introduced as a recurring character on Arrow , Lotz has also appeared in the spin - off series The Flash , adjacent series Supergirl , and is currently a cast member on Legends of Tomorrow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 2 Creation and development 3 Reception 4 In other media 5 References Appearances ( edit ) Sara Lance first appears in the pilot episode of Arrow as the younger sister of Laurel Lance ( Katie Cassidy ) , the future Black Canary . It 's shown that five years prior to the beginning of the series , she was having an affair behind her sister 's back with Oliver ( Stephen Amell ) and was with him on his family yacht when it shipwrecked and was presumed dead . Flashbacks in season two would reveal that she actually survived the experience and was rescued by a research boat , the Amazo . When Oliver was captured by the Amazo 's crew , Sara helped him escape . Eventually , along with Oliver 's friend Slade Wilson ( Manu Bennett ) , they attacked the ship . When Slade betrayed them and took over both the ship and Oliver as his prisoner , Oliver and Sara confronted him on the freighter ; Sara was swept away , with Oliver believed her dead once more . In fact , Sara was found by Nyssa al Ghul ( Katrina Law ) who took her to Nanda Parbat . She and Nyssa became lovers , and Sara became a deadly fighter with the League of Assassins under the name Ta - er al - Sahfer , which means `` Yellow Bird '' or `` Canary '' . In season two , Sara returns to Starling City after six years ' absence as `` The Canary '' . After having saved Oliver twice , Felicity ( Emily Bett Rickards ) realizes that the female vigilante was actually protecting Laurel and not him . Setting a trap , he manages to capture and unmask her , and Sara reveals that she 's alive to her father , SCPD Detective Quentin Lance . Some time later , Sara joins Team Arrow and revisits a brief relationship with Oliver . She aids him and his colleagues Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) in taking down a drug - enhanced Slade Wilson , with help from the League of Assassins , which requires Sara to return to Nanda Parbat . In Arrow 's third season , Sara is killed while on a rooftop by being shot three times with arrows on the chest . Some time later , it was revealed that Thea ( Willa Holland ) killed Sara after being drugged by her father Malcolm Merlyn ( John Barrowman ) as part of a plot to pit Oliver against Ra 's al Ghul ( Matt Nable ) . Meanwhile , Laurel takes up Sara 's mantle to fight crime as the Black Canary . In season four , Laurel and Thea decide to resurrect her using League 's mystical Lazarus Pit . The process is successful , but Sara is brought back to life without a soul , making her feral and dangerous . Oliver calls his old friend John Constantine ( Matt Ryan ) to assist them in restoring Sara 's soul . Days later , Sara aids in rescuing Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) from the hands of Damien Darhk ( Neal McDonough ) , before leaving town to find herself . Sara 's appearances in Arrow season four lead into the pilot of the spin - off series DC 's Legends of Tomorrow , in which Sara is recruited by Rip Hunter ( Arthur Darvill ) to a time travelling assault team to take down the immortal villain Vandal Savage ( Casper Crump ) . Before she departs , Laurel gives Sara the White Canary outfit to signify her new start . Over the course of Legends season one , Sara sets in motion the events that will lead to her own rescue by Nyssa ; romances many women throughout history ; and develops a flirtatious relationship with Leonard Snart ( Wentworth Miller ) . When she returns to her home time , she is devastated to learn that Laurel has died . In season two of Legends , Sara becomes captain of the Waverider following Rip 's disappearance and leader of the Legends . She mercilessly hunts her sister 's killer , Damien Darhk , throughout history , before accepting she can not bring Laurel back . In the Invasion ! crossover event , Sara returns to 2016 to support Oliver and the Flash ( Grant Gustin ) in repelling the Dominators ' alien invasion , and meets the Kryptonian hero Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) from the parallel universe of Earth - 38 , who Sara develops a crush on . In the Legends season finale , Sara is forced to use the godlike Spear of Destiny to save reality from the Legion of Doom . While tempted to rewrite her own tragic history , the Spear briefly reunites Sara with Laurel in the afterlife , who encourages her to do what 's right and makes peace with her death ; she chooses to render the Spear itself inert , foiling the evil plans of Eobard Thawne ( Matt Letscher ) and allowing him to be killed by the Black Flash , who has been hunting him all season . In season three of Legends , Sara continues to lead the Waverider crew as they track down and repair anachronisms throughout time , working in a loose partnership with Rip Hunter 's bureaucratic new organization , the Time Agency . In the four - part crossover `` Crisis on Earth - X , '' Sara travels to 2017 to attend the wedding of Barry Allen and Iris West ( Candice Patton ) , where she has a one - night stand with Supergirl 's adoptive sister Alex Danvers ( Chyler Leigh ) . Working together with assembled heroes , the team repel an invading army from the Nazi world of Earth - X . Later , while confronting the demonic entity Mallus ( John Noble ) alongside her old friend John Constantine , Sara and Constantine hook up , despite her ongoing romantic tension with Time Bureau agent Ava Sharpe ( Jes Macallan ) . Ava and Sara becomes girlfriends in subsequent episodes , but break up after Sara is temporarily possessed by Mallus thru the death totem and reasons that , given her history with death and destruction , she poses a danger to Ava . Creation and development ( edit ) Jacqueline MacInnes Wood was cast as Sara Lance in March 2012 . Caity Lotz was announced to be playing Arrow 's version of Black Canary during July 2013 . During the same month it was revealed that her character is Sara , who had survived the Queen 's Gambit shipwreck . According to Arrow producer Andrew Kreisberg , Sara was originally meant to be Ravager but they decided to give that role to Summer Glau 's character Isabel Rochev instead . After the switch was made , Sara was made into the Canary . After the character 's death during the shows third season , it was announced in February 2015 that Caity Lotz would become a cast member on Legends of Tomorrow , though it was not until May that they revealed she would continue to play Sara instead of a new character . Reception ( edit ) The revelation in the season two episode , `` Heir to the Demon '' , that Sara is bisexual and has been in a relationship with Nyssa al Ghul was positively received by critics as it made her the first character from either Marvel or DC to be explicitly shown as queer in either the movies or TV shows . IGN 's Jesse Schedeen praised the relationship between Sara and Wentworth Miller 's character Leonard Snart , as well as the chemistry between Lotz and Miller , calling their `` faint romantic tension that existed between ( them ) since the first episode '' containing more weight than many of the other relationships on the show . In other media ( edit ) White Canary made her playable debut in the mobile - exclusive edition of Injustice 2 , with her Legends of Tomorrow attire as an alternate skin for Black Canary . The character also features in the tie - in novel Arrow : Fatal Legacies which was released in January 2018 . The novel focuses on events between the fifth season finale and sixth season premiere of Arrow and is co-authored by Arrow executive producer Marc Guggenheim and author James R. Tuck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig . `` Jacqueline MacInnes Wood To Play Sarah Lance In The CW 's Arrow Pilot 0 shares Jacqueline MacInnes Wood To Play Sarah Lance In The CW 's Arrow Pilot '' . KsiteTV . KsiteTV.com . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . `` Exclusive : Arrow Boss Sets the Record Straight on Black Canary Casting '' . TVGuide . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura . `` Black Canary On ' Arrow ' : CW President Mark Pedowitz Shares More On The Superhero 's Origin Story '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Trent . `` Arrow producer explains shocking final scene ( + who ALMOST played Ravager ) '' . blastr . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Arrow / Flash Superhero Team - Up Spinoff In Works At CW ; Brandon Routh , Victor Garber , Wentworth Miller , Caity Lotz Star '' . Deadline . Deadline.com . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rowand , Jack . `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow reveals Caity Lotz 's character '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rude , Mey . `` Black Canary is a Totally Bisexual Superhero on `` Arrow , '' Kissed A Hot Lady On TV Last Night `` . AutoStraddle . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . `` Arrow Producers Talk LGBT Storyline , Ra 's al Ghul and Reveal Deleted Scene '' . TVGuide . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse . `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow : '' Destiny '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Marc Guggenheim To Write Novel Connecting Arrow Seasons 5 and 6 '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sara_Lance&oldid=835210152 '' Categories : Arrow ( TV series ) characters Black Canary in other media Characters created by Marc Guggenheim DC Comics martial artists DC Comics superheroes DC Comics television characters Fictional archers Fictional assassins Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Fictional eskrimadors Fictional Jeet Kune Do practitioners Fictional LGBT characters in television Fictional murderers Fictional ship captains Fictional stick - fighters Revived fictional characters Fictional Wing Chun practitioners LGBT superheroes Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 07 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Sara Lance - Arrowverse character
2. Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary
3. Background and development of Sara Lance
4. Sara's role in Arrow and Legends of Tomorrow
5. Sara's relationships and abilities
|
2,035,158,141,151,071,500 |
who sings blinded by the light wrapped up like a douche
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Blinded by the Light - wikipedia Blinded by the Light Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Blinded by the Light '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Bruce Springsteen <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. B - side `` The Angel '' Released February 1973 Recorded August -- September 1972 914 Sound Studios , Blauvelt , New York Genre Rock Length 5 : 06 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bruce Springsteen Producer ( s ) Mike Appel , Jim Cretecos <Th_colspan="2"> Bruce Springsteen singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1973 ) `` Spirit in the Night '' ( 1973 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1973 ) `` Spirit in the Night '' ( 1973 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. track listing <Td_colspan="2"> Side one `` Blinded by the Light '' `` Growin ' Up '' `` Mary Queen of Arkansas '' `` Does This Bus Stop at 82nd Street ? '' `` Lost in the Flood '' Side two `` The Angel '' `` For You '' `` Spirit in the Night '' `` It 's Hard to Be a Saint in the City '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Blinded by the Light '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Manfred Mann 's Earth Band <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Roaring Silence B - side `` Starbird No. 2 '' Released August 6 , 1976 Format 7 '' Recorded 1976 , Workhouse Studios , London Genre Progressive rock , hard rock Length 7 : 08 ( album version ) 3 : 48 ( single version ) Label Bronze Records Songwriter ( s ) Bruce Springsteen Producer ( s ) Manfred Mann and Earth Band <Th_colspan="2"> Manfred Mann 's Earth Band singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Spirits in the Night '' ( 1975 ) `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1976 ) `` Questions '' ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Spirits in the Night '' ( 1975 ) `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1976 ) `` Questions '' ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The Roaring Silence track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1 ) `` Singing the Dolphin Through '' ( 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` Blinded by the Light '' is a song written and recorded by Bruce Springsteen which first appeared on his 1973 debut album Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. . A cover by British rock band Manfred Mann 's Earth Band reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States in February 1977 and was also a top ten hit in the United Kingdom , New Zealand and Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Cover versions and reissues 1.2 Lyrics 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The song came about when Columbia president Clive Davis , upon listening to an early version of Greetings from Asbury Park N.J. , felt the album lacked a potential single . Springsteen wrote this and `` Spirit in the Night '' in response . According to Springsteen , the song came about from going through a rhyming dictionary in search of appropriate words . The first line of the song , `` Madman drummers , bummers , and Indians in the summers with a teenage diplomat '' is autobiographical -- `` Madman drummers '' is a reference to drummer Vini Lopez , known as `` Mad Man '' ( later changed to `` Mad Dog '' ) ; `` Indians in the summer '' refers to the name of Springsteen 's old Little League team ; `` teenage diplomat '' refers to himself . The remainder of the song tells of many unrelated events , with the refrain of `` Blinded by the light , cut loose like a deuce , another runner in the night '' . `` Blinded by the Light '' was the first song on , and first single from Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. Springsteen 's version was commercially unsuccessful and did not appear on the music charts . Cover versions and reissues ( edit ) Manfred Mann 's Earth Band released a version of the song on their 1976 album The Roaring Silence . Their version includes the `` Chopsticks '' melody played on piano near the end of the bridge of the song . The track reached # 1 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian RPM charts . Manfred Mann 's Earth Band 's recording of `` Blinded by the Light '' is Springsteen 's only Number 1 single as a songwriter on the Hot 100 . In 2002 , Danish act Funkstar De Luxe released its disco version of this song . A `` jazzified '' version can be found on Springsteen 's 2007 video and audio release Live in Dublin , recorded with The Sessions Band . The song is used in the films Blow and Running with Scissors . Lyrics ( edit ) Manfred Mann 's Earth Band 's recording of the song changes the lyrics . The most prominent change is in the chorus , where Springsteen 's `` cut loose like a deuce '' is replaced with `` revved up like a deuce . '' This is commonly misheard as `` wrapped up like a douche '' ( the V sound in `` revved '' is almost unpronounced , and the S sound in `` deuce '' comes across as `` SH '' due to a significant lisp ) . The lyric is actually a reference to a hot rod `` deuce coupe '' . Springsteen was fond of classic hot rods in his youth , hence the line `` revved up like a deuce , another runner in the night '' . Springsteen himself has joked about the controversy , claiming that it was not until Manfred Mann rewrote the song to be about a feminine hygiene product that it became popular . Personnel ( edit ) Original version Bruce Springsteen -- vocals , guitar , bass , keyboards Vini `` Mad Dog '' Lopez -- drums , backing vocals Clarence Clemons -- saxophone , backing vocals with Harold Wheeler -- piano Manfred Mann 's Earth Band cover Manfred Mann -- organ , piano , keyboards , backing vocals Colin Pattenden -- bass Dave Flett -- guitar Chris Hamlet Thompson -- vocals , guitar Chris Slade -- drums , backing vocals with Doreen Chanter -- backing vocals Irene Chanter -- backing vocals Susanne Lynch -- backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 - 77 ) Peak position Australia 11 Canada RPM Netherlands 19 New Zealand 8 UK Singles Chart 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 88 Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Canada 28 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Cash Box 52 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buzzelli , Mike ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Revved up like a deuce , another runner in the night '' . Observer - Reporter . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Storytellers : Bruce Springsteen '' . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The word deuce , in both the Springsteen and Earth Band versions , refers to a 1932 model Ford . Jump up ^ `` Manfred Mann 's Earth Band : Blinded by the Light : Real Lyric : Blinded by the light , revved up like a deuce , another runner in the night : Misheard : Blinded by the light , wrapped up like a douche '' . Kissthisguy.com \ accessdate = 2016 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Q : `` Blinded By the Light , Revved Up Like a ... '' What ? `` . Blogcritics.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Springsteen '' . VH1 Storytellers . Episode 62 . April 23 , 2005 . VH1 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 346 / 6 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . External links ( edit ) 1970s portal `` Blinded by the Light '' lyrics from Bruce Springsteen 's official site Preceded by `` Torn Between Two Lovers '' by Mary MacGregor Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 19 , 1977 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` New Kid in Town '' by Eagles <Th_colspan="2"> Manfred Mann 's Earth Band <Td_colspan="2"> Manfred Mann Mick Rogers Robert Hart John Lingwood Steve Kinch Chris Thompson Steve Waller Chris Slade Colin Pattenden Pat King Jimmy Copley Clive Bunker Dave Flett Matt Irving Shona Laing Richard Marcangelo Geoff Britton Noel McCalla John Trotter Geoff Dunn Pete May Studio albums Manfred Mann 's Earth Band Glorified Magnified Messin ' ( Get Your Rocks Off ) Solar Fire The Good Earth Nightingales and Bombers The Roaring Silence Watch Angel Station Chance Somewhere in Afrika Criminal Tango Masque Plains Music Soft Vengeance 2006 Live albums Budapest Live Mann Alive Compilations Blinded by the Light : The Very Best of Manfred Mann 's Earth Band The Best of Manfred Mann 's Earth Band Re-Mastered The Best of Manfred Mann 's Earth Band Re-Mastered Volume II Odds & Sods - Mis - takes & Out - takes Songs `` I 'll Be Gone '' `` Blinded by the Light '' `` Spirit in the Night '' `` Mighty Quinn '' `` Davy 's on the Road Again '' `` Do n't Kill It Carol '' `` For You '' `` Redemption Song '' Related articles Discography Manfred Mann Manfred Mann Chapter Three The Manfreds <Th_colspan="2"> Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band <Td_colspan="2"> Bruce Springsteen Garry Tallent Roy Bittan Max Weinberg Steven Van Zandt Nils Lofgren Patti Scialfa Jake Clemons Charles Giordano Soozie Tyrell Former members Ernest Carter Clarence Clemons Danny Federici Vini Lopez David Sancious Former touring musicians Everett Bradley Barry Danielian Clark Gayton Curtis King Suki Lahav Ed Manion The Miami Horns Cindy Mizelle Michelle Moore Tom Morello Curt Ramm Jay Weinberg Studio albums Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. ( 1973 ) The Wild , the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle ( 1973 ) Born to Run ( 1975 ) Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 1978 ) The River ( 1980 ) Nebraska ( 1982 ) Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Tunnel of Love ( 1987 ) Human Touch ( 1992 ) Lucky Town ( 1992 ) The Ghost of Tom Joad ( 1995 ) The Rising ( 2002 ) Devils & Dust ( 2005 ) We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions ( 2006 ) Magic ( 2007 ) Working on a Dream ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball ( 2012 ) High Hopes ( 2014 ) Live albums & Bruce Springsteen Archives Live 1975 -- 85 ( 1986 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1993 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2006 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Live from the Carousel ( 2011 ) Apollo Theater 3 / 09 / 12 ( 2014 ) The Agora , Cleveland 1978 ( 2015 ) Tower Theater , Philadelphia 1975 ( 2015 ) Nassau Coliseum , New York 1980 ( 2015 ) Brendan Byrne Arena , New Jersey 1984 ( 2015 ) LA Sports Arena , California 1988 ( 2015 ) Schottenstein Center , Ohio 2005 ( 2015 ) Ippodromo delle Capannelle , Rome 2013 ( 2015 ) Arizona State University , Tempe 1980 ( 2015 ) The Christic Shows 1990 ( 2016 ) HSBC Arena , Buffalo , NY , 11 / 22 / 09 ( 2016 ) Scottrade Center , St. Louis , MO , 8 / 23 / 08 ( 2017 ) Olympiastadion , Helsinki , July 31 , 2012 ( 2017 ) Wachovia Spectrum , Philadelphia , PA 10 / 20 / 09 ( 2017 ) Palace Theatre , Albany 1977 ( 2017 ) Auditorium Theatre , Rochester , NY 1977 ( 2017 ) King 's Hall , Belfast March 19 , 1996 ( 2017 ) The Summit , Houston , TX December 8 , 1978 ( 2017 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) 18 Tracks ( 1999 ) The Essential Bruce Springsteen ( 2003 ) Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) The Promise ( 2010 ) Collection : 1973 -- 2012 ( 2013 ) Chapter and Verse ( 2016 ) Box sets The Born in the U.S.A. 12 '' Single Collection ( 1985 ) Tracks ( 1998 ) The Collection ( 2004 ) Born to Run : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 2005 ) The Collection 1973 -- 1984 ( 2010 ) The Promise : The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story ( 2010 ) The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973 -- 1984 ( 2014 ) The Ties That Bind : The River Collection ( 2015 ) EPs Live Collection ( 1987 ) Chimes of Freedom ( 1988 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) PBS Exclusive ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) American Beauty ( 2014 ) Singles `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1973 ) `` Spirit in the Night '' ( 1973 ) `` 4th of July , Asbury Park ( Sandy ) '' ( 1974 ) `` Born to Run '' ( 1975 ) `` Tenth Avenue Freeze - Out '' ( 1976 ) `` Prove It All Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Badlands '' ( 1978 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( 1978 ) `` Rosalita ( Come Out Tonight ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Hungry Heart '' ( 1980 ) `` Fade Away '' ( 1981 ) `` Sherry Darling '' ( 1981 ) `` The River '' ( 1981 ) `` Cadillac Ranch '' ( 1981 ) `` Point Blank '' ( 1981 ) `` Atlantic City '' ( 1982 ) `` Open All Night '' ( 1982 ) `` Dancing in the Dark '' ( 1984 ) `` Cover Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Born in the U.S.A. '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm on Fire '' ( 1985 ) `` Glory Days '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' ( 1985 ) `` My Hometown '' ( 1985 ) `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' ( 1985 ) `` War '' ( 1986 ) `` Fire '' ( 1987 ) `` Brilliant Disguise '' ( 1987 ) `` Tunnel of Love '' ( 1987 ) `` One Step Up '' ( 1988 ) `` Tougher Than the Rest '' ( 1988 ) `` Spare Parts '' ( 1988 ) `` Human Touch '' ( 1992 ) `` 57 Channels ( And Nothin ' On ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Better Days '' ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' ( 1994 ) `` Secret Garden '' ( 1995 ) `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' ( 1996 ) `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1999 ) `` The Rising '' ( 2002 ) `` Lonesome Day '' ( 2002 ) `` Waitin ' on a Sunny Day '' ( 2003 ) `` Devils & Dust '' ( 2005 ) `` All The Way Home '' ( 2005 ) `` Radio Nowhere '' ( 2007 ) `` Girls in Their Summer Clothes '' ( 2008 ) `` Working on a Dream '' ( 2008 ) `` My Lucky Day '' ( 2008 ) `` The Wrestler '' ( 2009 ) `` We Take Care of Our Own '' ( 2012 ) `` Death to My Hometown '' ( 2012 ) `` High Hopes '' ( 2013 ) `` Just Like Fire Would '' ( 2014 ) Charting songs `` Be True '' ( 1981 ) `` Ramrod '' ( 1981 ) `` Nebraska '' ( 1982 ) `` Johnny 99 '' ( 1982 ) `` No Surrender '' ( 1984 ) `` Stand on It '' ( 1985 ) `` Trapped '' ( live ) ( 1985 ) `` Because the Night '' ( live ) ( 1986 ) `` Chimes of Freedom '' ( live ) ( 1988 ) `` Youngstown '' ( 1995 ) `` American Skin ( 41 Shots ) '' ( 2001 ) `` Pay Me My Money Down '' ( 2006 ) `` Long Walk Home '' ( 2006 ) `` My City of Ruins '' ( 2011 ) `` Rocky Ground '' ( 2012 ) Other notable songs `` Growin ' Up '' ( 1973 ) `` For You '' ( 1973 ) `` Incident on 57th Street '' ( 1973 ) `` The Fever '' ( 1973 ) `` Thunder Road '' ( 1975 ) `` Night '' ( 1975 ) `` Backstreets '' ( 1975 ) `` She 's the One '' ( 1975 ) `` Meeting Across the River '' ( 1975 ) `` Jungleland '' ( 1975 ) `` Adam Raised a Cain '' ( 1978 ) `` Racing in the Street '' ( 1978 ) `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' ( 1978 ) `` Stay '' ( 1979 ) `` The Ties That Bind '' ( 1980 ) `` Independence Day '' ( 1980 ) `` Out in the Street '' ( 1980 ) `` Stolen Car '' ( 1980 ) `` Wreck on the Highway '' ( 1980 ) `` Highway Patrolman '' ( 1982 ) `` Darlington County '' ( 1984 ) `` Working on the Highway '' ( 1984 ) `` Downbound Train '' ( 1984 ) `` Bobby Jean '' ( 1984 ) `` Pink Cadillac '' ( 1984 ) `` Jersey Girl '' ( 1986 ) `` Light of Day '' ( 1993 ) `` The New Timer '' ( 1995 ) `` Land of Hope and Dreams '' ( 2012 ) `` Hunter of Invisible Game '' ( 2014 ) Video releases Video Anthology / 1978 -- 88 ( 1989 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1992 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) The Complete Video Anthology / 1978 -- 2000 ( 2001 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Live in Barcelona ( 2003 ) VH1 Storytellers ( 2005 ) Wings For Wheels ( 2005 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2005 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) London Calling : Live in Hyde Park ( 2010 ) The Promise : The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 2010 ) Springsteen & I ( 2013 ) Born in the U.S.A. Live : London 2013 ( 2014 ) A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen ( 2014 ) Bruce Springsteen 's High Hopes ( 2014 ) High Hopes in South Africa ( 2014 ) Hunter of Invisible Game ( 2014 ) Tours Born to Run tours ( 1974 -- 77 ) Darkness Tour ( 1978 ) The River Tour ( 1980 -- 81 ) Born in the U.S.A. Tour ( 1984 -- 85 ) Tunnel of Love Express ( 1988 ) Human Rights Now ! ( 1988 ) Bruce Springsteen 1992 -- 1993 World Tour ( 1992 -- 93 ) Ghost of Tom Joad Tour ( 1995 -- 97 ) Reunion Tour ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rising Tour ( 2002 -- 03 ) Vote for Change ( 2004 ) Devils & Dust Tour ( 2005 ) Seeger Sessions Band Tour ( 2006 ) Magic Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) Working on a Dream Tour ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball Tour ( 2012 - 13 ) High Hopes Tour ( 2014 ) The River Tour 2016 ( 2016 ) Summer ' 17 ( 2017 ) Springsteen on Broadway ( 2017 - 18 ) Related Discography E Street Band Steel Mill The Sessions Band The Miami Horns Born to Run autobiography E Street Radio Little Steven 's Underground Garage Outlaw Pete Mike Appel Jon Landau Brendan O'Brien Bob Clearmountain The Max Weinberg 7 Southside Johnny Joe Grushecky Badlands : A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen 's Nebraska Greetings from E Street <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blinded_by_the_Light&oldid=818021771 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1976 singles 1977 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Bruce Springsteen songs Manfred Mann songs Mondegreens Songs written by Bruce Springsteen Columbia Records singles Song recordings produced by Mike Appel Debut singles 1972 songs Bronze Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Blinded by the Light" - Bruce Springsteen song
2. Manfred Mann's Earth Band cover
3. Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. album
4. Chart performance and success
5. Lyrics and controversy
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-8,969,204,403,814,527,000 |
u.s. energy information administration - eia - independent statistics and analysis
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Energy information Administration - wikipedia Energy information Administration Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see EIA . U.S. Energy Information Administration <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Formed October 1 , 1977 Jurisdiction Federal Government of the United States Headquarters Washington , D.C. Annual budget $122 million ( FY2017 ) Agency executives Linda Capuano , Administrator John Conti , Deputy Administrator Parent agency United States Department of Energy Website www.eia.gov The U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System responsible for collecting , analyzing , and disseminating energy information to promote sound policymaking , efficient markets , and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment . EIA programs cover data on coal , petroleum , natural gas , electric , renewable and nuclear energy . EIA is part of the U.S. Department of Energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Independence 3 Products 4 Legislation 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 established EIA as the primary federal government authority on energy statistics and analysis , building upon systems and organizations first established in 1974 following the oil market disruption of 1973 . EIA conducts a comprehensive data collection program that covers the full spectrum of energy sources , end uses , and energy flows ; generates short - and long - term domestic and international energy projections ; and performs informative energy analyses . EIA disseminates its data products , analyses , reports , and services to customers and stakeholders primarily through its website and the customer contact center . Located in Washington , D.C. , EIA has about 325 federal employees and a budget of $ 122 million in fiscal year 2017 . Independence ( edit ) By law , EIA 's products are prepared independently of policy considerations . EIA neither formulates nor advocates any policy conclusions . The Department of Energy Organization Act allows EIA 's processes and products to be independent from review by Executive Branch officials ; specifically , Section 205 ( d ) says : `` The Administrator shall not be required to obtain the approval of any other officer or employee of the Department in connection with the collection or analysis of any information ; nor shall the Administrator be required , prior to publication , to obtain the approval of any other officer or employee of the United States with respect to the substance of any statistical or forecasting technical reports which he has prepared in accordance with law . '' Products ( edit ) Offices in the James V. Forrestal Building More than 2 million people use the EIA 's information online each month . Some of the EIA 's products include : General Interest Energy Information Energy Explained : Energy information written for a general , non-technical audience . A nonpartisan guide to the entire range of energy topics from biodiesel to uranium . Energy Kid 's Page : Educates students , citizens , and even policymakers and journalists about energy . Energy Glossary : Common energy terms defined in plain language . Timely Analysis Today in Energy : Informative content published every weekday that includes a graph or map and a short , timely story written in plain language that highlights current energy issues , topics , and data trends . This Week in Petroleum : Weekly summary and explanation of events in United States and world petroleum markets , including weekly data . Natural Gas Weekly Update : Weekly summary and discussion of events and trends in U.S. natural gas markets . Data and Surveys Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update : Weekly price data for U.S. national and regional averages . Monthly Energy Review : Provides statistics on monthly and annual U.S. energy consumption going back in some cases to 1949 . The figures are given in units of quads ( quadrillion BTUs . ) Annual Energy Review : EIA 's primary report of historical annual energy statistics . For many series , data begin with the year 1949 . This report has been superseded by the Monthly Energy Review and was not produced for 2012 . Country Energy Profiles : Data by country , region , and commercial group ( OECD , OPEC ) for 219 countries with additional country analysis notes for 87 of these . Country Analysis Briefs : EIA 's in - depth analyses of energy production , consumption , imports , and exports for 36 individual countries and regions . Residential Energy Consumption Survey : EIA 's comprehensive survey and analysis of residential energy consumption , household characteristics , and appliance saturation . Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey : A national sample survey that collects information on the stock of U.S. commercial buildings , including their energy - related building characteristics and energy usage data ( consumption and expenditures ) . Projections and Outlooks Short - Term Energy Outlook : Energy projections for the next 13 - 24 months , updated monthly . Annual Energy Outlook : Projection and analysis of U.S. energy supply , demand , and prices through 2040 based on EIA 's National Energy Modeling System . Projections are currently based on existing legislation , without assumption of any future congressional action or technological advancement . International Energy Outlook : EIA 's assessment of the outlook for international energy markets through 2040 . Legislation ( edit ) The Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 created the Federal Energy Administration ( FEA ) , the first U.S. agency with the primary focus on energy and mandated it to collect , assemble , evaluate , and analyze energy information . It also provided the FEA with data collection enforcement authority for gathering data from energy producing and major consuming firms . Section 52 of the FEA Act mandated establishment of the National Energy Information System to `` ... contain such energy information as is necessary to carry out the Administration 's statistical and forecasting activities ... '' The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 , Public Law 95 - 91 , created the Department of Energy . Section 205 of this law established the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) as the primary federal government authority on energy statistics and analysis to carry out a `` ... central , comprehensive , and unified energy data and information program which will collect , evaluate , assemble , analyze , and disseminate data and information which is relevant to energy resource reserves , energy production , demand , and technology , and related economic and statistical information , or which is relevant to the adequacy of energy resources to meet demands in the near and longer term future for the Nation 's economic and social needs . '' The same law established that EIA 's processes and products are independent from review by Executive Branch officials . The majority of EIA energy data surveys are based on the general mandates set forth above . However , there are some surveys specifically mandated by law , including : EIA - 28 , Financial Reporting System - Section 205 ( h ) of the DOE Organization Act . EIA - 1605 and 1605EZ , Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases - Section 1605 ( b ) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 . EIA - 886 , Annual Survey of Alternative Fueled Vehicle Suppliers and Users - Section 503 ( b ) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 . EIA - 858 , Uranium Marketing Annual Survey - Section 1015 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 . EIA - 846A - C , Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey - Section 205 ( i ) of the DOE Organization Act ( the Act calls for a biennial survey ; however , this survey is done quadrennially due to resource constraints ) . EIA - 457A - G , Residential Energy Consumption Survey - Section 205 ( k ) of the DOE Organization Act ( the Act calls for a triennial survey ; however , this survey is done quadrennially due to resource constraints ) . EIA - 871A - F , Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey - Section 205 ( k ) of the DOE Organization Act ( the Act calls for a triennial survey ; however , this survey is done quadrennially due to resource constraints ) . Petroleum Marketing Surveys - Section 507 of Part A of Title V of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 broadly directs EIA to collect information on the pricing , supply , and distribution of petroleum products by product category at the wholesale and retail levels , on a State - by - State basis , which was collected as of September 1 , 1981 , by the Energy Information Administration . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.eia.gov/about/budget_performance.cfm Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/about/mission_overview.cfm ^ Jump up to : `` Public Law 95 - 91 - Aug 4 , 1977 '' ( PDF ) . US Government Printing Office . Retrieved May 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/kids/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/weekly/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/weekly/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/ Jump up ^ `` EIA has expanded the Monthly Energy Review ( MER ) to include annual data as far back as 1949 for those data tables that are found in both the Annual Energy Review ( AER ) and the MER . During this transition , EIA will not publish the 2012 edition of the AER '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/countries/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/about.cfm Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/ Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/ External links ( edit ) Energy Information Administration Energy Information Administration in the Federal Register U.S. Crude Oil Inventories ( EIA ) <Th_colspan="2"> United States government agencies involved in environmental science <Td_colspan="2"> Environmental Protection Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Change Research Program Smithsonian Institution National Science Foundation Department of the Interior National Park Service United States Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement Bureau of Reclamation Office of Surface Mining , Reclamation , and Enforcement United States Geological Survey Office of Insular Affairs Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service National Ocean Service National Geodetic Survey National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Department of Energy Office of Science Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Laboratories Office of Environmental Management Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency Foreign Agricultural Service United States Forest Service Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center Rural Utilities Service Food and Nutrition Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Agricultural Research Service Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Department of Homeland Security United States Coast Guard Directorate for Science and Technology Department of Health and Human Services National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Department of Defense Office of Naval Research Air Force Research Laboratory United States Army Research , Development and Engineering Command <Th_colspan="2"> Federal Statistical System of the United States Principal agencies Census Bureau Bureau of Labor Statistics National Center for Education Statistics National Agricultural Statistics Service National Center for Health Statistics Energy Information Administration Bureau of Economic Analysis Economic Research Service Bureau of Justice Statistics National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics ( National Science Foundation ) Statistics of Income Division ( Internal Revenue Service ) Bureau of Transportation Statistics Office of Research , Evaluation , and Statistics ( Social Security Administration ) Other agencies Economics and Statistics Administration Office of Immigration Statistics HUD USER <Td_colspan="2"> As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , the principal agencies of the Federal Statistical System have statistical activities as their core mission and conduct much of the government 's statistical work . <Th_colspan="3"> Agencies under the United States Department of Energy <Td_colspan="3"> Headquarters : James V. Forrestal Building Rick Perry , Secretary of Energy Dan Brouillette , Deputy Secretary of Energy Deputy Secretary of Energy Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence Energy Information Administration ARPA - E Under Secretary of Energy for Energy and Environment Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security National Nuclear Security Administration Under Secretary of Energy for Science Office of Science OSTI Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Power Marketing Administration Bonneville Power Administration Southeastern Power Administration Southwestern Power Administration Western Area Power Administration National Laboratory System Ames Argonne NBL CNM APS ATLAS EMC Berkeley ALS MF NCEM NERSCC ESN JGI Brookhaven AGS CFN NSLS NSLS II RHIC Fermilab TeV Idaho RESL JLab Livermore NARAC NIF Los Alamos DARHTF NETL Albany NREL Oak Ridge SNS CNMS HFIR NCCS Pacific Northwest EMSL PPPL NSTX TFTR SRNL Sandia Z SLAC SSRL Energy Department Facilities and Reservations Fernald NLO Hanford K - 25 Kansas City Plant Nevada Test Site Area 19 Area 20 NHHOR Pantex Rocky Flats SSFL ETEC SRE SRS SPR WIPP Y - 12 Yucca Mountain Independent Agency Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_Information_Administration&oldid=820823757 '' Categories : Government agencies established in 1977 United States Department of Energy agencies Statistical organizations in the United States 1977 establishments in Washington , D.C. Federal Statistical System of the United States National statistical services Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 20 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. U.S. Energy Information Administration
2. Energy statistics and analysis
3. Energy data collection and analysis
4. Energy projections and outlooks
5. Energy consumption surveys and reports
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-4,611,983,498,448,631,000 |
who founded the american equal rights association in 1866 and what was its goal
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American Equal rights Association - wikipedia American Equal rights Association Jump to : navigation , search The American Equal Rights Association ( AERA ) was formed in 1866 in the United States . According to its constitution , its purpose was `` to secure Equal Rights to all American citizens , especially the right of suffrage , irrespective of race , color or sex . '' Some of the more prominent reform activists of that time were members , including women and men , blacks and whites . The AERA was created by the Eleventh National Women 's Rights Convention , which transformed itself into the new organization . Leaders of the women 's movement had earlier suggested the creation of a similar equal rights organization through a merger of their movement with the American Anti-Slavery Society , but that organization did not accept their proposal . The AERA conducted two major campaigns during 1867 . In New York , which was in the process of revising its state constitution , AERA workers collected petitions in support of women 's suffrage and the removal of property requirements that discriminated specifically against black voters . In Kansas they campaigned for referenda that would enfranchise African Americans and women . In both places they encountered increasing resistance to the campaign for women 's suffrage from former abolitionist allies who viewed it as a hindrance to the immediate goal of winning suffrage for African American men . The Kansas campaign ended in disarray and recrimination , creating divisions between those who worked primarily for the rights of African Americans and those who worked primarily for the rights of women , and also creating divisions within the women 's movement itself . The AERA continued to hold annual meetings after the failure of the Kansas campaign , but growing differences made it difficult for its members to work together . Disagreement about the proposed Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , which would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race , was especially sharp because it did not also prohibit the denial of suffrage because of sex . The acrimonious AERA meeting in 1869 signaled the end of the organization and led to the formation of two competing women 's suffrage organizations . The bitter disagreements that led to the demise of the AERA continued to influence the women 's movement in subsequent years . Lucretia Mott , president of the AERA Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Leading participants 1.2 Background events 1.3 Founding in 1866 1.4 1867 annual meeting 1.5 New York campaign 1.6 Kansas campaign 1.7 Disagreement and division 1.8 1868 annual meeting 1.9 1869 annual meeting 1.10 Demise and aftermath 2 See also 3 References 3.1 Notes 3.2 Bibliography 4 External links History ( edit ) Leading participants ( edit ) The people who played significant roles in the AERA included some of the more prominent reform activists of that time , many of them already acquainted with one another as veterans of the anti-slavery and women 's rights movements : Lucretia Mott , the president of the AERA , was an abolitionist who was prevented from participating in the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840 because she was a woman . She was the main attraction and one of the organizers of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention . Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention as an observer , accompanying her husband Henry B. Stanton , who had worked as an agent of the American Anti-Slavery Society . There she and Mott became friends and vowed to organize a women 's rights convention in the United States . Stanton was an organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and the primary author of its Declaration of Sentiments . Lucy Stone was a pioneering worker for women 's rights and an organizer of the first National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . She became a paid representative of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1848 under an arrangement by which she could also lecture on women 's rights but without pay . Susan B. Anthony became a paid representative of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1856 with the understanding that she would also continue to campaign for women 's rights . Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave and abolitionist leader who played a pivotal role in the Seneca Falls women 's rights convention . He and Anthony both lived in Rochester , NY , and were family friends . Abby Kelley Foster and her husband Stephen Symonds Foster were abolitionists who had encouraged Anthony to become active in the Anti-Slavery Society . Henry Blackwell , who was married to Lucy Stone , worked against slavery and for women 's rights . Background events ( edit ) Although still relatively small , the women 's rights movement had grown in the years before the American Civil War , aided by the introduction of women to social activism through the abolitionist movement . The American Anti-Slavery Society , led by William Lloyd Garrison , was particularly encouraging to those who championed women 's rights . The planning committee for the first National Women 's Rights Convention in October 1850 was formed by people who were attending a convention of the Anti-Slavery Society earlier that year . The women 's movement was loosely structured during this period , with legislative campaigns and speaking tours organized by a small group of women acting on personal initiative . An informal coordinating committee organized national women 's rights conventions , but there were only a few state associations and no formal national organization . The movement largely disappeared from public notice during the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) as women 's rights activists focused their energy on the campaign against slavery . In 1863 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony organized the Women 's Loyal National League , the first national women 's political organization in the U.S. , to campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would abolish slavery . The letter that Stanton , Anthony and Stone circulated calling for petitions against introducing the word `` male '' into the U.S. Constitution via the Fourteenth Amendment After slavery in the U.S. was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 , Wendell Phillips was elected president of the Anti-Slavery Society and began to direct its resources toward winning political rights for blacks . He told women 's rights activists that he continued to support women 's suffrage but thought it best to set aside that demand until voting rights for African American men were assured . The women 's movement began to revive when proposals for a Fourteenth Amendment began circulating that would secure citizenship ( but not yet voting rights ) for African Americans . Some of the proposals for this amendment would also for the first time introduce the word `` male '' into the Constitution , which begins with the words `` We the People of the United States '' . Stanton said that `` if that word ' male ' be inserted , it will take us a century at least to get it out . '' Stanton , Anthony and Lucy Stone , the most prominent figures in the women 's movement , circulated a letter in late 1865 calling for petitions against any wording that excluded females . A version of the amendment that referred to `` persons '' instead of `` males '' passed the House of Representatives in early 1866 but failed in the Senate . The version that Congress eventually approved and sent to the states for ratification included the word `` male '' three times . Stanton and Anthony opposed the amendment , but Stone supported it as a step towards universal suffrage . Frederick Douglass denounced it because it permitted states to disenfranchise blacks if those states were willing to accept reduced representation at the federal level . The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 . At a meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society in January 1866 , Stone and Anthony proposed a merger of that organization with the women 's rights movement to create a new organization that would advocate for the rights for African Americans and women , including suffrage for both . The proposal was blocked by Phillips , who once again argued that the key issue of the day was suffrage for African American men . Phillips and other abolitionist leaders expected a constitutional provision of voting rights for former slaves to help preserve the North 's recent victory over the slaveholding states during the Civil War . No such benefit could be expected to follow from women 's suffrage , and the effort needed to mount an effective campaign for it , they believed , would endanger the chances of winning suffrage for African American men . ( Their strategy did not work as planned . Even though the Constitution was amended in 1870 to prohibit the denial of voting rights because of race , a promise that became a reality for a brief period , violence and legal maneuvers prevented most African Americans in the South from voting until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . ) Founding in 1866 ( edit ) Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony issued the call for the Eleventh National Women 's Rights Convention , the first since the Civil War began , which met on May 10 , 1866 , in New York City . Frances Ellen Watkins Harper , an African American abolitionist and writer , spoke at the convention from the viewpoint of one who had to deal with issues faced by both women and blacks : `` You white women speak here of rights . I speak of wrongs . I , as a colored woman , have had in this country an education which has made me feel as if I were in the situation of Ishmael , my hand against every man , and every man 's hand against me . '' Wendell Phillips In a variation of the idea proposed earlier to the Anti-Slavery Society , the convention voted to transform itself into a new organization called the American Equal Rights Association ( AERA ) that would campaign for the rights of both women and blacks , advocating suffrage for both . The new organization elected Lucretia Mott as president and created an executive committee that included Stanton , Anthony and Lucy Stone . The AERA launched lobbying and petition campaigns in several states , hoping to create a drive strong enough to convince the Anti-Slavery Society to accept its goal of universal suffrage rather than suffrage for black men only . 1867 annual meeting ( edit ) The AERA held its first annual meeting in New York City on May 9 , 1867 . Referring to the growing demand for suffrage for African American men , Lucretia Mott , the AERA 's president , said , `` woman had a right to be a little jealous of the addition of so large a number of men to the voting class , for the colored men would naturally throw all their strength upon the side of those opposed to woman 's enfranchisement . '' Asked by George T. Downing , an African American , whether she would be willing for the black man to have the vote before woman , Elizabeth Cady Stanton replied , `` I would say , no ; I would not trust him with all my rights ; degraded , oppressed himself , he would be more despotic with the governing power than even our Saxon rulers are . I desire that we go into the kingdom together '' . Sojourner Truth , a former slave , said that , `` if colored men get their rights , and not colored women theirs , you see the colored men will be masters over the women , and it will be just as bad as it was before . '' Others disagreed . Abby Kelley Foster said that suffrage for black men was a more pressing issue than suffrage for women . Stephen Symonds Foster , arguing that ballot rights for one group of citizens should not be contingent on ballot rights for another , said , `` The right of each should be accorded at the earliest possible moment , neither being denied for any supposed benefit to the other . '' Henry Ward Beecher , a prominent minister , said he was in favor of universal suffrage but believed that by demanding the vote for both blacks and women , the movement was likely to achieve at least a partial victory by winning the vote for black men . New York campaign ( edit ) The state of New York organized a convention in June 1867 to revise its constitution . AERA workers prepared for it by organizing meetings in over 30 locations around the state and collecting over 20,000 signatures on petitions that supported women 's suffrage and the removal of property requirements that discriminated specifically against black voters . The suffrage committee of the convention was chaired by Horace Greeley , a prominent newspaper editor and abolitionist who had been a supporter of the women 's movement . His committee approved the removal of discriminatory property requirements for black voters but rejected the proposal for women 's suffrage . Susan B. Anthony Greeley had earlier clashed with Anthony and Stanton by insisting that their New York campaign should focus on the rights of African Americans rather than also including women 's issues . When they refused , he threatened to end his newspaper 's support for their work . Soon he began to attack the women 's movement . Responding to Greeley 's repeated claim that the best women he knew did not want to vote , Stanton and Anthony arranged for it to be announced from the floor of the convention that Mrs. Horace Greeley had signed the petition in favor of women 's suffrage . The History of Woman Suffrage , whose authors include Stanton and Anthony , said , `` This campaign cost us the friendship of Horace Greeley and the support of the New York Tribune , heretofore our most powerful and faithful allies . '' Kansas campaign ( edit ) Two referenda were placed before voters in Kansas in 1867 , one that would extend suffrage to black men and one that would extend it to women . Kansas had an anti-slavery heritage and the strongest laws for the protection of women 's rights outside New York . The AERA concentrated its resources on this campaign with high hopes of winning both referenda , which would boost the chances of winning suffrage for both blacks and woman at the national level . Both referenda failed , however , and the AERA campaign ended in disarray and recrimination . The Kansas campaign created divisions between those who worked primarily for the rights of African Americans and those who worked primarily for the rights of women , and it also created divisions within the women 's movement itself . The New York campaign had been financed partly by the Hovey Fund , which was created by a bequest that provided a large sum of money to support abolitionism , women 's rights and other reform movements . According to the terms of the bequest , if slavery was abolished , the remainder of the money was to go to the other reform movements , which meant that the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment should have freed up a significant stream of money for the women 's movement . However , Wendell Phillips , the head of the fund , declared that slavery would not truly be abolished until blacks were enfranchised on the same basis as whites , and he channeled much of fund 's money toward that cause . The AERA nonetheless expected the Hovey Fund to support its Kansas campaign , which worked for the enfranchisement of both African Americans and women . The fund refused to finance the Kansas campaign , however , because Phillips opposed mixing those two causes , leaving the campaign desperately short of money . It was difficult for the women 's movement itself to raise enough money for projects like this because few women had independent sources of income , and even those with employment generally were required by law to turn over their pay to their husbands . The AERA 's Kansas campaign began when Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell arrived in April . The AERA workers were disconcerted when , after an internal struggle , Kansas Republicans decided to support suffrage for black men only , not merely refusing to support women 's suffrage but forming an `` Anti Female Suffrage Committee '' to organize opposition to those who were campaigning for it . In a letter to Anthony , Stone wrote , `` But the negroes are all against us . There has just now left us an ignorant black preacher named Twine , who is very confident that women ought not to vote . These men ought not to be allowed to vote before we do , because they will be just so much more dead weight to lift . '' By the end of summer the AERA campaign had almost collapsed under the weight of Republican hostility , and its finances were exhausted . Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton arrived in September to work on the campaign . They created a storm of controversy by accepting help during the last two and a half weeks of the campaign from George Francis Train , a Democrat , a wealthy businessman and a flamboyant speaker who supported women 's rights . Train was a political maverick who had attended the Democratic convention during the presidential election year of 1864 but then campaigned vigorously for the Republican candidate , Abraham Lincoln . By 1867 he was promoting himself as an independent candidate for president . Train was also a racist who openly disparaged the integrity and intelligence of African Americans , supporting women 's suffrage partly in the belief that the votes of women would help contain the political power of blacks . The usual procedure was for Anthony to speak first , declaring that the ability to vote rightfully belonged to both women and blacks . Train would speak next , declaring that it would be an outrage for blacks to vote but not women also . Lucy Stone The willingness of Anthony and Stanton to work with Train alienated many AERA members and other reform activists . Stone said she considered Train to be `` a lunatic , wild and ranting '' . Anthony and Stanton angered Stone by including her name , without her permission , in a public letter praising Train . Stone and her allies angered Anthony by charging her with misuse of funds , a charge that was later disproved , and by blocking payment of her salary and expenses for her work in Kansas . Opposition to Train was not due solely to his racism . Henry Blackwell , Stone 's husband , had just demonstrated that even AERA workers were not automatically free from the racial presumptions of that era by publishing an open letter to Southern legislatures assuring them that if they allowed both blacks and women to vote , `` the political supremacy of your white race will remain unchanged '' and that `` the black race would gravitate by the law of nature toward the tropics . '' Opposition to Train was partly due to the loyalty many reformers felt to the national Republican Party , which had provided political leadership for the elimination of slavery and was still in the difficult process of consolidating that victory . Train harshly attacked the Republican Party , making no secret of his desire to blemish its progressive image and create splits within it by campaigning for women 's rights when Kansas Republicans were refusing to do so . The abolitionist movement was sensitive to attacks on the Republican Party , with which it collaborated closely , serving in some ways as its left wing . The women 's rights movement depended heavily on abolitionist resources , with its articles published in their newspapers and some of its funding provided by abolitionists . After the Kansas debacle , women 's suffragists who distanced themselves from abolitionist and Republican leadership found those resources increasingly unavailable . Wendell Phillips worked to prevent discussion of women 's suffrage at abolitionist meetings , and abolitionist journals began to downplay those issues as well . The History of Woman Suffrage stated the conclusions drawn by the wing of the movement associated with Anthony and Stanton : `` Our liberal men counseled us to silence during the war , and we were silent on our own wrongs ; they counseled us again to silence in Kansas and New York , lest we should defeat ' negro suffrage , ' and threatened if we were not , we might fight the battle alone . We chose the latter , and were defeated . But standing alone we learned our power ... woman must lead the way to her own enfranchisement . '' Disagreement and division ( edit ) After the Kansas campaign ended in disarray in November 1867 , the AERA increasingly divided into two wings , both advocating universal suffrage but with different approaches . One wing , whose leading figure was Lucy Stone , was willing for black men to achieve suffrage first and wanted to maintain close ties with the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement . The other , whose leading figures were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony , insisted that women and black men should be enfranchised at the same time and worked toward a politically independent women 's movement that would no longer be dependent on abolitionists . Stanton and Anthony expressed their views in a newspaper called The Revolution , which began publishing in January 1868 with initial funding from the controversial George Francis Train . Elizabeth Cady Stanton Disagreement was especially sharp over the proposed Fifteenth Amendment , which would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race . In practice it would , theoretically at least , guarantee suffrage for virtually all males . Anthony and Stanton opposed passage of the amendment unless it was accompanied by a Sixteenth Amendment that would guarantee suffrage for women . Otherwise , they said , it would create an `` aristocracy of sex '' by giving constitutional authority to the belief that men were superior to women . Male power and privilege was at the root of society 's ills , Stanton argued , and nothing should be done to strengthen it . Anthony and Stanton also warned that black men , who would have voting power under the amendment , were overwhelmingly opposed to women 's suffrage . ( They were not alone in being unsure of black male support for women 's suffrage . Frederick Douglass , a strong supporter of women 's suffrage , said , `` The race to which I belong have not generally taken the right ground on this question . '' ) Most AERA members supported the Fifteenth Amendment . Among prominent African American AERA members , Frances Ellen Watkins Harper , Frederick Douglass , George Downing and Dr. Charles Purvis supported the amendment , but Dr. Purvis ' father , Robert Purvis , joined Anthony and Stanton in opposition to it . Congress approved the Fifteenth Amendment in February 1869 , and it was ratified by the states a year later . During the debate over the Fifteenth Amendment , Stanton wrote articles for The Revolution with language that was sometimes elitist and racially condescending . She believed that a long process of education would be needed before what she called the `` lower orders '' of former slaves and immigrant workers would be able to participate meaningfully as voters . Stanton wrote , `` American women of wealth , education , virtue and refinement , if you do not wish the lower orders of Chinese , Africans , Germans and Irish , with their low ideas of womanhood to make laws for you and your daughters ... demand that women too shall be represented in government . '' After first saying in another article , `` There is only one safe , sure way to build a government , and that is on the equality of all its citizens , male and female , black and white '' , Stanton then objected to laws being made for women by `` Patrick and Sambo and Hans and Yung Tung who do not know the difference between a Monarchy and a Republic '' . Anthony and Stanton also attacked the Republican Party and worked to develop connections with the Democrats . They wrote a letter to the 1868 Democratic National Convention that criticized Republican sponsorship of the Fourteenth Amendment ( which granted citizenship to black men but introduced the word `` male '' into the Constitution ) , saying , `` While the dominant party has with one hand lifted up two million black men and crowned them with the honor and dignity of citizenship , with the other it has dethroned fifteen million white women -- their own mothers and sisters , their own wives and daughters -- and cast them under the heel of the lowest orders of manhood . '' They urged liberal Democrats to convince their party , which did not have a clear direction at that point , to embrace universal suffrage . Their attempt to collaborate with Democrats did not go far , however , because their politics were too pro-black for the Democratic Party of that era . Despite the growing number of Democratic leaders who advocated the acceptance of black political power in the South , Southern Democrats had already begun the process of re-establishing white supremacy there , including violent suppression of the voting rights of blacks . Several AERA members expressed anger and dismay over the activities of Stanton and Anthony during this period , including their deal with Train that gave him space to express his views in The Revolution . Some , including Lucretia Mott , president of the organization , and African Americans Frederick Douglass and Frances Harper , voiced their disagreements with Stanton and Anthony but continued to maintain working relationships with them . Particularly in the case of Lucy Stone , however , the disputes of this period led to a personal rift , one that had important consequences for the women 's movement . To counter the initiatives of Anthony and Stanton , a planning committee was formed in May 1868 to organize a pro-Republican women 's suffrage organization in the Boston area that would support the proposal to enfranchise black males first . The New England Woman Suffrage Association was subsequently founded in November 1868 . Several participants in new organization were also active in the AERA , including Lucy Stone , Frederick Douglass and the Fosters . Prominent Republican politicians were involved in the founding meeting , including a U.S. senator who was seated on the platform . Francis Bird , a leading Massachusetts Republican , said at the meeting , `` Negro suffrage , being a paramount question , would have to be settled before woman suffrage could receive the attention it deserved . '' Julia Ward Howe , who was elected president of the new organization , said she would not demand suffrage for women until it was achieved for blacks . 1868 annual meeting ( edit ) The AERA accomplished little during 1868 except hold its annual meeting on May 14 , which was marked by hostilities . At that meeting , Olympia Brown denounced the Kansas Republicans for opposing women 's suffrage and stressed the need for a party that would support universal suffrage . Lucy Stone criticized the Republican Party also , but Frederick Douglass defended it as more supportive of suffrage for both blacks and women than the Democrats . Distressed at Stanton 's and Anthony 's association with George Francis Train and the hostilities it had generated , Lucretia Mott resigned as president of the AERA that same month . She said she thought it had been mistake to attempt to unite the women 's and abolitionist movements , and she recommended that the AERA be disbanded . 1869 annual meeting ( edit ) At the climactic AERA annual meeting on May 12 , 1869 , Stephen Symonds Foster objected to the renomination of Stanton and Anthony as officers . He denounced their willingness to associate with Train despite his disparagement of blacks , and he charged them with advocating `` Educated Suffrage '' , thereby repudiating the AERA 's principle of universal suffrage . Henry Blackwell responded , `` Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton believe in the right of the negro to vote . We are united on that point . There is no question of principle between us . '' Frederick Douglass objected to Stanton 's use of `` Sambo '' to represent black men in an article she had written for The Revolution . Frederick Douglass The majority of the attendees supported the pending Fifteenth Amendment , but debate was contentious . Douglass said , `` I do not see how anyone can pretend that there is the same urgency in giving the ballot to woman as to the negro . With us , the matter is a question of life and death , at least in fifteen States of the Union . '' Anthony replied , `` Mr. Douglass talks about the wrongs of the negro ; but with all the outrages that he to - day suffers , he would not exchange his sex and take the place of Elizabeth Cady Stanton . '' Lucy Stone disagreed with Douglass ' assertion that suffrage for blacks should have precedence , saying that `` woman suffrage is more imperative than his own . '' Referring to Douglass ' earlier assertion that `` There are no KuKlux Clans seeking the lives of women '' , Stone cited state laws that gave men control over the disposition of their children , saying that children had been known to have been taken from their mothers by `` Ku - Kluxers here in the North in the shape of men '' . Stone supported the Fifteenth Amendment and at the same time stressed the importance of women 's rights by saying , `` But I thank God for that XV . Amendment , and hope that it will be adopted in every State . I will be thankful in my soul if any body can get out of the terrible pit . But I believe that the safety of the government would be more promoted by the admission of woman as an element of restoration and harmony than the negro . '' Demise and aftermath ( edit ) The acrimonious 1869 meeting signaled the effective demise of the American Equal Rights Association , which held no further annual meetings . ( Its existence formally ended a year later on May 14 , 1870 . ) Two competing woman suffrage organizations were created in its aftermath . Two days after the 1869 meeting , Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) . In November 1869 , Lucy Stone , Julia Ward Howe and others formed the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . Attitudes toward the Fifteenth Amendment formed a key distinction between these two organizations , but there were other differences as well . The NWSA took a stance of political independence , but the AWSA at least initially maintained close ties with the Republican Party , expecting the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to open the way for a Republican push for women 's suffrage . ( That did not happen ; the high point of Republican support was a non-committal reference to women 's suffrage in the 1872 Republican platform . ) The NWSA worked on a wider range of women 's issues than the AWSA , which criticized its rival for mixing women 's suffrage with issues like divorce reform and equal pay for women . Almost all members of the NWSA were women , as were all of its officers , but the AWSA actively sought male support and included men among its officers . Stanton and Anthony , the leading figures in the NWSA , were more widely known as leaders of the women 's suffrage movement during this period and were more influential in setting its direction . Events soon removed the basis for two key differences of principle between the competing women 's organizations . In 1870 debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that amendment was officially ratified . In 1872 disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short - lived Liberal Republican Party . Despite these events , the rivalry between the two women 's groups was so bitter that a merger proved to be impossible for twenty years . Ellen Carol DuBois , a historian of the women 's suffrage movement , says this rivalry had far - reaching consequences for the women 's movement : `` More than a century has passed , and still historians become partisans in the hostilities that their opposition created . '' In 1890 the NWSA and the AWSA combined to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , with Stanton , Anthony and Stone as its top officers . Anthony was the key force in the new organization . Stone , nominally the chair of its executive committee , in practice was involved only peripherally . Women 's suffrage , a key goal of the AERA , was achieved in 1920 with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment , popularly known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment . Despite the passage of the Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments , the AERA 's goal of securing equal rights for all citizens , especially suffrage , still had not yet been fully achieved . Although Puerto Ricans were by law citizens of the United States , Puerto Rican women were prevented from voting until 1929 , and African Americans in southern states were for the most part prevented from voting until 1965 , nearly a hundred years after the AERA was formed . See also ( edit ) History of women 's suffrage in the United States List of African - American abolitionists List of major women 's suffrage organizations List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists List of women 's rights organizations Reconstruction era Timeline of women 's rights ( other than voting ) Timeline of women 's suffrage Voting rights in the United States References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Cullen - DuPont ( 1998 ) , p. 168 , `` Mott , Lucretia Coffin '' Jump up ^ Gordon ( 1997 ) , p. xxix Jump up ^ Kerr ( 1992 ) , pp. 49 , 52 , 58 Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , p. 110 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 22 Jump up ^ Harper ( 1899 ) , Vol. 1 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Venet ( 1991 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Kerr ( 1992 ) , p. 58 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 109 , 121 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 53 . The Women 's Loyal National League was also known by other names , including the National Loyal Women 's League and the Women 's National Loyal League . Jump up ^ Judith E. Harper . `` Biography '' . Not for Ourselves Alone : The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony . PBS ( Public Broadcasting System ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 56 , 59 Jump up ^ Letter from Stanton to Gerrit Smith , Jan 1 , 1866 , quoted in DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Cullen - DuPont ( 1998 ) , pp. 11 - 12 , `` American Equal Rights Association '' Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , pp. 78 - 79 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 86 . Dudden says that Phillips also denounced the Fourteenth Amendment . She acknowledges , on page 230 , footnotes 152 - 154 , that some other historians have suggested that Phillips and Douglass supported the Fourteenth Amendment , but she provides quotes and citations that indicate otherwise . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 63 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 57 , 59 Jump up ^ `` Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws : Before the Voting Rights Act '' . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , pp. 152 - 153 Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the Eleventh Women 's Rights Convention '' ( 1868 ) , pp. 45 - 48 . Quoted in Humez ( 2003 ) , p. 71 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , pp. 171 - 174 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 65 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 183 ^ Jump up to : Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 214 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 98 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 193 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 216 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 219 ^ Jump up to : DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 87 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 92 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 102 Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , p. 176 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 269 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 79 - 81 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , pp. 10,107 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , pp. 23 , 90 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 68 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 105 . Phillips ' opposition was also shown in the peculiar scheduling of his lecture tour of western states at the time of the Kansas campaign in 1867 . Despite traveling over 12,000 miles and speaking in over 60 locations , he never once set foot in the political battleground state of Kansas . Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 232 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 89 - 90 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 127 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 238 . Cited in Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 114 . Rev. Woodson Twine assisted the AERA campaign in Kansas , conducting a joint speaking tour with Olympia Brown . Although he spoke in favor of suffrage for both blacks and women , he only grudging supported the latter . See Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 122 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 89 - 92 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 92 - 94 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , pp. 127 - 128 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 93 - 94 . According to Dudden ( 2011 ) , pp. 136 - 137 and 246 footnotes 22 and 25 , there is reason to believe that Stanton and Anthony hoped to draw the volatile Train away from his cruder forms of racism , and that Train had actually begun to do so . In any event , they were in direct contact with Train for only three months before he sailed for Europe in January 1868 . Jump up ^ Harper , p. 292 Jump up ^ Kerr ( 1992 ) , p. 129 . For an indication of just how intense the criticism was , see Harper ( 1899 ) , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 139 Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , pp. 186 - 187 . Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Henry B. Blackwell ( January 15 , 1867 ) . `` What the South can do '' . An American Time Capsule . Library of Congress . p. 2 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Cited in Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 93 Jump up ^ Henry B. Blackwell ( January 15 , 1867 ) . `` What the South can do '' . An American Time Capsule . Library of Congress . p. 4 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 100 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 72 - 73 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , pp. 267 - 268 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 80 - 81 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 99,103 Jump up ^ Technically the amendment did not guarantee suffrage regardless of race but instead prohibited disenfranchisement because of race . In 1875 , the Supreme Court ruled , in Minor v. Happersett , that `` the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone '' . Not until the mid-twentieth century did Supreme Court rulings establish the connection between citizenship and voting rights . See `` The Trial of Susan B. Anthony '' at the Federal Judicial Center . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 174 - 175,185 ^ Jump up to : Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` The Anniversaries '' . New York Tribune . May 15 , 1868 . Quoted in Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , p. 194 . The 1869 AERA annual meeting voted to endorse the Fifteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , pp. 179 , 178 , 171 , 99 , 184 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 175,177,178 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton , `` The Sixteenth Amendment , '' The Revolution , April 29 , 1869 , p. 266 . Quoted in DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton , `` Manhood Suffrage , '' The Revolution , December 24 , 1868 . Reproduced in Gordon ( 2000 ) , p. 194 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton , `` Manhood Suffrage , '' The Revolution , December 24 , 1868 . Reproduced in Gordon ( 2000 ) , p. 196 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 341 . This letter was signed by Anthony , who was requesting permission to present their views to the convention in person . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 109 - 110 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 152 . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Foner ( 1990 ) , pp. 180 , 232 Jump up ^ Harper ( 1899 ) , Vol. 1 , p. 295 Jump up ^ Faulkner ( 2011 ) , p. 196 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 99 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 164 - 167 Jump up ^ `` Woman 's Rights Convention , '' New York Times , November 20 , 1868 . Quoted in DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 169 , 165 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 168 - 169 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 309 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 185 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , pp. 311 - 312 Jump up ^ Faulkner ( 2011 ) , p. 189 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 381 . The first issue of their newspaper , The Revolution , declared that it would advocate `` Educated Suffrage , irrespective of Sex or Color '' , according to Rakow and Kramarae ( 2001 ) , p. 20 . On p. 48 , Rakow and Kramarae implicitly attribute the phrase `` educated suffrage '' to Parker Pillsbury , one of the newspaper 's editors , adding that `` Stanton in this time period usually opposed any qualifications . '' One of Stanton 's biographers attributes the phrase to Train but says that Stanton clearly supported `` educated suffrage '' in later years . See Lori Ginzberg , Elizabeth Cady Stanton : An American Life ( 2009 ) , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 382 Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , p. 194 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 382 . During the elections of 1868 , hundreds of blacks in the South were murdered to ensure victories by white supremacists ; see Dudden ( 2011 ) , pp. 156 - 157 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Stanton , Anthony , Gage ( 1887 ) , p. 384 Jump up ^ Brown ( 1911 ) ; pp. 75 - 76 . Douglass was referring to the Ku Klux Klan . Olympia Brown , the author of this memoir , was an AERA member . Jump up ^ Harper ( 1899 ) , pp. 348 - 349 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 189 Jump up ^ Cullen - DuPont ( 1998 ) , p. 13 , `` American Woman Suffrage Association '' Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 199 - 200 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 197 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 192,196 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 12 . Stanton and Anthony arranged for the introduction to Congress of what eventually became the Nineteenth Amendment ; Anthony was arrested for voting in 1872 and found guilty in a widely publicized trial ; Anthony dramatically inserted the demand for women 's suffrage into the official ceremonies for the Centennial of the Declaration of Independence . See Barry ( 1988 ) , pp. 283 , 249 - 257 and 270 - 271 . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 166 , 200 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 173 Jump up ^ Cullen - DuPont ( 1998 ) , p. 174 , `` National American Woman Suffrage Association '' Jump up ^ Kerr ( 1992 ) , p. 227 Jump up ^ Kerr ( 1992 ) , p. 232 Jump up ^ `` Senators to Vote on Suffrage Today ; Fate of Susan B. Anthony Amendment Hangs in Balance on Eve of Final Test '' . New York Times . September 26 , 1918 . Jump up ^ Sneider ( 2008 ) pp. 121 , 136 . Literate Puerto Rican women were enfranchised in 1929 , per Sneider , page 134 . The voting rights of African Americans in southern states were enforced by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baker , Paula ( 1990 ) . `` The Domestication of Politics : Women and American Political Society , 1780 - 1920 . '' In Unequal Sisters : A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women 's History , Ellen Carol DuBois and Vicki L. Ruiz editors , 66 - 91 . New York : Routledge . Barry , Kathleen ( 1988 ) . Susan B. Anthony : A Biography of a Singular Feminist . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 36549 - 6 . Brown , Olympia ( 1911 ) . Acquaintances , Old and New , Among Reformers . Milwaukee , WI : Olympia Brown ( S.E. Tate Printing Company ) . Buhle , Mari Jo ; Buhle , Paul editors ( 1978 ) . The Concise History of Woman Suffrage . University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00669 - 0 . Cullen - DuPont , Kathryn ( 2000 ) . The Encyclopedia of Women 's History in America , second edition . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4100 - 8 . DuBois , Ellen Carol ( 1978 ) . Feminism and Suffrage : The Emergence of an Independent Women 's Movement in America , 1848 - 1869 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8641 - 6 . DuBois , Ellen Carol ( 1998 ) . Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights . New York New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1901 - 5 . Dudden , Faye E ( 2011 ) . Fighting Chance : The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977263 - 6 . Faulkner , Carol ( 2011 ) . Lucretia Mott 's Heresy : Abolition and Women 's Rights in Nineteenth - Century America . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0812243215 . Foner , Eric ( 1990 ) . A Short History of Reconstruction , 1863 - 1877 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096431 - 6 . Giddings , Paula ( 1984 ) . When and Where I Enter : The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0688146504 . Gordon , Ann D. , ed. ( 1997 ) . The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony . Vol 1 : In the School of Anti-Slavery , 1840 to 1866 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0813523170 . Gordon , Ann D. , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony . Vol 2 : Against an Aristocracy of Sex , 1866 to 1873 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0813523187 . Harper , Ida Husted ( 1899 ) . The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony , Vol 1 . Indianapolis & Kansas City : The Bowen - Merrill Company . Heinemann , Sue ( 1996 ) . Timelines of American Women 's History . New York : Berkley . ISBN 0 - 399 - 51986 - 6 . Humez , Jean ( 2003 ) . Harriet Tubman : The Life and the Life Stories . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 19120 - 6 . Kerr , Andrea Moore ( 1992 ) . Lucy Stone : Speaking Out for Equality . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1860 - 1 . McMillen , Sally Gregory ( 2008 ) . Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women 's Rights Movement . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518265 - 0 . Million , Joelle ( 2003 ) . Woman 's Voice , Woman 's Place : Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Woman 's Rights Movement . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97877 - X . Rakow , Lana F. and Kramarae , Cheris , editors ( 2001 ) . The Revolution in Words : Righting Women 1868 -- 1871 , Volume 4 of Women 's Source Library . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25689 - 6 . Sneider , Allison L. ( 2008 ) . Suffragists in an Imperial Age : U.S. Expansion and the Woman Question 1870 - 1929 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195321173 . Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ; Anthony , Susan B. ; Gage , Matilda Joslyn , editors ( 1887 ) . History of Woman Suffrage , Vol 2 . Rochester , NY : Susan B. Anthony . Venet , Wendy Hamand ( 1991 ) . Neither Ballots nor Bullets : Women Abolitionists and the Civil War . Charlottesville , VA : University Press of Virginia . ISBN 978 - 0813913421 . External links ( edit ) `` Manhood Suffrage '' , Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's six - point explanation of her opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment . It was first published in The Revolution in December 24 , 1868 , and is reproduced in Gordon ( 2000 ) , pp. 194 -- 199 . `` Proceedings of the 1867 AERA meeting '' , from the Library of Congress <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events <Td_colspan="2"> International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Black Friday 1 July marches 2014 protests US Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention 1907 Mud March Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related <Td_colspan="2"> Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Equal_Rights_Association&oldid=796958546 '' Categories : African Americans ' rights organizations Civil rights organizations in the United States Feminist organizations in the United States History of voting rights in the United States Organizations established in 1866 Reconstruction Era Women 's suffrage advocacy groups in the United States 1866 establishments in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 03 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. American Equal Rights Association
2. Suffrage for African Americans and women
3. Kansas campaign for suffrage
4. Disagreements within the women's movement
5. Demise of the American Equal Rights Association
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-2,827,391,042,065,126,400 |
where are the most geothermal plants located within the united states (choose 2)
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Geothermal Energy in the United States - wikipedia Geothermal Energy in the United States This article has no lead section . Please help by adding an introductory section to this article . For more information , see the layout guide , and Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines to ensure the section will be inclusive of all the essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 By state 2 Production and development 3 Reliability 4 Environmental effects 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) According to archaeological evidence , geothermal resources have been in use on the current territory of the United States for more than 10,000 years . The Paleo - Indians first used geothermal hot springs for warmth , cleansing , and minerals . The first commercial geothermal power plant producing power to the U.S. utility grid opened at The Geysers in California in 1960 , producing eleven megawatts of net power . The Geysers system continues to operate successfully today , and the complex has grown into the largest geothermal development in the world , with an output of 750 MW . Map showing geothermal power capacity by state in 2000 ( USGS ) . The largest dry steam field in the world is the Geysers , 116 km ( 72 mi ) north of San Francisco . It was here that Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power plant in the United States in 1960 . The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 MW net power . The Geysers has 1517 megawatt ( MW ) of active installed capacity with an average capacity factor of 63 % . Calpine Corporation owns 15 of the 18 active plants in the Geysers and is currently the United States ' largest producer of geothermal energy . Two other plants are owned jointly by the Northern California Power Agency and the City of Santa Clara 's municipal Electric Utility ( now called Silicon Valley Power ) . The remaining Bottle Rock Power plant owned by the US Renewables Group has only recently been reopened . A nineteenth plant is now under development by Ram Power , formerly Western Geopower . Since the activities of one geothermal plant affects those nearby , the consolidation plant ownership at The Geysers has been beneficial because the plants operate cooperatively instead of in their own short - term interest . The Geysers is now recharged by injecting treated sewage effluent from the City of Santa Rosa and the Lake County sewage treatment plant . This sewage effluent used to be dumped into rivers and streams and is now piped to the geothermal field where it replenishes the steam produced for power generation . Another major geothermal area is located in south central California , on the southeast side of the Salton Sea , near the cities of Niland and Calipatria , California . In 2001 , there were 15 geothermal plants producing electricity in the area . CalEnergy owns about half of them and the rest are owned by various companies . Combined the plants have a capacity of about 570 MW . Hudson Ranch I geothermal plant , a 50 MW plant opened in May 2012 , the first in the area in 20 years . A second similar plant is to open in 2013 . The Basin and Range geologic province in Nevada , southeastern Oregon , southwestern Idaho , Arizona and western Utah is now an area of rapid geothermal development . Several small power plants were built during the late 1980s during times of high power prices . Rising energy costs have spurred new development . Plants in Nevada at Steamboat Springs , Brady / Desert Peak , Dixie Valley , Soda Lake , Stillwater and Beowawe now produce about 235 MW . By state ( edit ) Existing and planned US geothermal power generation , in April 2015 Installed geothermal capacity in megawatts ( MW ) by state as of February 2013 : State Capacity ( MW ) Share of U.S total California 2,732.2 80.7 % Nevada 517.5 15.3 % Utah 48.1 1.4 % Hawaii 38.0 1.1 % Oregon 33.3 1.0 % Idaho 15.8 0.5 % New Mexico 4.0 0.1 % Alaska 0.7 < 0.1 % Wyoming 0.3 < 0.1 % Total 3,389.9 100 % Production and development ( edit ) US electricity generated from geothermal sources 1960 - 2008 ( blue ) , and as a percentage of total US electricity ( red ) . With 3,591 MW of installed geothermal capacity , the United States remains the world leader with 25 % of the online capacity total . The future outlook for expanded production from conventional and enhanced geothermal systems is positive as new technologies promise increased growth in locations previously not considered . As of August 2008 , 103 new projects are under way in 13 U.S. states . When developed , these projects could potentially supply up to 3,979 MW of power , meeting the needs of about 4 million homes . At this rate of development , geothermal production in the United States could exceed 15,000 MW by 2025 . The most significant catalyst behind new industry activity is the Energy Policy Act of 2005 . This Act made new geothermal plants eligible for the full federal production tax credit , previously available only to wind power projects and certain kinds of biomass . It also authorized and directed increased funding for research by the Department of Energy , and enabled the Bureau of Land Management to address its backlog of geothermal leases and permits . Estimated subterranean temperatures at a depth of 6 kilometers In April 2008 , exploratory drilling began at Newberry Volcano in Oregon . In 2009 , investment bank Credit Suisse calculated that geothermal power costs 3.6 cents per kilowatt - hour , versus 5.5 cents per kilowatt - hour for coal , if geothermal receives loans with lower rates than offered by the market . '' Reliability ( edit ) Unlike some other renewable power sources such as wind and solar , geothermal energy is dispatchable , meaning that it is both available whenever needed , and can quickly adjust output to match demand . According to the US Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , of all types of new electrical generation plants , geothermal generators have the highest capacity factor , a measure of how much power a facility actually generates as a percent of its maximum capacity . The EIA rates new geothermal plants as having a 92 % capacity factor , comparable to those of nuclear ( 90 % ) , and higher than gas ( 87 % ) , or coal ( 85 % ) , and much higher than those of intermittent sources such as onshore wind ( 34 % ) or solar photovoltaic ( 25 % ) . While the carrier medium for geothermal electricity ( water ) must be properly managed , the source of geothermal energy , the Earth 's heat , will be available , for most intents and purposes , indefinitely . In 2008 the USDOE funded research in Enhanced Geothermal Systems ( EGS ) to learn more about the fracture systems in geothermal reservoirs and better predict the results of reservoir stimulation . The DOE Geothermal Technologies Program ( part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ) provided funding to establish the National Geothermal Data System ( NGDS ) . Through the NGDS , many older paper archives and drill logs that are stored at state geological surveys are now being digitized and made available for free to the public . Environmental effects ( edit ) The underground hot water and steam used to generate geothermal power may contain chemicals that could pollute the air and water if released at the surface . Hydrogen sulfide , which is toxic in high concentrations , is sometimes found in geothermal systems . Newer methods of generating geothermal power separate the hot steam collected underground from the steam used to power turbines , and substantially reduce the risk of releasing air - polluting contaminants . The water mixed with the steam contains dissolved salts that can damage pipes and harm aquatic ecosystems . Some subsurface water associated with geothermal sources contain high concentrations of toxic elements such as boron , lead , and arsenic . Injection of water in enhanced geothermal systems may cause induced seismicity . Earthquakes at the Geysers geothermal field in California , the largest being Richter magnitude 4.6 , have been linked to injected water . `` Possible effects include scenery spoliation , drying out of hot springs , soil erosion , noise pollution , and chemical pollution of the atmosphere and of surface - and groundwaters . '' Due to volcanic activities the Puna Geothermal Venture had to be closed and was effected by lava flows later . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Environment portal United States portal Aquaculture Biofuel in the United States Geothermal desalination Geothermal Energy Association Geothermal Resources Council Hydroelectric power in the United States List of renewable energy topics by country Renewable energy in the United States Solar power in the United States Wind power in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Archived 2007 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lund , J. ( September 2004 ) , `` 100 Years of Geothermal Power Production '' ( PDF ) , Geo - Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin , Klamath Falls , Oregon : Oregon Institute of Technology , 25 ( 3 ) , pp. 11 -- 19 , ISSN 0276 - 1084 , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 Jump up ^ McLarty , Lynn ; Reed , Marshall J. ( October 1992 ) . `` The U.S. Geothermal Industry : Three Decades of Growth '' ( PDF ) . Energy Sources , Part A : Recovery , Utilization , and Environmental Effects . London : Taylor & Francis . 14 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 455 . doi : 10.1080 / 00908319208908739 . ISSN 1556 - 7230 . Jump up ^ DiPippo , Ronald . Geothermal Power Plants , Second Edition : Principles , Applications , Case Studies and Environmental Impact . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8620 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lund , John W. ; Bloomquist , R. Gordon ; Boyd , Tonya L. ; Renner , Joel ( 24 -- 29 April 2005 ) , `` The United States of America Country Update '' ( PDF ) , Proceedings World Geothermal Congress , Antalya , Turkey , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ All figures adjusted to include recently reopened Bottle Rock Power plant . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` Steamy industry may clear the air '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Lake County . p. F - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ 49.9 - MW Hudson Ranch I Geothermal Plant Unveiled in California , Meg Cichon , RenewableEnergyWorld.com Jump up ^ `` 2012 Annual US Geothermal Power Production and Development Report '' ( PDF ) . Geothermal Energy Association . February 2013 . Jump up ^ Danko , Pete . New Mexico joins the geothermal power ranks . Geothermal Power . Renewable Energy . Earth Techling . http://www.earthtechling.com/2014/01/new-mexico-joins-the-geothermal-power-ranks/ . Accessed 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Geothermal Industry Update March Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Geothermal Countries based on installed capacity -- Year End 2017 '' . ^ Jump up to : Update : The State of U.S. Geothermal Production and Development Jump up ^ 6 Million American Households to be Powered by Geothermal Energy , New Survey Reports Archived 2007 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gail Kinsey - Hill ( 2008 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Company Seeks Power From Crater '' . Vancouver Sun . p . B2 . Jump up ^ Christopher Mims `` Can Geothermal Power Compete with Coal on Price ? '' Scientific American , 2 March 2009 . Web . 9 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Levelized cost of new generation resources , Annual Energy Outlook 2013 , 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Geothermal 101 : Basics of Geothermal Energy Production and Use p. 5 & 7 . Archived March 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New Geothermal Data System Could Open Up Clean - Energy Reserves '' . Scientific American , William Ferguson on February 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ McFarland , Ernest L. `` Geothermal Energy . '' Macmillan Encyclopedia of Energy . Ed . Ed John Zumerchik . Vol. 2 . New York : Macmillan Reference USA , 2001 . 572 - 579 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . 9 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ Raser Technologies - How Modular Geothermal Power Generation Works Archived 2011 - 07 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Energy Sources . '' UXL Encyclopedia of Science . Ed . Rob Nagel . 2nd ed . Detroit : UXL , 2007 . Student Resource Center Gold . Web . 9 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , The Geysers Jump up ^ Arnórsson , Stefán ( 2004 ) . `` Environmental impact of geothermal energy utilization '' . Special Publications . The Geological Society of London . 236 : 297 -- 336 . doi : 10.1144 / GSL. SP. 2004.236. 01.18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/05/27/breaking-news/lava-speeds-up-takes-aim-at-puna-geothermal-wells/ External links ( edit ) GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. Co. , ISBN 978 - 981 - 4704 - 00 - 7 Geothermal Energy Association Geothermal Resources Council Geothermal Lease Auction Signals New Trend in U.S. The Status of the U.S. Geothermal Industry Scaling Geothermal for Reliable Baseload Power Technological Innovation Driving Renewed Interest in Geothermal Energy Interior Department To Open 190 Million Acres to Geothermal Power Raser Ready to Deliver Power from Thermo Plant A History of Geothermal Energy in the United States Geothermal energy prospect in the United States Hawaii Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center by the University of Hawaii at Manoa The Geothermal Collection by UH Manoa M 5.0 - 8km NW of The Geysers , California -- United States Geological Survey <Th_colspan="3"> Geothermal energy Category : Geothermal energy Geothermal energy Geothermal power Geothermal heating Geothermal gradient By country Armenia Australia Canada Chile China Denmark El Salvador Energy in Ethiopia Germany Iceland Indonesia Italy Japan Kenya Lebanon Lithuania Mexico New Zealand Philippines Portugal Romania Russia Turkey United Kingdom United States Technologies Aquaculture Desalination Geothermal heat pump District heating Binary Cycle EGS Heat pump Hot dry rock Energy Concepts Baseload power Capacity factor Energy storage Energy subsidies EROEI <Td_colspan="3"> Category Portals : Renewable energy Energy Sustainable development <Th_colspan="2"> Renewable energy by country Africa Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Seychelles South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe European Union Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Albania Iceland Norway Russia Turkey North America Canada Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Tuvalu South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States&oldid=844001207 '' Categories : Geothermal energy in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2018 All pages needing cleanup Pages missing lead section Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 22 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Geothermal energy in the United States
2. History of geothermal energy in the US
3. Production and development of geothermal energy
4. Reliability of geothermal energy
5. Environmental effects of geothermal energy
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1,784,761,562,676,496,000 |
who changed the meaning of the fleur de lis
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Fleur - de-lis - wikipedia Fleur - de-lis For other uses , see Fleur - de-lis ( disambiguation ) . A fleur - de-lis The fleur - de-lis , or fleur - de-lys ( plural : fleurs - de-lis , or fleurs - de-lys ) , or flower - de-luce , is a stylized lily ( in French , fleur means `` flower '' , and lis means `` lily '' ) that is used as a decorative design or motif , and many of the Catholic saints of France , particularly St. Joseph , are depicted with a lily . Since France is a historically Catholic nation , the fleur - de-lis became `` at one and the same time , religious , political , dynastic , artistic , emblematic , and symbolic '' , especially in French heraldry . The fleur - de-lis is represented in Unicode at U + 269C ( ⚜ ) in the Miscellaneous Symbols block . Contents 1 Usages 2 Origin 3 Royal symbol 3.1 Frankish to the French monarchy 3.2 France Modern 3.3 Other European monarchs and rulers 4 Elsewhere 5 Coats of arms and flags 6 Symbolism in religion and art 7 Architecture 8 Modern usage 8.1 Military 8.2 Sports 8.3 Education 8.4 Scouting 8.5 Other uses 9 In literature 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Usages ( edit ) The arms of the Kingdom of France ( France Ancienne ) : Azure , semy of fleur - de lis or The arms of France Moderne ( 1376 -- 1469 ) : Azure , three fleurs - de-lis or While the fleur - de-lis has appeared on countless European coats of arms and flags over the centuries , it is particularly associated with the French monarchy in a historical context , and continues to appear in the arms of the King of Spain ( from the French House of Bourbon ) and the Grand Duke of Luxembourg and members of the House of Bourbon . It remains an enduring symbol of France which appears on French postage stamps , although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics . According to French historian Georges Duby , the three petals represent the three medieval social estates : the commoners , the nobility , and the clergy . It remains unclear where the fleur - de-lis originated , though it has retained an association with French nobility . It is widely used in French city emblems as in the coat of arms of the city of Lille , Saint - Denis , Brest , Clermont - Ferrand , Boulogne - Billancourt and Calais . Some cities that had been particularly faithful to the French Crown were awarded a heraldic augmentation of two or three fleurs - de-lis on the chief of their coat of arms ; such cities include Paris , Lyon , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Reims , Le Havre , Angers , Le Mans , Aix - en - Provence , Tours , Limoges , Amiens , Orléans , Rouen , Argenteuil , Poitiers , Chartres and Laon among others . The fleur - de-lis was the symbol of Île - de-France , the core of the French kingdom . It has appeared on the coat - of - arms of other historical provinces of France including Burgundy , Anjou , Picardy , Berry , Orléanais , Bourbonnais , Maine , Touraine , Artois , Dauphiné , Saintonge and the County of La Marche . Many of the current French departments use the symbol on their coats - of - arms to express this heritage . In Italy , the fleur de lis , called giglio , is mainly known from the crest of the city of Florence . In the Florentine fleurs - de-lis , the stamens are always posed between the petals . Originally argent ( silver or white ) on gules ( red ) background , the emblem became the standard of the imperial party in Florence ( parte ghibellina ) , causing the town government , which maintained a staunch Guelph stance , being strongly opposed to the imperial pretensions on city states , to reverse the color pattern to the final gules lily on argent background . This heraldic charge is often known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional ( stamen - not - shown ) design . As an emblem of the city , it is therefore found in icons of Zenobius , its first bishop , and associated with Florence 's patron Saint John the Baptist in the Florentine fiorino . Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests , often without the stamens . The heraldic fleur - de-lis is still widespread : among the numerous cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word ' lily ' , for example , Liljendal , Finland , and Lelystad , Netherlands . This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology . Other European examples of municipal coats - of - arms bearing the fleur - de-lis include Lincoln in England , Morcín in Spain , Wiesbaden in Germany , Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania . The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur - de-lis on their coats . In Malta , the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs - de-lis on its flag and coat of arms . These are derived from an arch which was part of the Wignacourt Aqueduct that had three sculpted fleurs - de-lis on top , as they were the heraldic symbols of Alof de Wignacourt , the Grand Master who financed its building . Another suburb which developed around the area became known as Fleur - de-Lys , and it also features a red fleur - de-lis on its flag and coat of arms . Greater coat of arms of Serbia Coat of Arms of Florence Arms of Bosnia used from 1992 until 1998 ; a revived symbol of Tvrtko I of the House of Kotromanić The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs - de-lis , understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily , Lilium bosniacum . This emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia - Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998 . The state insignia were changed in 1999 . The former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur - de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy . Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of many cantons , municipalities , cities and towns . It is still used as official insignia of the Bosniak Regiment of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the United Kingdom , a fleur - de-lis has appeared in the official arms of the Norroy King of Arms for hundreds of years . A silver fleur - de-lis on a blue background is the arms of the Barons Digby . In English and Canadian heraldry the fleur - de-lis is the cadence mark of a sixth son . In Mauritius , slaves were branded with a fleur - de-lis , when being punished for escaping or stealing food . The Welsh poet Hedd Wyn used Fleur de Lys as his pen name when he won his chair at the National Eisteddfod of Wales ( Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru ) , the national poetry contest . Fleurs - de-lis appear on military insignia and the logos of many organizations . During the 20th century the symbol was adopted by various Scouting organizations worldwide for their badges . Architects and designers use it alone and as a repeated motif in a wide range of contexts , from ironwork to bookbinding , especially where a French context is implied . The symbol is also often used on a compass rose to mark the north direction , a tradition started by Pedro Reinel . The dark code was an arrangement of controls received in Louisiana in 1724 from other French settlements around the globe , intended to represent the state 's slave populace . Those guidelines included marking slaves with the fleur - de-lis as discipline for fleeing . Origin ( edit ) 15th - century manuscript illumination of an angel sending the fleurs - de-lis to Clovis . From the Bedford Hours in the British Library , London . The fleur de lis is widely thought to be a stylized version of the species Iris pseudacorus , or Iris florentina . However , the lily ( genus lilium , family Liliaceae ) and the iris ( family Iridaceae ) are two different plants , phylogenetically and taxonomically unrelated . Lily ( in Italian : giglio ) is the name usually associated with the stylized flower in the Florentine heraldic devices . Decorative ornaments that resemble the fleur - de-lis have appeared in artwork from the earliest human civilizations . According to Pierre - Augustin Boissier de Sauvages , an 18th - century French naturalist and lexicographer : The old fleurs - de-lis , especially the ones found in our first kings ' sceptres , have a lot less in common with ordinary lilies than the flowers called flambas ( in Occitan ) , or irises , from which the name of our own fleur - de-lis may derive . What gives some colour of truth to this hypothesis that we already put forth , is the fact that the French or Franks , before entering Gaul itself , lived for a long time around the river named Leie in the Flanders . Nowadays , this river is still bordered with an exceptional number of irises -- as many plants grow for centuries in the same places -- : these irises have yellow flowers , which is not a typical feature of lilies but fleurs - de-lis . It was thus understandable that our kings , having to choose a symbolic image for what later became a coat of arms , set their minds on the iris , a flower that was common around their homes , and is also as beautiful as it was remarkable . They called it , in short , the fleur - de-lis , instead of the flower of the river of lis . This flower , or iris , looks like our fleur - de-lis not just because of its yellow colour but also because of its shape : of the six petals , or leaves , that it has , three of them are alternatively straight and meet at their tops . The other three on the opposite , bend down so that the middle one seems to make one with the stalk and only the two ones facing out from left and right can clearly be seen , which is again similar with our fleurs - de-lis , that is to say exclusively the one from the river Luts whose white petals bend down too when the flower blooms . Iris compared with fleur - de-lis ornament in French The heraldist François Velde is of the same opinion . However , a hypothesis ventured in the 17th c. sounds very plausible to me . One species of wild iris , the Iris pseudacorus , yellow flag in English , is yellow and grows in marshes ( cf . the azure field , for water ) . Its name in German is Lieschblume ( also gelbe Schwertlilie ) , but Liesch was also spelled Lies and Leys in the Middle Ages . It is easy to imagine that , in Northern France , the Lieschblume would have been called `` fleur - de-lis . '' This would explain the name and the formal origin of the design , as a stylized yellow flag . There is a fanciful legend about Clovis which links the yellow flag explicitly with the French coat of arms . Sauvages ' hypothesis seems to be supported by the archaic English spelling fleur - de-luce and by the Luts 's variant name Lits . It has consistently been used as a royal emblem , though different cultures have interpreted its meaning in varying ways . Gaulish coins show the first Western designs which look similar to modern fleurs - de-lis . In the East it was found on the gold helmet of a Scythian king uncovered at the Ak - Burun kurgan and conserved in Saint Petersburg 's Hermitage Museum . There is also a statue of Kanishka the Great , the emperor of the Kushan dynasty in 127 -- 151 AD , in the Mathura Museum in India , with four modern Fleurs - de-lis symbols in a square emblem repeated twice on the bottom end of his smaller sword . Another ( debated ) hypothesis is that the symbol derives from the Frankish Angon . The angon , or sting , was a typical Frankish throwing spear . A possibly derived symbol of Frankish royalty was the bee , of similar shape , as found in the burial of Childric I , whose royal see of power over the Salian Franks was based over the valley of the Lys . Another heraldic tradition , going back to at least the 17th century , identifies the emblem of the Childric as a frog or toad ( crapaud ) rather than a bee . Antoine Court de Gébelin writing in 1781 identified the toad as the emblem of the Ripuarian Franks , representing their origin from the marshlands . The golden bees / flies discovered in the tomb of Childeric in 1653 Seal of Philippe Auguste ( 1180 ) Royal symbol ( edit ) Charlemagne , by Albrecht Dürer , the anachronistic coat - of - arms above him show the German eagle and the French Fleur - de-lis . Frankish to the French monarchy ( edit ) The graphic evolution of crita to fleur - de-lis was accompanied by textual allegory . By the late 13th century , an allegorical poem by Guillaume de Nangis ( d . 1300 ) , written at the abbey of Joyenval at Chambourcy , relates how the golden lilies on an azure ground were miraculously substituted for the crescents on Clovis ' shield , a projection into the past of contemporary images of heraldry . Through this propagandist connection to Clovis , the fleur - de-lis has been taken in retrospect to symbolize all the Christian Frankish kings , most notably Charlemagne . The fleur - de-lis ' symbolic origins with French monarchs may stem from the baptismal lily used in the crowning of King Clovis I . The French monarchy possibly adopted the Fleur - de-lis for its royal coat of arms as a symbol of purity to commemorate the conversion of Clovis I , and a reminder of the Fleur - de-lis ampulla that held the oil used to anoint the king . So , the fleur - de-lis stood as a symbol of the king 's divinely approved right to rule . The thus `` anointed '' Kings of France later maintained that their authority was directly from God . A legend enhances the mystique of royalty by informing us that a vial of oil -- the Holy Ampulla -- descended from Heaven to anoint and sanctify Clovis as King , descending directly on Clovis or perhaps brought by a dove to Saint Remigius . One version explains that an angel descended with the Fleur - de-lis ampulla to anoint the king . Another story tells of Clovis putting a flower in his helmet just before his victory at the Battle of Vouillé . Through this connection to Clovis , the fleur - de-lis has been taken to symbolize all the Christian Frankish kings , most famously Charlemagne . In the 14th - century French writers asserted that the monarchy of France , which developed from the Kingdom of the West Franks , could trace its heritage back to the divine gift of royal arms received by Clovis . This story has remained popular , even though modern scholarship has established that the fleur - de-lis was a religious symbol before it was a true heraldic symbol . Along with true lilies , it was associated with the Virgin Mary , and in the 12th century Louis VI and Louis VII started to use the emblem , on sceptres for example , so connecting their rulership with this symbol of saintliness and divine right . Louis VII ordered the use of fleur - de-lis clothing in his son Philip 's coronation in 1179 , while the first visual evidence of clearly heraldic use dates from 1211 : a seal showing the future Louis VIII and his shield strewn with the `` flowers '' . Until the late 14th century the French royal coat of arms was Azure semé - de-lis Or ( a blue shield `` sown '' ( semé ) with a scattering of small golden fleurs - de-lis ) , but Charles V of France changed the design from an all - over scattering to a group of three in about 1376 . These two coats are known in heraldic terminology as France Ancient and France Modern respectively . Fleur - de-lis on an old concrete wall In the reign of King Louis IX ( St. Louis ) the three petals of the flower were said to represent faith , wisdom and chivalry , and to be a sign of divine favour bestowed on France . During the next century , the 14th , the tradition of Trinity symbolism was established in France , and then spread elsewhere . In 1328 , King Edward III of England inherited a claim to the crown of France , and in about 1340 he quartered France Ancient with the arms of Plantagenet , as `` arms of pretence '' . After the kings of France adopted France Modern , the kings of England adopted the new design as quarterings from about 1411 . The monarchs of England ( and later of Great Britain ) continued to quarter the French arms until 1801 , when George III abandoned his formal claim to the French throne . King Charles VII ennobled Joan of Arc 's family on 29 December 1429 with an inheritable symbolic denomination . The Chamber of Accounts in France registered the family 's designation to nobility on 20 January 1430 . The grant permitted the family to change their surname to du Lys . France modern ( edit ) France Modern remained the French royal standard , and with a white background was the French national flag until the French Revolution , when it was replaced by the tricolor of modern - day France . The fleur - de-lis was restored to the French flag in 1814 , but replaced once again after the revolution against Charles X of France in 1830 . In a very strange turn of events after the end of the Second French Empire , where a flag apparently influenced the course of history , Henri , comte de Chambord , was offered the throne as King of France , but he agreed only if France gave up the tricolor and brought back the white flag with fleurs - de-lis . His condition was rejected and France became a republic . Other European monarchs and rulers ( edit ) Bosnian king Tvrtko I 's gold coin ( 14th century ) reverse -- with the Bosnian state fleur - de-lis coat of arms . ( GLORIA TIBI DEUS SPES NOSTRA ) Fleurs - de-lis feature prominently in the Crown Jewels of England and Scotland . In English heraldry , they are used in many different ways , and can be the cadency mark of the sixth son . Additionally , it features in a large amount of royal arms of the House of Plantagenet , from the 13th century onwards to the early Tudors ( Elizabeth of York and the de la Pole family . ) The tressure flory -- counterflory ( flowered border ) has been a prominent part of the design of the Scottish royal arms and Royal Standard since James I of Scotland . The treasured fleur - de-luce he claims To wreathe his shield , since royal James -- Sir Walter Scott The Lay of the Last Minstrel In Italy , fleurs - de-lis have been used for some papal crowns and coats of arms , the Farnese Dukes of Parma , and by some doges of Venice . The fleur - de-lis was also the symbol of the House of Kotromanić , a ruling house in medieval Bosnia allegedly in recognition of the Capetian House of Anjou , where the flower is thought of as a Lilium bosniacum . Today , fleur - de-lis is a national symbol of Bosniaks . Other countries using the emblem heraldically include Serbia and Spain in recognition of rulers from the House of Bourbon . Coins minted in 14th - century Romania , from the region that was the Principality of Moldova at the time , ruled by Petru I Mușat , carry the fleur - de-lis symbol . As a dynastic emblem it has also been very widely used : not only by noble families but also , for example , by the Fuggers , a medieval banking family . Three fleurs - de-lis appeared in the personal coat of arms of Grandmaster Alof de Wignacourt who ruled the Malta between 1601 and 1622 . His nephew Adrien de Wignacourt , who was Grandmaster himself from 1690 to 1697 , also had a similar coat of arms with three fleurs - de-lis . Elsewhere ( edit ) The French Canadian version of the fleur - de-lys Fleurs - de-lis crossed the Atlantic along with Europeans going to the New World , especially with French settlers . Their presence on North American flags and coats of arms usually recalls the involvement of French settlers in the history of the town or region concerned , and in some cases the persisting presence there of a population descended from such settlers . The fleur - de-lis appears on the Canadian coat of arms , the flag of Quebec as well as the flags of the cities of Montreal , Sherbrooke and Trois - Rivières . It is also featured on the personal flag used by the Queen of Canada . There are many French - speaking people in other Canadian provinces for whom the fleur - de-lis remains a symbol of their cultural identity . Franco - Ontarians , for example , feature the fleur - de-lis prominently on their flag . In the US , the fleur - de-lis symbols tend to be along or near the Mississippi and Missouri rivers . These are areas of strong French colonial empire settlement . Some of the places that have it in their flag or seal are the cities of St. Louis , Louisville , Detroit , Mobile , New Orleans , Baton Rouge and Lafayette . On 9 July 2008 , Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal signed a bill into law making the fleur - de-lis an official symbol of the state . Following Hurricane Katrina , the fleur - de-lis has been widely used in New Orleans and throughout Louisiana , as a symbol of grassroots support for New Orleans ' recovery . It has also become the symbol for the identity of the Cajuns and Louisiana Creole people , and their French heritage . The fleur - de-lis appears on the coat of Guadeloupe , an overseas département of France in the Caribbean , Saint Barthélemy , an overseas collectivity of France , and French Guiana . The overseas department of Réunion in the Indian Ocean uses the same feature . It appears on the coat of Port Louis , the capital of Mauritius which was named in honour of King Louis XV . On the coat of arms of Saint Lucia it represents the French heritage of the country . In Saskatchewan the Western Red Lily appears on the provincial flag and is sometimes used as a symbol of the province . Some representations resemble a fleur de lis but the traditional version itself is rarely used . Coats of arms and flags ( edit ) ^ French royal arms before 1376 ( France ancienne ) : Azure semé - de-lis or ^ French royal arms after 1376 ( France moderne ) : Azure , three fleurs - de-lis or ^ The arms of the Kings of England from 1340 to c. 1411 , quartering France ancienne . The French arms are quartered as arms of pretence and in precedence ( 1st & 4th ) to the paternal Plantagenet arms as a statement in recognition of the quasi-feudal superiority of the royal French arms to the arms of Plantagenet ^ Flag of French Renaissance ^ Standard of the French royal family prior to 1789 and from 1815 to 1830 ^ Flag of the Kingdom of France Naval Flag of the Kingdom of France Flag of New France . Flag of French Royalist faction during the French Revolution ( not confirmed ) Flag of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1301 to 1382 ^ Coat of Arms of medieval Bosnian ruling family Kotromanić ^ Zlatni Ljiljan ( `` golden lily '' ) of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Arms of Peter Paul Rubens and his family The Arms of Canada from 1957 Flag of Montgomery County , Maryland ^ Flag of Quebec Arms of the Farnese family . Fleur - de-lis on the coat of arms of Ýñigo - Genio family , Or , six fleur - de-lis in orle , five gules and one in chef azure . The augmented coat of arms of the Medici , Or , five balls in orle gules , in chief a larger one of the arms of France ( viz . Azure , three fleurs - de-lis or ) was granted by Louis XI in 1465 . Armes of the Châteaubriant Family , concession of Saint Louis `` Notre sang teint les bannières de France '' . In reality , there is no objective proof for the statement . Arms of the Thouars Family . The reverse of the arms of France . Arms of the Fitzpatrick ( Mac Giolla Phádraig ) family of Upper Ossory The French augmentation in the chief appears to date from the time of Barnaby Fitzpatrick as Edward VI 's ambassador to France . Fleurs - de-lis on the coat of arms of Wiesbaden ^ Fleur - de-lis of Florence ^ Fleur - de-lis in the coat of arms of Pope Paul VI Fleur - de-lis on the coat of arms of Lincoln Fleur - de-lis on the coat of arms of Sagunt Fleurs - de-lis on the coat of arms of Turku ^ Franco - American flag Flag of Aroostook county in Maine ^ Flag of Acadiana Flag of Franco - Albertans Flag of Franco - Ontarians Flag of Fransaskois Flag of Detroit Flag of Louisiana ^ Flag of New Orleans Former Flag of Louisville , Kentucky ^ Flag of St. Louis , Missouri Flag of Baton Rouge , Louisiana Flag of Fleur - de-Lys , Malta Flag of Santa Venera , Malta Flag of Spain Coat of arms of Spain Symbolism in religion and art ( edit ) Fleur - de-lis on 14th century Syrian albarello . In the Middle Ages , the symbols of lily and fleur - de-lis overlapped considerably in Christian religious art . Michel Pastoureau , a historian , says that until about 1300 they were found in depictions of Jesus , but gradually they took on Marian symbolism and were associated with the Song of Solomon 's `` lily among thorns '' ( lilium inter spinas ) , understood as a reference to Mary . Other scripture and religious literature in which the lily symbolizes purity and chastity also helped establish the flower as an iconographic attribute of the Virgin . It was also believed that the fleur - de-lis represented the Holy Trinity . In medieval England , from the mid-12th century , a noblewoman 's seal often showed the lady with a fleur - de-lis , drawing on the Marian connotations of `` female virtue and spirituality '' . Images of Mary holding the flower first appeared in the 11th century on coins issued by cathedrals dedicated to her , and next on the seals of cathedral chapters , starting with Notre Dame de Paris in 1146 . A standard portrayal was of Mary carrying the flower in her right hand , just as she is shown in that church 's Virgin of Paris statue ( with lily ) , and in the centre of the stained glass rose window ( with fleur - de-lis sceptre ) above its main entrance . The flowers may be `` simple fleurons , sometimes garden lilies , sometimes genuine heraldic fleurs - de-lis '' . As attributes of the Madonna , they are often seen in pictures of the Annunciation , notably in those of Sandro Botticelli and Filippo Lippi . Lippi also uses both flowers in other related contexts : for instance , in his Madonna in the Forest . The three petals of the heraldic design reflect a widespread association with the Holy Trinity , with the band on the bottom symbolizing Mary . The tradition says that without Mary you can not understand the Trinity since it was she who bore the Son . A tradition going back to 14th century France added onto the earlier belief that they also represented faith , wisdom and chivalry . Alternatively , the cord can be seen as representing the one Divine Substance ( godhood ) of the three Persons , which binds Them together . `` Flower of light '' symbolism has sometimes been understood from the archaic variant fleur - de-luce ( see Latin lux , luc - = `` light '' ) , but the Oxford English Dictionary suggests this arose from the spelling , not from the etymology . Architecture ( edit ) Fleurs - de-lis on railings at Buckingham Palace In building and architecture , the fleur - de-lis is often placed on top of iron fence posts , as a pointed defence against intruders . It may ornament any tip , point or post with a decorative flourish , for instance , on finials , the arms of a cross , or the point of a gable . The fleur - de-lis can be incorporated in friezes or cornices , although the distinctions between fleur - de-lis , fleuron , and other stylized flowers are not always clear , or can be used as a motif in an all - over tiled pattern , perhaps on a floor . It may appear in a building for heraldic reasons , as in some English churches where the design paid a compliment to a local lord who used the flower on his coat of arms . Elsewhere the effect seems purely visual , like the crenellations on the 14th - century Mosque - Madrassa of Sultan Hassan . It can also be seen on the doors of 16th - century Padmanabhaswamy Temple . Modern usage ( edit ) Some modern usage of the fleur - de-lis reflects `` the continuing presence of heraldry in everyday life '' , often intentionally , but also when users are not aware that they are `` prolonging the life of centuries - old insignia and emblems '' . Military ( edit ) A soldier of the Manchester Regiment with their fleur - de-lis badge on his helmet , in 1941 . Fleurs - de-lis are featured on military badges like those of the United States the New Jersey Army National Guard unit 112th Field Artillery ( Self Propelled ) ( part of the much larger 42nd Infantry Division Mechanized ) has it in the upper left side of their Distinctive Unit Insignia . Army 's 2nd Cavalry Regiment , 62nd Medical Brigade , 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team and the Corps of Cadets at Louisiana State University . It is also featured by the Israeli Intelligence Corps , and the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force . In the British Army , the fleur - de-lis was the cap badge of the Manchester Regiment from 1922 until 1958 , and also its successor , the King 's Regiment up to its amalgamation in 2006 . It commemorates the capture of French regimental colours by their predecessors , the 63rd Regiment of Foot , during the Invasion of Martinique in 1759 . It is also the formation sign of the 2nd ( Independent ) Armored Brigade of the Indian Army which was known as 7th Indian Cavalry Brigade in First World War , received the emblem for its actions in France . Sports ( edit ) The fleur - de-lis is used by a number of sports teams , especially when it echoes a local flag . This is true with the former Quebec Nordiques National Hockey League team and the former Montreal Expos Major League Baseball team , the Serie A team Fiorentina , the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 ( also known as Die Lilien -- The Lilies ) , the Major League Soccer team the Montreal Impact , the sports teams of New Orleans , Louisiana in the NFL , NBA and the Pacific Coast League , the Rugby League team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and the NPSL team Detroit City FC . Marc - André Fleury , a Canadian ice hockey goaltender , has a fleur - de-lis logo on his mask . The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013 , Georges St - Pierre , has a tattoo of the fleur - de-lis on his right calf . The IT University of Copenhagen 's soccer team ITU F.C. has it in their logo . France uses the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup Education ( edit ) The emblem appears in coats of arms and logos for universities ( like the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and Saint Louis University and Washington University in Missouri ) and schools such as in Hilton College ( South Africa ) , St. Peter , Minnesota , Adamson University and St. Paul 's University in the Philippines . The Lady Knights of the University of Arkansas at Monticello have also adopted the fleur de lis as one of the symbols associated with their coat of arms . The flag of Lincolnshire , adopted in 2005 , has a fleur - de-lis for the city of Lincoln . It is one of the symbols of the American sororities Kappa Kappa Gamma and Theta Phi Alpha , the American fraternities Alpha Epsilon Pi , Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Sigma Alpha Mu , as well as the international co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega . It is also used by the high school and college fraternity Scouts Royale Brotherhood of the Philippines . Scouting ( edit ) An early version of the Scout emblem , used in the United Kingdom before 1967 Main article : Fleur - de-lis in Scouting The fleur - de-lis is the main element in the logo of most Scouting organizations . The symbol was first used by Sir Robert Baden - Powell as an arm - badge for soldiers who qualified as scouts ( reconnaissance specialists ) in the 5th Dragoon Guards , which he commanded at the end of the 19th century ; it was later used in cavalry regiments throughout the British Army until 1921 . In 1907 , Baden - Powell made brass fleur - de-lis badges for the boys attending his first experimental `` Boy Scout '' camp at Brownsea Island . In his seminal book Scouting for Boys , Baden - Powell referred to the motif as `` the arrowhead which shows the North on a map or a compass '' and continued ; `` It is the Badge of the Scout because it points in the right direction and upward ... The three points remind you of the three points of the Scout Promise '' , being duty to God and country , helping others and keeping the Scout Law . The World Scout Emblem of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , has elements which are used by most national Scout organizations . The stars stand for truth and knowledge , the encircling rope for unity , and its reef knot or square knot , service . Other uses ( edit ) The symbol may be used in less traditional ways . After Hurricane Katrina many New Orleanians of varying ages and backgrounds were tattooed with `` one of its cultural emblems '' as a `` memorial '' of the storm , according to a researcher at Tulane University . The US Navy Blue Angels have named a looping flight demonstration manoeuvre after the flower as well , and there are even two surgical procedures called `` after the fleur . '' American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet takes its name from the racing driver Louis Chevrolet , who was born in Switzerland . But , because the Chevrolet name is French , the manufacturer has used the fleur - de-lis emblems on their cars , most notably the Corvette , but also as a small detail in the badges and emblems on the front of a variety of full - size Chevys from the 1950s , and 1960s . The fleur - de-lis has also been featured more prominently in the emblems of the Caprice sedan . A fleur - de-lis also appears in some of the logos of local Louisiana media . Such as in the logo of WGNO - TV , the local ABC - affiliated television station in New Orleans , and WVUE - TV , the local Fox - affiliated television station in New Orleans . The fleur - de-lis is one of the objects to drop during the New Year 's Eve celebrations in New Orleans . New Orleans sludge metal band Crowbar use it as a logo . It 's appeared on every album cover since Lifesblood for the Downtrodden and is sometimes incorporated into the artwork ( on The Serpent Only Lies as a snake and on Sever the Wicked Hand as a sword 's hilt ) . In literature ( edit ) The symbol has featured in modern fiction on historical and mystical themes , as in the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code and other books discussing the Priory of Sion . It recurs in French literature , where examples well known in English translation include Fleur - de-Lys de Gondelaurier , a character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo , and the mention in Dumas 's The Three Musketeers of the old custom of branding a criminal with the sign ( fleurdeliser ) . During the reign of Elizabeth I of England , known as the Elizabethan era , it was a standard name for an iris , a usage which lasted for centuries , but occasionally refers to lilies or other flowers . It also appeared in the novel A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole on a sign composed by the main character . The lilly , Ladie of the flowring field , The Flowre - deluce , her louely Paramoure -- Edmund Spenser , The Faerie Queene , 1590 Webarchive See also ( edit ) Cross fleury Gallery of French coats of arms Jessant - de-lys Palmette Prince of Wales 's feathers Reichsadler Shamrock Tree of Life References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ / ˈflɜːr də ˈliː ( s ) / ; French : ( flœʁ də lis ) . The Oxford English Dictionary gives both pronunciations for English . In French , Larousse and Robert have the former : ( lis ) . The CNRTL has that pronunciation for the plant itself , but , following Barbeau - Rodhe 1930 , ( li ) for the compound fleur - de-lis . Citations Jump up ^ Dictionnaire de la Langue Française , Lexis , Paris , 1993 Jump up ^ Petit Robert 1 , Paris , 1990 Jump up ^ http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/lis Jump up ^ Michel Pastoureau ( 1997 ) . Heraldry : Its Origins and Meaning . Thames and Hudson . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 30074 - 7 . Jump up ^ Georges Duby , France in the Middle Ages 987 -- 1460 : From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc Jump up ^ Luciano Artusi , Firenze araldica , pp. 280 , Polistampa , Firenze , 2006 , ISBN 88 - 596 - 0149 - 5 Jump up ^ Hall , James ( 1974 ) . Dictionary of Subjects & Symbols in Art . Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 433316 - 7 . p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Fleur - de-Lys '' . Fleur - de-Lys Administrative Committee . 18 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , 1992 - 1998 '' . Flagspot.net . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , 1992 - 1998 '' . Flagspot.net . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.mpr.gov.ba/userfiles/file/Biblioteka/zakoni/hr/ZAKON%20O%20ZASTAVI%20BiH/Zakon%20o%20zastavi%20BiH%20-%2019%20-%2001.pdf Jump up ^ Moncrieffe , Ian , and Pottinger , Don . Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated . Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. p. 54 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Moncrieffe , Ian , and Pottinger , Don . Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated . Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. p. 20 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bernardin de Saint - Pierre Journey to Mauritius , p. 15 , at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefan Buczacki The Herb Bible : The definitive guide to choosing and growing herbs , p. 223 , at Google Books Jump up ^ McVicar , Jekka ( 2006 ) ( 1997 ) . Jekka 's Complete Herb Book ( Revised ed . ) . Bookmark Ltd . ISBN 1845093704 . Jump up ^ Pierre Augustin Boissier de Sauvages ( 1756 ) . Languedocien Dictionnaire François . p. 154 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle -- Tome 5 , Flore -- Wikisource '' ( in French ) . Fr.wikisource.org . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Velde , François . `` The Fleur - de-lis '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fleur - de-lis ^ Jump up to : Michel Pastoureau , Heraldry : its origins and meaning p. 99 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 28 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Thomas , Elpis Israel ( 1851 ) , 339 -- 342 . Jump up ^ Ellen J. Millington , Heraldry in History , Poetry , and Romance , London , 1858 , pp. 332 - 343 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Philippa & Darley , Gillian ( 1986 ) Dictionary of Ornament Jump up ^ Ralph E. Giesey , Models of Rulership in French Royal Ceremonial in Rites of Power : Symbolism , Ritual , and Politics Since the Middle Ages , ed . Wilentz ( Princeton 1985 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Michel Pastoureau : Traité d'Héraldique , Paris , 1979 Jump up ^ Michel Pastoureau , Heraldry : its origins and meaning p. 99 - 100 Jump up ^ Arthur Charles Fox - Davies , A Complete Guide to Heraldry , London , 1909 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Michel Pastoureau , Heraldry : its origins and meaning , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Joseph Fr . Michaud ; Jean Joseph François Poujoulat ( 1836 ) . Nouvelle collection des mémoires pour servir a l'histoire de France : depuis le XIIIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe ; précédés de notices pour caractériser chaque auteur des mémoires et son époque ; suivis de l'analyse des documents historiques qui s'y rapportent . Éditeur du Commentaire analytique du Code civil . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Fox - Davies Jump up ^ Pierre Goubert ( 12 April 2002 ) . The Course of French History . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 41468 - 2 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sir Walter Scott ( 1833 ) The Complete Works of Sir Michael Scott , Volume 1 of 7 , Canto Fourth , VIII , New York : Conner and Cooke Jump up ^ Petru Musat Coins image Jump up ^ http://www.gg.ca/images/royal/queen.jpg Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Fleur - de-Lys '' . Heraldica.org . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Post , W. Ellwood ( 1986 ) . Saints , Signs , and Symbols . Wilton , Connecticut : Morehouse - Barlow . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Susan M. Johns , Noblewomen , Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth - Century Anglo - Norman Realm ( Manchester 2003 ) p130 Jump up ^ Church Symbolism -- F.R. Webber , Ralph Adams Cram -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ A `` fanciful derivation '' , Oxford English Dictionary ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle -- Tome 5 , Flore Jump up ^ Michel Pastoureau , Heraldry : its origins and meaning p. 93 - 94 Jump up ^ Shepperd , Alan ( 1973 ) , The King 's Regiment , Osprey Publishing Ltd , ISBN 0 - 85045 - 120 - 5 ( p. 39 ) Jump up ^ `` Bharat Rakshak : : Land Forces Site -- Armoured Formations '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/itufc Jump up ^ https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_960w/2010-2019/Wires/Images/2017-09-19/Getty/AFP_SK356.jpg Jump up ^ Walker , Colin ( March 2007 ) . `` The Evolution of The World Badge '' . Scouting Milestones . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Baden - Powell , Robert Scouting for Boys , Arthur Pearson , ( Campfire Yarn No. 3 -- Becoming a Scout ) Jump up ^ Troop 25 . `` Origin of the World Scouting Symbol `` Fleur - de-lis '' `` . Web . USA : Troop 25 , Scouting of America . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans LA Living & Lifestyle '' . NOLA.com. 1 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ OED Jump up ^ `` The Faerie Queene : Book II '' . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fleur - de-lis . 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The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Disney 's 2016 film . For other films and related topics , see The Jungle Book ( franchise ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Jungle Book <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor Screenplay by Justin Marks Based on Disney 's The Jungle Book The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling Starring Bill Murray Ben Kingsley Idris Elba Lupita Nyong'o Scarlett Johansson Giancarlo Esposito Christopher Walken Neel Sethi Music by John Debney ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns ) Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million Box office $966.6 million The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live - action / CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self - discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray , Ben Kingsley , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong'o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken . Favreau , Marks , and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer - generated imagery to portray the animals and settings . The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D - Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $966 million , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 37th - highest - grossing film of all time . The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming and visual effects 3.3 Sound 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other Countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mowgli is a `` man cub '' raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack , led by Akela , in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera . Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves , but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack . One day , during the dry season , the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle 's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators . The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives detecting Mowgli 's scent in the large crowd . Resentful against man for scarring him , he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought . After the drought ends , the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not . Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack . Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village . En route , Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera , but Mowgli manages to escape . Later , Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him . While under her influence , Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan . The vision also warns of the destructive power of the `` red flower '' ( fire ) . Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli , but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo , rescuing an unconscious Mowgli . Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult - to - access honey for Baloo and Mowgli agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives . Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle , Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out . Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed , but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it . During the night , Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch . Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed , Baloo realizes that he can not guarantee Mowgli 's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan . Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village . Mowgli is kidnapped by the `` Bandar - log '' ( monkeys ) who present him to their leader , a gigantopithecus named King Louie . Assuming that all humans can make fire , King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it . Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out , but their plan is discovered . As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple , he informs Mowgli of Akela 's death . King Louie 's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him . Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela 's death , Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone . Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire . In the aftermath , Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack . Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use , having found his true home and calling with his wolf family , Baloo , and Bagheera . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Jungle Book characters Neel Sethi , the actor who portrayed Mowgli Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father Voice cast ( edit ) Bill Murray as Baloo , a sloth bear who befriends Mowgli . Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector . Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli . Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother . Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python . Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack . Christopher Walken as King Louie , a gigantopithecus who rules the Bandar - log . Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce . Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother . Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog . Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel . Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros . Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros . Sara Arrington as an antelope Emjay Anthony , Max Favreau , Chloe Hechter , Asher Blinkoff , Knox Gagnon , Sasha Schrieber , and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves . Dee Bradley Baker , Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices . Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) `` The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this , it just felt like it would n't have the magic that the 1967 film had had . There was a dreamlike quality to it . There was a surreal quality to it . It was a high - water mark for character animation and to me , that 's what I remember about it . And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that ... But what ( Alan ) Horn said was : Look at the technology . Look at Life of Pi , Avatar . Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you ? Let 's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit . '' -- Jon Favreau on approaching the film 's technical intent . Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling 's short story collection The Jungle Book was in development on July 9 , 2013 , with Justin Marks set to write the script . The film would be Disney 's second live - action adaptation of Kipling 's works , following the 1994 film , the 1998 direct - to - video film Mowgli 's Story and the studio 's fourth overall after the 1967 animated musical . Jon Favreau was confirmed as director on November 5 , 2013 . Favreau as a child used to watch Disney 's 1967 animated musical . He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film , including some of its memorable songs , while crafting a movie with more realism and peril . He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling 's time and now , `` In Kipling 's time , nature was something to be overcome . Now nature is something to be protected . '' He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film 's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering , computer - generated imagery , and motion capture technologies . The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling 's works , but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films , including the child - mentor relationship in Shane ( 1953 ) , the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas ( 1990 ) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . The cast was announced between March and August 2014 , with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014 . Between then , Scarlett Johansson , Ben Kingsley , and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa , Bagheera , and King Louie . Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa , originally a male character , as he felt the original film was `` a little too male - oriented . '' Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha 's character more prominently , as in Kipling 's tales . Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role , `` Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance . There 's an emotional underpinning she brings , and a strength , and we wanted that for this surrogate mother . Much of that comes from her voice . '' Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India , where the story takes place . His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando 's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now , as well as incorporating Walken 's own physical mannerisms . In regards to Louie 's changes , Favreau stated , `` We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli . And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire , he could have power over Shere Khan , whether it was good or bad . So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that ; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power , but corrupt them as well as create destruction . '' The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling , who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film 's release . The search for casting Mowgli was extensive , with thousands of children auditioning from the United States , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , and Canada . Eventually , newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role , with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying `` the heart , humor , and daring of the character . He 's warm and accessible , yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation . '' Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role . Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story , as well as providing suggestions for the film 's end credits sequence . Filming and visual effects ( edit ) Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles . The animal characters were created entirely in key frame computer animation , with the assistance of footage of real animal movement , the actors recording their lines , and performance capture for reference . The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals ' speaking , while still making them perceptually believable to the audience . Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals -- including Walt Disney 's animated features , such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi , as well as modern films such as Babe -- and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book . Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film , with several species being portrayed as `` 150 % larger '' than their actual counterparts . Jim Henson 's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against , although none appear in the finished film . The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , Allan Trautman , and April Warren . Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors , expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect . Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Weta Digital created the film 's visual effects . MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals . Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production . Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence , with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that , `` It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature . So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features -- iconic lines , wrinkles and folds -- and integrated them into the animated character . '' Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film 's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney 's earlier animated films . At Favreau 's behest , the idea was extended into the film 's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo , which was recreated as `` a hand - painted , cel - animated multi-plane logo '' in homage to the animated films of that era , also incorporating the word `` Presents '' in the same style as the 1967 film 's opening credits . The film 's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film . Sound ( edit ) Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney , himself , had in mind . When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos , as Favreau said , `` we isolated instruments when we could . And in the sound mix , we created a Fantasound mix . If you see the film in Atmos , you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater . '' A mention for Fantasound appears in the film 's closing credits . Music ( edit ) The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney , mostly drawing from George Bruns ' original music . Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical , nevertheless , he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film . `` The Bare Necessities , '' written by Terry Gilkyson , is performed by Murray and Sethi , and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' and `` Trust in Me '' -- written by the Sherman Brothers -- are performed by Walken and Johansson , respectively ; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken 's version of `` I Wan'na Be Like You . '' Johansson 's rendition of `` Trust in Me '' was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by John Debney Released April 15 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans Genre Orchestral , swing jazz Length 74 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer John Debney <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> John Debney chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack on April 15 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3 : 36 2 . `` Trust in Me '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2 : 55 3 . `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' John Debney & George Bruns 2 : 27 4 . `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' John Debney 2 : 16 5 . `` Water Truce '' John Debney 3 : 40 6 . `` Rains Return '' John Debney 1 : 46 7 . `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' John Debney 3 : 28 8 . `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' John Debney 2 : 06 9 . `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' 5 : 21 10 . `` Honeycomb Climb '' 3 : 31 11 . `` Man Village '' 2 : 59 12 . `` Mowgli and the Pit '' 3 : 26 13 . `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' 1 : 52 14 . `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' 4 : 35 15 . `` Cold Lair Chase '' 4 : 03 16 . `` Red Flower '' 3 : 15 17 . `` To the River '' 3 : 05 18 . `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' 2 : 37 19 . `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' 4 : 52 20 . `` Elephant Waterfall '' 3 : 27 21 . `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' 0 : 41 22 . `` Jungle Book Closes '' 2 : 16 23 . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3 : 02 24 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins 3 : 01 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 74 : 17 Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina . Release ( edit ) Jon Favreau at the premiere of The Jungle Book in Sydney , Australia The film was originally scheduled for October 9 , 2015 , but the film 's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15 , 2016 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States , and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D ( in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago ) . The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4 , 2016 . It was released in 15 countries , a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15 , in countries like Argentina , Australia , Russia , Malaysia , and most notably in India on April 8 . The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country . The film had a special Hindi version with famous actors giving their voices to the main characters , including Irrfan Khan as Baloo , Om Puri as Bagheera , Priyanka Chopra as Ka , Nana Patekar as Sher Khan and Shefali Shah as Raksha , for its Indian audiences as the book and the Disney series based on it had been immensely popular in India in 1990s . Disney India also commissioned a contemporary recording of `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' ( originally used for the popular Indian version of Japanese anime series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ) , overseen by the original Hindi song 's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar , and released it as part of the film 's promotional campaign in India . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released digitally on August 23 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 ( August 22 in the UK ) . A 3D Blu - ray was said to be coming by the end of the year . The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a huge financial success and a surprise hit . It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio 's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year . It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million , against a budget of $175 million . Worldwide , the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens , a new record for a PG film . It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide . On May 13 , it became the second film of 2016 ( after the studio 's own Zootopia ) to pass the $800 million mark . On June 10 , it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America : Civil War to pass the $900 million mark . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016 . United States and Canada ( edit ) Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million , with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw . The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters ( 75 % ) were in 3D , including 376 IMAX screens , 463 premium large format screens , and 145 D - Box locations . It opened Friday , April 15 , 2016 , on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters , and earned $32.4 million , the fourth - biggest April Friday . This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews , the biggest preview number for a Disney live - adaptation film ( tied with Maleficent ) , an almost unheard - of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night . In total , it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend , exceeding expectations by 40 % and recorded the biggest PG - rated April opening ( breaking Hop 's record ) , the second - biggest Disney live - action adaptation opening ( behind Alice in Wonderland ) , and the second - biggest April opening ( behind Furious 7 ) . It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats , where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film 's opening - weekend gross , respectively , the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening . Notably , it also became the only second PG - rated release to ever open above $100 million ( following Alice in Wonderland ) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million ( following Deadpool and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) . It earned $130.7 million in its first full week , the second - biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , behind only Alice in Wonderland 's $146.6 million seven - day gross . Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break , it fell only by 40 % in its second weekend earning $61.5 million , still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War . That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million , it scored the fourth - smallest drop behind Shrek 2 ( − 33 % ) , Spider - Man ( − 39 % ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( − 39 % ) . Of those numbers , $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10 % of its entire North American box office gross . It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters ( an addition of 13 more theaters ) , a fall of only 29 % , outgrossing the next six pictures combined ( including the openings of three newcomers ) and recorded the sixth - biggest third weekend of all time . Moreover , the 29 % drop is the smallest third - weekend drop ( from its second weekend ) for a $100 million opener ever . Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film 's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters , but nevertheless , it was overtaken by Disney 's own Captain America : Civil War after experiencing a 50 % decline . It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release , on May 14 , as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend . It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers , which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million . It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest - grossing films of the year , alongside Finding Dory , The Secret Life of Pets , and Zootopia , centered around talking animals to dominate the year - end chart . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released in approximately 70 countries . Outside the US and Canada , it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut , and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War and holdover Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the latter of which was entering its third weekend . The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America : Civil War releases in early May , as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors . It eventually grossed $31.7 million , debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office , behind Dawn of Justice , which was playing across 67 markets . In its second weekend , it expanded to an additional 49 countries ( 88 % of its total marketplace ) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries , easily topping the international box office , a bulk of it came from China . Approximately 63 % or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings , with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 83 % ) , Brazil ( 73 % ) , Russia ( 60 % ) , Mexico ( 47 % ) , and the UK ( 39 % ) . $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens , a record for a PG and April release . It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories , falling only by a marginal 32 % . IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three - weekend total of $20.6 million . After three straight No. 1 runs , it was finally dethroned by the studio 's Captain America : Civil War in its fourth weekend . In India , it scored the second - biggest opening day for a Hollywood film , earning $1.51 million ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ) from around 1,500 screens and went on to score the second - biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time , with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens , behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency , performing better than expected and its initial $5 -- 6 million opening projection . Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney 's other live - fantasy adaptations -- Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , and Alice in Wonderland -- in the country . It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million . In its second weekend , it dropped just by a mere 40 % to $4.97 million . In just ten days , it became the fourth - highest - grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million . On Wednesday , April 19 -- its twelfth day of release -- it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest - grossing Hollywood / foreign release of all time there . By the end of its theatrical run , the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue -- 58 % -- coming from local dubbed versions , compared to Avengers : Age of Ultron , which saw 45 % of its revenue from dubbed versions . In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second - biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second - biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth - biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth - biggest Disney release there . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an opening weekend total of £ 9.9 million ( $14.1 million ) from 594 theaters and in France with $8.1 million . Elsewhere , the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ( $7.4 million ) , Germany ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $3.9 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.3 million ) , and in Malaysia , where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live - action Disney film with $2.3 million . In the UK , it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £ 5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World , Spectre , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( all 2015 films ) to achieve such an accomplishment , and the first film of 2016 to earn above £ 40 million ( $58 million ) . In South Korea , it faced competition with Warcraft , but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million . It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there . It opened in Japan on August 11 , alongside the superhero film X-Men : Apocalypse and delivered a four - day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ( $3 million in two days ) , debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets . Although the opening figure was considered mediocre , Deadline.com noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples . It fell just 30 % in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven - day total of $13.7 million . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ( $150.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $66.2 million ) and India ( $38.8 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million , the United Kingdom and Ireland , and in India ( although it was later surpassed by Sultan , in terms of Hollywood / imported films , it is still the biggest ) . Critical response ( edit ) The vocal performances of Bill Murray ( left ) , Idris Elba ( middle ) , and Ben Kingsley ( right ) were particularly praised . The film received praise for its visual effects , vocal performances , direction , musical score , and its faithfulness to the animated film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % , based on 296 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch , The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors -- all while setting a new standard for CGI . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Ninety - seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B. It got As from both the under - and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age , and also for the over-50 audience . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast , this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling 's tales of young Mowgli 's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging , even if it 's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft . '' Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version `` ca n't rival the woolly looseness of Disney 's 1967 animated classic , of course , but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five , and deemed it `` a sincere and full - hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says `` This ' Book ' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor , but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen 's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar . '' Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it , finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King . He wrote that the film was `` spectacular , exciting , funny and fun '' and that it `` handsomely revives the spirit of Disney 's original film . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that the film had laughs , excitement , an exceptional voice cast and , most importantly , a lot of heart , calling it a cinematic achievement like no other . He particularly praised Murray 's performance and the visual effects , deeming it `` simply astonishing . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an `` A -- , '' calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016 . He , however , felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting , and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three - and - a-half stars , pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film . He labelled it `` a beautifully rendered , visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling 's oft - filmed tales '' but found the musical numbers to be trivial , saying that without the musical numbers , the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan remarked that `` The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , labeling it scary and thrilling , yet unique and unforgettable , and adding that it `` fills us with something rare in movies today -- a sense of wonder . '' The Village Voice 's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it `` manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle , but never indulgent or gratuitous . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic . Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba 's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King , calling him `` baddie of the year . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba 's portrayal of Shere Khan stating : `` His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he 'd be scary no matter what , but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy . We understand and appreciate his point - of - view , even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli . '' The film 's visual effects and 3D photography were compared to those of Avatar , Gravity , Hugo , and Life of Pi . Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film `` is likely to evoke the same jaw - dropping reaction as James Cameron 's box office topper . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D . '' The film also had a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications , such as The Times of India , The Hindu , India Today , The Indian Express , and The Economic Times . The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director 's indecision to stick to one vision . Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film 's animated predecessor for plot , characterizations , songs , and set pieces , but does n't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision '' . Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings , saying that the film `` stumbles because the people involved are n't willing to fully commit to either making a near - shot - for - shot remake or going in a completely different direction '' . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless , writing that `` The better these talking beasts look , the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver . You admire The Jungle Book , but you ca n't lose yourself in it '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Sequel ( edit ) Following the film 's early financial and critical success , the studio has begun working on a sequel . Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role as Mowgli , while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return . It was announced on April 25 , 2016 that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write , and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back - to - back with a live - action remake of The Lion King . However , it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE JUNGLE BOOK ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' , ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' To Ignite Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McMarry ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' to Rule Box Office Kingdom With $70 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Says ' The Jungle Book ' Will Be His ' Avatar , ' Reveals New Images '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawal , Sugandha ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau breathes new life to Kipling classic ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Business Standard . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Marks To Adapt Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Reboot At Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Remember When Disney Made 2 Jungle Book Movies in the ' 90s ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jon Favreau in Talks to Direct ' Jungle Book ' for Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rainey , James ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Jon Favreau Combined CGI and One Real Boy to Remake ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Idris Elba to Voice Man - Eating Tiger in Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Scarlett Johansson , Lupita Nyong'o in Talks for Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Adds Christopher Walken & Giancarlo Esposito '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Errico , Marcus ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Favreau Breaks Down Disney 's Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Teaser : From the Digital Toolbox to the ' Bear Necessities ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau on the Subtle SFX Beauty of The Jungle Book and Casting Lupita Nyong'o '' . New York . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Inside The Jungle Book 's king - sized change to King Louie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How Jon Favreau Juggled Walt Disney 's Legacy and Digital Effects That Go Beyond ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Finds its Mowgli in Newcomer Neel Sethi '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew . `` 9 Things Disney Fans Need to Know About The Jungle Book , According to Jon Favreau '' . Disney Insider . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` CGI power ! ' The Jungle Book ' was shot entirely in downtown L.A. '' USA Today . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Human Mowgli is at the heart of ' Jungle Book ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Virtual Production for ' Jungle Book ' Detailed During HPA Tech Retreat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How They Pulled Off the Oscar - Bound VFX Hybrid '' . Indiewire . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reif , Alex ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasound Returns in 2016 with the Jungle Book '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Debney to Score Jon Favreau 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau brings CG realism to ' The Jungle Book ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release The Jungle Book Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes Release Date of ' Jungle Book : Origins ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Switches Places With ' Finest Hours , ' Pushed to Spring 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Wild With $101 M To $103.6 M ; ' Barbershop ' Cuts $20 M+ ; ' Criminal ' In Cooler -- Box Office Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fatema Etemadi ; Maya Anderma ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Premiere : Hollywood Reflects on a Disney Classic '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : 5 reasons you should watch Jon Favreau film with your kids this weekend '' . The Indian Express . April 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Rapoza ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What Indians Are Really Saying About Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Irrfan Khan On Why ' The Jungle Book ' Has Resonated in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Jungle Book remake branded ' too scary for kids ' by Indian censor '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ondvdreleases.com/2590-the-jungle-book.html Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Jungle Book Blu - ray and Digital HD Details '' . Comingsoon.net . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book , ' ' Me Before You ' Debut at Top of Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Notches Second Week Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moviegoers Flocking To Superhero Films , Talking Animal Toons And Almost Nothing Else '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Rules With A Mighty $103 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' A $337 M Offshore Beast As ' Huntsman ' Musters $80 M ; ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Global -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Jungle Book '' to Cross $800 M Mark Globally `` . The Walt Disney Company . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Passes $500 M Overseas On Way To $800 M WW , To Top ' Deadpool ' In UK '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Roars to $900 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` No. 6 ' The Jungle Book ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' expected to swing past $70 million in box office debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' and ' Barbershop 3 ' Seek Strong Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Earns Huge $32.4 M For $90 - 95M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings to Stellar $4.2 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Overcomes PG Stigma , Wowing Audiences of All Ages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Scores Huge $103.6 M U.S. Debut , Climbs to $291 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Captivates Moviegoers and Captures Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Opens with Massive $103 Million , Global Cume Tops $290 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Ends First Week With $130 M U.S. , Tops $400 M Worldwide Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Still A Box Office Bestseller With $60.8 M , ' Huntsman ' Trips With $20.1 M -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Tops With Huge $60 M Weekend , ' Batman V Superman ' Passes ' Iron Man ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Repeats , ' Huntsman ' Falls On His Axe and ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Tops $200 M U.S. In Just 12 Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' King Again , Reigns On Newcomer Parade : ' Keanu ' , ' Mother 's Day ' & ' Ratchet & Clank ' -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Snags Record - Low Third Weekend Plunge For A $100 M+ Opener '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Forecast : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looks to Become Fourth $200 + Million Opener '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Civil War ' B.O. Slowed By Moms , But Still 5th - Best Opening Of All - Time With $178 M -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opens to Mighty $181.8 M in U.S. , Hits $678.4 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Hits $828 M , ' Mother 's Day ' Crumbles Again '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Swings With $57.1 M Overseas Through Thursday -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Jumps To $138.6 M ; Passing $300 M WW Today , ' Batman v Superman ' At $829 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Grabs $200.4 M In Debut ; ' Jungle Book ' A Beast , And With ' Zootopia ' Disney Has $1.24 B From Three Titles -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Rocks India 's Box Office With Second Best Debut Ever For A Hollywood Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Nears $800 M Worldwide , ' Jungle Book ' And ' Huntsman ' Open Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Indian Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Second Highest Hollywood Opening Ever in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Swings to $57 Million at International Box Office , Breaks Big Record in India '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Back - End Profits In Prospect For Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Becomes Top Hollywood Release Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney India Getting Out of Bollywood Production ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Revenue in India Rises 10 Percent , Boosted by Dubbed Versions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Disney Hopes ' Jungle ' will Rumble Box Office '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings In China To $12 Million Opening Day , 250 % Better Than ' Zootopia ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Will Join The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Flouts Bad Weather In China For $20 Million Saturday , Huge 72 % Fri - Sat Jump '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney ' Jungle Book ' China Date Follows ' Zootopia ' Hit , Leads Shanghai Park '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Swings $50 Million Opening for Disney '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Goes Bananas With $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` China Goes Wild For ' Jungle Book ' With $50 Million Debut Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Holds Ahead of ' Huntsman , ' ' Sassy Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book ahead of the pack in UK while Mirren eyes a hit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America unseats Jungle Book at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men gang up on an exhausted Captain America at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pets ' Pushes ' Suicide Squad ' From # 1 Offshore Perch , Collars $675 M WW ; Supervillains Gain On $600 M -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Opens at No. 4 with $2.4 M ; ' Secret Life of Pets ' Stays No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $34 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $70 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Goes To The Mat ; Will Wrestling Drama Break Bollywood Bank ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Jungle Book , The ( United States , 2016 ) '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney Goes Wild '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zoller Seitz , Matt . `` THE JUNGLE BOOK '' . RogerEbert . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` The Jungle Book review : all of the talking animals , ranked '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Early Buzz : Critics Go Wild for Disney 's 3D Remake '' . / Film . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is a ' Jaw - Dropper ' and ' Technical Marvel , ' Critics Say '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` What Critics Are Saying About ' The Jungle Book , ' ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' and ' Criminal ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Forget about your worries , this new Jungle Book makes perfect sense -- review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : ' Babe ' Meets Rudyard Kipling in Mostly Satisfying Remake '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book review -- spectacular revival of Disney 's family favourite '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney 's New Version Is A Stunning Visual Marvel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Nashawaty ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : It all looks real as boy meets talking animals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travis ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW The Jungle Book '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bilge Ebiri ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` In ' The Jungle Book , ' Disney Builds a Better Reboot '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Recycled ' Jungle Book ' Puts a Real Boy in a Forest of Pixels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Cath ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book '' . Time Out . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is A Towering Visual Achievement '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Sarah ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Review '' . Screen International . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Ankita ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' movie review round - up : What critics have to say about Neel Sethi - starrer '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rasquinha , Reagan Gavin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Sankhayan ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : The law of the jungle prevails '' . The Hindu . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Ananya ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review : Neel Sethi brings alive Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli '' . India Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Langer , Shalini ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review , four stars '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balapurwala , Tasneem ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' review : A visual and aural treat ! '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-jungle-book Jump up ^ http://moviemezzanine.com/jungle-book-essay/ Jump up ^ http://www.miami.com/039the-jungle-book039-soulless-adventure-pg-article Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Stakes Out Release Dates for ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Maleficent 2 ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Claims Dates for Several New Movies ; Confirms ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Film portal 2010s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Official website The Jungle Book on IMDb The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes The Jungle Book at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Sherman Brothers <Td_colspan="2"> Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Jon Favreau <Td_colspan="2"> Made ( 2001 ) Elf ( 2003 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Chef ( 2014 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film <Td_colspan="2"> The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)&oldid=835695522 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films Annie Award winners Disney film remakes The Jungle Book ( franchise ) Films about animals Films about bears Films about elephants Films about orphans Films about snakes Films about tigers Films scored by John Debney Films directed by Jon Favreau Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hypnosis Films set in 1893 Films set in forests Films set in India Films shot in Los Angeles Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award IMAX films Jungle adventure films The Jungle Book films Performance capture in film Walt Disney Pictures films Wolves in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with deprecated parameters Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 06 : 40 . 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1. The Jungle Book (2016 film)
2. Disney's live-action adaptation
3. Cast and characters
4. Filming and visual effects
5. Music and soundtrack
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what does the s stand for in sim
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Subscriber identity module - wikipedia Subscriber identity module Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Overlay SIM be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2017 . A typical SIM card ( mini-SIM ) A mini-SIM card next to its electrical contacts in a Nokia 6233 A TracFone Wireless SIM card has no distinctive carrier markings and is only marked as a `` SIM CARD '' . A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module ( SIM ) is an integrated circuit that is intended to securely store the international mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) number and its related key , which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices ( such as mobile phones and computers ) . It is also possible to store contact information on many SIM cards . SIM cards are always used on GSM phones ; for CDMA phones , they are only needed for newer LTE - capable handsets . SIM cards can also be used in satellite phones , computers , or cameras . The SIM circuit is part of the function of a universal integrated circuit card ( UICC ) physical smart card , which is usually made of PVC with embedded contacts and semiconductors . `` SIM cards '' are transferable between different mobile devices . The first UICC smart cards were the size of credit and bank cards ; sizes were reduced several times over the years , usually keeping electrical contacts the same , so that a larger card could be cut down to a smaller size . A SIM card contains its unique serial number ( ICCID ) , international mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) number , security authentication and ciphering information , temporary information related to the local network , a list of the services the user has access to , and two passwords : a personal identification number ( PIN ) for ordinary use , and a personal unblocking code ( PUC ) for PIN unlocking . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and procurement 1.1 Inactivation 1.2 Registration 2 Design 3 Data 3.1 ICCID 3.2 International mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) 3.3 Authentication key ( K ) 3.4 Location area identity 3.5 SMS messages and contacts 4 Formats 4.1 Full - size SIM 4.2 Mini-SIM 4.3 Micro-SIM 4.4 Nano - SIM 4.5 Embedded - SIM / embedded universal integrated circuit card ( eUICC ) 5 Security 6 Developments 6.1 USIM 6.2 UICC 6.3 Other variants 7 Usage in mobile phone standards 8 SIM and carriers 8.1 SIM - only 9 Multiple - SIM devices 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History and procurement ( edit ) The SIM was initially specified by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute in the specification with the number TS 11.11 . This specification describes the physical and logical behaviour of the SIM . With the development of UMTS , the specification work was partially transferred to 3GPP . 3GPP is now responsible for the further development of applications like SIM ( TS 51.011 ) and USIM ( TS 31.102 ) and ETSI for the further development of the physical card UICC . The first SIM card was developed in 1991 by Munich smart - card maker Giesecke & Devrient , who sold the first 300 SIM cards to the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja . Today , SIM cards are ubiquitous , allowing over 7 billion devices to connect to cellular networks around the world . According to the International Card Manufacturers Association ( ICMA ) , there were 5.4 billion SIM cards manufactured globally in 2016 creating over $6.5 billion in revenue for traditional SIM card vendors . The rise of cellular IoT and 5G networks is predicted to drive the growth of the addressable market for SIM card manufacturers to over 20 billion cellular devices by 2020 . The introduction of Embedded SIM ( eSIM ) and Remote SIM Provisioning ( RSP ) from the GSMA may disrupt the traditional SIM card ecosystem with the entrance of new players specializing in `` digital '' SIM card provisioning and other value - added services for mobile network operators . Inactivation ( edit ) Many non-contractual `` pay - as - you - go '' arrangements require the subscriber to actively use credit periodically to avoid account expiration , expiration period depends on network operators , typically defining a period from three months to one year . This is sometimes associated with the SIM card being made `` inactive '' by the network . Registration ( edit ) Most countries and operators require customer identification to activate service , but some , such as The United States , Hong Kong SAR , Lithuania and the Philippines , do not . Design ( edit ) SIM chip structure and packaging There are three operating voltages for SIM cards : 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V ( ISO / IEC 7816 - 3 classes A , B and C , respectively ) . The operating voltage of the majority of SIM cards launched before 1998 was 5 V. SIM cards produced subsequently are compatible with 3 V and 5 V. Modern cards support 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V . 4 by 4 mm silicon chip in a SIM card which has been peeled open . Note the thin gold bonding wires , and the regular , rectangular digital memory areas . Modern SIM cards allow applications to load when the SIM is in use by the subscriber . These applications communicate with the handset or a server using SIM Application Toolkit , which was initially specified by 3GPP in TS 11.14 . ( There is an identical ETSI specification with different numbering . ) ETSI and 3GPP maintain the SIM specifications . The main specifications are : ETSI TS 102 223 , ETSI TS 102 241 , ETSI TS 102 588 , and ETSI TS 131 111 . SIM toolkit applications were initially written in native code using proprietary APIs . To provide interoperability of the applications , ETSI chose Java Card. . Additional standard size and specifications of interest are maintained by GlobalPlatform . Data ( edit ) SIM cards store network - specific information used to authenticate and identify subscribers on the network . The most important of these are the ICCID , IMSI , Authentication Key ( Ki ) , Local Area Identity ( LAI ) and Operator - Specific Emergency Number . The SIM also stores other carrier - specific data such as the SMSC ( Short Message Service Center ) number , Service Provider Name ( SPN ) , Service Dialing Numbers ( SDN ) , Advice - Of - Charge parameters and Value Added Service ( VAS ) applications . ( Refer to GSM 11.11 ) SIM cards can come in various data capacities , from 8 KB to at least 256 KB . All can store a maximum of 250 contacts on the SIM , but while the 32 KB has room for 33 Mobile Network Codes ( MNCs ) or network identifiers , the 64 KB version has room for 80 MNCs . This is used by network operators to store data on preferred networks , mostly used when the SIM is not in its home network but is roaming . The network operator that issued the SIM card can use this to have a phone connect to a preferred network that is more economic for the provider instead of having to pay the network operator that the phone ' saw ' first . This does not mean that a phone containing this SIM card can connect to a maximum of only 33 or 80 networks , but it means that the SIM card issuer can specify only up to that number of preferred networks . If a SIM is outside these preferred networks it uses the first or best available network . ICCID ( edit ) Each SIM is internationally identified by its integrated circuit card identifier ( ICCID ) . ICCIDs are stored in the SIM cards and are also engraved or printed on the SIM card body during a process called personalisation . The ICCID is defined by the ITU - T recommendation E. 118 as the Primary Account Number . Its layout is based on ISO / IEC 7812 . According to E. 118 , the number is up to 22 digits long , including a single check digit calculated using the Luhn algorithm . However , the GSM Phase 1 defined the ICCID length as 10 octets ( 20 digits ) with operator - specific structure . The number is composed of the following subparts : Issuer identification number ( IIN ) Maximum of seven digits : Major industry identifier ( MII ) , 2 fixed digits , 89 for telecommunication purposes . Country code , 1 -- 3 digits , as defined by ITU - T recommendation E. 164 . Issuer identifier , 1 -- 4 digits . Individual account identification Individual account identification number . Its length is variable , but every number under one IIN has the same length . Check digit Single digit calculated from the other digits using the Luhn algorithm . With the GSM Phase 1 specification using 10 octets into which ICCID is stored as packed BCD , the data field has room for 20 digits with hexadecimal digit `` F '' being used as filler when necessary . In practice , this means that on GSM SIM cards there are 20 - digit ( 19 + 1 ) and 19 - digit ( 18 + 1 ) ICCIDs in use , depending upon the issuer . However , a single issuer always uses the same size for its ICCIDs . To confuse matters more , SIM factories seem to have varying ways of delivering electronic copies of SIM personalization datasets . Some datasets are without the ICCID checksum digit , others are with the digit . As required by E. 118 , The ITU publishes a list of all current internationally assigned IIN codes in its Operational Bulletins . As of October 2016 the list issued on 15 November 2013 was current . International mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) ( edit ) SIM cards are identified on their individual operator networks by a unique International Mobile Subscriber Identity ( IMSI ) . Mobile network operators connect mobile phone calls and communicate with their market SIM cards using their IMSIs . The format is : The first three digits represent the Mobile Country Code ( MCC ) . The next two or three digits represent the Mobile Network Code ( MNC ) . Three - digit MNC codes are allowed by E. 212 but are mainly used in the United States and Canada . The next digits represent the mobile subscriber identification number ( MSIN ) . Normally there are 10 digits , but can be fewer in the case of a 3 - digit MNC or if national regulations indicate that the total length of the IMSI should be less than 15 digits . Digits are different from country to country . Authentication key ( K ) ( edit ) The K is a 128 - bit value used in authenticating the SIMs on a GSM mobile network ( for USIM network , you still need K but other parameters are also needed ) . Each SIM holds a unique K assigned to it by the operator during the personalization process . The K is also stored in a database ( termed authentication center or AuC ) on the carrier 's network . The SIM card is designed to prevent someone from getting the K by using the smart - card interface . Instead , the SIM card provides a function , Run GSM Algorithm , that the phone uses to pass data to the SIM card to be signed with the K . This , by design , makes using the SIM card mandatory unless the K can be extracted from the SIM card , or the carrier is willing to reveal the K . In practice , the GSM cryptographic algorithm for computing SRES_2 ( see step 4 , below ) from the K has certain vulnerabilities that can allow the extraction of the K from a SIM card and the making of a duplicate SIM card . Authentication process : When the mobile equipment starts up , it obtains the international mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) from the SIM card , and passes this to the mobile operator , requesting access and authentication . The mobile equipment may have to pass a PIN to the SIM card before the SIM card reveals this information . The operator network searches its database for the incoming IMSI and its associated K . The operator network then generates a random number ( RAND , which is a nonce ) and signs it with the K associated with the IMSI ( and stored on the SIM card ) , computing another number , that is split into the Signed Response 1 ( SRES_1 , 32 bits ) and the encryption key K ( 64 bits ) . The operator network then sends the RAND to the mobile equipment , which passes it to the SIM card . The SIM card signs it with its K , producing SRES_2 and K , which it gives to the mobile equipment . The mobile equipment passes SRES_2 on to the operator network . The operator network then compares its computed SRES_1 with the computed SRES_2 that the mobile equipment returned . If the two numbers match , the SIM is authenticated and the mobile equipment is granted access to the operator 's network . K is used to encrypt all further communications between the mobile equipment and the network . Location area identity ( edit ) The SIM stores network state information , which is received from the Location Area Identity ( LAI ) . Operator networks are divided into Location Areas , each having a unique LAI number . When the device changes locations , it stores the new LAI to the SIM and sends it back to the operator network with its new location . If the device is power cycled , it takes data off the SIM , and searches for the prior LAI . SMS messages and contacts ( edit ) Most SIM cards store a number of SMS messages and phone book contacts . It stores the contacts in simple `` name and number '' pairs . Entries that contain multiple phone numbers and additional phone numbers are usually not stored on the SIM card . When a user tries to copy such entries to a SIM , the handset 's software breaks them into multiple entries , discarding information that is not a phone number . The number of contacts and messages stored depends on the SIM ; early models stored as few as five messages and 20 contacts , while modern SIM cards can usually store over 250 contacts . Formats ( edit ) From left , full - size SIM ( 1FF ) , mini-SIM ( 2FF ) , micro-SIM ( 3FF ) , and nano - SIM ( 4FF ) Nano - SIM ( in bottom ) , micro-SIM and mini-SIM , SIM brackets from Movistar in Colombia The memory chip from a micro-SIM card without the plastic backing plate , next to a US dime , which is approx. 18 mm in diameter Embedded SIM from M2M supplier Eseye with an adapter board for evaluation in a Mini-SIM socket SIM cards have been made smaller over the years ; functionality is independent of format . Full - size SIM were followed by mini-SIM , micro-SIM , and nano - SIM . SIM cards are also made to embed in devices . SIM card sizes SIM card Introduced Standard reference Length ( mm ) Width ( mm ) Thickness ( mm ) Volume ( mm ) Full - size ( 1FF ) 1991 ISO / IEC 7810 : 2003 , ID - 1 85.60 53.98 0.76 3511.72 Mini-SIM ( 2FF ) ISO / IEC 7810 : 2003 , ID - 000 25.00 15.00 0.76 285.00 Micro-SIM ( 3FF ) 2003 ETSI TS 102 221 V9. 0.0 , Mini-UICC 15.00 12.00 0.76 136.80 Nano - SIM ( 4FF ) early 2012 ETSI TS 102 221 V11. 0.0 12.30 8.80 0.67 72.52 Embedded - SIM ( eSIM ) JEDEC Design Guide 4.8 , SON - 8 ETSI TS 103 383 V12. 0.0 GSMA SGP. 22 V1. 0 6.00 5.00 < 1.00 < 30.00 Full - size SIM ( edit ) The full - size SIM ( or 1FF , 1st form factor ) was the first form factor to appear . It has the size of a credit card ( 85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm ) . Later smaller SIMs are often supplied embedded in a full - size card that they can be pushed out of . Mini-SIM ( edit ) The mini-SIM ( or 2FF ) card has the same contact arrangement as the full - size SIM card and is normally supplied within a full - size card carrier , attached by a number of linking pieces . This arrangement ( defined in ISO / IEC 7810 as ID - 1 / 000 ) lets such a card be used in a device that requires a full - size card -- or in a device that requires a mini-SIM card , after breaking the linking pieces . As the full - size SIM is no longer used , some suppliers refer to the mini-SIM as a `` standard SIM '' or `` regular SIM '' . Micro-SIM ( edit ) The micro-SIM ( or 3FF ) card has the same thickness and contact arrangements , but reduced length and width as shown in the table above . The micro-SIM was introduced by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) along with SCP , 3GPP ( UTRAN / GERAN ) , 3GPP2 ( CDMA2000 ) , ARIB , GSM Association ( GSMA SCaG and GSMNA ) , GlobalPlatform , Liberty Alliance , and the Open Mobile Alliance ( OMA ) for the purpose of fitting into devices too small for a mini-SIM card . The form factor was mentioned in the December 1998 3GPP SMG9 UMTS Working Party , which is the standards - setting body for GSM SIM cards , and the form factor was agreed upon in late 2003 . The micro-SIM was designed for backward compatibility . The major issue for backward compatibility was the contact area of the chip . Retaining the same contact area makes the micro-SIM compatible with the prior , larger SIM readers through the use of plastic cutout surrounds . The SIM was also designed to run at the same speed ( 5 MHz ) as the prior version . The same size and positions of pins resulted in numerous `` How - to '' tutorials and YouTube video with detailed instructions how to cut a mini-SIM card to micro-SIM size . The chairman of EP SCP , Dr. Klaus Vedder , said `` ETSI has responded to a market need from ETSI customers , but additionally there is a strong desire not to invalidate , overnight , the existing interface , nor reduce the performance of the cards . '' Micro-SIM cards were introduced by various mobile service providers for the launch of the original iPad , and later for smartphones , from April 2010 . The iPhone 4 was the first smartphone to use a micro-SIM card in June 2010 , followed by many others . Nano - SIM ( edit ) The nano - SIM ( or 4FF ) card was introduced on 11 October 2012 , when mobile service providers in various countries started to supply it for phones that supported the format . The nano - SIM measures 12.3 × 8.8 × 0.67 mm and reduces the previous format to the contact area while maintaining the existing contact arrangements . A small rim of isolating material is left around the contact area to avoid short circuits with the socket . The nano - SIM is 0.67 mm thick , compared to the 0.76 mm of its predecessor . 4FF can be put into adapters for use with devices designed for 2FF or 3FF SIMs , and is made thinner for that purpose , but many phone companies do not recommend this . The iPhone 5 , released in September 2012 , was the first device to use a nano - SIM card , followed by other handsets . Embedded - SIM / embedded universal integrated circuit card ( eUICC ) ( edit ) An upcoming new type of SIM is called e-SIM or eSIM ( embedded SIM ) . It is a non-replaceable embedded chip in SON - 8 package that is soldered directly onto a circuit board . It has M2M and remote SIM provisioning capabilities . The surface mount format provides the same electrical interface as the full size , 2FF and 3FF SIM cards , but is soldered to the circuit board as part of the manufacturing process . In M2M applications where there is no requirement to change the SIM card , this avoids the requirement for a connector , improving reliability and security . GSMA has been discussing the possibilities of a software based SIM card since 2010 . While Motorola noted that eUICC is geared at industrial devices , Apple `` disagreed that there is any statement forbidding the use of an embedded UICC in a consumer product . '' in 2012 , The European Commission has selected the Embedded UICC format for its in - vehicle emergency call service known as eCall . All new car models in the EU must have one by 2018 to instantly connect the car to the emergency services in case of an accident . Russia has a similar plan with the ERA - GLONASS regional satellite positioning system . Security ( edit ) In July 2013 , Karsten Nohl , a security researcher from SRLabs , described vulnerabilities in some SIM cards that supported DES , which , despite its age , is still used by some operators . The attack could lead to the phone being remotely cloned or let someone steal payment credentials from the SIM . Further details of the research were provided at BlackHat on July 31 , 2013 . In response , the International Telecommunication Union said that the development was `` hugely significant '' and that it would be contacting its members . In February 2015 , it was reported by The Intercept that the NSA and GCHQ had stolen the encryption keys ( Ki 's ) used by Gemalto ( the manufacturer of 2 billion SIM cards annually ) , enabling these intelligence agencies to monitor voice and data communications without the knowledge or approval of cellular network providers or judicial oversight . Having finished its investigation , Gemalto claimed that it has `` reasonable grounds '' to believe that the NSA and GCHQ carried out an operation to hack its network in 2010 and 2011 , but says the number of possibly stolen keys would not have been massive . Developments ( edit ) When GSM was already in use , the specifications were further developed and enhanced with functionality such as SMS and GPRS . These development steps are referred as releases by ETSI . Within these development cycles , the SIM specification was enhanced as well : new voltage classes , formats and files were introduced . USIM ( edit ) In GSM - only times , the SIM consisted of the hardware and the software . With the advent of UMTS this naming was split : the SIM was now an application and hence only software . The hardware part was called UICC . This split was necessary because UMTS introduced a new application , the universal subscriber identity module ( USIM ) . The USIM brought , among other things , security improvements like the mutual authentication and longer encryption keys and an improved address book . UICC ( edit ) Main article : Universal integrated circuit card `` SIM cards '' in developed countries are today usually UICCs containing at least a SIM and a USIM application . This configuration is necessary because older GSM only handsets are solely compatible with the SIM ( application ) and some UMTS security enhancements do rely on the USIM ( application ) . Other variants ( edit ) The equivalent of SIM on CDMA networks is the R - UIM ( and the equivalent of USIM is CSIM ) . A virtual SIM is a mobile phone number provided by a mobile network operator that does not require a SIM card to connect phone calls to a user 's mobile phone . At the 2015 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona , Simless , Inc. , a US - based startup unveiled world 's first GSM phone without a SIM card slot . The reference phone was capable of downloading multiple virtual SIM cards over-the - air . Usage in mobile phone standards ( edit ) The use of SIM cards is mandatory in GSM devices . The satellite phone networks Iridium , Thuraya and Inmarsat 's BGAN also use SIM cards . Sometimes , these SIM cards work in regular GSM phones and also allow GSM customers to roam in satellite networks by using their own SIM card in a satellite phone . Japan 's 2G PDC system ( which was shut down in 2012 ; SoftBank Mobile has already shut down PDC from March 31 , 2010 ) also specifies a SIM , but this has never been implemented commercially . The specification of the interface between the Mobile Equipment and the SIM is given in the RCR STD - 27 annex 4 . The Subscriber Identity Module Expert Group was a committee of specialists assembled by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) to draw up the specifications ( GSM 11.11 ) for interfacing between smart cards and mobile telephones . In 1994 , the name SIMEG was changed to SMG9 . Japan 's current and next generation cellular systems are based on W - CDMA ( UMTS ) and CDMA2000 and all use SIM cards . However , Japanese CDMA2000 - based phones are locked to the R - UIM they are associated with and thus , the cards are not interchangeable with other Japanese CDMA2000 handsets ( though they may be inserted into GSM / WCDMA handsets for roaming purposes outside Japan ) . CDMA - based devices originally did not use a removable card , and the service for these phones bound to a unique identifier contained in the handset itself . This is most prevalent in operators in the Americas . The first publication of the TIA - 820 standard ( also known as 3GPP2 C. S0023 ) in 2000 defined the Removable User Identity Module ( R - UIM ) . Card - based CDMA devices are most prevalent in Asia . The equivalent of a SIM in UMTS is called the universal integrated circuit card ( UICC ) , which runs a USIM application . The UICC is still colloquially called a SIM card . SIM card for Thuraya satellite phone KDDI 's au IC - Card NTT DoCoMo 's FOMA Card UMTS modem with Beeline 's SIM card SIM card and the mobile phone Three UK SIM Card with Packaging Chunghwa Telecom 's LTE Card China Mobile 's LTE SIM card H2O Wireless prepaid SIM card Hotlink ( Maxis ) nano - SIM card Dual SIM slots as shown on Chinese cell phone Deutsche Telekom nano - SIM Card with NFC capabilities in the SIM tray of an iPhone 6s Deutsche Telekom Mini-SIM with pre-cut Micro - and Nano - SIM SIM and carriers ( edit ) The SIM card introduced a new and significant business opportunity for MVNOs -- mobile virtual network operators -- who lease capacity from one of the network operators rather than owning or operating a cellular telecoms network , and only provide a SIM card to their customers . MVNOs first appeared in Denmark , Hong Kong , Finland and the UK . Today they exist in over 50 countries , including most of Europe , United States , Canada , Mexico , Australia and parts of Asia , and account for approximately 10 % of all mobile phone subscribers around the world . On some networks , the mobile phone is locked to its carrier SIM card , meaning that the phone only works with SIM cards from the specific carrier . This is more common in markets where mobile phones are heavily subsidised by the carriers , and the business model depends on the customer staying with the service provider for a minimum term ( typically 12 , 18 or 24 months ) . SIM cards that are issued by providers with an associated contract are called SIM - only deals . Common examples are the GSM networks in the United States , Canada , Australia , the UK and Poland . Many businesses offer the ability to remove the SIM lock from a phone , effectively making it possible to then use the phone on any network by inserting a different SIM card . Mostly , GSM and 3G mobile handsets can easily be unlocked and used on any suitable network with any SIM card . In countries where the phones are not subsidised , e.g. , India , Israel and Belgium , all phones are unlocked . Where the phone is not locked to its SIM card , the users can easily switch networks by simply replacing the SIM card of one network with that of another while using only one phone . This is typical , for example , among users who may want to optimise their carrier 's traffic by different tariffs to different friends on different networks , or when traveling internationally . In 2016 , carriers started using the concept of automatic SIM reactivation whereby they let users reuse expired SIM cards instead of purchasing new ones when they wish to re-subscribe to that operator . This is particularly useful in countries where prepaid calls dominate and where competition drives high churn rates , as users had to return to a carrier shop to purchase a new SIM each time they wanted to churn back to an operator . SIM - only ( edit ) Commonly sold as a product by mobile telecommunications companies , `` SIM - only '' refers to a type of legally binding contract between a mobile network provider and a customer . The contract itself takes the form of a credit agreement and is subject to a credit check . Within a SIM - only contract the mobile network provider supplies their customer with just one piece of hardware , a SIM card , which includes an agreed amount of network usage in exchange for a monthly payment . Network usage within a SIM - only contract can be measured in minutes , text , data or any combination of these . The duration of a SIM - only contract varies depending on the deal selected by the customer , but in the UK they are available over 1 , 3 , 6 , and 12 month periods . SIM - only contracts differ from mobile phone contracts in that they do not include any hardware other than a SIM card . In terms of network usage , SIM - only is typically more cost effective than other contracts because the provider does not charge more to offset the cost of a mobile device over the contract period . Short contract length is one of the key features of SIM - only -- made possible by the absence of a mobile device . SIM - only is increasing in popularity very quickly . In 2010 pay monthly based mobile phone subscriptions grew from 41 percent to 49 percent of all UK mobile phone subscriptions . According to German research company Gfk , 250,000 SIM - only mobile contracts were taken up in the UK during July 2012 alone , the highest figure since GfK began keeping records . Increasing smartphone penetration combined with financial concerns are leading customers to save money by moving onto a SIM - only when their initial contract term is over . Multiple - SIM devices ( edit ) Main article : Dual SIM Devices with two SIM slots are known as dual SIMs . Dual - SIM mobile phones usually come with two slots for SIMs , one behind the battery and another on the side of the phone , though in some devices both slots can be found on the battery tray , or on the side of the phone if the device does not have a removable battery . Multiple - SIM devices are commonplace in developing markets such as in Africa , East Asia , the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia , where billing rates and variable network coverage / mode , make it desirable for consumers to use multiple SIMs from competing networks . It 's also useful when you split work and home number for better privacy . They are not common in the Western world . See also ( edit ) Apple SIM International Mobile Equipment Identity ( IMEI ) GSM 03.48 SIM cloning SIM connector IP Multimedia Services Identity Module ( ISIM ) W - SIM ( Willcom - SIM ) Mobile equipment identifier ( MEID ) VMAC Mobile signature Single Wire Protocol ( SWP ) SIM Application Toolkit ( STK ) Mobile broadband Tethering Smart card Regional lockout GSM USSD codes -- Unstructured Supplementary Service Data : list of standard GSM codes for network and SIM related functions Remote SIM provisioning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3GPP specification : 51.011 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3GPP specification : 31.102 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Asif , Saad Z. ( 2011 ) . Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem . John Wiley & Sons . p. 306 . ISBN 1119995817 . Jump up ^ `` G&D - History of Giesecke & Devrient '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Publication of the International Card Manufacturers Association February 2017 Volume 27 No1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ericsson Mobility Report November 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSMA Embedded SIM and RSP '' . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAYG Inactivity : Time For Credit Expiry & Account Termination '' . Ken 's Tech Tips . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3GPP specification : 11.11 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ ITU - T , ITU - T Recommendation E. 118 , The international telecommunication charge card , Revision history , Revision `` 05 / 2006 '' Jump up ^ ETSI , ETSI Recommendation GSM 11.11 , Specifications of the SIM - ME Interface , Version 3.16. 0 Jump up ^ `` List of issuer identifier numbers for the international telecommunication charge card ( In accordance with Recommendation ITU - T E. 118 ( 05 / 2006 ) ) '' . International Telecommunication Union . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Links to current IIN list . Jump up ^ `` Operational Bulletin No. 1040 ( 15. XI. 2013 ) and Annexed List : List of issuer identifier numbers for the international telecommunication charge card ( In accordance with Recommendation ITU - T E. 118 ( 05 / 2006 ) ) ( Position on 15 November 2013 ) '' . International Telecommunication Union . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hackers crack open mobile network '' . bbc.co.uk. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What is a microsim card ? '' . SimOnlyPro.nl . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gaby Lenhart ( 1 April 2006 ) . `` The Smart Card Platform '' . ETSI Technical Committee Smart Card Platform ( TB SCP ) . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . SCP is co-operating on both technical and service aspects with a number of other committees both within and outside the telecommunications sector . Jump up ^ Segan , Sascha ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Inside the iPad Lurks the ' Micro SIM ' '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DRAFT Report of the SMG9 UMTS Working Party , meeting # 7 hosted by Nokia in Copenhagen , 15 -- 16 December 1998 '' ( PDF ) . 3GPP. 25 January 1999 . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . One manufacturer stated that it may be difficult to meeting ISO mechanical standards for a combined ID - 1 / micro-SIM card . ^ Jump up to : Antipolis , Sophia ( 8 December 2003 ) . `` New form factor for smart cards introduced '' . SmartCard Trends . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . The work item for the so - called Third Form Factor , `` 3FF '' , was agreed , after intensive discussions , at the SCP meeting held last week in London . Jump up ^ How to make MicroSIM on YouTube Jump up ^ Dr. Klaus Vedder ( 18 January 2012 ) . `` The UICC -- Recent Work of ETSI TC Smart Card Platform '' ( PDF ) . ETSI . p. 12 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin Mobile . `` An important guide to inserting your SIM into your mobile '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Diana ben - Aaron ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` GSMA Explores Software - Based Replacement for Mobile SIM Cards '' . Bloomberg . p. 1 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Chris ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Embedded SIMs : they 're happening , and Apple thinks they could be in consumer products '' . The Verge . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Duarte ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` eUICC -- embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card '' . COSWITCHED.COM . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Encryption Bug in SIM Card Can be Used to Hack Millions of Phones , published 2013 - 07 - 21 , accessed 2013 - 07 - 22 ^ Jump up to : Rooting SIM cards , SR Labs , accessed 2013 - 07 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Black Hat USA 2013 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ UPDATE 1 - UN warns on mobile cybersecurity bugs in bid to prevent attacks , Reuters , 2013 - 07 - 21 , accessed 2013 - 07 - 21 Jump up ^ `` The Great SIM Heist - How Spies Stole the Keys to the Encryption Castle '' . The Intercept . The Intercept ( First Look Media ) . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gemalto : NSA / GCHQ Hack ' Probably Happened ' But Did n't Include Mass SIM Key Theft '' . techcrunch.com . February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simless , Inc . `` Simless Unveils World 's First GSM Phone Without a SIM Card Slot '' . PRLog . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gemalto pioneers SIM reactivation '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` A nation addicted to smartphones '' . Ofcom . Jump up ^ `` UK sales of SIM - only mobile contracts set a new record '' . The Fone Cast . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SIM cards . ETSI Smart Card standards ( 102 221 ) GSM 11.11 -- Specification of the Subscriber Identity Module - Mobile Equipment ( SIM - ME ) interface . GSM 11.14 -- Specification of the SIM Application Toolkit for the Subscriber Identity Module - Mobile Equipment ( SIM - ME ) interface GSM 03.48 -- Specification of the security mechanisms for SIM application toolkit GSM 03.48 Java API -- API and realization of GSM 03.48 in Java ITU - T E. 118 -- The International Telecommunication Charge Card 2006 ITU - T <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices <Td_colspan="2"> Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking <Td_colspan="2"> Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subscriber_identity_module&oldid=832303504 '' Categories : American inventions Mobile phone standards Cryptographic hardware Smart cards Computer access control Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from July 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 03 : 46 . 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1. Subscriber identity module (SIM)
2. International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)
3. SIM card sizes
4. Authentication key (K)
5. Embedded SIM (eSIM)
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where does the digestion of fat primarily occur
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Digestion - wikipedia Digestion Jump to : navigation , search For the industrial process , see anaerobic digestion . For the treatment of precipitates in analytical chemistry , see Precipitation ( chemistry ) § Digestion . For the journal , see Digestion ( journal ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Digestive system <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Details <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin systema digestorium <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water - soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma . In certain organisms , these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream . Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down : mechanical and chemical digestion . The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes . In chemical digestion , enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use . In the human digestive system , food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication ( chewing ) , a form of mechanical digestion , and the wetting contact of saliva . Saliva , a liquid secreted by the salivary glands , contains salivary amylase , an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food ; the saliva also contains mucus , which lubricates the food , and hydrogen carbonate , which provides the ideal conditions of pH ( alkaline ) for amylase to work . After undergoing mastication and starch digestion , the food will be in the form of a small , round slurry mass called a bolus . It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis . Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion . Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin . As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall , mucus is secreted by the stomach , providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals . At the same time protein digestion is occurring , mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis , which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall . This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes . After some time ( typically 1 -- 2 hours in humans , 4 -- 6 hours in dogs , 3 -- 4 hours in house cats ) , the resulting thick liquid is called chyme . When the pyloric sphincter valve opens , chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine , in which digestion continues . When the chyme is fully digested , it is absorbed into the blood . 95 % of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine . Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon ( large intestine ) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9 . Some vitamins , such as biotin and vitamin K ( K MK7 ) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon . Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Digestive system 1.1 Secretion systems 1.1. 1 Channel transport system 1.1. 2 Molecular syringe 1.1. 3 Conjugation machinery 1.1. 4 Release of outer membrane vesicles 1.2 Gastrovascular cavity 1.3 Phagosome 1.4 Specialised organs and behaviours 1.4. 1 Beaks 1.4. 2 Tongue 1.4. 3 Teeth 1.4. 4 Crop 1.4. 5 Abomasum 1.4. 6 Specialised behaviours 1.5 In earthworms 2 Overview of vertebrate digestion 3 Human digestion process 3.1 Neural and biochemical control mechanisms 4 Breakdown into nutrients 4.1 Protein digestion 4.2 Fat digestion 4.3 Carbohydrate digestion 4.4 DNA and RNA digestion 5 Non-destructive digestion 6 Digestive hormones 7 Significance of pH 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Digestive system Digestive systems take many forms . There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion . External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history , and most fungi still rely on it . In this process , enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism , where they break down an organic material , and some of the products diffuse back to the organism . Animals have a tube ( gastrointestinal tract ) in which internal digestion occurs , which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured , and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled . Some organisms , including nearly all spiders , simply secrete biotoxins and digestive chemicals ( e.g. , enzymes ) into the extracellular environment prior to ingestion of the consequent `` soup '' . In others , once potential nutrients or food is inside the organism , digestion can be conducted to a vesicle or a sac - like structure , through a tube , or through several specialized organs aimed at making the absorption of nutrients more efficient . Schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation. 1 - Donor cell produces pilus. 2 - Pilus attaches to recipient cell , bringing the two cells together . 3 - The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is transferred to the recipient cell . 4 - Both cells recircularize their plasmids , synthesize second strands , and reproduce pili ; both cells are now viable donors . Secretion systems Main article : Secretion § Secretion in Gram negative bacteria Bacteria use several systems to obtain nutrients from other organisms in the environments . Channel transport system In a channel transupport system , several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria . It is a simple system , which consists of only three protein subunits : the ABC protein , membrane fusion protein ( MFP ) , and outer membrane protein ( OMP ) . This secretion system transports various molecules , from ions , drugs , to proteins of various sizes ( 20 -- 900 kDa ) . The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V , ( 10 kDa ) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa . Molecular syringe A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium ( e.g. certain types of Salmonella , Shigella , Yersinia ) can inject nutrients into protist cells . One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host 's cells rather than simply be secreted into the extracellular medium . Conjugation machinery The conjugation machinery of some bacteria ( and archaeal flagella ) is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins . It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens , which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host , which develops the crown gall ( tumor ) . The VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system . The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case , wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation . Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells . Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines , which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources . Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors . The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria , which are in turn endosymbionts ( or parasites ) of the infected plant . The Ti and Ri plasmids are themselves conjugative . Ti and Ri transfer between bacteria uses an independent system ( the tra , or transfer , operon ) from that for inter-kingdom transfer ( the vir , or virulence , operon ) . Such transfer creates virulent strains from previously avirulent Agrobacteria . Release of outer membrane vesicles In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above , Gram - negative bacteria possess another method for release of material : the formation of outer membrane vesicles . Portions of the outer membrane pinch off , forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials . Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors , some have immunomodulatory effects , and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells . While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions , the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective . Venus Flytrap ( Dionaea muscipula ) leaf Gastrovascular cavity The gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body . Extracellular digestion takes place within this central cavity , which is lined with the gastrodermis , the internal layer of epithelium . This cavity has only one opening to the outside that functions as both a mouth and an anus : waste and undigested matter is excreted through the mouth / anus , which can be described as an incomplete gut . In a plant such as the Venus Flytrap that can make its own food through photosynthesis , it does not eat and digest its prey for the traditional objectives of harvesting energy and carbon , but mines prey primarily for essential nutrients ( nitrogen and phosphorus in particular ) that are in short supply in its boggy , acidic habitat . Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica with ingested erythrocytes Phagosome A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis . The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle . A phagosome is a cellular compartment in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed and digested . Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes in their maturation process , forming phagolysosomes . In humans , Entamoeba histolytica can phagocytose red blood cells . Specialised organs and behaviours To aid in the digestion of their food animals evolved organs such as beaks , tongues , teeth , a crop , gizzard , and others . A Catalina Macaw 's seed - shearing beak Squid beak with ruler for size comparison Beaks Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird 's ecological niche . For example , macaws primarily eat seeds , nuts , and fruit , using their impressive beaks to open even the toughest seed . First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak , then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak . The mouth of the squid is equipped with a sharp horny beak mainly made of cross-linked proteins . It is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces . The beak is very robust , but does not contain any minerals , unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms , including marine species . The beak is the only indigestible part of the squid . Tongue Main article : Tongue The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing ( mastication ) and swallowing ( deglutition ) . It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva . The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane . The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and positioning food particles that require further chewing . The tongue is utilized to roll food particles into a bolus before being transported down the esophagus through peristalsis . The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin , and underlain by a plexus of veins . This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body . The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity , and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system , bypassing the gastrointestinal tract . Teeth Main article : Teeth Teeth ( singular tooth ) are small whitish structures found in the jaws ( or mouths ) of many vertebrates that are used to tear , scrape , milk and chew food . Teeth are not made of bone , but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness , such as enamel , dentine and cementum . Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception . This is the ability of sensation when chewing , for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth , such as a chipped plate mixed in food , our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it can not be chewed , so we stop trying . The shapes , sizes and numbers of types of animals ' teeth are related to their diets . For example , herbivores have a number of molars which are used to grind plant matter , which is difficult to digest . Carnivores have canine teeth which are used to kill and tear meat . Crop A crop , or croup , is a thin - walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion . In some birds it is an expanded , muscular pouch near the gullet or throat . In adult doves and pigeons , the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds . Certain insects may have a crop or enlarged esophagus . Rough illustration of a ruminant digestive system Abomasum Main article : Abomasum Herbivores have evolved cecums ( or an abomasum in the case of ruminants ) . Ruminants have a fore - stomach with four chambers . These are the rumen , reticulum , omasum , and abomasum . In the first two chambers , the rumen and the reticulum , the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material . Solids clump together to form the cud ( or bolus ) . The cud is then regurgitated , chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size . Fibre , especially cellulose and hemi - cellulose , is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids , acetic acid , propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers ( the reticulo - rumen ) by microbes : ( bacteria , protozoa , and fungi ) . In the omasum , water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream . The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants . It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach ( e.g. , those in humans or pigs ) , and digesta is processed here in much the same way . It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein , preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine . Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine , where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs . Microbes produced in the reticulo - rumen are also digested in the small intestine . A flesh fly `` blowing a bubble '' , possibly to concentrate its food by evaporating water Specialised behaviours Regurgitation has been mentioned above under abomasum and crop , referring to crop milk , a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation . Many sharks have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and evert it out of their mouths in order to get rid of unwanted contents ( perhaps developed as a way to reduce exposure to toxins ) . Other animals , such as rabbits and rodents , practise coprophagia behaviours -- eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food , especially in the case of roughage . Capybara , rabbits , hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do , for example , ruminants . Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut . Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately . They also produce normal droppings , which are not eaten . Young elephants , pandas , koalas , and hippos eat the faeces of their mother , probably to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation . When they are born , their intestines do not contain these bacteria ( they are completely sterile ) . Without them , they would be unable to get any nutritional value from many plant components . In earthworms An earthworm 's digestive system consists of a mouth , pharynx , esophagus , crop , gizzard , and intestine . The mouth is surrounded by strong lips , which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass , leaves , and weeds , with bits of soil to help chew . The lips break the food down into smaller pieces . In the pharynx , the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage . The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay . Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed . The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt . When the churning is complete , the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste , which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter . By peristalsis , the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown . This releases carbohydrates , protein , fat , and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body . Overview of vertebrate digestion In most vertebrates , digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system , starting from ingestion of raw materials , most often other organisms . Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing . Digestion is separated into four steps : Ingestion : placing food into the mouth ( entry of food in the digestive system ) , Mechanical and chemical breakdown : mastication and the mixing of the resulting bolus with water , acids , bile and enzymes in the stomach and intestine to break down complex molecules into simple structures , Absorption : of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries through osmosis , active transport , and diffusion , and Egestion ( Excretion ) : Removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation . Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis . Each step in digestion requires energy , and thus imposes an `` overhead charge '' on the energy made available from absorbed substances . Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle , behavior , and even physical structures . Examples may be seen in humans , who differ considerably from other hominids ( lack of hair , smaller jaws and musculature , different dentition , length of intestines , cooking , etc . ) . The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine . The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion . In mammals , preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach . Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed , and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches . The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes . Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract , and the process finishes with defecation . Human digestion process Main article : Human digestive system Upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 meters long . Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and size of the meal , and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours . Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes . Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis . Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection . In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach . The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme . In the small intestine , the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile , pancreatic juice and intestinal juice . The intestinal walls are lined with villi , and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine . In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place . Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed by defecation via the anal canal and anus . Neural and biochemical control mechanisms Different phases of digestion take place including : the cephalic phase , gastric phase , and intestinal phase . The cephalic phase occurs at the sight , thought and smell of food , which stimulate the cerebral cortex . Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata . After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine . Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40 % of maximum rate . Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal ( secretes acid ) and G cell ( secretes gastrin ) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin . The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours . It is stimulated by distension of the stomach , presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH . Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes . This activates the release of acetylcholine , which stimulates the release of more gastric juices . As protein enters the stomach , it binds to hydrogen ions , which raises the pH of the stomach . Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted . This triggers G cells to release gastrin , which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid . Gastric acid is about 0.5 % hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) , which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1 - 3 . Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine . The intestinal phase has two parts , the excitatory and the inhibitory . Partially digested food fills the duodenum . This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released . Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei , activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering , and inhibits local reflexes . Breakdown into nutrients This section needs expansion with : digestion of other substances . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2011 ) Protein digestion Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes , pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas , break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids . The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors , the zymogens . For example , trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen , which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin . Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides . Fat digestion Main article : Fatty acid metabolism § Dietary sources of fatty acids , their digestion , absorption , transport in the blood and storage Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides . However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine . The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids . Complete digestion of one molecule of fat ( a triglyceride ) results a mixture of fatty acids , mono - and di - glycerides , as well as some undigested triglycerides , but no free glycerol molecules . Carbohydrate digestion In humans , dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose , a polysaccharide . During digestion , bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase , resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose . This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose ( 2 glucose molecules ) that can be absorbed by the small intestine . Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts , glucose and galactose . Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine . Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk - based foods . This is commonly known as lactose intolerance . Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage ; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant , in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent . Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide sucrose , commonly known as table sugar , cane sugar , or beet sugar . Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose which are readily absorbed by the small intestine . DNA and RNA digestion DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease ( DNase and RNase ) from the pancreas . Non-destructive digestion Some nutrients are complex molecules ( for example vitamin B ) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups . To digest vitamin B non-destructively , haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their protein complexes . After the B - haptocorrin complexes pass from the stomach via the pylorus to the duodenum , pancreatic proteases cleave haptocorrin from the B molecules which rebind to intrinsic factor ( IF ) . These B - IF complexes travel to the ileum portion of the small intestine where cubilin receptors enable assimilation and circulation of B - IF complexes in the blood . Digestive hormones Action of the major digestive hormones There are at least five hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system in mammals . There are variations across the vertebrates , as for instance in birds . Arrangements are complex and additional details are regularly discovered . For instance , more connections to metabolic control ( largely the glucose - insulin system ) have been uncovered in recent years . Gastrin -- is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen ( an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin ) and hydrochloric acid . Secretion of gastrin is stimulated by food arriving in stomach . The secretion is inhibited by low pH . Secretin -- is in the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the bile secretion in the liver . This hormone responds to the acidity of the chyme . Cholecystokinin ( CCK ) -- is in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder . This hormone is secreted in response to fat in chyme . Gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP ) -- is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in turn slowing the emptying in the stomach . Another function is to induce insulin secretion . Motilin -- is in the duodenum and increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin . Significance of pH Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors . pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract . In the mouth , pharynx and esophagus , pH is typically about 6.8 , very weakly acidic . Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract . Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides . Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will denature in a high or low pH environment . The stomach 's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it . This acidity confers two benefits : it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines , and provides non-specific immunity , damaging or eliminating various pathogens . In the small intestines , the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes . The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach , and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum , adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme , thus creating a neutral environment . The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5 . See also Digestive system of gastropods Digestive system of humpback whales Erepsin Gastroesophageal reflux disease Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors References ^ Jump up to : Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . OCLC 32308337 . Jump up ^ Dusenbery , David B. ( 1996 ) . `` Life at Small Scale '' , pp. 113 - 115 . Scientific American Library , New York . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 5060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dusenbery , David B. ( 2009 ) . Living at Micro Scale , p. 280 . Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Mass . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03116 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wooldridge K ( editor ) ( 2009 ) . Bacterial Secreted Proteins : Secretory Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 42 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Salyers , A.A. & Whitt , D.D. ( 2002 ) . Bacterial Pathogenesis : A Molecular Approach , 2nd ed. , Washington , D.C. : ASM Press . ISBN 1 - 55581 - 171 - X Jump up ^ Cascales E , Christie PJ ( 2003 ) . `` The versatile Type IV secretion systems '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 1 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 149 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro753 . PMC 3873781 . PMID 15035043 . Jump up ^ Christie PJ ; Atmakuri K ; Jabubowski S ; Krishnamoorthy V ; Cascales E. ( 2005 ) . `` Biogenesis , architecture , and function of bacterial Type IV secretion systems '' . Annu Rev Microbiol. 59 : 451 -- 485 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 58.030603. 123630 . PMC 3872966 . PMID 16153176 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , S.N. ; Das , J ( 1967 ) . `` Electron microscopic observations on the excretion of cell - wall material by Vibrio cholerae '' . Journal of General Microbiology. 49 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1099 / 00221287 - 49 - 1 - 1 . PMID 4168882 . Jump up ^ Kuehn , M.J. ; Kesty , N.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host - pathogen interaction '' . Genes & Development . 19 ( 22 ) : 2645 -- 55 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1299905 . PMID 16291643 . Jump up ^ McBroom , A.J. ; Kuehn , M.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Release of outer membrane vesicles by Gram - negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response '' . Molecular Microbiology. 63 ( 2 ) : 545 -- 558 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2006. 05522. x . PMC 1868505 . PMID 17163978 . Jump up ^ Leege , Lissa . `` How does the Venus flytrap digest flies ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Boettner , D.R. ; Huston , C.D. ; Linford , A.S. ; Buss , S.N. ; Houpt , E. ; Sherman , N.E. ; Petri , W.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Entamoeba histolytica Phagocytosis of Human Erythrocytes Involves PATMK , a Member of the Transmembrane Kinase Family '' . PLoS Pathogens. 4 ( 1 ) : e8 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 0040008 . PMC 2211552 . PMID 18208324 . Jump up ^ Miserez , A ; Li , Y ; Waite , H ; Zok , F ( 2007 ) . `` Jumbo squid beaks : Inspiration for design of robust organic composites '' . Acta Biomaterialia. 3 ( 1 ) : 139 -- 149 . doi : 10.1016 / j. actbio. 2006.09. 004 . PMID 17113369 . Jump up ^ Gordon John Larkman Ramel ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) . `` The Alimentary Canal in Birds '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Levi , Wendell ( 1977 ) . The Pigeon . Sumter , S.C. : Levi Publishing Co , Inc . ISBN 0 - 85390 - 013 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kong F , Singh RP ( June 2008 ) . `` Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach '' . J. Food Sci. 73 ( 5 ) : R67 -- 80 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1750 - 3841.2008. 00766. x . PMID 18577009 . ^ Jump up to : Digestion of fats ( triacylglycerols ) Jump up ^ `` Genetics Home Reference '' . US National Library of Medicine . US National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Nexo E , Hoffmann - Lücke E ( July 2011 ) . `` Holotranscobalamin , a marker of vitamin B - 12 status : analytical aspects and clinical utility '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94 ( 1 ) : 359S -- 365S . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 111.013458 . PMC 3127504 . PMID 21593496 . Jump up ^ Viola - Villegas N , Rabideau AE , Bartholomä M , Zubieta J , Doyle RP ( August 2009 ) . `` Targeting the cubilin receptor through the vitamin B ( 12 ) uptake pathway : cytotoxicity and mechanistic insight through fluorescent Re ( I ) delivery '' . J. Med . Chem. 52 ( 16 ) : 5253 -- 61 . doi : 10.1021 / jm900777v . PMID 19627091 . External links Human Physiology -- Digestion NIH guide to digestive system The Digestive System How does the Digestive System Work ? Library resources about Digestive system Resources in your library <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine <Td_colspan="2"> G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin <Td_colspan="2"> Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid GND : 4062676 - 3 NDL : 00572078 Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digestion&oldid=837431160 '' Categories : Digestive system Metabolism Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles needing more detailed references Articles to be expanded from August 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 86 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 19 : 42 . 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1. Digestion process
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who is the starting quarterback for the chargers
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List of Los Angeles Chargers starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of Los Angeles Chargers starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season . Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements Philip Rivers ( 2006 -- present ) These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Los Angeles Chargers ( formerly the San Diego Chargers ) . They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Starting quarterbacks 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Post-season 2 Most games as starting quarterback 3 Team career passing records 4 See also 5 References Starting quarterbacks ( edit ) Dan Fouts ( 1973 -- 1987 ) The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right : Regular season ( edit ) Season ( s ) Quarterback ( s ) 2017 Philip Rivers ( 9 ) 2016 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2015 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2014 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2013 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2012 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2011 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2009 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2008 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2007 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2006 Philip Rivers ( 16 ) 2005 Drew Brees ( 16 ) Drew Brees ( 15 ) / Doug Flutie ( 1 ) 2003 Drew Brees ( 11 ) / Doug Flutie ( 5 ) 2002 Drew Brees ( 16 ) 2001 Doug Flutie ( 16 ) 2000 Ryan Leaf ( 9 ) / Jim Harbaugh ( 5 ) / Moses Moreno ( 2 ) 1999 Jim Harbaugh ( 12 ) / Erik Kramer ( 4 ) 1998 Ryan Leaf ( 9 ) / Craig Whelihan ( 7 ) 1997 Stan Humphries ( 8 ) / Craig Whelihan ( 7 ) / Jim Everett ( 1 ) Stan Humphries ( 13 ) / Sean Salisbury ( 3 ) 1995 Stan Humphries ( 15 ) / Gale Gilbert ( 1 ) 1994 Stan Humphries ( 15 ) / Gale Gilbert ( 1 ) 1993 Stan Humphries ( 10 ) / John Friesz ( 6 ) 1992 Stan Humphries ( 15 ) / Bob Gagliano ( 1 ) 1991 John Friesz ( 16 ) 1990 Billy Joe Tolliver ( 14 ) / Mark Vlasic ( 1 ) / John Friesz ( 1 ) 1989 Jim McMahon ( 11 ) / Billy Joe Tolliver ( 5 ) 1988 Mark Malone ( 8 ) / Babe Laufenberg ( 6 ) / Mark Vlasic ( 2 ) Dan Fouts ( 10 ) / Rick Neuheisel ( 2 ) / Mark Herrmann ( 2 ) / Mike Kelley ( 1 ) 1986 Dan Fouts ( 12 ) / Tom Flick ( 3 ) / Mark Herrmann ( 1 ) 1985 Dan Fouts ( 12 ) / Mark Herrmann ( 4 ) 1984 Dan Fouts ( 13 ) / Ed Luther ( 3 ) Dan Fouts ( 10 ) / Ed Luther ( 6 ) 1982 Dan Fouts ( 9 ) 1981 Dan Fouts ( 16 ) 1980 Dan Fouts ( 16 ) 1979 Dan Fouts ( 16 ) 1978 Dan Fouts ( 14 ) / James Harris ( 2 ) 1977 James Harris ( 9 ) / Dan Fouts ( 4 ) / Cliff Olander ( 1 ) 1976 Dan Fouts ( 13 ) / Clint Longley ( 1 ) Dan Fouts ( 9 ) / Jesse Freitas ( 4 ) / Virgil Carter ( 1 ) Dan Fouts ( 11 ) / Jesse Freitas ( 3 ) 1973 Dan Fouts ( 6 ) / Wayne Clark ( 4 ) / Johnny Unitas ( 4 ) 1972 John Hadl ( 14 ) 1971 John Hadl ( 14 ) 1970 ( NFL ) John Hadl ( 12 ) / Marty Domres ( 2 ) 1969 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 10 ) / Marty Domres ( 4 ) 1968 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 14 ) 1967 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 14 ) 1966 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 13 ) / Steve Tensi ( 1 ) 1965 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 14 ) 1964 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 9 ) / Tobin Rote ( 5 ) 1963 ( AFL ) Tobin Rote ( 14 ) 1962 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 10 ) / Dick Wood ( 2 ) / Jack Kemp ( 2 ) 1961 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 14 ) 1960 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 12 ) / Bob Clatterbuck ( 2 ) Post-season ( edit ) Season Quarterback ( s ) 1960 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 0 - 1 ) 1961 ( AFL ) Jack Kemp ( 0 - 1 ) 1963 ( AFL ) Tobin Rote ( 1 - 0 ) 1964 ( AFL ) Tobin Rote ( 0 - 1 ) 1965 ( AFL ) John Hadl ( 0 - 1 ) 1979 Dan Fouts ( 0 - 1 ) 1980 Dan Fouts ( 1 - 1 ) 1981 Dan Fouts ( 1 - 1 ) 1982 Dan Fouts ( 1 - 1 ) 1992 Stan Humphries ( 1 - 1 ) 1994 Stan Humphries ( 2 - 1 ) 1995 Stan Humphries ( 0 - 1 ) Drew Brees ( 0 - 1 ) 2006 Philip Rivers ( 0 - 1 ) 2007 Philip Rivers ( 2 - 1 ) 2008 Philip Rivers ( 1 - 1 ) 2009 Philip Rivers ( 0 - 1 ) 2013 Philip Rivers ( 1 - 1 ) Most games as starting quarterback ( edit ) These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Chargers in regular season games ( as of Week 2 of 2017 season ) . Name GP Games played GS Games started Number of wins as starting quarterback Number of losses as starting quarterback Number of ties as starting quarterback Pct Winning Percentage as starting quarterback Name Period GP GS % Rivers , Philip 2004 - present 182 178 97 81 - . 545 Fouts , Dan 1973 - 1987 181 171 86 84 . 506 Hadl , John 1962 - 1972 154 123 59 55 9 . 516 Humphries , Stan 1992 - 1997 79 76 47 29 - . 618 Brees , Drew 2001 - 2005 59 58 30 28 - . 517 Team career passing records ( edit ) ( As of Week 2 of 2017 season ) Name Comp Att % Yds TD Int Rivers , Philip 3,864 5,989 64.5 % 46,356 318 157 Fouts , Dan 3,297 5,604 58.8 % 43,040 254 242 Hadl , John 1,824 3,640 50.1 % 26,938 201 211 Humphries , Stan 1,335 2,350 56.8 % 16,085 85 73 Brees , Drew 1,125 1,809 62.2 % 12,348 80 53 See also ( edit ) List of American Football League players List of NFL starting quarterbacks References ( edit ) Los Angeles Chargers Franchise Encyclopedia <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Chargers <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1960 Played in San Diego ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Based in Carson , California Headquartered in Costa Mesa , California Franchise Franchise History in San Diego Seasons Retired numbers 14 19 21 55 Hall of Fame Anniversary teams 40th 50th First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches History Broadcasters Stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Balboa Stadium Qualcomm Stadium San Diego stadium proposals StubHub Center Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Fearsome Foursome Air Coryell `` San Diego Super Chargers '' Bruise Brothers Marty Ball San Diego sports curse Los Angeles Charger Girls Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Lore Holy Roller Epic in Miami Freezer Bowl Division championships ( 15 ) 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1979 1980 1981 1992 1994 2006 2007 2008 2009 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1994 League championships ( 1 ) 1963 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers starting quarterbacks <Td_colspan="2"> Jack Kemp ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Bobby Clatterbuck ( 1960 ) John Hadl ( 1962 , 1964 -- 1972 ) Dick Wood ( 1962 ) Tobin Rote ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Steve Tensi ( 1966 ) Marty Domres ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Dan Fouts ( 1973 -- 1987 ) Wayne Clark ( 1973 ) Johnny Unitas ( 1973 ) Jesse Freitas ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Virgil Carter ( 1975 ) Clint Longley ( 1976 ) James Harris ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Cliff Olander ( 1977 ) Ed Luther ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Mark Herrmann ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Tom Flick ( 1986 ) Rick Neuheisel ( 1987 ) Mike Kelley ( 1987 ) Mark Malone ( 1988 ) Babe Laufenberg ( 1988 ) Mark Vlasic ( 1988 , 1990 ) Jim McMahon ( 1989 ) Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1989 -- 1990 ) John Friesz ( 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 ) Stan Humphries ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Bob Gagliano ( 1992 ) Gale Gilbert ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Sean Salisbury ( 1996 ) Craig Whelihan ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Jim Everett ( 1997 ) Ryan Leaf ( 1998 , 2000 ) Jim Harbaugh ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Erik Kramer ( 1999 ) Moses Moreno ( 2000 ) Doug Flutie ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Drew Brees ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Philip Rivers ( 2006 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 10 of the 2017 NFL season ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> American Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC East <Td_colspan="1"> AFC North <Td_colspan="1"> AFC South <Td_colspan="1"> AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Tom Savage ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Brock Osweiler ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> National Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC East <Td_colspan="1"> NFC North <Td_colspan="1"> NFC South <Td_colspan="1"> NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Ryan Fitzpatrick ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Drew Stanton ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Los_Angeles_Chargers_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=810386382 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks San Diego Chargers players Los Angeles Chargers lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 23 : 01 . About Wikipedia
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1. Los Angeles Chargers starting quarterbacks
2. Philip Rivers
3. Dan Fouts
4. San Diego Chargers
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who designed the labyrinth that houses the minotaur
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Labyrinth - wikipedia Labyrinth Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Labyrinth ( disambiguation ) . This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Silver coin from Knossos representing the Labyrinth , 400 BC . In Greek mythology , the Labyrinth ( Greek : Λαβύρινθος labyrinthos ) was an elaborate , confusing structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos . Its function was to hold the Minotaur , the monster eventually killed by the hero Theseus . Daedalus had so cunningly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it . Although early Cretan coins occasionally exhibit branching ( multicursal ) patterns , the single - path ( unicursal ) seven - course `` Classical '' design without branching or dead ends became associated with the Labyrinth on coins as early as 430 BC , and similar non-branching patterns became widely used as visual representations of the Labyrinth -- even though both logic and literary descriptions make it clear that the Minotaur was trapped in a complex branching maze . Even as the designs became more elaborate , visual depictions of the mythological Labyrinth from Roman times until the Renaissance are almost invariably unicursal . Branching mazes were reintroduced only when garden mazes became popular during the Renaissance . In English , the term labyrinth is generally synonymous with maze . As a result of the long history of unicursal representation of the mythological Labyrinth , however , many contemporary scholars and enthusiasts observe a distinction between the two . In this specialized usage maze refers to a complex branching multicursal puzzle with choices of path and direction , while a unicursal labyrinth has only a single path to the center . A labyrinth in this sense has an unambiguous route to the center and back and presents no navigational challenge . Unicursal labyrinths appeared as designs on pottery or basketry , as body art , and in etchings on walls of caves or churches . The Romans created many primarily decorative unicursal designs on walls and floors in tile or mosaic . Many labyrinths set in floors or on the ground are large enough that the path can be walked . Unicursal patterns have been used historically both in group ritual and for private meditation , and are increasingly found for therapeutic use in hospitals and hospices . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient labyrinths 1.1 Cretan labyrinth 1.2 Herodotus ' Egyptian labyrinth 1.3 Pliny 's Lemnian labyrinth 1.4 Pliny 's Italian labyrinth 1.5 Ancient labyrinths outside Europe 2 Labyrinth as pattern 3 Medieval labyrinths and turf mazes 4 Modern labyrinths 4.1 Cultural meanings 4.2 Christian use 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Ancient labyrinths ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Labyrinth is a word of pre-Greek , Minoan origin , which the Greeks associated with the palace of Knossos in Crete . It is also widely associated with the Lydian word labrys ( `` double - edged axe '' ) , and since the double axe motif appears in the ruins at Knossos , it has been suggested that the original labyrinth was the royal Minoan palace in Crete . This designation may not have been limited to Knossos , because the same symbols were discovered in other palaces in Crete . Labrys was a cult - word that was probably introduced from Anatolia , where such symbols have been found in Çatal Höyük from the Neolithic age . In Labraunda of Caria the double - axe accompanies the storm - god Zeus Labraundos ( Ζεὺς Λαβρανδεύς ) . It also accompanies the Hurrian god of sky and storm Teshub ( his Hittite and Luwian name was Tarhun ) . Labrys , however , comes from Lydian , not Minoan , and the association of labyrinth with labrys remains speculative . The Linear B ( Mycenaean ) inscription 𐀅𐁆𐀪𐀵𐀍 𐄀 𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 on tablet ΚΝ Gg 702 is interpreted as da - pu - ri - to - jo , po - ti - ni - ja ( labyrinthoio potnia , `` Mistress of the labyrinth ) . The word daburinthos ( labyrinthos ) may show the same equivocation between initial d - and l - as is found in the variation of the early Hittite royal name Tabarna / Labarna ( where written t - may represent phonetic d - ) . The original Minoan word , which is attested in Linear A tablets , appears to refer to labyrinthine underground grottoes , such as seen at Gortyn . Pliny the Elder 's four examples of labyrinths are all complex underground structures , and this appears to have been the standard Classical understanding of the word . By the 4th century BC , the Greeks also associated the Labyrinth with the familiar `` Greek key '' patterns of endlessly running meanders . Coins from Knossos were struck with the labyrinth symbol in the 5th through 3rd centuries BC . The predominant labyrinth form during this period is the simple seven - circuit style known as the classical labyrinth , and over time the term labyrinth came to be applied to any unicursal maze , which were typically rendered as circular or rectangular patterns . Cretan labyrinth ( edit ) When the Bronze Age site at Knossos was excavated by explorer Arthur Evans , the complexity of the architecture prompted him to suggest that the palace had been the Labyrinth of Daedalus . Evans found various bull motifs , including an image of a man leaping over the horns of a bull , as well as depictions of a labrys carved into the walls . On the strength of a passage in the Iliad , it has been suggested that the palace was the site of a dancing - ground made for Ariadne by the craftsman Daedalus , where young men and women , of the age of those sent to Crete as prey for the Minotaur , would dance together . By extension , in popular legend the palace is associated with the myth of the Minotaur . In the 2000s , archaeologists explored other potential sites of the labyrinth . Oxford University geographer Nicholas Howarth believes that ' Evans 's hypothesis that the palace of Knossos is also the Labyrinth must be treated sceptically . ' Howarth and his team conducted a search of an underground complex known as the Skotino cave but concluded that it was formed naturally . Another contender is a series of underground tunnels at Gortyn , accessed by a narrow crack but expanding into interlinking caverns . Unlike the Skotino cave , these caverns have smooth walls and columns , and appear to have been at least partially man - made . This site corresponds to an unusual labyrinth symbol on a 16th - century map of Crete contained in a book of maps in the library of Christ Church , Oxford . A map of the caves themselves was produced by the French in 1821 . The site was also used by German soldiers to store ammunition during the Second World War . Howarth 's investigation was shown on a documentary produced for the National Geographic Channel . Herodotus ' Egyptian labyrinth ( edit ) More generally , labyrinth might be applied to any extremely complicated maze - like structure . Herodotus , in Book II of his Histories , describes as a `` labyrinth '' a building complex in Egypt , `` near the place called the City of Crocodiles , '' that he considered to surpass the pyramids : It has twelve covered courts -- six in a row facing north , six south -- the gates of the one range exactly fronting the gates of the other . Inside , the building is of two storeys and contains three thousand rooms , of which half are underground , and the other half directly above them . I was taken through the rooms in the upper storey , so what I shall say of them is from my own observation , but the underground ones I can speak of only from report , because the Egyptians in charge refused to let me see them , as they contain the tombs of the kings who built the labyrinth , and also the tombs of the sacred crocodiles . The upper rooms , on the contrary , I did actually see , and it is hard to believe that they are the work of men ; the baffling and intricate passages from room to room and from court to court were an endless wonder to me , as we passed from a courtyard into rooms , from rooms into galleries , from galleries into more rooms and thence into yet more courtyards . The roof of every chamber , courtyard , and gallery is , like the walls , of stone . The walls are covered with carved figures , and each court is exquisitely built of white marble and surrounded by a colonnade . During the 19th century , the remains of this structure were discovered by Flinders Petrie at the foot of the pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara in the Faiyum Oasis . The Classical accounts of various authors ( Herodotus , Strabo , Pliny the Elder , among others ) are not entirely consistent , perhaps due to degradation of the structure during Classical times . In origin , the structure was likely a collection of funerary temples such as are commonly found near Egyptian pyramids . In 1898 , the Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities described the structure as `` the largest of all the temples of Egypt , the so - called Labyrinth , of which , however , only the foundation stones have been preserved . '' Herodotus ' description of the Egyptian Labyrinth inspired some central scenes in Bolesław Prus ' 1895 historical novel , Pharaoh . Pliny 's Lemnian labyrinth ( edit ) Pliny the Elder 's Natural History ( 36.90 ) lists the legendary Smilis , reputed to be a contemporary of Daedalus , together with the historical mid-sixth - century BC architects and sculptors Rhoikos and Theodoros as two of the makers of the Lemnian labyrinth , which Andrew Stewart regards as `` evidently a misunderstanding of the Samian temple 's location en limnais ( ' in the marsh ' ) . '' Pliny 's Italian labyrinth ( edit ) According to Pliny , the tomb of the great Etruscan general Lars Porsena contained an underground maze . Pliny 's description of the exposed portion of the tomb is intractable ; Pliny , it seems clear , had not observed this structure himself , but is quoting the historian and Roman antiquarian Varro . Ancient labyrinths outside Europe ( edit ) Carving showing the warrior Abhimanyu entering the chakravyuha -- Hoysaleswara temple , Halebidu , India A design essentially identical to the 7 - course `` classical '' pattern appeared in Native American culture , the Tohono O'odham people labyrinth which features I'itoi , the `` Man in the Maze . '' The Tonoho O'odham pattern has two distinct differences from the classical : it is radial in design , and the entrance is at the top , where traditional labyrinths have the entrance at the bottom ( see below ) . The earliest appearances can not be dated securely ; the oldest is commonly dated to the 17th century . A prehistoric petroglyph on a riverbank in Goa shows the same pattern and has been dated to circa 2500 BC . Other examples have been found among cave art in northern India and on a dolmen shrine in the Nilgiri Mountains , but are difficult to date accurately . Early labyrinths in India typically follow the Classical pattern or a local variant of it ; some have been described as plans of forts or cities . Labyrinths appear in Indian manuscripts and Tantric texts from the 17th century onward . They are often called `` Chakravyuha '' in reference to an impregnable battle formation described in the ancient Mahabharata epic . Lanka , the capital city of mythic Rāvana , is described as a labyrinth in the 1910 translation of Al - Beruni 's India ( c. 1030 AD ) p. 306 ( with a diagram on the following page ) . By the White Sea , notably on the Solovetsky Islands , there have been preserved more than 30 stone labyrinths . The most remarkable monument is the Stone labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky Island - a group of 13 -- 14 stone labyrinths on 0.4 km area of one small island . These labyrinths are thought to be 2,000 -- 3,000 years old . Labyrinth as pattern ( edit ) In antiquity , the less complicated labyrinth pattern familiar from medieval examples was already developed . In Roman floor mosaics , the simple classical labyrinth is framed in the meander border pattern , squared off as the medium requires , but still recognisable . Often an image of the Minotaur appears in the center of these mosaic labyrinths . Roman meander patterns gradually developed in complexity towards the fourfold shape that is now familiarly known as the medieval form . The labyrinth retains its connection with death and a triumphant return : at Hadrumentum in North Africa ( now Sousse ) , a Roman family tomb has a fourfold labyrinth mosaic floor with a dying minotaur in the center and a mosaic inscription : HICINCLUSUS. VITAMPERDIT `` Enclosed here , he loses life '' ( Kern 169 ; Kerényi fig. 31 ) . Earliest recovered labyrinth , incised on a clay tablet from Pylos Minotaur in Labyrinth -- a Roman mosaic at Conímbriga , Portugal Sketch by Villard de Honnecourt ( c. 1230 ) Wall maze in Lucca Cathedral , Italy ( probably medieval ) Illustration of Jericho in a Farhi Bible ( 14th century ) Basilica of Saint - Quentin , Aisne , France Cathedral of Amiens , France Stone labyrinth on Blå Jungfrun ( Blue Virgin ) island , Sweden Small turf maze near Dalby , North Yorkshire , UK Turf maze at Wing in Rutland , UK Play media Cretan labyrinth made with 2,500 burning tealights in the Centre for Christian Meditation and Spirituality of the Diocese of Limburg at the Holy Cross Church in Frankfurt am Main - Bornheim Portrait of a man with labyrinth design on his chest , by Bartolomeo Veneto , Italy , early 16th century Minotaur at center of labyrinth , on a 16th - century gem Labyrinth at St. Lambertus , Mingolsheim , Germany , following the Roman paradigm Hemet Maze Stone , a prehistoric petroglyph near Hemet , California Third century Roman mosaic labyrinth , Caerleon on Usk , Wales . Medieval labyrinths and turf mazes ( edit ) Chartres Cathedral , about 1750 , Jean Baptiste Rigaud When the early humanist Benzo d'Alessandria visited Verona before 1310 , he noted the `` Laberinthum which is now called the Arena '' ; perhaps he was seeing the cubiculi beneath the arena 's missing floor . The full flowering of the medieval labyrinth came about from the twelfth through fourteenth centuries with the grand pavement labyrinths of the gothic cathedrals , notably Chartres , Reims and Amiens in northern France . These labyrinths may have originated as symbolic allusion to the Holy City ; and some modern thinkers have theorized that prayers and devotions may have accompanied the perambulation of their intricate paths . Although some books ( in particular guidebooks ) suggest that the mazes on cathedral floors served as substitutes for pilgrimage paths , the earliest attested use of the phrase `` chemin de Jerusalem '' ( path to Jerusalem ) dates to the late 18th century when it was used to describe mazes at Reims and Saint - Omer . The accompanying ritual , supposedly involving pilgrims following the maze on their knees while praying , may have been practiced at Chartres during the 17th century . However , no contemporary evidence supports the idea that labyrinths had such a purpose for early Christians . The cathedral labyrinths are thought to be the inspiration for the many turf mazes in the UK , such as survive at Wing , Hilton , Alkborough , and Saffron Walden . Over the same general period , some 500 or more non-ecclesiastical labyrinths were constructed in Scandinavia . These labyrinths , generally in coastal areas , are marked out with stones , most often in the simple 7 - or 11 - course classical forms . They often have names which translate as `` Troy Town . '' They are thought to have been constructed by fishing communities : trapping malevolent trolls or winds in the labyrinth 's coils might ensure a safe fishing expedition . There are also stone labyrinths on the Isles of Scilly , although none is known to date from before the nineteenth century . There are examples of labyrinths in many disparate cultures . The symbol has appeared in various forms and media ( petroglyphs , classic - form , medieval - form , pavement , turf , and basketry ) at some time throughout most parts of the world , from Native North and South America to Australia , Java , India , and Nepal . Modern labyrinths ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Labyrinth on floor of Grace Cathedral , San Francisco . In recent years , there has been a resurgence of interest in labyrinths and a revival in labyrinth building , of both unicursal and multicursal patterns . In modern imagery , the labyrinth of Daedalus is often represented by a multicursal maze , in which one may become lost . The Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was entranced with the idea of the labyrinth , and used it extensively in his short stories ( such as `` The House of Asterion '' in The Aleph ) . His use of it has inspired other authors ( e.g. Umberto Eco 's The Name of the Rose , Mark Z . Danielewski 's House of Leaves ) . Additionally , Roger Zelazny 's fantasy series , The Chronicles of Amber , features a labyrinth , called `` the Pattern , '' which grants those who walk it the power to move between parallel worlds . The avant - garde multi-screen film , In the Labyrinth , presents a search for meaning in a symbolic modern labyrinth . In Rick Riordan 's series Percy Jackson & the Olympians , the events of the fourth novel The Battle of the Labyrinth predominantly take place within the labyrinth of Daedalus , which has followed the heart of the West to settle beneath the United States . Australian author Sara Douglass incorporated some labyrinthine ideas in her series The Troy Game , in which the Labyrinth on Crete is one of several in the ancient world , created with the cities as a source of magical power . Lawrence Durrell 's The Dark Labyrinth depicts travelers trapped underground in Crete . A magical labyrinth , based on the original myth , appears in the third episode of The Librarians ( `` And The Horns of a Dilemma '' ) . The labyrinth is also treated in contemporary fine arts . Examples include Piet Mondrian 's Dam and Ocean ( 1915 ) , Joan Miró 's Labyrinth ( 1923 ) , Pablo Picasso 's Minotauromachia ( 1935 ) , M.C. Escher 's Relativity ( 1953 ) , Friedensreich Hundertwasser 's Labyrinth ( 1957 ) , Jean Dubuffet 's Logological Cabinet ( 1970 ) , Richard Long 's Connemara sculpture ( 1971 ) , Joe Tilson 's Earth Maze ( 1975 ) , Richard Fleischner 's Chain Link Maze ( 1978 ) , István Orosz 's Atlantis Anamorphosis ( 2000 ) , Dmitry Rakov 's Labyrinth ( 2003 ) , and drawings by contemporary American artist Mo Morales employing what the artist calls `` Labyrinthine projection . '' The Italian painter Davide Tonato has dedicated many of his artistic works to the labyrinth theme . Mark Wallinger has created a set of 270 enamel plaques of unicursal labyrinth designs , one for every tube station in the London Underground , to mark the 150th anniversary of the Underground . The plaques were installed over a 16 - month period in 2013 and 2014 , and each is numbered according to its position in the route taken by the contestants in the 2009 Guinness World Record Tube Challenge . Labyrinths and mazes have been embraced by the video game industry , and countless video games include such a feature . Cultural meanings ( edit ) Prehistoric labyrinths may have served as traps for malevolent spirits or as paths for ritual dances . Many Roman and Christian labyrinths appear at the entrances of buildings , suggesting that they may have served a similar apotropaic purpose . In their cross-cultural study of signs and symbols , Patterns that Connect , Carl Schuster and Edmund Carpenter present various forms of the labyrinth and suggest various possible meanings , including not only a sacred path to the home of a sacred ancestor , but also , perhaps , a representation of the ancestor him / herself : . `` ... many ( New World ) Indians who make the labyrinth regard it as a sacred symbol , a beneficial ancestor , a deity . In this they may be preserving its original meaning : the ultimate ancestor , here evoked by two continuous lines joining its twelve primary joints . '' Schuster also observes the common theme of the labyrinth being a refuge for a trickster ; in India , the demon Ravana has dominion over labyrinths , the trickster Djonaha lives in a labyrinth according to Sumatran Bataks , and Europeans say it is the home of a rogue . One can think of labyrinths as symbolic of pilgrimage ; people can walk the path , ascending toward salvation or enlightenment . Author Ben Radford conducted an investigation into some of the claims of spiritual and healing effects of labyrinths , reporting on his findings in his book Mysterious New Mexico . Many labyrinths have been constructed recently in churches , hospitals , and parks . These are often used for contemplation ; walking among the turnings , one loses track of direction and of the outside world , and thus quiets the mind . The Labyrinth Society provides a locator for modern labyrinths all over the world . In addition , the labyrinth can serve as a metaphor for situations that are difficult to be extricated from , as an image that suggests getting lost in a subterranean dungeon - like world . Octavio Paz titled his book on Mexican identity The Labyrinth of Solitude , describing the Mexican condition as orphaned and lost . Christian use ( edit ) Walking the labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral Labyrinths have on various occasions been used in Christian tradition as a part of worship . The earliest known example is from a fourth - century pavement at the Basilica of St Reparatus , at Orleansville , Algeria , with the words `` Sancta Eclesia '' ( sic ) at the center , though it is unclear how it might have been used in worship . In medieval times , labyrinths began to appear on church walls and floors around 1000 C.E. . The most famous medieval labyrinth , with great influence on later practice , was created in Chartres Cathedral . The purpose of the labyrinths is not clear , though there are surviving descriptions of French clerics performing a ritual Easter dance along the path on Easter Sunday . Some books ( guidebooks in particular ) suggest that mazes on cathedral floors originated in the medieval period as alternatives to pilgrimage to the Holy Land , but the earliest attested use of the phrase `` chemin de Jerusalem '' ( path to Jerusalem ) dates to the late 18th century when it was used to describe mazes at Reims and Saint - Omer . The accompanying ritual , depicted in Romantic illustrations as involving pilgrims following the maze on their knees while praying , may have been practiced at Chartres during the 17th century . The use of labyrinths has recently been revived in some contexts of Christian worship . Many churches in Europe and North America have constructed permanent , typically unicursal , labyrinths , or employ temporary ones ( e.g. , painted on canvas or outlined with candles ) . For example , a labyrinth was set up on the floor of St Paul 's Cathedral for a week in March 2000 . Some conservative Christians disapprove of labyrinths , considering them pagan practices or `` new age '' fads . Gallery ( edit ) Classical labyrinth . Labyrinth at Meis , Galicia , possibly from the Atlantic Bronze Age Roman mosaic picturing Theseus and the Minotaur . Rhaetia , Switzerland . Triple spiral labyrinth Medieval labyrinth . Chakravyuha , a threefold seed pattern with a spiral at the center , one of the troop formations employed at the battle of Kurukshetra , as recounted in the Mahabharata . Labyrinth among rock drawings in Valcamonica , Italy See also ( edit ) Caerdroia Celtic maze Hedge maze Julian 's Bower Mizmaze Stone labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky Island Troy Town Turf maze Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doob 1992 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Kern , Through the Labyrinth , 2000 , item 43 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Kern , Through the Labyrinth , 2000 , item 50 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Penelope Reed Doob , The Idea of the Labyrinth , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Kern , Through the Labyrinth , p. 23 . Jump up ^ The usage restricting maze to patterns that involve choices of path is mentioned by Matthews ( p. 2 -- 3 ) as early as 1922 , though he does not find the distinction useful and does not follow it himself . Jump up ^ Jeff Saward . `` Mazes or Labyrinths ? '' ( PDF ) . Labyrinthos . Retrieved 28 Dec 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Labyrinths '' . The Labyrinth Society . Retrieved 18 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Λυδοὶ γάρ ' λάβρυν ' τὸν πέλεκυν ὀνομάζουσι ) . Plutarch , Greek Questions , 45 2.302 a . ^ Jump up to : F. Schachermeyer ( 1990 ) , Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta , pp. 161 , 237 , 238 Jump up ^ Rouse , W.H.D. ( 1901 ) . `` The Double Axe and the Labyrinth '' . Journal of Hellenic Studies . 21 : 268 -- 274 . Rouse criticised the association , noting the reappearance of the same inscribed symbols at the newly discovered palace at Phaistos ( p. 273 ) . Jump up ^ F. Schachermeyer ( 1964 ) Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta . W. Kohlhammer Stuttgart p. 161 , Abb. 85 Jump up ^ `` It seems natural to interpret names of Carian sanctuaries like Labranda in the most literal sense as the place of the sacred labrys , which was the Lydian ( or Carian ) name for the Greek πέλεκυς ( pelekys ) , or double - edged axe . '' And , p. 109 , `` On Carian coins , indeed of quite late date , the labrys , set up on its long pillar - like handle , with two dependent fillets , has much the appearance of a cult image . '' : A.J. Evans , `` Mycenaean tree and pillar cult and its Mediterranean relations , '' Journal of Hellenic Studies XXI , pp 108 , 109 . Jump up ^ Tarhun Jump up ^ Beekes , Robert S.P. ( 2010 ) . Etymological Dictionary of Greek . Leiden , Boston : Brill Academic Publishers . Jump up ^ Raymoure , K.A. `` da - pu2 - ri - to - jo '' . Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean . Jump up ^ `` KN 702 Gg ( 1 ) ( 103 ) '' . DĀMOS Database of Mycenaean at Oslo . University of Oslo . Jump up ^ Sarullo , Giulia ( 2008 ) . `` The Cretan Labyrinth : Palace or Cave ? '' . Caerdroia. 37 : 31 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Kern , Hermann ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter III : Ancient `` Labyrinths '' `` . Through the Labyrinth . Munich , New York , London : Prestel . pp. 57 -- 65 . ISBN 3791321447 . Jump up ^ Kern , Hermann ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter II : The Cretan Labyrinth '' . Through the Labyrinth . Munich , New York , London : Prestel . pp. 41 -- 55 . ISBN 3791321447 . See also Figure 3 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Homer . `` Iliad '' . Perseus Digital Library . Tufts University . xviii. 590 - 3 . Jump up ^ Miller , Paul Allen ( July 1995 ) . `` The Minotaur Within : Fire , the Labyrinth , and Strategies of Containment in Aeneid 5 and 6 '' . Classical Philology. 90 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 240 . Jump up ^ `` Furthermore he wrought a green , like that which Daedalus once made in Cnossus for lovely Ariadne . Hereon there danced youths and maidens whom all would woo , with their hands on one another 's wrists . The maidens wore robes of light linen , and the youths well woven shirts that were slightly oiled . There was a bard also to sing to them and play his lyre , while two tumblers went about performing in the midst of them when the man struck up with his tune . '' The Iliad : Transl , by Samuel Butler : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Steve Connor ( 16 October 2009 ) . `` Has the original Labyrinth been found ? '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ National Geographic Channel : The Holy Grail ( and the Minotaur ) Archived 1 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Herodotus , The Histories , translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt , Book II , pp. 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Matthews , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Kern 2000 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Kern 2000 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Peck , Harry Thurston ( chief editor ) . `` Hieratic Papyrus . ( Twentieth Dynasty . ) '' in the Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities , published 1898 , page 29 . Jump up ^ Andrew Stewart , One Hundred Greek Sculptors : Their Careers and Extant Works , `` Smilis . '' Jump up ^ Saward , Jeff ( 2003 ) . Labyrinths and Mazes . Gaia . p. 70 . ISBN 1579905390 . Jump up ^ `` Festival on Labyrinth and Symmetry '' . 9th ISIS Congress . 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Saward , Labyrinths and Mazes , p. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Al - Beruni , India , ( c. 1030 AD ) , Edward C. Sachau ( translator ) , Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner & Co , London , 1910 Online version from Columbia University Libraries ( Retrieved 5 December 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` quod nunc Harena dicitur '' : Roberto Weiss , The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity 1969 : 25 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Labyrinth '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Craig M. ( 2001 ) . The maze and the warrior : symbols in architecture , theology , and music . Harvard University Press . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00503 - 7 . Jump up ^ Russell , W.M.S. ; Claire Russell ( 1991 ) . `` English Turf Mazes , Troy , and the Labyrinth '' . Folklore . Taylor and Francis . 102 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 0015587x. 1991.9715807 . JSTOR 1260358 . Jump up ^ Saward , Jeff ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 6 : The Modern Revival '' . Labyrinths and Mazes . Gaia . pp. 179 -- 208 . ISBN 1579905390 . Jump up ^ Davide Tonato , Labyrinth of Transformations ( edited by Renzo Margonari ) , Grafiche Aurora , Verona 1988 Jump up ^ Brown , Mark ( 7 February 2013 ) . `` Tube celebrates 150th birthday with labyrinth art project '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallinger , Mark ( 2014 ) . Labyrinth : A Journey Through London 's Underground . Art Books . ISBN 9781908970169 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruth Mellinkoff , Averting Demons , 2004 , Vol. 2 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Schuster , Carl , & Edmund Carpenter ( 1996 ) . Patterns that Connect : Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art . Harry N. Abrams . p. 307 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 6326 - 9 . Jump up ^ Radford , Ben ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 10 Labyrinths : Sacred Symbols in the Sand '' . Mysterious New Mexico . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . pp. 207 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 5450 - 1 . Jump up ^ Labyrinth.Society.org ^ Jump up to : Kern , Hermann ( 2000 ) . `` VIII . Church Labyrinths '' . Through the Labyrinth : Designs and Meaning Over 5,000 Years . Prestel . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7913 - 2144 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ian Tarrant and Sally Dakin , Labyrinths and Prayer Stations , p 6 . Jump up ^ Mark Tooley ( September 2000 ) . `` Maze Craze '' . Touchstone Magazine . The Fellowship of St. James . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Hermann Kern , Through the Labyrinth , ed . Robert Ferré and Jeff Saward , Prestel , 2000 , ISBN 3 - 7913 - 2144 - 7 . ( This is an English translation of Kern 's original German monograph Labyrinthe published by Prestel in 1982 . ) Lauren Artress , Walking a Sacred Path : Rediscovering the Labyrinth as a Spiritual Practice , Penguin Books , 1995 , ISBN 1 - 57322 - 007 - 8 . Lauren Artress , The Sacred Path Companion : A Guide to Walking the Labyrinth to Heal and Transform , Penguin Books , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 59448 - 182 - 2 . Doob , Penelope Reed ( 1992 ) . The Idea of the Labyrinth : from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 80142 - 393 - 7 . Herodotus , The Histories , Newly translated and with an introduction by Aubrey de Sélincourt , Harmondsworth , England , Penguin Books , 1965 . Karl Kerenyi , Dionysos : Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life , Princeton University Press , 1976 . Helmut Jaskolski , The Labyrinth : Symbol of Fear , Rebirth and Liberation , Shambala , 1997 . Adrian Fisher & Georg Gerster , The Art of the Maze , Weidenfeld & Nicolson , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 83027 - 9 . Jeff Saward , Labyrinths and Mazes , Gaia Books Ltd , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 85675 - 183 - X . Jeff Saward , Magical Paths , Mitchell Beazley , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 84000 - 573 - 4 . W.H. Matthews , Mazes and Labyrinths : Their History and Development , Longmans , Green & Co. , 1922 . Includes bibliography . Dover Publications reprint , 1970 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 22614 - X . Andrew Stewart , One Hundred Greek Sculptors : Their Careers and Extant Works . Henning Eichberg , `` Racing in the labyrinth ? About some inner contradictions of running . '' In : Athletics , Society & Identity . Imeros , Journal for Culture and Technology , 5 ( 2005 ) : 1 . Athen : Foundation of the Hellenic World , 169 - 192 . Edward Hays , The Lenten Labyrinth : Daily Reflections for the Journey of Lent , Forest of Peace Publishing , 1994 . Carl Schuster and Edmund Carpenter , Patterns that Connect : Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art , Harry N. Abrams , NY , 1996 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labyrinth . Saward , Jeff ( 2012 ) . `` Labyrinthos '' . Labyrinthos.net . The Labyrinth Society Veriditas -- Spiritual labyrinth organization founded by Lauren Artress . Sunysb.edu , Through Mazes to Mathematics , Exposition by Tony Phillips Astrolog.org , Maze classification , Extensive classification of labyrinths and algorithms to solve them . Irrgartenwelt.de , Lars O. Heintel 's collection of handdrawn labyrinths and mazes Begehbare-labyrinthe.de Website ( in German ) with diagrams and photos of virtually all the public labyrinths in Germany . Mymaze.de , German website ( in German ) and Mymaze.de ( in English ) with descriptions , animations , links , and especially photos of ( mostly European ) labyrinths . Indigogroup.co.uk , British turf labyrinths by Marilyn Clark . Photos and descriptions of the surviving historical turf mazes in Britain . Gwydir.demon.co.uk , Jo Edkins 's Maze Page , an early website providing a clear overview of the territory and suggestions for further study . Gottesformel.ch , `` Die Kretische Labyrinth - Höhle '' by Thomas M. Waldmann , rev. 2009 ( in German ) ( in English ) ( in French ) ( in Greek ) . Description of a labyrinthine artificial cave system near Gortyn , Crete , widely considered the original labyrinth on Crete . Spiralzoom.com an educational website about the science of pattern formation , spirals in nature , and spirals in the mythic imagination & labyrinths . Sanu.ac.rs , `` The Geometry of History , '' Tessa Morrison , University of Newcastle , Australia . An attempt to extend Phillips 's topological classification to more general unicursal labyrinths . Labyrinth of Egypt -- Archaeological site reconstruction and 3D diagrams based on the writings of Herodotus and Strabo . Report of expedition to Hawara in 2008 in search of the lost Egyptian Labyrinth of Herodotus . Video and annotation on labyrinths Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth&oldid=827077905 '' Categories : Puzzles Mazes Rituals Garden features Locations in Greek mythology History of Crete Land art Fictional sealed locations Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles that may contain original research from November 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles containing Mycenaean Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Articles with Greek - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Galego 한국어 Հայերեն עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 17 : 15 . 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1. Greek mythology and the Labyrinth
2. Unicursal and multicursal labyrinths
3. Ancient labyrinths in Crete and Egypt
4. Medieval labyrinths and turf mazes
5. Modern interest and revival of labyrinths
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where do b and t cells originate and mature
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B cell - wikipedia B cell Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the immune system cell . For the electrical cell , see Battery ( vacuum tube ) . For β - cell of pancreas , see beta cell . Basic B cell function : bind to an antigen , receive help from a cognate helper T cell , and differentiate into a plasma cell that secretes large amounts of antibodies 3D rendering of a B cell B cells , also known as B lymphocytes , are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype . They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies . Additionally , B cells present antigen ( they are also classified as professional antigen - presenting cells ( APCs ) ) and secrete cytokines . It is mainly referred as humoral immunity cell In mammals , B cells mature in the bone marrow , which is at the core of most bones . In birds , B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricius , a lymphoid organ . ( The `` B '' from B cells comes from the name of this organ , where it was first discovered by Chang and Glick , and not from bone marrow as commonly believed ) . B cells , unlike the other two classes of lymphocytes , T cells and natural killer cells , express B cell receptors ( BCRs ) on their cell membrane . BCRs allow the B cell to bind to a specific antigen , against which it will initiate an antibody response . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Activation 2.1 T cell - dependent activation 2.2 T cell - independent activation 2.3 Memory B cell activation 3 B cell types 4 B cell - related pathology 5 Epigenetic 6 References Development ( edit ) B cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells ( HSCs ) that originate from bone marrow . HSCs first differentiate into multipotent progenitor ( MPP ) cells , then common lymphoid progenitor ( CLP ) cells . From here , their development into B cells occurs in several stages ( shown in image to the right ) , each marked by various gene expression patterns and immunoglobulin H chain and L chain gene loci arrangements , the latter due to B cells undergoing V ( D ) J recombination as they develop . Early B cell development : from stem cell to immature B cell B cells undergo two types of selection while developing in the bone marrow to ensure proper development . Positive selection occurs through antigen - independent signaling involving both the pre-BCR and the BCR . If these receptors do not bind to their ligand , B cells do not receive the proper signals and cease to develop . Negative selection occurs through the binding of self - antigen with the BCR ; If the BCR can bind strongly to self - antigen , then the B cell undergoes one of four fates : clonal deletion , receptor editing , anergy , or ignorance ( B cell ignores signal and continues development ) . This negative selection process leads to a state of central tolerance , in which the mature B cells do n't bind with self antigens present in the bone marrow . To complete development , immature B cells migrate from the bone marrow into the spleen as transitional B cells , passing through two transitional stages : T1 and T2 . Throughout their migration to the spleen and after spleen entry , they are considered T1 B cells . Within the spleen , T1 B cells transition to T2 B cells . T2 B cells differentiate into either follicular ( FO ) B cells or marginal zone ( MZ ) B cells depending on signals received through the BCR and other receptors . Once differentiated , they are now considered mature B cells , or naive B cells . Transitional B cell development : from immature B cell to MZ B cell or mature ( FO ) B cell While immature and during the T1 phase , B cells express BCR of class IgH , but BCR expression changes to the classes IgM and IgD after transition into the T2 phase and while mature up to activation . Activation ( edit ) B cell activation occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs ( SLOs ) , such as the spleen and lymph nodes . After B cells mature in the bone marrow , they migrate through the blood to SLOs , which receive a constant supply of antigen through circulating lymph . At the SLO , B cell activation begins when the B cell binds to an antigen via its BCR . Of the three B cell subsets , FO B cells preferentially undergo T cell - dependent activation while MZ B cells and B1 B cells preferentially undergo T cell - independent activation . B cell activation : from immature B cell to plasma cell or memory B cell B cell activation is enhanced through the activity of CD21 , a surface receptor in complex with surface proteins CD19 and CD81 ( all three are collectively known as the B cell coreceptor complex ) . When a BCR binds an antigen tagged with a fragment of the C3 complement protein , CD21 binds the C3 fragment , co-ligates with the bound BCR , and signals are transduced through CD19 and CD81 to lower the activation threshold of the cell . T cell - dependent activation ( edit ) Antigens that activate B cells with the help of T - cell are known as T cell - dependent ( TD ) antigens and include foreign proteins . They are named as such because they are unable to induce a humoral response in organisms that lack T cells . B cell response to these antigens takes multiple days , though antibodies generated have a higher affinity and are more functionally versatile than those generated from T cell - independent activation . Once a BCR binds a TD antigen , the antigen is taken up into the B cell through receptor - mediated endocytosis , degraded , and presented to T cells as peptide pieces in complex with MHC - II molecules on the cell membrane . T helper ( T ) cells , typically follicular T helper ( T ) cells , that were activated with the same antigen recognize and bind these MHC - II - peptide complexes through their T cell receptor ( TCR ) . Following TCR - MHC - II - peptide binding , T cells express the surface protein CD40L as well as cytokines such as IL - 4 and IL - 21 . CD40L serves as a necessary co-stimulatory factor for B cell activation by binding the B cell surface receptor CD40 , which promotes B cell proliferation , immunoglobulin class switching , and somatic hypermutation as well as sustains T cell growth and differentiation . T cell - derived cytokines bound by B cell cytokine receptors also promote B cell proliferation , immunoglobulin class switching , and somatic hypermutation as well as guide differentiation . After B cells receive these signals , they are considered activated . Now activated , B cells participate in a two - step differentiation process that yields both short - lived plasmablasts for immediate protection and long - lived plasma cells and memory B cells for persistent protection . The first step , known as the extrafollicular response , occurs outside lymphoid follicles but still in the SLO . During this step activated B cells proliferate , may undergo immunoglobulin class switching , and differentiate into plasmablasts that produce early , weak antibodies mostly of class IgM . The second step consists of activated B cells entering a lymphoid follicle and forming a germinal center ( GC ) , which is a specialized microenvironment where B cells undergo extensive proliferation , immunoglobulin class switching , and affinity maturation directed by somatic hypermutation . These processes are facilitated by T cells within the GC and generate both high - affinity memory B cells and long - lived plasma cells . Resultant plasma cells secrete large amounts of antibody and either stay within the SLO or , more preferentially , migrate to bone marrow . T cell - independent activation ( edit ) Main article : T independent antigen ( TI ) Antigens that activate B cells without T cell help are known as T cell - independent ( TI ) antigens and include foreign polysaccharides and unmethylated CpG DNA . They are named as such because they are able to induce a humoral response in organisms that lack T cells . B cell response to these antigens is rapid , though antibodies generated tend to have lower affinity and are less functionally versatile than those generated from T cell - dependent activation . As with TD antigens , B cells activated by TI antigens need additional signals to complete activation , but instead of receiving them from T cells , they are provided either by recognition and binding of a common microbial constituent to toll - like receptors ( TLRs ) or by extensive crosslinking of BCRs to repeated epitopes on a bacterial cell . B cells activated by TI antigens go on to proliferate outside lymphoid follicles but still in SLOs ( GCs do not form ) , possibly undergo immunoglobulin class switching , and differentiate into short - lived plasmablasts that produce early , weak antibodies mostly of class IgM , but also some populations of long - lived plasma cells . Memory B cell activation ( edit ) Memory B cell activation begins with the detection and binding of their target antigen , which is shared by their parent B cell . Some memory B cells can be activated without T cell help , such as certain virus - specific memory B cells , but others need T cell help . Upon antigen binding , the memory B cell takes up the antigen through receptor - mediated endocytosis , degrades it , and presents it to T cells as peptide pieces in complex with MHC - II molecules on the cell membrane . Memory T helper ( T ) cells , typically memory follicular T helper ( T ) cells , that were derived from T cells activated with the same antigen recognize and bind these MHC - II - peptide complexes through their TCR . Following TCR - MHC - II - peptide binding and the relay of other signals from the memory T cell , the memory B cell is activated and differentiates either into plasmablasts and plasma cells via an extrafollicular response or enter a germinal center reaction where they generate plasma cells and more memory B cells . It is unclear whether the memory B cells undergo further affinity maturation within these secondary GCs . B cell types ( edit ) Plasmablast - A short - lived , proliferating antibody - secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation . Plasmablasts are generated early in an infection and their antibodies tend to have a weaker affinity towards their target antigen compared to plasma cell . Plasmablasts can result from T cell - independent activation of B cells or the extrafollicular response from T cell - dependent activation of B cells . Plasma cell - A long - lived , non-proliferating antibody - secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation . There is evidence that B cells first differentiate into a plasmablast - like cell , then differentiate into a plasma cell . Plasma cells are generated later in an infection and , compared to plasmablasts , have antibodies with a higher affinity towards their target antigen due to affinity maturation in the germinal center ( GC ) and produce more antibodies . Plasma cells typically result from the germinal center reaction from T cell - dependent activation of B cells , however they can also result from T cell - independent activation of B cells . Lymphoplasmacytoid cell - A cell with a mixture of B lymphocyte and plasma cell morphological features that is thought to be closely related to or a subtype of plasma cells . This cell type is found in pre-malignant and malignant plasma cell dyscrasias that are associated with the secretion of IgM monoclonal proteins ; these dyscrasias include IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and Waldenström 's macroglobulinemia . Memory B cell - Dormant B cell arising from B cell differentiation . Their function is to circulate through the body and initiate a stronger , more rapid antibody response ( known as the anamnestic secondary antibody response ) if they detect the antigen that had activated their parent B cell ( memory B cells and their parent B cells share the same BCR , thus they detect the same antigen ) . Memory B cells can be generated from T cell - dependent activation through both the extrafollicular response and the germinal center reaction as well as from T cell - independent activation of B1 cells . Follicular ( FO ) B Cell ( also known as a B - 2 cell ) - Most common type of B cell and , when not circulating through the blood , is found mainly in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs ( SLOs ) . They are responsible for generating the majority of high - affinity antibodies during an infection . Marginal zone ( MZ ) B cell - Found mainly in the marginal zone of the spleen and serves as a first line of defense against blood - borne pathogens , as the marginal zone receives large amounts of blood from the general circulation . They can undergo both T cell - independent and T cell - dependent activation , but preferentially undergo T cell - independent activation . B - 1 cell - Arises from a developmental pathway different from FO B cells and MZ B cells . In mice , they predominantly populate the peritoneal cavity and pleural cavity , generate natural antibodies ( antibodies produced without infection ) , defend against mucosal pathogens , and primarily exhibit T cell - independent activation . A true homologue of mouse B - 1 cells has not been discovered in humans , though various cell populations similar to B - 1 cells have been described . B - 2 cell - FO B cells and MZ B cells . Regulatory B ( Breg ) cell - An immunosuppressive B cell type that stops the expansion of pathogenic , pro-inflammatory lymphocytes through the secretion of IL - 10 , IL - 35 , and TGF - β . Also , it promotes the generation of regulatory T ( Treg ) cells by directly interacting with T cells to skew their differentiation towards Tregs . No common Breg cell identity has been described and many Breg cell subsets sharing regulatory functions have been found in both mice and humans . It is currently unknown if Breg cell subsets are developmentally linked and how exactly differentiation into a Breg cell occurs . There is evidence showing that nearly all B cell types can differentiate into a Breg cell through mechanisms involving inflammatory signals and BCR recognition . B cell - related pathology ( edit ) Autoimmune disease can result from abnormal B cell recognition of self - antigens followed by the production of autoantibodies . Autoimmune diseases where disease activity is correlated with B cell activity include scleroderma , multiple sclerosis , systemic lupus erythematosus , type 1 diabetes , and rheumatoid arthritis . Malignant transformation of B cells and their precursors can cause a host of cancers , including chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL ) , acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) , hairy cell leukemia , follicular lymphoma , non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , Hodgkin 's lymphoma , and plasma cell malignancies such as multiple myeloma , Waldenström 's macroglobulinemia , and certain forms of amyloidosis . Epigenetic ( edit ) A study that investigated the methylome of B cells along their differentiation cycle , using whole - genome bisulfite sequencing ( WGBS ) , showed that there is a hypomethylation from the earliest stages to the most differentiated stages . The largest methylation difference is between the stages of germinal center B cells and memory B cells . Furthermore , this study showed that there is a similarity between B cell tumors and long - lived B cells in their DNA methylation signatures . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Janeway 's Immunobiology 8th Edition . New York , NY : Garland Science . ISBN 9780815342434 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Max D. ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The early history of B cells '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3801 . PMID 25656707 . ^ Jump up to : Kondo , Motonari ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Lymphoid and myeloid lineage commitment in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors '' . Immunological Reviews . 238 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 46 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 065X. 2010.00963. x . ISSN 1600 - 065X . PMC 2975965 . PMID 20969583 . ^ Jump up to : Pelanda , Roberta ; Torres , Raul M. ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Central B - Cell Tolerance : Where Selection Begins '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 4 ( 4 ) : a007146 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a007146 . ISSN 1943 - 0264 . PMC 3312675 . PMID 22378602 . ^ Jump up to : Martensson , Inga - Lill ; Almqvist , Nina ; Grimsholm , Ola ; Bernardi , Angelina ( 2010 ) . `` The pre-B cell receptor checkpoint '' . FEBS Letters. 584 ( 12 ) : 2572 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. febslet. 2010.04. 057 . PMID 20420836 . ^ Jump up to : LeBien , Tucker W. ; Tedder , Thomas F. ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) . `` B lymphocytes : how they develop and function '' . Blood . 112 ( 5 ) : 1570 -- 1580 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2008 - 02 - 078071 . ISSN 0006 - 4971 . PMC 2518873 . PMID 18725575 . Jump up ^ Loder , By Florienne ; Mutschler , Bettina ; Ray , Robert J. ; Paige , Christopher J. ; Sideras , Paschalis ; Torres , Raul ; Lamers , Marinus C. ; Carsetti , Rita ( 1999 - 07 - 01 ) . `` B Cell Development in the Spleen Takes Place in Discrete Steps and Is Determined by the Quality of B Cell Receptor -- Derived Signals '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 190 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 90 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 190.1. 75 . ISSN 0022 - 1007 . PMC 2195560 . PMID 10429672 . ^ Jump up to : Chung , James B. ; Silverman , Michael ; Monroe , John G. ( 2003 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Transitional B cells : step by step towards immune competence '' . Trends in Immunology. 24 ( 6 ) : 342 -- 348 . doi : 10.1016 / S1471 - 4906 ( 03 ) 00119 - 4 . ISSN 1471 - 4906 . Jump up ^ Cerutti , Andrea ; Cols , Montserrat ; Puga , Irene ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Marginal zone B cells : virtues of innate - like antibody - producing lymphocytes '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 13 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 32 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3383 . PMC 3652659 . PMID 23348416 . Jump up ^ Harwood , Naomi E. ; Batista , Facundo D. ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Early Events in B Cell Activation '' . Annual Review of Immunology. 28 ( 1 ) : 185 -- 210 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - immunol - 030409 - 101216 . PMID 20192804 . Jump up ^ Yuseff , Maria - Isabel ; Pierobon , Paolo ; Reversat , Anne ; Lennon - Duménil , Ana - Maria ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` How B cells capture , process and present antigens : a crucial role for cell polarity '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 13 ( 7 ) : 475 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3469 . PMID 23797063 . ^ Jump up to : Nutt , Stephen L. ; Hodgkin , Philip D. ; Tarlinton , David M. ; Corcoran , Lynn M. ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The generation of antibody - secreting plasma cells '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 ( 3 ) : 160 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3795 . PMID 25698678 . Jump up ^ Asokan , Rengasamy ; Banda , Nirmal K. ; Szakonyi , Gerda ; Chen , Xiaojiang S. ; Holers , V. Michael ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Human complement receptor 2 ( CR2 / CD21 ) as a receptor for DNA : Implications for its roles in the immune response and the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) '' . Molecular Immunology. 53 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 99 -- 110 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molimm. 2012.07. 002 . PMC 3439536 . PMID 22885687 . Jump up ^ Zabel , Mark D. ; Weis , John H. ( 2001 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Cell - specific regulation of the CD21 gene '' . International Immunopharmacology . Unraveling Mechanisms and Discovering Novel Roles for Complement. 1 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 493 . doi : 10.1016 / S1567 - 5769 ( 00 ) 00046 - 1 . PMID 11367532 . Jump up ^ Blum , Janice S. ; Wearsch , Pamela A. ; Cresswell , Peter ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Pathways of Antigen Processing '' . Annual Review of Immunology. 31 ( 1 ) : 443 -- 473 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - immunol - 032712 - 095910 . PMC 4026165 . PMID 23298205 . ^ Jump up to : Crotty , Shane ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A brief history of T cell help to B cells '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 ( 3 ) : 185 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3803 . PMC 4414089 . PMID 25677493 . Jump up ^ MacLennan , Ian C.M. ; Toellner , Kai - Michael ; Cunningham , Adam F. ; Serre , Karine ; Sze , Daniel M. - Y. ; Zúñiga , Elina ; Cook , Matthew C. ; Vinuesa , Carola G. ( 2003 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Extrafollicular antibody responses '' . Immunological Reviews . 194 : 8 -- 18 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 065x. 2003.00058. x . ISSN 0105 - 2896 . PMID 12846803 . ^ Jump up to : Shlomchik , Mark J. ; Weisel , Florian ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells '' . Immunological Reviews . 247 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 63 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 065X. 2012.01124. x . ISSN 1600 - 065X . PMID 22500831 . ^ Jump up to : Bortnick , Alexandra ; Chernova , Irene ; Quinn , William J. ; Mugnier , Monica ; Cancro , Michael P. ; Allman , David ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Long - Lived Bone Marrow Plasma Cells Are Induced Early in Response to T Cell - Independent or T Cell - Dependent Antigens '' . The Journal of Immunology. 188 ( 11 ) : 5389 -- 5396 . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 1102808 . ISSN 0022 - 1767 . PMC 4341991 . PMID 22529295 . ^ Jump up to : McHeyzer - Williams , Michael ; Okitsu , Shinji ; Wang , Nathaniel ; McHeyzer - Williams , Louise ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Molecular programming of B cell memory '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 12 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 34 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3128 . PMC 3947622 . PMID 22158414 . ^ Jump up to : Kurosaki , Tomohiro ; Kometani , Kohei ; Ise , Wataru ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Memory B cells '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 ( 3 ) : 149 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3802 . PMID 25677494 . Jump up ^ Ribourtout B , Zandecki M ( 2015 ) . `` Plasma cell morphology in multiple myeloma and related disorders '' . Morphologie : Bulletin De l'Association Des Anatomistes. 99 ( 325 ) : 38 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. morpho. 2015.02. 001 . PMID 25899140 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Shiv ; Cariappa , Annaiah ; Moran , Stewart T. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Marginal Zone B Cells '' . Annual Review of Immunology. 23 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 196 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. immunol. 23.021704. 115728 . PMID 15771569 . ^ Jump up to : Baumgarth , Nicole ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The double life of a B - 1 cell : self - reactivity selects for protective effector functions '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 11 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 46 . doi : 10.1038 / nri2901 . PMID 21151033 . ^ Jump up to : Rosser , Elizabeth C. ; Mauri , Claudia ( 2015 ) . `` Regulatory B Cells : Origin , Phenotype , and Function '' . Immunity. 42 ( 4 ) : 607 -- 612 . doi : 10.1016 / j. immuni. 2015.04. 005 . ISSN 1074 - 7613 . PMID 25902480 . ^ Jump up to : Yanaba , Koichi ; Bouaziz , Jean - David ; Matsushita , Takashi ; Magro , Cynthia M. ; St. Clair , E. William ; Tedder , Thomas F. ( 2008 - 06 - 01 ) . `` B - lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease '' . Immunological Reviews . 223 ( 1 ) : 284 -- 299 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 065X. 2008.00646. x . ISSN 1600 - 065X . Jump up ^ III , Arthur L. Shaffer ; Young , Ryan M. ; Staudt , Louis M. ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Pathogenesis of Human B Cell Lymphomas '' . Annual Review of Immunology. 30 ( 1 ) : 565 -- 610 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - immunol - 020711 - 075027 . PMID 22224767 . Jump up ^ Castillo JJ ( 2016 ) . `` Plasma Cell Disorders '' . Primary Care . 43 ( 4 ) : 677 -- 691 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pop. 2016.07. 002 . PMID 27866585 . Jump up ^ Kulis , Marta ; Merkel , Angelika ; Heath , Simon ; Queirós , Ana C. ; Schuyler , Ronald P. ; Castellano , Giancarlo ; Beekman , Renée ; Raineri , Emanuele ; Esteve , Anna ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Whole - genome fingerprint of the DNA methylome during human B cell differentiation '' . Nature Genetics . 47 ( 7 ) : 746 -- 756 . doi : 10.1038 / ng. 3291 . ISSN 1061 - 4036 . PMID 26053498 . <Th_colspan="2"> Lymphocytes B cells Plasma Memory Follicular Marginal zone Naïve Pre-B Thymocyte T cells αβ ( Cytotoxic CD8 Helper CD4 / T / T 3 / T 17 / Regulatory ) γδ Naïve Natural killer T cell NK cells Cytokine - induced killer cell Lymphokine - activated killer cell Null cell Lymphopoiesis Hematopoietic stem cell Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte <Th_colspan="2"> Immunology : lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation / Professional APCs : Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs . tolerance action : Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity inaction : Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ( D ) J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC / HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B_cell&oldid=836863101 '' Categories : Lymphocytes Human cells Immunology Immune system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 08 : 49 . 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1. B cell function in the immune system
2. B cell development and activation
3. T cell-dependent and T cell-independent activation of B cells
4. Different types of B cells and their roles
5. B cell-related pathology and diseases
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when does jj find out she's pregnant
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Jennifer Jareau - wikipedia Jennifer Jareau <Th_colspan="2"> Jennifer Jareau <Td_colspan="2"> Criminal Minds character <Td_colspan="2"> A.J. Cook as Jennifer Jareau First appearance `` Compulsion '' 1x02 , September 28 , 2005 Created by Jeff Davis Portrayed by A.J. Cook <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) JJ , Jen ( By Spencer Reid ) Occupation FBI Special Agent Conditional Unit Chief ( formerly ) Communications Liaison ( formerly ) Title FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent Family Rosaline Jareau ( sister , deceased ) Unnamed niece Sandy Jareau ( mother ) Unnamed sibling Unnamed aunt Significant other ( s ) William LaMontagne ( Husband ) Children Henry Jareau LaMontagne Michael Jareau LaMontagne Seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds , portrayed by A.J. Cook . Contents 1 Character background 2 Storylines 2.1 Promotion to Pentagon and brief return 2.2 Return to the BAU 2.3 Relationships and family 3 Characterization 3.1 Fears and obsessions 4 References 5 External links Character background ( edit ) During various episodes , Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . When she was eleven , her seventeen - year - old sister Rosaline committed suicide by cutting . Rosaline 's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline , until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain . A high school athlete , Jareau graduated valedictorian from East Allegheny High School , where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh . She also attended Georgetown , presumably for graduate studies . JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then - Unit Chief Agent David Rossi . She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading , which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college . The next fall , she applied to the FBI Academy . Storylines ( edit ) In the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) , JJ acted as the team 's liaison with the media and local police agencies . Though talented and helpful , she was not actually a profiler , having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner 's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis . She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits . However , she does accompany the team on raids , and is proficient with firearms . This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage - taker , Jason Clark Battle , with a single shot ( Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide , who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date , and then shot her , in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered ) . During season six , JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon ; however , she returns in season seven as a full - time profiler , having received the necessary training . In season 9 ( `` 200 '' ) , she is then kidnapped , and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story . It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan , in search for Bin Laden . The team saves her , and in season 10 , it is revealed she has PTSD , and has n't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped , as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan , one of which includes her having a miscarriage , after a convoy was attacked . She tries to work through it with the help of Reid , who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day , for almost a half - hour , after seeing herself on the table , in place of the victim . Promotion to Pentagon and brief return ( edit ) It is revealed in `` JJ '' , that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors . However , she is finally forced to transfer by `` the brass '' . JJ 's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six , for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin - off Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . JJ 's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine . Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster ( Agent Emily Prentiss ) . In the episode titled `` Lauren '' , JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle . The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach . It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ 's help , providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each `` to keep her comfortable '' . In the season six finale , JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is `` coming back '' . In `` 200 '' , it was revealed that JJ 's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz ( who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss 's death ) . During this time , she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force 's informants dead . In February 2011 , while overseas , she discovered that she was pregnant . However , in April 2011 , following the events of `` Lauren '' , during an attack on the task force , she was wounded and miscarried the baby . She did n't initially tell Will of the pregnancy , and it remained a secret between her and Cruz . In `` The Forever People '' , when she starts showing signs of PTSD , Reid calls her on it , and he tries to help her and talk to her . She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy , and asks him to keep it between them . Return to the BAU ( edit ) The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit , having received the training to become a full - time profiler , instead of the Media Liaison , a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia . She is initially against summoning Prentiss `` back from the dead , '' but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth . Also , she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception , as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word , and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again . In season nine , the events during her departure in 2010 -- 11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief . In `` The Road Home '' , while waiting to meet Cruz , she is suddenly kidnapped . In `` 200 '' , it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari , who was a traitor in the task force , in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East . She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code . She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage , revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings , a man she worked with on the task force . He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code . She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss , and she proceeds to chase after Hastings . Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings , resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death . JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth . A year after her kidnapping and torture , she starts experiencing PTSD , something that Reid notices . When she is confronted by him , she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation , saying that it 's more than PTSD . She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid . She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak , which could have resulted the deaths of herself , the UnSub , and a hostage . Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he could n't find a term to describe JJ 's condition , he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari 's file , revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit , Iraq , and his criminal background . JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her . He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself . He also tells her that he will take her sleep , her smile , and her safety away , as well as change her so that her husband and son wo n't even recognise her . He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear , but JJ snarls a harsh `` No '' to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination . Relationships and family ( edit ) Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will , JJ displayed little interest in dating . She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game , but little came of it romantically , although the two became very good friends . In the season 2 episode `` Jones '' , JJ first meets William `` Will '' LaMontagne , Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces . It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues , which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship . When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open , it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them . In `` The Crossing '' , JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child . He later asked her to marry him , and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective 's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job , though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child . JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave , and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry . Will transfers to the MPDC , and the family live together in Washington . In later seasons , toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A.J. Cook 's real - life son Mekhai Andersen . JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry 's godparents . When JJ returned from maternity leave , she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry 's birthstone , but did not seem to be officially engaged , as she wore her ring on her right hand , not the left . In the season seven finale , JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again , and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi 's backyard . Characterization ( edit ) JJ is very loyal to her family and friends , as well as very protective . She is also known to be a crack shot . This was demonstrated in many episodes such as `` Nanny Dearest '' by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance . In `` Revelations '' , she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn . In `` Penelope '' , she kills Garcia 's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him . Despite her petite frame , she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed . In the season 7 finale , she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage . She is best friends with Spencer ( and is the only one who calls him `` Spence '' ) , Penelope , and Emily . Fears and obsessions ( edit ) In `` The Boogeyman '' , JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods . When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why , she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss 's murdered body in his cabin . After telling the story , she admits she was joking , and says she does n't know why she is afraid of the woods . In the same episode , JJ also states that she has a niece who , at the time , is about 8 years old . When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode `` The Big Game '' , and split up to apprehend the suspect , JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs . Although JJ shot and killed the dogs , saving her own life , Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime , and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him . After this traumatic experience , it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs . In the episode `` Penelope '' , it 's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill , and who continued to threaten the life of , Penelope Garcia . She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos . She can be seen eating them often , and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was `` Cheeto - breath '' when she was playing Emily ( who was hiding in Paris at the time ) . In `` Mr. Scratch '' , JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If the Shoe Fits '' . Criminal Minds . Season 10 . Episode 6 . November 5 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 '' . Criminal Minds . Season 9 . Episode 5 . October 23 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Painless '' . Criminal Minds . Season 7 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ CBS Corporation . `` About Criminal Minds - CBS.com '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` North Mammon '' . Criminal Minds . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 1 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ' Criminal Minds ' update : Cook and Brewster returning -- but for how long ? Jump up ^ A.J. Cook Returns to ' Criminal Minds ' for Paget Brewster 's Final Episode Jump up ^ `` In Heat '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 17 . April 30 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 18 . May 7 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Lo - Fi '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 20 . May 21 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Catching Out '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 5 . October 29 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Memoriam '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2008 . CBS . External links ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake <Td_colspan="2"> Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Jareau&oldid=851070264 '' Categories : Criminal Minds characters Fictional characters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Fictional characters from Pittsburgh Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 21 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Jennifer Jareau - Criminal Minds character
2. FBI Special Agent and BAU Supervisory Special Agent
3. Relationships and family of Jennifer Jareau
4. Promotion to Pentagon and return to the BAU
5. Fears and obsessions of Jennifer Jareau
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three global performance measures associated with constraint management are
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Theory of Constraints - wikipedia Theory of Constraints Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series of articles on Manufacturing Manufacturing methods Batch production Job production Flow production Improvement methods RCM TPM VDM QRM TOC Lean Six Sigma TQM ZD Information and communication ISA - 88 ISA - 95 ERP SAP IEC 62264 B2MML Process control PLC DCS SCADA The theory of constraints ( TOC ) is a management paradigm that views any manageable system as being limited in achieving more of its goals by a very small number of constraints . There is always at least one constraint , and TOC uses a focusing process to identify the constraint and restructure the rest of the organization around it . TOC adopts the common idiom `` a chain is no stronger than its weakest link '' . This means that processes , organizations , etc. , are vulnerable because the weakest person or part can always damage or break them or at least adversely affect the outcome . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Key assumption 1.2 The five focusing steps 1.3 Constraints 1.4 Breaking a constraint 1.5 Buffers 1.6 Plant types 2 Applications 2.1 Operations 2.2 High - speed automated production lines 2.3 Supply chain and logistics 2.4 Finance and accounting 2.5 Project management 2.6 Marketing and sales 3 Thinking processes 4 Development and practice 5 Criticism 5.1 Claimed suboptimality of drum - buffer - rope 5.2 Unacknowledged debt 6 Certification and education 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The theory of constraints ( TOC ) is an overall management philosophy introduced by Eliyahu M. Goldratt in his 1984 book titled The Goal , that is geared to help organizations continually achieve their goals . Goldratt adapted the concept to project management with his book Critical Chain , published in 1997 . An earlier propagator of a similar concept was Wolfgang Mewes in Germany with publications on power - oriented management theory ( Machtorientierte Führungstheorie , 1963 ) and following with his Energo - Kybernetic System ( EKS , 1971 ) , later renamed Engpasskonzentrierte Strategie ( Bottleneck - focused Strategy ) as a more advanced theory of bottlenecks . The publications of Wolfgang Mewes are marketed through the FAZ Verlag , publishing house of the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( Frankfurt General Newspaper ) . However , the paradigm Theory of constraints was first used by Goldratt . Key assumption ( edit ) The underlying premise of the theory of constraints is that organizations can be measured and controlled by variations on three measures : throughput , operational expense , and inventory . Inventory is all the money that the system has invested in purchasing things which it intends to sell . Operational expense is all the money the system spends in order to turn inventory into throughput . Throughput is the rate at which the system generates money through sales . Before the goal itself can be reached , necessary conditions must first be met . These typically include safety , quality , legal obligations , etc . For most businesses , the goal itself is to make money . However , for many organizations and non-profit businesses , making money is a necessary condition for pursuing the goal . Whether it is the goal or a necessary condition , understanding how to make sound financial decisions based on throughput , inventory , and operating expense is a critical requirement . The five focusing steps ( edit ) Theory of constraints is based on the premise that the rate of goal achievement by a goal - oriented system ( i.e. , the system 's throughput ) is limited by at least one constraint . The argument by reductio ad absurdum is as follows : If there was nothing preventing a system from achieving higher throughput ( i.e. , more goal units in a unit of time ) , its throughput would be infinite -- which is impossible in a real - life system . Only by increasing flow through the constraint can overall throughput be increased . Assuming the goal of a system has been articulated and its measurements defined , the steps are : Identify the system 's constraint ( s ) . Decide how to exploit the system 's constraint ( s ) . Subordinate everything else to the above decision ( s ) . Elevate the system 's constraint ( s ) . Warning ! If in the previous steps a constraint has been broken , go back to step 1 , but do not allow inertia to cause a system 's constraint . The goal of a commercial organization is : `` Make more money now and in the future '' , and its measurements are given by throughput accounting as : throughput , inventory , and operating expenses . The five focusing steps aim to ensure ongoing improvement efforts are centered on the organization 's constraint ( s ) . In the TOC literature , this is referred to as the process of ongoing improvement ( POOGI ) . These focusing steps are the key steps to developing the specific applications mentioned below . Constraints ( edit ) A constraint is anything that prevents the system from achieving its goal . There are many ways that constraints can show up , but a core principle within TOC is that there are not tens or hundreds of constraints . There is at least one but at most only a few in any given system . Constraints can be internal or external to the system . An internal constraint is in evidence when the market demands more from the system than it can deliver . If this is the case , then the focus of the organization should be on discovering that constraint and following the five focusing steps to open it up ( and potentially remove it ) . An external constraint exists when the system can produce more than the market will bear . If this is the case , then the organization should focus on mechanisms to create more demand for its products or services . Types of ( internal ) constraints Equipment : The way equipment is currently used limits the ability of the system to produce more salable goods / services . People : Lack of skilled people limits the system . Mental models held by people can cause behaviour that becomes a constraint . Policy : A written or unwritten policy prevents the system from making more . The concept of the constraint in Theory of Constraints is analogous to but differs from the constraint that shows up in mathematical optimization . In TOC , the constraint is used as a focusing mechanism for management of the system . In optimization , the constraint is written into the mathematical expressions to limit the scope of the solution ( X can be no greater than 5 ) . Please note : organizations have many problems with equipment , people , policies , etc . ( A breakdown is just that -- a breakdown -- and is not a constraint in the true sense of the TOC concept ) The constraint is the limiting factor that is preventing the organization from getting more throughput ( typically , revenue through sales ) even when nothing goes wrong . Breaking a constraint ( edit ) If a constraint 's throughput capacity is elevated to the point where it is no longer the system 's limiting factor , this is said to `` break '' the constraint . The limiting factor is now some other part of the system , or may be external to the system ( an external constraint ) . This is not to be confused with a breakdown . Buffers ( edit ) Buffers are used throughout the theory of constraints . They often result as part of the exploit and subordinate steps of the five focusing steps . Buffers are placed before the governing constraint , thus ensuring that the constraint is never starved . Buffers are also placed behind the constraint to prevent downstream failure from blocking the constraint 's output . Buffers used in this way protect the constraint from variations in the rest of the system and should allow for normal variation of processing time and the occasional upset ( Murphy ) before and behind the constraint . Buffers can be a bank of physical objects before a work center , waiting to be processed by that work center . Buffers ultimately buy you time , as in the time before work reaches the constraint and are often verbalized as time buffers . There should always be enough ( but not excessive ) work in the time queue before the constraint and adequate offloading space behind the constraint . Buffers are not the small queue of work that sits before every work center in a Kanban system although it is similar if you regard the assembly line as the governing constraint . A prerequisite in the theory is that with one constraint in the system , all other parts of the system must have sufficient capacity to keep up with the work at the constraint and to catch up if time was lost . In a balanced line , as espoused by Kanban , when one work center goes down for a period longer than the buffer allows , then the entire system must wait until that work center is restored . In a TOC system , the only situation where work is in danger is if the constraint is unable to process ( either due to malfunction , sickness or a `` hole '' in the buffer -- if something goes wrong that the time buffer can not protect ) . Buffer management , therefore , represents a crucial attribute of the theory of constraints . There are many ways to apply buffers , but the most often used is a visual system of designating the buffer in three colors : green ( okay ) , yellow ( caution ) and red ( action required ) . Creating this kind of visibility enables the system as a whole to align and thus subordinate to the need of the constraint in a holistic manner . This can also be done daily in a central operations room that is accessible to everybody . Plant types ( edit ) There are four primary types of plants in the TOC lexicon . Draw the flow of material from the bottom of a page to the top , and you get the four types . They specify the general flow of materials through a system , and they provide some hints about where to look for typical problems . This type of analysis is known as VATI analysis as it uses the bottom - up shapes of the letters V , A , T , and I to describe the types of plants . The four types can be combined in many ways in larger facilities , e.g. `` an A plant feeding a V plant '' . V - plant : The general flow of material is one - to - many , such as a plant that takes one raw material and can make many final products . Classic examples are meat rendering plants or a steel manufacturer . The primary problem in V - plants is `` robbing '' where one operation ( A ) immediately after a diverging point `` steals '' materials meant for the other operation ( B ) . Once the material has been processed by A , it can not come back and be run through B without significant rework . A-plant : The general flow of material is many - to - one , such as in a plant where many sub-assemblies converge for a final assembly . The primary problem in A-plants is in synchronizing the converging lines so that each supplies the final assembly point at the right time . T - plant : The general flow is that of an I - plant ( or has multiple lines ) , which then splits into many assemblies ( many - to - many ) . Most manufactured parts are used in multiple assemblies and nearly all assemblies use multiple parts . Customized devices , such as computers , are good examples . T - plants suffer from both synchronization problems of A-plants ( parts are n't all available for an assembly ) and the robbing problems of V - plants ( one assembly steals parts that could have been used in another ) . I - plant : Material flows in a sequence , such as in an assembly line . The primary work is done in a straight sequence of events ( one - to - one ) . The constraint is the slowest operation . From the above list , one can deduce that for non-material systems one could draw the flow of work or the flow of processes , instead of physical flows , and arrive at similar basic V , A , T , or I structures . A project , for example , is an A-shaped sequence of work , culminating in a delivered project . Applications ( edit ) The focusing steps , this process of ongoing improvement , have been applied to manufacturing , project management , supply chain / distribution generated specific solutions . Other tools ( mainly the `` thinking process '' ) also led to TOC applications in the fields of marketing and sales , and finance . The solution as applied to each of these areas are listed below . Operations ( edit ) Within manufacturing operations and operations management , the solution seeks to pull materials through the system , rather than push them into the system . The primary methodology used is drum - buffer - rope ( DBR ) and a variation called simplified drum - buffer - rope ( S - DBR ) . Drum - buffer - rope is a manufacturing execution methodology based on the fact the output of a system can only be the same as the output at the constraint of the system . Any attempt to produce more than what the constraint can process just leads to excess inventory piling up . The method is named for its three components . The drum is the rate at which the physical constraint of the plant can work : the work center or machine or operation that limits the ability of the entire system to produce more . The rest of the plant follows the beat of the drum . Schedule at the drum decides what the system should produce , in what sequence to produce and how much to produce . They make sure the drum has work and that anything the drum has processed does not get wasted . The buffer protects the drum , so that it always has work flowing to it . Buffers in DBR provide the additional lead time beyond the required set up and process times , for materials in the product flow . Since these buffers have time as their unit of measure , rather than quantity of material , this makes the priority system operate strictly based on the time an order is expected to be at the drum . Each work order will have a remaining buffer status that can be calculated . Based on this buffer status work orders can be color coded into Red , Yellow and Green . The red orders have the highest priority and must worked on first since they have penetrated most into their buffers followed by yellow and green . As time evolves this buffer status might change and the color assigned to the particular work order change with it . Traditional DBR usually calls for buffers at several points in the system : the constraint , synchronization points and at shipping . S - DBR has a buffer at shipping and manages the flow of work across the drum through a load planning mechanism . The rope is the work release mechanism for the plant . Orders are released to the shop floor at one `` buffer time '' before they are due to be processed by the constraint . In other words , if the buffer is 5 days , the order is released 5 days before it is due at the constraint . Putting work into the system earlier than this buffer time is likely to generate too - high work - in - process and slow down the entire system . High - speed automated production lines ( edit ) Automated production lines that are used in the beverage industry to fill containers usually have several machines executing parts of the complete process , from filling primary containers to secondary packaging and palletisation . These machines operate at different speeds and capacities and have varying efficiency levels . To be able to maximize the throughput , the production line usually has a designed constraint . This constraint is typically the slowest and often the most expensive machine on the line . The overall throughput of the line is determined by this machine . All other machines can operate faster and are connected by conveyors . The conveyors usually have the ability to buffer product . In the event of a stoppage at a machine other than the constraint , the conveyor can buffer the product enabling the constraint machine to keep on running . A typical line setup is such that in normal operation the upstream conveyors from the constraint machine are always run full to prevent starvation at the constraint and the downstream conveyors are run empty to prevent a back up at the constraint . The overall aim is to prevent minor stoppages at the machines from impacting the constraint . For this reason as the machines get further from the constraint , they have the ability to run faster than the previous machine and this creates a V curve . Supply chain and logistics ( edit ) In general , the solution for supply chains is to create flow of inventory so as to ensure greater availability and to eliminate surpluses . The TOC distribution solution is effective when used to address a single link in the supply chain and more so across the entire system , even if that system comprises many different companies . The purpose of the TOC distribution solution is to establish a decisive competitive edge based on extraordinary availability by dramatically reducing the damages caused when the flow of goods is interrupted by shortages and surpluses . This approach uses several new rules to protect availability with less inventory than is conventionally required . Before explaining these new rules , the term Replenishment Time must be defined . Replenishment Time ( RT ) is the sum of the delay , after the first consumption following a delivery , before an order is placed plus the delay after the order is placed until the ordered goods arrive at the ordering location . Inventory is held at an aggregation point ( s ) as close as possible to the source . This approach ensures smoothed demand at the aggregation point , requiring proportionally less inventory . The distribution centers holding the aggregated stock are able to ship goods downstream to the next link in the supply chain much more quickly than a make - to - order manufacturer can . Following this rule may result in a make - to - order manufacturer converting to make - to - stock . The inventory added at the aggregation point is significantly less than the inventory reduction downstream . In all stocking locations , initial inventory buffers are set which effectively create an upper limit of the inventory at that location . The buffer size is equal to the maximum expected consumption within the average RT , plus additional stock to protect in case a delivery is late . In other words , there is no advantage in holding more inventory in a location than the amount that might be consumed before more could be ordered and received . Typically , the sum of the on hand value of such buffers are 25 -- 75 % less than currently observed average inventory levels . Once buffers have been established , no replenishment orders are placed as long as the quantity inbound ( already ordered but not yet received ) plus the quantity on hand are equal to or greater than the buffer size . Following this rule causes surplus inventory to be bled off as it is consumed . For any reason , when on hand plus inbound inventory is less than the buffer , orders are placed as soon as practical to increase the inbound inventory so that the relationship On Hand + Inbound = Buffer is maintained . To ensure buffers remain correctly sized even with changes in the rates of demand and replenishment , a simple recursive algorithm called Buffer Management is used . When the on hand inventory level is in the upper third of the buffer for a full RT , the buffer is reduced by one third ( and do n't forget rule 3 ) . Alternatively , when the on hand inventory is in the bottom one third of the buffer for too long , the buffer is increased by one third ( and do n't forget rule 4 ) . The definition of `` too long '' may be changed depending on required service levels , however , a rule of thumb is 20 % of the RT . Moving buffers up more readily than down is supported by the usually greater damage caused by shortages as compared to the damage caused by surpluses . Once inventory is managed as described above , continuous efforts should be undertaken to reduce RT , late deliveries , supplier minimum order quantities ( both per SKU and per order ) and customer order batching . Any improvements in these areas will automatically improve both availability and inventory turns , thanks to the adaptive nature of Buffer Management . A stocking location that manages inventory according to the TOC should help a non-TOC customer ( downstream link in a supply chain , whether internal or external ) manage their inventory according to the TOC process . This type of help can take the form of a vendor managed inventory ( VMI ) . The TOC distribution link simply extends its buffer sizing and management techniques to its customers ' inventories . Doing so has the effect of smoothing the demand from the customer and reducing order sizes per SKU . VMI results in better availability and inventory turns for both supplier and customer . More than that , the benefits to the non-TOC customers are sufficient to meet the purpose of capitalizing on the decisive competitive edge by giving the customer a powerful reason to be more loyal and give more business to the upstream link . When the end consumers buy more the whole supply chain sells more . One caveat should be considered . Initially and only temporarily , the supply chain or a specific link may sell less as the surplus inventory in the system is sold . However , the sales lift due to improved availability is a countervailing factor . The current levels of surpluses and shortages make each case different . Finance and accounting ( edit ) The solution for finance and accounting is to apply holistic thinking to the finance application . This has been termed throughput accounting . Throughput accounting suggests that one examine the impact of investments and operational changes in terms of the impact on the throughput of the business . It is an alternative to cost accounting . The primary measures for a TOC view of finance and accounting are : throughput , operating expense and investment . Throughput is calculated from sales minus `` totally variable cost '' , where totally variable cost is usually calculated as the cost of raw materials that go into creating the item sold . Project management ( edit ) Critical Chain Project Management ( CCPM ) are utilized in this area . CCPM is based on the idea that all projects look like A-plants : all activities converge to a final deliverable . As such , to protect the project , there must be internal buffers to protect synchronization points and a final project buffer to protect the overall project . Marketing and sales ( edit ) While originally focused on manufacturing and logistics , TOC has expanded lately into sales management and marketing . Its role is explicitly acknowledged in the field of sales process engineering . For effective sales management one can apply Drum Buffer Rope to the sales process similar to the way it is applied to operations ( see Reengineering the Sales Process book reference below ) . This technique is appropriate when your constraint is in the sales process itself or you just want an effective sales management technique and includes the topics of funnel management and conversion rates . Thinking processes ( edit ) Main article : Thinking processes ( theory of constraints ) The thinking processes are a set of tools to help managers walk through the steps of initiating and implementing a project . When used in a logical flow , the thinking processes help walk through a buy - in process : Gain agreement on the problem Gain agreement on the direction for a solution Gain agreement that the solution solves the problem Agree to overcome any potential negative ramifications Agree to overcome any obstacles to implementation TOC practitioners sometimes refer to these in the negative as working through layers of resistance to a change . Recently , the current reality tree ( CRT ) and future reality tree ( FRT ) have been applied to an argumentative academic paper . Despite its origins as a manufacturing approach ( Goldratt & Cox , The Goal : A process of Ongoing Improvement , 1992 ) , Goldratt 's Theory of Constraints ( TOC ) methodology is now regarded as a systems methodology with strong foundations in the hard sciences ( Mabin , 1999 ) . Through its tools for convergent thinking and synthesis , the `` Thinking processes '' , which underpin the entire TOC methodology , help identify and manage constraints and guide continuous improvement and change in organizations ( Dettmer H. , 1998 ) . The process of change requires the identification and acceptance of core issues ; the goal and the means to the goal . This comprehensive set of logical tools can be used for exploration , solution development and solution implementation for individuals , groups or organizations . Each tool has a purpose and nearly all tools can be used independently ( Cox & Spencer , 1998 ) . Since these thinking tools are designed to address successive `` layers of resistance '' and enable communication , it expedites securing `` buy in '' of groups . While CRT ( current reality tree ) represents the undesirable effects of the current situation , the FRT ( the future reality tree ) , NBR ( negative branch ) help people plan and understand the possible results of their actions . The PRT ( prerequisite tree ) and TRT ( transition tree ) are designed to build collective buy in and aid in the Implementation phase . The logical constructs of these tools or diagrams are the necessary condition logic , the sufficient cause logic and the strict logic rules that are used to validate cause - effect relationships which are modelled with these tools ( Dettmer W. , 2006 ) . A summary of these tools , the questions they help answer and the associated logical constructs used is presented in the table below . Sufficient thinking `` If ... .... then '' Necessary Thinking `` In order to ... we must '' What to change ? Current Reality Tree What to change to ? Future Reality Tree Negative Branch Reservations Evaporating cloud How to change ? Transition Tree Prerequisite Tree TOC Thinking Process Tools : Use of these tools are based on the fundamental beliefs of TOC that organizations a ) are inherently simple ( interdependencies exist in organizations ) b ) desire inherent harmony ( win -- win solutions are possible ) c ) are inherently good ( people are good ) and have inherent potential ( people and organizations have potential to do better ) ( Goldratt E. , 2009 ) . In the book `` Through the clouds to solutions '' Jelena Fedurko ( Fedurko , 2013 ) states that the major areas for application of TP tools as : To create and enhance thinking and learning skills To make better decisions To develop responsibility for one 's own actions through understanding their consequences To handle conflicts with more confidence and win - win outcomes To correct behavior with undesirable consequences Assist in evaluating conditions for achieving a desired outcome To assist in peer mediation To assist in relationship between subordinates and bosses Development and practice ( edit ) TOC was initiated by Goldratt , who until his recent death was still the main driving force behind the development and practice of TOC . There is a network of individuals and small companies loosely coupled as practitioners around the world . TOC is sometimes referred to as `` constraint management '' . TOC is a large body of knowledge with a strong guiding philosophy of growth . Criticism ( edit ) Criticisms that have been leveled against TOC include : Claimed suboptimality of drum - buffer - rope ( edit ) While TOC has been compared favorably to linear programming techniques , D. Trietsch from University of Auckland argues that DBR methodology is inferior to competing methodologies . Linhares , from the Getulio Vargas Foundation , has shown that the TOC approach to establishing an optimal product mix is unlikely to yield optimum results , as it would imply that P = NP . Unacknowledged debt ( edit ) Duncan ( as cited by Steyn ) says that TOC borrows heavily from systems dynamics developed by Forrester in the 1950s and from statistical process control which dates back to World War II . And Noreen Smith and Mackey , in their independent report on TOC , point out that several key concepts in TOC `` have been topics in management accounting textbooks for decades . '' People claim Goldratt 's books fail to acknowledge that TOC borrows from more than 40 years of previous management science research and practice , particularly from program evaluation and review technique / critical path method ( PERT / CPM ) and the just in time strategy . A rebuttal to these criticisms is offered in Goldratt 's `` What is the Theory of Constraints and How Should it be Implemented ? '' , and in his audio program , `` Beyond The Goal '' . In these , Goldratt discusses the history of disciplinary sciences , compares the strengths and weaknesses of the various disciplines , and acknowledges the sources of information and inspiration for the thinking processes and critical chain methodologies . Articles published in the now - defunct Journal of Theory of Constraints referenced foundational materials . Goldratt published an article and gave talks with the title `` Standing on the Shoulders of Giants '' in which he gives credit for many of the core ideas of Theory of Constraints . Goldratt has sought many times to show the correlation between various improvement methods . Goldratt has been criticized on lack of openness in his theories , an example being him not releasing the algorithm he used for the Optimum Performance Training system . Some view him as unscientific with many of his theories , tools and techniques not being a part of the public domain , rather a part of his own framework of profiting on his ideas . According to Gupta and Snyder ( 2009 ) , despite being recognized as a genuine management philosophy nowadays , TOC has yet failed to demonstrate its effectiveness in the academic literature and as such can not be considered academically worthy enough to be called a widely recognized theory . TOC needs more case studies that prove a connection between implementation and improved financial performance . Nave ( 2002 ) argues that TOC does not take employees into account and fails to empower them in the production process . He also states that TOC fails to address unsuccessful policies as constraints . In contrast , Mukherjee and Chatterjee ( 2007 ) state that much of the criticism of Goldratt 's work has been focused on the lack of rigour in his work , but not of the bottleneck approach , which are two different aspects of the issue . Certification and education ( edit ) The Theory of Constraints International Certification Organization ( TOCICO ) is an independent not - for - profit incorporated society that sets exams to ensure a consistent standard of competence . It is overseen by a board of academic and industrial experts . It also hosts an annual international conference . The work presented at these conferences constitutes a core repository of the current knowledge . See also ( edit ) Linear programming List of Theory of Constraints topics Industrial engineering Systems thinking -- Critical systems thinking -- Joint decision traps Twelve leverage points by Donella Meadows Constraint ( disambiguation ) Thinklets Throughput Rate - determining step References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cox , Jeff ; Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ( 1986 ) . The goal : a process of ongoing improvement . ( Croton - on - Hudson , NY ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 061 - 0 . Jump up ^ CV Wolfgang Mewes ^ Jump up to : Goldratt , Eliyahu M. Essays on the Theory of Constraints . ( Great Barrington , MA ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 159 - 5 . Jump up ^ Eliyahu M. Goldratt. 2004 . _The Goal : A Process of Ongoing Improvement , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88427 - 178 - 9 . Jump up ^ Theory of Constraints Handbook , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 166554 - 4 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Blackstone , Jr. , editor , John H. ( 2013 ) . APICS Dictionary , 13th Edition . Chicago : APICS self - published . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9882146 - 1 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goldratt , Eliyahu ; Fox , Robert ( 1986 ) . The Race . ( Croton - on - Hudson , NY ) : North River Press . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88427 - 062 - 1 . Jump up ^ Eli Schragenheim & H. William Dettmer ( 2000 ) . `` Simplified Drum - Buffer - Rope : A Whole System Approach to High Velocity Manufacturing '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ( 1986 ) . The Race . Croton - on Hudson , New York : North River Press . pp. 77 -- 97 . ISBN 9780884270621 . Jump up ^ Goldratt , Eliyahu ( 1990 ) . The Haystack Syndrome : : Sifting Information out of the Data Ocean . New York : New York : North River Press . Jump up ^ Shri Shrikanth , M ( 2010 ) . DBR , Buffer Management , and VATI flow classification . Jump up ^ J.F. Cox III & J.J. Schleier . Theory of Constraints Handbook . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 175 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Schragenheim , e ; Dettmer , H. W ; Patterson , J.W. ( 2009 ) . Supply Chain Management at Warp Speed . Boca Raton : Auerbach publications . Jump up ^ Russell , G.R. ; Fry , T. D ( 1997 ) . Order review / release and lot splitting in drum - buffer - rope . pp. 35 : 827 -- 845 . Jump up ^ Corbett , Thomas ( 1998 ) . Throughput Accounting . North River Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88427 - 158 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Noreen ; Debra Smith ; James T. Mackey ( 1995 ) . The Theory of Constraints and its implications for Management Accounting . North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 116 - 1 . Jump up ^ Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ( 1997 ) . Critical Chain . Great Barrington , MA : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 153 - 6 . Jump up ^ Paul H. Selden ( 1997 ) . Sales Process Engineering : A Personal Workshop . Milwaukee , WI : ASQ Quality Press . pp. 33 -- 35 , 264 -- 268 . ISBN 0 - 87389 - 418 - 9 . Jump up ^ See the annex of : Vidal , C. 2008. The Future of Scientific Simulations : from Artificial Life to Artificial Cosmogenesis . In Death And Anti-Death , ed . Charles Tandy , 6 : Thirty Years After Kurt Gödel ( 1906 -- 1978 ) pp. 285 - 318 . Ria University Press . ) Jump up ^ Qui , Mabel ; Fredendall , Lawrence ; Zhu , Zhiwei ( 2002 ) . `` TOC or LP ? ( production control ) '' . Manufacturing Engineer. 81 ( 4 ) : 190 -- 195 . doi : 10.1049 / me : 20020411 . Jump up ^ Trietsch , D. ( 2005 ) . `` From Management by Constraints ( MBC ) to Management By Criticalities ( MBC II ) '' ( PDF ) . Human Systems Management . 24 : 105 -- 115 . Jump up ^ http://ac.aua.am/trietsch/web/WorkingPaper281.pdf D. Trietsch , From the Flawed `` Theory of Constraints '' to Hierarchically Balancing Criticalities ( HBC ) , Department of Information Systems and Operations Management , University of Auckland , Working Paper No. 281 , May 2004 . Jump up ^ Linhares , Alexandre ( 2009 ) . `` Theory of constraints and the combinatorial complexity of the product - mix decision '' . International Journal of Production Economics . 121 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 129 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijpe. 2009.04. 023 . Jump up ^ Steyn , Herman ( 2000 ) . `` An Investigation Into the Fundamentals of Critical Chain Project Scheduling . '' . International Journal of Project Management ( 19 ) : 363 -- 369 . Jump up ^ Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ( 2009 ) . `` Standing on the shoulders of giants : production concepts versus production applications . The Hitachi Tool Engineering example . '' . Gestão & produção. 16 ( 3 ) : 333 -- 343 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Eliyahu Goldratt . Standing on the Shoulders of Giants . Jump up ^ Rahman , Shams - ur . `` Theory of constraints : a review of the philosophy and its applications . '' International Journal of Operations & Production Management 18.4 ( 1998 ) : 336 - 355 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Mahesh , and Doug Snyder . `` Comparing TOC with MRP and JIT : a literature review . '' International Journal of Production Research 47.13 ( 2009 ) : 3705 - 3739 Jump up ^ Nave , Dave . `` How to compare six sigma , lean and the theory of constraints . '' Quality Progress 35.3 ( 2002 ) : 73 - 80 . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , S.M. and Chatterjee , A.K. ( 2007 ) . The concept of bottleneck . Working Paper No. 2006 - 05 - 01 , IIM Ahmedabad Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Jeff ; Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ( 1986 ) . The goal : a process of ongoing improvement . ( Great Barrington , MA ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 061 - 0 . Dettmer , H. William . ( 2003 ) . Strategic Navigation : A Systems Approach to Business Strategy . ( Milwaukee , WI ) : ASQ Quality Press . p. 302 . ISBN 0 - 87389 - 603 - 3 . Dettmer , H. William . ( 2007 ) . The Logical Thinking Process : A Systems Approach to Complex Problem Solving . ( Milwaukee , WI ) : ASQ Quality Press . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87389 - 723 - 5 . Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ( 1994 ) . It 's not luck . ( Great Barrington , MA ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 115 - 3 . Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ( 1997 ) . Critical chain . ( Great Barrington , MA ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 153 - 6 . Carol A. Ptak ; Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ; Eli Schragenheim . Necessary But Not Sufficient . ( Great Barrington , MA ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 170 - 6 . Goldratt , Eliyahu M. Essays on the Theory of Constraints . ( Great Barrington , MA ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 159 - 5 . Goldratt , Eliyahu M. Theory of Constraints . ( Great Barrington , MA ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 166 - 8 . Goldratt , Eliyahu M. Beyond the Goal : Eliyahu Goldratt Speaks on the Theory of Constraints ( Your Coach in a Box ) . Coach Series . ISBN 1 - 59659 - 023 - 8 . Lisa Lang . Achieving a Viable Vision : The Theory of Constraints Strategic Approach to Rapid Sustainable Growth . Throughput Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9777604 - 1 - 3 . Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ( 1990 ) . The haystack syndrome : sifting information out of the data ocean . ( Great Barrington , MA ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 089 - 0 . Fox , Robert ; Goldratt , Eliyahu M. ( 1986 ) . The race . ( Great Barrington , MA ) : North River Press . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 062 - 9 . Schragenheim , Eli . ( 1999 ) . Management dilemmas . ( Boca Raton , FL ) : St. Lucie Press . p. 209 . ISBN 1 - 57444 - 222 - 8 . Schragenheim , Eli & Dettmer , H. William . ( 2000 ) . Manufacturing at warp speed : optimizing supply chain financial performance . ( Boca Raton , FL ) : St. Lucie Press . p. 342 . ISBN 1 - 57444 - 293 - 7 . Schragenheim , Eli , Dettmer , H. William , and Patterson , J. Wayne . ( 2009 ) . Supply chain management at warp speed : integrating the system from end to end . ( Boca Raton , FL ) : CRC Press . p. 220 . ISBN 1 - 42007 - 335 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) John Tripp TOC Executive Challenge A Goal Game . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 186 - 2 Goldratt , Eliyahu M. Production the TOC Way with Simulator . North River Press , Great Barrington , MA . ISBN 0 - 88427 - 175 - 7 . Stein , Robert E. Re-Engineering The Manufacturing System . Marcel Dekker . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 4265 - 6 . Stein , Robert E. The Theory Of Constraints . Marcel Dekker . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 0064 - 3 . Jacob , Dee ; Bergland , Suzan ; Cox , Jeff . Velocity : Combining Lean , Six Sigma and the Theory of Constraints to Achieve Breakthrough Performance . Free Pre . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1439158920 . Raton , Boca . The TOC handbook . FL : St. Lucie press . Dettmer , H ( 1998 ) . Constraint Theory A Logic - Based Approach to System Improvement ( PDF ) . Fedurko , J. Through Clouds to Solutions : Working with UDEs and UDE clouds . Estonia : Ou Vali Press . Vector Consulting Group ( 2015 ) . Apparent in Hindsight . ( India ) : TV 18 Broadcast Limited ( CNBC TV 18 ) . ISBN 978 - 9384061340 . 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the floor plan of the gothic cathedral is based on what
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Gothic architecture - wikipedia Gothic architecture `` Gothic style '' redirects here . For the visual arts , see Gothic art . Gothic architecture <Td_colspan="2"> Top : Notre - Dame de Paris ; Salisbury Cathedral : Center : buttresses of Cologne Cathedral , Facade statuary of Chartres Cathedral ; Bottom : Windows of Sainte - Chapelle , Paris Years active 12th - 14th centuries Influenced Gothic Revival architecture Gothic architecture is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th - century France , it was widely used , especially for cathedrals and churches , until the 16th century . Its most prominent features included the use of the rib vault and the flying buttress , which allowed the weight of the roof to be counterbalanced by buttresses outside the building , giving greater height and more space for windows . Another important feature was the extensive use of stained glass , and the rose window , to bring light and color to the interior . Another feature was the use of realistic statuary on the exterior , particularly over the portals , to illustrate biblical stories for the largely illiterate parishioners . These technologies had all existed in Romanesque architecture , but they were used in more innovative ways and more extensively in Gothic architecture to make buildings taller , lighter and stronger . The first notable example is generally considered to be the Abbey of Saint - Denis , near Paris , whose choir and facade were reconstructed with Gothic features . The choir was completed in 1144 . The style also appeared in some civic architecture in northern Europe , notably in town halls and university buildings . A Gothic revival began in mid-18th - century England , spread through 19th century Europe and continued , largely for ecclesiastical and university structures , into the 20th century . Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Origins -- Early Gothic ( 1130 -- 1200 ) 2.2 High Gothic ( 1200 -- 1270 ) 2.3 Rayonnant Gothic ( 1250 - 1370s ) 2.4 Flamboyant Gothic ( 1350 -- 1450 ) 3 Elements of Gothic style 3.1 Plan 3.2 The pointed arch and the rib vault 3.3 Flying buttress 3.4 Height 3.5 Stained glass windows 3.6 Portals and the tympanum 3.7 Towers and spires 3.8 Sculpture and decoration 4 French Gothic 5 English Gothic 6 Northern European Gothic 7 Southern European Gothic 7.1 Spain and Portugal 7.2 Italy 8 Abbeys and Monasteries 9 Civic Architecture 9.1 University Gothic 10 Military Architecture 11 Decline 12 Rediscovery and revival 12.1 France 12.2 England 12.3 Germany and Russia 12.4 Italy 12.5 Canada 12.6 United States 12.7 Latin America , Asia and the Pacific 13 Influences 13.1 Political 13.2 Geographic 13.3 Possible Eastern influence 14 See also 15 Notes 15.1 Footnotes 15.2 Citations 16 References 16.1 Further reading 17 External links Name ( edit ) Gothic architecture was known during the period as opus francigenum ( `` French / Frankish work '' ) , The term `` Gothic architecture '' originated in the 16th century , and was originally very negative , suggesting barbaric . Giorgio Vasari used the term `` barbarous German style '' in his 1550 Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style , and in the introduction to the Lives he attributed various architectural features to `` the Goths '' whom he held responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome , and erecting new ones in this style . History ( edit ) Origins -- early Gothic ( 1130 -- 1200 ) ( edit ) The rebuilt ambulatory at the Abbey of Saint - Denis , ( 1140 - 1144 ) Exterior of Saint - Denis Basilica , with its three portals and remaining tower ( 1140 -- 45 ) The west front at Noyon Cathedral , begun 1145 , showing influence of Saint - Denis The apse of Noyon Cathedral ( 1155 ) Laon Cathedral , begun 1155 Facade of Notre Dame de Paris , facade begun about 1200 The Gothic style originated in the Ile - de-France region of northern France in the first half of the 12th century . A new dynasty of French Kings , the Capetians , had subdued the feudal lords , and had become the most powerful rulers in France , with their capital in Paris . They allied themselves with the bishops of the major cities of northern France , and reduced the power of the feudal abbots and monasteries . Their rise coincided with an enormous growth of the population and prosperity of the cities of northern France . The Capetian Kings and their bishops wished to build new cathedrals as monuments of their power , wealth , and religious faith . The church which served as the primary model for the style was the Abbey of St - Denis , which underwent reconstruction by the Abbot Suger , first in the choir and then the facade ( 1140 -- 44 ) , Suger was a close ally and biographer of the French King , Louis VII , who was a fervent Catholic and builder , and the founder of the University of Paris . Suger remodeled the ambulatory of the Abbey , removed the enclosures that separated the chapels , and replaced the existing structure with imposing pillars and rib vaults . This created created higher and wider bays , into which he installed larger windows , which filled the end of the church with light . Soon afterwards he rebuilt the facade , adding three deep portals , each with a tympanum , an arch filled with sculpture illustrating biblical stories . The new facade was flanked by two towers . He also installed a small circular rose window over the central portal . This design became the prototype for a series of new French cathedrals . Sens Cathedral ( begun between 1135 and 1140 ) was the first Cathedral to be built in the new style ( St. Denis was an abbey , not a Cathedral ) . Other versions of the new style soon appeared in Noyon Cathedral ( begun 1150 ) ; Laon Cathedral ( begun 1165 ) ; and the most famous of all , Notre - Dame de Paris , where construction had begun in 1160 . The Gothic style was also adapted by some French monastic orders , notably the Cistercian order under Saint Bernard of Clairvaux It was used in an austere form without ornament at the new Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay ( 1139 - 1147 ) and the church of Clairvaux Abbey , whose site is now occupied by a French prison . The new style was also copied outside the Kingdom of France in the Duchy of Normandy . Early examples of Norman Gothic included Coutances Cathedral ( 1210 -- 1274 ) ; Bayeux Cathedral ( rebuilt from Romanesque style in 12th century ) , Le Mans Cathedral ( rebuilt from Romanesque 12th century ) and Rouen Cathedral . Through the rule of the Angevin dynasty , the new style was introduced to England and spread from there to Low Countries , Germany , Spain , northern Italy and Sicily . The Gothic style did not immediately replace the Romanesque everywhere in Europe . The Late Romanesque continued to flourish in the Holy Roman Empire under the Hohenstaufens and Rhineland . High Gothic ( 1200 -- 1270 ) ( edit ) Overview of Chartres Cathedral ( 1194 - 1220 ) Choir of Chartres Cathedral with the new , stronger four - part rib vault Bourges Cathedral with flying buttresses ( 1195 - 1230 ) Reims Cathedral from the northwest ( 1211 - 1345 ) Facade of Amiens Cathedral ( 1220 - 1266 ) Amiens Cathedral choir and altar From the end of the 12th century until the middle of the 13th century , the gothic style spread from the Île - de-France to appear in other cities of northern France . New structures in the style included Chartres Cathedral ( begun 1200 ) ; Bourges Cathedral ( 1195 to 1230 ) , Reims Cathedral ( 1211 -- 1275 ) , and Amiens Cathedral ( begun 1250 ) ; At Chartres , the use of the flying buttresses allowed the elimination of the tribune level , which allowed much higher arcades and nave , and larger windows . The early type of rib vault used of Saint Denis and Notre Dame , with six parts , was modified to four parts , making it simpler and stronger . Amiens and Chartres were among the first to use the flying buttress ; the buttresses were strengthened by an additional arch and with a supporting arcade , allowing even higher and walls and more windows . At Reims , the buttresses were given greater weight and strength by the addition of heavy stone pinacles on top . These were often decorated with statues of angels , and became an important decorative element of the High Gothic style . Another practical and decorative element , the gargoyle , appeared ; it was an ornamental rain spout which channeled the water from the roof away from the building . At Amiens , the windows of the nave were made larger , and an additional row of clear glass windows ( the claire - voie ) flooded the interior with light . The new structural technologies allowed the enlargement of the transepts and of the choirs at the east end of the cathedrals , creating the space for a ring of well - lit chapels . The transept of Notre - Dame was rebuilt with the new technology , and two spectacular rose windows added . Rayonnant Gothic ( 1250 - 1370s ) ( edit ) Windows of upper chapel of Sainte - Chapelle ( 1238 -- 48 ) Columns of exterior framework supporting the windows of Sainte - Chapelle Rose window in north transept of Notre Dame Cathedral Exterior of south rose window of Notre Dame Cathedral ( about 1250 ) The next period was termed Rayonnant ( `` Radiant '' ) , describing the tendency toward the use of more and more stained glass and less masonry in the design of the structure , until the walls seemed entirely made of glass . The most celebrated example was the chapel of Sainte - Chapelle , the chapel attached to the royal residence on the Palais de la Cité . An elaborate system of exterior columns and arches reduced the walls of the upper chapel to a thin framework for the enormous windows . The weight of each of the masonry gables above the archivolt of the windows also helped the walls to resist the thrust and to distribute the weight . Another landmark of the Rayonnant Gothic are the two rose windows on the north and south of the transept of Notre Dame Cathedral . Whereas earlier rose windows , like those of Amiens Cathedral , were framed by stone and occupied only a portion of the wall , these two windows , with a delicate lace - like framework , occupied the entire space between the pillars . Flamboyant Gothic ( 1350 -- 1450 ) ( edit ) West facade , Rouen Cathedral The west front of Sainte - Chapelle de Vincennes ( 1370s ) The nave of Sainte - Chapelle de Vincennes The rose window Sainte - Chapelle de Vincennes . The sinuous lines of the window frame gave the style the name `` Flamboyant '' . Choir of Mont Saint Michel Abbey ( about 1448 ) The Flamboyant Gothic style appeared in the second half of the 14th century . Its characteristic features were more exuberant decoration , as the nobles and wealthy citizens of mostly northern French cities competed to build more and more elaborate churches and cathedrals . It took its name from the sinous , flame - like designs which ornamented windows . Other new features included the arc en accolade , a window decorated with an arch , stone pinnacles and floral sculpture . It also featured an increase in the number of nervures , or ribs , that supported and decorated each vault of the ceiling , both for greater support and decorative effect . Notable examples of Flamboyant Gothic include the western facade of Rouen Cathedral and Sainte - Chapelle de Vincennes in Paris , both built in the 1370s ; and the Choir of Mont Saint Michel Abbey ( about 1448 ) . Elements of Gothic style ( edit ) Plan ( edit ) Plan of Chartres Cathedral ( 1194 - 1220 ) Plan of a Gothic Cathedral Plan of York Minster Plan of Cologne Cathedral Cross section of the nave wall and buttresses of the Basilica of Saint Denis , by Eugene Viollet - le - Duc The plan of the Gothic cathedral was based on the model of the ancient Roman basilica , which was a combined public market and courthouse ; which was also the basis of the plan of the Romanesque cathedral . The cathedral is in the form of a Latin cross . The entrance is traditionally on the west end , has three portals decorated with sculpture , usually a rose window , and is flanked by two towers . The long nave , where the congregation worshiped , occupies the west end . This is usually divided from the nave by rows of pillars , which support the roof , flanked by one or two aisles , called collaérals . There are usually small chapels on the two sides , placed between the buttresses , which provide additional support to the walls . The cathedral usually has a transept , a crossing , roughly in the middle , which sometimes projects outwards some distance , and in other cases , such as Notre - Dame , is minimal . The croisée or crossing of the transept , is the center of the church , and is surrounded by particularly massive pillars , which sometimes support a lantern tower , which brings light into the center of the cathedral . The north and south facades of the transept often feature rose windows , as at Notre Dame de Paris . To the east of the transept is the choir , where the altar is located , where ceremonies take place , and where only the clergy was allowed . This space grew greatly in the 12th century , as ceremonies became more elaborate . Behind the choir is single or double a walkway called the ambulatory . At the eastern end of the church is the apse usually in the form of a half - circle , and the chevet . There is usually a chapel here dedicated to the Virgin Mary , which can be very large . Around chevet there are usually several other smaller chapels . The earlier Gothic cathedrals had four levels , from the floor to the roof . On the ground floor there were two rows grand arcades with large pillars , which received the weight of the vaults of the ceiling . Above these were the tribunes , a section of arched openings , giving more support . Above these was the triforium , a section of small arches . On the top level , just below the vaults , were the upper windows , the main source of light for the Cathedral. The lower walls were supported by massive contreforts or buttresses placed directly up against them , with pinnacles on top which provided additional weight . Later , with the development of the flying buttress , the supports moved further away from the walls , and the walls were built much higher . Gradually the tribunes and the triforium disappeared , and the walls above the arcades were occupied almost entirely with stained glass . The eastern arm shows considerable diversity . In England it is generally long and may have two distinct sections , both choir and presbytery . It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel , dedicated to the Virgin Mary . In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a `` chevet '' . While German churches are often similar to those of France , in Italy , the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary , as at Florence Cathedral . Another characteristic feature of the Gothic style , domestic and ecclesiastical alike , is the division of interior space into individual cells according to the building 's ribbing and vaults , regardless of whether or not the structure actually has a vaulted ceiling . This system of cells of varying size and shape juxtaposed in various patterns was again totally unique to antiquity and the Early Middle Ages and scholars , Frankl included , have emphasised the mathematical and geometric nature of this design . Frankl in particular thought of this layout as `` creation by division '' rather than the Romanesque 's `` creation by addition . '' Others , namely Viollet - le - Duc , Wilhelm Pinder , and August Schmarsow , instead proposed the term `` articulated architecture . '' The opposite theory as suggested by Henri Focillon and Jean Bony is of `` spacial unification '' , or of the creation of an interior that is made for sensory overload via the interaction of many elements and perspectives . Interior and exterior partitions , often extensively studied , have been found to at times contain features , such as thoroughfares at window height , that make the illusion of thickness . Additionally , the piers separating the isles eventually stopped being part of the walls but rather independent objects that jut out from the actual aisle wall itself . The pointed arch and the rib vault ( edit ) Early six - part rib vaults at Notre - Dame de Paris ( 1182 - 1190 ) Six - part rib vaults of choir of Canterbury Cathedral ( about 1180 ) Stronger four - part rib vaults at Rouen Cathedral ( 13th c . ) Nave of Cologne Cathedral ( 1248 - 1322 ) Vaulted nave of Strasbourg Cathedral ( 1277 - 1318 ) Net vault of Prague Cathedral ( 1356 - 1386 ) Flamboyant rib vaults with ornamental ribs at Lady Chapel of Ely Cathedral ( begun 1321 ) Fan - shaped rib vaults at Peterborough Cathedral ( 1496 - 1508 ) Both the pointed arch and the rib vault had been used in romanesque architecture , but Gothic builders refined them and used them to much greater effect . They made the structures lighter and stronger , and thus allowed the great heights and expanses of stained glass found in Gothic cathedrals . In Romanesque architecture , the rounded arches of the barrel vaults that supported the roof pressed directly down on the walls with crushing weight . This required massive columns , thick walls and small windows , and naturally limited the height of the building . The pointed or broken arch , introduced during the Romanesque period , was stronger , lighter , and carried the thrust outwards , rather than directly downwards . The rib vault took advantage of the strength of the pointed arch . The vault was supported by thin ribs or arches of stone , which reached downwards and outwards to cluster around supporting pillars along the inside of the walls . The earlier rib vaults , used at Notre Dame , Noyon , and Laon , were divided by the ribs into six compartments , and could only cross a limited space . In later cathedral construction , the design was improved , and the rib vaults had only four compartments , and could cover a wider span ; a single vault could cross the nave , and fewer pillars were needed . The four - part vault was used at Amiens , Reims , and the other later cathedrals , and eventually at cathedrals across Europe . In the later period of the Gothic style , the rib vaults lost their elegant simplicity , and were loaded with additional ribs , sculptural designs , and sometimes pendants and other purely decorative elements . Flying buttress ( edit ) Cross-section of the early supporting arches and buttresses of the nave of Notre - Dame Cathedral ( 13th century ) drawn by Eugène Viollet - le - Duc . At Notre - Dame de Paris , the massive buttresses counter the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave . Later flying buttresses of the apse of Notre - Dame ( 14th century ) reached 15 meters from the wall to the counter-supports . Flying buttresses of Amiens Cathedral ( 1220 - 1270 ) The flying buttresses at Amiens combined carefully - balanced weight with decoration ( drawing by Eugene Viollet - le - Duc ) Another important feature of Gothic architecture was the flying buttress , designed to support the walls by means of arches connected to counter-supports outside the walls . Flying buttresses had existed in simple forms since Roman times , but the Gothic builders raised their use to a fine art , balancing the thrust from the roof inside against the counter-thrust of the buttresses . The earliest Gothic cathedrals , including Saint - Denis and Notre - Dame in its beginning stages , did not have flying buttresses . Their walls were supported by heavy stone abutments placed directly against the walls , The roof was supported by the ribs of the vaults , which were bundled with the columns below . In the later 12th and early 13th century , the buttresses became more sophisticated . New arches carried the thrust of the weight entirely outside the walls , where it was met by the counter-thrust of stone columns , with pinnacles placed on top for decoration and for additional weight . Thanks to this system of external buttresses , the walls could be higher and thinner , and could support larger stained glass windows . The buttresses themselves became part of the decoration ; the pinnacles became more and more ornate , becoming more and more elaborate , as at Beauvais Cathedral and Reims Cathedral . The arches had an additional practical purpose ; they contained lead channels which carried rain water off the roof ; it was expelled from the mouths of stone gargoyles placed in rows on the buttresses . In the late Gothic periods the buttresses became extremely ornate , with a large amount of non-functional decoration in the form of pinnacles , curving arches , counter-curves , statuary and ornamental pendants . Height ( edit ) Elevation of the early Noyon Cathedral ( 1150 ) ; Ground floor arcade of massive pillars supporting the roof ; a second , smaller arcade , or tribune ; the triforium , a narrow walkway ; and ( top ) claire - voie with windows . Elevation of Nave at Chartres Cathedral ( 1220 ) . The tribune has disappeared and windows have gotten higher . Amiens Cathedral ; arcade , triforium and claire - voie . 42.30 meters ( 138.8 ft ). ( 1220 - 1270 ) The choir of Beauvais Cathedral 48.5 m ( 159 ft ) high ( 1230 - 1569 ) Nave of Milan Cathedral 45 m ( 148 ft ) high ( 1389 - 1452 ) An important characteristic of Gothic church architecture is its height , both absolute and in proportion to its width , the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven . The increasing height of cathedrals over the Gothic period was accompanied by an increasing proportion of the wall devoted to windows , until , by the late Gothic , the interiors became like cages of glass . This was made possible by the development of the flying buttress , which transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof to the supports outside the walls . As a result , the walls gradually became thinner and higher , and masonry was replaced with glass . The four - part elevation of the naves of early Cathedrals such as Notre - Dame ( arcade , tribune , triforium , claire - voie ) was transformed in the choir of Beauvais Cathedral to very tall arcades , a thin triforium , and soaring windows up to the roof . Beauvais Cathedral reached the limit of what was possible with Gothic technology . A portion of the choir collapsed in 1284 , causing alarm in all of the cities with very tall cathedrals . Panels of experts were created in Sienna and Chartres to study the stability of those structures . Only the transept and choir of Beauvais were completed , and in the 21st century the transept walls were reinforced with cross-beams . No cathedral built since exceeded the height of the choir of Beauvais . A section of the main body of a Gothic church usually shows the nave as considerably taller than it is wide . In England the proportion is sometimes greater than 2 : 1 , while the greatest proportional difference achieved is at Cologne Cathedral with a ratio of 3.6 : 1 . The highest internal vault is at Beauvais Cathedral at 48 metres ( 157 ft ) . Stained glass windows ( edit ) Abbey of Saint - Denis , Abbot Suger represented at feet of Virgin Mary ( 12th century ) South transept rose window of Chartres Cathedral ( 1221 - 1230 ) Detail of the Apocalypse window , Bourges Cathedral , early 13th century South Oculus of Canterbury Cathedral . It contains fourteen of the original glass sections from the 12th century The Rayonnant north rose window of Notre - Dame de Paris ( about 1250 ) One of the most prominent features of Gothic architecture was the use of stained glass window , which steadily grew in height and size and filled cathedrals with light and color . Historians including Viollet - le - Duc , Focillon , Aubert , and Max Dvořák contended that this is one of the most universal features of the Gothic style . Religious teachings in the Middle Ages , particularly the writings of Religious Pseudo-Dionysius , a 6th - century mystic whose book , The Celestial Hierarchy , was popular among monks in France , taught that all light was divine . When the Abbot Suger ordered the reconstruction of the Basilica of Saint Denis , he instructed that the windows in the choir admit as much light as possible . Many earlier Romanesque churches had stained glass windows , and many had round windows , called oculi , but these windows were necessarily small , due to the thickness of the walls . The primary interior decorations of Romanesque cathedrals were painted murals . In the Gothic period , the improvements in rib vaults and flying buttresses allowed Cathedral walls to be higher , thinner and stronger , and windows were consequently considerably larger , The windows of churches in the late Gothic period , such as Sainte Chapelle in Paris , filled the entire wall between the ribs of stone . Enormous windows were also an important element of York Minster and Gloucester Cathedral . The main threat to cathedral windows was the wind ; frames had to be extremely strong . The early windows were fit into openings cut into the stone . The small pieces of colored glass were joined together with pieces of lead , and then their surfaces were painted with faces and other details . and then the windows were mounted in the stone frames . Thin vertical and horizontal bars of iron , called vergettes or barlotierres , were placed inside the window to reinforce the glass . The stories told in the glass were usually episodes from the Bible , but they also sometimes illustrated the professions of the guilds which had funded the windows , such as the drapers , stonemasons or the barrel - makers . Much of the stained glass in Gothic cathedrals today dates from later restorations , but a few cathedrals , notably Chartres Cathedral and Bourges Cathedral , still have many of their original windows . Portals and the tympanum ( edit ) North portal of Basilica of St Denis , with early tympanum and columns made of elongated figures ( 1135 - 1140 ) Day of Judgement tympanum at Amiens Cathedral ( 1220 - 1270 ) , the prototype for other high Gothic portals . Portals and tympanum of Strasbourg Cathedral ( Begun 1176 ) Westminster Abbey north portal ( begun 1245 ) Early Gothic Cathedrals traditionally have their main entrance at the western end of the church , opposite the choir . Based on the model of the Basilica of Saint Denis and Notre - Dame de Paris , there are usually three doorways with pointed arches , richly filled with sculpture . The tympanum , or arch , over each doorway is filled with realistic statues illustrating biblical stories , and the columns between the doors are often also crowded with statuary . Following the example of Amiens , the tympanum over the central portal traditionally depicted the Last Judgement , the right portal showed the coronation of the Virgin Mary , and the left portal showed the lives of saints who were important in the diocese . The iconography of the sculptural decoration on the facade was not left to the artists . An edict of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 had set the rules : `` The composition of religious images is not to be left to the inspiration of artists ; it is derived from the principles put in place by the Catholic Church and religious tradition . Only the art belongs to the artist ; the composition belongs to the Fathers . '' The portals and interiors were much more colorful than they are today . Each sculpture on the tympanum and in the interior was painted by the peintre imagier , or image painter , following a system of colors codified in the 12th century ; yellow , called gold , symbolized intelligence , grandeur and virtue ; white , called argent , symbolized purity , wisdom , and correctness ; black , or sable , meant sadness , but also will ; green , or sinopole , represented hope , liberty and joy ; red or guelues meant charity or victory ; blue , or azure symbolized the sky , faithfulness and perseverance ; and violet , or pourpre , was the color of royalty and sovereignty . Towers and spires ( edit ) Laon Cathedral , with five towers ( 1160 - 1230 ) The Abbey of Saint - Étienne , Caen rebuilt from Romanesque to Gothic , has nine towers ( 13th century ) Basilica of Notre - Dame de l'Épine , near Verdun , ( 1420 ) an example of Flamboyant Gothic towers Towers of Rouen Cathedral ( 15th and 16th centuries ) Tower of Salisbury Cathedral , the tallest in Britain ( 1220 - 1258 ) The plan for the Basilica of Saint - Denis called for two towers of equal height on the west facade , and this general plan was copied at Notre - Dame and most of the early cathedrals . The towers of Notre - Dame de Paris , 69 meters ( 226 ft ) tall , were intended to be seen throughout the city ; they were the tallest towers in Paris until the completion of the Eiffel Tower in 1889 . An informal but vigorous competition began in northern France for the tallest Cathedral towers . To make the churches taller and more prominent , and visible from a distance , heir builders often added a flèche , a spire usually made of wood and covered with lead , to the top of each tower , or , as in Notre - Dame de Paris , in the center of the transept . Later in the Gothic period , more massive towers were constructed over the transept , rivaling or exceeding in height the towers of the facade . The towers were usually the last part of the Cathedral to be constructed . They were often built many years or decades after the rest of the building . Sometimes , by the time the towers were built , the plans had changed , or the money had run out . As a result , some Gothic cathedrals had just one tower , or two towers of different heights or styles . On the other hand , Laon Cathedral , begun just before Notre - Dame , boasted five towers ; two on the facade , two on the transept , and a central lantern . An additional two were planned but not built . The Abbey of Saint - Étienne , Caen originally built in the Romanesque style , was rebuilt with nine Gothic towers in the 13th century . The informal competition for the tallest church in Europe went on throughout the Gothic period , sometimes with disastrous results . Beauvais Cathedral had the tallest tower ( 153 meters or 502 feet ) , completed in 1569 , for a brief time , until its tower collapsed in the wind in 1573 . Lincoln Cathedral ( 159.7 meters or 524 feet ) also had the record from 1311 until 1549 until its tower also collapsed . Today the tallest cathedral tower in France is Rouen Cathedral , and Cologne Cathedral ( 151.0 meters or 495 feet ) is the tallest cathedral in Europe . The Gothic Old St Paul 's Cathedral ( 1087 -- 1314 ) had been the tallest cathedral in England until it was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666 . Today the tallest combined Gothic tower and spire in the UK belongs to Salisbury Cathedral , ( 123 meters or 404 feet ) , built 1220 -- 1258 . In Italy , the tower , if present , is almost always detached from the building , as at Florence Cathedral , and is often from an earlier structure . In France and Spain , two towers on the front is the norm . In England , Germany and Scandinavia this is often the arrangement , but an English cathedral may also be surmounted by an enormous tower at the crossing . Smaller churches usually have just one tower , but this may also be the case at larger buildings , such as Salisbury Cathedral or Ulm Minster in Ulm , Germany , completed in 1890 and possessing the tallest spire in the world , slightly exceeding that of Lincoln Cathedral , the tallest spire that was actually completed during the medieval period , at 160 metres ( 520 ft ) . Sculpture and decoration ( edit ) Statues of Saints are literally `` pillars of the church '' , supporting the portal of Chartres Cathedral . The martyr Saint Denis , holding his head , over the Portal of the Virgin ( Notre - Dame de Paris ) The serpent tempts Adam and Eve ; part of the Last Judgement on the central portal of west facade of Notre - Dame de Paris Archangel Gabriel and Satan weighing souls during the Last Judgement ( Notre - Dame de Paris central portal , west facade ) A stryge on west facade of Notre - Dame de Paris Gargoyles were the rainspouts of Notre - Dame de Paris Chimera on Notre - Dame de Paris west facade Gargoyle on Brussels Town Hall Gargoyle on Siena Cathedral ( 13th century ) Labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral The exteriors and interiors of Gothic cathedrals , particularly in France , were lavishly ornamented with sculpture and decoration on religious themes , designed for the great majority of parishioners who could not read . They were described as `` Books for the poor . '' To add to the effect , all of the sculpture on the facades was originally painted and gilded . Each feature of the Cathedral had a symbolic meaning . The main portals at Notre Dame de Paris , for instance , represented the entrance to paradise , with the last judgement depicted on the tympanum over the doors , showing Christ surrounded by the apostles , and by the signs of the zodiac , representing the movements of the heavens . The columns below the tympanum are in the form of statues of saints , literally reprinting them as `` the pillars of the church . '' Each Saint had his own symbol ; a winged lion stood for Saint Mark ; an eagle with four wings meant Saint John the Apostle , and a winged bull symbolized Saint Luke . Sculpted angels had specific functions , sometimes as heralds , blowing trumpete , or holding up columns , as guardian angels ; or holding crowns of thorns or crosses , as symbols of the crucifixion of Christ , or waving a container with incense , to illustrate theirfunction at the throne of God . Floral and vegetal decoration was also very common , representing the Garden of Eden ; grapes represented the wines of Eucharist . The tympanum over the central portal on the west facade of Notre Dame de Paris vividly illustrates the Last Judgement , with figures of sinners being led off to hell , and good Christians taken to heaven . The sculpture of the right portal shows the coronation of the Virgin Mary , and the left portal shows the lives of saints who were important to Parisians , particularly Saint Anne , the mother of the Virgin Mary . The exteriors of cathedrals and other Gothic churches were also decorated with sculptures of a variety of fabulous and frightening grotesques or monsters . These included the chimera , a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat , and the Strix or stryge , a creature resembling an owl or bat , which was said to eat human flesh . The strix appeared in classical Roman literature ; it was described by the Roman poet Ovid , who was widely read in the Middle Ages , as a large - headed bird with transfixed eyes , rapacious beak , and greyish white wings . They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshipers , symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church . The gargoyles , which were added to Notre Dame in about 1240 , had a more practical purpose . They were the rain spouts of the cathedral , designed to divide the torrent of water which poured from the roof after rain , and to project it outwards as far as possible from the buttresses and the walls and windows so that it would not erode the mortar binding the stone . To produce many thin streams rather than a torrent of water , a large number of gargoyles were used , so they were also designed to be a decorative element of the architecture . The rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters , then down channels on the flying buttresses , then along a channel cut in the back of the gargoyle and out of the mouth away from the cathedral . Many of the statues , particularly the grotesques , were removed from facade in the 17th and 18th century , or were destroyed during the French Revolution . They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style , designed by Eugene Viollet - le - Duc , during the 19th century restoration . Similar figures appear on the other Gothic Cathedrals of France . Another common feature of Gothic cathedrals in France was a labyrinth or maze on the floor of the nave near the choir , which symbolized the difficult and often complicated journey of a Christian life before attaining paradise . Most labyrinths were removed by the 18th century , but a few , like the one at Amiens Cathedral , have been reconstructed , and the labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral still exists essentially in its original form . French Gothic ( edit ) Main article : French Gothic architecture Coutances Cathedral in Normandy ( 1210 - 1274 ) Bayeux Cathedral in Normandy ( 1180 - 1350 ) Interior of Auxerre Cathedral in Burgundy ( 1215 - 1233 ) Albi Cathedral , originally begun as a fortress , in Southwest France ( 1282 - 1480 ) Polychrome interior of Albi Cathedral ( 1282 - 1480 ) Toulouse Cathedral ( 13th century ) From the 12th century onwards , the Gothic style spread from Northern France to other regions of France and gradually to the rest of the Europe . It was often carried by the highly skilled craftsmen who had trained in the Ile - de-France and then carried their crafts to other cities . The style was adapted to local styles and materials . In Normandy , the new naves were usually very long , sometimes more than one hundred meters , and , from the long Romanesque tradition , the walls were thicker than in northern France , and had shorter buttresses . The interiors were narrower than in the north , and were given a strong sense of verticality by long and narrow bays and lancet arches . Rose windows were rare , replaced on the exterior by a large bay in tiers point . The facades had less sculptural decoration ; decoration in the interior was largely in geometric forms. Norman Gothic also usually featured a profusion of towers , lanterns and spires ; spires and spires sometimes were seventy meters high . Bayeux Cathedral , Rouen Cathedral , and Coutances Cathedral are notable examples of Norman Gothic . In Burgundy , which had a long Romanesque style tradition , a lantern tower was often included , and cathedrals often had a narrow passage the length of the cathedral at the level of the stained glass windows . as in Auxerre Cathedral . In the Southwest of France , the walls were thicker , with narrow openings , and doubled with arches . The flying buttress were rarely used , replaced by heavy abutments with chapels between . In the South of France , the Gothic cathedrals were often built with brick and tile rather than stone . They generally had thick walls and narrow windows , and were braced by heavy abutments rather than flying buttresses . The form of the tower of Toulouse Cathedral was copied by several cathedrals in the south . They generally had a single nave or two or three of equal height . Some Gothic cathedrals in the Midi took unusual form ; the Cathedral of Albi ( 1282 -- 1480 ) was originally built as fortress , then converted to a cathedral . Albi Cathedral has another very distinctive feature ; a colorful interior and painted ceiling . The facade of Toulouse Cathedral is unusual ; it is the combination of two unfinished cathedral buildings , begun in the 13th century and finally put together . Toulouse Cathedral has no flying buttresses ; it is supported by massive contreforts the height of the building , with chapels between . English Gothic ( edit ) Main article : English Gothic architecture 12th century choir of Canterbury Cathedral ( Early English Gothic ) Choir of Salisbury Cathedral ( 1220 - 1258 ) ( Early English Gothic ) West front of York Minster ( Decorated Gothic ) Gloucester Cathedral ( Perpendicular Gothic ) ( 1351 - 1377 ) Fan vaults with pendants at the Henry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey ( Perpendicular Gothic ) ( 1503 ) The Gothic style was imported very early into England , in part due to the close connection with the Duchy of Normandy , which until 1204 was still ruled by the Kings of England . The first period is generally called early English Gothic , and was dominant from about 1180 to 1275 . The first part of major English cathedral to feature the new style was the choir of Canterbury Cathedral , begun about 1175 . It was created by a French master builder , William of Sens. He added several original touches , including colored marble pavement , double columns in the arcades , and engaged slender colonettes which reached up to the vaults , borrowed from the design of Laon Cathedral . Westminster Abbey was rebuilt from 1245 to 1517 . Salisbury Cathedral ( 1220 -- 1320 ) is also a good example of early Gothic , with the exception of its tower and spire , which were added in 1320 . The second period of English Gothic is known as Decorated Gothic . It is customarily divided into two the `` Geometric '' style ( 1250 -- 90 ) and the `` Curvilinear '' style ( 1290 -- 1350 ) , and it is similar to the French Rayonnant style , with an emphasis on curvilinear forms , particularly in the windows . This period saw detailed stone carving reach its peak , with elaborately carved windows and capitals , often with floral patterns , or with an accolade , a carved arch over a window decorated with pinnacles and a fleuron , or carved floral element . The rib vaults of the Decorated Gothic became extremely ornate , with a profusion of ribs which were purely ornamental . The vaults were often decorated with hanging stone pendants . The columns also became more ornamental , as at Peterborough Cathedral , with ribs spreading upward . The Perpendicular Gothic ( c. 1380 -- 1520 ) was final phase of English Gothic , lasting into the 16th century . As the name suggests , its emphasis was on clear horizontal and vertical lines , meeting at right angles . Columns extended upwards all the way to the roof , giving the interior the appearance of a cage of glass and stone , as in the nave of Gloucester Cathedral . The Tudor Arch appeared , wider and lower and often framed by moldings , which was used to create larger windows and to balance the strong vertical elements . The design of the rib vaults became even more complex , including the fan vault with pendants used in the Henry IV chapel at Westminster Abbey ( 1503 -- 07 ) . A distinctive characteristic of English cathedrals is their extreme length , and their internal emphasis upon the horizontal , which may be emphasised visually as much or more than the vertical lines . Each English cathedral ( with the exception of Salisbury ) has an extraordinary degree of stylistic diversity , when compared with most French , German and Italian cathedrals . It is not unusual for every part of the building to have been built in a different century and in a different style , with no attempt at creating a stylistic unity . Unlike French cathedrals , English cathedrals sprawl across their sites , with double transepts projecting strongly and Lady Chapels tacked on at a later date , such as at Westminster Abbey . In the west front , the doors are not as significant as in France , the usual congregational entrance being through a side porch . The West window is very large and never a rose , which are reserved for the transept gables . The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral , or none . There is nearly always a tower at the crossing and it may be very large and surmounted by a spire . The distinctive English east end is square , but it may take a completely different form . Both internally and externally , the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings , particularly the capitals . Northern European Gothic ( edit ) See also : Architecture of Germany , Brabantine Gothic , Polish Gothic architecture , and Czech Gothic architecture Interior of Liebfrauenkirche in Trier ( c. 1233 - 1283 ) Cologne Cathedral ( 1248 - 1473 ) Nave of Cologne Cathedral ( 1248 - 1473 ) St. Wenceslas Chapel in Prague Cathedral ( 1356 - 1367 ) Karlstein Castle in Bohemia ( 1357 -- 1367 ) St. Stephen 's Cathedral , Vienna ( 1339 - 1365 ) Decoration of Choir of Aachen Cathedral , Germany ( 1355 - 1414 ) Brick Gothic ; St. Mary 's Church , Gdańsk ( 1379 - 1502 ) Wooden ceiling of the Brabantine Gothic Grote Kerk , Haarlem in Netherlands ( c. 1479 ) Brabantine Gothic Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon in Brussels ( 15th century ) Between the 13th and 16th centuries , Gothic cathedrals were constructed in most of the major cities of northern Europe . For the most part , they followed the French model , but with variations depending upon local traditions and the materials available . The first Gothic churches in Germany were built from about 1230 . They included Liebfrauenkirche ( ca . 1233 -- 1283 ) in Trier , claimed to be the oldest Gothic church in Germany , and Freiburg Cathedral , which was built in three stages , the first beginning in 1120 , though only the foundations of the original cathedral still exist . It is noted for its 116 - metre tower , the only Gothic church tower in Germany that was completed in the Middle Ages ( 1330 ) . Prague , in the region Bohemia within the Holy Roman Empire , was another flourishing center for Gothic architecture . Charles IV of Bohemia was both King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Empire , and he had monumental tastes . He began construction of Prague 's St. Vitus Cathedral in the Gothic style in 1344 , as well as a Gothic palace , Karlstein Castle in Central Bohemia , and Gothic buildings for the new University of Prague . The nave of Prague Cathedral featured the filet vault , a decorative type of vault in which the ribs criss - crossed in a mesh pattern , similar to the vaults of Bristol Cathedral and other English churches . His other Gothic projects included the lavishly - decorated Chapel of the Holy Cross inside Karlstein Castle ( 1357 -- 1367 ) , and the choir of Aachen Cathedral begun in 1355 , which was built on the model of Sainte - Chapelle in Paris . Gothic architecture in Germany and the kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire generally followed the French formula , but the towers were much taller and , if completed , were often surmounted by enormous openwork spires . The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic cathedrals is their breadth and openness . German and Czech cathedrals , like the French , tend not to have strongly projecting transepts . There are also many hall churches ( Hallenkirchen ) without clerestory windows . Cologne Cathedral is after Milan Cathedral the largest Gothic cathedral in the world . Construction began in 1248 and took , with interruptions , until 1880 to complete -- a period of over 600 years . It is 144.5 metres long , 86.5 m wide and its two towers are 157 m tall . Brick Gothic ( German : Backsteingotik ) is a specific style common in Northern Europe , especially in Northern Germany and Poland in the regions around the Baltic Sea without natural rock resources . A prime example is St. Mary 's Church , Gdańsk ( 1379 -- 1502 ) . St. Stephen 's Cathedral , Vienna ( 1339 -- 1365 ) has the distinctive feature of a polychrome roof . Another regional variation is the Brabantine Gothic a style found in Belgium and the Netherlands . It is characterized by using light - colored sandstone or limestone , which allowed rich detailing but was prone to erosion . Features included columns with sculpted cabbage - like foliage , arched windows whose points came right up into the vaults. and , sometimes , a wooden ceiling . Examples include Grote Kerk , Haarlem , in Haarlem , the Netherlands , originally built as a Catholic Cathedral , now a Protestant church , and the Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon in Brussels ( 15th century ) . Southern European Gothic ( edit ) Spain and Portugal ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish Gothic architecture , Portuguese Gothic architecture , Catalan Gothic , and Valencian Gothic León Cathedral ( 1205 - 1472 ) Toledo Cathedral ( 1227 - 1493 ) Burgos Cathedral ( 1221 - 1260 ) Valencia Cathedral ( 13th - 15 c . ) Evora Cathedral , Évora , Portugal ( 1280 - 1340 ) Gothic nave of Évora Cathedral , Portugal , leads to a Baroque chapel ( 1280 - 1340 ) Strikingly different variations of the Gothic style appeared in southern Europe , particularly in Spain and Portugal . Important examples of Spanish Gothic include Toledo Cathedral , León Cathedral , and Burgos Cathedral . The distinctive characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula is their spatial complexity , with many areas of different shapes leading from each other . They are comparatively wide , and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories , giving a similar spacious appearance to the Hallenkirche of Germany , as at the Church of the Batalha Monastery in Portugal . Many of the cathedrals are completely surrounded by chapels . Like English cathedrals , each is often stylistically diverse . This expresses itself both in the addition of chapels and in the application of decorative details drawn from different sources . Among the influences on both decoration and form are Islamic architecture and , towards the end of the period , Renaissance details combined with the Gothic in a distinctive manner . The West front , as at Leon Cathedral , typically resembles a French west front , but wider in proportion to height and often with greater diversity of detail and a combination of intricate ornament with broad plain surfaces . At Burgos Cathedral there are spires of German style . The roofline often has pierced parapets with comparatively few pinnacles . There are often towers and domes of a great variety of shapes and structural invention rising above the roof . In the territories under the Crown of Aragon ( Aragon , Catalonia , Roussillon in France , the Balearic Islands , the Valencian Community , among others in the Italian islands ) , the Gothic style suppressed the transept and made the side - aisles almost as high as the main nave , creating wider spaces , and with few ornaments . There are two different Gothic styles in the Aragonese lands : Catalan Gothic and Valencian Gothic , which are different from those in the Kingdom of Castile and France . The most important samples of Catalan Gothic style are the cathedrals of Girona , Barcelona , Perpignan and Palma ( in Mallorca ) , the basilica of Santa Maria del Mar ( in Barcelona ) , the Basílica del Pi ( in Barcelona ) , and the church of Santa Maria de l'Alba in Manresa . The most important examples of Valencian Gothic style in the old Kingdom of Valencia are the Valencia Cathedral , Llotja de la Seda ( Unesco World Heritage site ) , Torres de Serranos , Torres de Quart , Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba , in Alfauir , Palace of the Borgias in Gandia , Monastery of Santa María de la Valldigna , Basilica of Santa Maria , in Alicante , Orihuela Cathedral , Castelló Cathedral and El Fadrí , Segorbe Cathedral , etc . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Italian Gothic architecture Siena Cathedral ( 1215 - 1263 ) Interior of Siena Cathedral ( 1215 - 1263 ) Orvieto Cathedral ( 1290 - 1591 ) Nave of Orvieto Cathedral ( begun 1290 ) Florence Cathedral ( 1296 - 1436 ) Pulpit of Pisa Cathedral , by Giovanni Pisano ( 1302 - 1310 ) Milan Cathedral ( 1386 - 1510 - facade from 19th century ) Santa Maria della Spina ( about 1323 ) Italian Gothic architecture went its own particular way , departing from the French model . It was influenced by other styles , notably the Byzantine style introduced in Ravenna . Major examples include Milan Cathedral , the Orvieto Cathedral , and particularly Florence Cathedral , before the addition of the Duomo in the Renaissance . The Italian style was influenced by the materials available in the different regions ; marble was available in great quantities in Tuscany , and was lavishly used in churches ; it was scarce in Lombardy , and brick was used instead . But many of the architectural elements were used apparently mainly to be different from the French style . The Cistercian monastic order introduced some of the first Gothic churches into Italy , in Fossanova Abbey ( consecrated 1208 ) and the Casamari Abbey ( 1203 - 1217 ) . They followed the basic plan of the Gothic Cistercian churches of Burgundy , particularly Cîteaux Abbey . The Italian plan is usually regular and symmetrical , Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns . The proportions are generally mathematically equilibrated , based on the square and the concept of `` armonìa , '' and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches , the arches are almost always equilateral . Italian Gothic cathedrals often retained Romanesque features ; the nave of Orvieto Cathedral had Romanesque arches and vaults . Italian Cathedrals also offered a variety of plans ; Florence Cathedral ( begun 1246 ) had a rectangular choir , based on the Cistercian model , but was designed to have three wings with polygonal chapels . Italian Gothic cathedrals were general not as tall as those in France ; they rarely used flying buttresses , and generally had only two levels , an arcade and a claire - voie with small windows ; but Bologna Cathedral ( begun in 1388 ) , rivaled Bourges Cathedral in France in height . The smallest notable Italian Gothic church is Santa Maria della Spina in Pisa ( about 1330 ) , which resembles a Gothic jewel box . A distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration , both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments . The columns were sometimes painted red , and the walls were decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic . Italian cathedral façades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors . The façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses , and do not usually have a tower . The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome . There is often a free - standing tower and baptistry . The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection . The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and , although stained glass windows are often found , the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco . The facade of Orvieto Cathedral , begun in 1310 , is a striking example of mosaic decoration . Another innovation of Italian Gothic is the bronze doorway covered with sculpture ; the most famous examples are the doors of the Baptistry of Florence , by Andrea Pisano ( 1330 - 1336 ) . Italian Gothic cathedrals did not have the elaborate sculptural tympanums over the entrances of French cathedrals , but they had abundant realistic sculptural decoration . Some of the finest work was done by Nicola Pisano at the Baptistry of Pisa Cathedral ( 1259 -- 60 ) , and in Siena Cathedral ; and by his son Giovanni Pisano on the west facade of Pisa Cathedral ( 1284 -- 85 ) . Abbeys and monasteries ( edit ) Abbey of Saint - Ouen , Rouen ( 1318 - 1537 ) Mont Saint Michel Abbey church ( Choir completed 1228 ) Westminster Abbey , originally a Benedictine monastic church ( current church begun in 1245 ) Narthex of Maulbronn Monastery in Germany ( late 12th century ) Abbey of Saint - Remi , Reims ( 1170 -- 80 ) Batalha Monastery , Portugal ( 1386 - 1517 ) While cathedrals were the most prominent structures in the Gothic style , Gothic features were also built for many monasteries across Europe . Prominent examples were built by the Benedictines in England , France , and Normandy . They were the builders of the Abbey of St Denis , and Abbey of Saint - Remi in France . Later Benedictine projects ( constructions and renovations ) include Rouen 's Abbey of Saint - Ouen , the Abbey La Chaise - Dieu , and the choir of Mont Saint - Michel in France . English examples are Westminster Abbey , originally built as a Benedictine order monastic church ; and the reconstruction of the Benedictine church at Canterbury . The Cistercians spread the style as far east and south as Poland and Hungary . Smaller orders such as the Carthusians and Premonstratensians also built some 200 churches , usually near cities . The Franciscans and Dominicans also carried out a transition to Gothic in the 13th and 14th centuries . The Teutonic Order , a military order , spread Gothic art into Pomerania , East Prussia , and the Baltic region . The earliest example of Gothic architecture in Germany is Maulbronn Monastery , a Romanesque Cistercian abbey in southwest Germany whose narthex was built in the early 12th century by an anonymous architect . Batalha Monastery ( 1386 - 1517 ) is a Dominican monastery in Batalha , Portugal . The monastery was built in the Flamboyant Gothic style to thank the Virgin Mary for the Portuguese victory over the Kingdom of Castile in the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385 . Civic architecture ( edit ) The Palais de la Cité in Paris ( begun 1119 ) which included the royal residence and later Sainte - Chapelle ( 1238 -- 48 ) Gothic rib vaults of the hall of men at arms of the Conciergerie ( 1302 ) The façade of the Palais des Papes in Avignon ( 1252 -- 1364 ) Brussels Town Hall ( 15th C . ) Venetian Gothic . The Doge 's Palace in Venice ( 1340 - 1442 ) Silk Exchange in Valencia , Spain ( 1482 - 1548 ) Hall of Columns of the Silk Exchange in Valencia Palace of the Kings of Navarre in Olite , Spain ( 1269 - 1512 ) Gallery of Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona , Spain ( 1403 ) See also : Gothic secular and domestic architecture and Castle The Gothic style appeared in palaces in France , including the Papal Palace in Avignon and the Palais de la Cité in Paris , close to Notre - Dame de Paris , begun in 1119 , which was the principal residence of the French Kings until 1417 . Most of the Palais de la Cité is gone , but two of the original towers along the Seine , of the towers , the vaulted ceilings of the Hall of the Men - at - Arms ( 1302 ) , ( now in the Conciergerie ; and the original chapel , Sainte - Chapelle , can still be seen . The largest civic building built in the Gothic style in France was the Palais des Papes ( Palace of the Popes ) constructed between 1252 and 1364 , when the Popes fled the political chaos and wars enveloping Rome . Given the complicated political situation , it combined the functions of a church , a seat of government and a fortress . In the 15th century , following the late Gothic or flamboyant period , elements of Gothic decoration borrowed from cathedrals began to appear in the town halls of northern France , in Flanders and in the Netherlands . The Hôtel de Ville of Compiègne has an imposing gothic bell tower , featuring a spire surrounded by smaller towers , and its windows are decorated with ornate accolades or ornamental arches . Similarly flamboyant town halls were found in Arras , Douai , and Saint - Quentin , Aisne , and in modern Belgium , in Brussels and Ghent and Bruges . Notable Gothic civil architecture in Spain includes the Silk Exchange in Valencia , Spain ( 1482 - 1548 ) , a major marketplace , which features a main hall with twisting columns beneath its vaulted ceiling . Another Spanish Gothic landmark is the Palace of the Kings of Navarre in Olite ( 1269 - 1512 ) , which combining the features of a palace and a fortress . University Gothic ( edit ) See also : Collegiate Gothic Gothic oriel window of the Karolinum of Charles University in Prague ( around 1380 ) Facade of the University of Salamanca in late Gothic Plateresque style ( late 15th century ) Cloister of Collegium Maius in Krakow Poland ( Late 15th century ) Chapel of King 's College , Cambridge ( 1446 - 1544 ) Tower and cloisters of Magdalen College , Oxford ( 1474 - 1480 ) The first universities in Europe were closely associated with the Catholic church , and in the late 15th century they adapted variations of the Gothic style for their architecture . The Gothic style was adapted from English monasteries for use in the first colleges of Oxford University , including Magdalen College . It was also used at the University of Salamanca in Spain . The use of the late Gothic style at Oxford and Cambridge University inspired the picturesque Gothic architecture in U.S. colleges in the 19th and 20th century . By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well , and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe 's ancient universities . Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna , built during the 14th and 15th centuries ; the Collegium Carolinum of the Charles University in Prague in Bohemia ; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain ; the chapel of King 's College , Cambridge ; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków , Poland . Military architecture ( edit ) Donjon of the Château de Vincennes , begun 1337 Restored outer walls of the medieval city of Carcasonne ( 13th - 14th century ) The Louvre in the time of Charles V of France ( 1338 - 1380 ) drawn by Eugene Viollet - le - Duc Alcazar of Segovia ( 12th - 13th centuries ) Hohenzollern Castle ( 1454 - 1461 ) in Baden - Württemberg , southern Germany In the 13th century , the design of the chateau fort , or castle , was modified , based on the Byzantine and Moslem castles the French knights had seen during the Crusades . The new kind of fortification was called Phillipienne , after Philippe Auguste , who had taken part in the Crusades . The new fortifications were more geometric , usually square , with a high main donjon or tower , in the center , which could be defended even if the walls of the castle were captured . The Donjon of the Chateau de Vincennes , begun by Philip VI of France , was a good example . It was 52 meters high , the tallest military tower in Europe . In the Phillipienne castle other towers , usually round were placed at the corners and along the walls , close enough together to support each other . The walls had two levels of walkways on the inside , an upper parapet with openings ( Crénaux ) from which soldiers could watch or fire arrows on besiegers below ; narrow openings ( Merlons ) through which they could be sheltered as they fired arrows ; and floor openings ( Mâchicoulis ) , from which they could drop rocks , burning oil or other objects on the besiegers . The upper walls also had protected protruding balconies , Échauguettes and Bretéches , from which soldiers could see what was happening at the corners or on the ground below . In addition , the towers and walls were pierced with narrow vertical slits , called Meurtriéres , through which archers could fire arrows . In later castles the slits took the form of crosses , so that archers could fire arbalètes , or crossbows , in different directions . Castles were surrounded by deep moat , spanned by a single drawbridge . The entrance was also protected by a grill of iron which could be opened and closed . The walls at the bottom were often sloping , and protected with earthen barriers . One good surviving example is the Château de Dourdan in the Seine - et - Marne department , near Nemours . After the end of the Hundred Years War ( 1337 - 1453 ) , with improvements in artillery , the castles lost most of their military importance . They remained as symbols of the rank of their noble occupants ; the narrowing openings in the walls were often widened into the windows of bedchambers and ceremonial halls . The tower of the Chateau of Vincennes became a royal residence . Decline ( edit ) Beginning in the 16th century , as Renaissance architecture from Italy began to appear in France and other countries in Europe , the dominance of Gothic architecture began to wane . Nonetheless , new Gothic buildings , particularly churches , continued to be built ; new Gothic churches built in Paris in this period included Saint - Merri ( 1520 - 1552 ) ; and Saint - Germain - l'Auxerrois ; The first signs of classicism in Paris churches , at St - Gervais - et - St - Protais , did not appear until 1540 . The largest new church , Saint = Eustache ( 1532 - 1560 ) , rivaled Notre - Dame in size , 105 meters long , 44 meters wide , and 35 meters high . As construction of this church continued , elements of Renaissance decoration , including the system of classical orders of columns , were added to the design , making it an early Gothic - Renaissance hybrid . The Gothic style began to be described as outdated , ugly and even barbaric . The term `` Gothic '' was first used as a pejorative description . Giorgio Vasari used the term `` barbarous German style '' in his 1550 Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style . In the introduction to the Lives he attributed various architectural features to `` the Goths '' whom he held responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome , and erecting new ones in this style . In the 17th century , Molière also mocked the Gothic style in the 1669 poem La Gloire : ( `` ... the insipid taste of Gothic ornamentation , these odious monstrosities of an ignorant age , produced by the torrents of barbarism ... '' The dominant styles in Europe became in turn Italian Renaissance architecture , Baroque architecture , and the grand classicism of the Louis XIV style . Nonetheless , Gothic architecture , usually churches or university buildings , continued to be built . Ireland was an island of Gothic architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries , with the construction of Derry Cathedral ( completed 1633 ) , Sligo Cathedral ( c. 1730 ) , and Down Cathedral ( 1790 -- 1818 ) are other notable examples . In the 17th and 18th century several important Gothic buildings were constructed at Oxford University and Cambridge University , including Tom Tower at Christ Church , Oxford , by Christopher Wren ( 1681 -- 82 ) It also appeared , in a whimsical fashion , in Horace Walpole 's Twickenham villa , Strawberry Hill ( 1749 - 1776 ) The two western towers of Westminster Abbey were constructed between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor , opening a new period of Gothic Revival . Rediscovery and revival ( edit ) France ( edit ) The Basilica of Sainte - Clotilde , Paris ( 1846 -- 57 ) Château de Pierrefonds ( 1857 - 1870 ) , a combination of restoration and imagination France had an abundance of original Gothic architecture , and therefore Gothic restoration largely replaced revival ; few new buildings appeared in the Gothic style . The French Revolution caused enormous damage to the Gothic architecture of France . Notre - Dame de Paris and other cathedrals and churches were closed and stripped of much of their decoration . In the 1830s , under the new King , Louis - Philippe , the historic and artistic value of Cathedrals and other Gothic monuments was recognized . Interest in the Gothic style was also stimulated by the huge success of the novel Notre Dame de Paris ( known in English as The Hunchback of Notre Dame ) by Victor Hugo , published in 1831 . The writings of the romantic author François - René de Chateaubriand also played an important part ; he praised the religious sentiments inspired by of the Gothic style , and declaring that the Gothic style was `` the true architecture of our country , '' as important in the history of France as the forests of ancient Gaul . A Commission of Historic Monuments was created in 1837 , and major program of cataloging , protection and restoration of Gothic monuments was organized by the writer Prosper Merimée and conducted largely by the architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc . Viollet - le - Duc conducted the restoration of Notre Dame de Paris and many other churches , as well as the Gothic fortifications of Carcasonne and imaginatively finishing the castle of Château de Pierrefonds , which had been only a ruin . He did not always limit himself to strict restoration of what had existed ; in 1838 he designed he built a new Gothic west facade for the Parish church of Saint - Ouen in Rouen . The architects Franz Christian Gau and then Théodore Ballu built The Basilica of Sainte - Clotilde ( 1846 -- 57 ) , the first entirely neo-Gothic church in Paris . England ( edit ) Western façade of Westminster Abbey , London , completed in 1745 Elizabeth Tower ( Big Ben ) ( completed in 1859 ) and the Houses of Parliament in London ( 1840 - 1876 ) Albert Memorial in London ( 1872 ) Chapel of Keble College , Oxford , completed 1876 St Pancras railway station , London In England , partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of ' high church ' or Anglo - Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century , neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical , civic and institutional architecture . The appeal of this Gothic revival ( which after 1837 , in Britain , is sometimes termed Victorian Gothic ) , gradually widened to encompass `` low church '' as well as `` high church '' clients . This period of more universal appeal , spanning 1855 -- 1885 , is known in Britain as High Victorian Gothic . The Houses of Parliament in London by Sir Charles Barry with interiors by a major exponent of the early Gothic Revival , Augustus Welby Pugin , is an example of the Gothic revival style from its earlier period in the second quarter of the 19th century . Examples from the High Victorian Gothic period include George Gilbert Scott 's design for the Albert Memorial in London , and William Butterfield 's chapel at Keble College , Oxford . From the second half of the 19th century onwards , it became more common in Britain for neo-Gothic to be used in the design of non-ecclesiastical and non-governmental buildings types . Gothic details even began to appear in working - class housing schemes subsidised by philanthropy , though given the expense , less frequently than in the design of upper and middle - class housing . The middle of the 19th century was a period marked by the restoration , and in some cases modification , of ancient monuments and the construction of neo-Gothic edifices such as the nave of Cologne Cathedral and the Sainte - Clotilde of Paris as speculation of medieval architecture turned to technical consideration . London 's Palace of Westminster , St. Pancras railway station , New York 's Trinity Church and St. Patrick 's Cathedral are also famous examples of Gothic Revival buildings . Such style also reached the Far East in the period , for instance , the Anglican St. John 's Cathedral which was located at the centre of Victoria City in Central , Hong Kong . While some credit for this new ideation can reasonably be assigned to German and English writers , namely Johannes Vetter , Franz Mertens , and Robert Willis respectively , this emerging style 's champion was Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , whose lead was taken by archaeologists , historians , and architects like Jules Quicherat , Auguste Choisy , and Marcel Aubert . In the last years of the 19th century , a trend among study in art history emerged in Germany that a building , as defined by Henri Focillon was an interpretation of space . When applied to Gothic cathedrals , historians and architects used to the dimensions of 17th and 18th Baroque or Neoclassical structures , were astounded by the height and extreme length of the cathedrals compared to its proportionally modest width . Goethe , in the preceding century , was mesmerised by the space within a Gothic church and succeeding historians like Georg Dehio , Walter Ueberwasser , Paul Frankl , and Maria Velte sought to rediscover the methodology used in their construction by making measurements and drawings of the buildings , and reading and making conjectures from documents and treaties pertaining to their construction . Germany and Russia ( edit ) Gothic garden cottage of Leopold III , Duke of Anhalt - Dessau , in the Dessau - Wörlitz Garden Realm in Germany ( 1785 - 83 ) Neuschwanstein castle in Bavaria ( 1869 - 1876 ) Tsaritsyno Palace palace near Moscow , built by Catherine the Great ( 1776 - 1796 ) St. Alexander Nevsky Gothic Chapel ( Peterhof ) , completed in 1834 German Gothic revival was born in 1785 - 86 in the Dessau - Wörlitz Garden Realm , an early landscape garden built by near Potsdam , in the garden of the country house of Leopold III , Duke of Anhalt - Dessau , designed by Friedrich Wilhelm von Erdmannsdorff . The Gothic House displayed his collection of medieval stained glass . It inspired other Gothic - style country houses near Berlin and Kassel . In Germany , the early 19th century Gothic revival had close ties to the movement of Romanticism . Beginning in 1814 , the writer and historian Joseph Gorres launched a movement for the completion Cologne cathedral , which had been halted in 1473 . The work was begun in 1842 , and the two towers were completed in 1880 , six hundred years after the cathedral was begun . Similar projects were undertaken for Ulm Minster , Heilsbronn Abbey and the Isartor gate in Munich . The Baroque decoration of these monuments was removed , and they were returned to at least an approximation , sometimes romanticized , of their original Gothic appearance . The most picturesque example of Gothic revival is Neuschwanstein Castle ( 1869 - 1876 ) in Bavaria built by Ludwig II of Bavaria . For inspiration , Ludwig visited other Gothic reconstruction projects , Warburg and Château de Pierrefonds , a castle which had been reconstructed by Eugene Viollet - le - Duc . The highly romantic Neuschwanstein Castle inspired , among other later buildings , the Sleeping Beauty Castle in Disneyland ( 1955 ) . Though Russia had no tradition of Gothic architecture , The Empress Catherine the Great chose the style in Tsaritsyno Palace , a large palace complex she constructed south of Moscow from 1776 until her death in 1796 . Later , Czar Nicholas I of Russia commissioned the German romantic writer and painter Karl Friedrich Schinkel to design a Gothic chapel for his park at Peterhof Palace near St. Petersburg . It was completed in 1834 . Italy ( edit ) Milan Cathedral in 1735 , with its original facade Milan Cathedral with new facade ( 1806 - 1813 ) and new crown on fronton ( 1888 ) The Neo-Gothic Pedrocchi Café in Padua , Italy ( 1837 ) The Gothic revival in Italy focused on the completion of earlier Cathedrals , which had been largely left to crumble . The most striking example was Milan Cathedral , which received a new facade in 1806 - 1813 which almost completely covered the original ; it was designed by Giuseppe Zanoia and Carlo Amati . In 1888 it received a Gothic crown on the front facade by Giuseppe Brentano . The famous spires and pinnacles of the building date to the 19th century . A small but notable example of Gothic revival in Italy is the Pedrocchi Café in Padua , Italy ( 1837 ) , by Giuseppe Jappelli . It borrowed the Venetian Gothic style plus the pinnacles of Milan Cathedral . It became famous as the meeting place of Italian patriots rebelling against Austrian rule in 1848 . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Gothic Revival architecture in Canada Notre Dame Basilica in Montreal ( 1785 - 1795 ) Buildings of Parliament of Canada , Ottawa ( 1859 - 1927 ) by Thomas Fuller Library of Canadian Parliament in Ottawa ( 1859 - 1927 ) by Thomas Fuller The Gothic Revival St. Michael 's Cathedral in Toronto , by William Thomas ( 1845 -- 1848 ) One of the earliest and most highly deocrated Gothic Revival churches in North America is the Notre - Dame Basilica in Montreal . Built in 1784 - 1795 , on the site of a 17th - century church . The vaults are colored deep blue and decorated with golden stars , and the rest of the sanctuary is decorated in blues , azures , reds , purples , silver , and gold . The stained glass windows depict scenes from the religious history of Montreal . The English Gothic revival style was imported from England beginning in the 1830s , and was used primarily for Anglican and Catholic churches , and for university buildings . The best - known Gothic revival buildings in Canada are those ( ( Centre Bloc and the Victoria Tower of the Parliament of Canada on Parliament Hill in Ottawa , by Thomas Fuller ( 1859 - 1927 ) . The architect William Thomas constructed St. Michael 's Cathedral in Toronto ( 1845 - 48 ) , and several other Gothic revival churches in the Province of Ontario . United States ( edit ) Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City , Utah ( 1893 ) St. Patrick 's Cathedral ( Manhattan ) by James Renwick Jr. ( dedicated 1910 ) Gasson Hall on the campus of Boston College in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . ( 1908 -- 13 ) Harkness Tower at Yale University by James Gamble Rogers ( 1917 - 1922 ) Washington National Cathedral ( Episcopal ) ( 1907 - 1990 ) Grace Cathedral ( Episcopal ) in San Francisco ( 1928 - 1964 ) Oak Hill Cottage in Mansfield , Ohio , an example of Carpenter Gothic ( 1847 ) The painting American Gothic by Grant Wood took its name from the Carpenter Gothic house in the background . Gothic crown of the Woolworth Building in New York City by Cass Gilbert ( 1910 - 1912 ) . It was the world 's tallest building when it was completed . Detail of the top of the Woolworth Building , called a `` Cathedral of Commerce '' . Top of the Tribune Tower , Chicago ( right ) by John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood ( 1923 -- 25 ) West entrance of the Tribune Tower , Chicago ( 1923 -- 25 ) The Gothic style was entirely contrary to the early Puritan architecture in the United States , which valued simplicity and a lack of ornament . It was also contrary to the Neoclassical style used for early U.S. government buildings . However , in the mid to late 19th century , large cathedrals and churches began to be built in the Gothic Revival style , modeled after European cathedrals . University buildings also adopted the style , using English colleges as a model . In the early 20th century , Gothic decorative elements appeared on the towers of the new skyscrapers , notably the Woolworth Building by Cass Gilbert in New York and the Chicago Tribune Building in Chicago , by John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood , symbolizing the role of these buildings as `` cathedrals of commerce . '' Gothic architecture also inspired a popular style of residential architecture in the United States in the mid-19th century . It was known as Carpenter Gothic , and featured pointed lancet windows , a steep gable roof , and other simple Gothic elements , embellished with wooden ornament cut with a jigsaw or a scroll saw in Gothic designs . Sometimes the wooden trim was attached to a brick house . It became a popular style for wooden churches in rural communities . An example of Carpenter Gothic house , the American Gothic House , in Eldon , Iowa appears in the background of the celebrated painting American Gothic by Grant Wood , and gave the painting its name . Latin America , Asia and the pacific ( edit ) See also : List of Gothic Revival architecture Perth Town Hall , Australia ( 1867 -- 70 ) Clock tower of Mumbai University , India ( 1870s ) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station ( former Victoria Terminus ) , Mumbai , India ( 1878 - 1888 ) Basilica of the Twenty - Six Holy Martyrs of Japan ( Nagasaki ) ( 1879 ) Church of the Holy Sacrament , Guadalajara , Mexico ( 1897 - 1972 ) Jakarata Cathedral , Indonesia ( 1901 ) Shanghai Cathedral in China ( 1906 - 1910 ) In the 19th century the Gothic style of church architecture was transported to Latin America by the Spanish and Portuguese , where it became a symbol of Christian values and traditions . It was also exported to Asia , largely for the churches of the European settlements there . The English Gothic style was a major influence in Australia , both for churches and civic buildings . Perth Town Hall ( 1867 -- 70 ) was the only town hall in Australia ( or perhaps anywhere ) constructed by convicts . The Basilica of the Twenty = Six Holy Martyrs ( 1879 ) was an enlargement of the first Christian church in Japan , which had been built in 1864 . It survived the dropping of an atomic bomb on Nagasaki in August 1945 . The plan was taken from a Belgian model , and the stained glass was imported from France . The Church of the Holy Sacrament in Guadalajara , Mexico was begun in 1897 , but construction was halted by the Mexican Revolution , and it was not completed until 1972 . Shanghai Cathedral in China ( 1906 - 1910 ) was originally built by the Jesuits as their primary church in the trading port of Shanghai . In 1966 , at the opening of the Cultural Revolution , Red Guards from Beijing vandalized the cathedral , tearing down its spires and ceiling , and smashing its roughly 300 square meters of stained glass . For the next ten years the Cathedral served as a state - owned grain warehouse . It was reopened in 1978 and the spires were restored in the 1980s . In India , the city of Mumbai ( formerly Bombay ) has a rich collection of neo-Gothic architecture . The style is found in the University buildings , the courthouse , and in the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station ( former Victoria Terminus ) , the main railway station . Influences ( edit ) Political ( edit ) The roots of the Gothic style lie in those towns that , since the 11th century , had been enjoying increased prosperity and growth , began to experience more and more freedom from traditional feudal authority . At the end of the 12th century , Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms . The area encompassing modern Germany , southern Denmark , the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Slovakia , Czech Republic and much of northern Italy ( excluding Venice and Papal State ) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire , but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy under the system of Feudalism . France , Denmark , Poland , Hungary , Portugal , Scotland , Castile , Aragon , Navarre , Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms , as was the Angevin Empire , whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France . Norway came under the influence of England , while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League . Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy , while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus . Gothic art is sometimes viewed as the art of the era of feudalism but also as being connected to change in medieval social structure , as the Gothic style of architecture seemed to parallel the beginning of the decline of feudalism . Nevertheless , the influence of the established feudal elite can be seen in the Chateaux of French lords and in those churches sponsored by feudal lords . Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns , and they would come to be predominate in Europe by the end of the 13th century . Germany and the Low Countries had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace , in trade and competition with each other or united for mutual weal , as in the Hanseatic League . Civic building was of great importance to these towns as a sign of wealth and pride . England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings , dukes and bishops , rather than grand town halls for their burghers . Viollet - le - Duc contended that the blossoming of the Gothic style came about as a result of growing freedoms in construction professions . The primary use of the Gothic style is in religious structures , naturally leading it to an association with the Church and it is considered to be one of the most formal and coordinated forms of the physical church , thought of as being the physical residence of God on Earth . According to Hans Sedlmayr , it was `` even the considered the temporal image of Paradise , of the New Jerusalem . '' The horizontal and vertical scope of the Gothic church , filled with the light thought of as a symbol of the grace of God admitted into the structure via the style 's iconic windows are among the very best examples of Christian architecture . Grodecki 's Gothic Architecture also notes that the glass pieces of various colors that make up those windows have been compared to `` precious stones encrusting the walls of the New Jerusalem , '' and that `` the numerous towers and pinnacles evoke similar structures that appear in the visions of Saint John . '' Another idea , held by Georg Dehio and Erwin Panofsky , is that the designs of Gothic followed the current theological scholastic thought . The PBS show NOVA explored the influence of the Bible in the dimensions and design of some cathedrals . Geographic ( edit ) The transition from Romanesque to Gothic styles is visible at the Durham Cathedral in England , where both pointed and round arches are used in the cathedral 's design . From the 10th to the 13th century , Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction , affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland and Croatia , and Sweden and Sicily . The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture , but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place , as did the expressions of Gothic taste . The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders did not define divisions of style . On the other hand , some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere , except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen , or the transfer of bishops . Many different factors like geographical / geological , economic , social , or political situations caused the regional differences in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period that would often become even more apparent in the Gothic . For example , studies of the population statistics reveals disparities such as the multitude of churches , abbeys , and cathedrals in northern France while in more urbanised regions construction activity of a similar scale was reserved to a few important cities . Such an example comes from Roberto López , wherein the French city of Amiens was able to fund its architectural projects whereas Cologne could not because of the economic inequality of the two . This wealth , concentrated in rich monasteries and noble families , would eventually spread certain Italian , Catalan , and Hanseatic bankers . This would be amended when the economic hardships of the 13th century were no longer felt , allowing Normandy , Tuscany , Flanders , and the southern Rhineland to enter into competition with France . The local availability of materials affected both construction and style . In France , limestone was readily available in several grades , the very fine white limestone of Caen being favoured for sculptural decoration . England had coarse limestone and red sandstone as well as dark green Purbeck marble which was often used for architectural features . In northern Germany , Netherlands , northern Poland , Denmark , and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick . The resultant style , Brick Gothic -- called Gotyk ceglany in Poland and Backsteingotik in Germany and Scandinavia -- is also associated with the Hanseatic League . In Italy , stone was used for fortifications , so brick was preferred for other buildings . Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble , many buildings were faced in marble , or were left with undecorated façade so that this might be achieved at a later date . The availability of timber also influenced the style of architecture , with timber buildings prevailing in Scandinavia . Availability of timber affected methods of roof construction across Europe . It is thought that the magnificent hammerbeam roofs of England were devised as a direct response to the lack of long straight seasoned timber by the end of the Medieval period , when forests had been decimated not only for the construction of vast roofs but also for ship building . Possible eastern influence ( edit ) Al - Ukhaidir Fortress ( completed 775 AD ) , Iraq Al - Aqsa Mosque , Jerusalem Ibn Tulun Mosque ( completed 879 AD ) , Egypt Delal Bridge , Iraq Arches at Al - Raqqah , Syria Monreale Cathedral , Sicily The Armenian cathedral of Ani , completed in the early 11th century . The pointed arch , one of the defining attributes of Gothic , was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the 7th century . The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture ; within the Roman context , evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures , like the Roman Karamagara Bridge ; in Sassanid architecture , in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction . Use of the pointed arch seems to have taken off dramatically after its incorporation into Islamic architecture . It begins to appear throughout the Islamic world in close succession after its adoption in the late Umayyad or early Abbasid period . Some examples are the Al - Ukhaidir Palace ( 775 AD ) , the Abbasid reconstruction of the Al - Aqsa mosque in 780 AD , the Ramlah Cisterns ( 789 AD ) , the Great Mosque of Samarra ( 851 AD ) , and the Mosque of Ibn Tulun ( 879 AD ) in Cairo . It also appears in one of the early reconstructions of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia , and the Mosque -- Cathedral of Córdoba in 987 AD . David Talbot Rice points out that , `` The pointed arch had already been used in Syria , but in the mosque of Ibn Tulun we have one of the earliest examples of its use on an extensive scale , some centuries before it was exploited in the West by the Gothic architects . '' Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world , including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090 , the Crusades ( beginning 1096 ) , and the Islamic presence in Spain , may have influenced Medieval Europe 's adoption of the pointed arch , although this hypothesis remains controversial . Certainly , in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence , rich regional variants arose , fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms , for example in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals , the Alcázar of Seville , and Teruel Cathedral . A number of scholars have cited the Armenian Cathedral of Ani , completed 1001 or 1010 , as a possible influence on the Gothic , especially due to its use of pointed arches and cluster piers . However , other scholars such as Sirarpie Der Nersessian , who rejected this notion as she argued that the pointed arches did not serve the same function of supporting the vault . Lucy Der Manuelian contends that some Armenians ( historically documented as being in Western Europe in the Middle Ages ) could have brought the knowledge and technique employed at Ani to the west . The view held by the majority of scholars however is that the pointed arch evolved naturally in Western Europe as a structural solution to a technical problem , with evidence for this being its use as a stylistic feature in Romanesque French and English churches . See also ( edit ) Gothic architecture portal Medieval Gothic Castle Catenary arch Czech Gothic architecture English Gothic architecture French Gothic architecture Italian Gothic architecture List of Gothic architecture Medieval architecture Middle Ages in history Polish Gothic architecture Portuguese Gothic architecture Renaissance of the 12th century Spanish Gothic architecture Gothic secular and domestic architecture Gothic architecture Architectural history Architectural style Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Sondergotik Gothicmed Gothic Revival architecture Carpenter Gothic Collegiate Gothic in North America Tented roof Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Section from `` L'art Gothique , '' translated into English : `` England was one of the first regions to adopt , during the first half of the 12th century , the new Gothic architecture born in France . Historic relationships between the two countries played a determining role : in 1154 , Henry II ( 1154 -- 1189 ) became the first of the Anjou Plantagenet kings to ascend to the throne of England . '' Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ducher 1988 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Jones , Colin ( 28 May 1999 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France . Cambridge University Press . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66992 - 4 . The style was widely referred to as opus francigenum - `` Franks ' work '' . ^ Jump up to : Vasari 1991 , pp. 117 , 527 . ^ Jump up to : Vasari , Brown & Maclehose 1907 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Raeburn 1980 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1993 , pp. 17 - 18 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1993 , pp. 20 - 22 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1993 , pp. 24 - 26 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Ducher 1988 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Ducher 1988 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Renault & Lazé 2006 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Wenzler 2018 , pp. 18 - 19 . Jump up ^ Renault & Lazé 2006 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Banister Fletcher , A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method . ^ Jump up to : Wim Swaan , The Gothic Cathedral ^ Jump up to : Grodecki 1977 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , pp. 14 , 17 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ducher 1988 , pp. 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Wenzler 2018 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1993 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Grodecki 1977 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Wenzler 2018 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Renault & Lazé 2006 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Wenzler 2018 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Wenzler 2018 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Wenzler 2018 , pp. 95 - 98 . Jump up ^ Oggins , R.O. ( 2000 ) . `` Cathedrals '' . Metrobooks . Friedman / Fairfax Publishers . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the World 's Tallest Buildings '' . Time Magazine . ^ Jump up to : Viollet - le - Duc , Eugéne , Dictionnaire Raisonné de l'architecture Française du XIe au XVI siecle , Volume 6 . ( Project Gutenburg ) . ^ Jump up to : McNamara 2017 , pp. 158 - 59 . Jump up ^ Frazer , James George ( 1933 ) ed. , Ovid , Fasti VI. 131 -- , Riley ( 1851 ) , p. 216 , tr . Jump up ^ Wenzler 2018 , pp. 97 - 99 . Jump up ^ Wenzler 2018 , pp. 99 - 100 . ^ Jump up to : Wenzler 2018 , pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1993 , pp. 34 - 35 . ^ Jump up to : Ducher 1988 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Alec Clifton - Taylor , The Cathedrals of England Jump up ^ UNESCO . `` UNESCO Cultural Heritage Sites ; Liebfrukirche , Trier '' . Jump up ^ Martindale 1993 , pp. 221 - 230 . Jump up ^ Cologne Cathedral official website Jump up ^ `` Historia Bazyliki Mariackiej w Gdańsku '' . www.bazylikamariacka.pl ( in Polish ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1993 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Martindale 1993 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1993 , pp. 161 - 175 . Jump up ^ Martindale 1993 , pp. 152 - 176 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Burton & Kerr 2011 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Texier 2012 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ducher 1988 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ducher 1988 , pp. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ Renault and Lazé ( 2006 ) , pg. 38 Jump up ^ Renault & Lazé 2006 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Texier 2012 , pp. 24 - 26 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ - Bob Hunter `` Londonderry Cathedtral '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Toman 2007 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Poisson 2014 . Jump up ^ Toman 2007 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Architecture and Churches Architectural Digest '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Toman 2007 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Toman 2007 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ www.patrimoine-religieux.qc.ca - Religious heritage of Quebec Archived February 9 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Basilica in pictures Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) List of Dominion Architects of Canada Jump up ^ Christen , Barbara S. and Flanders , Steven ( editors ) . Cass Gilbert , Life and Work : Architect of the Public Domain New York : W.W. Norton , 2001 Jump up ^ Kilham , Walter H. ( 1973 ) . Raymond Hood , Architect - Form Through Function in the American Skyscraper . Architectural Book Publishing Co Inc , New York . Jump up ^ Fineman , Mia ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` The Most Famous Farm Couple in the World : Why American Gothic still fascinates . '' . Slate . Jump up ^ `` About This Artwork : American Gothic '' . The Art Institute of Chicago . Archived from the original on 28 May 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phelps , Delys ( 1969 ) 100 years : a history of the Perth Town Hall originally printed in the Royal Western Australian Historical Society 's Journal . - reprinted by the Perth city council in 1970 Jump up ^ Jesus in China Jump up ^ Mitchell 1968 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , pp. 20 , 24 . ^ Jump up to : Grodecki 1977 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ John Harvey , The Gothic World Jump up ^ Tiffany , Scott ; Tinworth , Rob ; Barako , Tristian ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` Building the Great Cathedrals '' . Nova . PBS . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 25 - 26 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Warren , John ( 1991 ) . `` Creswell 's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture '' . Muqarnas . BRILL. 8 : 59 -- 65 ( 61 -- 63 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 1523154 . JSTOR 1523154 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Andrew ( 2002 - 03 - 11 ) . Dictionary of Islamic Architecture , pp. 295 - 296 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 20387 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rice , David T. ( 1979 ) . Islamic Art . Thames & Hudson . p. 45 . ISBN 9780500201503 . ^ Jump up to : Scott 2003 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Bony 1983 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Harvey , L.P. ( 1992 ) . `` Islamic Spain , 1250 to 1500 . '' Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 31960 - 1 ; Boswell , John ( 1978 ) . Royal Treasure : Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02090 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lang 1980 , p. 223 : `` With this experience behind him , it is not surprising that Trdat 's creation of the Cathedral at Ani turned out to be a masterpiece . Even without its dome , the cathedral amazes the onlooker . Technically , it is far ahead of the contemporary Anglo - Saxon and Norman architecture of Europe . Already , pointed arches and clustered piers , whose appearance together is considered one of the hallmarks of mature Gothic architecture , are found in this remote corner of the Christian East . '' Jump up ^ Kite , Stephen ( September 2003 ) . `` ' South Opposed to East and North ' : Adrian Stokes and Josef Strzygowski . A study in the aesthetics and historiography of Orientalism '' . Art History . 26 ( 4 ) : 519 . To Near Eastern scholars the Armenian cathedral at Ani ( 989 -- 1001 ) , designed by Trdat ( 972 -- 1036 ) , seemed to anticipate Gothic . Jump up ^ Stewart 1959 , p. 80 : `` The most important examples of Armenian architecture are to be found at Ani , the capital , and the most important of these is the cathedral . ( ... ) The most interesting features of this building are its pointed arches and vaults and the clustering or coupling of the columns in the Gothic manner . '' Jump up ^ Rice 1972 , p. 179 : `` The interior of Ani cathedral , a longitudinal stone building with pointed vaults and a central dome , built about 1001 , is astonishingly Gothic in every detail , and numerous other equally close parallels could be cited . '' Jump up ^ Garsoïan 2015 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Grodecki 1977 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Der Manuelian 2001 , p. 7 . References ( edit ) Burton , Janet B. ; Kerr , Julie ( 2011 ) . The Cistercians in the Middle Ages . Monastic orders . Volume 4 ( Illustrated ed . ) . Boydell Press . ISBN 9781843836674 . Bony , Jean ( 1983 ) . French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02831 - 7 . Buttitta , Antonino , ed. ( 2006 ) . Les Normands en Sicile . Musée de Normandie . ISBN 88 - 7439 - 328 - 8 . Ching , Francis D.K. ( 2012 ) . A Visual Dictionary of Architecture ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 64885 - 8 . Der Manuelian , Lucy ( 2001 ) . `` Ani : The Fabled Capital of Armenia '' . In Cowe , S. Peter . Ani : World Architectural Heritage of a Medieval Armenian Capital . Leuven Sterling . ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1038 - 6 . Ducher , Robert ( 1988 ) . Caractéristique des Styles ( in French ) . Flammarion . ISBN 2 - 08 - 011539 - 1 . Fiske , Kimball ( 1943 ) . The Creation of the Rococo . Philadelphia Museum of Art . Fletcher , Banister ( 2001 ) . A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method . Elsevier Science & Technology . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 2267 - 9 . Garsoïan , Nina G. ( 2015 ) . `` Sirarpie Der Nersessian ( 1896 -- 1989 ) '' . In Damico , Helen . Medieval Scholarship : Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline : Religion and Art . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 77636 - 9 . Grodecki , Louis ( 1977 ) . Nervi , Luigi , ed . Gothic Architecture . In collaboration with Anne Prache and Roland Recht , translated from French by I. Mark Paris . Abrams Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1008 - X . Harvey , John ( 1950 ) . The Gothic World , 1100 -- 1600 . Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 255228 - 8 . McNamara , Denis ( 2017 ) . Comprendre l'Art des Églises ( in French ) . Larousse . ISBN 978 - 2 - 03 - 589952 - 1 . Lang , David Marshall ( 1980 ) . Armenia : Cradle of Civilization . Allen & Unwin . Martindale , Andrew ( 1993 ) . Gothic Art . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 2 - 87811 - 058 - 7 . Mignon , Olivier ( 2017 ) . Architecture du Patrimoine Française - Abbayes , Églises , Cathédrales et Châteaux ( in French ) . Éditions Ouest - France . ISBN 978 - 27373 - 7611 - 5 . Mitchell , Ann ( 1968 ) . Cathedrals of Europe . Great Buildings of the World . Hamlyn . ASIN B0006C19ES . Pevsner , Nikolaus ( 1964 ) . An Outline of European Architecture . Pelican Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 061613 - 6 . Poisson , Georges ; Poisson , Olivier ( 2014 ) . Eugène Viollet - le - Duc ( in French ) . Paris : Picard . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7084 - 0952 - 1 . Raeburn , Michael ( 1980 ) . `` The Middle Ages '' . In Coldstream , Nicola . Architecture of the Western World . With a foreword by Sir Hugh Casson . Rizzoli International . ISBN 0 - 8478 - 0349 - X . Renault , Christophe ; Lazé , Christophe ( 2006 ) . Les Styles de l'architectue et du mobilier ( in French ) . Gisserot . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87747 - 465 - 8 . Scott , Robert A. ( 2003 ) . The Gothic enterprise : a guide to understanding the Medieval cathedral . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23177 - 5 . Stewart , Cecil ( 1959 ) . History of Architectural Development : Early Christian , Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture . Longman . Swaan , Wim ( 1988 ) . The Gothic Cathedral . Omega Books . ISBN 0 - 907853 - 48 - X . Rice , David Talbot ( 1972 ) . The Appreciation of Byzantine Art . Oxford University Press . Texier , Simon ( 2012 ) . Paris Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours ( in French ) . Parigramme . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84096 - 667 - 8 . Toman , Rolf ( 2007 ) . Néoclassicisme et Romantisme . Ulmann . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8331 - 3557 - 6 . Vasari , Giorgio ( 1907 ) . Brown , Gerald Baldwin ; Maclehose , Louisa , eds . Vasari on Technique : Being the Introduction to the Three Arts of Design , Architecture , Sculpture and Painting , Prefixed to the Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors and Architects . J.M. Dent & Co . Vasari , Giorgio ( 1991 ) . The Lives of the Artists . Translated with an introduction and notes by J.C. and P. Bondanella . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953719 - 8 . Wenzler , Claude ( 2018 ) . Les cathédrales gothiques : Un défi médiéval ( in French ) . Éditions Ouest - France . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7373 - 7712 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Fletcher , Banister ; Cruickshank , Dan , Sir Banister Fletcher 's a History of Architecture , Architectural Press , 20th edition , 1996 ( first published 1896 ) . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 2267 - 9 . Cf . Part Two , Chapter 14 . Bumpus , T. Francis ( 1928 ) . The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium . T. Werner Laurie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 313 - 40185 - 2 . Clifton - Taylor , Alec ( 1967 ) . The Cathedrals of England . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 18070 - 9 . Gardner , Helen ; Kleiner , Fred S. ; Mamiya , Christin J. ( 2004 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages . Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 0 - 15 - 505090 - 7 . Harvey , John ( 1961 ) . English Cathedrals . Batsford . ASIN B0000CL4S8 . Huyghe , René , ed. ( 1963 ) . Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art . Hamlyn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 02357 - 9 . Icher , Francois ( 1998 ) . Building the Great Cathedrals . Abrams Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4017 - 5 . Simson , Otto Georg ( 1988 ) . The Gothic cathedral : origins of Gothic architecture and the medieval concept of order . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09959 - 6 . Glaser , Stephanie , `` The Gothic Cathedral and Medievalism , '' in : Falling into Medievalism , ed . Anne Lair and Richard Utz . Special Issue of UNIversitas : The University of Northern Iowa Journal of Research , Scholarship , and Creative Activity , 2.1 ( 2006 ) . ( on the Gothic revival of the 19th century and the depictions of Gothic cathedrals in the Arts ) Moore , Charles ( 1890 ) . Development & Character of Gothic Architecture . Macmillan and Co . ISBN 1 - 4102 - 0763 - 3 . Rudolph , Conrad ed. , A Companion to Medieval Art : Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe , 2nd ed. ( 2016 ) Tonazzi , Pascal ( 2007 ) Florilège de Notre - Dame de Paris ( anthologie ) , Editions Arléa , Paris , ISBN 2 - 86959 - 795 - 9 Wilson , Christopher ( 2005 ) . The Gothic Cathedral -- Architecture of the Great Church . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 27681 - 5 . Summerson , John ( 1983 ) . Pelican Books , ed . Architecture in Britain , 1530 -- 1830 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 056003 - 3 . Swaan , Wim . Art and Architecture of the Late Middle Ages . Omega Books . ISBN 0 - 907853 - 35 - 8 . Tatton - Brown , Tim ; Crook , John ( 2002 ) . The English Cathedral . New Holland Publishers . ISBN 1 - 84330 - 120 - 2 . Ceccarini , Patrizio ( 2013 ) . La structure fondatrice gothique . Théologie , sciences et architecture au XIIIe siècle à Saint - Denis ( tomeI ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 336 - 30184 - 6 . Ceccarini , Patrizio ( 2013 ) . Le système architectural gothique . Théologie , sciences et architecture au XIIIe siècle à Saint - Denis ( tomeII ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 336 - 30185 - 3 . Rivière , Rémi ; Lavoye , Agnès ( 2007 ) . La Tour Jean sans Peur , Association des Amis de la tour Jean sans Peur . ISBN 978 - 2 - 95164 - 940 - 8 External links ( edit ) Library resources about Gothic architecture Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gothic architecture . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gothic architecture . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Gothic . Mapping Gothic France , a project by Columbia University and Vassar College with a database of images , 360 ° panoramas , texts , charts and historical maps Gothic Architecture Encyclopædia Britannica Holbeche Bloxam , Matthew ( 1841 ) . Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture , Elucidated by Question and Answer . Gutenberg.org , from Project Gutenberg Brandon , Raphael ; Brandon , Arthur ( 1849 ) . An analysis of Gothick architecture : illustrated by a series of upwards of seven hundred examples of doorways , windows , etc. , and accompanied with remarks on the several details of an ecclesiastical edifice . 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what proportion of the u.s. adult population is considered overweight or obese
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Obesity in the United States - Wikipedia Obesity in the United States This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2017 ) According to 2007 statistics from the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , the United States has the highest prevalence of overweight adults in the English - speaking world . Historical U.S. obesity rate , 1960 -- 2004 Obesity in the United States is a major health issue , resulting in numerous diseases , specifically increased risk of certain types of cancer , coronary artery disease , type 2 diabetes , stroke , as well as significant economic costs . While many industrialized countries have experienced similar increases , obesity rates in the United States are the highest in the world . Obesity has continued to grow within the United States . Two of every three American men are considered to be overweight or obese , but the rates for women are far higher . The United States contains one of the highest percentage of obese people in the world . An obese person in America incurs an average of $1,429 more in medical expenses annually . Approximately $147 billion is spent in added medical expenses per year within the United States . This number is suspected to increase approximately $1.24 billion per year until the year 2030 . The United States had the highest rate of obesity within the OECD grouping of large trading economies . From 23 % obesity in 1962 , estimates have steadily increased . The following statistics comprise adults age 20 and over . The overweight percentages for the overall US population are higher reaching 39.4 % in 1997 , 44.5 % in 2004 , 56.6 % in 2007 , and 63.8 % ( adults ) and 17 % ( children ) in 2008 . In 2010 , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) reported higher numbers once more , counting 65.7 % of American adults as overweight , and 17 % of American children , and according to the CDC , 63 % of teenage girls become overweight by age 11 . In 2013 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) found that 57.6 % of American citizens were overweight or obese . The organization estimates that 3 / 4 of the American population will likely be overweight or obese by 2020 . The latest figures from the CDC as of 2014 show that more than one - third ( 36.5 % ) of U.S. adults age 20 and older and 17 % of children and adolescents aged 2 -- 19 years were obese . A second study from the National Center for Health Statistics at the CDC showed that 39.6 % of US adults age 20 and older were obese as of 2015 - 2016 ( 37.9 % for men and 41.1 % for women ) . Obesity has been cited as a contributing factor to approximately 100,000 -- 400,000 deaths in the United States per year and has increased health care use and expenditures , costing society an estimated $117 billion in direct ( preventive , diagnostic , and treatment services related to weight ) and indirect ( absenteeism , loss of future earnings due to premature death ) costs . This exceeds health care costs associated with smoking and accounts for 6 % to 12 % of national health care expenditures in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prevalence 1.1 Race 1.1. 1 Caucasian 1.1. 2 Black or African American 1.1. 3 American Indian or Alaska Native 1.1. 4 Asian 1.1. 5 Hispanic or Latino 1.1. 6 Mexican or Mexican Americans 1.1. 7 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 1.2 Male / female fat ratio 1.3 Age group 1.3. 1 Newborns 1.3. 2 Children and teens 1.3. 3 Adults 1.3. 4 Elderly 1.4 In the military 1.5 Prevalence by state and territory 2 Epidemiology 3 Contributing factors to obesity epidemic 3.1 Diet 3.2 Sedentary lifestyle 3.3 Social changes 3.4 Genetics 4 Total costs to the US 5 Effects on life expectancy 6 Anti-obesity efforts 6.1 Food labeling 7 Accommodations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Prevalence ( edit ) Obesity rates have increased for all population groups in the United States over the last several decades . Between 1986 and 2000 , the prevalence of severe obesity ( BMI ≥ 40 kg / m ) quadrupled from one in two hundred Americans to one in fifty . Extreme obesity ( BMI ≥ 50 kg / m ) in adults increased by a factor of five , from one in two thousand to one in four hundred . There have been similar increases seen in children and adolescents , with the prevalence of overweight in pediatric age groups nearly tripling over the same period . Approximately nine million children over six years of age are considered obese . Several recent studies have shown that the rise in obesity in the US is slowing , possibly explained by saturation of health - oriented media or a biological limit on obesity . Race ( edit ) Rates of obesity in US by race . Obesity is distributed unevenly across racial groups in the United States . Caucasian ( edit ) The obesity rate for Caucasian adults ( over 30 BMI ) in the US in 2015 was 29.7 % . For adult Caucasian men , the rate of obesity was 31.1 % in 2015 . For adult Caucasian women , the rate of obesity was 27.5 % in 2015 . Black or African American ( edit ) The obesity rate for Black adults ( over 30 BMI ) in the US in 2015 was 39.8 % . For adult Black men , the rate of obesity was 34.4 % in 2015 . For adult Black women , the rate of obesity was 44.7 % in 2015 . BMI is not a good indicator in determining all - cause and coronary heart disease mortality in black women compared to white women . American Indian or Alaska Native ( edit ) The obesity rate for American Indian or Alaska Native adults ( over 30 BMI ) in the US in 2015 was 42.9 % . No breakdown by sex was given for American Indian or Alaska Native adults in the CDC figures . Asian ( edit ) The obesity rate for Asian adults ( over 30 BMI ) in the US in 2015 was 10.7 % . No breakdown by sex was given for Asian adults in the CDC figures . Hispanic or Latino ( edit ) The obesity rate for the Hispanic or Latino adults category ( over 30 BMI ) in the US in 2015 was 31.8 % . For the overall Hispanic or Latino men category , the rate of obesity was 31.8 % in 2015 . For the overall Hispanic or Latino women category , the rate of obesity was 31.8 % in 2015 . Mexican or Mexican Americans ( edit ) Within the Hispanic or Latino category , obesity statistics for Mexican or Mexican Americans were provided , with no breakdown by sex . The obesity rate for Mexican or Mexican Americans adults ( over 30 BMI ) in the US in 2015 was 35.2 % . Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander ( edit ) The obesity rate for Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander adults ( over 30 BMI ) in the US in 2015 was 33.4 % . No breakdown by sex was given for Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander adults in the CDC figures . Male / female fat ratio ( edit ) Over 70 million adults in U.S. are obese ( 35 million men and 35 million women ) . 99 million are overweight ( 45 million men and 54 million women ) . Age group ( edit ) Historically , obesity primarily affected adults . From the mid-1980s to 2003 , obesity roughly doubled among U.S. children ages 2 to 5 and roughly tripled among young people over the age of 6 , but statistics show that obesity in 2 - 6 year olds has dropped , from 14.6 % to 8.2 % Newborns ( edit ) Some newborns are oversized . This is more often a problem associated with a medical disorder . Unlike adults , neonates do not develop obesity . The number one cause of big babies is diabetes in their mother . The baby is not considered obese . Newborns who are born to mothers who are considered obese have a 49 % decrease in likelihood of mortality . Children and teens ( edit ) Further information : Epidemiology of childhood obesity § United States The rise of overweight among ages 6 - 19 in the US . From 1980 to 2008 , the prevalence of obesity in children aged 6 to 11 years tripled from 6.5 % to 19.6 % . The prevalence of obesity in teenagers more than tripled from 5 % to 18.1 % in the same time frame . In less than one generation , the average weight of a child has risen by 5 kg in the United States . As of 2014 , about one - third of children and teens in the US are overweight or obese . The prevalence of child obesity in today 's society concerns health professionals because a number of these children develop health issues that were n't usually seen until adulthood . Some of the consequences in childhood and adolescent obesity are psychosocial . Overweight children and overweight adolescents are targeted for social discrimination , and thus , they begin to stress - eat . The psychological stress that a child or adolescent can endure from social stigma can cause low self - esteem which can hinder a child 's after school social and athletic capability , especially in plump teenage girls , and could continue into adulthood . Teenage females are often overweight or obese by age 12 , as , after puberty , teenage girls gain about 15 pounds , specifically in the arms , legs , and chest / midsection . Data from NHANES surveys ( 1976 -- 1980 and 2003 -- 2006 ) show that the prevalence of obesity has increased : for children aged 2 -- 5 years , prevalence increased from 5.0 % to 12.4 % ; for those aged 6 -- 11 years , prevalence increased from 6.5 % to 19.6 % ; and for those aged 12 -- 19 years , prevalence increased from 5.0 % to 17.6 % . In 2000 , approximately 39 % of children ( ages 6 -- 11 ) and 17 % of adolescents ( ages 12 -- 19 ) were overweight and an additional 15 % of children and adolescents were at risk of becoming overweight , based on their BMI . Analyses of the trends in high BMI for age showed no statistically significant trend over the four time periods ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 2004 , and 2005 -- 2006 ) for either boys or girls . Overall , in 2003 -- 2006 , 11.3 % of children and adolescents aged 2 through 19 years were at or above the 97th percentile of the 2000 BMI - for - age growth charts , 16.3 % were at or above the 95th percentile , and 31.9 % were at or above the 85th percentile . Trend analyses indicate no significant trend between 1999 -- 2000 and 2007 -- 2008 except at the highest BMI cut point ( BMI for age 97th percentile ) among all 6 - through 19 - year - old boys . In 2007 -- 2008 , 9.5 % of infants and toddlers were at or above the 95th percentile of the weight - for - recumbent - length growth charts . Among children and adolescents aged 2 through 19 years , 11.9 % were at or above the 97th percentile of the BMI - for - age growth charts ; 16.9 % were at or above the 95th percentile ; and 31.7 % were at or above the 85th percentile of BMI for age . In summary , between 2003 and 2006 , 11.3 % of children and adolescents were obese and 16.3 % were overweight . A slight increase was observed in 2007 and 2008 when the recorded data shows that 11.9 % of the children between 6 and 19 years old were obese and 16.9 % were overweight . The data recorded in the first survey was obtained by measuring 8,165 children over four years and the second was obtained by measuring 3,281 children . `` More than 80 percent of affected children become overweight adults , often with lifelong health problems . '' Children are not only highly at risk of diabetes , high cholesterol and high blood pressure but obesity also takes a toll on the child 's psychological development . Social problems can arise and have a snowball effect , causing low self - esteem which can later develop into eating disorders . Adults ( edit ) There are more obese US adults than those who are just overweight . According to a study in The Journal of the American Medical Association ( JAMA ) , in 2008 , the obesity rate among adult Americans was estimated at 32.2 % for men and 35.5 % for women ; these rates were roughly confirmed by the CDC again for 2009 -- 2010 . Using different criteria , a Gallup survey found the rate was 26.1 % for U.S. adults in 2011 , up from 25.5 % in 2008 . Though the rate for women has held steady over the previous decade , the obesity rate for men continued to increase between 1999 and 2008 , according to the JAMA study notes . Moreover , `` The prevalence of obesity for adults aged 20 to 74 years increased by 7.9 percentage points for men and by 8.9 percentage points for women between 1976 -- 1980 and 1988 -- 1994 , and subsequently by 7.1 percentage points for men and by 8.1 percentage points for women between 1988 -- 1994 and 1999 -- 2000 . '' According to the CDC , `` obesity is higher among middle age adults , 40 - 59 years old ( 39.5 % ) than among younger adults , age 20 - 39 ( 30.3 % ) or adults over 60 or above ( 35.4 % ) adults . '' Elderly ( edit ) Although obesity is reported in the elderly , the numbers are still significantly lower than the levels seen in the young adult population . It is speculated that socioeconomic factors may play a role in this age group when it comes to developing obesity . Obesity in the elderly increases healthcare costs . Nursing homes are not equipped with the proper equipment needed to maintain a safe environment for the obese residents . If a heavy bedridden patient is not turned , the chances of a bed sore increases . If the sore is untreated , the patient will need to be hospitalized and have a wound vac placed . In the military ( edit ) An estimated sixteen percent of active duty U.S. military personnel were obese in 2004 , with the cost of remedial bariatric surgery for the military reaching US $15 million in 2002 . Obesity is currently the largest single cause for the discharge of uniformed personnel . In 2005 , 9 million adults of ages 17 to 24 , or 27 % , were too overweight to be considered for service in the military . Research in 2012 on young servicemen 's autopsies revealed a high incidence of conditions consistent with coronary artery disease . Prevalence by state and Territory ( edit ) Adult obesity rates in the U.S. by state ( 2013 ) 20.2 % - 24 % 24 % - 25 % 25 % - 26.8 % 26.8 % - 28.7 % 28.7 % - 30.4 % 30.4 % - 32.7 % 32.7 % - 34 % 34 % - 35.2 % Obesity rates in the U.S. , 1985 -- 2010 by state The following figures were averaged from 2005 -- 2007 adult data compiled by the CDC BRFSS program and 2003 -- 2004 child data from the National Survey of Children 's Health . There is also data from a more recent 2016 CDC study of the 50 states plus the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . Care should be taken in interpreting these numbers , because they are based on self - report surveys which asked individuals ( or , in case of children and adolescents , their parents ) to report their height and weight . Height is commonly overreported and weight underreported , sometimes resulting in significantly lower estimates . One study estimated the difference between actual and self - reported obesity as 7 % among males and 13 % among females as of 2002 , with the tendency to increase . The long - running REGARDS study , published in the journal of Obesity in 2014 , brought in individuals from the nine census regions and measured their height and weight . The data collected disagreed with the data in the CDC 's phone survey used to create the following chart . REGARDS found that the West North Central region ( North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , and Iowa ) , and East North Central region ( Illinois , Ohio , Wisconsin , Michigan , and Indiana ) were the worst in obesity numbers , not the East South Central region ( Tennessee , Mississippi , Alabama , Kentucky ) as had been previously thought . Dr. P.H. , professor in the Department of Biostatistics in the UAB School of Public Health George Howard explains that `` Asking someone how much they weigh is probably the second worst question behind how much money they make , '' `` From past research , we know that women tend to under - report their weight , and men tend to over-report their height . '' Howard said as far as equivalency between the self - reported and measured data sets , the East South Central region showed the least misreporting . `` This suggests that people from the South come closer to telling the truth than people from other regions , perhaps because there 's not the social stigma of being obese in the South as there is in other regions . '' The area of the United States with the highest obesity rate is American Samoa ( 75 % obese and 95 % overweight ) . States , District , & Territories Obese adults ( mid-2000s ) Obese adults ( 2016 ) Overweight ( incl . obese ) adults ( mid-2000s ) Obese children and adolescents ( mid-2000s ) Obesity rank Alabama 30.1 % 35.7 % 65.4 % 16.7 % Alaska 27.3 % 31.4 % 64.5 % 11.1 % 14 American Samoa -- 75 % 95 % 35 % -- Arizona 23.3 % 29.0 % 59.5 % 12.2 % 40 Arkansas 28.1 % 35.7 % 64.7 % 16.4 % 9 California 23.1 % 25.0 % 59.4 % 13.2 % 41 Colorado 21.0 % 22.3 % 55.0 % 9.9 % 51 Connecticut 20.8 % 26.0 % 58.7 % 12.3 % 49 Delaware 25.9 % 30.7 % 63.9 % 22.8 % 22 District of Columbia 22.1 % 22.6 % 55.0 % 14.8 % 43 Florida 23.3 % 27.4 % 60.8 % 14.4 % 39 Georgia 27.5 % 31.4 % 63.3 % 16.4 % 12 Guam -- 28.3 % -- 22 % -- Hawaii 20.7 % 23.8 % 55.3 % 13.3 % 50 Idaho 24.6 % 27.4 % 61.4 % 10.1 % 31 Illinois 25.3 % 31.6 % 61.8 % 15.8 % 26 Indiana 27.5 % 32.5 % 62.8 % 15.6 % 11 Iowa 26.3 % 32.0 % 63.4 % 12.5 % 19 Kansas 25.8 % 31.2 % 62.3 % 14.0 % 23 Kentucky 28.4 % 34.2 % 66.8 % 20.6 % 7 Louisiana 29.5 % 35.5 % 64.2 % 17.2 % Maine 23.7 % 29.9 % 60.8 % 12.7 % 34 Maryland 25.2 % 29.9 % 61.5 % 13.3 % 28 Massachusetts 20.9 % 23.6 % 56.8 % 13.6 % 48 Michigan 27.7 % 32.5 % 63.9 % 14.5 % 10 Minnesota 24.8 % 27.8 % 61.9 % 10.1 % 30 Mississippi 34.4 % 37.3 % 67.4 % 17.8 % Missouri 27.4 % 31.7 % 63.3 % 15.6 % 13 Montana 21.7 % 25.5 % 59.6 % 11.1 % 45 Nebraska 26.50 % 32.00 % 63.90 % 11.90 % 18 Nevada 23.6 % 25.8 % 61.8 % 12.4 % 36 New Hampshire 23.6 % 26.6 % 60.8 % 12.9 % 35 New Jersey 22.9 % 27.4 % 60.5 % 13.7 % 42 New Mexico 23.3 % 28.3 % 60.3 % 16.8 % 38 New York 23.5 % 25.5 % 60.0 % 15.3 % 37 North Carolina 27.1 % 31.8 % 63.4 % 19.3 % 16 North Dakota 25.9 % 31.9 % 64.5 % 12.1 % 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- -- -- 16 % -- Ohio 26.9 % 31.5 % 63.3 % 14.2 % 17 Oklahoma 28.1 % 32.8 % 64.2 % 15.4 % 8 Oregon 25.0 % 28.7 % 60.8 % 14.1 % 29 Pennsylvania 25.7 % 30.3 % 61.9 % 13.3 % 24 Puerto Rico -- 30.7 % -- 26 % -- Rhode Island 21.4 % 26.6 % 60.4 % 11.9 % 46 South Carolina 29.2 % 32.3 % 65.1 % 18.9 % 5 South Dakota 26.1 % 29.6 % 64.2 % 12.1 % 20 Tennessee 29.0 % 34.8 % 65.0 % 20.0 % 6 Texas 27.2 % 33.7 % 64.1 % 19.1 % 15 Utah 21.8 % 25.4 % 56.4 % 8.5 % 44 Vermont 21.1 % 27.1 % 56.9 % 11.3 % 47 Virgin Islands ( U.S. ) -- 32.5 % -- -- -- Virginia 25.2 % 29.0 % 61.6 % 13.8 % 27 Washington 24.5 % 28.6 % 60.7 % 10.8 % 32 West Virginia 30.6 % 37.7 % 66.8 % 20.9 % Wisconsin 25.5 % 30.7 % 62.4 % 13.5 % 25 Wyoming 24.0 % 27.7 % 61.7 % 8.7 % 33 Except territories , whose data is from the late 2000s to 2010s Epidemiology ( edit ) Main article : Epidemiology of obesity Obesity is a chronic health problem . It is one of the biggest factors for a type II diabetes , and cardiovascular disease . It is also associated with cancer ( e.g. colorectal cancer ) , osteoarthritis , liver disease , sleep apnea , depression and other medical conditions that affect mortality and morbidity . According to the NHANES data , African American and Mexican American adolescents between 12 and 19 years old are more likely to be overweight than non-Hispanic White adolescents . The prevalence is 21 % , 23 % and 14 % respectively . Also , in a national survey of American Indian children 5 -- 18 years old , 39 percent were found to be overweight or at risk for being overweight . As per national survey data , these trends indicate that by 2030 , 86.3 % of adults will be overweight or obese and 51.1 % obese . A 2007 study found that receiving Food Stamps long term ( 24 months ) was associated with a 50 % increased obesity rate among female adults . Looking at the long - term consequences , overweight adolescents have a 70 percent chance of becoming overweight or obese adults , which increases to 80 percent if one or more parent is overweight or obese . In 2000 , the total cost of obesity for children and adults in the United States was estimated to be US $117 billion ( US $61 billion in direct medical costs ) . Given existing trends , this amount is projected to range from US $860.7 - 956.9 billion in healthcare costs by 2030 . Food consumption has increased with time . For example , annual per capita consumption of cheese was 4 pounds ( 1.8 kg ) in 1909 ; 32 pounds ( 15 kg ) in 2000 ; the average person consumed 389 grams ( 13.7 oz ) of carbohydrates daily in 1970 ; 490 grams ( 17 oz ) in 2000 ; 41 pounds ( 19 kg ) of fats and oils in 1909 ; 79 pounds ( 36 kg ) in 2000 . In 1977 , 18 % of an average person 's food was consumed outside the home ; in 1996 , this had risen to 32 % . Contributing factors to obesity epidemic ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( June 2012 ) Obesity levels per county 2004 -- 2009 . According to Cleveland Clinic , cultural , social , and environmental factors , among others , all affect eating behaviors . Diet ( edit ) Meat consumption , from fast food restaurants or at home , have been positively associated with weight gain in men and women . The 2010 EPIC - PANACEA study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition tracked 373,803 people over a period of 8 years to determine factors leading to obesity . Poultry , red meat , and processed meat were all attributed to this increased weight gain . A follow - up response across a sample of 91,214 people found that even controlling for calories and lifestyle factors , meat consumption is positively linked with obesity . Further reviews and meta - analysis have also implicated increased meat consumption with obesity . Fast food has been cited as a contributing factor to obesity in the United States by various sources over the years . Around one third of children aged 4 to 19 eat fast food every day in the U.S. Many popular American foods , including hamburgers , french fries , bacon , and doughnuts , are high in fat and carbohydrate content . These food items are also relatively inexpensive and available at fast food chains across the country ( for ex . value menu ) . These convenience foods are frequently fried and are high in calories . Consumption of foods exceedingly high in fat calories can lead to obesity . Many menu items at fast food establishments do not fulfill basic nutritional requirements of a healthy meal . In a 2010 report by the Rudd Center for Food Policy it was noted that less than 1 % of children 's meals combinations met nutrition standards recommended by experts . Meals provided in public schools are a primary example of developing poor nutritional choices as the foods offered are not as healthy as they are claimed to be . Some school system provide children with these popular foods that are very high in fats and calories . Fast food chains and restaurants have experienced improved sales with larger portion sizes . Research cited by the Center for Disease Control estimates restaurant meal sizes to be four times larger than they were in the 1950s . Three studies published in the United States shows a correlation between sweet soda and fruit drinks to obesity . The consumption of sweet soda and fruit drinks has more than doubled since the 1970s . The first study showed that `` drinking sugary drinks was affecting genes that regulate weight and increased the genetic predisposition of a person to gain weight . '' The other two studies showed that `` giving to children and adolescents calorie - free drinks like mineral water or soft drinks sweetened with artificial sweeteners resulted in weight loss . '' One of the other two studies was conducted by Boston Children 's Hospital who examined two groups of adolescents . The group which was encouraged to consume water or light sodas for a year gained 0.68 kilograms ( 1.5 lb ) . The other group , which consumed sugary drinks , gained 1.5 kilograms ( 3.3 lb ) . The third study was conducted by Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam , Netherlands . They studied 641 children ages four to eleven over 18 months . They were split into two groups . One group drank sweet and fruity drinks and the other group drank the same drink with sugarless sweeteners . The group that drank the drink that had sugarless sweeteners gained 6.39 kilograms ( 14.1 lb ) on average compared to 7.36 kilograms ( 16.2 lb ) on average by the other group . Sedentary lifestyle ( edit ) A sedentary lifestyle is another possible contributing factor to obesity . A sedentary lifestyle is a type of lifestyle with no or irregular physical activity . Sedentary activities include sitting , reading , watching television , playing video games , and computer use for much of the day with little or no vigorous physical exercise . Transportation in the United States relies heavily on cars and encourages a sedentary lifestyle which may reduce the overall activity of individuals , plus a sedentary lifestyle could also cause a person to eat more making them gain more weight and becoming obese or overweight . A sedentary lifestyle can contribute to many preventable causes of death . Screen time is the amount of time a person spends watching a screen such as a television , computer monitor , or mobile device . Excessive screen time is linked to negative health consequences . Much of the workforce gets insufficient exercise . Most employees work sitting down for hours at a time . As Americans have become more sedentary in their lifestyles , obesity rates have risen . More than 60 % of adults do not exercise as recommended , and approximately 25 % of adults are not active at all . Exercise prevents excess weight and helps maintain weight loss . Despite the well - known benefits of physical activity , many adults and many children lead a relatively sedentary lifestyle and are not active enough to achieve these health benefits . Being active boosts high - density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , and decreases unhealthy triglycerides . Social changes ( edit ) In adolescents , obesity has been associated with the household availability and level of intake of sugar - sweetened beverages . Research has shown that families who frequently spend significant time eating dinner as a family tend to have lower rates of obesity among children . People are generally social which carries over into their eating habits . As Sidney Mintz , professor of anthropology at Johns Hopkins University said , `` Interaction over food is the single most important feature of socializing . '' The business world typically transacts business deals over food . Technology such as televisions , cellular devices , and video games add on to the epidemic by increasing time spent in the home versus the time that could be spent being outside or doing some kind of physical activity . Not only have studies proven that children who watch more TV tend to have higher body fat percentage but that what they actually view can affect their eating habits . The approximate $10 billion spent annually for commercials to advertise food instills brand recognition and loyalty with children . But in 2011 , researchers assessed the causal relationship between recent increases in female labor force participation and the increased prevalence of obesity among women and found no such causal link . However , as families have become increasingly busy , quality family time has decreased . Genetics ( edit ) Although some genetic links to obesity have been made , relatively little is known about how genes or loci might influence dynamic measures of weight change over time . Total costs to the US ( edit ) There has been an increase in obesity - related medical problems , including type II diabetes , hypertension , cardiovascular disease , and disability . In particular , diabetes has become the seventh leading cause of death in the United States , with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimating in 2008 that fifty - seven million adults aged twenty and older were pre-diabetic , 23.6 million diabetic , with 90 -- 95 % of the latter being type 2 - diabetic . Obesity has also been shown to increase the prevalence of complications during pregnancy and childbirth . Babies born to obese women are almost three times as likely to die within one month of birth and almost twice as likely to be stillborn than babies born to women of normal weight . Obesity has been cited as a contributing factor to approximately 100,000 -- 400,000 deaths in the United States per year ( including increased morbidity in car accidents ) and has increased health care use and expenditures , costing society an estimated $117 billion in direct ( preventive , diagnostic , and treatment services related to weight ) and indirect ( absenteeism , loss of future earnings due to premature death ) costs . This exceeds health - care costs associated with smoking or problem drinking and , by one estimate , accounts for 6 % to 12 % of national health care expenditures in the United States ( although another estimate states the figure is between 5 % and 10 % ) . The Medicare and Medicaid programs bear about half of this cost . Annual hospital costs for treating obesity - related diseases in children rose threefold , from US $35 million to US $127 million , in the period from 1979 to 1999 , and the inpatient and ambulatory healthcare costs increased drastically by US $395 per person per year . These trends in healthcare costs associated with pediatric obesity and its comorbidities are staggering , urging the Surgeon General to predict that preventable morbidity and mortality associated with obesity may surpass those associated with cigarette smoking . Furthermore , the probability of childhood obesity persisting into adulthood is estimated to increase from approximately twenty percent at four years of age to approximately eighty percent by adolescence , and it is likely that these obesity comorbidities will persist into adulthood . Effects on Life Expectancy ( edit ) The United States ' high obesity rate is a major contributor to its relatively low life expectancy relative to other high - income countries . It has been suggested that obesity may lead to a halt in the rise in life expectancy observed in the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries . Anti-obesity efforts ( edit ) The National Center for Health Statistics reported in November 2015 : Trends in obesity prevalence show no increase among youth since 2003 -- 2004 , but trends do show increases in both adults and youth from 1999 -- 2000 through 2013 -- 2014 . No significant differences between 2011 -- 2012 and 2013 -- 2014 were seen in either youth or adults . Under pressure from parents and anti-obesity advocates , many school districts moved to ban sodas , junk foods , and candy from vending machines and cafeterias . State legislators in California , for example , passed laws banning the sale of machine - dispensed snacks and drinks in elementary schools in 2003 , despite objections by the California - Nevada Soft Drink Association . The state followed more recently with legislation to prohibit their soda sales in high schools starting July 1 , 2009 , with the shortfall in school revenue to be compensated by an increase in funding for school lunch programs . A similar law passed by the Connecticut General Assembly in June 2005 was vetoed by governor Jodi Rell , who stated the legislation `` undermines the control and responsibility of parents with school - aged children . '' In mid-2006 , the American Beverage Association ( including Cadbury Schweppes , Coca - Cola , and PepsiCo ) agreed to a voluntary ban on the sale of all high - calorie drinks and all beverages in containers larger than 8 , 10 and 12 ounces in elementary , middle and high schools , respectively . Non-profit organizations such as HealthCorps work to educate people on healthy eating and advocate for healthy food choices in an effort to combat obesity . Former American First Lady Michelle Obama led an initiative to combat childhood obesity entitled `` Let 's Move '' . Obama said she aimed to wipe out obesity `` in a generation '' . Let 's Move ! has partnered with other programs . Walking and bicycling to school helps children increase their physical activity . In 2008 , the state of Pennsylvania enacted a law , the `` School Nutrition Policy Initiative , '' aimed at the elementary level . These `` interventions included removing all sodas , sweetened drinks , and unhealthy snack foods from selected schools , ' social marketing ' to encourage the consumption of nutritious foods and outreach to parents . '' The results were a `` 50 percent drop in incidence of obesity and overweight '' , as opposed to those individuals who were not part of the study . In the past decade there have been school - based programs that target the prevention and management of childhood obesity . There is evidence that long term school - based programs have been effective in reducing the prevalence of childhood obesity . For two years , Duke University psychology and global health professor Gary Bennett and eight colleagues followed 365 obese patients who had already developed hypertension . They found that regular medical feedback , self - monitoring , and a set of personalized goals can help obese patients in a primary care setting lose weight and keep it off . Major United States manufacturers of processed food , aware of the possible contribution of their products to the obesity epidemic , met together and discussed the problem as early as April 8 , 1999 ; however , a proactive strategy was considered and rejected . As a general rule , optimizing the amount of salt , sugar and fat in a product will improve its palatability , and profitability . Reducing salt , sugar and fat , for the purpose of public health , had the potential to decrease palatability and profitability . Media influence may play an important role in prevention of obesity as it has the ability to boost many of the main prevention / intervention methods used nowadays including lifestyle modification . The media is also highly influential on children and teenagers as it promotes healthy body image and sets societal goals for lifestyle improvement . Examples of media influence are support for the `` Let 's Move ! '' campaign and the MyPlate program initiated by Michelle Obama , and the NFL 's Play60 campaign . These campaigns promote physical activity in an effort to reduce obesity especially for children . Food labeling ( edit ) Ultimately , federal and local governments in the U.S. are willing to create political solutions that will reduce obesity ratings by `` recommending nutrition education , encouraging exercise , and asking the food and beverage industry to promote healthy practices voluntarily . '' In 2008 , New York City was the first city to pass a `` labeling bill '' that `` require ( d ) restaurants '' in several cities and states to `` post the caloric content of all regular menu items , in a prominent place and using the same font and format as the price . '' Accommodations ( edit ) Along with obesity came the accommodations made of American products . Child - safety seats in 2006 became modified for the 250,000 obese U.S. children ages six and below . The obese incur extra costs for themselves and airlines when flying . Weight is a major component to the formula that goes into the planes take off and for it to successfully fly to the desired destination . Due to the weight limits taken in consideration for flight in 2000 , airlines spent $275 million on 350 million additional gallons of fuel for compensation of additional weight to travel . See also ( edit ) United States portal Health portal List of countries by Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Obesogen Hunger in the United States EPODE International Network , the world 's largest obesity - prevention network World Fit , a program of the United States Olympic Committee Fat acceptance movement Documentaries : Super Size Me Fed Up Soul Food Junkies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Streib , Lauren ( 8 February 2007 ) . `` World 's Fattest Countries '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Related to Overweight and Obesity '' . CDC. 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Obesity Facts '' . CDC . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Most obese countries '' . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Division of Nutrition , Physical Activity , and Obesity . `` Adult Obesity Facts '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Antonelli , Jodi A. ; et al. 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( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Is there a relationship between red or processed meat intake and obesity ? A systematic review and meta - analysis of observational studies '' . Obesity Reviews . 15 ( 9 ) : 740 -- 748 . doi : 10.1111 / obr. 12172 . ISSN 1467 - 789X . PMID 24815945 . Jump up ^ Lin , Yi ; Bolca , Selin ; Vandevijvere , Stefanie ; De Vriese , Stephanie ; Mouratidou , Theodora ; De Neve , Melissa ; Polet , Anja ; Van Oyen , Herman ; Van Camp , John ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Plant and animal protein intake and its association with overweight and obesity among the Belgian population '' . The British Journal of Nutrition. 105 ( 7 ) : 1106 -- 1116 . doi : 10.1017 / S0007114510004642 . ISSN 1475 - 2662 . PMID 21144092 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Move to Raise A Healthier Generation of Kids : Learn the Facts '' . Letsmove.gov . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food Linked To Child Obesity '' . CBS News . January 5 , 2004 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food FACTS 2013 : Fast Food Companies Still Target Kids with Marketing for Unhealthy Products '' . Yale Rudd Center . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obesity and Fast Food '' . News Medical . February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNC study confirms that food portion sizes increased in U.S. over two decades '' . University of North Carolina . January 21 , 2003 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ L. Young. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` The Contribution of Expanding Portion Sizes to the US Obesity Epidemic '' . Am J Public Health . 92 ( 2 ) : 246 -- 249 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 92.2. 246 . PMC 1447051 . PMID 11818300 . Jump up ^ `` The New ( Ab ) Normal : Portion Sizes Today vs. In The 1950s '' . Huffington Post . May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three studies link obesity to sweet drinks '' . Toronto Sun . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark , Amy E. ; Janssen , Ian ( 2008 ) . `` Relationship between screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents '' . Journal of Public Health . 30 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 160 . doi : 10.1093 / pubmed / fdn022 . Jump up ^ `` Elsevier '' . Ambulatorypediatrics.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Elsevier '' . Jpeds.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Olds , T. ; Ridley , K. ; Dollman , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Screenieboppers and extreme screenies : The place of screen time in the time budgets of 10 -- 13 year - old Australian children '' . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health . 30 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 142 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 842X. 2006. tb00106. x . PMID 16681334 . Jump up ^ `` Physical Activity Statistics '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics on Obesity , Physical Activity and Diet : England , February 2009 '' . National Health Service . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Utley , JM ; Affuso , O ; Rucks , AC ( October 2016 ) . `` Adolescent obesity in contextual settings : a scoping study of multilevel and hierarchical examinations '' . Clinical Obesity. 6 : 296 -- 304 . doi : 10.1111 / cob. 12163 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kluger , Jeffrey ; Gorman , Christine ; Park , Alice ( 7 June 2004 ) . `` America 's Obesity Crisis : Eating Behavior : Why We Eat '' . Time.com . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , MyHealthNewsDaily . `` Obese Children More Influenced By Food Ads Than Healthy - Weight Kids ( STUDY ) . '' Huffingtonpost.com . Huff Post Parents , 3 December 2012 . Web . 11 October 2013 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , The Effects of Female Labor Force Participation on Obesity , October 2011 Jump up ^ Bray , MS ; Loos , RJ ; McCaffery , JM ; Ling , C ; Franks , PW ; Weinstock , GM ; Snyder , MP ; Vassy , JL ; Agurs - Collins , T ( January 2016 ) . `` NIH working group report - using genomic information to guide weight management : From universal to precision treatment '' . Obesity ( Silver Spring ) . 24 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 22 . doi : 10.1002 / oby. 21381 . PMC 4689320 . PMID 26692578 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics About Diabetes '' . American Diabetes Association . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Diabetes Prevention Program ( PDF ) , Department of Health and Human Services , 2008 Jump up ^ Hartocollis , Anemona ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` Growing Obesity Increases Perils of Childbearing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Rice , T.M. ; Zhu , M. ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Driver obesity and the risk of fatal injury during traffic collisions '' . Emergency Medicine Journal . 31 : 9 -- 12 . doi : 10.1136 / emermed - 2012 - 201859 . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tsai , A.G. ; Williamson , D.F. ; Glick , H.A. ( January 2011 ) . `` Direct medical cost of overweight and obesity in the USA : a quantitative systematic review '' . Obesity Reviews . 12 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 789X. 2009.00708. x . PMC 2891924 . Jump up ^ Wang , Guijing ; Dietz , William H ( 2002 ) , `` Economic Burden of Obesity in Youths Aged 6 to 17 Years : 1979 -- 1999 '' , Pediatrics , 109 ( 5 ) : e81 , doi : 10.1542 / peds. 109.5. e81 Jump up ^ The Surgeon General 's call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity ( PDF ) , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , 2001 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 Jump up ^ Guo , WC ; Chumlea ( March 27 , 1999 ) , `` Tracking of body mass index in children in relation to overweight in adulthood '' , The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 70 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 148 Jump up ^ Wisemandle , W ; Maynard , LM ; Guo , SS ; Siervogel , RM ( 2000 ) , `` Childhood Weight , Stature , and Body Mass Index Among Never Overweight , Early - Onset Overweight , and Late - Onset Overweight Groups '' , Pediatrics , 106 ( 1 ) : e14 , doi : 10.1542 / peds. 106.1. e14 , PMID 10878143 Jump up ^ Preston , Samuel H. ; Stokes , Andrew ( November 2011 ) . `` Contribution of Obesity to International Differences in Life Expectancy '' . American Journal of Public Health . 101 ( 11 ) : 2137 -- 2143 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2011.300219 . PMC 3222401 . Jump up ^ Olshansky , S. Jay ; Passaro , Douglas J. ; Hershow , Ronald C. ; et al. ( 17 March 2005 ) . `` A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 352 ( 11 ) : 1138 -- 1145 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMsr043743 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Susan T. ; Cutler , David M. ; Rosen , Allison B. ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Forecasting the Effects of Obesity and Smoking on U.S. Life Expectancy '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 361 ( 23 ) : 2252 -- 2260 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMsa0900459 . Jump up ^ `` Products - Data Briefs - Number 219 - November 2015 '' . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Otto , Mary ; Aratani , Lori ( 2006 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Soda Ban Means Change at Schools '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Finz , Stacy ( 2006 - 05 - 22 ) . `` State high school soda ban expected on books by 2009 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Alison Leigh ( 2005 - 06 - 15 ) , Rell Vetoes Junk - Food Limit in Connecticut 's Public Schools , New York Times , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 Jump up ^ Mayer , Caroline ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Sugary Drinks To Be Pulled From Schools : Industry Agrees to Further Limit Availability to Children '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Burros , Marian ; Warner , Melania ( 2006 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Bottlers Agree to a School Ban on Sweet Drinks '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Program Teaches Teens Proper Nutrition '' . ABC News . ABC News Internet Ventures . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kersh , 2009 p. 306 Jump up ^ Kersh , 2009 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Gonzalez - Suarez ( November 2009 ) . `` School - based interventions on childhood obesity : a meta - analysis '' . Am J Prev Med. 37 : 418 -- 27 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amepre. 2009.07. 012 . PMID 19840696 . Jump up ^ Cloud , John ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) . `` A Weight - Loss Solution : Do n't Eat Less . Just Do n't Eat More TIME.com '' . Healthland.time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Moss , Michael ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boles , Myde ; Adams , Adelle ; Gredler , Amy ; Manhas , Sonia . `` Ability of a mass media campaign to influence knowledge , attitudes , and behaviors about sugary drinks and obesity '' . Preventive Medicine . 67 : S40 -- S45 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ypmed. 2014.07. 023 . Jump up ^ Kersh , 2009 p. 301 Jump up ^ Kersh , 2009 p. 304 Jump up ^ `` Sleep Deprivation and Obesity The Nutrition Source Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health '' . www.hsph.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Stahl , Jason . `` 20 Things You Did n't Know about ... Obesity '' . Discover Magazine . discoverymagazine.com 24 July 2006 . Web . 15 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Obesity incidence maps of the United States . 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joan jett and the blackhearts - i love rock and roll
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I Love Rock ' n ' Roll - wikipedia I Love Rock ' n ' Roll For other uses , see I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' <Td_colspan="2"> 2004 re-issue <Th_colspan="2"> Single by the Arrows B - side `` Broken Down Heart '' Released July 1975 Format 7 - inch single Recorded Genre Hard rock Length 2 : 48 Label RAK Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Mickie Most <Th_colspan="2"> the Arrows singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hard Hearted '' ( 1975 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 1975 ) `` Once Upon a Time '' ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hard Hearted '' ( 1975 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1975 ) `` Once Upon a Time '' ( 1976 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows , who recorded the first released version . The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982 . Alan Merrill still plays the song live in Europe , Japan and most often in his home town New York City . Contents 1 The Arrows original version 2 Joan Jett cover version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Critical reception 2.3 Chart performance 2.4 Weekly charts 2.5 Year - end charts 3 Britney Spears version 3.1 Background , release and composition 3.2 Reception 3.2. 1 Critical 3.2. 2 Commercial 3.3 Music video 3.4 Live performances 3.5 Track listings 3.6 Charts and certifications 3.6. 1 Weekly charts 3.6. 2 Year - end charts 3.6. 3 Certifications 3.7 Release history 4 Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart performance 4.3 Release history 5 Other cover versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The Arrows original version ( edit ) The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records , with lead vocals , guitar , music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most . In an interview with Songfacts , Merrill said he wrote it as `` a knee - jerk response to the Rolling Stones ' ' It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) ' . '' This version was first released as a B - side , but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record . The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young - produced show 45 , after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series , Arrows , which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976 . Joan Jett cover version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts <Th_colspan="2"> from the album I Love Rock ' n Roll B - side `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got '' Released January 19 , 1982 Format 7 - inch single , 12 - inch single Recorded 1981 Genre Hard rock Length 2 : 56 Label Boardwalk Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Ritchie Cordell , Kenny Laguna <Th_colspan="2"> Joan Jett and the Blackhearts singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Bad Reputation '' ( 1981 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1982 ) `` Crimson and Clover '' ( 1982 ) `` I Love Rock N Roll '' Joan Jett and the Blackhearts ' `` I Love Rock N Roll '' from I Love Rock ' n Roll <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Joan Jett saw the Arrows perform `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' on their weekly UK television series Arrows when she was touring England with the Runaways in 1976 . She first recorded the song in 1979 with two of the Sex Pistols : Steve Jones and Paul Cook . This first version was released on vinyl in 1979 on Vertigo records as a B - side to `` You Do n't Own Me '' . In 1981 , Jett re-recorded the song , this time with her band , the Blackhearts . This recording became a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number - one single for seven weeks . Billboard ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1982 . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , representing two million units shipped to stores with Jett 's I Love Rock ' n Roll album reaching number two on the Billboard 200 . Joan Jett 's version was ranked No. 89 in the list 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of Rolling Stone and has also been inducted into the Grammys Hall of Fame in 2016 . Music video ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' 's black - and - white music video received heavy play from the just - launched MTV network . In it , Jett and the Blackhearts travel to a small , dingy bar and proceed to excite the drunken crowd by performing the song and yelling out its chorus . A snippet of Jett 's 1981 hit `` Bad Reputation '' can be heard at the beginning of the video . The video was originally in color , but it was converted to black and white because Jett hated the look of her red leather jumpsuit in color . In 1993 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts made another music video for the song as part of the Wayne 's World 2 soundtrack . In the video appear several scenes from the movie with Mike Myers and Dana Carvey mixed with footage of Jett and her band in concert . It was again released as a single by Warner / Reprise with `` Activity Grrrl '' as the B - side . Critical reception ( edit ) Jett 's version has received many accolades , including : Ranking No. 85 on Q magazine March 2005 list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ranking No. 491 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' Ranking No. 56 in Billboard 's Greatest Songs of all time . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 42 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South African Chart Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 81 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Australia 7 Canada Netherlands 25 New Zealand 7 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box 5 Britney Spears version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Britney Spears <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Britney and Crossroads ( Music from the Major Motion Picture ) Released 27 May 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 27 ) Format Cassette single CD single Recorded Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 06 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Rodney Jerkins <Th_colspan="2"> Britney Spears singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( 2002 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2002 ) `` Anticipating '' ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( 2002 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2002 ) `` Anticipating '' ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' N ' Roll '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> Background , release and composition ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is the fourth European single released by pop singer Britney Spears from the album Britney on 27 May 2002 . The song was used in her 2002 movie Crossroads . Spears 's character , Lucy , performs it in a karaoke bar . Spears said of the song , `` They asked me to sing karaoke in the movie Crossroads and I 've actually sung I Love Rock ' n ' Roll in a lot of clubs that I 've been to . '' Spears has publicly admitted the original song to be one of her favorites . Spears listened to the original Arrows Mickie Most - produced version just before she recorded the song , according to Jive A&R representative Steve Lunt . The scratches performed on this song were performed by Corey Chase , at Hit Factory Miami . When promoting the single 's release she mistakenly attributed the hit version of the song to Pat Benatar instead of Joan Jett . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) Spears ' cover was met with mostly favorable reviews . NME 's Ted Kessler wrote that Britney `` still works best when making a good pop cheese and dance sandwich : there 's the ace Rodney Jerkins - produced version of Joan Jett 's ' I Love Rock'n'Roll ' , which does exactly what is says on the tin . '' Rolling Stone 's Barry Walters wrote that `` producer Rodney Jerkins ' hip - hop blaspheming of Joan Jett 's `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' does n't go as far as it should ( is a Limp Bizkit remix in its future ? ) , but it certainly beats what her earlier studio architects did to those Sonny and Cher ( `` The Beat Goes On '' on ... Baby One More Time ) and Stones ( `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' on Oops ! ... I Did It Again ) songs . '' Another positive reception came from PopMatters 's editor Nikki Tranter , who enjoyed that the song is `` different from the average run - of - the - mill pop offering , '' and praised that `` she does strange justice to the tune , vamping up her vocals and turning out something , that while silly and camp , is actually a fun listen . '' In contrast , David Browne wrote for Entertainment Weekly that `` her remake is neither imaginative ( it simply xeroxes Joan Jett 's arrangement ) nor all that believable . '' Commercial ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' charted moderately upon release , reaching the top twenty in most regions . The song was moderately successful in the UK , where it peaked at number thirteen ( which , at the time , was her lowest peak for a single released there , until `` Radar '' only managed to reach number forty - six in 2009 , and then `` I Wanna Go , which peaked at one - hundred and eleven ) . The single sold a total of 65,000 copies . It was also certified Gold in Australia . Music video ( edit ) Spears performing ′ ′ I Love Rock ′ n ′ Roll ′ ′ at the Dream Within a Dream Tour . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Directed by Chris Applebaum , the music video for `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' shows Spears with her own band , a stack of speakers , and flashing lights . It was shot at The Inn , a bar in Long Beach , New York . The video was ranked at No. 2 on the 100 Best Videos of 2002 at MTV Latin America 's countdown . The Director 's Cut version of the video was later leaked ; it included previously unseen scenes from the video . Live performances ( edit ) The song was performed live during Spears 's Dream Within a Dream Tour ( 2001 -- 02 ) . In 2016 , it was added to the revamped set list of her Las Vegas residency show , Britney : Piece of Me ( 2016 -- 17 ) , marking the first time Spears performed the song in 14 years . During the performance , Britney Spears rides a mechanical electric guitar , which simulates a mechanical bull , as it rotates on stage . The same prop electric guitar was previously used during her Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 ) for a segment in which she covered the song `` Burning Up '' by Madonna . In the 2016 Billboard Music Awards , the song was performed as part of a medley , using the same guitar proposed Track listings ( edit ) European 2 tracks CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 18 European / Australian CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 08 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 26 German 2 tracks CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 07 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 05 German CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 07 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 05 `` Overprotected '' ( Riprock ' N Alex G Remix ) -- 3 : 25 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 24 Japanese CD maxi single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 25 `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( Thunderpuss Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 18 `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( Miguel Migs Petalpusher Vocal ) -- 5 : 30 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Spanish Fly Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 55 UK CD maxi single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected ( Darkchild Remix Radio Edit ) '' -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 06 Cassette single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 06 Digital download ( Digital 45 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' -- 3 : 07 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 29 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Hungarian Singles Chart 6 Irish Singles Chart 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Japan ( Oricon ) 26 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 Portugal ( Portuguese Singles Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 68 Belgium Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 76 German Singles Chart 96 Swedish Singles Chart 85 Swiss Singles Chart 81 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Germany 27 May 2002 Maxi single JIVE Japan 19 June 2002 Sony United Kingdom 1 July 2002 JIVE Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Promotional single by Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney Released 3 December 2008 Recorded 2008 Length 3 : 37 Label 541 / NEWS Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Alex Gaudino singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Watch Out '' ( 2008 ) Watch Out 2008 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2008 ) I Love Rock ' n ' Roll2008 `` I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) '' ( 2010 ) I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) 2010 <Td_colspan="2"> The Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney cover version was released in 2008 . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> UK Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 37 2 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Extended Mix ) 7 : 43 3 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Dabruck , Klein Remix ) 6 : 01 4 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 5 : 35 5 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Disko Kriminals Remix ) 7 : 05 Credits and personnel Lead vocals -- Alex Gaudino Music -- Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Lyrics -- Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Scratches -- Corey Chase Label : 541 / NEWS Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 10 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format United Kingdom 3 December 2008 Digital download Other cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is an often - covered song , and has been notably recorded by such artists as : Singer Tiny Tim covered it in 1980 on his album Chameleon . L'Arc ~ En ~ Ciel released the song as a single internationally in 2011 and it was used in a Pepsi commercial in Japan . Lee Da - hae released the song as a single in 2007 , with versions in both English and Korean . Boy band Five sampled the song for `` Everybody Get Up '' . Reverend Run sampled the song for his song `` Mind on the Road '' on his solo album Distortion . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( parody , as `` I Love Rocky Road '' ) The group Forever Young covered the song in 2003 and made the French top 30 peaking at # 27 in 2003 . Fast Forward Highway covered Joan Jett 's version for the video game Just Dance 2017 . American rapper Eminem sampled the instrumental for his song `` Remind Me '' on his ninth studio album Revival . Finnish group Lipsaset released a version in Finnish `` Aina rock'n'roll '' as a single in 2014 . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1982 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cad , Saint . `` 10 More Famous Songs With Unknown Originals '' . listverse.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outsight Radio Hours interview , 12 February 2012 '' . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` alan merrill setlist '' . Tumblr . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock and Roll '' . Songfacts.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten hits you may not know were cover versions '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` I Love Rock N ' Roll -- Song Review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talevski , Nick ( 2006 ) . Rock Obituaries - Knocking On Heaven 's Door . Omnibus Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 9091 - 2 . Cordell joined Kenny Laguna , his former session player and then manager of Joan Jett & the Blackhearts , to co-produce the group 's chart - topping hard - rock anthem ' I Love Rock ' N Roll ' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 322 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone - The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . `` With the first primal power chord , Jett obliterated her image as a teenage girl - group novelty in the Runaways . The squealing riffs matched her new leather - clad tough - girl image and made her case as one of the fiercest female guitarists of all time . '' Jump up ^ `` The Recording Academy Announces 2016 Grammy Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Recording Academy . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 30 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Australia n ° 1 Hits - 80 's '' . Worldcharts.co.uk . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda . Top 40 Hits : the essential chart guide ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Hung Medien . `` I love rock'n'roll in French Chart '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Joan Jett and the Blackhearts '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : J '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` I love rock'n'roll in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett the Blackhearts Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett the Blackhearts Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett the Blackhearts Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , March 27 , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1982 Jump up ^ Top Selling Singles of 1982 The Official New Zealand Music Chart Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' N ' Roll '' . www.discogs.com . Discogs . n.d . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Released : 27 May 2002 Jump up ^ Dingwall , John ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` OTR ... Off the Record : Your Time Is Up , Jacko ; Britney Wants Album Top Slot '' . Daily Record . Scotland . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jim DeRogatis ( 4 November 2001 ) . `` What Britney said , or should have '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ted ( 30 October 2001 ) . `` NME Albums Reviews -- Britney Spears : ' Britney Pop 's Number One act ? She did it again ... ' '' . NME . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry Walters ( 22 November 2001 ) . `` Britney review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 12 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Tranter , Nikki ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` Britney Spears : Britney < PopMatters > '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britney Music . EW.com ( 12 November 2001 ) . Retrieved on 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ( UK ) Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . UKBritney.tv Retrieved on 22 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ -- Magyar Hangfelvétel - kiadók Szövetsége '' . Mahasz.hu . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` I love rock'n'roll in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Only results when searching `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Britney Spears '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Top40-charts.com '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2002 '' . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2002 '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2002 '' . Swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock ' N ' Roll ( Single ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock'n'Roll '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock and Roll ( Single , Maxi ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock N ' Roll : Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock'n'roll by Forever Young - Music Charts '' . Acharts.co . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.magnumlive.fi/lipsaset-julkaisee-70-luvun-i-love-rock-n-roll-hitin-suomeksi/ External links ( edit ) History of the song `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Bill Harry 's Merseybeat article Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Joan Jett / Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Studio albums Joan Jett / Bad Reputation I Love Rock ' n Roll Album Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth Good Music Up Your Alley The Hit List Notorious Pure and Simple Naked Sinner Unvarnished Compilation albums Do You Wanna Touch Me Flashback Great Hits Fit to Be Tied Fetish Jett Rock Greatest Hits EPs I Love Rock ' n ' Roll 92 1979 Cherry Bomb Unfinished Business Singles `` Bad Reputation '' `` Do You Wanna Touch Me ( Oh Yeah ) '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Crimson and Clover '' `` Everyday People '' `` I Love You Love Me Love '' `` Cherry Bomb '' `` Roadrunner '' `` Light of Day '' `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Dirty Deeds '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Androgynous '' Related articles Discography The Runaways Evil Stig <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Joan Jett <Th_colspan="2"> Britney Spears songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography ... Baby One More Time `` ... Baby One More Time '' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' `` Sometimes '' `` Born to Make You Happy '' `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' `` The Beat Goes On '' Oops ! ... I Did It Again `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' `` Stronger '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Do n't Let Me Be the Last to Know '' `` Lucky '' `` You Got It All '' Britney `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' `` Overprotected '' `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Anticipating '' `` Boys '' In the Zone `` Me Against the Music '' `` Toxic '' `` Outrageous '' `` Everytime '' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative `` My Prerogative '' `` ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' `` Do Somethin ' '' Blackout `` Gimme More '' `` Piece of Me '' `` Radar '' `` Break the Ice '' Circus `` Womanizer '' `` Circus '' `` Out from Under '' `` Kill the Lights '' `` Shattered Glass '' `` If U Seek Amy '' `` Unusual You '' `` Mmm Papi '' `` Radar '' The Singles Collection `` 3 '' Femme Fatale `` Till the World Ends '' `` Hold It Against Me '' `` Inside Out '' `` I Wanna Go '' `` ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' `` Big Fat Bass '' `` Criminal '' Britney Jean `` Alien '' `` Work Bitch '' `` Perfume '' `` Passenger '' Glory `` Make Me ... '' `` Private Show '' `` Clumsy '' `` Do You Wanna Come Over ? '' `` Slumber Party '' Collaborations `` Hands '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` S&M '' `` Scream & Shout '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` Tom 's Diner '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` And Then We Kiss '' `` My Only Wish ( This Year ) '' `` Ooh La La '' `` Someday ( I Will Understand ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Alex Gaudino Singles `` Destination Calabria '' `` Que Pasa Contigo '' `` Watch Out '' `` I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) '' `` What a Feeling '' `` I Do n't Wanna Dance '' `` Playing With My Heart '' Promotional singles `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Missing You '' Related articles Rise Records Kelly Rowland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_Rock_%27n%27_Roll&oldid=853523733 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1982 singles 2002 singles Arrows ( British band ) songs Jive Records singles RAK Records singles Joan Jett songs Britney Spears songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Sweden Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Songs written for films Songs about music 1975 songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in South Africa Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from April 2015 Use British English from April 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Articles needing additional references from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 10 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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1. I Love Rock 'n' Roll - song by the Arrows and covered by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts
2. Alan Merrill - songwriter of I Love Rock 'n' Roll
3. Joan Jett - artist who covered I Love Rock 'n' Roll
4. Britney Spears - artist who also covered I Love Rock 'n' Roll
5. Music video - visual representation of I Love Rock 'n' Roll
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-1,784,984,145,028,022,500 |
which government of india act introduce diarchy system in the province of india
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Government of India Act , 1919 - wikipedia Government of India Act , 1919 This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Government of India Act 1919 <Td_colspan="2"> Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to make further provision with respect to the Government of India . Citation 9 & 10 Geo. 5 c. 101 <Th_colspan="2"> Dates Royal assent 23 December 1919 <Th_colspan="2"> Other legislation Repealed by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1976 <Th_colspan="2"> Status : Repealed The Government of India Act 1919 ( 9 & 10 Geo. 5 c. 101 ) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It was passed to expand participation of Indians in the government of India . The Act embodied the reforms recommended in the report of the Secretary of State for India , Edwin Montagu , and the Viceroy , Lord Chemlsford . The Act covered ten years , from 1919 to 1929 . This Act represented the end of benevolent despotism and began genesis of responsible government in India . The Act received royal assent on 23 December 1919 . On the same day the King - Emperor issued a proclamation which reviewed the course of parliamentary legislation for India and the intent of the act : `` The Acts of 1773 and 1784 were designed to establish a regular system of administration and justice under the Honourable East India Company . The Act of 1833 opened the door for Indians to public office and employment . The Act of 1858 transferred the administration from the Company to the Crown and laid the foundations of public life which exist in India to - day . The Act of 1861 sowed the seed of representative institutions , and the seed was quickened into life by the Act of 1909 . The Act which has now become law entrusts the elected representative of the people with a definite share in the Government and points the way to full responsible Government hereafter '' . The Act provided a dual form of government ( a `` diarchy '' ) for the major provinces . In each such province , control of some areas of government , the `` transferred list '' , were given to a Government of ministers answerable to the Provincial Council . The ' transferred list ' included agriculture , supervision of local government , health , and education . The Provincial Councils were enlarged . At the same time , all other areas of government ( the ' reserved list ' ) remained under the control of the Viceroy . The ' reserved list ' included defence ( the military ) , foreign affairs , and communications . The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged and reformed . It became a bicameral legislature for all India . The lower house was the Legislative Assembly of 144 members , of which 104 were elected and 40 were nominated , with a tenure of three years . The upper house was the Rajya Sabha ( `` Council of States '' ) , consisting of 34 elected and 26 nominated members , with a tenure of five years . Salient features of the Act were as follows : This Act had a separate Preamble which declared that Objective of the British Government is the gradual introduction of responsible Government in India . Diarchy was introduced as Provincial Level . Diarchy means a dual set of governments one is accountable another is not accountable . The provincial subjects were divided into two groups : One was reserved and another was transferred . The reserved subjects were kept with the Governor and transferred subjects were kept with the Indian Ministers . This division of subjects was basically what they meant by introducing the Diarchy. ( 1 ) The Government of India Act of 1919 , made a provision for classification of the central and provincial subjects . The Act kept the Income Tax as source of revenue to the Central Government . However , for Bengal and Bombay for which , to meet their objections , a provision to assign them 25 % of the Income tax was made . No bill of the legislature could be deemed to have been passed unless assented to by the governor general . The later could however enact a Bill without the assent of the legislature . This Act made the central legislature bicameral . The lower house was the Legislative Assembly , with 145 members serving three year terms ( the model for today 's Lok Sabha ) ; the upper house was the Council of States with 60 members serving five year terms ( the model for today 's Rajya Sabha ) The Act provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission in India for the first time . This act also made a provision that a statutory commission would be set up at the end of 10 years after the act was passed which shall inquire into the working into the system of the government . The Simon commission of 1927 was an outcome of this provision . The communal representation was extended and Sikhs , Europeans and Anglo Indians were included . The Franchise ( Right of voting ) was granted to the limited number of only those who paid certain minimum `` Tax '' to the government . The seats were distributed among the provinces not upon the basis of the population but upon the basis of their importance in the eyes of the government , on the basis of communities , and property was one of the main basis to determine a franchisee . Those people who had a property , taxable income & paid land revenue of Rs. 3000 were entitled to vote . The financial powers of the central legislature were also very much limited . The budget was to be divided into two categories , votable and non-votable . The votable items covered only one third of the total expenditure . Even in this sphere the Governor - General was empowered to restore any grant refused or reduced by the legislature , if in his opinion the demand was essential for the discharge of his responsibilities . Thus the Government of India Act provided for partial transfer of Power to the electorate through the system of diarchy . It also prepared the ground for the Indian Federalism , as it identified the provinces as units of fiscal and general administration . See also ( edit ) British India British Raj History of Bangladesh History of India History of Pakistan Governor - General of India Government of India Act ( disambiguation ) India Office Montagu - Chelmsford Reforms Secretary of State for India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ilbert , Sir Courtenay Peregrine . The Government of India . Clarendon Press , 1922 . p. 125 Jump up ^ Uttamabahādura Siṃha , Administrative system in India : Vedic age to 1947 External links ( edit ) Curtis , Lionel ( 1920 ) . Papers Relating to the Application of the Principle of Dyarchy to the Government of India . Oxford : The Clarendon Press . lxi , 606 pp. : folded map ; 23 cm . Bib ID 2514830 . `` India : World War I and its aftermath '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . United Kingdom : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 11 . <Th_colspan="2"> United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_India_Act,_1919&oldid=845379106 '' Categories : British Empire 1919 in law United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1919 Legislation in British India 1919 in India Imperial Legislative Council of India 1919 in international relations Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning India December 1919 events Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी Русский Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 11 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Government of India Act, 1919
2. Expansion of Indian participation in government
3. Diarchy and dual form of government
4. Reforms recommended by Montagu-Chelmsford
5. Limited financial powers of central legislature
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4,444,738,620,684,241,400 |
how many lakes in the lake district national park
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List of Lakes in the lake District - wikipedia List of Lakes in the lake District Jump to : navigation , search This list contains the lakes , tarns and reservoirs in the Lake District National Park in Cumbria , England . Note that only one body of water , Bassenthwaite Lake , is traditionally named a lake . Larger bodies of water in the Lake District are generally named as mere or water , whilst smaller ones are denoted by tarn . Some writers , particularly in the media , refer to Lake Windermere though this use is deprecated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical characteristics of the main lakes 2 Map of major lakes 3 Lakes , tarns and reservoirs 4 Former lakes , tarns and reservoirs 5 References Physical characteristics of the main Lakes ( edit ) This table gives details of those bodies of water with a surface area of at least 0.1 km2 . Name Length ( km ) Max . width ( km ) Area ( km2 ) Volume ( m3 x 10 ) Mean depth ( m ) Max . depth ( m ) Surface elev . ( m ) Retention time ( days ) Trophic state index Bassenthwaite Lake 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7001277000000000000 ♠ 27.7 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19.0 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68.0 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 eutrophic Blea Water 6999170000000000000 ♠ 0.17 6999510000000000000 ♠ 0.51 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 7002488000000000000 ♠ 488 Blelham Tarn 6999670000000000000 ♠ 0.67 6999289990000000000 ♠ 0.29 6999110000000000000 ♠ 0.11 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7000680000000000000 ♠ 6.8 7001145000000000000 ♠ 14.5 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42.0 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 eutrophic Brotherswater 6999598000000000000 ♠ 0.598 6999432000000000000 ♠ 0.432 6999190700000000000 ♠ 0.1907 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 7000720000000000000 ♠ 7.2 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15.0 7002157000000000000 ♠ 157.0 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 oligotrophic Burnmoor Tarn 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 7000123000000000000 ♠ 1.23 7000510000000099999 ♠ 5.1 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13.0 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 Buttermere 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 6999540000000000000 ♠ 0.54 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7001151000000000000 ♠ 15.1 7001166000000000000 ♠ 16.6 7001286000000000000 ♠ 28.6 7002100300000000000 ♠ 100.3 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 oligotrophic / mesotrophic Cogra Moss 6999160000000000000 ♠ 0.16 6999840000000000000 ♠ 0.84 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 7002225000000000000 ♠ 225 Coniston Water 7000870000000099999 ♠ 8.7 6999730000000000000 ♠ 0.73 7000490000000000000 ♠ 4.9 7002113400000000000 ♠ 113.4 7001241000000000000 ♠ 24.1 7001561000000000000 ♠ 56.1 7001436000000000000 ♠ 43.6 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 mesotrophic / oligotrophic Crummock Water 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4.0 6999850000000000000 ♠ 0.85 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 7001667000000000000 ♠ 66.7 7001267000000000000 ♠ 26.7 7001439000000000000 ♠ 43.9 7001978000000000000 ♠ 97.8 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 oligotrophic / mesotrophic Derwent Water 7000460000000099999 ♠ 4.6 7000191000000000000 ♠ 1.91 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 7001291000000000000 ♠ 29.1 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22.0 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75.0 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 mesotrophic Devoke Water 6999340000000000000 ♠ 0.34 7000189000000000000 ♠ 1.89 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7002236000000000000 ♠ 236 Easedale Tarn 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.10 6999530000000000000 ♠ 0.53 7000510000000099999 ♠ 5.1 7002282000000000000 ♠ 282 Elter Water 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 6999163700000000000 ♠ 0.1637 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7.0 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53.0 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 outer basin : mesotrophic middle basin : eutrophic inner basin : hypereutrophic Ennerdale Water 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 7001535000000000000 ♠ 53.5 7001178000000000000 ♠ 17.8 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42.0 7002112200000000000 ♠ 112.2 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 oligotrophic / mesotrophic Esthwaite Water 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 6999620000000000000 ♠ 0.62 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7000640000000000000 ♠ 6.4 7001155000000000000 ♠ 15.5 7001652000000000000 ♠ 65.2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 eutrophic / hypereutrophic Grasmere 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 7000470000000000000 ♠ 4.7 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 7001215000000000000 ♠ 21.5 7001634000000000000 ♠ 63.4 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 eutrophic Grisedale Tarn 6999110000000000000 ♠ 0.11 7000128000000000000 ♠ 1.28 7001116000000000000 ♠ 11.6 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33.0 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 Haweswater 7000690000000000000 ♠ 6.9 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 7001888000000000000 ♠ 88.8 7001234000000000000 ♠ 23.4 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57.0 7002246000000000000 ♠ 246.0 7002500000000000000 ♠ 500 mesotrophic Hayeswater 6999160000000000000 ♠ 0.16 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.30 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 7002426000000000000 ♠ 426 Kentmere Reservoir 6999160000000000000 ♠ 0.16 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5.0 7002297000000000000 ♠ 297 Levers Water 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 7000107000000000000 ♠ 1.07 7000790000000000000 ♠ 7.9 7002413000000000000 ♠ 413 Loweswater 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 6999550000000000000 ♠ 0.55 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5.0 7000840000000000000 ♠ 8.4 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16.0 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125.0 7002150000000000000 ♠ 150 mesotrophic Over Water 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.20 6999450000000000000 ♠ 0.45 7000230000000099999 ♠ 2.3 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10.0 7002188000000000000 ♠ 188 Rydal Water 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4.4 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18.0 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53.0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 eutrophic / mesotrophic Seathwaite Tarn 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 7000133000000000000 ♠ 1.33 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7002374000000000000 ♠ 374 Tarn Hows 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 6999750000000000000 ♠ 0.75 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 7002188000000000000 ♠ 188 Thirlmere 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6.0 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 7001504000000000000 ♠ 50.4 7001161000000000000 ♠ 16.1 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46.0 7002178000000000000 ♠ 178.0 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 oligotrophic Ullswater 7001118000000000000 ♠ 11.8 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 7002219700000000000 ♠ 219.7 7001253000000000000 ♠ 25.3 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63.0 7002145000000000000 ♠ 145.0 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 oligotrophic / mesotrophic Wastwater 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 6999820009999900000 ♠ 0.82 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 7002110400000000000 ♠ 110.4 7001402000000000000 ♠ 40.2 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76.0 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61.0 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 oligotrophic Wet Sleddale Reservoir 6999310000000000000 ♠ 0.31 7000233000000000000 ♠ 2.33 7000760000000000000 ♠ 7.6 7002277000000000000 ♠ 277 Windermere 7001168000000000000 ♠ 16.8 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7001148000000000000 ♠ 14.8 7002314300000000000 ♠ 314.3 7001212500000000000 ♠ 21.25 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64.0 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39.0 slightly eutrophic Windermere ( north ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7.0 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.1 7002202100000000000 ♠ 202.1 7001251000000000000 ♠ 25.1 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64.0 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39.0 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 slightly eutrophic Windermere ( south ) 7000980000000000000 ♠ 9.8 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 7000670000000000000 ♠ 6.7 7002112200000000000 ♠ 112.2 7001168000000000000 ♠ 16.8 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42.0 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39.0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 slightly eutrophic Map of major Lakes ( edit ) The map shows the locations of the lakes with a volume over 4 x 10 m3 and gives an indication of the volume of water in each lake . The markers suggest this by showing the size of a drop of water where the volume of the drop would be in proportion to the quantity of water in the lake ( the diameter of the drop is proportional to the cube root of the lake 's volume ) . Bassenthwaite Lake Buttermere Coniston Water Crummock Water Derwent Water Ennerdale Water Esthwaite Water Grasmere Haweswater Reservoir Loweswater Thirlmere Ullswater Wastwater Windermere Kendal Penrith Keswick Ambleside Grasmere Cockermouth Workington Whitehaven Grange - over-Sands Barrow - in - Furness Windermere Major lakes in the Lake District Lakes , tarns and reservoirs ( edit ) Alcock Tarn , east of Grasmere , below Heron Pike Angle Tarn , north of Bowfell Angle Tarn , east of Patterdale , by Angletarn Pikes Bassenthwaite Lake Beacon Tarn in the Blawith fells , west of Coniston Water Bigland Tarn near Haverthwaite Blackbeck Tarn on Haystacks Bleaberry Tarn , north of Red Pike , near Buttermere Blea Tarn , near Boot , Eskdale Blea Tarn , between Pike of Blisco and Lingmoor Fell Blea Tarn , on Watendlath fell , north of Ullscarf Blea Water , below High Street Blelham Tarn , west of Windermere Blind Tarn , on the east side of the ridge south of Dow Crag Boretree Tarn , west of the southern end of Windermere Bowscale Tarn , on the slopes of Bowscale Fell Brothers Water Burnmoor Tarn , Between Eskdale and Wasdale Buttermere Chapelhouse Reservoir , south - east of Uldale Codale Tarn , east of High Raise and the Langdale Pikes Cogra Moss , between Ennerdale Water and Loweswater Coniston Water Crummock Water Dalehead Tarn , between Dale Head and High Spy Derwent Water Devoke Water Dock Tarn , east of Rosthwaite , south of Watendlath Easedale Tarn , west of Grasmere Elter Water Ennerdale Water Esthwaite Water Floutern Tarn , north of Great Borne Foxes Tarn , north of Scafell Goat 's Water , west of the Old Man of Coniston Grasmere Greendale Tarn , by Middle Fell near Wasdale Grisedale Tarn , between Fairfield and Dollywaggon Pike Gurnal Dubs , west of Garnett Bridge Harrop Tarn , in the Wythburn fells , west of Thirlmere Haweswater Reservoir Hayeswater Heights Tarn Helton Tarn , northwest of Witherslack High Dam Tarn , west of the southern end of Windermere High House Tarn , south of Glaramara Innominate Tarn , on Haystacks Kelly Hall Tarn , south - east of Torver Kentmere Reservoir Knipe Tarn , south - east of Bowness - on - Windermere Lanty 's Tarn , west of Patterdale Levers Water , on the east side of the Coniston fells Lingmoor Tarn , on Lingmoor Fell Little Langdale Tarn Little Tarn , near Orthwaite , south of Uldale Littlewater Tarn , near Bampton Long Moss , between Torver and Coniston Water Loughrigg Tarn , below Loughrigg Loweswater Low Tarn , south of Red Pike , between Yewbarrow and the Seatallan - Haycock ridge Low Water , north of the Old Man of Coniston Meadley Reservoir , by Flat Fell , Ennerdale Moss Eccles Tarn , between Windermere and Esthwaite Water Over Water , south of Uldale Parkgate Tarn , near Eskdale Potter Tarn , west of Garnett Bridge Red Tarn ( Helvellyn ) , below the summit of Helvellyn Red Tarn ( Langdale ) , between Cold Pike and Pike of Blisco Rydal Water Scales Tarn , below the summit of Blencathra and Sharp Edge Schoolknott Tarn , south east of the town of Windermere Scoat Tarn , below Red Pike and Scoat Fell Seathwaite Tarn , west of the Coniston fells Simpson Ground Reservoir , east of Staveley - in - Cartmel Siney Tarn , north of Eskdale Skeggles Water , between Kentmere and Longsleddale Small Water , between Mardale Ill Bell and Harter Fell Sow How Tarn Sprinkling Tarn , between Scafell Pike and Seathwaite Fell Stickle Tarn , Langdale , below Pavey Ark in the Langdale Pikes Styhead Tarn , at the head of Styhead Gill , at Sty Head Pass , between Scafell Pike and Great Gable Tarn at Leaves on Rosthwaite Fell Tarn Hows Tewet Tarn , below Low Rigg near St John 's in the Vale Thirlmere Three Dubs Tarn , between Windermere and Esthwaite Water Three Tarns , between Bowfell and Crinkle Crags Torver Tarn , disused reservoir on Torver Low Common Tosh Tarn , south east of Wast Water , near the River Irt Ullswater Wast Water Watendlath Tarn Wet Sleddale Reservoir Windermere Wise Een Tarn , between Windermere and Esthwaite Water Woodhow Tarn , south east of Wast Water , near the River Irt Yew Tree Tarn , between Holme Fell and Tarn Hows Former lakes , tarns and reservoirs ( edit ) Baystone Bank Reservoir , east of Black Combe ( disused and then removed in 2011 ) Keppel Cove Tarn , north of Catstycam , dam destroyed by flood , 1931 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Jane , Table of lake facts , Environment Agency of England and Wales , archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 , retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 ^ Jump up to : `` UK Lakes Portal '' . Environmental Information Platform . NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Retention time is an approximate value for mean retention time Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Blea Water '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Blelham Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Burnmoor Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Cogra Moss '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Devoke Water '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Easedale Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Grisedale Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Hayeswater '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Kentmere Reservoir '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Levers Water '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Over Water '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Seathwaite Tarn '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Tarn Hows '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Lakes Detail - Wet Sleddale Reservoir '' . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Overall figures for Windermere derived from the two lake portions listed separately here . Jump up ^ http://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/dam-busters-will-put-part-of-cumbria-back-together-1.812084?referrerPath=home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_in_the_Lake_District&oldid=780319912 '' Categories : Lists of lakes of England Lakes of Cumbria Lake District Cumbria - related lists Lakes of the Lake District Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2017 , at 09 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Lakes in the Lake District
2. Bodies of water in Cumbria, England
3. Lake Windermere
4. Tarns and reservoirs in the Lake District
5. Physical characteristics of the main lakes
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4,632,672,855,011,080,000 |
what do they eat for breakfast in israel
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Israeli breakfast - wikipedia Israeli breakfast An Israeli breakfast with eggs , Israeli salad , bread and various accompaniments An Israeli breakfast is a distinctive style of breakfast that originated on the Israeli collective farm called a kibbutz , and is now served at most hotels in Israel and many restaurants . It has been called `` the Jewish state 's contribution to world cuisine '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characteristics and typical dishes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) During the early days of the state of Israel , residents of a kibbutz ate their meals in a communal dining hall . It was common for the residents to eat a light snack early in the morning , and then work in the fields for several hours . Then they returned to the dining hall for a hearty mid morning buffet meal , similar to a brunch . By the 1950s , Israeli hotels were promoting the `` Israeli breakfast '' in a style similar to the kibbutz meals . In 1979 , members of the Jerusalem Hotel Association and the Israeli Hotel Owners Association decided to phase out the full Israeli breakfast as a part of their basic hotel room rate , substituting a more modest Continental breakfast instead , in order to reduce costs . The effort was not successful , and the tradition of a hearty breakfast buffet continued . Characteristics and Typical dishes ( edit ) At hotels in Israel , the Israeli breakfast is commonly presented as a self - service buffet . In smaller restaurants , a more streamlined menu may be presented through sit down table service . The Israeli breakfast never includes meats such as ham and bacon , which are common on breakfast menus in many other countries . In accordance with the Jewish laws of Kashrut , meat and dairy ingredients are never served together in a meal and pork products are forbidden . The Israeli breakfast is a dairy meal , and a variety of cheeses are offered . Fish is considered pareve and so is permitted with a dairy meal , and herring is frequently served . Other smoked or pickled fish dishes are also common , including sardines and salmon . Egg dishes are almost universal , which may be pre-cooked or cooked to order . The Middle Eastern egg dish shakshouka , eggs poached in a tomato sauce , is a common choice . Other Middle Eastern dishes may include Israeli salad , hummus , tehina , halloumi , ful medames , baba ghanoush and the strained yogurt known as labaneh . Fresh vegetables such as tomatoes , cucumbers , green peppers , radishes , onions and shredded carrots are common , as are olives . A variety of salads are available . Coffee , tea , juices , fresh fruits , bread and pastries complete the menu . A breakfast buffet at a hotel in Haifa , Israel An Israeli breakfast An Israeli breakfast with eggs , Israeli salad , bread and various accompaniments See also ( edit ) Food portal Israel portal Israeli cuisine Culture of Israel Full breakfast References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dubois , Jill ; Rosh , Mair ( 2004 ) . Cultures of the World : Israel . Singapore : Marshall Cavendish . p. 122 . ISBN 9780761416692 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Gil ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Jewish Food . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 9780544186316 . ^ Jump up to : Sutton , Horace ( April 10 , 1955 ) . `` Big Breakfasts For Bible Land : Land of milk and honey also serves herring , carrots , olives in the a.m. '' St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg , Florida . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Torgerson , Dial ( September 6 , 1979 ) . `` Israeli Breakfast ... is being replaced by the continental breakfast : coffee and a roll '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Sarasota . pp. 8 -- CF . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Bonnie ( October 1 , 2005 ) . `` 48 hours in Jerusalem '' . Nanaimo Daily News . Nanaimo . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Deane , Daniela ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Smart Mouth : The delectable nature of Israeli breakfast '' . Washington Post . Washington , DC . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Alicia ( May 25 , 1973 ) . `` Israeli Breakfast : Lox , Stock and Barrel '' . Milwaukee Journal . Milwaukee . p. 9 . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typical Israeli Breakfast : Bountiful '' . CBSNews.com . New York City . November 6 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) The Israel Breakfast - Best in the World Media related to Breakfast in Israel at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> hide Breakfast topics By type Brunch Champagne breakfast Elevenses Frühschoppen Full breakfast Instant breakfast Israeli breakfast Midnight breakfast Pancake breakfast Second breakfast Suhur Wedding breakfast Yum cha By topic History of breakfast Oslo breakfast School breakfast club List articles List of breakfast beverages List of breakfast cereals List of breakfast foods Index of breakfast - related articles <Td_colspan="2"> Commons WikiProject Breakfast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli_breakfast&oldid=839545796 '' Categories : Breakfasts Israeli cuisine Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 03 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Israeli breakfast origins
2. Characteristics of Israeli breakfast
3. Israeli breakfast dishes
4. Israeli breakfast in hotels and restaurants
5. Jewish dietary laws and Israeli breakfast
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-1,837,602,944,370,784,000 |
when does the james corden show come on
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The Late Late Show with James Corden - wikipedia The Late Late Show with James Corden <Th_colspan="2"> The Late Late Show with James Corden <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as The Late Late Show ( franchise brand ) Genre Talk show Variety show Written by Mike Gibbons ( head writer ) Directed by Trollbäck + Company ( title sequence ) Tim Mancinelli ( main show ) Presented by James Corden Starring Reggie Watts , The Late Late Show Band Theme music composer Reggie Watts Hagar Ben - Ari Guillermo E. Brown Steve Scalfati Tim Young Opening theme `` The Late Late Show '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 502 ( as of June 21 , 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Rob Crabbe Ben Winston Mike Gibbons Producer ( s ) James Corden David Javerbaum Sheila Rogers Michael Kaplan Jeff Kopp Josie Cliff Location ( s ) CBS Television City , Los Angeles , California Central Hall , Westminster , London , UK ( 7 episodes ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 40 minutes ( without commercials ) Production company ( s ) Fulwell 73 CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website The Late Late Show with James Corden ( also known as Late Late ) is an American late - night talk show hosted by James Corden on CBS . It is the fourth and current iteration of The Late Late Show . Airing in the U.S. from Monday to Friday nights , it is taped in front of a studio audience Monday through Thursday afternoons -- during weeks in which first - run episodes are scheduled to air -- at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , California in Studio 56 , directly above the Bob Barker Studio ( Studio 33 ) . It is produced by Fulwell 73 and CBS Television Studios . Corden was announced as the show 's new host on September 8 , 2014 , succeeding Craig Ferguson . Originally scheduled to premiere on March 9 , 2015 , CBS later pushed back the premiere to March 23 , 2015 so they could use the NCAA basketball tournament to promote Corden 's debut . On April 4 , 2017 , it was confirmed that Corden would bring The Late Late Show to the UK for three special episodes taped at the Central Hall Westminster . It was the third time in the history of the programme that it aired from another country , with Ferguson taking his incarnation to Paris , France in 2011 and Scotland in 2012 . Cordon announced that the show would once again film a week of shows in London from 18 June 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Episodes 3 Recurring segments 4 Awards and nominations 4.1 Primetime Emmy Awards 4.2 Creative Arts Emmy Awards 4.3 Critics ' Choice Television Awards 5 Broadcast 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Corden said he was `` thrilled and honored '' and found it `` hugely exciting ... to host such a prestigious show '' . CBS Entertainment chairman Nina Tassler said in a statement that Corden is a warm , charming and original performer whose `` diverse range of creative instincts and performance talent '' make him a `` rare entertainment force '' . Tassler cited Corden 's work in such media as theatre , film and television , and called him `` loved and respected '' in all of them . The show continues to be produced at CBS Television City in Los Angeles . Corden made a surprise guest appearance on predecessor Ferguson 's programme on December 16 , 2014 , two days prior to Ferguson 's last broadcast as host , during which the two briefly discussed Corden taking over the show . He also appeared on an episode hosted by Judd Apatow to job shadow , stating he wanted to `` learn from his mistakes '' . Unlike his predecessors , Corden 's Late Late Show has a house band , nicknamed `` Karen '' , led by Reggie Watts who also acts as the show 's announcer . Watts also performs as lead vocals , keyboards , beatboxing , and programmer . The other personnel in the band are Tim Young on lead guitars , Steve Scalfatti on keyboards , Hagar Ben Ari on bass , and Guillermo E. Brown on drums . The show 's title sequence , which was supposed to be directed by J.J. Abrams , was filmed by the visual firm of Trollbäck + Company . Watts and the Late Late Show Band composed the theme song . According to a report in the Daily Mail : `` Corden hopes the credits will show him riding a BMX bike around Los Angeles , with other on - screen talent joining him as he reaches the CBS studio . '' The show 's executive producers are Rob Crabbe and Ben Winston . The final product being James Corden and Reggie Watts going around LA in a Low Rider , LED bike , and some graphic and light painting with a Pixelstick . Trollbäck + Company put this statement below the video : `` James Corden and Reggie Watts put the LA LA back into Late Late in a series fun vignettes filmed around Los Angeles for the identity of the new CBS Late Late Show . James originally wanted JJ Abrams to film him and Reggie scored to a Mark Ronson track . We were of course honored to take JJ 's place as he was a bit busy filming a blockbuster ! We managed to shoot everything in one night with LED bikes , a Lowrider , and a Pixelstick setting an eclectic visual tone for this experimental new show . '' While an opening monologue is a staple of the late night talk show genre , Corden suggested initially that as he is not a stand - up comedian , he would also be using alternatives to the traditional joke - heavy monologue . However , the show has retained the monologue though it is shorter and not as important an element as the monologue on other late night shows . The show also uses an interview format similar to that of British chat show The Graham Norton Show , in which all of the night 's guests appear on stage simultaneously . Guests do not walk on stage from the wings but emerge from the back of the studio and walk through the audience rows . As is more typical in British talk shows , the host sits to the left of the guests , a reversal of the traditional American layout . Corden also does not sit behind a desk , unlike other late night hosts , but in a swivel chair . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Late Late Show with James Corden episodes Corden in 2015 Tom Hanks and Mila Kunis were Corden 's first guests on March 23 , 2015 , for the debut episode featuring Corden and Hanks acting and singing their way through a retrospective of Hanks ' career . Later , after a prompt by Hanks , Corden appeared to score a coup by getting Mila Kunis to admit that she and Ashton Kutcher are married , but a source later claimed she was merely joking . The episode scored 1.66 million viewers , the show 's biggest Monday rating in more than three years . First - run episodes aired every weeknight through the May 2015 sweeps period ; then , beginning the week of May 25 , the show scaled back its production schedule to four first - run episodes per week ( differing from the previous iterations of the program , which produced Friday episodes , either the day of broadcast or farther in advance on the tape date of the Thursday edition ) , with the Friday episode consisting of a rebroadcast of a recent episode , as has become common with several other late - night talk shows ( with the exception of The Late Show and The Tonight Show , which continue to produce first - run episodes on that night , and many airing on cable , which almost universally do not air episodes on Fridays at all ) . Even with Corden 's debut week , Late Night with Seth Meyers still beat The Late Late Show in the ratings during the 12 : 35 a.m. time slot , with Meyers continuing to dominate that slot on a weekly basis . The May 20 , 2015 episode , which followed the finale of Late Show with David Letterman , was the highest rated episode of The Late Late Show in the history of the franchise with an audience of 4 million viewers and a rating of 2.5. , despite starting 20 minutes late due to Letterman 's show running over its scheduled end time . The episode featured Corden and Sting outside of the Ed Sullivan Theater singing `` Every Breath You Take '' in the show 's cold open and a monologue with a Top Ten List among other tributes to Letterman . Recurring segments ( edit ) Carpool Karaoke , a segment in which James and musical guests sing along to their songs whilst driving on a planned route usually in Los Angeles . Corden explained that the segment was inspired by a Gavin & Stacey - themed sketch he had participated in for the British charity television special Red Nose Day 2011 , in which he sang along with George Michael in a car , stating that `` Ben Winston and I always thought there was something very joyful about someone very , very famous singing their songs in an ordinary situation . We just had this idea : Los Angeles , traffic , the carpool lane -- maybe this is something we could pull off . '' The segments , which have featured artists such as Lady Gaga , Foo Fighters , Britney Spears , Take That , Chris Martin , Selena Gomez , Iggy Azalea , Justin Bieber , Stevie Wonder , One Direction , Adele , Demi Lovato , Mariah Carey , Sia , Harry Styles , Katy Perry , Bruno Mars , Ed Sheeran , and the Red Hot Chili Peppers , have proven popular as viral videos on the Late Late Show 's YouTube channel . A Carpool Karaoke segment featuring Adele reached 42 million views within 5 days , making it the most viral video originating from a late night program since 2013 . The Adele segment has received over 174 million views as of December 2017 . A segment featuring the then First Lady Michelle Obama ( eventually joined by Missy Elliott singing `` This is for My Girls '' ) was released on July 20 , 2016 , and has reached over 55 million views as of May 2017 . On March 29 , 2016 , CBS aired a primetime special featuring highlights of the segment , and a new edition with Jennifer Lopez . The special would win a 2016 Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special . The popularity of the segment on the Internet led to two different series being produced . In July 2016 , it was announced that Apple Music would distribute a series based on Corden 's Carpool Karaoke , to be titled Carpool Karaoke : The Series . The decision came after Spike had announced plans to air a series inspired by the section , titled Caraoke Showdown , to be hosted by Craig Robinson . Drop the Mic : Corden and one or more guests trade insults in a ( scripted ) rap battle . Guests who participated include David Schwimmer , Rebel Wilson , Cara Delevingne , Dave Franco , Kevin Hart , Anne Hathaway , and Riz Ahmed . In August 2016 , TBS ordered a version of Drop the Mic from CBS as a series . It premiered in 2017 , with Corden , Ben Winston , and Jensen Karp as producers . The Bold and the Lyrical : James and multiple celebrity guests act out a dramatic soap opera scene using the lyrics of some of today 's biggest acts in music . Riff - Off : James challenges a celebrity guest to a vocal battle , with the assistance of Filipino - American a cappella group The Filharmonic . Guests include Anna Kendrick , Shawn Mendes , Neil Patrick Harris , Demi Lovato , Jamie Foxx , Ansel Elgort , Liam Payne , Luke Evans , and Usher . Take a Break : James pretends to do the job of someone in an industry , subsequently `` giving them a break . '' During this segment , James has worked at LensCrafters and Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino , as well as a model on The Price Is Right and the Mayor of Los Angeles , among other jobs . Crosswalk the Musical : James and guests hold flash mob - style performances of songs from musicals in the middle of a crosswalk when cars stop at it . Talking Mentalist : Over the summer of 2015 , where CBS had aired reruns of its drama programming as a lead - in to The Late Late Show to lead up towards the premiere of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , several episodes opened with Talking Mentalist -- a parody of companion `` after - shows '' such as Talking Dead in which James and his guests would discuss the rerun of The Mentalist that had just aired . After CBS followed suit , the sketch was reprised as Talking Hawaii Five - 0 , which featured a guest appearance by Talking Dead host Chris Hardwick . Celebrity Noses : Corden attempts to conduct an unspecified activity involving the noses of celebrities , but is repeatedly stalled by various problems that prevent the segment from even occurring . Spill Your Guts or Fill Your Guts : James and that night 's guests join in on a game that involves a roundtable question - and - answer portion . Both of them have the option to answer a really embarrassing , self - deprecating , or controversial question - however , should they choose to not answer the question , they will have to eat various forms of disgusting food , ranging from small insects , bodily fluids , or animal offal or organs . Flinch : James and a group of guests participate in a game where pieces of fruit are fired out of a mini remote controlled cannon , designed as Corden 's face , towards one of the guests standing behind a plastic wall . Corden usually distracts the guest by asking them questions and then tries to make them flinch by unexpectedly firing a piece of fruit mid-conversation . The winner usually is the one who flinches the least . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Outstanding Variety Talk Series James Corden , Rob Crabbe , Ben Winston , Mike Gibbons , Sheila Rogers , Michael Kaplan , Jeff Kopp , Josie Cliff and David Javerbaum Nominated 2018 The Late Late Show with James Corden Pending Creative Arts Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Outstanding Variety Special The Late Late Show Carpool Karaoke Primetime Special ; Rob Crabbe , Ben Winston , Mike Gibbons , Sheila Rogers , Michael Kaplan , Jeff Kopp , Josie Cliff and James Corden Won Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Tim Mancinelli ( Episode : `` Post-Super Bowl Episode '' ) Nominated Outstanding Interactive Program James Corden , Ben Winston , Rob Crabbe and Adam Abramson Won 2018 Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Tim Mancinelli ( Episode : `` Episode 0416 '' ) Pending Outstanding Interactive Program James Corden , Ben Winston , Rob Crabbe , Adam Abramson and Tyler White Pending Outstanding Choreography Chloe Arnold Pending Critics ' Choice Television Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2014 Best Talk Show The Late Late Show with James Corden Nominated 2015 Nominated 2016 Won Broadcast ( edit ) In India the show is aired at 1 pm Indian Standard Time ( IST ) , 8 pm ( IST ) and 11 : 56 pm ( IST ) on Zee Cafe and Zee Cafe HD ( repeats included ) . In the UK and Ireland since 2016 the show airs on Sky 's ' On Demand ' service as well as Now TV with each episode available the day after its US broadcast . Sky Q customers also get to watch some content from the show in the ' Online Video ' section . In Canada , The Late Late Show with James Corden is aired by CTV in simulcast with CBS . The program formerly aired on sister network CTV Two , but moved to the main CTV network on February 8 , 2016 , switching with Late Night with Seth Meyers . In Australia , the series was purchased by CBS 's then - Australian partner network Network Ten . It premiered on Network Ten 's sister network Eleven on May 24 , 2015 , on a seven - day - a-week airing schedule to catch up with the current run through the northern hemisphere summer ( by September and the start of the new American television season it had caught up and now airs on a day - delay with repeats at weekends ) ; CBS has owned Eleven ( and Network Ten itself ) since it purchased Ten Network Holdings in the last half of 2017 . In France the show airs at 11 : 35 pm every Monday to Friday on MCM . In New Zealand the show began to air on state - owned broadcaster TVNZ 's channel Duke at 7 pm on weeknights , from March 20 , 2016 . In Asia , the show premiered on August 3 , 2015 , on RTL CBS Entertainment . It broadcasts on weekday nights following The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . In Finland , the show was aired on Yle TV2 at 10 pm from Wednesday to Saturday , with two days delay compared to US broadcast . It premiered on May 24 , 2017 and was aired until May 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` James Corden to Replace Craig Ferguson as Host of ' The Late , Late Show ' on CBS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Pushes James Corden 's Debut On ' Late Late Show ' To March 23 '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Star Shines in Hall of Mirrors '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Ferguson took The Late Late Show to Scotland ( even though he used to get beat up there ) '' . May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden confirmed as US chat show host '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden new host of ' Late Late Show ' '' . CNN . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Late Late Show With James Corden ' to Premiere Monday March 9 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden Visits Craig Ferguson on CBS ' ' Late Late Show ' '' . Variety . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Corden 's First ' Late Late Show ' Guest Revealed '' . KYW - TV . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Watts ' Late Late Show band is just called Karen '' . AV Club . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tim Baysinger ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Sets Staff for James Corden 's ' Late Late Show ' '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Southern California Public Radio . `` Video : ' Late Late ' news : Reggie Watts to head Corden 's band , Colbert reveals final guests - 89.3 KPCC '' . Southern California Public Radio . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAZ BAMIGBOYE : Now Eddie finds his female side as he prepares to play transgender woman '' . Daily Mail . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Late Late Show with James Corden Open . Vimeo . Jump up ^ UPROXX . `` James Corden Shares How His ' Late Late Show ' Will Be Different '' . UPROXX . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys 2017 Host James Corden is the New King of Late Night TV '' . Esquire . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` The 5 Best Parts of James Corden 's Late Late Show Debut '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` James Corden 's Late Late Show : Tim Goodman 's First Impressions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Saad , Nardine ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Mila Kunis seemingly confirms marriage to Ashton Kutcher on Late Late '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` James Corden Ratings : CBS Premiere Up Vs. Craig Ferguson 's ... '' Variety . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Letterman 's final Late Show earns 10 - year ratings high , biggest audience since 1994 '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Letterman signs off from ' Late Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SEE IT : James Corden sings duet with Sting outside ' Late Show ' studio , offers up his own David Letterman ' Top 10 ' '' . New York Daily News . May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden 's 5 most viral ' Late Late Show ' clips '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The secret behind James Corden 's ' Carpool Karaoke ' sensation '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Niall Horan Answers Selena Gomez Marriage Question in Carpool Karaoke : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Adele Carpool Karaoke ' Most Viral Late - Night Video Since 2013 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adele Carpool Karaoke The Late Late Show with James Corden . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is for My Girls - Single by Kelly Clarkson , Chloe & Halle , Missy Elliott , Jadagrace , Lea Michele , Janelle Monáe , Kelly Rowland & Zendaya '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` James Corden ' Carpool Karaoke ' Primetime Special to Air on CBS '' . Variety . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Late Late Show Carpool Karaoke Prime Time Special '' . Television Academy . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Carpool Karaoke ' will become a series ... on Apple Music '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Spike Orders ' Caraoke Showdown ' Hosted by Craig Robinson ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth . `` Spike TV Greenlights ' Caraoke Showdown ' Series Hosted by Craig Robinson '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Norlisa Hanlon Rosslee ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel Wilson just took on Ross Geller in an epic rap battle ( courtesy of James Corden , naturally ) '' . Marie Claire . Jump up ^ `` TBS Greenlights ' Drop the Mic ' Series From James Corden and Ben Winston '' . Variety . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden , Claire Danes , Christine Baranski and Jack McBrayer Star in Katy Perry 's The Bold and the Lyrical '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Cranston , Jessica Biel appear in James Corden 's Kanye West soap opera '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JAMES CORDEN IS BOOTYLICIOUS IN HIS HILARIOUS BEYONCÉ - INSPIRED SOAP OPERA '' . MTV . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : James Corden , Salma Hayek , and More Channel Justin Bieber For Latest Edition of The Bold and The Lyrical '' . Stuff Fly People Like . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julianne Moore , John Stamos Act in Taylor Swift Soap Opera on ' Corden ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Kendrick Challenges James Corden to a Late Late Show Riff - Off '' . People Magazine . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes & James Corden Throw Down in ' Better Then / Better Now ' Riff Battle '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Ansel Elgort , Jamie Foxx and James Corden 's Spectacular Riff - Off '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden Guest Models on THE PRICE IS RIGHT Today '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden Jokes About Drought , Cuts Ribbons as He Plays L.A. Mayor for Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Take a Break : Planet Hollywood '' . The Late Late Show with James Corden . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Take a Break : LensCrafters '' . The Late Late Show with James Corden . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen has miserable Crosswalk the Musical experience with James Corden '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Late Night TV : James Corden giving CBS viewers reasons to smile '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nerd Alert : Deadpool Trailer Trivia & Hugh Jackman Photobomb '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Allison Janney & Jesse Tyler Ferguson Discuss Sex Scenes on CORDEN '' . Broadway World . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Late Late Show with James Corden '' . Television Academy . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rouse , Wade ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` HBO and FX Lead 5th Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards Nominations '' . People . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards - Television Categories '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Nominations Unveiled '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden 's ' Late Late Show ' Heads to Sky in U.K. and Ireland '' . Variety . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE LATE LATE SHOW WITH JAMES CORDEN Joins CTV Two 's Supercharged Late - Night Lineup , March 23 '' . Bell Media . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brit is on the Move : THE LATE LATE SHOW WITH JAMES CORDEN Lands on CTV Just in Time for February Sweeps '' . Bell Media . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Corden but no Colbert for TEN '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` No date for Late Late Show with James Corden '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eleven - Ballarat , 24 - May - 2015 '' . Southern Cross Ten listings for May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First and Exclusive : The Late Late Show with James Cordon and The X Factor UK on RTL - CBS Entertainment '' . SkyCable . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Late Late Show with James Corden '' . Yle . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website James Corden on Twitter The Late Late Show with James Corden on Twitter The Late Late Show with James Corden on Facebook The Late Late Show with James Corden at TV.com The Late Late Show with James Corden on IMDb The Late Late Show with James Corden at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Current late night talk and news satire comedy shows in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Broadcast ABC Jimmy Kimmel Live ! 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( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Late_Late_Show_with_James_Corden&oldid=849968770 '' Categories : The Late Late Show with James Corden CBS network shows Television series by CBS Television Studios 2010s American late - night television series 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American variety television series English - language television programs Super Bowl lead - out programs Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 17 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what type of government did germany have in 1871
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German Empire - wikipedia German Empire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the German nation - state existing from 1871 to 1918 . For other uses , see German Empire ( disambiguation ) . <Td_colspan="3"> German Empire <Td_colspan="3"> Deutsches Reich <Td_colspan="3"> 1871 -- 1918 <Td_colspan="3"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="3"> Motto Gott mit uns `` God with us '' <Td_colspan="3"> Anthem Heil dir im Siegerkranz ( official , imperial ) `` Hail to Thee in the Victor 's Crown '' Deutschlandlied ( unofficial , popular ) `` Song of the Germans '' Die Wacht am Rhein ( unofficial ) `` The Watch on the Rhine '' <Td_colspan="3"> Germany on the eve of World War I , in 1914 <Td_colspan="3"> States of the German Empire ( Prussia shown in blue ) <Td_colspan="2"> Capital Berlin 52 ° 31 ′ N 13 ° 24 ′ E / 52.517 ° N 13.400 ° E / 52.517 ; 13.400 Coordinates : 52 ° 31 ′ N 13 ° 24 ′ E / 52.517 ° N 13.400 ° E / 52.517 ; 13.400 <Td_colspan="2"> Languages Official : German Unofficial : ( show ) Danish , French , Polish , Czech , Dutch , Sorbian , Low German , Frisian , Lithuanian <Td_colspan="2"> Religion Whitaker 's data for 1890 Majority : 62.8 % Protestant ( Lutheran , Reformed , Prussian United ) Minorities : ( show ) 35.8 % Roman Catholic , 1.1 % Jewish <Td_colspan="2"> Government Federal semi-constitutional monarchy ( until August 1916 ) Federal semi-constitutional monarchy under a military dictatorship ( August 1916 to October 1918 ) Federal parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy under a military dictatorship ( October 1918 to November 1918 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Emperor 1871 -- 1888 Wilhelm I 1888 Frederick III 1888 -- 1918 Wilhelm II <Td_colspan="2"> Chancellor 1871 -- 1890 Otto von Bismarck ( first ) 1918 Max von Baden ( last ) <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature Reichstag Federal Council Bundesrat <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era New Imperialism / First World War Unification 18 January 1871 Constitution adopted 16 April 1871 First World War 28 July 1914 German Revolution 3 November 1918 Armistice declared 11 November 1918 Abdication of Wilhelm II 28 November 1918 Treaty of Versailles 28 June 1919 <Td_colspan="3"> Area 1900 540,857.54 km ( 208,826.26 sq mi ) <Td_colspan="3"> Population 1871 est . 40,050,792 1900 est . 52,279,915 <Td_colspan="2"> Density 97 / km ( 250 / sq mi ) 1910 est . 64,925,993 <Td_colspan="2"> Currency Vereinsthaler , South German gulden , Bremen thaler , Hamburg mark , French franc , ( until 1873 , together ) German gold mark , ( 1873 -- 1914 ) German Papiermark ( 1914 -- 1918 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Preceded by Succeeded by North German Confederation Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Württemberg Grand Duchy of Baden Grand Duchy of Hesse Weimar Republic Second Polish Republic Saar Basin Free City of Danzig Republic of Lithuania First Czechoslovak Republic <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of Germany Poland France Denmark Russia Belgium Lithuania <Td_colspan="3"> Area and population not including colonial possessions Area source : Population source : The German Empire ( German : Deutsches Kaiserreich , officially Deutsches Reich ) was the German nation state that existed from the Unification of Germany in 1871 until the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918 . It was founded in 1871 when Wilhelm I , King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty was proclaimed the German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles . Berlin became its capital with the Berlin Palace as the Emperor 's official residence . Its constitution then entered into force , and Otto von Bismarck became the first Chancellor . As these events occurred , the Prussian - led North German Confederation and its southern German allies were still engaged in the Franco - Prussian War . The state was founded with the notable exclusion of Austria , and as such , represented the so - called Lesser German solution ( Kleindeutsche Lösung ) . The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories , most of them ruled by royal families . They included four kingdoms , six grand duchies , five duchies ( six before 1876 ) , seven principalities , three free Hanseatic cities , and one imperial territory . Although Prussia became one of several kingdoms in the new realm , it contained most of Germany 's population and territory , thus remaining a powerhouse with the major say in imperial affairs . Its influence also helped define modern German culture . After 1850 , the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized , with particular strengths in coal , iron ( and later steel ) , chemicals , and railways . In 1871 , Germany had a population of 41 million people ; by 1913 , this had increased to 68 million . A heavily rural collection of states in 1815 , the now united Germany became predominantly urban . During its 47 years of existence , the German Empire was an industrial , technological , and scientific giant , gaining more Nobel Prizes in science than any other country . By 1900 , Germany was the largest economy in Europe , surpassing the United Kingdom , as well as the second - largest in the world , behind only the United States . Until 1879 , Otto von Bismarck 's tenure was marked by relative liberalism , but it became more conservative afterwards . Broad reforms and the Kulturkampf marked his period in the office . Late in Bismarck 's chancellorship and in spite of his personal opposition , Germany became involved in colonialism . Claiming much of the left - over territory that was yet unclaimed in the Scramble for Africa , it managed to build the third - largest colonial empire after the British and the French ones . As a colonial state , it sometimes clashed with other European powers , especially the British Empire . Germany became a great power , boasting a rapidly developing rail network , the world 's strongest army , and a fast - growing industrial base . In less than a decade , its navy became second only to Britain 's Royal Navy . After the removal of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck by Wilhelm II in 1890 , the Empire embarked on a bellicose new course that ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I. In addition , Bismarck 's successors were incapable of maintaining their predecessor 's complex , shifting , and overlapping alliances which had kept Germany from being diplomatically isolated . This period was marked by various factors influencing the Emperor 's decisions , which were often perceived as contradictory or unpredictable by the public . In 1879 , the German Empire consolidated the Dual Alliance with Austria - Hungary , followed by the Triple Alliance with Italy in 1882 . It also retained strong diplomatic ties to the Ottoman Empire . When the great crisis of 1914 arrived , Italy left the alliance and the Ottoman Empire formally joined . In the First World War , German plans to capture Paris quickly in the autumn of 1914 failed . The war on the Western Front became a stalemate . The Allied naval blockade caused severe shortages of food . Germany was repeatedly forced to send troops to bolster Austria - Hungary and Turkey on other fronts . However , Germany had great success on the Eastern Front ; it occupied large Eastern territories following the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917 was designed to strangle the British , but it failed because of the use of a trans - Atlantic convoy system . However , the declaration , along with the Zimmermann Telegram , did bring the United States into the war . Meanwhile , German civilians and soldiers had become war - weary and radicalised by the Russian Revolution . The high command under Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff increasingly controlled the country , as they gambled on one last offensive in spring 1918 before the Americans could arrive in force , using large numbers of troops , aeroplanes , and artillery withdrawn from the Eastern Front . This offensive failed , and by October , the German armies were in retreat , Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed , Bulgaria had surrendered , and the German people had lost faith in their political system . After at first attempting to retain control , causing massive uprisings , the Empire collapsed in the November 1918 Revolution with the abdications of the Emperor and all other ruling monarchs . This left a postwar federal republic to manage a devastated and unsatisfied populace . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Foundation 3 Constituent states 3.1 Map and table 3.2 Other maps 4 Language 4.1 1900 census results 4.2 Linguistic maps 5 Religion 6 Bismarck era 6.1 Foreign policy 6.1. 1 Colonies 6.2 Economy 6.2. 1 Industrial power 6.2. 2 Railways 6.2. 3 Industry 6.3 Consolidation 6.4 Social issues 6.4. 1 Kulturkampf 6.4. 2 Social reform 6.4. 2.1 Germanisation 6.4. 3 Antisemitism 6.5 Law 6.6 Constitution 7 Year of three emperors 8 Wilhelmine era 8.1 Bismarck 's resignation 8.2 Domestic affairs 8.3 Foreign affairs 8.4 Middle East 8.5 Europe 9 World War I 9.1 Origins 9.2 Western Front 9.3 Eastern Front 9.4 Colonies 9.5 1918 9.6 Home front 9.7 Revolt and demise 10 Legacy 10.1 Sonderweg 11 Territorial legacy 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Historiography 14.2 Primary sources 15 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Unification of Germany Otto von Bismarck , the visionary statesman who unified Germany with the help of his skillful political moves and the exploitation of encountered opportunities The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars , after being alluded to in Article 6 of the 1814 Treaty of Paris . German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848 , called Pan-Germanism , to Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck 's pragmatic Realpolitik . Bismarck sought to extend Hohenzollern hegemony throughout the German states ; to do so meant unification of the German states and the exclusion of Prussia 's main German rival , Austria , from the subsequent German empire . He envisioned a conservative , Prussian - dominated Germany . Three wars led to military successes and helped to persuade German people to do this : the Second War of Schleswig against Denmark in 1864 , the Austro - Prussian War in 1866 , and the Franco - Prussian War against France in 1870 -- 71 . The German Confederation ended as a result of the Austro - Prussian War of 1866 between the constituent Confederation entities of the Austrian Empire and its allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia and its allies on the other . The war resulted in the partial replacement of the Confederation in 1867 by a North German Confederation , comprising the 22 states north of the Main . The patriotic fervour generated by the Franco - Prussian War overwhelmed the remaining opposition to a unified Germany ( aside from Austria ) in the four states south of the Main and during November 1870 they joined the North German Confederation by treaty . Foundation ( edit ) Main article : Founding of the German Empire Die Proklamation des Deutschen Kaiserreiches by Anton von Werner ( 1877 ) , depicting the proclamation of Kaiser Wilhelm ( 18 January 1871 , Palace of Versailles ) . Left , on the podium ( in black ) : Crown Prince Frederick ( later Frederick III ) , his father Emperor Wilhelm I , and Frederick I of Baden , proposing a toast to the new emperor . Centre ( in white ) : Otto von Bismarck , first Chancellor of Germany , Helmuth von Moltke the Elder , Prussian Chief of Staff . On 10 December 1870 , the North German Confederation Reichstag renamed the Confederation the `` German Empire '' and gave the title of German Emperor to William I , the King of Prussia , as Bundespräsidium of the Confederation . The new constitution ( Constitution of the German Confederation ) and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871 . During the Siege of Paris on 18 January 1871 , William accepted to be proclaimed Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles . The second German Constitution , adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April 1871 and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April , was substantially based upon Bismarck 's North German Constitution . The political system remained the same . The empire had a parliament called the Reichstag , which was elected by universal male suffrage . However , the original constituencies drawn in 1871 were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas . As a result , by the time of the great expansion of German cities in the 1890s and first decade of the 20th century , rural areas were grossly over-represented . Legislation also required the consent of the Bundesrat , the federal council of deputies from the 27 states . Executive power was vested in the emperor , or Kaiser , who was assisted by a chancellor responsible only to him . The emperor was given extensive powers by the constitution . He alone appointed and dismissed the chancellor ( so in practice the emperor ruled the empire through the chancellor ) , was supreme commander - in - chief of the armed forces , and final arbiter of all foreign affairs , and could also disband the Reichstag to call for new elections . Officially , the chancellor was a one - man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs ; in practice , the State Secretaries ( bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance , war , foreign affairs , etc . ) acted as unofficial portfolio ministers . The Reichstag had the power to pass , amend , or reject bills and to initiate legislation . However , as mentioned above , in practice the real power was vested in the emperor , who exercised it through his chancellor . Although nominally a federal empire and league of equals , in practice , the empire was dominated by the largest and most powerful state , Prussia . Prussia stretched across the northern two - thirds of the new Reich and contained three - fifths of its population . The imperial crown was hereditary in the ruling house of Prussia , the House of Hohenzollern . With the exception of 1872 -- 1873 and 1892 -- 1894 , the chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of Prussia . With 17 out of 58 votes in the Bundesrat , Berlin needed only a few votes from the smaller states to exercise effective control . The other states retained their own governments , but had only limited aspects of sovereignty . For example , both postage stamps and currency were issued for the empire as a whole . Coins through one mark were also minted in the name of the empire , while higher - valued pieces were issued by the states . However , these larger gold and silver issues were virtually commemorative coins and had limited circulation . While the states issued their own decorations and some had their own armies , the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control . Those of the larger states , such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony , were coordinated along Prussian principles and would in wartime be controlled by the federal government . The evolution of the German Empire is somewhat in line with parallel developments in Italy , which became a united nation - state a decade earlier . Some key elements of the German Empire 's authoritarian political structure were also the basis for conservative modernization in Imperial Japan under Meiji and the preservation of an authoritarian political structure under the tsars in the Russian Empire . One factor in the social anatomy of these governments was the retention of a very substantial share in political power by the landed elite , the Junkers , resulting from the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the peasants in combination with urban areas . Although authoritarian in many respects , the empire had some democratic features . Besides universal suffrage , it permitted the development of political parties . Bismarck 's intention was to create a constitutional façade which would mask the continuation of authoritarian policies . In the process , he created a system with a serious flaw . There was a significant disparity between the Prussian and German electoral systems . Prussia used a highly restrictive three - class voting system in which the richest third of the population could choose 85 % of the legislature , all but assuring a conservative majority . As mentioned above , the king and ( with two exceptions ) the prime minister of Prussia were also the emperor and chancellor of the empire -- meaning that the same rulers had to seek majorities from legislatures elected from completely different franchises . Universal suffrage was significantly diluted by gross over-representation of rural areas from the 1890s onward . By the turn of the century , the urban - rural population balance was completely reversed from 1871 ; more than two - thirds of the empire 's people lived in cities and towns . Constituent states ( edit ) Main article : List of states of the German Empire See also : List of historic states of Germany Coat of arms and flags of the constituent states in the year 1900 Before unification , German territory was made up of 27 constituent states . These states consisted of kingdoms , grand duchies , duchies , principalities , free Hanseatic cities and one imperial territory . The free cities had a republican form of government on the state level , even though the Empire at large was constituted as a monarchy , and so were most of the states . The Kingdom of Prussia was the largest of the constituent states , covering two - third of the empire 's territory . Several of these states had gained sovereignty following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire , and had been de facto sovereign from the mid-1600s onward . Others were created as sovereign states after the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . Territories were not necessarily contiguous -- many existed in several parts , as a result of historical acquisitions , or , in several cases , divisions of the ruling families . Some of the initially existing states , in particular Hanover , were abolished and annexed by Prussia as a result of the war of 1866 . Each component of the German Empire sent representatives to the Federal Council ( Bundesrat ) and , via single - member districts , the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . Relations between the Imperial centre and the Empire 's components were somewhat fluid and were developed on an ongoing basis . The extent to which the Emperor could , for example , intervene on occasions of disputed or unclear succession was much debated on occasion -- for example in the inheritance crisis of the Lippe - Detmold . Map and table ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> State Capital <Td_colspan="3"> Kingdoms ( Königreiche ) Prussia ( Preußen ) Berlin Bavaria ( Bayern ) Munich Saxony ( Sachsen ) Dresden Württemberg Stuttgart <Td_colspan="3"> Grand Duchies ( Großherzogtümer ) Baden Karlsruhe Hesse ( Hessen ) Darmstadt Mecklenburg - Schwerin Schwerin Mecklenburg - Strelitz Neustrelitz Oldenburg Oldenburg Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach ( Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach ) Weimar <Td_colspan="3"> Duchies ( Herzogtümer ) Anhalt Dessau Brunswick ( Braunschweig ) Braunschweig Saxe - Altenburg ( Sachsen - Altenburg ) Altenburg Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( Sachsen - Coburg und Gotha ) Coburg Saxe - Meiningen ( Sachsen - Meiningen ) Meiningen <Td_colspan="3"> Principalities ( Fürstentümer ) Lippe Detmold Reuss - Gera ( Junior Line ) Gera Reuss - Greiz ( Elder Line ) Greiz Schaumburg - Lippe Bückeburg Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Rudolstadt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Sondershausen Waldeck and Pyrmont ( Waldeck und Pyrmont ) Arolsen <Td_colspan="3"> Free and Hanseatic Cities ( Freie und Hansestädte ) <Td_colspan="2"> Bremen <Td_colspan="2"> Hamburg <Td_colspan="2"> Lübeck <Td_colspan="3"> Imperial Territories ( Reichsländer ) Alsace - Lorraine ( Elsass - Lothringen ) Straßburg Other maps ( edit ) Administrative map The Empire in 1900 Population density ( c. 1885 ) Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg Colonies in 1914 Imperial territory of Alsace and Lorraine Election constituencies for the Reichstag Reichstag election results , 1912 Fields of Law in the German Empire Different legal systems in Germany prior to 1900 Crime ; convicts in relation to the population 1882 -- 1886 Distribution of Protestants and Catholics in Imperial Germany Distribution of Protestants , Catholics and Jews in Imperial Germany ( Meyers Konversationslexikon ) Distribution of Jews in Imperial Germany Linguistic map of Central Europe , 1906 Detailed 1893 map with cities and larger towns German Army positions 1914 Language ( edit ) Percentage of linguistic minorities of the German Empire in 1900 by Kreis About 92 % of the population spoke German as their first language . The only minority language with a significant number of speakers ( 5.4 % ) was Polish ( a figure that rises to over 6 % when including the related Kashubian and Masurian languages ) . The non-German Germanic languages ( 0.5 % ) , like Danish , Dutch and Frisian , were located in the north and northwest of the empire , near the borders with Denmark , the Netherlands , Belgium , and Luxembourg . Low German was spoken throughout northern Germany and , though linguistically as distinct from High German ( Hochdeutsch ) as from Dutch and English , is considered `` German '' , hence also its name . Danish and Frisian were spoken predominantly in the north of the Prussian province of Schleswig - Holstein and Dutch in the western border areas of Prussia ( Hanover , Westphalia , and the Rhine Province ) . Polish and other Slavic languages ( 6.28 % ) were spoken chiefly in the east . A few ( 0.5 % ) spoke French , especially in the Reichsland Elsass - Lothringen , where French - speakers formed 11.6 % of the total population . 1900 census results ( edit ) Native languages of the citizens of the German Empire ( 1 December 1900 ) Language Count Percentage German 51,883,131 92.05 German and a foreign language 252,918 0.45 Polish 3,086,489 5.48 French 211,679 0.38 Masurian 142,049 0.25 Danish 141,061 0.25 Lithuanian 106,305 0.19 Kashubian 100,213 0.18 Wendish ( Sorbian ) 93,032 0.16 Dutch 80,361 0.14 Italian 65,930 0.12 Moravian ( Czech ) 64,382 0.11 Czech 43,016 0.08 Frisian 20,677 0.04 English 20,217 0.04 Russian 9,617 0.02 Swedish 8,998 0.02 Hungarian 8,158 0.01 Spanish 2,059 0.00 Portuguese 479 0.00 Other foreign languages 14,535 0.03 Imperial citizens on 1 December 1900 56,367,187 100 Linguistic maps ( edit ) Danish Dutch Frisian Polish Czech ( and Moravian ) Masurian Kashubian Sorbian French Walloon Italian Lithuanian non-German Religion ( edit ) Emperor Wilhelm II , who was the Supreme Governor of the Evangelical Church of Prussia 's older Provinces , and Empress Augusta Victoria after the inauguration of the Evangelical Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem ( Reformation Day , 31 October 1898 ) . Generally , religious demographics of the early modern period hardly changed . Still , there were almost entirely Catholic areas ( Lower and Upper Bavaria , northern Westphalia , Upper Silesia , etc . ) and almost entirely Protestant areas ( Schleswig - Holstein , Pomerania , Saxony , etc . ) . Confessional prejudices , especially towards mixed marriages , were still common . Bit by bit , through internal migration , religious blending was more and more common . In eastern territories , confession was almost uniquely perceived to be connected to one 's ethnicity and the equation `` Protestant = German , Catholic = Polish '' was held to be valid . In areas affected by immigration in the Ruhr area and Westphalia , as well as in some large cities , religious landscape changed substantially . This was especially true in largely Catholic areas of Westphalia , which changed through Protestant immigration from the eastern provinces . Politically , the confessional division of Germany had considerable consequences . In Catholic areas , the Centre Party had a big electorate . On the other hand , Social Democrats and Free Trade Unions usually received hardly any votes in the Catholic areas of the Ruhr . This began to change with the secularization arising in the last decades of the German Empire . Religious confessions in the German Empire 1880 Area <Th_colspan="2"> Protestant <Th_colspan="2"> Catholic <Th_colspan="2"> Other Christian <Th_colspan="2"> Jewish <Th_colspan="2"> Other Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Prussia 17,633,279 64 , 64 9,206,283 33 , 75 52,225 0 , 19 363,790 1 , 33 23,534 0 , 09 Bavaria 1,477,952 27 , 97 3,748,253 70 , 93 5,017 0 , 09 53,526 1 , 01 30 0 , 00 Saxony 2,886,806 97 , 11 74,333 2 , 50 4,809 0 , 16 6,518 0 , 22 339 0 , 01 Württemberg 1,364,580 69 , 23 590,290 29 , 95 2,817 0 , 14 13,331 0 , 68 100 0 , 01 Baden 547,461 34 , 86 993,109 63 , 25 2,280 0 , 15 27,278 1 , 74 126 0 , 01 Alsace - Lotharingia 305,315 19 , 49 1,218,513 77 , 78 3,053 0 , 19 39,278 2 , 51 511 0 , 03 German Empire 28,331,152 62 , 63 16,232,651 35 , 89 78,031 0 , 17 561,612 1 , 24 30,615 0 , 07 Bismarck era ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Germany Early history ( show ) Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Medieval Germany ( show ) East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period ( show ) Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification ( show ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848 German Empire ( 1849 ) North German Confederation German Reich ( show ) German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Alsace - Lorraine Saar Danzig Memel Austria Sudetenland Nazi Germany Cold War era ( show ) Occupation Ostgebiete Expulsion of Germans West Germany East Germany Saar German reunification Contemporary ( show ) New federal states Reunified Germany By topic ( show ) Timeline Economic history Military history Territorial evolution Berlin Women 's history Names of Germany Germany portal Otto von Bismarck Bismarck 's domestic policies played an important role in forging the authoritarian political culture of the Kaiserreich . Less preoccupied by continental power politics following unification in 1871 , Germany 's semi-parliamentary government carried out a relatively smooth economic and political revolution from above that pushed them along the way towards becoming the world 's leading industrial power of the time . Bismarck 's `` revolutionary conservatism '' was a conservative state - building strategy designed to make ordinary Germans -- not just the Junker elite -- more loyal to throne and empire . According to Kees van Kersbergen and Barbara Vis , his strategy was : granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society , to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter , to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups , and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist forces of liberalism and socialism . He created the modern welfare state in Germany in the 1880s and enacted universal male suffrage in the new German Empire in 1871 . He became a great hero to German conservatives , who erected many monuments to his memory and tried to emulate his policies . Foreign policy ( edit ) Bismarck 's post-1871 foreign policy was conservative and sought to preserve the balance of power in Europe . British historian Eric Hobsbawm concludes that he `` remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871 , ( devoting ) himself exclusively , and successfully , to maintaining peace between the powers '' . His chief concern was that France would plot revenge after its defeat in the Franco - Prussian War . As the French lacked the strength to defeat Germany by themselves , they sought an alliance with Russia , which would trap Germany between the two in a war ( as would ultimately happen in 1914 ) . Bismarck wanted to prevent this at all costs and maintain friendly relations with the Russians , and thereby formed an alliance with them and Austria - Hungary ( which by the 1880s was being slowly reduced to a German satellite ) , the Dreikaiserbund ( League of Three Emperors ) . During this period , individuals within the German military were advocating a preemptive strike against Russia , but Bismarck knew that such ideas were foolhardy . He once wrote that `` the most brilliant victories would not avail against the Russian nation , because of its climate , its desert , and its frugality , and having but one frontier to defend '' , and because it would leave Germany with another bitter , resentful neighbour . Meanwhile , the chancellor remained wary of any foreign policy developments that looked even remotely warlike . In 1886 , he moved to stop an attempted sale of horses to France on the grounds that they might be used for cavalry and also ordered an investigation into large Russian purchases of medicine from a German chemical works . Bismarck stubbornly refused to listen to Georg Herbert zu Munster ( ambassador to France ) , who reported back that the French were not seeking a revanchist war , and in fact were desperate for peace at all costs . Bismarck and most of his contemporaries were conservative - minded and focused their foreign policy attention on Germany 's neighbouring states . In 1914 , 60 % of German foreign investment was in Europe , as opposed to just 5 % of British investment . Most of the money went to developing nations such as Russia that lacked the capital or technical knowledge to industrialize on their own . The construction of the Baghdad Railway , financed by German banks , was designed to eventually connect Germany with the Turkish Empire and the Persian Gulf , but it also collided with British and Russian geopolitical interests . Colonies ( edit ) Main article : German colonial empire A postage stamp from the Carolines Bismarck secured a number of German colonial possessions during the 1880s in Africa and the Pacific , but he never considered an overseas colonial empire valuable ; Germany 's colonies remained badly undeveloped . However they excited the interest of the religious - minded , who supported an extensive network of missionaries . Germans had dreamed of colonial imperialism since 1848 . Bismarck began the process , and by 1884 had acquired German New Guinea . By the 1890s , German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ( Kiauchau in China , Tientsin in China , the Marianas , the Caroline Islands , Samoa ) led to frictions with the UK , Russia , Japan , and the US . The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa , where the Herero Wars in what is now Namibia in 1906 -- 07 resulted in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of Germany See also : Urbanization in the German Empire By 1900 , Germany became the largest economy in Europe and the second largest in the world behind the United States . Previously , the United Kingdom held that spot . Germany 's main economic rivals were the United Kingdom and the United States . Throughout its existence , it experienced economic growth and modernization led by heavy industry . In 1871 , it had a largely rural population of 41 million , while by 1913 this had increased to a predominantly urban population of 68 million . Industrial power ( edit ) For 30 years , Germany struggled against Britain to be Europe 's leading industrial power . Representative of Germany 's industry was the steel giant Krupp , whose first factory was built in Essen . By 1902 , the factory alone became `` A great city with its own streets , its own police force , fire department and traffic laws . There are 150 kilometres of rail , 60 different factory buildings , 8,500 machine tools , seven electrical stations , 140 kilometres of underground cable and 46 overhead . '' Under Bismarck , Germany was a world innovator in building the welfare state . German workers enjoyed health , accident and maternity benefits , canteens , changing rooms and a national pension scheme . Railways ( edit ) Lacking a technological base at first , the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain , but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways . In many cities , the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training , so that by 1850 , Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction , and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry . However , German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation , nationalisation into state - owned companies , and further rapid growth . Unlike the situation in France , the goal was support of industrialisation , and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts , and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen . By 1880 , Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight , and forged ahead of France . The total length of German railroad tracks expanded from 21,000 kilometers in 1871 to 63,000 kilometres by 1913 , establishing the largest rail network in the world after the United States , and effectively surpassing the 32,000 kilometers of rail that connected Britain in the same year . Krupp Works in Essen , 1890 Industry ( edit ) Industrialisation progressed dynamically in Germany and German manufacturers began to capture domestic markets from British imports , and also to compete with British industry abroad , particularly in the U.S. The German textile and metal industries had by 1870 surpassed those of Britain in organisation and technical efficiency and superseded British manufacturers in the domestic market . Germany became the dominant economic power on the continent and was the second largest exporting nation after Britain . Technological progress during German industrialisation occurred in four waves : the railway wave ( 1877 -- 1886 ) , the dye wave ( 1887 -- 1896 ) , the chemical wave ( 1897 -- 1902 ) , and the wave of electrical engineering ( 1903 -- 1918 ) . Since Germany industrialised later than Britain , it was able to model its factories after those of Britain , thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology . Germany invested more heavily than the British in research , especially in chemistry , motors and electricity . Germany 's dominance in physics and chemistry was such that one - third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers . The German cartel system ( known as Konzerne ) , being significantly concentrated , was able to make more efficient use of capital . Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense . Following Germany 's annexation of Alsace - Lorraine in 1871 , it absorbed parts of what had been France 's industrial base . By 1900 , the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes . The three major firms BASF , Bayer and Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes , along with the five smaller firms . In 1913 , these eight firms produced almost 90 % of the world supply of dyestuffs and sold about 80 % of their production abroad . The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals , photographic film , agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals . Top - level decision - making was in the hands of professional salaried managers ; leading Chandler to call the German dye companies `` the world 's first truly managerial industrial enterprises '' . There were many spinoffs from research -- such as the pharmaceutical industry , which emerged from chemical research . By the start of World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) , German industry switched to war production . The heaviest demands were on coal and steel for artillery and shell production , and on chemicals for the synthesis of materials that were subject to import restrictions and for chemical weapons and war supplies . Consolidation ( edit ) The creation of the Empire under Prussian leadership was a victory for the concept of Kleindeutschland ( Smaller Germany ) over the Großdeutschland concept . This meant that Austria - Hungary , a multi-ethnic Empire with a considerable German - speaking population , would remain outside of the German nation state . Bismarck 's policy was to pursue a solution diplomatically . The effective alliance between Germany and Austria played a major role in Germany 's decision to enter World War I in 1914 . Bismarck announced there would be no more territorial additions to Germany in Europe , and his diplomacy after 1871 was focused on stabilizing the European system and preventing any wars . He succeeded , and only after his ouster in 1890 did the diplomatic tensions start rising again . Social issues ( edit ) After achieving formal unification in 1871 , Bismarck devoted much of his attention to the cause of national unity . He opposed conservative Catholic activism and emancipation , especially the powers of the Vatican under Pope Pius IX , and working class radicalism , represented by the emerging Social Democratic Party . Kulturkampf ( edit ) Main article : Kulturkampf See also : Pope Pius IX and Germany Tensions between Germany and the Catholic Church hierarchy are depicted in a chess game between Bismarck and Pope Pius IX . Between Berlin and Rome , Kladderadatsch , 1875 . Prussia in 1871 included 16,000,000 Protestants , both Reformed and Lutheran , and 8,000,000 Catholics . Most people were generally segregated into their own religious worlds , living in rural districts or city neighbourhoods that were overwhelmingly of the same religion , and sending their children to separate public schools where their religion was taught . There was little interaction or intermarriage . On the whole , the Protestants had a higher social status , and the Catholics were more likely to be peasant farmers or unskilled or semiskilled industrial workers . In 1870 , the Catholics formed their own political party , the Centre Party , which generally supported unification and most of Bismarck 's policies . However , Bismarck distrusted parliamentary democracy in general and opposition parties in particular , especially when the Centre Party showed signs of gaining support among dissident elements such as the Polish Catholics in Silesia . A powerful intellectual force of the time was anti-Catholicism , led by the liberal intellectuals who formed a vital part of Bismarck 's coalition . They saw the Catholic Church as a powerful force of reaction and anti-modernity , especially after the proclamation of papal infallibility in 1870 , and the tightening control of the Vatican over the local bishops . The Kulturkampf launched by Bismarck 1871 -- 1880 affected Prussia ; although there were similar movements in Baden and Hesse , the rest of Germany was not affected . According to the new imperial constitution , the states were in charge of religious and educational affairs ; they funded the Protestant and Catholic schools . In July 1871 Bismarck abolished the Catholic section of the Prussian Ministry of ecclesiastical and educational affairs , depriving Catholics of their voice at the highest level . The system of strict government supervision of schools was applied only in Catholic areas ; the Protestant schools were left alone . Much more serious were the May laws of 1873 . One made the appointment of any priest dependent on his attendance at a German university , as opposed to the seminaries that the Catholics typically used . Furthermore , all candidates for the ministry had to pass an examination in German culture before a state board which weeded out intransigent Catholics . Another provision gave the government a veto power over most church activities . A second law abolished the jurisdiction of the Vatican over the Catholic Church in Prussia ; its authority was transferred to a government body controlled by Protestants . Nearly all German bishops , clergy , and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws , and were defiant in the face of heavier and heavier penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck 's government . By 1876 , all the Prussian bishops were imprisoned or in exile , and a third of the Catholic parishes were without a priest . In the face of systematic defiance , the Bismarck government increased the penalties and its attacks , and were challenged in 1875 when a papal encyclical declared the whole ecclesiastical legislation of Prussia was invalid , and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who obeyed . There was no violence , but the Catholics mobilized their support , set up numerous civic organizations , raised money to pay fines , and rallied behind their church and the Centre Party . The `` Old Catholic Church '' , which rejected the First Vatican Council , attracted only a few thousand members . Bismarck , a devout pietistic Protestant , realized his Kulturkampf was backfiring when secular and socialist elements used the opportunity to attack all religion . In the long run , the most significant result was the mobilization of the Catholic voters , and their insistence on protecting their religious identity . In the elections of 1874 , the Centre party doubled its popular vote , and became the second - largest party in the national parliament -- and remained a powerful force for the next 60 years , so that after Bismarck it became difficult to form a government without their support . Social reform ( edit ) Bismarck built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s . In the 1880s he introduced old - age pensions , accident insurance , medical care and unemployment insurance that formed the basis of the modern European welfare state . He came to realize that this sort of policy was very appealing , since it bound workers to the state , and also fit in very well with his authoritarian nature . The social security systems installed by Bismarck ( health care in 1883 , accident insurance in 1884 , invalidity and old - age insurance in 1889 ) at the time were the largest in the world and , to a degree , still exist in Germany today . Bismarck 's paternalistic programs won the support of German industry because its goals were to win the support of the working classes for the Empire and reduce the outflow of immigrants to America , where wages were higher but welfare did not exist . Bismarck further won the support of both industry and skilled workers by his high tariff policies , which protected profits and wages from American competition , although they alienated the liberal intellectuals who wanted free trade . Germanisation ( edit ) One of the effects of the unification policies was the gradually increasing tendency to eliminate the use of non-German languages in public life , schools and academic settings with the intent of pressuring the non-German population to abandon their national identity in what was called `` Germanisation '' . These policies often had the reverse effect of stimulating resistance , usually in the form of home schooling and tighter unity in the minority groups , especially the Poles . The Germanisation policies were targeted particularly against the significant Polish minority of the empire , gained by Prussia in the partitions of Poland . Poles were treated as an ethnic minority even where they made up the majority , as in the Province of Posen , where a series of anti-Polish measures was enforced . Numerous anti-Polish laws had no great effect especially in the province of Posen where the German - speaking population dropped from 42.8 % in 1871 to 38.1 % in 1905 , despite all efforts . Antisemitism ( edit ) Antisemitism was endemic in Germany during the period . Before Napoleon 's decrees ended the ghettos in Germany , it had been religiously motivated , but by the 19th century , it was a factor in German nationalism . The last legal barriers on Jews in Prussia were lifted by the 1860s , and within 20 years , they were over-represented in the white - collar professions and much of academia . In the popular mind Jews became a symbol of capitalism and wealth . On the other hand , the constitution and legal system protected the rights of Jews as German citizens . Antisemitic parties were formed but soon collapsed . Law ( edit ) Bismarck 's efforts also initiated the levelling of the enormous differences between the German states , which had been independent in their evolution for centuries , especially with legislation . The completely different legal histories and judicial systems posed enormous complications , especially for national trade . While a common trade code had already been introduced by the Confederation in 1861 ( which was adapted for the Empire and , with great modifications , is still in effect today ) , there was little similarity in laws otherwise . In 1871 , a common Criminal Code ( Reichsstrafgesetzbuch ) was introduced ; in 1877 , common court procedures were established in the court system ( Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz ) , civil procedures ( Zivilprozessordnung ) and criminal procedures ( Strafprozessordnung ) . In 1873 the constitution was amended to allow the Empire to replace the various and greatly differing Civil Codes of the states ( If they existed at all ; for example , parts of Germany formerly occupied by Napoleon 's France had adopted the French Civil Code , while in Prussia the Allgemeines Preußisches Landrecht of 1794 was still in effect ) . In 1881 , a first commission was established to produce a common Civil Code for all of the Empire , an enormous effort that would produce the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ( BGB ) , possibly one of the most impressive legal works in the world ; it was eventually put into effect on 1 January 1900 . All of these codifications are , albeit with many amendments , still in effect today . Constitution ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the German Empire The Empire 's constitution was based on two houses of Parliament , the Bundesrat and the Reichstag . There was universal male suffrage for the Reichstag , however legislation would have to pass both houses . The Bundesrat contained representatives of the states , in which the voting system was based on classes and wealth . This meant that wealthier classes always had a veto over any legislation . Year of three Emperors ( edit ) Frederick III , emperor for only 99 days ( 9 March -- 15 June 1888 ) . Main article : Year of Three Emperors On 9 March 1888 , Wilhelm I died shortly before his 91st birthday , leaving his son Frederick III as the new emperor . Frederick was a liberal and an admirer of the British constitution , while his links to Britain strengthened further with his marriage to Princess Victoria , eldest child of Queen Victoria . With his ascent to the throne , many hoped that Frederick 's reign would lead to a liberalisation of the Reich and an increase of parliament 's influence on the political process . The dismissal of Robert von Puttkamer , the highly - conservative Prussian interior minister , on 8 June was a sign of the expected direction and a blow to Bismarck 's administration . By the time of his accession , however , Frederick had developed incurable laryngeal cancer , which had been diagnosed in 1887 . He died on the 99th day of his rule , on 15 June 1888 . His son Wilhelm II became emperor . Wilhelmine era ( edit ) Bismarck 's resignation ( edit ) Wilhelm II , German Emperor . Oil painting by Max Koner , 1890 . Wilhelm II wanted to reassert his ruling prerogatives at a time when other monarchs in Europe were being transformed into constitutional figureheads . This decision led the ambitious Kaiser into conflict with Bismarck . The old chancellor had hoped to guide Wilhelm as he had guided his grandfather , but the emperor wanted to be the master in his own house and had many sycophants telling him that Frederick the Great would not have been great with a Bismarck at his side . A key difference between Wilhelm II and Bismarck was their approaches to handling political crises , especially in 1889 , when German coal miners went on strike in Upper Silesia . Bismarck demanded that the German Army be sent in to crush the strike , but Wilhelm II rejected this authoritarian measure , responding `` I do not wish to stain my reign with the blood of my subjects . '' Instead of condoning repression , Wilhelm had the government negotiate with a delegation from the coal miners , which brought the strike to an end without violence . The fractious relationship ended in March 1890 , after Wilhelm II and Bismarck quarrelled , and the chancellor resigned days later . Bismarck 's last few years had seen power slip from his hands as he grew older , more irritable , more authoritarian , and less focused . With Bismarck 's departure , Wilhelm II became the dominant ruler of Germany . Unlike his grandfather , Wilhelm I , who had been largely content to leave government affairs to the chancellor , Wilhelm II wanted to be fully informed and actively involved in running Germany , not an ornamental figurehead , although most Germans found his claims of divine right to rule amusing . Wilhelm allowed politician Walther Rathenau to tutor him in European economics and industrial and financial realities in Europe . As Hull ( 2004 ) notes , Bismarckian foreign policy `` was too sedate for the reckless Kaiser '' . Wilhelm became internationally notorious for his aggressive stance on foreign policy and his strategic blunders ( such as the Tangier Crisis ) , which pushed the German Empire into growing political isolation and eventually helped to cause World War I . Domestic affairs ( edit ) The Reichstag in the 1890s / early 1900s . Under Wilhelm II , Germany no longer had long - ruling strong chancellors like Bismarck . The new chancellors had difficulty in performing their roles , especially the additional role as Prime Minister of Prussia assigned to them in the German Constitution . The reforms of Chancellor Leo von Caprivi , which liberalized trade and so reduced unemployment , were supported by the Kaiser and most Germans except for Prussian landowners , who feared loss of land and power and launched several campaigns against the reforms . While Prussian aristocrats challenged the demands of a united German state , in the 1890s several organizations were set up to challenge the authoritarian conservative Prussian militarism which was being imposed on the country . Educators opposed to the German state - run schools , which emphasized military education , set up their own independent liberal schools , which encouraged individuality and freedom . However nearly all the schools in Imperial Germany had a very high standard and kept abreast with modern developments in knowledge . Artists began experimental art in opposition to Kaiser Wilhelm 's support for traditional art , to which Wilhelm responded `` art which transgresses the laws and limits laid down by me can no longer be called art '' . It was largely thanks to Wilhelm 's influence that most printed material in Germany used blackletter instead of the Roman type used in the rest of Western Europe . At the same time , a new generation of cultural creators emerged . Berlin in the late 19th century From the 1890s onwards , the most effective opposition to the monarchy came from the newly formed Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , whose radicals advocated Marxism . The threat of the SPD to the German monarchy and industrialists caused the state both to crack down on the party 's supporters and to implement its own programme of social reform to soothe discontent . Germany 's large industries provided significant social welfare programmes and good care to their employees , as long as they were not identified as socialists or trade - union members . The larger industrial firms provided pensions , sickness benefits and even housing to their employees . Having learned from the failure of Bismarck 's Kulturkampf , Wilhelm II maintained good relations with the Roman Catholic Church and concentrated on opposing socialism . This policy failed when the Social Democrats won a third of the votes in the 1912 elections to the Reichstag , and became the largest political party in Germany . The government remained in the hands of a succession of conservative coalitions supported by right - wing liberals or Catholic clerics and heavily dependent on the Kaiser 's favour . The rising militarism under Wilhelm II caused many Germans to emigrate to the U.S. and the British colonies to escape mandatory military service . During World War I , the Kaiser increasingly devolved his powers to the leaders of the German High Command , particularly future President of Germany , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff . Hindenburg took over the role of commander -- in -- chief from the Kaiser , while Ludendorff became de facto general chief of staff . By 1916 , Germany was effectively a military dictatorship run by Hindenburg and Ludendorff , with the Kaiser reduced to a mere figurehead . Foreign affairs ( edit ) Main article : German colonial empire German colonial flag Bismarck at the Berlin Conference , 1884 Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have her `` place in the sun '' , like Britain , which he constantly wished to emulate or rival . With German traders and merchants already active worldwide , he encouraged colonial efforts in Africa and the Pacific ( `` new imperialism '' ) , causing the German Empire to vie with other European powers for remaining `` unclaimed '' territories . With the encouragement or at least the acquiescence of Britain , which at this stage saw Germany as a counterweight to her old rival France , Germany acquired German Southwest Africa ( today Namibia ) , German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) , Togoland and German East Africa ( Modern day Rwanda , Burundi , and the mainland part of current Tanzania ) . Islands were gained in the Pacific through purchase and treaties and also a 99 - year lease for the territory of Kiautschou in northeast China . But of these German colonies only Togoland and German Samoa ( after 1908 ) became self - sufficient and profitable ; all the others required subsidies from the Berlin treasury for building infrastructure , school systems , hospitals and other institutions . Bismarck had originally dismissed the agitation for colonies with contempt ; he favoured a Eurocentric foreign policy , as the treaty arrangements made during his tenure in office show . As a latecomer to colonization , Germany repeatedly came into conflict with the established colonial powers and also with the United States , which opposed German attempts at colonial expansion in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . Native insurrections in German territories received prominent coverage in other countries , especially in Britain ; the established powers had dealt with such uprisings decades earlier , often brutally , and had secured firm control of their colonies by then . The Boxer Rising in China , which the Chinese government eventually sponsored , began in the Shandong province , in part because Germany , as colonizer at Kiautschou , was an untested power and had only been active there for two years . Eight western nations , including the United States , mounted a joint relief force to rescue westerners caught up in the rebellion ; and during the departure ceremonies for the German contingent , Wilhelm II urged them to behave like the Hun invaders of continental Europe -- an unfortunate remark that would later be resurrected by British propagandists to paint Germans as barbarians during World War I and World War II . On two occasions , a French - German conflict over the fate of Morocco seemed inevitable . Hoisting the German flag at Mioko , German New Guinea in 1884 Upon acquiring Southwest Africa , German settlers were encouraged to cultivate land held by the Herero and Nama . Herero and Nama tribal lands were used for a variety of exploitative goals ( much as the British did before in Rhodesia ) , including farming , ranching , and mining for minerals and diamonds . In 1904 , the Herero and the Nama revolted against the colonists in Southwest Africa , killing farm families , their laborers and servants . In response to the attacks , troops were dispatched to quell the uprising which then resulted in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide . In total , some 65,000 Herero ( 80 % of the total Herero population ) , and 10,000 Nama ( 50 % of the total Nama population ) perished . The commander of the punitive expedition , General Lothar von Trotha , was eventually relieved and reprimanded for his usurpation of orders and the cruelties he inflicted . These occurrences were sometimes referred to as `` the first genocide of the 20th century '' and officially condemned by the United Nations in 1985 . In 2004 a formal apology by a government minister of the Federal Republic of Germany followed . Middle East ( edit ) Bismarck and Wilhelm II after him sought closer economic ties with the Ottoman Empire . Under Wilhelm II , with the financial backing of the Deutsche Bank , the Baghdad Railway was begun in 1900 , although by 1914 it was still 500 km ( 310 mi ) short of its destination in Baghdad . In an interview with Wilhelm in 1899 , Cecil Rhodes had tried `` to convince the Kaiser that the future of the German empire abroad lay in the Middle East '' and not in Africa ; with a grand Middle - Eastern empire , Germany could afford to allow Britain the unhindered completion of the Cape - to - Cairo railway that Rhodes favoured . Britain initially supported the Baghdad Railway ; but by 1911 British statesmen came to fear it might be extended to Basra on the Persian Gulf , threatening Britain 's naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean . Accordingly , they asked to have construction halted , to which Germany and the Ottoman Empire acquiesced . Europe ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War I and Diplomatic history of World War I Wilhelm II and his advisers committed a fatal diplomatic error when they allowed the `` Reinsurance Treaty '' that Bismarck had negotiated with Tsarist Russia to lapse . Germany was left with no firm ally but Austria - Hungary , and her support for action in annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 further soured relations with Russia . Wilhelm missed the opportunity to secure an alliance with Britain in the 1890s when it was involved in colonial rivalries with France , and he alienated British statesmen further by openly supporting the Boers in the South African War and building a navy to rival Britain 's . By 1911 Wilhelm had completely picked apart the careful power balance established by Bismarck and Britain turned to France in the Entente Cordiale . Germany 's only other ally besides Austria was the Kingdom of Italy , but it remained an ally only pro forma . When war came , Italy saw more benefit in an alliance with Britain , France , and Russia , which , in the secret Treaty of London in 1915 promised it the frontier districts of Austria where Italians formed the majority of the population and also colonial concessions . Germany did acquire a second ally that same year when the Ottoman Empire entered the war on its side , but in the long run supporting the Ottoman war effort only drained away German resources from the main fronts . World war I ( edit ) See also : History of Germany during World War I Map of the world showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Entente 's side ( at one point or another ) are depicted in green , the Central Powers in orange , and neutral countries in grey . Origins ( edit ) Following the assassination of the Austro - Hungarian Archduke of Austria - Este , Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb , the Kaiser offered Emperor Franz Joseph full support for Austro - Hungarian plans to invade the Kingdom of Serbia , which Austria - Hungary blamed for the assassination . This unconditional support for Austria - Hungary was called a `` blank cheque '' by historians , including German Fritz Fischer . Subsequent interpretation -- for example at the Versailles Peace Conference -- was that this `` blank cheque '' licensed Austro - Hungarian aggression regardless of the diplomatic consequences , and thus Germany bore responsibility for starting the war , or at least provoking a wider conflict . Germany began the war by targeting its chief rival , France . Germany saw France as its principal danger on the European continent as it could mobilize much faster than Russia and bordered Germany 's industrial core in the Rhineland . Unlike Britain and Russia , the French entered the war mainly for revenge against Germany , in particular for France 's loss of Alsace - Lorraine to Germany in 1871 . The German high command knew that France would muster its forces to go into Alsace - Lorraine . Aside from the very unofficial Septemberprogramm , the Germans never stated a clear list of goals that they wanted out of the war . Western Front ( edit ) The mobilization in 1914 Germany did not want to risk lengthy battles along the Franco - German border and instead adopted the Schlieffen Plan , a military strategy designed to cripple France by invading Belgium and Luxembourg , sweeping down around Paris and encircling and crushing both Paris and the French forces along the Franco - German border in a quick victory . After defeating France , Germany would turn to attack Russia . The plan required the violation of Belgium 's and Luxembourg 's official neutrality , which Britain had guaranteed by treaty . However , the Germans had calculated that Britain would enter the war regardless of whether they had formal justification to do so . At first the attack was successful : the German Army swept down from Belgium and Luxembourg and was nearly at Paris , at the nearby River Marne . However , the evolution of weapons over the last century heavily favored defense over offense , especially thanks to the machine gun , so that it took proportionally more offensive force to overcome a defensive position . This resulted in the German lines on the offense contracting to keep up the offensive time table while correspondingly the French lines were extending . In addition , some German units that were originally slotted for the German far right were transferred to the Eastern Front in reaction to Russia mobilizing far faster than anticipated . The combined affect had the German right flank sweeping down in front of Paris instead of behind it exposing the German Right flank to the extending French lines and attack from strategic French reserves stationed in Paris . Attacking the exposed German right flank , the French Army and the British Army put up a strong resistance to the defense of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne resulting in the German Army retreating . The aftermath of the First Battle of the Marne was a long - held stalemate between the German Army and the Allies in dug - in trench warfare . Further German attempts to break through deeper into France failed at the two battles of Ypres ( 1st / 2nd ) with huge casualties . German Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn decided to break away from the Schlieffen Plan and instead focus on a war of attrition against France . Falkenhayn targeted the ancient city of Verdun because it had been one of the last cities to hold out against the German Army in 1870 , and Falkenhayn knew that as a matter of national pride the French would do anything to ensure that it was not taken . He expected that with proper tactics , French losses would be greater than those of the Germans and that continued French commitment of troops to Verdun would `` bleed the French Army white '' and then allow the German army to take France easily . In 1916 , the Battle of Verdun began , with the French positions under constant shelling and poison gas attack and taking large casualties under the assault of overwhelmingly large German forces . However , Falkenhayn 's prediction of a greater ratio of French killed proved to be wrong . Falkenhayn was replaced by Erich Ludendorff , and with no success in sight , the German Army pulled out of Verdun in December 1916 and the battle ended . Eastern Front ( edit ) Front line at the time of cease - fire and at the time of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . While the Western Front was a stalemate for the German Army , the Eastern Front eventually proved to be a great success . Despite initial setbacks due to the unexpectedly rapid mobilisation of the Russian army , which resulted in a Russian invasion of East Prussia and Austrian Galicia , the badly organised and supplied Russian Army faltered and the German and Austro - Hungarian armies thereafter steadily advanced eastward . The Germans benefited from political instability in Russia and its population 's desire to end the war . In 1917 the German government allowed Russia 's communist Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin to travel through Germany from Switzerland into Russia . Germany believed that if Lenin could create further political unrest , Russia would no longer be able to continue its war with Germany , allowing the German Army to focus on the Western Front . In March 1917 , the Tsar was ousted from the Russian throne , and in November a Bolshevik government came to power under the leadership of Lenin . Facing political opposition to the Bolsheviks , he decided to end Russia 's campaign against Germany , Austria - Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria in order to redirect Bolshevik energy to eliminating internal dissent . In 1918 , by the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , the Bolshevik government gave Germany and the Ottoman Empire enormous territorial and economic concessions in exchange for an end to war on the Eastern Front . All of the modern - day Baltic states ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) were given over to the German occupation authority Ober Ost , along with Belarus and Ukraine . Thus Germany had at last achieved its long - wanted dominance of `` Mitteleuropa '' ( Central Europe ) and could now focus fully on defeating the Allies on the Western Front . In practice , however , the forces that were needed to garrison and secure the new territories were a drain on the German war effort . Colonies ( edit ) Germany quickly lost almost all its colonies . However , in German East Africa , an impressive guerrilla campaign was waged by the colonial army leader there , General Paul Emil von Lettow - Vorbeck . Using Germans and native Askaris , Lettow - Vorbeck launched multiple guerrilla raids against British forces in Kenya and Rhodesia . He also invaded Portuguese Mozambique to gain his forces supplies and to pick up more Askari recruits . His force was still active at war 's end . 1918 ( edit ) Defeating Russia in 1917 enabled Germany to transfer hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front , giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies . By retraining the soldiers in new stormtrooper tactics , the Germans expected to unfreeze the battlefield and win a decisive victory before the army of the United States , which had now entered the war on the side of Britain and France , arrived in strength . However , the repeated German offensives in the autumn of 1917 and the spring of 1918 all failed , as the Allies fell back and regrouped and the Germans lacked the reserves needed to consolidate their gains . Meanwhile , soldiers had become radicalised by the Russian Revolution and were less willing to continue fighting . The war effort sparked civil unrest in Germany , while the troops , who had been constantly in the field without relief , grew exhausted and lost all hope of victory . In the summer of 1918 , with the Americans arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day and the German reserves spent , it was only a matter of time before multiple Allied offensives destroyed the German army . Home Front ( edit ) The concept of `` total war '' meant that supplies had to be redirected towards the armed forces and , with German commerce being stopped by the Allied naval blockade , German civilians were forced to live in increasingly meagre conditions . First food prices were controlled , then rationing was introduced . During the war about 750,000 German civilians died from malnutrition . A memorial to soldiers killed in World War I . Towards the end of the war conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front , with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas . The causes included the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military , combined with the overburdened railway system , shortages of coal , and the British blockade . The winter of 1916 -- 1917 was known as the `` turnip winter '' , because the people had to survive on a vegetable more commonly reserved for livestock , as a substitute for potatoes and meat , which were increasingly scarce . Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry , who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves . Even the army had to cut the soldiers ' rations . The morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink . Revolt and demise ( edit ) Many Germans wanted an end to the war and increasing numbers began to associate with the political left , such as the Social Democratic Party and the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party , which demanded an end to the war . The entry of the U.S. into the war in April 1917 changed the long - run balance of power in favour of the Allies . The end of October 1918 , in Kiel , in northern Germany , saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 . Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost , initiating the uprising . On 3 November , the revolt spread to other cities and states of the country , in many of which workers ' and soldiers ' councils were established . Meanwhile , Hindenburg and the senior generals lost confidence in the Kaiser and his government . Bulgaria signed the Armistice of Solun on 29 September 1918 . The Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918 . Between 24 October and 3 November 1918 , Italy defeated Austria - Hungary in the battle of Vittorio Veneto , which forced Austria - Hungary to sign the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918 . So , in November 1918 , with internal revolution , the Allies advancing toward Germany on the Western Front , Austria - Hungary falling apart from multiple ethnic tensions , its other allies out of the war and pressure from the German high command , the Kaiser and all German ruling princes abdicated . On 9 November , the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a republic . The new government led by the German Social Democrats called for and received an armistice on 11 November . It was succeeded by the Weimar Republic . Those opposed , including disaffected veterans , joined a diverse set of paramilitary and underground political groups such as the Freikorps , the Organisation Consul , and the Communists . Legacy ( edit ) The defeat and aftermath of the First World War and the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles shaped the positive memory of the Empire , especially among Germans who distrusted and despised the Weimar Republic . Conservatives , liberals , socialists , nationalists , Catholics and Protestants all had their own interpretations , which led to a fractious political and social climate in Germany in the aftermath of the empire 's collapse . War flag of the German Empire . In 1956 , the Iron Cross was re-introduced as the symbol of the Bundeswehr , the modern German armed forces . Under Bismarck , a united German state had finally been achieved , but it remained a Prussian - dominated state and did not include German Austria as Pan-German nationalists had desired . The influence of Prussian militarism , the Empire 's colonial efforts and its vigorous , competitive industrial prowess all gained it the dislike and envy of other nations . The German Empire enacted a number of progressive reforms , such as Europe 's first social welfare system and freedom of press . There was also a modern system for electing the federal parliament , the Reichstag , in which every adult man had one vote . This enabled the Socialists and the Catholic Centre Party to play considerable roles in the empire 's political life despite the continued hostility of Prussian aristocrats . The era of the German Empire is well remembered in Germany as one of great cultural and intellectual vigour . Thomas Mann published his novel Buddenbrooks in 1901 . Theodor Mommsen received the Nobel prize for literature a year later for his Roman history . Painters like the groups Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke made a significant contribution to modern art . The AEG turbine factory in Berlin by Peter Behrens from 1909 can be regarded as a milestone in classic modern architecture and an outstanding example of emerging functionalism . The social , economic , and scientific successes of this Gründerzeit , or founding epoch , have sometimes led the Wilhelmine era to be regarded as a golden age . In the field of economics , the `` Kaiserzeit '' laid the foundation of Germany 's status as one of the world 's leading economic powers . The iron and coal industries of the Ruhr , the Saar and Upper Silesia especially contributed to that process . The first motorcar was built by Karl Benz in 1886 . The enormous growth of industrial production and industrial potential also led to a rapid urbanisation of Germany , which turned the Germans into a nation of city dwellers . More than 5 million people left Germany for the United States during the 19th century . Sonderweg ( edit ) Main article : Sonderweg Many historians have emphasized the central importance of a German Sonderweg or `` special path '' ( or `` exceptionalism '' ) as the root of Nazism and the German catastrophe in the 20th century . According to the historiography by Kocka ( 1988 ) , the process of nation - building from above had very grievous long - term implications . In terms of parliamentary democracy , Parliament was kept weak , the parties were fragmented , and there was a high level of mutual distrust . The Nazis built on the illiberal , anti-pluralist elements of Weimar 's political culture . The Junker elites ( the large landowners in the east ) and senior civil servants used their great power and influence well into the twentieth century to frustrate any movement toward democracy . They played an especially negative role in the crisis of 1930 -- 1933 . Bismarck 's emphasis on military force amplified the voice of the officer corps , which combined advanced modernisation of military technology with reactionary politics . The rising upper - middle class elites , in the business , financial and professional worlds , tended to accept the values of the old traditional elites . The German Empire was for Hans - Ulrich Wehler a strange mixture of highly successful capitalist industrialisation and socio - economic modernisation on the one hand , and of surviving pre-industrial institutions , power relations and traditional cultures on the other . Wehler argues that it produced a high degree of internal tension , which led on the one hand to the suppression of socialists , Catholics and reformers , and on the other hand to a highly aggressive foreign policy . For these reasons Fritz Fischer and his students emphasised Germany 's primary guilt for causing the First World War . Hans - Ulrich Wehler , a leader of the Bielefeld School of social history , places the origins of Germany 's path to disaster in the 1860s -- 1870s , when economic modernisation took place , but political modernisation did not happen and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army , diplomacy and the civil service . Traditional , aristocratic , premodern society battled an emerging capitalist , bourgeois , modernising society . Recognising the importance of modernising forces in industry and the economy and in the cultural realm , Wehler argues that reactionary traditionalism dominated the political hierarchy of power in Germany , as well as social mentalities and in class relations ( Klassenhabitus ) . The catastrophic German politics between 1914 and 1945 are interpreted in terms of a delayed modernisation of its political structures . At the core of Wehler 's interpretation is his treatment of `` the middle class '' and `` revolution '' , each of which was instrumental in shaping the 20th century . Wehler 's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of `` charismatic domination '' , which focuses heavily on Adolf Hitler . The historiographical concept of a German Sonderweg has had a turbulent history . 19th century scholars who emphasised a separate German path to modernity saw it as a positive factor that differentiated Germany from the `` western path '' typified by Great Britain . They stressed the strong bureaucratic state , reforms initiated by Bismarck and other strong leaders , the Prussian service ethos , the high culture of philosophy and music , and Germany 's pioneering of a social welfare state . In the 1950s , historians in West Germany argued that the Sonderweg led Germany to the disaster of 1933 -- 1945 . The special circumstances of German historical structures and experiences , were interpreted as preconditions that , while not directly causing National Socialism , did hamper the development of a liberal democracy and facilitate the rise of fascism . The Sonderweg paradigm has provided the impetus for at least three strands of research in German historiography : the `` long 19th century '' , the history of the bourgeoisie , and comparisons with the West . After 1990 , increased attention to cultural dimensions and to comparative and relational history moved German historiography to different topics , with much less attention paid to the Sonderweg . While some historians have abandoned the Sonderweg thesis , they have not provided a generally accepted alternative interpretation . Territorial legacy ( edit ) In addition to present - day Germany , large parts of what comprised the German Empire now belong to several other modern European countries . German territories lost in both World Wars are shown in black , present - day Germany is marked dark grey on this 1914 map . German name Country Region Elsaß - Lothringen France Départements of Bas - Rhin and Haut - Rhin ( both within Alsace region ) , and département of Moselle ( northeastern part of the Lorraine region ) Eupen - Malmedy Belgium Two towns of Eupen and Malmedy and the municipalities of Amel , Büllingen , Burg - Reuland , Bütgenbach , Kelmis , Lontzen , Raeren , Waimes and St. Vith ( all are parts of the province of Liège in Wallonia region on the Belgian - German border ) Duivelsberg / Wylerberg Netherlands Duivelsberg / Wylerberg , an uninhabited hill ( as well as some nearby slivers of land ) annexed by the Netherlands after WWII Nordschleswig Denmark South Jutland County ( excluding towns of Taps , Hejle and Vejstrup ) , and the towns of Hviding , Roager and Spandet Hultschiner Ländchen Czech Republic Hlučín Region , on the Czech - Polish border in Silesia , from which most Germans were deported following WWII Memelland Lithuania Klaipėda Region from which Germans were deported following WWII Schlesien , Ostbrandenburg , Ermland , Masuren , Westpreußen , Provinz Posen , southern Ostpreußen , central and eastern parts of Pommern Poland Northern and western parts of the country , including Pomerania , Silesia , Lubusz Land , Warmia and Masuria , from all of which Germans were deported following WWII Northern Ostpreußen Russia Kaliningrad Oblast exclave on the Baltic , from which Germans were deported following WWII Denotes territories lost in World War I Denotes territories lost in World War I and II Denotes territories lost in World War II See also ( edit ) German Empire portal Germany portal German Colonial Empire German economic history List of German monarchs in 1918 List of German monarchs Kingdom of Germany Wilhelminism German Army ( German Empire ) Imperial German Navy House of Hohenzollern References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitaker 's Almanak , 1897 , by Joseph Whitaker ; p. 548 Jump up ^ Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II Jump up ^ `` German Empire : administrative subdivision and municipalities , 1900 to 1910 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Population statistics of the German Empire , 1871 '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` German constitution of 1871 '' ( in German ) . German Wikisource. 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term `` Reich '' does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English - speaking people . The term `` Kaiserreich '' literally denotes an empire -- particularly a hereditary empire led by an emperor , although `` Reich '' has been used in German to denote the Roman Empire because it had a weak hereditary tradition . In the case of the German Empire , the official name was Deutsches Reich , which is properly translated as `` German Empire '' because the official position of head of state in the constitution of the German Empire was officially a `` presidency '' of a confederation of German states led by the King of Prussia who would assume `` the title of German Emperor '' as referring to the German people , but was not emperor of Germany as in an emperor of a state . -- `` The German Empire . '' Harper 's New Monthly Magazine . vol. 63 , issue 376 , pp. 591 -- 603 ; here p. 593 . Jump up ^ World Book , Inc . The World Book dictionary , Volume 1 . World Book , Inc. , 2003 . p. 572 . States that Deutsches Reich translates as `` German Realm '' and was a former official name of Germany . Jump up ^ Joseph Whitaker . Whitaker 's almanack , 1991 . J Whitaker & Sons , 1990 . Pp. 765 . Refers to the term Deutsches Reich being translated into English as `` German Realm '' , up to and including the Nazi period . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2011 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ J.H. Clapham , The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prizes by Country -- Evolution of National Science Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century , by Citizenship ( Juergen Schmidhuber , 2010 ) '' . Idsia.ch . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Azar Gat ( 2008 ) . War in Human Civilization . Oxford University Press . p. 517 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923663 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee , von Matthias Heine `` Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers : Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Heeren , Arnold Hermann Ludwig ( 1873 ) . Talboys , David Alphonso , ed . A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies . London : H.G. Bohn . p. 480 Jump up ^ Case , Nelson ( 1902 ) . European Constitutional History . Cincinnati : Jennings & Pye . p. 139 . OCLC 608806061 . Jump up ^ Case 1902 , pp. 139 -- 140 ^ Jump up to : Case 1902 , p. 140 Jump up ^ The Slavic speakers included Polish , Masurian , Kashubian , Sorbian and Czech were located in the east ; Polish mainly in the Prussian provinces of Posen , West Prussia and Silesia ( Upper Silesia ) . Small islands also existed in Recklinghausen ( Westphalia ) with 13.8 % of the population and in the Kreis of Kalau ( Brandenburg ) ( 5.5 % ) and in parts of East Prussia and Pomerania . Czech was spoken predominantly in the south of the Silesia , Masurian in the south of East Prussia , Kashubian in the north of West Prussia and Sorbian in the Lusatian regions of Prussia ( Brandenburg and Silesia ) and the Kingdom of Saxony . Jump up ^ `` Fremdsprachige Minderheiten im Deutschen Reich '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kersbergen , Kees van ; Vis , Barbara ( 2013 ) . Comparative Welfare State Politics : Development , Opportunities , and Reform . Cambridge UP . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moore , Robert Laurence ; Vaudagna , Maurizio ( 2003 ) . The American Century in Europe . Cornell University Press . p. 226 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Frankel , `` From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power : The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right , 1898 -- 1945 , '' German Studies Review , Vol. 26 , No. 3 ( Oct. , 2003 ) , pp. 543 -- 560 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Eric Hobsbawm , The Age of Empire : 1875 -- 1914 ( 1987 ) , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Matthew ( 2007 ) . `` A Fall from Grace ? National Unity and the Search for Naval Power and Colonial Possessions 1848 -- 1884 '' . German History . 25 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 161 . doi : 10.1093 / 0266355406075719 . Jump up ^ Ciarlo , David ( 2008 ) . `` Globalizing German Colonialism '' . German History . 26 ( 2 ) : 285 -- 298 . doi : 10.1093 / gerhis / ghn007 . Jump up ^ L. Gann and Peter Duignan , The Rulers of German Africa , 1884 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) focuses on political and economic history ; Michael Perraudin and Jürgen Zimmerer , eds . German Colonialism and National Identity ( 2010 ) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany . Jump up ^ Dedering , Tilman ( 1993 ) . `` The German ‐ Herero war of 1904 : Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography ? '' . Journal of Southern African Studies . 19 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 03057079308708348 . Jump up ^ Edmond Taylor , The fossil monarchies : the collapse of the old order , 1905 -- 1922 ( 1967 ) p 206 ^ Jump up to : E.P. Hennock , The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany , 1850 -- 1914 : Social Policies Compared ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Allan Mitchell , Great Train Race : Railways and the Franco - German Rivalry , 1815 -- 1914 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Edgar Feuchtwanger , Imperial Germany , 1850 -- 1918 ( 2006 ) , Table 1 Jump up ^ Jochen Streb , et al. `` Technological and geographical knowledge spillover in the German empire 1877 -- 1918 '' , Economic History Review , May 2006 , Vol. 59 Issue 2 , pp. 347 -- 373 Jump up ^ Stephen Broadberry , and Kevin H. O'Rourke . The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe ( 2 vol. 2010 ) Jump up ^ John J. Beer , The Emergence of the German Dye Industry ( 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Werner Abelshauser , German History and Global Enterprise : BASF : The History of a Company ( 2004 ) covers 1865 to 2000 ; Jump up ^ Chandler ( 1990 ) pp. 474 -- 475 Jump up ^ Carsten Burhop , `` Pharmaceutical Research in Wilhelmine Germany : the Case of E. Merck , '' Business History Review . Volume : 83 . Issue : 3 . 2009 . pp 475 +. in ProQuest Jump up ^ J.A.S. Grenville , Europe reshaped , 1848 -- 1878 ( 2000 ) p. 342 Jump up ^ Marjorie Lamberti , `` Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia , 1866 -- 1914 '' , in Philip G. Dwyer , ed . Modern Prussian History : 1830 -- 1947 ( 2001 ) pp. 169 -- 187 Jump up ^ Lamberti , ( 2001 ) p 177 Jump up ^ Ronald J. Ross , The failure of Bismarck 's Kulturkampf : Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany , 1871 -- 1887 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Hajo Holborn , A History of Modern Germany : 1840 -- 1945 ( 1969 ) , pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Christopher Clark , Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 ( 2006 ) pp. 568 -- 576 Jump up ^ Hermann Beck , Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia , 1815 -- 1870 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Elaine Glovka Spencer , `` Rules of the Ruhr : Leadership and Authority in German Big Business Before 1914 '' , Business History Review , Spring 1979 , Vol. 53 Issue 1 , pp. 40 -- 64 ; Ivo N. Lambi , `` The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry , 1873 -- 1879 '' , Journal of Economic History , March 1962 , Vol. 22 Issue 1 , pp. 59 -- 70 Jump up ^ Timothy Baycroft and Mark Hewitson , What is a nation ? : Europe 1789 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) p 166 Jump up ^ John J. Kulczycki , School Strikes in Prussian Poland , 1901 -- 1907 : The Struggle over Bilingual Education ( Columbia University Press , 1981 ) Jump up ^ Martin Broszat : Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik . suhrkamp 1978 , p. 144 ; ISBN 3 - 518 - 36574 - 6 Jump up ^ Richard S. Levy , The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany ( Yale University Press , 1975 ) Jump up ^ Kitchen , Martin ( 2000 ) . Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany . Cambridge University Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79432 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) . The Second Reich : Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Germany . McGraw - Hill . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 035653 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stürmer , Michael ( 2000 ) . The German Empire : 1870 -- 1918 . New York : Random House . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64090 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 63 Jump up ^ Isabel V. Hull , The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II , 1888 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p. 85 Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 67 ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 72 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch , eds . German Professions , 1800 -- 1950 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 76 Jump up ^ Matthew Jefferies , Imperial Culture in Germany , 1871 -- 1918 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1970 ) 56 Jump up ^ Lamar Cecil , Wilhelm II : Emperor and Exile , 1900 -- 1941 ( 1996 ) ch 9 -- 13 Jump up ^ `` Wilhelm II ( 1859 -- 1941 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Stürmer , Michael ( 2000 ) 91 Jump up ^ Louis , Ruanda - Urundi 1884 -- 1919 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Austria 's Werner Abelshauser , German History and Global Enterprise : BASF : The History of a Company ( 2004 ) covers 1865 to 2000 ; Jump up ^ Truth or conjecture ? : German civilian war losses in the East , page 366 , Stanisław Schimitzek Zachodnia Agencia Prasowa , 1966 Jump up ^ To the Threshold of Power , 1922 / 33 : Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and Nationalist Socialist Dictatorships , page 151 - 152 Jump up ^ Shatterzone of Empires : Coexistence and Violence in the German , Habsburg , Russian , and Ottoman Borderlands by Omer Bartov and Eric D. Weitz page 55 Indiana University Press 2013 Jump up ^ Immanuel Geiss `` Tzw . polski pas graniczny 1914 -- 1918 '' . Warszawa 1964 Jump up ^ The Red Prince : The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke , Timothy Snyder ; `` On the annexations and ethnic cleansing , see Geiss , Der Polnische Grenzstreifen '' Jump up ^ Absolute Destruction : Military Culture And The Practices Of War In Imperial Germany , Isabel V. Hull , page 233 , Cornell University Press , 2005 Jump up ^ Edwin Hoyt , Colonel von Lettow - Vorbeck and Germany 's East African Empire ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Holger H. Herwig , The First World War : Germany and Austria -- Hungary 1914 -- 1918 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Rod Paschall , The defeat of imperial Germany , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ German Historical Museum . `` 1914 -- 18 : Lebensmittelversorgung '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Roger Chickering , Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p. 141 -- 42 Jump up ^ A.J. Ryder , The German Revolution of 1918 : A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` A New Surge of Growth '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Jürgen Kocka , `` German History before Hitler : The Debate about the German ' Sonderweg ' '' . Journal of Contemporary History , Jan 1988 , Vol. 23 # 1 , pp 3 -- 16 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Wehler , Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte : Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der Beiden Deutschen Staaten 1914 -- 1949 ( 2003 ) is the fourth volume of his monumental history of German society . None of the series has yet been translated into English . A partial summary appears in Hans - Ulrich Wehler , The German Empire , 1871 -- 1918 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Helmut Walser Smith , `` When the Sonderweg Debate Left Us '' , German Studies Review , May 2008 , Vol. 31 # 2 pp 225 -- 240 Further reading ( edit ) Barker , J. Ellis . Modern Germany ; her political and economic problems , her foreign and domestic policy , her ambitions , and the causes of her success ( 1907 ) online Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Modern Germany : society , economy , and politics in the twentieth century ( 1987 ) ACLS E-book Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Imperial Germany , 1871 -- 1914 : Economy , Society , Culture , and Politics ( 2nd ed. 2005 ) Blackbourn , David . The Long Nineteenth Century : A History of Germany , 1780 -- 1918 ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Blackbourn , David , and Geoff Eley . The Peculiarities of German History : Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth - Century Germany ( 1984 ) online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 873058 - 6 Blanke , Richard . Prussian Poland in the German Empire ( 1981 ) Brandenburg , Erich . From Bismarck to the World War : A History of German Foreign Policy 1870 - 1914 ( 1927 ) online free . Carroll , E. Malcolm . Germany and the great powers , 1866 - 1914 : A study in public opinion and foreign policy ( 1938 ) online ; online at Questia also online review ; 862pp ; written for advanced students . Cecil , Lamar . Wilhelm II : Prince and Emperor , 1859 -- 1900 ( 1989 ) online edition ; vol2 : Wilhelm II : Emperor and Exile , 1900 -- 1941 ( 1996 ) online edition Chickering , Roger . Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) excerpt and text search Clark , Christopher . Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 ( 2006 ) , the standard scholarly survey Dawson , William Harbutt . The Evolution of Modern Germany ( 1908 ) , 503pp covers 1871 -- 1906 with focus on social and economic history & colonies online free Dawson , William Harbutt . Bismarck and state socialism ; an exposition of the social and economic legislation of Germany since 1870 ( 1890 ) 175 pp online Dawson , William Harbutt . Municipal life and government in Germany ( 1914 ) ; 507pp describes the workings of local government and the famous bureaucracy online Dawson , William Harbutt . Germany and the Germans ( 1894 ) 387pp ; politics and parties , Volume 2 online Feuchtwanger , Ed ( 2002 ) . Imperial Germany 1850 -- 1918 . Routledge . ISBN 1 - 13462 - 072 - 1 . Eyck , Erich . Bismarck and the German Empire ( 1964 ) excerpt and text search Fischer , Fritz . From Kaiserreich to Third Reich : Elements of Continuity in German History , 1871 -- 1945 . ( 1986 ) . ISBN 0 - 04 - 943043 - 2 . Geiss , Imanuel . German Foreign Policy , 1871 - 1914 ( 1979 ) excerpt Hayes , Carlton J.H. `` The History of German Socialism Reconsidered , '' American Historical Review ( 1917 ) 23 # 1 pp. 62 -- 101 online Hewitson , Mark . `` Germany and France before the First World War : a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy . '' English Historical Review 115.462 ( 2000 ) : 570 - 606 ; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority Holborn , Hajo . A History of Modern Germany : 1840 -- 1945 ( 1969 ) , pp 173 -- 532 Jefferies , Mattew . Imperial Culture in Germany , 1871 -- 1918 . ( Palgrave , 2003 ) ISBN 1 - 4039 - 0421 - 9 . Kennedy , Paul . The Rise of the Anglo - German Antagonism , 1860 -- 1914 ( 2nd ed. 1988 ) ISBN 1 - 57392 - 301 - X Kitchen , Martin ( 2011 ) . A History of Modern Germany : 1800 to the Present . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 1 - 44439 - 689 - 7 . Koch , Hannsjoachim W. A constitutional history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ( 1984 ) . Kurlander , Eric . The Price of Exclusion : Ethnicity , National Identity , and the Decline of German Liberalism , 1898 -- 1933 ( 2007 ) . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) pp 17 -- 70 Mommsen , Wolfgang . Imperial Germany 1867 -- 1918 : Politics , Culture , and Society in an Authoritarian State . ( 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 340 - 64534 - 2 . Nipperdey , Thomas . Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck ( 1996 ) dense coverage of chief topics Padfield , Peter . The Great Naval Race : Anglo - German Naval Rivalry 1900 - 1914 ( 2005 ) Reagin , Nancy ( 2001 ) . `` The Imagined Hausfrau : National Identity , Domesticity , and Colonialism in Imperial Germany '' . Journal of Modern History . 72 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 86 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 319879 . Retallack , James . Germany In The Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II , ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 16031 - 3 . Retallack , James . Imperial Germany 1871 -- 1918 ( 2008 ) Ritter , Gerhard . The Sword and the Scepter ; the Problem of Militarism in Germany . ( 4 vol University of Miami Press 1969 -- 73 ) Richie , Alexandra . Faust 's Metropolis : A History of Berlin ( 1998 ) , 1139pp by scholar ; pp 188 -- 233 Scheck , Raffael . `` Lecture Notes , Germany and Europe , 1871 -- 1945 '' ( 2008 ) full text online , a brief textbook by a leading scholar Schollgen , Gregor . Escape into War ? The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany . ( Berg , 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 85496 - 275 - 1 . Smith , Helmut Walser , ed . The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History ( 2011 ) , 862 pp ; 35 essays by specialists ; Germany since 1760 excerpt Smith , Woodruff D . The German Colonial Empire ( 1978 ) Stürmer , Michael . The German Empire , 1870 -- 1918 . ( Random House , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64090 - 8 . Stern , Fritz . Gold and Iron : Bismark , Bleichroder , and the Building of the German Empire ( 1979 ) Bismark worked closely with this leading banker and financier excerpt and text search Steinberg , Jonathan . Bismarck : A Life ( 2011 ) , a recent scholarly biography ; emphasis on Bismarck 's personality Taylor , A.J.P. Bismarck : The Man and the Statesman ( 1967 ) online edition Wehler , Hans - Ulrich . The German Empire , 1871 -- 1918 . ( Berg , 1985 ) . ISBN 0 - 907582 - 22 - 2 Wildenthal , Lora . German Women for Empire , 1884 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) Historiography ( edit ) Berghahn , Volker Rolf . `` Structure and Agency in Wilhelmine Germany : The history of the German Empire , Past , present and Future , '' in Annika Mombauer and Wilhelm Deist , eds . The Kaiser : New Research on Wilhelm II 's Role in Imperial Germany ( 2003 ) pp 281 -- 93 , historiography Chickering , Roger , ed . Imperial Germany : A Historiographical Companion ( 1996 ) , 552pp ; 18 essays by specialists Dickinson , Edward Ross . `` The German Empire : an Empire ? '' History Workshop Journal Issue 66 , ( Autumn 2008 ) online in Project MUSE , with guide to recent scholarship Eley , Geoff , and James Retallack , `` Introduction '' in Geoff Eley and James Retallack , eds . Wilhelminism and Its Legacies : German Modernities , Imperialism , and the Meanings of Reform , 1890 -- 1930 ( 2004 ) online Jefferies , Matthew . Contesting the German Empire 1871 -- 1918 ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Müller , Sven Oliver , and Cornelius Torp , ed . Imperial Germany Revisited : Continuing Debates and New Perspectives ( 2011 ) Reagin , Nancy R. `` Recent Work on German National Identity : Regional ? Imperial ? Gendered ? Imaginary ? '' Central European History ( 2004 ) v 37 , pp 273 -- 289 doi : 10.1163 / 156916104323121483 Primary sources ( edit ) Dawson , William Harbutt . Germany at Home ( 1908 ) 275 pp ; popular description of social life in villages and cities online Vizetelly , Henry . Berlin Under the New Empire : Its Institutions , Inhabitants , Industry , Monuments , Museums , Social Life , Manners , and Amusements ( 2 vol . London , 1879 ) online volume 2 External links ( edit ) Look up German Empire in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ravenstein 's Atlas of the German Empire , Library.wis.edu Administrative subdivision and census results ( 1900 / 1910 ) , Gemeindeverzeichnis.de ( in German ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to German Empire . German Reich map of states 1913 ( 300 dpi ) Dissemination of the German Language 1913 ( map , 300 dpi ) Dissemination of the main foreign mother tongues in the German Reich 1913 ( map , 300 dpi ) <Th_colspan="3"> States of the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) Kingdoms Bavaria Prussia Saxony Württemberg Grand Duchies Baden Hesse - Darmstadt Mecklenburg - Schwerin Mecklenburg - Strelitz Oldenburg Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach Duchies Anhalt Brunswick Saxe - Altenburg Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Saxe - Lauenburg ( until 1876 ) Saxe - Meiningen Principalities Lippe Reuss - Gera ( Junior Line ) Reuss - Greiz ( Elder Line ) Schaumburg - Lippe Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Waldeck and Pyrmont City - states Bremen Hamburg Lübeck Imperial Territories Alsace - Lorraine Other German colonial empire Mittelafrika Mitteleuropa <Th_colspan="2"> Former monarchies <Td_colspan="2"> List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 20th and 21st centuries List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 19th century <Td_colspan="2"> Africa Ethiopia Libya Tunisia Egypt Madagascar South Africa Burundi Central Africa Zanzibar Ghana Nigeria Sierra Leone Tanganyika Uganda Kenya Rhodesia The Gambia Mauritius Wituland Asia China Korea Vietnam Georgia India Manchukuo Iran Iraq Syria Yemen Afghanistan Turkey Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Tibet Nepal Mongolia Europe Germany Bavaria Prussia Saxony Württemberg Austria - 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6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Empire&oldid=819305637 '' Categories : Former countries in Europe States and territories established in 1871 States and territories disestablished in 1918 German Empire Former empires Modern history of Germany 1870s in Germany 1880s in Germany 1890s in Germany 1900s in Germany 1910s in Germany 1871 establishments in Germany 1918 disestablishments in Germany 19th century in Germany 20th century in Germany by period Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing German - language text All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from December 2012 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from May 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Former country articles requiring maintenance All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2016 Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with German - 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Macaronic language - Wikipedia Macaronic language Copper engraving of Doctor Schnabel ( i.e. Dr. Beak ) ( a plague doctor in 17th - century Rome ) with a satirical macaronic poem ( `` Vos Creditis , als eine Fabel , / quod scribitur vom Doctor Schnabel '' ) Macaronic refers to text using a mixture of languages , particularly bilingual puns or situations in which the languages are otherwise used in the same context ( rather than simply discrete segments of a text being in different languages ) . The term can also denote hybrid words , which are effectively `` internally macaronic '' . A rough equivalent in spoken language is code - switching , a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or dialect within the same conversation . Macaronic Latin in particular is a jumbled jargon made up of vernacular words given Latin endings , or for Latin words mixed with the vernacular in a pastiche ( compare dog Latin ) . The word macaronic comes from the New Latin macaronicus which is from the Italian maccarone ( `` dumpling '' , regarded as coarse peasant fare ) . The term can have derogatory overtones , and is usually reserved for works where the mixing of languages has a humorous or satirical intent or effect . It is a matter of debate whether the term can be applied to mixed - language literature of a more serious nature and purpose . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mixed Latin - vernacular lyrics in Medieval Europe 1.2 Latin -- Italian macaronic verse 1.3 Other mixed - language lyrics 1.4 Unintentional macaronic language 2 Modern macaronic literature 2.1 Prose 2.2 Poetry 2.3 Theatre 2.4 Film 2.5 Song 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Mixed Latin - vernacular lyrics in medieval Europe ( edit ) Texts that mixed Latin and vernacular language apparently arose throughout Europe at the end of the Middle Ages -- a time when Latin was still the working language of scholars , clerics and university students , but was losing ground to vernacular among poets , minstrels and storytellers . An early example is from 1130 , in the Gospel book of Munsterbilzen Abbey . The following sentence mixes late Old Dutch and Latin : Tesi samanunga was edele unde scona et omnium virtutum pleniter plena Translated : This community was noble and pure , and completely full of all virtues . The Carmina Burana ( collected c. 1230 ) contains several poems mixing Latin with Medieval German or French . Another well - known example is the first stanza of the famous carol In Dulci Jubilo , whose original version ( written around 1328 ) had Latin mixed with German , with a hint of Greek . While some of those early works had a clear humorous intent , many use the language mix for lyrical effect . Another early example is in the Middle English recitals The Towneley Plays ( c. 1460 ) . In The Talents ( play 24 ) , Pontius Pilate delivers a rhyming speech in mixed English and Latin . A number of English political poems in the 14th century alternated ( Middle ) English and Latin lines , such as in MS Digby 196 : The taxe hath tened ( ruined ) vs alle , Probat hoc mors tot validorum The Kyng þerof had small fuit in manibus cupidorum . yt had ful hard hansell , dans causam fine dolorum ; vengeaunce nedes most fall , propter peccata malorum ( etc ) Several Anthems also contain both Latin and English . In the case of ' Nolo mortem pecatoris ' by Thomas Morley , the Latin is used as a refrain : Nolo mortem peccatoris ; Haec sunt verba Salvatoris . Father I am thine only Son , sent down from heav'n mankind to save . Father , all things fulfilled and done according to thy will , I have . Father , my will now all is this : Nolo mortem peccatoris . Father , behold my painful smart , taken for man on ev'ry side ; Ev'n from my birth to death most tart , no kind of pain I have denied , but suffered all , and all for this : Nolo mortem peccatoris . Translated : `` ' I do not wish the death of the wicked ' ; These are the words of the Saviour . '' An allusion to John 3 : 17 and 2 Peter 3 : 9 . Latin -- Italian macaronic verse ( edit ) The term macaronic is believed to have originated in Padua in the late 15th century , apparently from maccarona , a kind of pasta or dumpling eaten by peasants at that time . ( That is also the presumed origin of maccheroni . ) Its association with the genre comes from the Macaronea , a comical poem by Tifi Odasi in mixed Latin and Italian , published in 1488 or 1489 . Another example of the genre is Tosontea by Corrado of Padua , which was published at about the same time as Tifi 's Macaronea . Tifi and his contemporaries clearly intended to satirize the broken Latin used by many doctors , scholars and bureaucrats of their time . While this `` macaronic Latin '' ( macaronica verba ) could be due to ignorance or carelessness , it could also be the result of its speakers trying to make themselves understood by the vulgar folk without resorting to their speech . An important and unusual example of mixed - language text is the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili of Francesco Colonna ( 1499 ) , which was basically written using Italian syntax and morphology , but using a made - up vocabulary based on roots from Latin , Greek , and occasionally others . However , while the Hypnerotomachia is contemporary with Tifi 's Macaronea , its mixed language is not used for plain humor , but rather as an aesthetic device to underscore the fantastic but refined nature of the book . Tifi 's Macaronea was a popular success , and the writing of humorous texts in macaronic Latin became a fad in the 16th and 17th centuries , particularly in Italian , but also in many other European languages . An important Italian example was Baldo by Teofilo Folengo , who described his own verses as `` a gross , rude , and rustic mixture of flour , cheese , and butter '' . Other mixed - language lyrics ( edit ) Macaronic verse is especially common in cultures with widespread bilingualism or language contact , such as Ireland before the middle of the nineteenth century . Macaronic traditional songs such as Siúil A Rúin are quite common in Ireland . In Scotland , macaronic songs have been popular among Highland immigrants to Glasgow , using English and Scottish Gaelic as a device to express the alien nature of the anglophone environment . An example : When I came down to Glasgow first , a-mach air Tìr nan Gall . I was like a man adrift , air iomrall ' s doll air chall . Folk and popular music of the Andes frequently alternates between Spanish and the given South American language of its region of origin . Some Classical Persian poems were written with alternating Persian and Arabic verses or hemistichs , most famously by Saadi and Hafez . Such poems were called molamma ' ( ملمع , literally `` speckled '' , plural molamma'āt ملمعات ) , Residing in Anatolia , in some of his poems Rumi mixed Persian with Arabic as well as the local languages of Turkish and Greek . Macaronic verse was also common in medieval India , where the influence of the Muslim rulers led to poems being written in alternating indigenous Hindi and the Persian language . This style was used by the famous poet Amir Khusro and played a major role in the rise of the Urdu or Hindustani language . The Sublime song `` Caress Me Down '' alternates between English and Spanish lyrics , at some points between verses , at others between lines within a verse , and occasionally between phrases within a line . Unintentional macaronic language ( edit ) Main article : Homophonic translation Occasionally language is unintentionally macaronic . One particularly famed piece of schoolyard Greek in France is Xenophon 's line `` they did not take the city ; but in fact they had no hope of taking it '' ( οὐκ ἔλαβον πόλιν άλλα γὰρ ἐλπὶς ἔφη κακά , ouk élabon pólin ; álla gàr elpìs éphē kaká ) . Read in the French manner , this becomes `` Où qu'est la bonne Pauline ? A la gare . Elle pisse et fait caca . '' ( `` Where is Pauline the maid ? At the ( railway ) station . She 's pissing and taking a shit . '' ) In English literature , the untranslated line makes an appearance in James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake . Modern macaronic literature ( edit ) Prose ( edit ) Macaronic text is still used by modern Italian authors , e.g. by Carlo Emilio Gadda and Beppe Fenoglio . Other examples are provided by the character Salvatore in Umberto Eco 's The Name of the Rose , and the peasant hero of his Baudolino . Dario Fo 's Mistero Buffo ( `` Comic Mystery Play '' ) features grammelot sketches using language with macaronic elements . The 2001 novel The Last Samurai by Helen DeWitt includes portions of Japanese , Classical Greek , and Inuktitut , although the reader is not expected to understand the passages that are not in English . Macaronic games are used by the literary group Oulipo in the form of interlinguistic homophonic transformation : replacing a known phrase with homophones from another language . The archetypal example is by François Le Lionnais , who transformed John Keats ' `` A thing of beauty is a joy forever '' into `` Un singe de beauté est un jouet pour l'hiver '' : ' A monkey of beauty is a toy for the winter ' . Another example is the book Mots d'Heures . Macaronisms figure prominently in The Trilogy by the Polish novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz , and are one of the major compositional principles for James Joyce 's novel Finnegans Wake . Poetry ( edit ) Two well - known examples of non-humorous macaronic verse are Byron 's Maid of Athens , ere we part ( 1810 , in English with a Greek refrain ) ; and Pearsall 's translation of the carol In Dulci Jubilo ( 1837 , in mixed English and Latin verse ) . An example of modern humorous macaronic verse is the anonymous English / Latin poem Carmen Possum ( `` The Opossum 's Song '' ) , which is sometimes used as a teaching and motivational aid in elementary Latin language classes . Other similar examples are The Motor Bus by A.D. Godley , and the anonymous Up I arose in verno tempore . Recent examples are the mużajki or ' mosaics ' ( 2007 ) of Maltese poet Antoine Cassar mixing English , Spanish , Maltese , Italian , and French ; works of Italian writer Guido Monte ; and the late poetry of Ivan Blatný combining Czech with English . `` Night Falls , '' a macaronic poem in Chinese and English by American poet Lynn Xu , appeared in the Boston Review and in her first collection , Debts & Lessons , which was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Award . Brian P. Cleary 's `` What Can I C'est ? '' makes use of macaronic verse , as do other poems in his book `` Rainbow Soup : Adventures in Poetry '' : My auntie Michelle is big in the BON ( As well as the hip and the thigh ) . And when she exhales , OUI haul out our sails And ride on the wind of VERSAILLES . A whole body of comic verse exists created by John O'Mill , pseudonym of Johan van der Meulen , a teacher of English at the Rijks HBS ( State Grammar School ) , Breda , the Netherlands . These are in a mixture of English and Dutch , often playing on common mistakes made when translating from the latter to the former . Theatre ( edit ) The finale of act 1 of Gilbert and Sullivan 's Savoy Opera Iolanthe has several instances of humorous macaronic verse . First , the three Lords mix Italian and Latin phrases into their discussion of Iolanthe 's age : Lord Mountararat : This gentleman is seen , / With a maid of seventeen , / A-taking of his dolce far niente ... Lord Chancellor : Recollect yourself , I pray , / And be careful what you say - / As the ancient Romans said , festina lente ... Lord Tolloller : I have often had a use / For a thorough - bred excuse / Of a sudden ( which is English for repente ) ... Lord Mountararat : Now , listen , pray to me , / For this paradox will be / Carried , nobody at all contradicente ... Then , the chorus of peers sing macaronic verse as they attempt to resist the fairies ' powers : Our lordly style you shall not quench with base canaille ! ( That word is French . ) Distinction ebbs before a herd of vulgar plebs ! ( A Latin word . ) Twould fill with joy and madness stark the oι πoλλoί ! ( A Greek remark . ) One Latin word , one Greek remark , and one that 's French . Film ( edit ) ' Macaronisms ' are frequently used in films , especially comedies . In Charlie Chaplin 's anti-war comedy The Great Dictator , the title character speaks English mixed with a parody of German ( e.g. `` Cheese - und - cracken '' ) . This was also used by Benzino Napaloni , the parody character of Benito Mussolini , using Italian foods ( such as salami and ravioli ) as insults . Other movies featuring macaronic language are the Italian historical comedies L'armata Brancaleone and Brancaleone alle crociate ( d . Mario Monicelli ) , which mix modern and medieval Italian as well as Latin ( sometimes in rhyme , and sometimes with regional connotations , such as the Italo - Normans using words from modern Sicilian ) . Song ( edit ) Macaronic language appearing in popular songs include Dean Martin 's `` That 's Amore '' ( Italian and English ) , the Beatles ' `` Michelle '' ( French and English ) , The Clash 's `` Spanish Bombs '' and José Feliciano 's `` Feliz Navidad '' ( Spanish and English ) , the Talking Heads `` Psycho Killer '' ( French and English ) , and The Weeknd 's Montreal ( French and English ) . See also ( edit ) List of macaronic languages Amir Khusro Blinkenlights , a macaronic ( German / English ) warning sign Boar 's Head Carol , Christmas carol in English / Latin language Code - switching Contemporary Latin Creole language Dog Latin Faux Cyrillic Guido Monte Hiberno - Latin Lorem ipsum scrambled Latin used as a placeholder text in print / media Mater si , magistra no Nadsat , a fictional English / Russian language , from the novel A Clockwork Orange Phono - semantic matching Pidgin Surzhyk Timor mortis conturbat me UEFA Champions League Anthem Loanword References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Macaronic '' . Oxford Dictionary of English . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Macaronic '' . dictionary.reference.com . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Fran Hamilton . `` LinguaPhile online magazine , September 2007 '' . Porticobooks.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Giorgio Bernardi Perini . `` Macaronica Verba . Il divenire di una trasgressione linguistica nel seno dell'Umanesimo '' ( PDF ) . fondazionecanussio.org . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 December 2008 . Jump up ^ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology , Oxford University Press ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ `` Teofilo Folengo in The Catholic Encyclopedia '' . Newadvent.org. 1 September 1909 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ electricpulp.com . `` SAʿDI -- Encyclopaedia Iranica '' . www.iranicaonline.org . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ electricpulp.com . `` HAFEZ iii . HAFEZ 'S POETIC ART -- Encyclopaedia Iranica '' . www.iranicaonline.org . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ electricpulp.com . `` RHETORICAL FIGURES -- Encyclopaedia Iranica '' . www.iranicaonline.org . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dihlavī , Amīr Khusraw ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` In the Bazaar of Love : The Selected Poetry of Amīr Khusrau '' . Penguin Books India . Retrieved 25 April 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Sublime - Caress Me Down Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . www.metrolyrics.com . Archived from the original on 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Arbre d'Or eBooks . `` Pluton ciel que Janus Proserpine ... '' . ( in French ) Jump up ^ Genette , Gérard & al. Palimpsests , p. 41 . Jump up ^ FinnegansWiki . `` Ouk elabon polin Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Jump up ^ DeWitt , Helen . The Last Samurai ( Chatto and Windus , 2000 : ISBN 0 - 7011 - 6956 - 7 ; Vintage , 2001 : ISBN 0 - 09 - 928462 - 6 ) Jump up ^ Genette , Gérard ; Newman , Channa ; Doubinsky , Claude . Palimpsests . pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Byron , George . `` Maid of Athens '' . readytogoebooks.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Grech , Marija . `` Mosaics : A symphony of multilingual poetry '' Archived 28 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , The Daily Star ( Kuwait ) , 25 August 2007 Jump up ^ `` see for ex '' . Wordswithoutborders.org . Archived from the original on 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Wheatley , David . `` The Homeless Tongue : Ivan Blatný '' Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Contemporary Poetry Review , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` W.S. Gilbert - Iolanthe , ACT I '' . www.stagebeauty.net . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Bibliography Posen , I. Sheldon . `` English - French Macaronic Songs in Canada -- A Research Note and Query in Folksongs '' . celat.ulaval.ca . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . This article includes inline links to audio files . If you have trouble playing the files , see Wikipedia Media help . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Macaronics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macaronic_language&oldid=845206138 '' Categories : Macaronic language Latin language Language games Cultural exchange Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 05 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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when does the next game of thrones book 6 come out
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The Winds of Winter - wikipedia The Winds of Winter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the episode of the television series , see The Winds of Winter ( Game of Thrones ) . The Winds of Winter <Td_colspan="2"> Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Series A Song of Ice and Fire Genre Fantasy Publisher Bantam Spectra / US Voyager Books / UK Preceded by A Dance with Dragons Followed by A Dream of Spring The Winds of Winter is the planned sixth novel in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin . Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . They will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in The Winds of Winter . Martin has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter 's final release date . In 2014 , estimates based on extrapolation of Martin 's writing pace predicted the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018 . In January 2017 , Martin announced that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released `` this year '' , referring to 2017 . However , he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Viewpoint characters 3 Background and publication 3.1 Chapters 3.2 Publication date 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in the book . The previous installment , A Dance with Dragons , covered less story than Martin intended , excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers . Martin intends to resolve these storylines `` very early '' in The Winds of Winter , saying `` I 'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen -- the battle of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons , taking place on the eve of the Iron Islanders ' arrival in Slaver 's Bay . Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin 's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon . Viewpoint characters ( edit ) George R.R. Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point - of - view chapters in The Winds of Winter : Sansa Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin 's website in April 2015 . Arya Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin 's website in March 2014 . Arianne Martell : Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 . One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in January 2013 , and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015 . Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016 . In May 2016 , Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon . Aeron Greyjoy : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010 . A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon . It was written in , or before , 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons . Theon Greyjoy : One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in December 2011 . It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons ( part two ) . Victarion Greyjoy : Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012 . Tyrion Lannister : One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012 , and another one at Worldcon in August 2013 , the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20 , 2014 . Barristan Selmy : One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons . In 2013 Martin read from 2 chapters at Boskone . George R.R. Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter . Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah and Melisandre will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in , and that Bran Stark will appear in the novel , but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint . In addition , he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con that Jeyne Westerling , Robb Stark 's widow , will appear in the prologue chapter , but did not reveal who will be the POV character . Background and publication ( edit ) Chapters ( edit ) The Winds of Winter was originally intended , in the very early stages of the series , to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire ( then conceived as a trilogy ) . Following his expansion of the series , Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel , A Dream of Spring . By June 2010 , Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , and Arianne Martell . In July 2010 , he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter , accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages . Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011 , Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012 , having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions . He continued to work , with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson , on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history , which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011 . He also worked on a Westeros story , the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella , that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere . A year after that eventual publication , the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand - alone fix - up novel . In December 2011 , Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter ; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons , which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012 , but was released on October 29 , 2013 . ( International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new , as yet unpublished sample chapter . ) In the first quarter of 2012 , Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events , including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister . Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large , highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire , which was published in October 2012 . Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell 's POV on his website in January 2013 . On March 27 , ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere , Martin posted a chapter on his website , titled Mercy . Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one , though never published nor publicly read . In April 2015 , Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne . In May 2016 , Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon , and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon . As of June 2016 , a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter . The point of view characters with released material are Victarion , Aeron , Tyrion , Barristan , Arianne , Theon , Mercy ( Arya ) , and Alayne ( Sansa ) . Several websites , including Goodreads , have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter , including plot twists , theories , and speculations . At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016 , George R.R. Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter : ... `` I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places ... Things get worse before they get better , so things are getting worse for a lot of people . '' Publication date ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . He does not intend to separate characters by geography again , as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows ' original manuscript . But , as Martin stated in a 2011 interview , `` Three years from now when I 'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight , who the hell knows '' . In April 2011 , shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write , Martin hoped that `` the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has '' and estimated that it would take `` three years to finish the next one at a good pace '' . By October 2012 , 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written , although Martin considered only the first 200 as `` really finished '' , the rest still needing revisions . In April 2013 , Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book . In the past , Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically ; therefore , he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter 's final release date . Ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' . In 2012 , Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel , A Dream of Spring , not being completed by the time Game of Thrones catches up in its story line to the novels . In January 2014 , Martin 's UK publisher , Jane Johnson , declared on Twitter that the book would `` certainly '' not be published before 2015 . In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was `` not a 2015 release '' , a statement she repeated in January 2015 . In April 2015 , Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones ( which would cover material from the book ) aired in 2016 . In Autumn 2015 , statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016 . In early January 2016 , Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well '' . Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones but one of the showrunners , David Benioff , claimed that while certain key elements would be the same , the show would diverge from the book in many respects . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . In September 2014 , Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018 , based on extrapolation of Martin 's writing pace . In 2017 , Goodreads advertised its expected publication in 2020 . On January 10 , 2017 , Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released `` this year '' , referring to 2017 . However , he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year . He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22 , 2017 , being `` still months away '' from finishing the book . He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Webchat Transcript '' . empireonline.com. April 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Talks Season Two , ' The Winds of Winter , ' and Real - World Influences for ' A Song of Ice and Fire ' '' . SmarterTravel . March 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Fantasy King '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Walt . `` Predicting When ' Game of Thrones ' Author George R.R. Martin Will Come Out With His Next Book '' . Fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ingraham , Christopher ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Predict when George R.R. Martin will finish ' Game of Thrones ' , using the magic of geometry '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : George R.R. Martin ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Doom , Despair , Defeat '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Winds of Winter release date : ' I think this year ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Winds of Winter : release date , news , plot , chapters and returning characters '' . NME. 2017 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2012 ) . In Conversation With ... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 3 -- TIFF Bell Lightbox . TIFF Bell Lightbox . Event occurs at 30 : 50 min . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Arianne '' . George R.R. Martin . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing in Circles '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . georgerrmartin.com . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Winds Of Winter ' Chapter -- George RR Martin Releases ' Game Of Thrones ' Excerpt - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Mercy '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2015 ) . George R.R. Martin reads TWoW Arianne @ Harbour Front Literaturfestival 2015 Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin Reads Winds of Winter Chapters At Mysticon '' . Winter is Coming . ^ Jump up to : `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Things We Learned From the New Winds of Winter Chapter '' . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Theon Chapter '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin surprises Song of Ice and Fire fans with free chapter of next book '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` EasterCon -- Eat , Drink and talk SFF ! '' . harpervoyagerbooks.com. April 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Winds of Winter : Read a new excerpt from George R.R. Martin 's next Game of Thrones novel '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Winds of Winter Chapter Coming Out Today '' . Tor.com . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Dragons Are Here '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Much of George R.R. Martin 's The Winds of Winter is Out So Far ? '' . March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ JUEGOS DE TRONOS de George R.R Martin en la FIL de Guadalajara 2016 Event occurs at 27 : 22 Jump up ^ `` Conventions and Cancellations '' . GRRM Not A Blog. April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin teases the prologue and plotlines of ' The Winds of Winter ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Rachael ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Sex , Fantasy , and A Dance With Dragons '' . theatlantic.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gevers , Nick ( December 2000 ) . `` Sunsets of High Renown -- An Interview with George R.R. Martin '' . infinityplus.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) Jump up ^ Harte , Bryant ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` An Interview with George R.R. Martin , Part I '' . indigo.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Treat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons by George R.R. Martin '' . Random House . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons : A Song of Ice and Fire : Book Five '' . amazon.de . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R ( April 8 , 2012 ) . George R.R. Martin Interview . Eastercon . Event occurs at 58 : 00 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lands of Ice and Fire ( A Game of Thrones ) '' . randomhouse.ca . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` George RR Martin on Winds of Winter : Things are getting worse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Watch Martin 's full Q&A above . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` EW interview : George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Just Write It ! A fantasy author and his impatient fans '' . newyorker.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Guxens , Adrià ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake '' `` . adriasnews.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Game of Thrones - George R.R. Martin Interview . YouTube . April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Bryant ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Martin Talks ' Game Of Thrones , ' ' The Winds Of Winter ' '' . Airlock Alpha . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jane ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Twitter / JaneJohnsonBakr : @ bonefish914 Certainly not this year '' . Twitter . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Johnson on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jane Johnson on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Alison Flood . `` George RR Martin 's The Winds of Winter : no plans for publication in 2015 '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Reading for Rockets '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' author George R.R. Martin determined to finish book by 2016 - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Winds of Winter release date : Book to be out before Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date 2016 : George RR Martin 's next book might finally be coming '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesús Baratheon . `` Alejo Cuervo ( Gigamesh ) : `` Está previsto que Vientos de Invierno salga en 2016 ( también en español ) '' `` . Los Siete Reinos . Jump up ^ `` Relacja z konwentu Kapitularz 2015 '' . Pieśń lodu i ognia - Gra o tron . Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date news : Polish translator slip suggests late 2015 / early 2016 for next George RR Martin book '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Last Year ( Winds of Winter ) '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' showrunners : Season 6 wo n't spoil the books - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` I am not writing anything until I deliver WINDS OF WINTER '' `` . Winter is Coming . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12111823-the-winds-of-winter ? Jump up ^ http://grrm.livejournal.com/544709.html External links ( edit ) Official website of author George R.R. Martin <Th_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter <Td_colspan="2"> Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas <Td_colspan="2"> A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories <Td_colspan="2"> `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' <Td_colspan="2"> Beauty and the Beast Doorways Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Winds_of_Winter&oldid=814724006 '' Categories : 21st - century American novels A Song of Ice and Fire books American fantasy novels HarperCollins books Novels by George R.R. Martin Unpublished novels Upcoming books Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Books with missing cover All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages भोजपुरी Čeština Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 15 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. The Winds of Winter - sixth novel in A Song of Ice and Fire series
2. George R.R. Martin - author of the series
3. Release date - uncertainty and delays in publishing
4. Viewpoint characters - Sansa Stark, Arya Stark, Arianne Martell, and others
5. Plot - battles, character storylines, and the appearance of the Others
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when does season 20 of midsomer murders begin
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Midsomer Murders - wikipedia Midsomer Murders Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Midsomer Murders <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Crime drama , mystery fiction Based on Chief Inspector Barnaby by Caroline Graham Directed by Luke Watson Andy Hay Renny Rye Nick Laughland Simon Langton Alex Pillai Peter Smith Sarah Hellings Jeremy Silberston Richard Holthouse Starring John Nettles Daniel Casey Barry Jackson Jane Wymark Laura Howard Toby Jones John Hopkins Jason Hughes Kirsty Dillon Neil Dudgeon Fiona Dolman Tamzin Malleson Gwilym Lee Manjinder Virk Nick Hendrix Composer ( s ) Jim Parker Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 19 No. of episodes 116 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Brian True - May ( 1 -- 89 ) Jo Wright ( 90 -- 115 ) Jonathan Fisher ( 116 -- ) Michele Buck ( 116 -- ) Producer ( s ) Betty Willingale Cinematography Colin Munn Graham Frake Editor ( s ) Derek Bain Running time 89 -- 102 minutes Production company ( s ) Bentley Productions Distributor All3Media <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 mm film : 576i 4 : 3 ( SDTV ) ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Super 16 mm film : 576i 16 : 9 ( SDTV ) ( 2004 -- 09 ) High Definition Digital : 1080i 16 : 9 ( HDTV ) ( 2009 -- present ) Audio format Stereo ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2004 -- present ) Original release 23 March 1997 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Midsomer Murders is a British television detective drama that has aired on ITV since 1997 . The show is based on Caroline Graham 's Chief Inspector Barnaby book series , as originally adapted by Anthony Horowitz . The current lead character is DCI John Barnaby ( Neil Dudgeon ) , who works for Causton CID . Dudgeon 's character is the younger cousin of former lead character DCI Tom Barnaby ( John Nettles ) . Dudgeon first appeared as randy gardener Daniel Bolt in the Series 4 episode `` Garden of Death '' . Dudgeon permanently joined the show in 2011 following Nettles ' departure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Production 3 Setting 3.1 Filming locations 4 Characters 5 Episodes 6 List of fictional villages in Midsomer 7 Controversy 8 International sales 9 Soundtracks 9.1 Midsomer Murders 9.2 The Best of Midsomer Murders 9.3 The Music of Midsomer Murders 10 DVD releases 11 Books 12 References 13 External links Summary ( edit ) The stories are set in modern - day England and revolve around Tom Barnaby 's ( later , John Barnaby 's ) efforts to solve numerous murders that take place in the idyllic , picturesque but deadly villages of the fictional county of Midsomer . The Barnabys have worked with several different sergeants throughout the run of the show : Sgt Gavin Troy ( Daniel Casey ) , Sgt Dan Scott ( John Hopkins ) , Sgt Ben Jones ( Jason Hughes ) , Sgt Charlie Nelson ( Gwilym Lee ) and currently Sgt Jamie Winter ( Nick Hendrix ) . Production ( edit ) Filming of Midsomer Murders began in Autumn 1996 , with the first episode ( `` The Killings at Badger 's Drift '' ) broadcast in the United Kingdom on 23 March 1997 . The feature - length drama attracts many well - known accomplished actors from the stage and screen in guest - starring roles . Anthony Horowitz and the original producers , Betty Willingale and Brian True - May , created the series . Horowitz adapted the majority of the early episodes from the original works by Caroline Graham . Current writers include Paul Logue , Chris Murray , Lisa Holdsworth , Rachel Cuperman and Sally Griffiths . Actor John Nettles retired at the end of 2010 , after the 13th series of eight episodes ; his last episode was `` Fit for Murder '' . Neil Dudgeon replaced him in the 14th series , playing Tom Barnaby 's cousin , DCI John Barnaby , who is first seen in the episode `` The Sword of Guillaume '' . In February 2016 , it was announced that there would be a 19th series , consisting of six episodes . Nick Hendrix will play the role of Detective Sergeant Jamie Winter , replacing Gwilym Lee . Returning , too , in the 19th series are Manjinder Virk as pathologist Dr Kam Karimore and Fiona Dolman as Sarah Barnaby . It was announced on 7 April 2017 that the show will return to ITV for a 20th series , consisting of six episodes , with Annette Badland as new pathologist , Dr Fleur Perkins . Setting ( edit ) Midsomer is an English fictional county . The county town is Causton , a middle - sized town where Detective Chief Inspector Barnaby lives with his wife , and where the Criminal Investigation Department is located . Much of the popularity of the series arises from the incongruity of sudden violence in a picturesque and peaceful rural setting . Individual episodes focus on institutions , rituals , and customs popularly seen as being characteristic of rural English counties . Various clues in several episodes hint that Midsomer might actually cover the areas of Berkshire and part of northern Hampshire . Many of the villages and small towns of the county have the word `` Midsomer '' in their name ; this is inspired in part by the real county of Somerset , and specifically the town of Midsomer Norton , and became a naming convention within the show . When Mrs Barnaby proposed they move out of Causton and suggested various villages , her husband countered with recollections of particularly grisly murders that occurred in each community . Likewise , when Sgt. Dan Scott asked if the body count was , `` always this high around here , sir ? '' ; Barnaby replied , `` It has been remarked upon . '' Humour is a main feature of the series , with many of the actors playing up their high - camp characters . There is often dark comedy , such as a woman being murdered with a wheel of cheese , and many scenes are examples of `` dramedy '' ( comic drama or dramatic comedy ) ; according to RadioTimes when describing the episode Death and the Divas ( series 15 , episode 4 ) : ' Midsomer Murders never takes itself too seriously but here it 's got its tongue so far into its cheek , it hurts . ' Filming Locations ( edit ) Causton is represented by the Town of Wallingford in Oxfordshire . Causton police station is represented by the former RAF Staff College , Bracknell . Most episodes have been filmed in villages around Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire counties . The Six Bells , a pub in Warborough , Oxfordshire , repeatedly features as the Black Swan in the Midsomer village of Badger 's Drift . Filming took place on Sunday 11 August 2013 at White Waltham Airfield , southwest of Maidenhead , England , for episode 4 of Series 16 , `` The Flying Club '' . In the Killings of Copenhagen episode , number five in the sixteenth series -- the 100th episode in all -- several scenes are filmed at location in central Copenhagen , like Rådhuspladsen ( `` the City Hall Square '' ) , Nyhavn ( `` New Port '' ) with its canal and old colourful houses , a Danish countryside church , and at the circular square inside the Copenhagen Police Headquarters building . The murder in Copenhagen is one of two within the entire series ( until episode 114 , at least ) where a murder takes place outside the fictive County of Midsomer , the other being in Brighton where Inspector John Barnaby ( Neil Dudgeon ) is introduced . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Midsomer Murders characters Characters and the seasons where they appeared Character Actor 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 DCI Tom Barnaby John Nettles <Td_colspan="13"> Main <Td_colspan="6"> DCI John Barnaby Neil Dudgeon <Td_colspan="12"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Main DS Gavin Troy Daniel Casey <Td_colspan="7"> Main <Td_colspan="4"> Guest <Td_colspan="8"> DS Daniel Scott John Hopkins <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="11"> DS Benjamin Jones Jason Hughes <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="7"> Main <Td_colspan="3"> Guest DS Charlie Nelson Gwilym Lee <Td_colspan="15"> <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> DS Jamie Winter Nick Hendrix <Td_colspan="18"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main DC Gail Stephens Kirsty Dillon <Td_colspan="9"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="7"> Dr George Bullard Barry Jackson <Td_colspan="2"> Main Main Recurring <Td_colspan="9"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> Dr Dan Peterson Toby Jones Recurring Main <Td_colspan="16"> Dr Kate Wilding Tamzin Malleson <Td_colspan="13"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> Dr Kam Karimore Manjinder Virk <Td_colspan="17"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main Joyce Barnaby Jane Wymark <Td_colspan="13"> Main <Td_colspan="6"> Sarah Barnaby Fiona Dolman <Td_colspan="13"> <Td_colspan="6"> Main Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Midsomer Murders episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Series <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="3"> Pilot <Td_colspan="2"> 23 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> 22 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 22 ) 6 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> 20 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) 5 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> 12 September 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) 29 January 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 5 <Td_colspan="1"> 10 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) 16 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 5 <Td_colspan="1"> 23 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 23 ) 22 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 5 <Td_colspan="1"> 3 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 03 ) 31 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 25 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> 10 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) 2 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 9 <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> 9 October 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) 17 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 10 <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> 12 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) 11 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 11 <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> 1 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) 5 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 12 <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 13 <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> 10 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 10 ) 2 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 14 <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> 23 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 15 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="1"> 1 February 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) 30 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 16 <Td_colspan="2"> 5 <Td_colspan="1"> 24 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 17 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> 28 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 18 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="1"> 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 19 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="1"> 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 ) The pilot episode of Midsomer Murders was shown on 23 March 1997 . As of 18 January 2017 , 114 episodes have been broadcast in the UK , comprising 19 series . ( The final episodes of series 19 have aired overseas . ) List of fictional villages in Midsomer ( edit ) Angels Rise Aspern Tallow Badger 's Drift Binwell Bishopwood Bleakridge Bow Clayton Broughton Burwood Mantle Calham Cross Causton ( County town ) Cooper Hill Devington Dunstan Elverton - cum - Latterley Ferne Basset Finchmere Fletcher 's Cross Ford Florey Goodman 's Land Great Auburn Great Pelfe Great Worthy Haddington Little Auburn Little Crosby Little Malton Little Upton Little Worthy Lower Crosby Lower Pampling Lower Warden Luxton Deeping Malham Bridge Malham Cross March Magna Marsh Wood Martyr Warren Midsomer Abbas Midsomer Barrow Midsomer Barton Midsomer Chettham Midsomer Cicely Midsomer Deverell Midsomer Florey Midsomer Herne Midsomer Holm Midsomer Langley Midsomer Magna Midsomer Malham Midsomer Mallow Midsomer Market Midsomer - in - the - Marsh Midsomer Mere Midsomer Morchard Midsomer Morton Midsomer Mow Midsomer Newton Midsomer Oaks Midsomer Parva Midsomer Pastures Midsomer Priors Midsomer Shallows Midsomer Sonning Midsomer St. Claire Midsomer St. Michael Midsomer Stanton Midsomer Vertue Midsomer Vinae Midsomer Wellow Midsomer Worthy Midsomer Wyvern Milton 's Cross Monks Barton Morton Fendle Morton Shallows Newton Magna Pandlefoot Bailey Shotover & Forest hill Upper Warden Whitcombe Mallet Controversy ( edit ) In March 2011 , the series ' producer , Brian True - May , was suspended by All3Media after telling the TV listings magazine Radio Times that the programme did not have any non-white characters , because the series was a `` bastion of Englishness . '' When challenged about the term `` Englishness '' and whether that would exclude different ethnic minorities , True - May responded : `` Well , it should do , and maybe I 'm not politically correct . '' He later went on to say that he wanted to make a programme `` that appeals to a certain audience , which seems to succeed . '' True - May 's comments were investigated by the production company . He was reinstated , having apologised `` if his remarks gave unintended offence to any viewers , '' but he has since stepped down as producer . The following series ( series 15 ) saw Asian characters appear on the show in the episodes `` The Dark Rider '' and `` Written in the Stars , '' though an Asian character had previously appeared in `` Orchis Fatalis '' . Series 15 also introduced more black characters , although previously they had been seen in background scenes , but had not had many speaking roles except for the Crown Prosecutor in the episode `` Last Year 's Model '' ( Series 9 , episode 8 ) , who was a black woman , and in the episode `` Dance With The Dead '' , in which two black men were among the dancers at a 1940s - themed party . In episode 3 of series 11 ( `` Left for Dead '' ) , the character Charlotte / Charlie ( played by Indra Ové as the adult version and Jade Gould as the younger version ) appeared to be of mixed race . International sales ( edit ) Midsomer Murders has been sold to a large number of countries and territories around the world . In 2004 , it was among the three most - sold British TV shows worldwide , whether as TV Programming or DVD . In Armenia , the series is shown by Shoghakat TV . In Australia first - run episodes and repeats are screened on national free - to - air network ABC with repeats also shown on sister station ABC2 . The series was originally aired on the Nine Network . Repeat screenings are also aired on the subscription channels UKTV and 13th Street . A measure of the success of the series in Australia is that repeats of the series still rate highly and often feature in the nation 's top twenty shows in national surveys . In Bulgaria the series began airing around 2007 on TV7 . In 2011 it started airing on Nova television . A few years later it began airing on Kino Nova and Fox Crime . Around 2017 it also started on Evrokom . In Canada the series is broadcast on TVOntario and Book Television in Ontario , and on Knowledge in British Columbia , which in 2014 was showing Series 16 . In Croatia the series is broadcast on HRT2 under the title `` Umorstva u Midsomeru '' . In Ireland , the series is shown by Be3 . In New Zealand the series was broadcast on TVNZ until it 's been broadcast for a number of years on the free - to - air channel Prime . In the United States , the series was aired by A&E for a time and is now syndicated by American Public Television for broadcast on public television stations . As of December 2017 , episodes through series 19 are available for streaming through Netflix . In Germany , the series is broadcast in a German language synchronised version by the public broadcaster ZDF under the series title `` Inspector Barnaby '' . In Norway , the series is broadcast by TV2 Norway under the series title `` Mord og mysterier '' . In Denmark , the series is broadcast by DR1 under the title `` Barnaby '' . Parts of the one hundredth episode , the Killings of Copenhagen , were filmed in the country . In Italy , the series is dubbed and presented as `` L'ispettore Barnaby '' . In Finland , the series is broadcast by the public broadcaster Yle TV1 under the title Midsomerin murhat . In Sweden , the series is shown on SVT1 under the title ' Morden i Midsomer ' ( Murders in Midsomer ) . It is usually shown as part of the summer evening schedule . In Portugal , the series is broadcast on Fox Crime . Soundtracks ( edit ) Composed by Jim Parker , the iconic main theme is a moderate - tempo waltz , performed ( primarily though not exclusively ) on an unusual electronic musical instrument , the theremin , which has a sound not unlike a low whistle or a human voice . The theremin part was played by Celia Sheen ( 1940 -- 2011 ) . From the 14th series onwards the soundtrack was altered so that during the closing titles a standardised version of the theme is played on a solo violin in place of the theremin . Three soundtrack CDs have been released so far , containing musical cues from various series . The first two sold out quickly and are now out of print , making them extremely hard to find . The most recent soundtrack is currently being given away to subscribers of the Midsomer Murders DVD / Magazine package in the UK and the Netherlands . Midsomer Murders ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Midsomer Murders <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Jim Parker Released 1998 Genre Soundtrack Length 65 : 15 Label Oceandeep Soundtracks Ltd The first soundtrack release contains music from the first two series . All music composed and conducted by Jim Parker No . Title Length 1 . `` Midsomer Murders '' 2 : 51 2 . `` Agnus Dei '' 2 : 05 3 . `` The Village '' 2 : 05 4 . `` An Irish Boy '' 3 : 14 5 . `` Cambridge '' 1 : 58 6 . `` Funeral Dance '' 3 : 55 7 . `` Driving Home '' 1 : 49 8 . `` Haunted Rooms '' 2 : 32 9 . `` Discovery of a Dead Body '' 3 : 55 10 . `` The Commune '' 2 : 45 11 . `` The Alcoholic Fox - trot '' 1 : 41 12 . `` Sarah 's Lament '' 1 : 59 13 . `` The Madonna 's Statue '' 2 : 47 14 . `` Milking Time '' 2 : 10 15 . `` Scratching The Paintwork '' 2 : 44 16 . `` Ancient Rome '' 2 : 47 17 . `` Looking For Clues '' 2 : 08 18 . `` Death on Stage '' 2 : 35 19 . `` Rosa '' 2 : 41 20 . `` The Village Band '' 1 : 57 21 . `` Cully 's Tune '' 1 : 57 22 . `` Bunny Cakes '' 2 : 17 23 . `` Magic Pipes '' 1 : 43 24 . `` Hunt And Kill '' 3 : 37 25 . `` Meeting in the Dark '' 2 : 22 26 . `` The Fairground '' 2 : 03 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 65 : 15 The best of Midsomer Murders ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Best of Midsomer Murders <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Jim Parker Released 16 September 2002 Genre Soundtrack Length 63 : 05 Label Universal Classics The second soundtrack release contains music from the first five series of Midsomer Murders , featuring both recycled cues from the previous release as well as some new material . All music was conducted by Jim Parker , except for track 17 conducted by Don Lusher . All tracks written by Jim Parker . No . Title Length 1 . `` Midsomer Murders '' 2 : 51 2 . `` Agnus Dei '' 2 : 05 3 . `` The Village '' 2 : 05 4 . `` Isobel '' 2 : 08 5 . `` Cambridge '' 1 : 58 6 . `` Libera Me '' 2 : 08 7 . `` Driving Home '' 1 : 49 8 . `` Discovery of a Dead Body '' 3 : 55 9 . `` Hunting '' 1 : 51 10 . `` The Commune '' 2 : 45 11 . `` The Alcoholic Fox -- trot '' 1 : 41 12 . `` Sarah 's Lament '' 1 : 59 13 . `` The Madonna 's Statue '' 2 : 47 14 . `` Milking Time '' 2 : 10 15 . `` Rosa '' 2 : 41 16 . `` Ancient Rome '' 2 : 47 17 . `` The Postman '' 2 : 38 18 . `` Looking For Clues '' 2 : 08 19 . `` A Roving '' 2 : 01 20 . `` The Village Band '' 1 : 57 21 . `` An Irish Boy '' 3 : 14 22 . `` Cully 's Tune '' 1 : 57 23 . `` Haunted Rooms '' 2 : 32 24 . `` Bunny Cakes '' 2 : 17 25 . `` Magic Pipes '' 1 : 43 26 . `` Meeting in the Dark '' 2 : 22 27 . `` The Fairground '' 2 : 03 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 63 : 05 The music of Midsomer Murders ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Music of Midsomer Murders <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Jim Parker Released 2006 Genre Soundtrack Length 43 : 39 Label Bentley Productions Ltd This third release was given away to anyone subscribing to the series ' DVD / magazine package , and once again contains a few new cues , while largely recycling old material . All music was conducted by Jim Parker except for track 14 , conducted by Don Lusher . All tracks written by Jim Parker . No . Title Length 1 . `` Midsomer Murders '' 2 : 51 2 . `` Ponies '' 2 : 50 3 . `` Isobel '' 2 : 08 4 . `` Seduction , 1953 '' 2 : 22 5 . `` Hunting '' 1 : 51 6 . `` Discovery of a Dead Body '' 3 : 55 7 . `` Driving Home '' 1 : 49 8 . `` The Alcoholic Foxtrot '' 1 : 41 9 . `` An Irish Boy '' 3 : 14 10 . `` Cambridge '' 1 : 58 11 . `` Rosa '' 2 : 41 12 . `` Milking Time '' 2 : 10 13 . `` Cully 's Tune '' 1 : 55 14 . `` The Postman '' 1 : 31 15 . `` A Roving '' 2 : 01 16 . `` Magic Pipes '' 1 : 44 17 . `` The Village Band '' 1 : 54 18 . `` Haunted Rooms '' 2 : 32 19 . `` The Fairground '' 2 : 03 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 43 : 39 DVD releases ( edit ) All 114 episodes that have been aired so far have been released in the UK ( Region 2 ) including three Christmas specials . The first 18 series and `` Part 1 '' of series 19 of Midsomer Murders have been released in Australia and New Zealand ( Region 4 ) . Note that episodes 1 to 100 were originally released as 25 `` sets '' , which are now discontinued , and have been re-released as `` series '' 1 to 16 in redesigned packages . In January 2006 , Midsomer Murders started a DVD and Magazine Collection , available at newsagents in Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , and the UK . Acorn Media UK has released 24 DVD sets of Midsomer Murders in North America as well as several collections , which are : The Early Cases 10 disc collection of 18 episodes includes the pilot episode and those of series one , two , three , and four ( except the last episode ) , as well as a bonus disc featuring a behind - the - scenes documentary . Acorn 's `` Barnaby 's Casebook '' 10 disc collection has 17 episodes , including the last episode of series four , followed by those of seasons five , six , and seven . Acorn 's `` Village Case Files '' 8 disc collection includes the 16 episodes of seasons eight , and nine ; and a 4 minute bonus clip from season one . Acorn 's `` Mayhem & Mystery '' 15 disc collection includes the 17 episodes of seasons ten and eleven . Acorn 's `` Tom Barnaby 's Last Cases '' 15 disc collection includes the 17 episodes of seasons twelve and thirteen . Books ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( August 2017 ) Graham , Caroline ( 1987 ) . The Killings at Badger 's Drift . ISBN 978 - 0 - 917561 - 41 - 2 . Graham , Caroline ( 1989 ) . Death of a Hollow Man . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 2911 - 4 . Graham , Caroline ( 1993 ) . Death in Disguise . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 0608 - 2 . Graham , Caroline ( 1994 ) . Written in Blood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 4664 - 0 . Graham , Caroline ( 1996 ) . Faithful unto Death . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 1665 - 7 . Graham , Caroline ( 1999 ) . A Place of Safety . Graham , Caroline ( 2004 ) . A Ghost in the Machine . Evans , Jeff ( 2003 ) . Midsomer Murders : The Making of An English Crime Classic . Batsford . ISBN 9780713487688 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Guardian ( 2 January 2008 ) . `` Midsomer shines for ITV '' . London . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders -- The New Barnaby Joins John Nettles on Exclusive Acorn Media DVD Release '' . Prlog.org. 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New recruit for Midsomer Murders '' ( Press release ) . ITV. 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 19 of Midsomer Murder begins shooting ; Barnaby gets new sidekick '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders celebrates 20th Anniversary '' . `` ITV Press Centre '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Midsomer Murders ' Schooled in Murder ( TV Episode 2013 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rackham , Jane . `` Midsomer Murders '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders Locations '' . Midsomermurders.org . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hellicar , Michael ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Midsomer marriage : Daughter 's wedding promises toughest case yet for Detective Barnaby '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Falconer , Kieran ( 19 July 2008 ) . `` Midsomer Murders : A very English setting '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders -- The Six Bells Warborough '' . The Six Bells Warborough . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Midsomer Murders filmed at White Waltham Airfield '' . Maidenhead Advertiser News . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders -- Episode Guide '' . www.midsomermurders.org . Jump up ^ Picture of the round `` police square '' and some of the episode 's main actors at midsomermurders.org . Jump up ^ Episode 100 itself , can not determine which church it is . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders : The Complete Series 19 '' . HMV Online . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Easton , Mark ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Midsomer Murders producer suspended over race row '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 23 March 2011 ) . `` Midsomer Murders co-creator to step down at end of current series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer producer to ' step down ' after current series '' . BBC News . 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Midsomer Murders gets two Asian characters '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strong DVD Market Boosts UK TV Export Revenues '' . Culture.gov.uk . May 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 December 2013 ) . `` Ratings '' . TV Tonight . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 December 2013 ) . `` Ratings '' . TV Tonight . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Midsomer Murders DVD sales '' . ABC Shop . ABC Online . 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Midsomer Murders at itv.com Midsomer Murders on IMDb Midsomer Murders at TV.com `` UK Publisher for Midsomer Murders DVDs '' . Acorn DVD . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Midsomer Murders Episodes `` Destroying Angel '' `` Electric Vendetta '' `` Ring Out Your Dead '' `` Market For Murder '' `` Painted in Blood '' `` Dead in the Water '' `` Orchis Fatalis '' `` Second Sight '' `` The Christmas Haunting '' `` The Killings of Copenhagen '' Characters Tom Barnaby Novels by Caroline Graham The Killings at Badger 's Drift ( 1987 ) Death of a Hollow Man ( 1989 ) Death in Disguise ( 1992 ) Written in Blood ( 1994 ) Faithful unto Death ( 1996 ) A Place of Safety ( 1999 ) A Ghost in the Machine ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midsomer_Murders&oldid=827601381 '' Categories : 1997 British television programme debuts 1990s British crime television series 2000s British crime television series 2010s British crime television series English - language television programs 1990s British mystery television series 2000s British mystery television series 2010s British mystery television series Detective television series ITV television dramas Midsomer Murders Television series by All3Media Television series produced at Pinewood Studios Television programs based on novels Screenplays by Anthony Horowitz Television shows set in England Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles lacking ISBNs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 17 : 58 . 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who made the sound track for black panther
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Black Panther ( Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Black Panther ( Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Black Panther : The Album -- Music from and Inspired By ( alternatively Black Panther : The Album ) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film Black Panther . It was curated by Kendrick Lamar , and features a variety of collaborators , including many of Lamar 's fellow artists signed to Top Dawg Entertainment . It was released by Interscope Records on February 9 , 2018 . A separate film score album , Black Panther ( Original Score ) , composed by Ludwig Göransson , was released by Hollywood Records on February 16 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Black Panther : The Album 1.1 Background 1.2 Track listing 1.2. 1 Additional personnel 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Charts 1.5 Certifications 1.6 Accolades 2 Black Panther ( Original Score ) 2.1 Background 2.2 Track listing 2.3 Charts 2.4 Accolades 3 References Black Panther : the Album ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Black Panther : The Album <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Kendrick Lamar and various artists Released February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Studio Windmark No Excuses Groovy Sounds Ruff Deuce Station EastWest The Grill Conway 5Star Production West Ink Records Empire Low Key Electric Lady HOB Genre Experimental hip hop pop - rap Length 49 : 12 Label Top Dawg Aftermath Interscope Producer Anthony `` Top Dawg '' Tiffith ( exec. ) Kendrick Lamar ( also exec . ) Dave `` Miyatola '' Free ( assoc. ) 30 Roc Aaron Bow Al Shux BadBadNotGood Cardo Cubeatz DJ Dahi Doc McKinney Frank Dukes Hykeem Carter Illmind Kurtis McKenzie Ludwig Göransson Matt Schaeffer Mike Will Made It Robin Hannibal Rascal Scribz Riley Sounwave Teddy Walton Twon Beatz <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Black Panther : The Album ( 2018 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Kendrick Lamar chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Damn ( 2017 ) Black Panther : The Album ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Black Panther : The Album <Td_colspan="2"> `` All the Stars '' Released : January 4 , 2018 `` King 's Dead '' Released : January 11 , 2018 `` Pray for Me '' Released : February 2 , 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Background ( edit ) Kendrick Lamar produced the film 's curated soundtrack , titled Black Panther : The Album , along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith . Black Panther director Ryan Coogler chose Lamar for the project because his `` artistic themes align with those we explore in the film . '' Lamar was initially only going to work on a few songs for the film , but after he watched a majority of the film , he decided to create the album . Sounwave , a producer on the album , said that `` the production , the hooks and ideas '' for the album were created in August 2017 when Lamar was on The Damn Tour . When the tour concluded the following month , the effort began to `` execute our ideas and reach out to people '' to appear on the album . The album and Lamar 's involvement was teased as an easter egg in Lamar 's music video for his single `` Love '' in late December 2017 , with a clapperboard reading `` B. Panther soundtrack coming soon '' . Lamar released the first single for the album , `` All the Stars '' , in January 2018 , in which he collaborated with fellow Top Dawg artist SZA . Shortly after , a new trailer for the film featured `` Opps '' by Lamar and Vince Staples . A second song by Lamar with Jay Rock , Future and James Blake called `` King 's Dead '' was released later in the month . On February 2 , 2018 , `` Pray for Me '' by Lamar and The Weeknd was released as the album 's third single . Black Panther : The Album was released on February 9 , 2018 . The cover art for the album was illustrated by Nikolas A. Draper - Ivey . The soundtrack debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 154,000 equivalent album units ( of that sum , 52,000 came from pure album sales ) . The album remained on the number one spot in its second week , selling 131,000 equivalent album units ( of that sum , 40,000 were pure album sales ) . Track listing ( edit ) Credits adapted from digital booklet . No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Black Panther '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar ) Kendrick Duckworth Mark Spears Kevin Gomringer Tim Gomringer Matt Schaeffer Kendrick Lamar Sounwave Cubeatz Schaeffer 2 : 11 2 . `` All the Stars '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar and SZA ) Duckworth Spears Al Shuckburgh Solána Rowe Anthony Tiffith Sounwave Al Shux 3 : 56 3 . `` X '' ( performed by Schoolboy Q , 2 Chainz , and Saudi ) Duckworth Spears Ramon Ibanga Quincy Hanley Tauheed Epps Anele Mbisha Sounwave Illmind 4 : 27 4 . `` The Ways '' ( performed by Khalid and Swae Lee ) Duckworth Spears Matthew Tavares Chester Hansen Leland Whitty Alexander Sowinski Khalid Robinson Khalif Brown Sounwave BadBadNotGood Lamar 3 : 59 5 . `` Opps '' ( performed by Vince Staples and Yugen Blakrok ) Duckworth Spears Ludwig Göransson Vincent Staples Sounwave Göransson 3 : 01 6 . `` I Am '' ( performed by Jorja Smith ) Duckworth Spears Jorja Smith Tobias Breuer Troy Chester Sounwave Lamar 3 : 29 7 . `` Paramedic ! '' ( performed by SOB X RBE ) Duckworth Dacoury Natche Spears K. Gomringer T. Gomringer Juwon Lee Graham Harris Wayman Barrow Jabbar Brown DJ Dahi Sounwave Cubeatz 3 : 39 8 . `` Bloody Waters '' ( performed by Ab - Soul , Anderson Paak and James Blake ) Duckworth Spears Robin Braun Herbert Stevens IV James Litherland Sounwave Lamar Robin Hannibal 4 : 32 9 . `` King 's Dead '' ( performed by Jay Rock , Kendrick Lamar , Future and James Blake ) Duckworth Michael Williams II Travis Walton Spears Johnny McKinzie Nayvadius Wilburn Litherland Samuel Gloade Antwon Hicks Mike Will Made It Teddy Walton Sounwave 30 Roc Twon Beatz AxlFolie 3 : 50 10 . `` Redemption Interlude '' Duckworth Hykeem Carter Zacari Pacaldo Carter Lamar 1 : 25 11 . `` Redemption '' ( performed by Zacari and Babes Wodumo ) Duckworth Walton Kurtis McKenzie Mike Riley Pacaldo Bongekile Simelane Mandla Maphumulo McKenzie Walton Scribz Riley Aaron Bow 3 : 42 12 . `` Seasons '' ( performed by Mozzy , Sjava and Reason ) Duckworth Spears Adam Feeney Timothy Patterson Jabulani Hadebe Robert Gill Sounwave Lamar Frank Dukes 4 : 02 13 . `` Big Shot '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar and Travis Scott ) Duckworth Ronald LaTour Brock Korsan K. Gomringer T. Gomringer Spears Jacques Webster Cardo Cubeatz Sounwave Schaeffer 3 : 42 14 . `` Pray for Me '' ( performed by The Weeknd and Kendrick Lamar ) Abel Tesfaye Duckworth Feeney Martin McKinney Frank Dukes Doc McKinney 3 : 31 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 49 : 19 Notes signifies a co-producer . signifies an additional producer . signifies an uncredited co-producer . `` Paramedic ! '' , `` Bloody Waters '' and `` Redemption Interlude '' feature additional vocals by Zacari . `` Pray for Me '' features background vocals by Samrawit Hailu . `` X '' , `` The Ways '' , `` Opps '' , `` I Am '' , `` Paramedic ! '' , `` Redemption Interlude '' , `` Redemption '' , and `` Seasons '' feature uncredited vocals by Kendrick Lamar . `` Redemption Interlude '' features uncredited vocals by Hykeem Carter . `` Redemption '' features uncredited vocals by Mampintsha . Sample credits `` Big Shot '' contains an uncredited interpolation of `` New Freezer '' by Rich the Kid featuring Kendrick Lamar . Additional personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from digital booklet . Musicians Ezinma -- string arrangement ( tracks 1 , 2 ) Sounwave -- string arrangement ( tracks 1 , 2 ) Bēkon -- additional strings ( tracks 6 , 12 ) Rascal -- original sample ( track 6 ) Knukuth -- original sample ( track 6 ) James Blake -- additional keys ( track 8 ) Rob Gueringer -- additional bass and guitar ( track 12 ) Technical Matt Schaeffer -- recording ( tracks 1 - 9 , 11 , 13 ) , mixing ( tracks 1 - 10 , 12 ) Sam Ricci -- recording ( track 2 ) James Hunt -- recording ( track 3 ) Ruff Nkosi -- recording ( Saudi , track 3 ; Sjava , track 12 ) Nolan Presley -- recording ( 2 Chainz , track 3 ) Michael Law Thomas -- recording ( Vince Staples , track 5 ) LMNZ -- recording ( Yugen Blakrok , track 5 ) Max Perry -- recording ( SOB X RBE , track 7 ) Joshua Smith -- recording ( James Blake , track 8 ) Nevin J. Thomas -- recording ( Anderson Paak , track 8 ) Eric Manco -- recording ( Future , track 9 ) Hykeem Carter -- recording ( track 10 ) Zacari -- recording ( track 10 ) Mandla Maphumulo -- recording ( Babes Wodumo , track 11 ) DaveO -- recording ( Mozzy , track 12 ) Mark `` Keitel '' Lowe , Jr. -- recording ( Reason , track 12 ) Jimmy Cash -- recording ( Travis Scott , track 13 ) Beatriz Artola -- recording ( Kendrick Lamar , track 14 ) Shin Kamiyama -- recording ( The Weeknd , track 14 ) Mike Sonier -- recording ( The Weeknd , track 14 ) Doc McKinney -- recording ( Samrawit Hailu , track 14 ) Barry McCready -- assistant engineering ( track 14 ) Derek `` MixedByAli '' Ali -- mixing ( tracks 11 , 13 ) Jaycen Joshua -- mixing ( track 14 ) Cyrus Taghipour -- mixing assistance ( tracks 11 , 13 ) David Nakaji -- mixing assistance ( track 14 ) Mike Bozzi -- mastering ( all tracks ) Mike Dean -- mastering ( track 13 ) Chris Athens -- mastering ( track 14 ) Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 80 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club B+ The Guardian NME Pitchfork 7.5 / 10 Rolling Stone Vice Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 14 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Alex Petridis of The Guardian stated that the soundtrack `` hangs together as a standalone album , albeit a less consistent one than Lamar 's solo releases . '' Commenting on the various tracks , many of which Petridis felt had `` heady '' ideas , he concluded the album `` often feels like an enjoyable interstitial release rather than an essential one . Still , that may simply say something about the standards its curator has set in recent years . '' Clayton Purdom of The A.V. Club felt that the Black Panther soundtrack was `` one of the best rap albums of this young year '' , adding that `` the tracks play it safe , but the project itself does not , an audacious exertion of energy from one of the planet 's most universally revered musicians ... the album does n't need the film ; it works on its own , developing its own themes at its own pace , channeled inimitably through the sensibilities of Kendrick Lamar and TDE . '' Purdom felt that Black Panther : The Album could stand alongside other artist - driven soundtracks for films like Tron : Legacy , Coffy and 8 Mile . Writing for Vice , Robert Christgau called the music `` star - studded , hooky - to - jingly , sneakily experimental pop - rap product tinged with the flick 's racialized broad - stroke humanitarianism '' , and credited Lamar for `` marking every ( song ) with a verse or chorus or hook defined by the least regal of the great rap flows , unassumingly slurred while making every word count '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 13 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 8 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 35 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) 18 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 12 Italian Compilation Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Compilations Chart ( OCC ) 9 US Billboard 200 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2018 Billboard Music Awards Top Soundtrack Nominated BET Awards Album of the Year Pending Black Panther ( original score ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Black Panther ( Original Score ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Ludwig Göransson Released February 16 , 2018 Recorded October and December 2017 Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Film score Length 95 : 07 Label Hollywood Marvel Music <Th_colspan="2"> Ludwig Göransson chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Hasan Minhaj : Homecoming King ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( Original Score ) ( 2018 ) Death Wish ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Background ( edit ) Ludwig Göransson was hired to compose the film 's score by April 2017 . This is his third feature film collaboration with Coogler , after Fruitvale Station and Creed . Göransson `` felt incredible pressure to pay homage to African culture and its traditional music . It 's not lost on me that I 'm a Swedish guy from one of the coldest countries in the world . '' Göransson traveled to Senegal and South Africa to record local musicians to form the `` base '' of his soundtrack . He accompanied Baaba Maal on his tour throughout Senegal , recording Maal and other Senegalese artists Maal introduced to him . Maal sings in the Fula language on some of the tracks . While in Africa , Göransson became fond of the sound the talking drum produced , which he incorporated as the sound for T'Challa and `` was the first seed of how the instrumentation affected the process . '' He also came across the tambin , which was incorporated in his sounds for Erik Killmonger . Göransson sent his tambin recordings to Michael B. Jordan , who plays Killmonger , to help him prepare for the role . A sabar drummer performed `` challenge rhythms '' for T'Challa's competitors and the kora and vuvuzelas `` provided additional color '' for Göransson . When Göransson was in South Africa , he visited the International Library of African Music in Grahamstown and listened to the music of `` thousands of different tribes in Africa '' from field recordings , much of which no longer exists because of colonization . Describing his score , Göransson said , `` The most difficult part is that as soon as you put production and orchestra on top of African music , it does n't sound African anymore . So the challenge was incorporating these things and making them still feel African . '' Coogler praised the collaboration between Lamar and Göransson , as Göransson `` was able to manipulate the score to incorporate some of ( The Album ) songs and weave them in and out of the orchestral stuff that he was already doing . '' Göransson recorded the score in October and December 2017 , at Abbey Road Studios over two weeks , and utilized a 132 - piece western classical orchestra , African percussionists and a 40 - person choir , which sang in Xhosa . Göransson and John Ashton Thomas conducted the orchestra recording . The album for the score was released digitally on February 16 , 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Ludwig Göransson . No . Title Length 1 . `` Wakanda Origins '' 1 : 44 2 . `` Royal Talon Fighter '' 4 : 00 3 . `` Wakanda '' 2 : 20 4 . `` Warrior Falls '' 4 : 06 5 . `` The Jabari '' 1 : 08 6 . `` Waterfall Fight '' 4 : 03 7 . `` Ancestral Plane '' 4 : 27 8 . `` Killmonger '' 2 : 55 9 . `` Phambili '' 2 : 31 10 . `` Casino Brawl '' 3 : 32 11 . `` Busan Car Chase '' 2 : 49 12 . `` Questioning Klaue '' 3 : 32 13 . `` Outsider '' 2 : 07 14 . `` Is This Wakanda ? '' 2 : 46 15 . `` Killmonger 's Challenge '' 5 : 07 16 . `` Killmonger vs. T'Challa '' 3 : 30 17 . `` Loyal to the Throne '' 1 : 35 18 . `` Killmonger 's Dream '' 3 : 15 19 . `` Burn It All '' 3 : 24 20 . `` Entering Jabariland '' 2 : 42 21 . `` Wake Up T'Challa '' 6 : 08 22 . `` The Great Mound Battle '' 3 : 48 23 . `` Glory to Bast '' 6 : 06 24 . `` The Jabari , Pt. II '' 2 : 22 25 . `` A Kings Sunset '' 4 : 28 26 . `` A New Day '' 1 : 47 27 . `` Spaceship Bugatti '' 1 : 23 28 . `` United Nations / End Titles '' 7 : 32 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 1 : 35 : 07 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 193 US Billboard 200 64 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2018 Saturn Awards Best Film Music Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Robert Christgau on the Star - Studded , Kendrick - Helmed ' Black Panther ' OST '' . Vice . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Will Produce and Curate Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Soundtrack '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tyler - Ameen , Daoud ; Madden , Sydney ; Richmond , Justin ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's How ' Black Panther : The Album ' Came Together '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Hid a ' Black Panther ' Clue in His New ' LOVE . ' Music Video '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blais - Bille , Braudie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar and Vince Staples ' New Song Teased in Black Panther Trailer : Watch '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar , Future , James Blake Team on Jay Rock 's ' King 's Dead ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madden , Sidney ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar And The Weeknd Team Up For ' Pray For Me ' '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moniuszko , Sara ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Everything we know about the Marvel superhero film ' Black Panther ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chesman , Donna - Claire ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` How Illustrator Nikolas A. Draper - Ivey Went From Fan Art to Drawing ' Black Panther The Album ' '' . DJ Booth . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Ketih ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart for Second Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Various Artists -- Black Panther : The Album ( Booklet ) '' . Genius . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther The Album Music From And Inspired By '' . iTunes . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 30 Roc ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` New Music by @ jayrock x @ kendricklamar x @ future x @ jamesblake `` King Dead '' ( Prod.By ... '' Instagram . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ AxlFolie ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` So I guess I 'm on the @ blackpanther project thanks too @ teddywalton and the gang ... I did the drums on the second half 🙏 🏿 @ kendricklamar '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Graham ; Gardner , Alex ; Skelton , Eric ; Isom , Eric ; Moore , Jason ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` 10 Things We Learned from Kendrick Lamar 's ' Black Panther ' Album '' . Pigeons & Planes . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zeeman , Kyle ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Babes ' Black Panther song : She sings kikirikiki and , oh , it features Mampintsha '' . The Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mench , Chris ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Previewed His Travis Scott Collab `` Big Shot '' During His 2018 Grammys Performance `` . Genius . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Panther : The Album by Original Soundtrack Reviews and Tracks '' . Metacritic . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kellman , Andy . `` Black Panther : The Album ( Music From and Inspired By ) -- Kendrick Lamar '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Purdom , Clayton ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` With Black Panther , Kendrick Lamar adds a great soundtrack to his résumé '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alex ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther soundtrack review - Kendrick Lamar 's Superfly moment '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bartleet , Larry ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther soundtrack review '' . NME . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Sheldon ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Various Artists : Black Panther The Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Kendrick Lamar Goes Superhero - Producer on ' Black Panther ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar : Black Panther The Album Music From and Inspired By '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 7 , 2018 '' . FIMI . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Compilations Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations : See the Full List '' . Billboard. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BET Staff ( 16 May 2018 ) . `` BET 2018 Nominees '' . BET . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` You 're Not Ready for Black Panther 's Stunning New Spin on Superhero Movies '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Byron ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Composer Scored a 4 - Hour Cut of the Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flook , Ray ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Musical Anatomy of a Superhero : The Best SDCC Panel That I Did n't Intend To See '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Sheldon ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` How Black Panther Composer Ludwig Göransson Found the Sound of Wakanda '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Composer Infuses Score With Trove of African Sounds '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Genius ( February 16 , 2018 ) . The Making Of `` Wakanda '' With Ludwig Göransson Presented By Marvel Studio 's Black Panther . YouTube . Event occurs at 5 : 25 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Music & Hollywood Records to Release Ludwig Goransson 's ' Black Panther ' Score '' . Film Music Reporter . February 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Black Panther ' Score Album Details '' . Film Music Reporter . February 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ludwig Goransson -- Black Panther - Original Score '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Black Panther <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee Jack Kirby Black Panthers T'Chaka T'Challa Kasper Cole Shuri Supporting characters Avengers Blade Brother Voodoo Captain America Dora Milaje Eden Fesi Everett K. Ross Fantastic Four Human Torch Invisible Woman Mister Fantastic Thing Gentle Junta Luke Cage Misty Knight Monica Rambeau Okoye Storm W'Kabi Zuri Antagonists Achebe Black Knight Doctor Doom Erik Killmonger Fenris Ghaur Kiber the Cruel Klaw Kraven the Hunter Malice Mephisto Moses Magnum Man - Ape Nightshade Psycho - Man Radioactive Man Venomm Windeagle Publications Jungle Action Marvel Comics Presents The Crew World of Wakanda Storylines `` Doomwar '' In other media Black Panther ( TV series ) Captain America : Civil War Black Panther film soundtrack Related articles Avengers Fantastic Four Fantastic Force Illuminati Ultimates Coal Tiger King Solomon 's Frogs Wakanda Vibranium <Th_colspan="2"> Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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Other Team Thor <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Kendrick Lamar <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Section. 80 Good Kid , M.A.A.D City To Pimp a Butterfly Damn Compilations Untitled Unmastered EPs Kendrick Lamar Mixtapes C4 Overly Dedicated Soundtracks Black Panther : The Album Concert tours The Damn Tour Related articles Black Hippy God Is Gangsta Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Panther_(soundtrack)&oldid=843669434 '' Categories : 2018 soundtracks Aftermath Entertainment albums Albums produced by Al Shux Albums produced by DJ Dahi Albums produced by Frank Dukes Albums produced by Illmind Albums produced by Mike Will Made It Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios Albums recorded at EastWest Studios Black Panther Concept albums Hip hop soundtracks Hollywood Records soundtracks Interscope Records albums Kendrick Lamar albums Marvel Music compilation albums Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtracks Marvel Music soundtracks Top Dawg Entertainment albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United States Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Հայերեն Italiano Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 20 . 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1. Black Panther: The Album
2. Kendrick Lamar
3. Soundtrack
4. Marvel Studios
5. Ludwig Göransson
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when was iron man by black sabbath made
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Iron Man ( song ) - wikipedia Iron Man ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Black Sabbath . For the song by The Tansads , see The Tansads . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Iron Man '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Black Sabbath <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Paranoid B - side `` Electric Funeral '' Released October 1971 Format 45 RPM Recorded 1970 Genre Heavy metal Length 3 : 33 ( Single version ) 5 : 56 ( Album version ) Label Warner Bros. ( US / Canada ) Songwriter ( s ) Iommi , Osbourne , Butler , Ward Producer ( s ) Rodger Bain <Th_colspan="2"> Black Sabbath singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Children of the Grave '' ( 1971 ) `` Iron Man '' ( 1971 ) `` Tomorrow 's Dream '' ( 1972 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Children of the Grave '' ( 1971 ) `` Iron Man '' ( 1971 ) `` Tomorrow 's Dream '' ( 1972 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Paranoid track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Planet Caravan '' ( 3 ) `` Iron Man '' ( 4 ) `` Electric Funeral '' ( 5 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Iron Man '' is a song by British rock band Black Sabbath . It is taken from their second studio album , Paranoid , released in 1970 . It was later included on their initial greatest hits compilation We Sold Our Soul for Rock ' n ' Roll ( 1976 ) , as well as all subsequent greatest hits compilations ; The single version was included on the Greatest Hits 1970 -- 1978 album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Awards and accolades 3 Personnel 4 References 5 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) The Iron Man riff . Play ( help info ) Upon hearing the main guitar riff for the first time , vocalist Ozzy Osbourne remarked that it sounded `` like a big iron bloke walking about '' . The title became `` Iron Man '' , with Geezer Butler writing the lyrics around the title . The lyrics tell the story of a man who time travels into the future , and sees the apocalypse . In the process of returning to the present , he is turned into steel by a magnetic field . He is rendered mute , unable verbally to warn people of his time of the impending destruction . His attempts to communicate are ignored and mocked . This causes Iron Man to become furious , and drives his revenge on mankind , causing the destruction of the planet seen in his vision . Awards and accolades ( edit ) The song won spot number 317 in Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song peaked at number 52 on The Billboard Hot 100 in 1972 . VH1 ranked the song as the greatest heavy metal song of all time . Personnel ( edit ) Ozzy Osbourne -- vocals Tony Iommi -- guitar Geezer Butler -- bass guitar Bill Ward -- drums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Classic Albums - Paranoid , by Isis Productions / Eagle Rock Entertainment Jump up ^ `` BLACK SABBATH - FAQ version 2.0 '' . Black Sabbath Online . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . 9 December 2004 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Billboard Singles for Black Sabbath at AllMusic Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20071118121525/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/103446/episode_this_list.jhtml External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Paranoid Songs Side one `` War Pigs '' `` Paranoid '' `` Planet Caravan '' `` Iron Man '' Side two `` Electric Funeral '' `` Hand of Doom '' `` Rat Salad '' `` Fairies Wear Boots '' Related articles Classic Albums <Th_colspan="2"> Black Sabbath <Td_colspan="2"> Tony Iommi Geezer Butler Bill Ward Ozzy Osbourne Dave Walker Ronnie James Dio Craig Gruber Geoff Nicholls Vinny Appice Ian Gillan Bev Bevan Eric Singer Dave Spitz Glenn Hughes Ray Gillen Bob Daisley Tony Martin Terry Chimes Jo Burt Cozy Powell Neil Murray Bobby Rondinelli Mike Bordin Tommy Clufetos Studio albums Black Sabbath Paranoid Master of Reality Vol. 4 Sabbath Bloody Sabbath Sabotage Technical Ecstasy Never Say Die ! Heaven and Hell Mob Rules Born Again Seventh Star The Eternal Idol Headless Cross Tyr Dehumanizer Cross Purposes Forbidden 13 EP The End Live albums Live at Last Live Evil Cross Purposes Live Reunion Past Lives Live at Hammersmith Odeon Live ... Gathered in Their Masses The End : Live in Birmingham Compilations We Sold Our Soul for Rock ' n ' Roll The Collection The Sabbath Stones Symptom of the Universe : The Original Black Sabbath 1970 -- 1978 Black Box : The Complete Original Black Sabbath ( 1970 -- 1978 ) Greatest Hits 1970 -- 1978 The Dio Years The Rules of Hell Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) Iron Man : The Best of Black Sabbath Unofficial albums The Sabbath Collection The Ozzy Osbourne Years Under Wheels of Confusion The Best of Black Sabbath Club Sonderauflage Singles `` Evil Woman '' `` The Wizard '' `` Paranoid '' `` After Forever '' / `` Fairies Wear Boots '' `` Children of the Grave '' `` Iron Man '' `` Tomorrow 's Dream '' `` Sabbath Bloody Sabbath '' `` Am I Going Insane ( Radio ) '' `` Never Say Die ! '' `` Hard Road '' / `` Symptom of the Universe '' `` Neon Knights '' `` Die Young '' `` The Mob Rules '' `` Trashed '' `` TV Crimes '' `` Psycho Man '' `` The Devil Cried '' `` God Is Dead ? '' `` End of the Beginning '' `` Loner '' Other songs `` Black Sabbath '' `` N.I.B. '' `` War Pigs '' `` Planet Caravan '' `` Hand of Doom '' `` Sweet Leaf '' `` Into the Void '' `` Changes '' `` Supernaut '' `` Children of the Sea '' `` Heaven and Hell '' Videos Never Say Die Black and Blue The Black Sabbath Story , Vol. 1 The Black Sabbath Story , Vol. 2 Cross Purposes Live The Last Supper Inside Black Sabbath - 1970 -- 1992 Black Sabbath 's Paranoid Rock Review Hangin ' with Heaven and Hell Live ... Gathered in Their Masses The End of the End Tours Sabotage Tour Technical Ecstasy Tour Never Say Die ! Tour Heaven & Hell Tour Mob Rules Tour Born Again Tour 1983 Ozzfest Tours ( 1997 1999 2005 ) Black Sabbath Reunion Tour The End Tour Related Articles Discography Members List of cover versions of Black Sabbath songs People Don Arden Martin Birch Laurence Cottle Tommy Clufetos David Donato Jeff Fenholt Rob Halford Adam Wakeman Rick Wakeman Brad Wilk Bands Heaven & Hell tour The Devil You Know Mythology Velvett Fogg GZR Deep Purple Rainbow Dio White Tiger Tributes In These Black Days Nativity in Black <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal : Heavy metal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Man_(song)&oldid=843410336 '' Categories : 1970 songs 1971 singles Black Sabbath songs Songs written by Ozzy Osbourne Songs written by Tony Iommi Songs written by Geezer Butler Songs written by Bill Ward ( musician ) Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 00 : 02 . About Wikipedia
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1. "Iron Man" by Black Sabbath
2. Songwriting and recording process
3. Awards and accolades for the song
4. Personnel involved in the recording
5. Black Sabbath's album "Paranoid"
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1,579,735,783,954,396,000 |
sitting on the dock of the bay lyrics meaning
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( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay - wikipedia ( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Dock of the Bay ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Otis Redding <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Dock of the Bay B - side `` Sweet Lorene '' ( Volt issue ) `` Keep Your Arms Around Me '' ( Atco reissue ) Released January 8 , 1968 Format Vinyl record Recorded November 22 and December 7 , 1967 Studio Stax Studios , Memphis , Tennessee Genre Rhythm and blues soul Length 2 : 38 Label Volt Atco V - 157 Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Steve Cropper <Th_colspan="2"> Otis Redding singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 1968 ) `` The Happy Song ( Dum Dum ) '' ( 1968 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 1968 ) `` The Happy Song ( Dum Dum ) '' ( 1968 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper . It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967 , including once just days before his death in a plane crash . The song was released on Stax Records ' Volt label in 1968 , becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US . It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . Redding started writing the lyrics to the song in August 1967 , while sitting on a rented houseboat in Sausalito , California . He completed the song with the help of Cropper , who was a Stax producer and the guitarist for Booker T. & the M.G. 's . The song features whistling and sounds of waves crashing on a shore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Charts 1.1. 1 Weekly charts 1.1. 2 Year - end charts 2 Later versions 3 Reception 3.1 Universal success 3.2 Legacy 3.2. 1 Other cover versions 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Origins ( edit ) While on tour with the Bar - Kays in August 1967 , Redding wrote the first verse of the song , under the abbreviated title `` Dock of the Bay , '' on a houseboat at Waldo Point in Sausalito , California . He had completed his famed performance at the Monterey Pop Festival just weeks earlier . While touring in support of the albums King & Queen ( a collaboration with female vocalist Carla Thomas ) and Live in Europe , he continued to scribble lines of the song on napkins and hotel paper . In November of that year , he joined producer and guitarist Steve Cropper at the Stax recording studio in Memphis , Tennessee , to record the song . In a September 1990 interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Cropper explained the origins of the song : Otis was one of those the kind of guy who had 100 ideas . ( ... ) He had been in San Francisco doing The Fillmore . And the story that I got he was renting boathouse or stayed at a boathouse or something and that 's where he got the idea of the ships coming in the bay there . And that 's about all he had : `` I watch the ships come in and I watch them roll away again . '' I just took that ... and I finished the lyrics . If you listen to the songs I collaborated with Otis , most of the lyrics are about him . ( ... ) Otis did n't really write about himself but I did . Songs like `` Mr. Pitiful , '' `` Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa ( Sad Song ) '' ; they were about Otis and Otis ' life . `` Dock of the Bay '' was exactly that : `` I left my home in Georgia , headed for the Frisco Bay '' was all about him going out to San Francisco to perform . Together , they completed the music and melancholy lyrics of `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay . '' From those sessions emerged Redding 's final recorded work , including `` Dock of the Bay , '' which was recorded on November 22 , with additional overdubs on December 7 . Redding 's restrained yet emotive delivery is backed by Cropper 's memorably succinct guitar playing . The song is somewhat different in style from most of Redding 's other recordings . While discussing the song with his wife , Redding stated that he had wanted to `` be a little different '' with `` The Dock of the Bay '' and `` change his style '' . There were concerns that `` The Dock of the Bay '' had too much of a pop feel for an Otis Redding record , and contracting the Stax gospel act the Staple Singers to record backing vocals was discussed but never carried out . Redding had considered the song to be unfinished and planned to record what he considered a final version , but never got the chance . The song features a whistled tune heard before the song 's fade . It was originally performed by Redding , who ( according to Cropper ) had `` this little fadeout rap he was gon na do , an ad - lib . He forgot what it was so he started whistling . '' Redding continued to tour after the recording sessions . On December 10 , his charter plane crashed into Lake Monona , outside Madison , Wisconsin . Redding and six others were killed . After Redding 's death , Cropper mixed `` Dock of the Bay '' at Stax Studios . He added the sound of seagulls and waves crashing to the background , as Redding had requested , recalling the sounds he heard when he was staying on the houseboat . The fade - out whistling was originally recorded by Redding and was re-recorded by his bandleader , Sam `` Bluzman '' Taylor . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 7 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 44 UK 38 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Later versions ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' <Td_colspan="2"> 7 '' single cover <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Sammy Hagar B - side `` I 've Done Everything for You '' Released 1979 Format 7 '' single Recorded May 1979 Genre Rock Length 3 : 03 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Carter <Th_colspan="2"> `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' <Td_colspan="2"> 7 '' single cover <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Michael Bolton B - side `` Call My Name '' Released Format 7 '' single Genre Pop rock adult contemporary Length 3 : 50 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Jonathan Cain Keith Diamond Susan Hamilton This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Dock of the Bay '' has been hugely popular , even after its stay at the top of the charts . The song has been recorded by many artists , from Redding 's peers , like Glen Campbell , Cher , Peggy Lee , David Allan Coe , Bob Dylan , Don Partridge , Percy Sledge , Dee Clark , and Sam & Dave , to artists in various genres , including Jimmy Velvit ( whose cover version was included on his 2001 Grammy - nominated album Sun Sea & Sand ) , Widespread Panic ( who opened their New Year 's Eve 2005 concert with the song ) , Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson ( whose duet peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart ) , Kenny Rankin , Dennis Brown , Michel Pagliaro , Jacob Miller , Pearl Jam , the Format , T. Rex ( as the B - side of `` Dreamy Lady '' , released in 1975 ) , Brent Smith of Shinedown ( during an acoustic set in 2008 and with Zach Myers in a 2014 EP ) , Justin Nozuka ( 2007 ) , Sara Bareilles ( 2008 ) , and Garth Brooks ( for the 2013 Blue - Eyed Soul album in the Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences compilation ) . Playing for Change recorded a version featuring Grandpa Elliott and other performers . Sammy Hagar released a version of the song as a non-album single in 1979 . His version features the song 's co-writer , Steve Cropper , on guitar and members of the band Boston -- Brad Delp , Sib Hashian and Barry Goudreau -- on backup vocals . Producer John S. Carter had the track recorded in May 1979 with Cropper , bassist Leland Sklar and drummer Alvin Taylor . Later , he added Hagar 's vocals with background harmonies by the three members of Boston , with whom Hagar had just toured . Although the single was a modest hit for Hagar , peaking at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 , he considered it Carter 's efforts to manufacture a pop top 40 pop hit despite Hagar 's heavy metal roots . Hagar and Cropper 's work on the song was rated the thirty - seventh worst guitar solo in history by Pitchfork in 1998 . The song was not released on an album until 1992 , when it appeared on The Best of Sammy Hagar . The B - side of Hagar 's single was the first release of his studio version of `` I 've Done Everything for You '' . Michael Bolton included the song on his 1987 album The Hunger . His version peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Zelma Redding , Otis 's widow , said she was so moved by Bolton 's performance `` that it brought tears to my eyes . It reminded me so much of my husband that I know if he heard it , he would feel the same . '' In a framed letter that hangs on the wall of Bolton 's office , she referred to the record as `` my all - time favorite version of my husband 's classic . '' In April 2013 , Justin Timberlake performed the song as part of a tribute to Memphis soul music at the `` In Performance '' concert series performed at the White House . The series was attended by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama . Reception ( edit ) Many who first heard the final version had doubts about the song , the sound , and the production . Among the skeptics were Phil Walden and Jim Stewart . Redding accepted some of the criticisms and fine - tuned the song . He reversed the opening , which was Redding 's whistling part , and put it at the end as suggested . `` The Dock of the Bay '' was released early in 1968 and topped the charts in the US and UK . Billboard ranked the record as the number 4 song for 1968 . Universal success ( edit ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' was released in January 1968 , shortly after Redding 's death . R&B stations quickly added the song to their playlists , which had been saturated with Redding 's previous hits . The song shot to number one on the R&B charts in early 1968 and , starting in March , topped the pop charts for four weeks . The album , which shared the song 's title , became his largest - selling to date , peaking at number four on the pop albums chart . `` Dock of the Bay '' was popular in countries across the world and became Redding 's most successful record , selling more than four million copies worldwide . The song went on to win two Grammy Awards : Best R&B Song and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance . Legacy ( edit ) Redding 's body of work at the time of his death was immense , including a backlog of archived recordings as well as those created in November and December 1967 , just before his death . In mid-1968 , Stax Records severed its distribution contract with Atlantic Records , which retained the label 's back catalog and the rights to the unreleased Otis Redding masters . Through its Atco subsidiary ( Atco had distributed Otis Redding 's releases from Stax 's Volt label ) , Atlantic issued three more albums of new Redding material , one live album , and eight singles between 1968 and 1970 . Reprise Records issued a live album featuring Redding and Jimi Hendrix at the Monterey Pop Festival . Both studio albums and anthologies sold well in America and abroad . Redding was especially successful in the United Kingdom , where The Dock of the Bay went to number one , becoming the first posthumous album to reach the top spot there . In 1999 , BMI named the song as the sixth-most performed song of the twentieth century , with about six million performances . Rolling Stone ranked The Dock of the Bay number 161 on its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , the third of five Redding albums on the list . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' was ranked twenty - eighth on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , the second - highest of four Redding songs on the list , after `` Respect '' . Jim Morrison made reference to `` Dock of the Bay '' in the Doors ' song `` Runnin ' Blue '' , written by Robby Krieger , from their 1969 album The Soft Parade . Morrison sings an a capella intro for the song , singing directly about Otis Redding . `` Poor Otis dead and gone , left me here to sing his song , pretty little girl with a red dress on , poor Otis dead and gone . '' And during the verse , the lyrics `` Got to find a dock and a bay '' appear more than once ; as well as several other references to Redding 's song . Other cover versions ( edit ) In addition to the original Otis Redding version , several other versions have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . King Curtis 's version charted for five weeks starting in March 1968 and peaked at number 84 ( during the same month , the original was number one ) . A year later , Sergio Mendes & Brasil ' 66 's version charted for five weeks starting in June 1969 and peaked at number 66 . Sammy Hagar 's version charted for five weeks starting in April 1979 , peaking at number 65 . The Reddings , who included two of Otis Redding 's sons , released a version which charted for nine weeks starting in June 1982 and peaked at number 55 . Michael Bolton 's rendition charted for 17 weeks starting in January 1988 and peaked at number 11 , making it the highest - charting cover version . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Rob ( 2007 ) . Liner Notes for Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Story ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , CA : Reelin ' in the Years Productions / Concord Music Group . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 51 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 7 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Rose Lichter - Marck ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` The undying soul of Otis '' . The Daily Holdings , Inc . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dock of the Bay origin / meaning '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Cropper , Steve ( September 18 , 1990 ) . `` Guitarist , songwriter and producer Steve Cropper '' . Fresh Air ( Interview ) . Interview with Terry Gross . NPR . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 -- via WHYY - FM . Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger . `` Otis Redding -- Biography '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry , Mike ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` Black History : More Than Just a Month '' . Rowman & Littlefield -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Bowman 1997 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Sullivan 2013 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Bowman 1997 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` Sam Taylor : Blues man who provided the whistling on ' Dock of the Bay ' '' . independent.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand -- search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History -- Otis Redding '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Otis Redding -- Charts & Awards '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1968 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1968 / Top 100 Songs of 1968 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` David Allan Coe -- Dock Of The Bay '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Album `` Don Partridge '' , EMI Columbia Records SCX 6280 ( 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Hagar , Sammy ; Selvin , Joel ( 2011 ) . Red : My Uncensored Life in Rock . HarperCollins . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 200928 - 1 . Jump up ^ Liner notes . Sammy Hagar . The Best of Sammy Hagar . Capitol CDP 0777 7 80262 2 8 . 1992 . Jump up ^ Michael Sandlin . `` Top 50 Worst Guitar Solos of the Millennium '' . Reprint of `` Top 50 Worst Guitar Solos in Music History '' . Pitchfork. 28 October 1998 . Archived January 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` People Are Talking About ... `` . Jet . January 18 , 1988 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bolton : ' How Black Music Changed My Life ' '' . Ebony . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Kurt ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Timberlake bares his soul with Otis Redding cover at White House '' . today.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 486 . Jump up ^ Otfinoski 2003 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` Honors '' . Otis Redding Official Website . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman 1997 , pp. 138 - 142 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive 22nd June 1968 '' . London : The Official Charts Company . 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century '' . at BMI.com. 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles : 1955 -- 2002 . Record Research , 2004 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bowman , Rob ( 1997 ) . Soulsville U.S.A. : The Story of Stax Records . New York , NY : Schirmer Trade . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8256 - 7284 - 2 . OCLC 36824884 . Guralnick , Peter ( 1999 ) . Sweet Soul Music : Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom . Back Bay Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 33273 - 6 . OCLC 41950519 . Otfinoski , Steven ( 2003 ) . African Americans in the Performing Arts ( A to Z of African Americans ) . New York , NY : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4807 - 6 . OCLC 49558659 . Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Lanham , MD : Lanham : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 810 - 88296 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Love is Blue '' by Paul Mauriat Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 16 , 1968 Succeeded by `` Honey '' by Bobby Goldsboro Preceded by `` We 're a Winner '' by The Impressions Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles number one single March 16 -- 30 , 1968 Succeeded by `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' by Aretha Franklin <Th_colspan="2"> Otis Redding Studio albums Pain in My Heart The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads Otis Blue The Soul Album Complete & Unbelievable : The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul King & Queen ( duet album w / Carla Thomas ) Posthumous albums The Immortal Otis Redding Love Man Tell the Truth Live albums Live in Europe In Person at the Whisky a Go Go Monterey International Pop Festival Good to Me : Live at the Whisky a Go Go , Vol. 2 Compilation albums The History of Otis Redding The Dock of the Bay The Best of Otis Redding Remember Me The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 1 Otis ! The Definitive Otis Redding The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 2 Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Anthology Singles ( US / UK Top Ten singles ) `` These Arms of Mine '' `` Mr. Pitiful '' `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' `` Respect '' `` Satisfaction '' `` My Lover 's Prayer '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` The Happy Song ( Dum - Dum ) '' `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' ( Live ) . `` You Left the Water Running '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums Shake ! Otis at Monterey Steve Cropper Booker T. & the M.G. 's Carla Thomas Stax Deep Soul Soul `` Otis '' ( song ) Andrew Love <Th_colspan="2"> Waylon Jennings <Td_colspan="2"> Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles <Td_colspan="2"> 1960s <Td_colspan="2"> `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' <Td_colspan="2"> 1970s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Asked Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' <Td_colspan="2"> 1980s -- 1990s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations <Td_colspan="2"> Waylon & Willie <Td_colspan="2"> Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' <Td_colspan="2"> Other collaborations <Td_colspan="2"> Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's <Td_colspan="2"> Collaboration singles <Td_colspan="2"> `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings <Th_colspan="2"> Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson <Th_colspan="2"> David Allan Coe Studio albums Penitentiary Blues Requiem for a Harlequin The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy Once Upon a Rhyme Longhaired Redneck Rides Again Texas Moon Tattoo Buckstone County Prison Family Album Nothing Sacred Human Emotions Compass Point Spectrum VII I 've Got Something to Say Encore Invictus ( Means ) Unconquered Tennessee Whiskey DAC Rough Rider Underground Album Castles in the Sand Hello in There Just Divorced Darlin ' , Darlin ' Unchained Son of the South A Matter of Life and Death I Love Country Crazy Daddy 1990 Songs for Sale Standing Too Close to the Flames Johnny Cash Is a Friend of Mine Recommended for Airplay Long Haired Country Boy Songwriter of the Tear Country and Western Sings Merle Haggard Whoopsy Daisy Sings Johnny Cash 's Biggest Hits All I 'll Ever Be Rebel Meets Rebel DAC 's Back Live albums Live : If That Ai n't Country ... Live at the Iron Horse Saloon Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Best of David Allan Coe 17 Greatest Hits For the Record : The First 10 Years 18 X-Rated Hits Biggest Hits Super Hits The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy / Once Upon a Time 20 Greatest Hits Longhaired Redneck / Rides Again The Original Outlaw Headed for the Country Best of the Best Compass Point / I 've Got Something to Say David Allan Coe , Johnny Paycheck & Others Human Emotions / Spectrum VII Invictus Means Unconquered / Tennessee Whiskey Tattoo / Family Album Lonesome Fugitive The Perfect Country and Western Song Truckin ' Outlaw Super Hits , Vol. 2 20 Road Music Hits 16 Biggest Hits Castles in the Sand / Once Upon a Rhyme The Original Outlaw of Country Music 20 All Time Greatest Hits Country Outlaw The Essential David Allan Coe Ultimate Collection For the Soul and for the Mind : Demos of ' 71 - ' 74 Castles in the Sand / Hello in There Just Divorced / Darlin ' Darlin ' : Plus Rough Rider / DAC : Plus Unchained / Son of the South : Plus At His Best The Ride Country Hit Parade Early Years Singles `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' `` Longhaired Redneck '' `` Stand by Your Man '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` Dock of the Bay '' `` The Ride '' `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' `` She Used to Love Me a Lot '' `` I 'm Gonna Hurt Her on the Radio '' Related articles Discography Johnny Paycheck `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take This Job and Shove It '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(Sittin%27_On)_The_Dock_of_the_Bay&oldid=792058794 '' Categories : 1968 singles Otis Redding songs Songs about California Songs about San Francisco David Allan Coe songs Michael Bolton songs Peggy Lee songs Waylon Jennings songs Willie Nelson songs Jimmy Velvit songs Glen Campbell songs Songs written by Otis Redding Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs released posthumously Songs written by Steve Cropper RCA Records singles Atco Records singles Stax Records singles Capitol Records singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Sardu Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 06 : 12 . 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1. Otis Redding
2. (Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay
3. Steve Cropper
4. Rhythm and blues soul
5. Posthumous single
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who are the saints in the song when the saints go marching in
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When the Saints Go Marching in - wikipedia When the Saints Go Marching in `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' , often referred to as `` The Saints '' , is a Black spiritual . Though it originated as a Christian hymn , it is often played by jazz bands . This song was famously recorded on May 13 , 1938 , by Louis Armstrong and his orchestra . The song is sometimes confused with a similarly titled composition `` When the Saints Are Marching In '' from 1896 by Katharine Purvis ( lyrics ) and James Milton Black ( music ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 2 Lyrics 3 Analysis of the traditional lyrics 4 Artists who have performed and recorded the song 4.1 As gospel hymn 4.2 With traditional lyrics 4.3 With non-traditional lyrics 4.4 With no lyrics 4.5 Popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Uses ( edit ) The Forerunners of Christ with Saints and Martyrs , a painting by Fra Angelico , 15th century . The origins of this song are unclear . It apparently evolved in the early 1900s from a number of similarly titled gospel songs , including `` When the Saints Are Marching In '' ( 1896 ) and `` When the Saints March In for Crowning '' ( 1908 ) . The first known recorded version was in 1923 by the Paramount Jubilee Singers on Paramount 12073 . Although the title given on the label is `` When All the Saints Come Marching In '' , the group sings the modern lyrics beginning with `` When the saints go marching in '' . No author is shown on the label . Several other gospel versions were recorded in the 1920s , with slightly varying titles but using the same lyrics , including versions by The Four Harmony Kings ( 1924 ) , Elkins - Payne Jubilee Singers ( 1924 ) , Wheat Street Female Quartet ( 1925 ) , Bo Weavil Jackson ( 1926 ) , Deaconess Alexander ( 1926 ) , Rev. E.D. Campbell ( 1927 ) , Robert Hicks ( AKA Barbecue Bob , 1927 ) , Blind Willie Davis ( 1928 ) , and the Pace Jubilee Singers ( 1928 ) . The earliest versions were slow and stately , but as time passed the recordings became more rhythmic , including a distinctly up tempo version by the Sanctified Singers on British Parlophone in 1931 . Even though the song had folk roots , a number of composers claimed copyright in it in later years , including Luther G. Presley and Virgil Oliver Stamps , R.E. Winsett , and Frank and Jim McCravy . Although the song is still heard as a slow spiritual number , since the mid-20th century it has been more commonly performed as a `` hot '' number . The tune is particularly associated with the city of New Orleans . A jazz standard , it has been recorded by a great many jazz and pop artists . Both vocal and instrumental renditions of the song abound . Louis Armstrong was one of the first to make the tune into a nationally known pop tune in the 1930s . Armstrong wrote that his sister told him she thought the secular performance style of the traditional church tune was inappropriate and irreligious . Armstrong was in a New Orleans tradition of turning church numbers into brass band and dance . Lyrics ( edit ) As with many numbers with long traditional folk use , there is no one `` official '' version of the song or its lyrics . This extends so far as confusion as to its name , with it often being mistakenly called `` When the Saints Come Marching In '' . As for the lyrics themselves , their very simplicity makes it easy to generate new verses . Since the first and second lines of a verse are exactly the same , and the third and fourth are standard throughout , the creation of one suitable line in iambic tetrameter generates an entire verse . It is impossible to list every version of the song , but a common standard version runs : Oh , when the saints go marching in Oh , when the saints go marching in Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the drums begin to bang Oh , when the drums begin to bang Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the stars fall from the sky Oh , when the stars fall from the sky Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the moon turns red with blood Oh , when the moon turns red with blood Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the trumpet sounds its call Oh , when the trumpet sounds its call Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the horsemen begin to ride Oh , when the horsemen begin to ride Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the fire begins to blaze Oh , when the fire begins to blaze Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in Oh , when the saints go marching in Oh , when the saints go marching in Oh Lord I want to be in that number When the saints go marching in . Often the first two words of the common third verse line ( `` Lord , how I want ... '' ) are sung as either `` Oh how '' , `` Oh , Lord '' or even `` Lord , Lord '' as cue notes to the simple melody at each 3rd line . Arrangements vary considerably . The simplest is just an endless repetition of the chorus . Verses may be alternated with choruses , or put in the third of 4 repetitions to create an AABA form with the verse as the bridge . One common verse in `` hot '' New Orleans versions runs ( with considerable variation ) like thus : I used to have a playmate Who would walk and talk with me But since she got religion She has turned her back on me . Some traditional arrangements often have ensemble rather than individual vocals . It is also common as an audience sing - along number . Versions using call and response are often heard , e.g. : Call : Oh when the Saints Response : Oh when the Saints ! The response verses can echo the same melody or form a counterpoint melody , often syncopated opposite the rhythm of the main verses , and a solo singer might sing another counterpoint melody ( solo soprano or tenor ) as a 3rd part in more complex arrangements . Analysis of the traditional lyrics ( edit ) The song is apocalyptic , taking much of its imagery from the Book of Revelation , but excluding its more horrific depictions of the Last Judgment . The verses about the Sun and Moon refer to Solar and Lunar eclipses ; the trumpet ( of the Archangel Gabriel ) is the way in which the Last Judgment is announced . As the hymn expresses the wish to go to Heaven , picturing the saints going in ( through the Pearly Gates ) , it is entirely appropriate for funerals . Artists Who have performed and recorded the song ( edit ) As gospel hymn ( edit ) First recorded by the Paramount Jubilee Singers on Paramount 12073 , mid-November 1923 . This group may be related to the Elkins - Payne Jubilee Singers . Four Harmony Kings , Vocalion 14941 , mid-November 1924 . Elkins - Payne Jubilee Singers , Okeh 8170 . c. November 24 , 1924 . Bo Weavil Jackson , c . August 1926 in Chicago , IL , under the title `` When the Saints Come Marching Home '' , Paramount 12390 Recorded by bluesman Sleepy John Estes accompanied by second guitar and kazoo for Bluebird Records in Chicago , 1941 This song is available in the Elvis Presley compilation Peace in the Valley : The Complete Gospel Recordings . Sony BMG / Elvis Music With traditional lyrics ( edit ) Louis Armstrong helped make The Saints into a jazz standard with his 1938 Decca recording . The tune was brought into the early rock and roll repertory by Fats Domino as one of the traditional New Orleans numbers he often played to rock audiences . Domino would usually use `` The Saints '' as his grand finale number , sometimes with his horn players leaving the stage to parade through the theater aisles or around the dance floor . Judy Garland sang it in her own pop style . Elvis Presley performed the song during the Million Dollar Quartet jam session and also recorded a version for his film , Frankie and Johnny . Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs ( 1961 ) Other early rock artists to follow Domino 's lead included Jerry Lee Lewis and Tony Sheridan ( featuring then - unknown band The Beatles as a backing group ) . In 1990 , John Rutter arranged a lively version of the song for the Cambridge Singers , piano or organ accompaniment , and a Dixieland jazz - style clarinet obbligato . Tears for Fears performed the song and on the Live from Santa Barbara CD . Bruce Springsteen with The Seeger Sessions Band Tour includes the song as an encore for some shows . Etta James performed the song during the 1984 Summer Olympics opening ceremony . Dolly Parton has also included the song in a gospel medley , as has Trini Lopez in a mixed gospel / folk medley ( Trini Lopez at PJ 's ) as part of a medley with `` Gotta Travel On '' , `` Down by the Riverside '' , `` Marianne '' , and `` Volare '' . The Rivieras performed a surf music version for their 1964 album Let 's Have A Party , titled `` When The Saints '' . Actor Hal Linden performed the song with Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem during his guest appearance on The Muppet Show . St. Lawrence University sports teams use it as their theme song . The Weavers The Kidsongs Kids and audience members perform this song on their 1989 video A Day at Camp during the grand finale of the Sizzling Summer Revue . In a Wee Sing 1992 video , The Marvelous Musical Mansion , Alex , Kelly , Benji , Auntie Anabella , Great - Uncle Rubato and everybody else sing this song to celebrate what they have found today . With non-traditional lyrics ( edit ) Louis Armstrong and Danny Kaye performed a comedy duet version in the 1959 film The Five Pennies , naming composers and musicians who would play `` on the day that the saints go marching in '' . Woody Guthrie sang a song called `` When The Yanks Go Marching In '' in 1943 . Tony Sheridan made a successful Rock - And - Roll arrangement of the song , which he recorded with The Beatles in 1961 , significantly deviating some verses from the original lyrics . Abrasive Wheels , a hardcore band from Leeds , Great Britain , came out of the so - called ' UK82 ' Punk scene with a version called `` When the Punks Go Marching In '' off their first album of the same name , in 1982 . They replaced ' Saints ' with ' Punks ' , ' Skins ' , ' Pigs ' , and ' Wheels ' respectively , otherwise repeating the same verse four times . All other traditional lyrics remain intact , save in the third verse , which states : `` I want to be in that meat van ... when the pigs go marching in ! '' ( Leading to the culmination of `` Oh when the Wheels ... go marching in ... ( ... ) ... I want to be in that number , when the Wheels ! ... Go ! ... Mar ! ... Ching ! ... In ! '' for a self referential climax , complete with echoed call - and - response , ideal for live situation sing - a-longs . ) . In 1983 , Aaron Neville , along with New Orleans musicians Sal and Steve Monistere and Carlo Nuccio and a group of players for the New Orleans Saints American football team , recorded a popular version of the song incorporating the team 's `` Who Dat ? '' chant . French group Dionysos 's album La Mécanique du Cœur ( 2007 , The Mechanic of the Heart ) contains a version of this song , in collaboration with the French singer Arthur H . Many supporters of association football teams sing versions of the song , `` Saints '' is often replaced with the name or nickname of the club , for example , `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' ( St Mirren FC ) and ( Southampton F.C ) , `` When the Reds Go Marching In ( Liverpool FC ) '' , `` When the Posh Go Steaming In '' ( Peterborough United F.C. ) , `` When the Spurs Go Marching In '' ( Tottenham Hotspur ) or `` When the Stripes Go Marching In '' , `` When the blues Go Marching In '' ( Bengaluru FC ) , as a rally song during football matches . The fans of the Swedish football team Djurgårdens IF Fotboll commonly uses the song . It is also used within Rugby Union where Northampton Saints sing a traditional version of the song . It is also used in Rugby League where St. Helens RLFC sing a version of the song . The St Kilda Football Club , an Australian rules football club use a variation as their theme song . The main variation being in the chorus ' oh how I want to be in St Kilda ' . Bill Haley & His Comets released a rock and roll version ( with lyrics referencing the members of the Comets ) in 1955 on Decca Records , entitled `` The Saints Rock and Roll '' . The group also recorded new versions of the song for Orfeon Records in 1966 and Sonet Records in 1968 , as well as numerous live versions . Japanese voice actress Kotono Mitsuishi performed a cover in 1995 . The Rock - afire Explosion of ShowBiz Pizza Place covered the song in the `` New Years Eve ' 82 '' showtape , sung by Fatz Geronimo ( Burt `` Sal '' Wilson ) , with new lyrics naming off every member of the band . Abrasive Wheels , an English Punk band from Leeds , part of the so called UK82 scene With no lyrics ( edit ) The 1958 rock and roll instrumental song `` Rebel Rouser '' by Duane Eddy was loosely based on this tune . The rhythm of `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' was adapted by Dick Powell 's Four Star Television for its legal drama , The Law and Mr. Jones starring James Whitmore , which ran on ABC from 1960 - 1962 . Big Chief Jazzband recorded the tune in Oslo on May 10 , 1953 . It was released on the 78 rpm record His Master 's Voice A.L. 3307 . Al Hirt released a version on his 1963 album , Our Man in New Orleans and was also featured on his greatest hits album , The Best of Al Hirt . Harry James released a version on his 1972 album Mr. Trumpet . ( Longines Symphonette Society SYS 5459 / LS 217C / LS 217U ) It was recorded under the title of `` Revival '' by Johnny and the Hurricanes . The band 's management claimed authorship . A portion of the song was also used in the `` boss '' music of the `` Out of This Dimension '' Easter egg stage in the game Star Fox for the SNES . A techno remix of this song , titled `` Saints Go Marching , '' is a playable song in some versions of Dance Dance Revolution . The song has been used as a fight song for many schools , including Providence College and Saint Joseph 's University . The Baylor University Golden Wave Marching band plays the song during Baylor football games right after a touchdown is scored . The song is also the inspiration for the nickname of the New Orleans Saints . The musical Urinetown includes a parody homage of `` Saints '' entitled `` Run , Freedom Run '' as its protest theme . John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra recorded a version and included it on their 1995 compilation album Pops Stoppers ! . An arrangement of `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' is also the official march of the Royal Hälsinge Air Force Wing ( F 15 Söderhamn ) in Sweden . A New Orleans - style instrumental of this song titled `` The Saints Will Never Come '' is heard in The Parish level of Left 4 Dead 2 , coming from a parade float attached to a tractor . Popular culture ( edit ) The song was the inspiration for the name of the National Football League team the New Orleans Saints . The version sung by Fats Domino is used as the team 's touchdown song . The children 's television show Barney & Friends has a song called `` Walk Across the Street '' sung to this tune . In the survival - horror video game Left 4 Dead 2 , the song plays when the four survivors ride atop a parade float in New Orleans to cross an overrun street . This song was used in the episode Dr. Horatio 's Magic Orchestra in Disney 's animated TV series , Goof Troop . Amy Rose sang the song for her audition of Sonic the Hedgehog 's sidekick in the debut episode of Sonic Boom . A version by The US Navy Southwest Regional Band was used in the 2006 film Déjà Vu . In the Australian TV show Parallax , the character Martin can be heard singing the song while having a shower . In the second episode of The Flintstones entitled `` Hot Lips Hannigan '' , Fred sings a rendition of the song at The Rockland . Towards the end of the Mrs. Brown 's Boys episode `` Mammy 's Going '' , the title character sings the song before planning to head down to Foleys to celebrate her birthday , only to learn that her pet dog Spartacus has been put down . In the We Bare Bears webisode Charlie 's Opus , Charlie plays the first few bars of the song in F Major with a trombone . In The Simpsons episode One Fish , Two Fish , Blowfish , Blue Fish , Lisa plays the song on her saxophone to cheer Homer Simpson up , when he believes he is dying after eating a poisonous blowfish . He even starts singing the song with slight altered lyrics such as `` When the saints go over there , no over there '' . In The Real Ghostbusters episode , Play Those Ragtime Boos , the ghost of a trumpet player ; Malachi and his jazz band plays the song throughout the episode , causing time to slip backwards back into the past . The song is also used by the West Block Blues the fan club of the Indian football club Bengaluru FC as their team song but with the lyrics `` When the Blues Go Marching In '' . See also ( edit ) Communion of saints List of pre-1920 jazz standards `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' in sports References ( edit ) The Book of World Famous Music , Classical , Popular and Folk by James Fuld ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ `` Music History for May 13 from On-This-Day.com '' . ^ Jump up to : CyberHymnal : http://hymntime.com/tch/htm/w/s/a/wsamarch.htm Jump up ^ James J. Fuld , The Book of World - Famous Music , Classical , Popular and Folk , Fourth Edition , 1995 Jump up ^ Robert M.W. Dixon , John Godrich , & Howard Rye , Blues and Gospel Records 1890 - 1943 , Fourth Edition , 1997 Jump up ^ `` LUTHER PRESLEY COLLECTION '' . 31 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' arranged by Luther G. Presley & Virgil O. Stamps , Starlit Crown ( Pangburn , AR : Stamps - Baxter Music Company , 1937 ) , Jump up ^ Ruth Winsett Shelton , editor . Best Loved Songs and Hymns ( Dayton , TN : R.E. Winsett Music Company , 1961 ) , Item 158 . Jump up ^ Robert M.W. Dixon , John Godrich , & Howard Rye , Blues and Gospel Records 1890 - 1943 , Fourth Edition , 1997 . Jump up ^ Tim Brooks , Lost Sounds : Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry 1890 - 1919 ( 2004 ) , 457 - 458 . Jump up ^ `` Paramoung 12000 series numerical listing ( 1922 -- 1927 ) '' . www.78discography.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Butler / Bo Weavil Jackson discography '' . wirz.de . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Illustrated Sleepy John Estes discography Jump up ^ Noble , Barnes & . `` Peace In The Valley : The Complete Gospel Recordings / I 'll Be Home For Christmas '' . Jump up ^ SpiritOf84 ( 6 September 2014 ) . `` Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Opening Ceremony Complete '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dave Walker , `` ' Who dat ? ' popularized by New Orleans Saints fans when ' everybody was looking for the sign ' '' , Times - Picayune , January 12 , 2010 , pp. A1 , A10 ( Saint Tammany Edition ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Listen to When The Reds Go Marching In football song . Stoke MP3 FIFA 13 SCFC chant . Fanchants.co.uk . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Listen to Oh When The Spurs Go Marching In football song . Spurs MP3 FIFA 13 THFC chant . Fanchants.co.uk . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` BFC fans give Bangalore football an ' ultra ' flavour '' . Jump up ^ ClassicTVThemes , The Law and Mr. Jones : http://www.classicthemes.com/50sTVThemes/themePages/lawAndMrJones.html Jump up ^ Al Hirt , Our Man in New Orleans Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Al Hirt , The Best of Al Hirt Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny and the Hurricanes '' . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bo ( 2007 ) . Försvarets marscher och signaler - För och nu . Uppsala : Militärmusiksamfundet med Svenskt Marscharkiv . ISBN 978 - 91 - 631 - 8699 - 8 . Viewed 2012 - 05 - 09 ( in Swedish ) . Jump up ^ Gretchen Marie - Goode , `` Walk Around The Block With Barney '' , Hartford Courant , May 6 , 1999 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aY4wm9jQOz0&t=27s External links ( edit ) When The Saints Go Marching In Louis Armstrong version Hymns Without Words - free MP3 recordings for download and use in services <Th_colspan="2"> hide The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) ( ( Category : Gospel songs ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_the_Saints_Go_Marching_In&oldid=846235193 '' Categories : The Beatles with Tony Sheridan songs Bill Haley songs Elvis Presley songs Fats Domino songs James Brown songs Jerry Lee Lewis songs Louis Armstrong songs Pinky and Perky songs Trini Lopez songs The Kingston Trio songs Al Hirt songs Songs about New Orleans Music of New Orleans New Orleans Saints Jazz standards of obscure origin Pace Jubilee Singers songs Mardi Gras songs Bluebird Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2013 Articles with Swedish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi ไทย 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 10 : 01 . 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1. "When the Saints Go Marching In" - song
2. Louis Armstrong - recording artist
3. Jazz bands - genre
4. Gospel hymn - origin
5. New Orleans - association
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what was in the pie in the movie the help
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The Help ( film ) - wikipedia The Help ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Help <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Tate Taylor Produced by Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Brunson Green Written by Tate Taylor Based on The Help by Kathryn Stockett Starring Jessica Chastain Viola Davis Bryce Dallas Howard Allison Janney Octavia Spencer Emma Stone Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Stephen Goldblatt Edited by Hughes Winborne Production company DreamWorks Pictures Reliance Entertainment Participant Media Image Nation 1492 Pictures Harbinger Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date August 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 09 ) ( Beverly Hills ) August 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 146 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $216.6 million The Help is a 2011 American period drama film directed and written by Tate Taylor and adapted from Kathryn Stockett 's 2009 novel of the same name . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Octavia Spencer , and Emma Stone . The film and novel recount the story of young white woman and aspiring journalist Eugenia `` Skeeter '' Phelan . The story focuses on her relationship with two black maids , Aibileen Clark and Minny Jackson , during the Civil Rights Movement in 1962 Jackson , Mississippi . In an attempt to become a legitimate journalist and writer , Skeeter decides to write a book from the point of view of the maids -- referred to as `` the help '' -- exposing the racism they are faced with as they work for white families . DreamWorks Pictures acquired the screen rights to Stockett 's novel in March 2010 and quickly commissioned the film into production with Chris Columbus , Michael Barnathan , and Brunson Green as producers . The film 's casting began later that month , with principal photography following four months after in Mississippi . Touchstone Pictures released The Help worldwide , with a general theatrical release in North America on August 10 , 2011 . The film was a critical and commercial success , receiving positive reviews and grossing $216 million in worldwide box office . The Help received four Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , Best Actress for Davis , and Best Supporting Actress for both Chastain and Spencer , with the latter winning the award . The film also won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Score 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1963 , Aibileen Clark is an African - American maid in Jackson , Mississippi , and in intermittent voice overs she tells her `` career '' story to the aspiring writer Eugenia `` Skeeter '' Phelan , a recent graduate of Ole Miss and a friend of Aibileen 's employer and fellow socialite Elizabeth Leefolt . Aibileen cares for the Leefolt 's daughter , whom Elizabeth neglects . Aibileen 's best friend is the plain - spoken Minny Jackson , who works for Mrs. Walters , the mother of Hilly Holbrook , the leader of the women 's socialite group . Skeeter is uncomfortable with the attitudes of her socialite friends towards their maids . She is shocked when Hilly forwards a letter to the Home Sanitation Initiative to install separate bathrooms for the help . Skeeter later learns that her mother Charlotte fired her childhood maid Constantine for unknown reasons . During a terrible storm , Minny refuses to go out to use the help 's toilet and uses the guest 's bathroom , resulting in getting fired by Hilly . Minny finds a job with Celia , wife of Johnny Foote -- Hilly 's former beau . The two become friends through Minny 's cooking lessons . Minny comes upon Skeeter 's visiting Aibileen and joins in the book project effort . Skeeter is advised by her book editor at Harper & Row , Elaine Stein , that the stories of two maids are not enough . Potential retribution from the maid 's employers hinders others from joining the project . Aibileen tells Skeeter about the pain she experiences about her son being fatally crushed while on the job . After his death , Aibileen struggles to find closure and believes the book will help her find closure . Hilly refuses to lend more money to her replacement maid , Yule May who is struggling to send her twin sons to college . One day , she discovers a discarded ring and pawns it . However , Yule May is brutally arrested after Hilly reported the theft . More maids come forward with their stories , believing the book would put an end to the brutality against African - Americans . Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy , Skeeter , Aibileen , and Minny fear that the maids ' stories will be recognized . Minny reveals her `` terrible awful '' that she did to Hilly . Following her termination , Minny baked her renowned chocolate pie and gave it to Hilly . Minny , however , prevented Mrs. Walters from having a slice and revealed that she baked her excrement into the pie . Its inclusion in the book would prompt Hilly to crusade denial that the book is not about Jackson . Skeeter confronts her mother Charlotte about Constantine 's termination . Charlotte revels that during a lunch with the local chapter of the Daughters of America , Constantine 's daughter Rachel arrived . Rachel disobeyed Charlotte 's orders of entering through the kitchen and embarrassed her . In order to save face , Charlotte fires Constantine and orders them to leave . Shortly afterward , Rachel took Constantine to Chicago where she died later . Charlotte had every intention to bring Constantine back to Jackson . The book is published anonymously , and it is a success . Minny reveals the `` terrible awful '' to Celia , who finally sees Hilly as manipulative and a bully . Celia lets on that she knows about the terrible awful by writing a check to one of Hilly 's charity groups . Hilly attempts to intimidate Skeeter through threat of legal proceedings , but she reminds Hilly that `` that '' is in chapter 12 . Charlotte lets on that she knows about the terrible awful and orders Hilly off the property . Charlotte and Skeeter reconcile when Charlotte tells her how proud she is about her courage , the book and the job offer in New York City . Johnny tells Minny that it is not too difficult to know that there has been a change at the house , how appreciative he is about her friendship with Celia , how it saved her life , and that she has job security . This act gives Minny the courage to take her children away from her abusive husband . In an attempt to seek revenge for helping Skeeter , Hilly pressures Elizabeth to terminate Aibileen , with Hilly present and trying to frame Aibileen for theft . But Aibileen stands up to Hilly , calling her a godless woman , always never at ease until she gets what she wants . Elizabeth orders Aibileen to leave . Aibileen bids farewell to Elizabeth 's daughter and pleads with Elizabeth to give her daughter a chance . Aibileen reflects on the ordeal and finds closure . She looks to the future of becoming a writer . Cast ( edit ) The Help cast at 18th Screen Actors Guild Awards ( Octavia Spencer in center , holding the cast 's award ) Viola Davis as Aibileen Clark Emma Stone as Eugenia `` Skeeter '' Phelan Bryce Dallas Howard as Hilly Walters Holbrook Octavia Spencer as Minny Jackson Jessica Chastain as Celia Rae Foote Allison Janney as Charlotte Phelan Ahna O'Reilly as Elizabeth Leefolt Chris Lowell as Stuart Whitworth Sissy Spacek as Mrs. Walters Cicely Tyson as Constantine Bates Mike Vogel as Johnny Foote Anna Camp as Jolene French Brian Kerwin as Robert Phelan Aunjanue Ellis as Yule May Davis Ted Welch as William Holbrook LaChanze as Rachel Bates Mary Steenburgen as Elaine Stein Leslie Jordan as Mr. Blackly Wes Chatham as Carlton Phelan , Skeeter 's brother . David Oyelowo as Preacher Green Dana Ivey as Grace Higginbotham Ashley Johnson as Mary Beth Caldwell Nelsan Ellis as Henry Production ( edit ) In December 2009 , Variety reported that Chris Columbus , Michael Barnathan , and Mark Radcliffe would produce a film adaptation of The Help , under their production company 1492 Pictures . Brunson Green of Harbinger Productions also co-produced . The film was written and directed by Stockett 's childhood friend , Tate Taylor , who optioned film rights to the book before its publication . DreamWorks acquired the film rights to the novel in March 2010 . Reliance Entertainment and Participant Media co-produced the film . The first casting news for the production came in March 2010 , was reported that Stone was attached to play the role of Eugenia `` Skeeter '' Phelan . Other actors were since cast , including Davis as Aibileen ; Howard as Hilly Holbrook , Jackson 's snooty town ringleader ; Janney as Charlotte Phelan , Skeeter 's mother ; and Lowell as Stuart Whitworth , Skeeter 's boyfriend and a senator 's son . Leslie Jordan appears as the editor of the fictional local newspaper , The Jackson Journal . Mike Vogel plays the character Johnny Foote . Octavia Spencer portrays Minny . A longtime friend of Stockett and Taylor , Spencer inspired the character of Minny in Stockett 's novel and voiced her in the audiobook version . Filming began in July 2010 and extended through October . The town of Greenwood , Mississippi , was chosen to portray 1960s - era Jackson , and producer Green said he had expected to shoot `` 95 percent '' of the film there . Parts of the film were also shot in the real - life Jackson , as well as in nearby Clarksdale and Greenville . One of the few locations that existed in 1963 Jackson , the book and the film is Jackson landmark Brent 's Drugs , which dates to 1946 . Other locations that can still be found in Jackson include the New Capitol Building and the Mayflower Cafe downtown . Scenes set at the Jackson Journal office were shot in Clarksdale at the building which formerly housed the Clarksdale Press Register for 40 years until April 2010 . The Help was the most significant film production in Mississippi since O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) `` Honestly , my heart would be broken if it were set anywhere but Mississippi '' , Stockett wrote in an e-mail to reporters . In order to convince producers to shoot in Greenwood , Tate Taylor and others had previously come to the town and scouted out locations ; at his first meeting with DreamWorks executives , he presented them with a photo album of potential filming spots in the area . The state 's tax incentive program for filmmakers was also a key enticement in the decision . Release ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed The Help worldwide through the studio 's Touchstone Pictures banner . On October 13 , 2010 , Disney gave the film a release date of August 12 , 2011 . On June 30 , 2011 , the film 's release date was rescheduled two days earlier to August 10 , 2011 . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray Disc , DVD , and digital download on December 6 , 2011 . The release was produced in three different physical packages : a three - disc combo pack ( Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital Copy ) ; a two - disc combo pack ( Blu - ray and DVD ) ; and a single - disc DVD . It was also released as a digital download option in both standard and high definition . The DVD version includes two deleted scenes and The Living Proof music video by Mary J. Blige . The digital download version includes the same features as the DVD version , plus one additional deleted scene . Both the two - disc and three - disc combo packs include the same features as the DVD version , as well as `` The Making of ' The Help ' : From Friendship to Film '' , `` In Their Own Words : A Tribute to the Maids of Mississippi '' , and three deleted scenes with introductions by director Taylor . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Help received mostly positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 75 % of 208 professional critics gave the film a positive review , with an average score of 7.1 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Though arguably guilty of glossing over its racial themes , The Help rises on the strength of its cast -- particularly Viola Davis , whose performance is powerful enough to carry the film on its own . '' Metacritic , a review aggregator which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film a score of 62 based on 41 reviews . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale . Tom Long from The Detroit News remarked about the film : `` Appealling , entertaining , touching and perhaps even a bit healing , The Help is an old - fashioned grand yarn of a film , the sort we rarely get these days . '' Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald gave the film three out of four stars and said it `` will make you laugh , yes , but it can also break your heart . In the dog days of August moviegoing , that 's a powerful recommendation . '' A more mixed review from Karina Longworth of The Village Voice said : `` We get a fairly typical Hollywood flattening of history , with powerful villains and disenfranchised heroes . '' Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail , giving the film two out of four stars , said : `` Typically , this sort of film is an earnest tear - jerker with moments of levity . Instead , what we have here is a raucous rib - tickler with occasional pauses for a little dramatic relief . '' Referring to the film as a `` big , ole slab of honey - glazed hokum '' , The New York Times noted that `` save for Ms. Davis 's , however , the performances are almost all overly broad , sometimes excruciatingly so , characterized by loud laughs , bugging eyes and pumping limbs . '' Some of the negative reviews criticized the film for its inability to match the quality of the book . Chris Hewitt of the St. Paul Pioneer Press said about the film : `` Some adaptations find a fresh , cinematic way to convey a book 's spirit but The Help does n't . '' Many critics praised the performances of Davis and Spencer . Wilson Morales of Blackfilm.com gave the movie three out of four stars and commented , `` With powerful performances given by Viola Davis and scene stealer Octavia Spencer , the film is an emotionally moving drama that remains highly entertaining . '' David Edelstein from New York magazine commented that , `` The Help belongs to Viola Davis . '' Ida E. Jones , the national director of the Association of Black Women Historians , released an open statement criticizing the film , stating `` ( d ) espite efforts to market the book and the film as a progressive story of triumph over racial injustice , The Help distorts , ignores , and trivializes the experiences of black domestic workers . '' The ABWH accused both the book and the film of insensitive portrayals of African - American vernacular , a nearly uniform depiction of black men as cruel or absent , and a failure to acknowledge the sexual harassment that many black women endured in their white employers ' homes . Jones concluded by saying that `` The Association of Black Women Historians finds it unacceptable for either this book or this film to strip black women 's lives of historical accuracy for the sake of entertainment . '' Roxane Gay of literary web magazine The Rumpus argues the film might be offensive to African Americans , saying the film uses racial Hollywood tropes like the Magical Negro character . In 2014 , the movie was one of several discussed by Keli Goff in The Daily Beast in an article concerning white savior narratives in film . Box Office ( edit ) The Help earned $169,708,112 in North America and $46,931,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $216,639,112 . In North America , on its opening day ( Wednesday , August 10 , 2011 ) , it topped the box office with $5.54 million . It then added $4.33 million on Thursday , declining only 21 percent , a two - day total to $9.87 million . On its first weekend , the film grossed $26.0 million , coming in second place behind Rise of the Planet of the Apes . However , during its second weekend , the film jumped to first place with $20.0 million , declining only 23 percent , the smallest drop among films playing nationwide . The film crossed the $100 million mark on its 21st day of release , becoming one of only two titles in August 2011 that achieved this . On its fourth weekend ( Labor Day three - day weekend ) , it became the first film since Inception ( 2010 ) , to top the box - office charts for three consecutive weekends . Its four - day weekend haul of $19.9 million was the fourth largest for a Labor - day weekend . Notably , The Help topped the box office for 25 days in a row . This was the longest uninterrupted streak since The Sixth Sense ( 35 days ) , which was also a late summer release , in 1999 . To promote the film , TakePart.com hosted a series of three writing contests . Rebecca Lubin , of Mill Valley , California , who has been a nanny for nearly two decades won the recipe contest . Darcy Pattison 's `` 11 Ways to Ruin a Photograph '' won `` The Help '' Children 's Story Contest with her story about a tenacious young girl who refuses to take a good photograph while her father is away `` soldiering '' . After being chosen by guest judge and children 's - book author Lou Berger , the story was professionally illustrated . The final contest was about `` someone who inspired you '' . Genoveva Islas - Hooker charmed guest judge Doc Hendley ( founder of Wine to Water ) with her story , A Heroine Named Confidential . A case manager for patients with HIV , Islas - Hooker was consistently inspired by one special individual who never gave up the fight to live . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Help ( film ) Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Help : Music from the Motion Picture <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 26 , 2011 Genre Blues , soul , rhythm and blues , rock and roll Label Geffen <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from The Help <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Living Proof '' Released : August 16 , 2011 <Td_colspan="2"> The original song is `` The Living Proof '' by Mary J. Blige . The soundtrack was released on July 26 , 2011 , through Geffen Records . <Th_colspan="4"> Track listing No . Title Performers Length 1 . `` The Living Proof '' Mary J. Blige 5 : 57 2 . `` Jackson '' Johnny Cash and June Carter 5 : 28 3 . `` Sherry '' Frankie Valli 5 : 35 4 . `` I Ai n't Never '' Webb Pierce 1 : 56 5 . `` Victory Is Mine '' Dorothy Norwood 3 : 47 6 . `` Road Runner '' Bo Diddley 2 : 48 7 . `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' Ray Charles 2 : 35 8 . `` The Wah - Watusi '' The Orlons 2 : 32 9 . `` Personality '' Lloyd Price 10 : 29 10 . `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' Bob Dylan 3 : 38 11 . `` Let 's Twist Again '' Chubby Checker 2 : 19 12 . `` Do n't Knock '' Mavis Staples 2 : 30 Score ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Help : Original Motion Picture Score <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Thomas Newman Released September 13 , 2011 Length 59 : 34 Label Varese Sarabande The film 's score was composed and conducted by Thomas Newman ; Varese Sarabande released a score album on September 13 , 2011 . <Th_colspan="3"> Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Aibilene '' 3 : 07 2 . `` Them Fools '' 2 : 50 3 . `` Upside - Down Cake '' 1 : 22 4 . `` Mississippi '' 3 : 50 5 . `` Heart Palpitations '' 1 : 43 6 . `` The Help '' 2 : 19 7 . `` Jim Crow '' 1 : 45 8 . `` Skeeter '' 1 : 03 9 . `` Miss Hilly '' 1 : 14 10 . `` Write That Down '' 1 : 38 11 . `` Bottom Of The List '' 3 : 23 12 . `` Deviled Eggs '' 2 : 03 13 . `` First White Baby '' 2 : 00 14 . `` Celia Digs '' 2 : 06 15 . `` November 22 '' 1 : 12 16 . `` Not To Die '' 1 : 28 17 . `` My Son '' 2 : 51 18 . `` Trash On The Road '' 1 : 37 19 . `` The Terrible Awful '' 2 : 57 20 . `` Constantine '' 4 : 09 21 . `` Gripping Testimonials '' 1 : 32 22 . `` Sugar '' 1 : 50 23 . `` Amen '' 3 : 06 24 . `` Mile High Meringue '' 2 : 00 25 . `` Ai n't You Tired ( End Title ) '' 6 : 29 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Help ( 2011 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` Chris Columbus Fast - Tracks ' Help ' -- His 1492 Prods . Readies Adaptation of Stockett Novel '' . Variety . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` DreamWorks nabs rights to novel ' The Help ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ; Patrick , Frater ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` India 's Reliance : Still a DreamWorks Backer , But Hollywood Sojourn Has Cost a Fortune '' . Variety . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Mike ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Emma Stone Looks to Dreamworks for ' Help ' '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Viola Davis in Talks To Join Emma Stone in the Help '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard Lands ' The Help ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Zorianna ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Chris Lowell Eyes ' The Help ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Susan ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Help ' Is Coming '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Octavia Spencer Nabs Key Role in ' The Help ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Help ' Exclusive : Allison Janney Joins the Cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Help : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Moser , Christopher ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Lights , Camera , Clarksdale ! '' . Clarksdale Press Register . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kuykendall , Taylor ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Adaption of Bestseller To Be Filmed Here '' . The Greenwood Commonwealth . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ayres , Jeff ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Movie To Have $13 M Impact on Delta '' . The Clarion Ledger . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Byrd , Shelia ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Help ' To Start Filming in Miss . This Summer '' . Associated Press ( via Google News ) . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Help ' : Why It Took a Year to Cast the Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Help ' Moves Up Its Release Date to Aug. 10 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` The Help Is Coming Home on December 6 '' . ComingSoon.net . October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Help Is Coming to Your House This December '' . Moviehole . October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` The Help Blu - Ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Help '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Help Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Update : ' The Help ' Earns a Rare A+ CinemaScore from Moviegoers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movies ' 60s Story of Racism Richly Told '' . The Detroit News . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ogle , Connie . `` ' The Help ' ( PG - 13 ) '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Longworth , Karina ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Civil Rights Through a Soft Focus Lens in The Help '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Help : Civil Rights Lite , Played for Laughs '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Maids ' Now Have Their Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Help ' Review : Movie Based on Beloved Book Will Be Loved Best If You 've Read the Book '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Jump up ^ Morales , Wilson . `` The Help '' . Blackfilm.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edlestein , David . `` Movie Review : Viola Davis Gives the Too - Soft The Help a Spine '' . www.vulture.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ida E. ( August 7 , 2011 ) . `` An Open Statement to the Fans of The Help '' . Association of Black Women Historians . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gay , Roxane ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` The Solace of Preparing Fried Foods and Other Quaint Remembrances from 1960s Mississippi : Thoughts on The Help '' . The Rumpus . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goff , Keli ( May 4 , 2014 ) . `` Can ' Belle ' End Hollywood 's Obsession with the White Savior ? '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Help ' Bags Solid $9.9 M in Two Days '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Cling to Top Spot , ' Help ' Cleans Up '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' The Help ' Reigns Over Gutless ' Conan , ' ' Fright Night ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` August Box Office Rises and Falls '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Apollo 18 ' and ' Shark Night ' Still in a Dead Heat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' The Help ' Works It Over Labor Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` September 2 -- 5 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 4 - Day Labor Day Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Help ' Posts Longest Daily No. 1 Run Since ' Sixth Sense ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Take Part '' . Jump up ^ `` 11 Ways To Ruin a Photograph '' . 11 Ways to Ruin a Photograph . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Details For `` The Help '' ( Track List Includes Ray Charles , Chubby Checker + Many Others ) `` . indieWire . June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Help ( Music from the Motion Picture ) '' . amazon.com . July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Help ( film ) The Help at AllMovie The Help on IMDb The Help at Box Office Mojo The Help at Rotten Tomatoes civilrightstravel , The Help 's filming locations and associated civil - rights history award <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Tate Taylor <Td_colspan="2"> Chicken Party ( 2003 ) Pretty Ugly People ( 2008 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Get on Up ( 2014 ) The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) : Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby Chicago ( 2002 ) : Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways ( 2004 ) : Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh Crash ( 2005 ) : Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) : Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear Hairspray ( 2007 ) : Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken Milk ( 2008 ) : Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) : Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke ( 2010 -- present ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg The Help ( 2011 ) : Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) : Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver American Hustle ( 2013 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) : Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts Spotlight ( 2015 ) : Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci Moonlight ( 2016 ) : Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders <Th_colspan="2"> Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Motion Picture Sideways Thomas Haden Church Paul Giamatti Virginia Madsen Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Chris Bridges Sandra Bullock Don Cheadle Matt Dillon Jennifer Esposito William Fichtner Brendan Fraser Terrence Howard Thandie Newton Ryan Phillippe Larenz Tate 2006 The Departed Anthony Anderson Alec Baldwin Matt Damon Leonardo DiCaprio Vera Farmiga Jack Nicholson Martin Sheen Mark Wahlberg Ray Winstone 2007 Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead Albert Finney Rosemary Harris Ethan Hawke Philip Seymour Hoffman Brían F. O'Byrne Amy Ryan Michael Shannon Marisa Tomei 2009 Nine Marion Cotillard Penélope Cruz Daniel Day - Lewis Judi Dench Fergie Kate Hudson Nicole Kidman Sophia Loren 2011 The Help Anna Camp Jessica Chastain Viola Davis Nelsan Ellis Aunjanue Ellis Bryce Dallas Howard Dana Ivey Allison Janney Leslie Jordan Brian Kerwin Chris Lowell Ahna O'Reilly David Oyelowo Sissy Spacek Octavia Spencer Mary Steenburgen Emma Stone Cicely Tyson Mike Vogel 2012 Les Miserábles Samantha Barks Sacha Baron Cohen Helena Bonham Carter Russell Crowe Anne Hathaway Hugh Jackman Eddie Redmayne Amanda Seyfried Aaron Tveit 2013 Nebraska Bruce Dern Missy Doty Will Forte Rance Howard Stacy Keach Angela McEwan Bob Odenkirk Devin Ratray Melinda Simonsen June Squibb Roger Stuckwisch Mary Louise Wilson 2014 Into the Woods Christine Baranski Tammy Blanchard Emily Blunt James Corden Lilla Crawford Frances de la Tour Johnny Depp Daniel Huttlestone Anna Kendrick Billy Magnussen MacKenzie Mauzy Chris Pine Lucy Punch Meryl Streep Tracey Ullman 2015 Spotlight Brian d'Arcy James Michael Keaton Rachel McAdams Mark Ruffalo Liev Schreiber John Slattery Stanley Tucci 2016 Hidden Figures Mahershala Ali Kevin Costner Kirsten Dunst Taraji P. Henson Aldis Hodge Janelle Monáe Jim Parsons Glen Powell Kimberly Quinn Octavia Spencer <Th_colspan="2"> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2011 -- 2020 ) 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Argo Ben Affleck , Alan Arkin , Kerry Bishé , Kyle Chandler , Rory Cochrane , Bryan Cranston , Christopher Denham , Tate Donovan , Clea DuVall , Victor Garber , John Goodman , Scoot McNairy , Chris Messina 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Hidden Figures Mahershala Ali , Kevin Costner , Kirsten Dunst , Taraji P. Henson , Aldis Hodge , Janelle Monáe , Jim Parsons , Glen Powell , Octavia Spencer <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) <Th_colspan="2"> NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Black Reel Award for Outstanding Film 2000 - 2009 The Hurricane ( 2000 ) Love & Basketball ( 2001 ) Training Day ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) Out of Time ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 , drama ) Lightning in a Bottle ( 2005 , comedy / musical ) Crash ( 2006 ) Dreamgirls ( 2007 ) Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) no awards in 2009 2010 - present Precious ( 2010 ) Night Catches Us ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Creed ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Help_(film)&oldid=809798312 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s drama films The Help African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) in film American drama films DreamWorks Pictures films Participant Media films Touchstone Pictures films Reliance Entertainment films Female buddy films Feminist films Films about race and ethnicity Films based on American novels Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films set in Mississippi Films set in the 1960s Films shot in Mississippi Films set in 1963 Films about writers Film scores by Thomas Newman Films directed by Tate Taylor Jackson , Mississippi American films Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan 1492 Pictures films Maids in films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from July 2012 Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 13 : 53 . 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1. The Help - film adaptation of Kathryn Stockett's novel
2. Civil Rights Movement in 1962 Jackson, Mississippi
3. Ensemble cast including Viola Davis, Emma Stone, and Octavia Spencer
4. Critical and commercial success, grossing $216 million worldwide
5. Controversy surrounding portrayal of African-American domestic workers
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which of the following describes a transaction that occurred in the fourth market
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Day trading - wikipedia Day trading This article is about the practice . For the occupation , see Day trader . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Day trading is speculation in securities , specifically buying and selling financial instruments within the same trading day . Strictly , day trading is trading only within a day , such that all positions are closed before the market closes for the trading day . Many traders may not be so strict or may have day trading as one component of an overall strategy . Traders who participate in day trading are called day traders . Traders who trade in this capacity with the motive of profit are therefore speculators . The methods of quick trading contrast with the long - term trades underlying buy and hold and value investing strategies . Some of the more commonly day - traded financial instruments are stocks , options , currencies , and a host of futures contracts such as equity index futures , interest rate futures , currency futures and commodity futures . Day trading was once an activity that was exclusive to financial firms and professional speculators . Many day traders are bank or investment firm employees working as specialists in equity investment and fund management . With the advent of electronic trading and margin trading , day trading has become available to private individuals . Contents 1 Characteristics 1.1 Profit and risks 2 History 2.1 Financial settlement 2.2 Electronic communication networks 2.3 Technology bubble ( 1997 -- 2000 ) 3 Techniques 3.1 Trend following 3.2 Contrarian investing 3.3 Range trading 3.4 Scalping 3.5 Rebate trading 3.6 News playing 3.7 Price action 3.8 Artificial intelligence 4 Cost 4.1 Commission 4.2 Spread 4.3 Market data 5 Regulations and restrictions 5.1 Pattern day trader 5.2 Speculation 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Some day traders use an intra-day technique known as scalping that usually has the trader holding a position for a few minutes or even seconds . Most day traders exit positions before the market closes to avoid unmanageable risks -- negative price gaps between one day 's close and the next day 's price at the open . Another reason is to maximize day trading buying power . Other traders believe they should let the profits run , so it is acceptable to stay with a position after the market closes . Day traders sometimes borrow money to trade . This is called margin trading . Since margin interests are typically only charged on overnight balances , the trader may pay no fees for the margin benefit , though still running the risk of a margin call . The margin interest rate is usually based on the broker 's call . Profit and risks ( edit ) Because of the nature of financial leverage and the rapid returns that are possible , day trading results can range from extremely profitable to extremely unprofitable , and high - risk profile traders can generate either huge percentage returns or huge percentage losses . Because of the high profits ( and losses ) that day trading makes possible , these traders are sometimes portrayed as `` bandits '' or `` gamblers '' by other investors . Day trading is risky , especially if any of the following is present while trading : trading a loser 's game / system rather than a game that 's at least winnable , inadequate risk capital with the accompanying excess stress of having to `` survive '' , incompetent money management ( i.e. executing trades poorly ) . The common use of buying on margin ( using borrowed funds ) amplifies gains and losses , such that substantial losses or gains can occur in a very short period of time . In addition , brokers usually allow bigger margins for day traders . In the USA for example , while the overnight margins required to hold a stock position are normally 50 % of the stock 's value , many brokers allow pattern day trader accounts to use levels as low as 25 % for intraday purchases . This means a day trader with the legal minimum $25,000 in his account can buy $100,000 ( 4x leverage ) worth of stock during the day , as long as half of those positions are exited before the market close . Because of the high risk of margin use , and of other day trading practices , a day trader will often have to exit a losing position very quickly , in order to prevent a greater , unacceptable loss , or even a disastrous loss , much larger than his original investment , or even larger than his total assets . History ( edit ) Originally , the most important U.S. stocks were traded on the New York Stock Exchange . A trader would contact a stockbroker , who would relay the order to a specialist on the floor of the NYSE . These specialists would each make markets in only a handful of stocks . The specialist would match the purchaser with another broker 's seller ; write up physical tickets that , once processed , would effectively transfer the stock ; and relay the information back to both brokers . Brokerage commissions were fixed at 1 % of the amount of the trade , i.e. to purchase $10,000 worth of stock cost the buyer $100 in commissions and same 1 % to sell . ( Meaning that to profit trades had to make over 2 % to make any real gain . ) One of the first steps to make day trading of shares potentially profitable was the change in the commission scheme . In 1975 , the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) made fixed commission rates illegal , giving rise to discount brokers offering much reduced commission rates . Financial settlement ( edit ) Financial settlement periods used to be much longer : Before the early 1990s at the London Stock Exchange , for example , stock could be paid for up to 10 working days after it was bought , allowing traders to buy ( or sell ) shares at the beginning of a settlement period only to sell ( or buy ) them before the end of the period hoping for a rise in price . This activity was identical to modern day trading , but for the longer duration of the settlement period . But today , to reduce market risk , the settlement period is typically two working days . Reducing the settlement period reduces the likelihood of default , but was impossible before the advent of electronic ownership transfer . Electronic communication networks ( edit ) The systems by which stocks are traded have also evolved , the second half of the twentieth century having seen the advent of electronic communication networks ( ECNs ) . These are essentially large proprietary computer networks on which brokers can list a certain amount of securities to sell at a certain price ( the asking price or `` ask '' ) or offer to buy a certain amount of securities at a certain price ( the `` bid '' ) . ECNs and exchanges are usually known to traders by a three - or four - letter designators , which identify the ECN or exchange on Level II stock screens . The first of these was Instinet ( or `` inet '' ) , which was founded in 1969 as a way for major institutions to bypass the increasingly cumbersome and expensive NYSE , and to allow them to trade during hours when the exchanges were closed . Early ECNs such as Instinet were very unfriendly to small investors , because they tended to give large institutions better prices than were available to the public . This resulted in a fragmented and sometimes illiquid market . The next important step in facilitating day trading was the founding in 1971 of NASDAQ -- a virtual stock exchange on which orders were transmitted electronically . Moving from paper share certificates and written share registers to `` dematerialized '' shares , traders used computerized trading and registration that required not only extensive changes to legislation but also the development of the necessary technology : online and real time systems rather than batch ; electronic communications rather than the postal service , telex or the physical shipment of computer tapes , and the development of secure cryptographic algorithms . These developments heralded the appearance of `` market makers '' : the NASDAQ equivalent of a NYSE specialist . A market maker has an inventory of stocks to buy and sell , and simultaneously offers to buy and sell the same stock . Obviously , it will offer to sell stock at a higher price than the price at which it offers to buy . This difference is known as the `` spread '' . The market maker is indifferent as to whether the stock goes up or down , it simply tries to constantly buy for less than it sells . A persistent trend in one direction will result in a loss for the market maker , but the strategy is overall positive ( otherwise they would exit the business ) . Today there are about 500 firms who participate as market makers on ECNs , each generally making a market in four to forty different stocks . Without any legal obligations , market makers were free to offer smaller spreads on ECNs than on the NASDAQ . A small investor might have to pay a $0.25 spread ( e.g. he might have to pay $10.50 to buy a share of stock but could only get $10.25 for selling it ) , while an institution would only pay a $0.05 spread ( buying at $10.40 and selling at $10.35 ) . Technology bubble ( 1997 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Following the 1987 stock market crash , the SEC adopted `` Order Handling Rules '' which required market makers to publish their best bid and ask on the NASDAQ . Another reform made was the `` Small Order Execution System '' , or `` SOES '' , which required market makers to buy or sell , immediately , small orders ( up to 1000 shares ) at the market maker 's listed bid or ask . The design of the system gave rise to arbitrage by a small group of traders known as the `` SOES bandits '' , who made sizable profits buying and selling small orders to market makers by anticipating price moves before they were reflected in the published inside bid / ask prices . The SOES system ultimately led to trading facilitated by software instead of market makers via ECNs . In the late 1990s , existing ECNs began to offer their services to small investors . New brokerage firms which specialized in serving online traders who wanted to trade on the ECNs emerged . New ECNs also arose , most importantly Archipelago ( `` arca '' ) and Island ( `` isld '' ) . Archipelago eventually became a stock exchange and in 2005 was purchased by the NYSE . ( At this time , the NYSE has proposed merging Archipelago with itself , although some resistance has arisen from NYSE members . ) Commissions plummeted . To give an extreme example ( trading 1000 shares of Google ) , an online trader in 2005 might have bought $300,000 of stock at a commission of about $10 , compared to the $3,000 commission the trader would have paid in 1974 . Moreover , the trader was able in 2005 to buy the stock almost instantly and got it at a cheaper price . ECNs are in constant flux . New ones are formed , while existing ones are bought or merged . As of the end of 2006 , the most important ECNs to the individual trader were : Instinet ( which bought Island in 2002 ) , Archipelago ( although technically it is now an exchange rather than an ECN ) , the Brass Utility ( `` brut '' ) , and the SuperDot electronic system now used by the NYSE . The evolution of average NASDAQ share prices between 1994 and 2004 This combination of factors has made day trading in stocks and stock derivatives ( such as ETFs ) possible . The low commission rates allow an individual or small firm to make a large number of trades during a single day . The liquidity and small spreads provided by ECNs allow an individual to make near - instantaneous trades and to get favorable pricing . High - volume issues such as Intel or Microsoft generally have a spread of only $0.01 , so the price only needs to move a few pennies for the trader to cover his commission costs and show a profit . The ability for individuals to day trade coincided with the extreme bull market in technological issues from 1997 to early 2000 , known as the Dot - com bubble . From 1997 to 2000 , the NASDAQ rose from 1200 to 5000 . Many naive investors with little market experience made huge profits buying these stocks in the morning and selling them in the afternoon , at 400 % margin rates . In March , 2000 , this bubble burst , and a large number of less - experienced day traders began to lose money as fast , or faster , than they had made during the buying frenzy . The NASDAQ crashed from 5000 back to 1200 ; many of the less - experienced traders went broke , although obviously it was possible to have made a fortune during that time by shorting or playing on volatility . In parallel to stock trading , starting at the end of the 1990s , a number of new Market Maker firms provided foreign exchange and derivative day trading through new electronic trading platforms . These allowed day traders to have instant access to decentralised markets such as forex and global markets through derivatives such as contracts for difference . Most of these firms were based in the UK and later in less restrictive jurisdictions , this was in part due to the regulations in the US prohibiting this type of over-the - counter trading . These firms typically provide trading on margin allowing day traders to take large position with relatively small capital , but with the associated increase in risk . Retail forex trading became a popular way to day trade due to its liquidity and the 24 - hour nature of the market . Techniques ( edit ) The following are several basic strategies by which day traders attempt to make profits . Besides these , some day traders also use contrarian ( reverse ) strategies ( more commonly seen in algorithmic trading ) to trade specifically against irrational behavior from day traders using these approaches . It is important for a trader to remain flexible and adjust their techniques to match changing market conditions . Some of these approaches require shorting stocks instead of buying them : the trader borrows stock from his broker and sells the borrowed stock , hoping that the price will fall and he will be able to purchase the shares at a lower price . There are several technical problems with short sales -- the broker may not have shares to lend in a specific issue , the broker can call for the return of its shares at any time , and some restrictions are imposed in America by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on short - selling ( see uptick rule for details ) . Some of these restrictions ( in particular the uptick rule ) do n't apply to trades of stocks that are actually shares of an exchange - traded fund ( ETF ) . Trend following ( edit ) Main article : Trend following Trend following , a strategy used in all trading time - frames , assumes that financial instruments which have been rising steadily will continue to rise , and vice versa with falling . The trend follower buys an instrument which has been rising , or short sells a falling one , in the expectation that the trend will continue . Contrarian investing ( edit ) Main article : Contrarian investing Contrarian investing is a market timing strategy used in all trading time - frames . It assumes that financial instruments that have been rising steadily will reverse and start to fall , and vice versa . The contrarian trader buys an instrument which has been falling , or short - sells a rising one , in the expectation that the trend will change . Range trading ( edit ) Main article : Swing trading Range trading , or range - bound trading , is a trading style in which stocks are watched that have either been rising off a support price or falling off a resistance price . That is , every time the stock hits a high , it falls back to the low , and vice versa . Such a stock is said to be `` trading in a range '' , which is the opposite of trending . The range trader therefore buys the stock at or near the low price , and sells ( and possibly short sells ) at the high . A related approach to range trading is looking for moves outside of an established range , called a breakout ( price moves up ) or a breakdown ( price moves down ) , and assume that once the range has been broken prices will continue in that direction for some time . Scalping ( edit ) Main article : scalping ( trading ) Scalping was originally referred to as spread trading . Scalping is a trading style where small price gaps created by the bid - ask spread are exploited by the speculator . It normally involves establishing and liquidating a position quickly , usually within minutes or even seconds . Scalping highly liquid instruments for off - the - floor day traders involves taking quick profits while minimizing risk ( loss exposure ) . It applies technical analysis concepts such as over / under - bought , support and resistance zones as well as trendline , trading channel to enter the market at key points and take quick profits from small moves . The basic idea of scalping is to exploit the inefficiency of the market when volatility increases and the trading range expands . Scalpers also use the `` fade '' technique . When stock values suddenly rise , they short sell securities that seem overvalued . Rebate trading ( edit ) Rebate trading is an equity trading style that uses ECN rebates as a primary source of profit and revenue . Most ECNs charge commissions to customers who want to have their orders filled immediately at the best prices available , but the ECNs pay commissions to buyers or sellers who `` add liquidity '' by placing limit orders that create `` market - making '' in a security . Rebate traders seek to make money from these rebates and will usually maximize their returns by trading low priced , high volume stocks . This enables them to trade more shares and contribute more liquidity with a set amount of capital , while limiting the risk that they will not be able to exit a position in the stock . News playing ( edit ) The basic strategy of news playing is to buy a stock which has just announced good news , or short sell on bad news . Such events provide enormous volatility in a stock and therefore the greatest chance for quick profits ( or losses ) . Determining whether news is `` good '' or `` bad '' must be determined by the price action of the stock , because the market reaction may not match the tone of the news itself . This is because rumors or estimates of the event ( like those issued by market and industry analysts ) will already have been circulated before the official release , causing prices to move in anticipation . The price movement caused by the official news will therefore be determined by how good the news is relative to the market 's expectations , not how good it is in absolute terms . Price action ( edit ) Keeping things simple can also be an effective methodology when it comes to trading . There are groups of traders known as price action traders who are a form of technical traders that rely on technical analysis but do not rely on conventional indicators to point them in the direction of a trade or not . These traders rely on a combination of price movement , chart patterns , volume , and other raw market data to gauge whether or not they should take a trade . This is seen as a `` simplistic '' and `` minimalist '' approach to trading but is not by any means easier than any other trading methodology . It requires a solid background in understanding how markets work and the core principles within a market , but the good thing about this type of methodology is it will work in virtually any market that exists ( stocks , foreign exchange , futures , gold , oil , etc . ) . Artificial intelligence ( edit ) An estimated one third of stock trades in 2005 in United States were generated by automatic algorithms , or high - frequency trading . The increased use of algorithms and quantitative techniques has led to more competition and smaller profits . Cost ( edit ) Commission ( edit ) Commissions for direct - access brokers are calculated based on volume . The more shares traded , the cheaper the commission . The average commission per trade is roughly $5 per round trip ( getting in and out of a position ) . While a retail broker might charge $7 or more per trade regardless of the trade size , a typical direct - access broker may charge anywhere from $0.01 to $0.0002 per share traded ( from $10 down to $. 20 per 1000 shares ) , or $0.25 per futures contract . A scalper can cover such costs with even a minimal gain . Spread ( edit ) Main article : Bid - ask spread The numerical difference between the bid and ask prices is referred to as the bid - ask spread . Most worldwide markets operate on a bid - ask - based system . The ask prices are immediate execution ( market ) prices for quick buyers ( ask takers ) while bid prices are for quick sellers ( bid takers ) . If a trade is executed at quoted prices , closing the trade immediately without queuing would always cause a loss because the bid price is always less than the ask price at any point in time . The bid - ask spread is two sides of the same coin . The spread can be viewed as trading bonuses or costs according to different parties and different strategies . On one hand , traders who do NOT wish to queue their order , instead paying the market price , pay the spreads ( costs ) . On the other hand , traders who wish to queue and wait for execution receive the spreads ( bonuses ) . Some day trading strategies attempt to capture the spread as additional , or even the only , profits for successful trades . Market data ( edit ) Market data is necessary for day traders , rather than using the delayed ( by anything from 10 to 60 minutes , per exchange rules ) market data that is available for free . A real - time data feed requires paying fees to the respective stock exchanges , usually combined with the broker 's charges ; these fees are usually very low compared to the other costs of trading . The fees may be waived for promotional purposes or for customers meeting a minimum monthly volume of trades . Even a moderately active day trader can expect to meet these requirements , making the basic data feed essentially `` free '' . In addition to the raw market data , some traders purchase more advanced data feeds that include historical data and features such as scanning large numbers of stocks in the live market for unusual activity . Complicated analysis and charting software are other popular additions . These types of systems can cost from tens to hundreds of dollars per month to access . Regulations and restrictions ( edit ) Day trading is considered a risky trading style , and regulations require brokerage firms to ask whether the clients understand the risks of day trading and whether they have prior trading experience before entering the market . Pattern day trader ( edit ) Main article : Pattern day trader In addition , in the US the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and SEC further restrict the entry by means of `` pattern day trader '' amendments . Pattern day trader is a term defined by the SEC to describe any trader who buys and sells a particular security in the same trading day ( day trades ) , and does this four or more times in any five consecutive business day period . A pattern day trader is subject to special rules , the main rule being that in order to engage in pattern day trading in a margin account , the trader must maintain an equity balance of at least $25,000 . It is important to note that this requirement is only for day traders using a margin account . Speculation ( edit ) In the moral context , speculation is considered negatively as personal behavior and also considering the potential damage to the real economy . See also ( edit ) Direct access trading Extended hours trading Financial instrument Fundamental analysis Futures market Scalping Stock market Trader Price discovery Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Day - Trading Margin Requirements : Know the Rules '' . FINRA . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sale , Robert ( 2001 ) . Trading Strategies for Direct Access Trading : Making the Most Out of Your Capital Jump up ^ `` U.S. government warning about the dangers of day trading '' . Jump up ^ Gomez , Steve ; Lindloff , Andy ( 2011 ) . Change is the only Constant . IN : Lindzon , Howard ; Pearlman , Philip ; Ivanhoff , Ivaylo . The StockTwits Edge : 40 Actionable Trade Set - Ups from Real Market Pros . Wiley Trading . ISBN 978 - 1118029053 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gomez , Steve ( October 2009 ) . `` Adapting To Change '' . SFO Magazine ( republished on Trader Planet , 2013 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Trading Range '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Type of Day Trader '' . DayTradeTheWorld . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Charles Duhigg . Artificial intelligence applied heavily to picking stocks - Business - International Herald Tribune . November 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Requirements for Delayed Market Data '' Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/thefinancialspeculation Jump up ^ http://www.jstor.org/stable/2376347?seq=12#page_scan_tab_contents Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14211a.htm External links ( edit ) U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on day trading <Th_colspan="2"> Financial markets Types of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker - dealer Day trader Floor broker Floor trader Investor Market maker Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Financial law Regulator Stock trader Exchanges Electronic communication network List of stock exchanges Trading hours Multilateral trading facility Over-the - counter Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory Beta Bid -- ask spread Book value Capital asset pricing model Capital market line Dividend discount model Dividend yield Earnings per share Earnings yield Net asset value Security characteristic line Security market line T - model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Day trading Dollar cost averaging Efficient - market hypothesis Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory Random walk hypothesis Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value investing Related terms Block trade Cross listing Dark pool Dividend Dual - listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Flight - to - quality Haircut Initial public offering Long Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Position Public float Public offering Rally Returns - based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Stock dilution Stock market index Stock split Trade Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield <Th_colspan="3"> Hedge funds Investment strategy Arbitrage / relative value Capital structure arbitrage Convertible arbitrage Equity market neutral Fixed income arbitrage / fixed - income relative - value investing Statistical arbitrage Volatility arbitrage Event - driven Activist shareholder Distressed securities Risk arbitrage Special situation Directional Convergence trade Commodity trading advisors / managed futures account Dedicated short Global macro Long / short equity Trend following Other Fund of hedge funds / Multi-manager Trading Algorithmic trading Day trading High - frequency trading Prime brokerage Program trading Proprietary trading Related terms Markets Commodities Derivatives Equity Fixed income Foreign exchange Money markets Structured securities Misc Arbitrage pricing theory Assets under management Black -- Scholes model ( Greeks : delta neutral ) Capital asset pricing model ( alpha / beta / security characteristic line ) Fundamental analysis Hedge Securitization Short Taxation of private equity and hedge funds Technical analysis Investors Vulture funds Family offices Financial endowments Fund of hedge funds High - net - worth individual Institutional investors Insurance companies Investment banks Merchant banks Pension funds Sovereign wealth funds Regulatory Fund governance Hedge Fund Standards Board <Td_colspan="3"> Alternative investment management companies Hedge funds Hedge fund managers NDL : 01219651 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Day_trading&oldid=855460473 '' Categories : Share trading Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2012 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 13 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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Declaration of Helsinki - wikipedia Declaration of Helsinki Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the human medical experimentation ethics document . For other uses , see Declaration of Helsinki ( disambiguation ) . The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH ) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association ( WMA ) . It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics . It is not a legally binding instrument under the international law , but instead draws its authority from the degree to which it has been codified in , or influenced , national or regional legislation and regulations . Its role was described by a Brazilian forum in 2000 in these words `` Even though the Declaration of Helsinki is the responsibility of the World Medical Association , the document should be considered the property of all humanity '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Principles 1.1 Basic principles 1.2 Operational principles 1.3 Additional guidelines or regulations 2 History 2.1 First revision ( 1975 ) 2.2 Second to Fourth revisions ( 1975 -- 2000 ) 2.2. 1 Second and Third Revisions ( 1983 , 1989 ) 2.2. 2 Fourth revision ( 1996 ) 2.2. 2.1 Background 2.2. 2.2 Fourth revision 2.3 Fifth revision ( 2000 ) 2.3. 1 Background 2.3. 2 Fifth revision 2.3. 2.1 Additional Principles 2.3. 3 Aftermath 2.4 Clarifications of Articles 29 , 30 ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 2.5 Sixth revision ( 2008 ) 2.6 Seventh revision ( 2013 ) 3 Future 4 Timeline ( WMA meetings ) 5 See also 6 References 7 Training 8 Bibliography 8.1 Articles 8.1. 1 1990 - 1999 8.1. 2 2000 - 2008 8.2 WMA 9 Other codes and regulations 10 External links Principles ( edit ) The Declaration is morally binding on physicians , and that obligation overrides any national or local laws or regulations , if the Declaration provides for a higher standard of protection of humans than the latter . Investigators still have to abide by local legislation but will be held to the higher standard . Basic principles ( edit ) The fundamental principle is respect for the individual ( Article 8 ) , their right to self - determination and the right to make informed decisions ( Articles 20 , 21 and 22 ) regarding participation in research , both initially and during the course of the research . The investigator 's duty is solely to the patient ( Articles 2 , 3 and 10 ) or volunteer ( Articles 16 , 18 ) , and while there is always a need for research ( Article 6 ) , the subject 's welfare must always take precedence over the interests of science and society ( Article 5 ) , and ethical considerations must always take precedence over laws and regulations ( Article 9 ) . The recognition of the increased vulnerability of individuals and groups calls for special vigilance ( Article 8 ) . It is recognised that when the research participant is incompetent , physically or mentally incapable of giving consent , or is a minor ( Articles 23 , 24 ) , then allowance should be considered for surrogate consent by an individual acting in the subject 's best interest , although their consent should still be obtained if at all possible ( Article 25 ) . Operational principles ( edit ) Research should be based on a thorough knowledge of the scientific background ( Article 11 ) , a careful assessment of risks and benefits ( Articles 16 , 17 ) , have a reasonable likelihood of benefit to the population studied ( Article 19 ) and be conducted by suitably trained investigators ( Article 15 ) using approved protocols , subject to independent ethical review and oversight by a properly convened committee ( Article 13 ) . The protocol should address the ethical issues and indicate that it is in compliance with the Declaration ( Article 14 ) . Studies should be discontinued if the available information indicates that the original considerations are no longer satisfied ( Article 17 ) . Information regarding the study should be publicly available ( Article 16 ) . Ethical publications extend to publication of the results and consideration of any potential conflict of interest ( Article 27 ) . Experimental investigations should always be compared against the best methods , but under certain circumstances a placebo or no treatment group may be utilised ( Article 29 ) . The interests of the subject after the study is completed should be part of the overall ethical assessment , including assuring their access to the best proven care ( Article 30 ) . Wherever possible unproven methods should be tested in the context of research where there is reasonable belief of possible benefit ( Article 32 ) . Additional guidelines or regulations ( edit ) Investigators often find themselves in the position of having to follow several different codes or guidelines , and are therefore required to understand the differences between them . One of these is Good Clinical Practice ( GCP ) , an international guide , while each country may also have local regulations such as the Common Rule in the US , in addition to the requirements of the FDA and Office for Human Research Protections ( OHRP ) in that country . There are a number of available tools which compare these . Other countries have guides with similar roles , such as the Tri-Council Policy Statement in Canada . Additional international guidelines include those of the CIOMS , Nuffield Council and UNESCO . History ( edit ) The Declaration was originally adopted in June 1964 in Helsinki , Finland , and has since undergone seven revisions ( the most recent at the General Assembly in October 2013 ) and two clarifications , growing considerably in length from 11 paragraphs in 1964 to 37 in the 2013 version . The Declaration is an important document in the history of research ethics as it is the first significant effort of the medical community to regulate research itself , and forms the basis of most subsequent documents . Prior to the 1947 Nuremberg Code there was no generally accepted code of conduct governing the ethical aspects of human research , although some countries , notably Germany and Russia , had national policies ( 3a ) . The Declaration developed the ten principles first stated in the Nuremberg Code , and tied them to the Declaration of Geneva ( 1948 ) , a statement of physicians ' ethical duties . The Declaration more specifically addressed clinical research , reflecting changes in medical practice from the term ' Human Experimentation ' used in the Nuremberg Code . A notable change from the Nuremberg Code was a relaxation of the conditions of consent , which was ' absolutely essential ' under Nuremberg . Now doctors were asked to obtain consent ' if at all possible ' and research was allowed without consent where a proxy consent , such as a legal guardian , was available ( Article II. 1 ) . First revision ( 1975 ) ( edit ) The 1975 revision was almost twice the length of the original . It clearly stated that `` concern for the interests of the subject must always prevail over the interests of science and society . '' It also introduced the concept of oversight by an ' independent committee ' ( Article I. 2 ) which became a system of Institutional Review Boards ( IRB ) in the US , and research ethics committees or ethical review boards in other countries . In the United States regulations governing IRBs came into effect in 1981 and are now encapsulated in the Common Rule . Informed consent was developed further , made more prescriptive and partly moved from ' Medical Research Combined with Professional Care ' into the first section ( Basic Principles ) , with the burden of proof for not requiring consent being placed on the investigator to justify to the committee . ' Legal guardian ' was replaced with ' responsible relative ' . The duty to the individual was given primacy over that to society ( Article I. 5 ) , and concepts of publication ethics were introduced ( Article I. 8 ) . Any experimental manoeuvre was to be compared to the best available care as a comparator ( Article II. 2 ) , and access to such care was assured ( Article I. 3 ) . The document was also made gender neutral . Second to fourth revisions ( 1975 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Subsequent revisions between 1975 and 2000 were relatively minor , so the 1975 version was effectively that which governed research over a quarter of a century of relative stability . Second and third revisions ( 1983 , 1989 ) ( edit ) The second revision ( 1983 ) included seeking the consent of minors where possible . The third revision ( 1989 ) dealt further with the function and structure of the independent committee . However , from 1993 onwards , the Declaration was not alone as a universal guide since CIOMS and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) had also developed their International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects . Fourth revision ( 1996 ) ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The AIDS Clinical Trials Group ( ACTG ) Study 076 of 100 Zidovudine in maternal - infant transmission of HIV had been published in 1994 . This was a placebo controlled trial which showed a reduction of nearly 70 % in the risk of transmission , and Zidovudine became a de facto standard of care . The subsequent initiation of further placebo controlled trials carried out in developing countries and funded by the United States Centers for Disease Control or National Institutes of Health raised considerable concern when it was learned that patients in trials in the US had essentially unrestricted access to the drug , while those in developing countries did not . Justification was provided by a 1994 WHO group in Geneva which concluded `` Placebo - controlled trials offer the best option for a rapid and scientifically valid assessment of alternative antiretroviral drug regimens to prevent transmission of HIV '' . These trials appeared to be in direct conflict with recently published guidelines for international research by CIOMS , which stated `` The ethical standards applied should be no less exacting than they would be in the case of research carried out in country '' , referring to the sponsoring or initiating country . In fact a schism between ethical universalism and ethical pluralism was already apparent before the 1993 revision of the CIOMS guidelines . Fourth revision ( edit ) In retrospect , this was one of the most significant revisions because it added the phrase `` This does not exclude the use of inert placebo in studies where no proven diagnostic or therapeutic method exists '' to Article II. 3 ( `` In any medical study , every patient -- including those of a control group , if any -- should be assured of the best proven diagnostic and therapeutic method . '' ) . Critics claimed that the Zidovudine trials in developing countries were in breach of this because Zidovudine was now the best proven treatment and the placebo group should have been given it . This led to the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) ignoring this and all subsequent revisions . Fifth revision ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Following the fourth revision in 1996 pressure began to build almost immediately for a more fundamental approach to revising the declaration . The later revision in 2000 would go on to require monitoring of scientific research on human subjects to assure ethical standards were being met . In 1997 Lurie and Wolfe published their seminal paper on HIV trials , raising awareness of a number of central issues . These included the claims that the continuing trials in developing countries were unethical , and pointing out a fundamental discrepancy in decisions to change the study design in Thailand but not Africa . The issue of the use of placebo in turn raised questions about the standard of care in developing counties and whether , as Marcia Angell wrote `` Human subjects in any part of the world should be protected by an irreducible set of ethical standards '' ( 1988 ) . The American Medical Association put forward a proposed revision in November that year , and a proposed revision ( 17. C / Rev1 / 99 ) was circulated the following year , causing considerable debate and resulting in a number of symposia and conferences . Recommendations included limiting the document to basic guiding principles . Many editorials and commentaries were published reflecting a variety of views including concerns that the Declaration was being weakened by a shift towards efficiency - based and utilitarian standards ( Rothman , Michaels and Baum 2000 ) , and an entire issue of the Bulletin of Medical Ethics was devoted to the debate . Others saw it as an example of Angell 's ' Ethical Imperialism ' , an imposition of US needs on the developing world , and resisted any but the most minor changes , or even a partitioned document with firm principles and commentaries , as used by CIOMS . The idea of ethical imperialism was brought into high attention with HIV testing , as it was strongly debated from 1996 - 2000 because of its centrality to the issue of regimens to prevent its vertical transmission . Brennan summarises this by stating `` The principles exemplified by the current Declaration of Helsinki represent a delicate compromise that we should modify only after careful deliberation '' . Nevertheless , what had started as a controversy over a specific series of trials and their designs in Sub-Saharan Africa , now had potential implications for all research . These implications further came into public view since the Helsinki declaration had stated , `` In the treatment of the sick person , the physician must be free to use a new diagnostic and therapeutic measure , if in his or her judgement , it offers hope of saving life , reestablishing health or alleviating suffering . '' Fifth revision ( edit ) Even though most meetings about the proposed revisions failed to achieve consensus , and many argued that the declaration should remain unchanged or only minimally altered , after extensive consultation the Workgroup eventually came up with a text that was endorsed by WMA 's Council and passed by the General Assembly on October 7 , 2000 , and which proved to be the most far reaching and contentious revision to date . The justification for this was partly to take account of expanded scope of biomedical research since 1975 . This involved a restructuring of the document , including renumbering and re-ordering of all the articles , the changes in which are outlined in this Table . The Introduction establishes the rights of subjects and describes the inherent tension between the need for research to improve the common good , and the rights of the individual . The Basic Principles establish a guide for judging to what extent proposed research meets the expected ethical standards . The distinction between therapeutic and non-therapeutic research introduced in the original document , criticised by Levine was removed to emphasise the more general application of ethical principles , but the application of the principles to healthy volunteers is spelt out in Articles 18 - 9 , and they are referred to in Article 8 ( ' those who will not benefit personally from the research ' ) as being especially vulnerable . The scope of ethical review was increased to include human tissue and data ( Article 1 ) , the necessity to challenge accepted care was added ( Article 6 ) , as well as establishing the primacy of the ethical requirements over laws and regulations ( Article 9 ) . Amongst the many changes was an increased emphasis on the need to benefit the communities in which research is undertaken , and to draw attention to the ethical problems of experimenting on those who would not benefit from the research , such as developing countries in which innovative medications would not be available . Article 19 first introduces the concept of social justice , and extends the scope from individuals to the community as a whole by stating that ' research is only justified if there is a reasonable likelihood that the populations in which the research is carried out stand to benefit from the results of the research ' . This new role for the Declaration has been both denounced and praised , Macklin R. Future challenges for the Declaration of Helsinki : Maintaining credibility in the face of ethical controversies . Address to Scientific Session , World Medical Association General Assembly , September 2003 , Helsinki and even considered for a clarification footnote . Article 27 expanded the concept of publication ethics , adding the necessity to disclose conflict of interest ( echoed in Articles 13 and 22 ) , and to include publication bias amongst ethically problematic behaviour . Additional principles ( edit ) The most controversial revisions ( Articles 29 , 30 ) were placed in this new category . These predictably were those that like the fourth revision were related to the ongoing debate in international health research . The discussions indicate that there was felt a need to send a strong signal that exploitation of poor populations as a means to an end , by research from which they would not benefit , was unacceptable . In this sense the Declaration endorsed ethical universalism . Article 29 restates the use of placebo where ' no proven ' intervention exists . Surprisingly , although the wording was virtually unchanged , this created far more protest in this revision . The implication being that placebos are not permitted where proven interventions are available . The placebo question was already an active debate prior to the fourth revision but had intensified , while at the same time the placebo question was still causing controversy in the international setting . This revision implies that in choosing a study design , developed - world standards of care should apply to any research conducted on human subjects , including those in developing countries . The wording of the fourth and fifth revisions reflect the position taken by Rothman and Michel and Freedman et al. , known as ' active - control orthodoxy ' . The opposing view , as expressed by Levine and by Temple and Ellenberg is referred to as ' placebo orthodoxy ' , insisting that placebo controls are more scientifically efficient and are justifiable where the risk of harm is low . This viewpoint argues that where no standards of care exist , as for instance in developing countries , then placebo - controlled trials are appropriate . The utilitarian argument held that the disadvantage to a few ( such as denial of potentially beneficial interventions ) was justifiable for the advantage of many future patients . These arguments are intimately tied to the concept of distributive justice , the equitable distribution of the burdens of research . As with much of the Declaration , there is room for interpretation of words . ' Best current ' has been variously held to refer to either global or local contexts . Article 30 introduced another new concept , that after the conclusion of the study patients ' should be assured of access to the best proven ' intervention arising from the study , a justice issue . Arguments over this have dealt with whether subjects derive benefit from the trial and are no worse off at the end than the status quo prior to the trial , or of not participating , versus the harm of being denied access to that which they have contributed to . There are also operational issues that are unclear . Aftermath ( edit ) Given the lack of consensus on many issues prior to the fifth revision it is no surprise that the debates continued unabated . The debate over these and related issues also revealed differences in perspectives between developed and developing countries . Zion and colleagues ( Zion 2000 ) have attempted to frame the debate more carefully , exploring the broader social and ethical issues and the lived realities of potential subjects ' lives as well as acknowledging the limitations of absolute universality in a diverse world , particularly those framed in a context that might be considered elitist and structured by gender and geographic identity . As Macklin points out , both sides may be right , since justice `` is not an unambiguous concept '' . Clarifications of Articles 29 , 30 ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Eventually Notes of Clarification ( footnotes ) to articles 29 and 30 were added in 2002 and 2004 respectively , predominantly under pressure from the US ( CMAJ 2003 , Blackmer 2005 ) . The 2002 clarification to Article 29 was in response to many concerns about WMA 's apparent position on placebos . As WMA states in the note , there appeared to be ' diverse interpretations and possibly confusion ' . It then outlined circumstances in which a placebo might be ' ethically acceptable ' , namely ' compelling ... methodological reasons ' , or ' minor conditions ' where the ' risk of serious or irreversible harm ' was considered low . Effectively this shifted the WMA position to what has been considered a ' middle ground ' . Given the previous lack of consensus , this merely shifted the ground of debate , which now extended to the use of the ' or ' connector . For this reason the footnote indicates that the wording must be interpreted in the light of all the other principles of the Declaration . Article 30 was debated further at the 2003 meeting , with another proposed clarification but did not result in any convergence of thought , and so decisions were postponed for another year , but again a commitment was made to protecting the vulnerable . A new working group examined article 30 , and recommended not amending it in January 2004 . Later that year the American Medical Association proposed a further note of clarification that was incorporated . In this clarification the issue of post trial care now became something to consider , not an absolute assurance . Despite these changes , as Macklin predicted , consensus was no closer and the Declaration was considered by some to be out of touch with contemporary thinking , and even the question of the future of the Declaration became a matter for conjecture . Sixth revision ( 2008 ) ( edit ) The sixth revision cycle commenced in May 2007 . This consisted of a call for submissions , completed in August 2007 . The terms of reference included only a limited revision compared to 2000 . In November 2007 a draft revision was issued for consultation till February 2008 , and led to a workshop in Helsinki in March . Those comments were then incorporated into a second draft in May . Further workshops were held in Cairo and São Paulo and the comments collated in August 2008 . A final text was then developed by the Working Group for consideration by the Ethics Committee and finally the General Assembly , which approved it on October 18 . Public debate was relatively slight compared to previous cycles , and in general supportive . Input was received from a wide number of sources , some of which have been published , such as Feminist Approaches to Bioethics . Others include CIOMS and the US Government . Seventh revision ( 2013 ) ( edit ) The most recent iteration of Helsinki ( 2013 ) was reflective of the controversy regarding the standard of care that arose from the vertical transmission trials . The revised declaration of 2013 also highlights the need to disseminate research results , including negative and inconclusive studies and also includes a requirement for treatment and compensation for injuries related to research . In addition , the updated version is felt to be more relevant to limited resource settings -- specifically addressing the need to ensure access to an intervention if it is proven effective . Future ( edit ) The controversies and national divisions over the text have continued . The US FDA rejected the 2000 and subsequent revisions , only recognizing the third ( 1989 ) revision , and in 2006 announced it would eliminate all reference to the Declaration . After consultation , which included expressions of concern , a final rule was issued on April 28 , 2008 replacing the Declaration of Helsinki with Good Clinical Practice effective October 2008 . This has raised a number of concerns regarding the apparent weakening of protections for research subjects outside the United States . The NIH training in human subject research participant protection no longer refers to the Declaration of Helsinki . The European Union similarly only cites the 1996 version in the EU Clinical Trials Directive published in 2001 . The European Commission , however , does refer to the 2000 revision . While the Declaration has been a central document guiding research practice , its future has been called into question . Challenges include the apparent conflict between guides , such as the CIOMS and Nuffield Council documents . Another is whether it should concentrate on basic principles as opposed to being more prescriptive , and hence controversial . It has continually grown and faced more frequent revisions . The recent controversies undermine the authority of the document , as does the apparent desertion by major bodies , and any rewording must embrace deeply and widely held values , since continual shifts in the text do not imply authority . The actual claims to authority particularly on a global level , by the insertion of the word `` international '' in article 10 has been challenged . Carlson raises the question as to whether the document 's utility should be more formally evaluated , rather than just relying on tradition . Timeline ( WMA meetings ) ( edit ) 1964 : Original version . 18th Meeting , Helsinki 1975 : First revision . 29th Meeting , Tokyo 1983 : Second revision . 35th Meeting , Venice 1989 : Third revision . 41st Meeting , Hong Kong 1996 : Fourth revision . 48th Meeting , Somerset West ( SA ) 2000 : Fifth revision . 52nd Meeting , Edinburgh 2002 : First clarification , Washington 2004 : Second clarification , Tokyo 2008 : Sixth revision , 59th Meeting , Seoul 2013 : Seventh revision , 64th Meeting , Fortaleza See also ( edit ) Informed consent Medical ethics Clinical trial Human experimentation in the United States Clinical Research References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : World Medical Association ( 2013 ) . `` Declaration of Helsinki : Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects '' . 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Jump up ^ Kimmelman J , Weijer C , Meslin EM ; Weijer ; Meslin ( January 2009 ) . `` Helsinki discords : FDA , ethics , and international drug trials '' . Lancet . 373 ( 9657 ) : 13 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 08 ) 61936 - 4 . PMID 19121708 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goodyear MD , Lemmens T , Sprumont D , Tangwa G ; Lemmens ; Sprumont ; Tangwa ( 2009 ) . `` Does the FDA have the authority to trump the Declaration of Helsinki ? '' . BMJ. 338 : b1559 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. b1559 . PMID 19383751 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` DIRECTIVE 2001 / 20 / EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 4 April 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://ec.europa.eu/research/info/conferences/edctp/edctp_ethics_en.html#fn1 Jump up ^ Rid , Annette ; Schmidt , Harald ( Spring 2010 ) . `` The 2008 Declaration of Helsinki -- First among Equals in Research Ethics ? '' . The Journal of Law , Medicine & Ethics. 38 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 720X. 2010.00474. x . PMID 20446992 . Training ( edit ) U.S. National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) - Protecting Human Subject Research Participants Bibliography ( edit ) Articles ( edit ) 1990 - 1999 ( edit ) Studdert DM , Brennan TA ; Brennan ( November 1998 ) . `` Clinical trials in developing countries : scientific and ethical issues '' . The Medical Journal of Australia . 169 ( 10 ) : 545 -- 8 . PMID 9861913 . McNeill PM ( November 1998 ) . `` Should research ethics change at the border ? '' . The Medical Journal of Australia . 169 ( 10 ) : 509 -- 10 . PMID 9861904 . Lurie P , Wolfe SM ; Wolfe ( July 1999 ) . `` Proposed revisions to the Declaration of Helsinki . Paving the way for globalization in research '' . The Western Journal of Medicine . 171 ( 1 ) : 6 . PMC 1305720 . PMID 10483334 . 2000 - 2008 ( edit ) Prior to fifth revision Rothman , KJ ( 2000 ) . `` Declaration of Helsinki should be strengthened '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 321 ( 7258 ) : 442 -- 5 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 321.7258. 442 . PMC 1127802 . PMID 10938059 . Following fifth revision Vastag B. Helsinki Discord ? A Controversial Declaration . JAMA 2000 Dec 20 284 : 2983 - 2985 ( password required ) ( References ) Singer P , Benatar S. Beyond Helsinki : a vision for global health ethics . BMJ 2001 March 31 322 : 747 - 748 Lilford RJ , Djulbegovic B ; Djulbegovic ( February 2001 ) . `` Declaration of Helsinki should be strengthened : Equipoise is essential principle of human experimentation '' . BMJ. 322 ( 7281 ) : 299 -- 300 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 322.7281. 299 / a ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . PMC 1119536 . PMID 11157551 . Lewis , JA ; Jonsson , B ; Kreutz , G ; Sampaio , C ; Van Zwieten - Boot , B ( 2002 ) . `` Placebo - controlled trials and the Declaration of Helsinki '' . Lancet . 359 ( 9314 ) : 1337 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 08277 - 6 . PMID 11965296 . Frankish , H ( 2003 ) . `` WMA postpones decision to amend Declaration of Helsinki . Working group will consider controversy over sponsors ' duties to provide treatment at study end '' . Lancet . 362 ( 9388 ) : 963 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 14398 - X . PMID 14513842 . MacKlin , Ruth ( 2003 ) . `` Bioethics , Vulnerability , and Protection '' . Bioethics. 17 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 472 -- 86 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8519.00362 . PMID 14959716 . Zion , D ( 2003 ) . `` Justice as equitable power relations : beyond the `` standard of care '' debate and the Declaration of Helsinki `` . The American Journal of Bioethics. 3 ( 2 ) : W12 . doi : 10.1162 / 152651603322874906 . PMID 14635633 . Schuklenk , U ( 2004 ) . `` The standard of care debate : against the myth of an `` international consensus opinion '' `` . Journal of Medical Ethics. 30 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 2003.006981 . PMC 1733846 . PMID 15082817 . Williams JR ( 2006 ) . `` The Physician 's Role in the Protection of Human Research Subjects '' . Science and Engineering Ethics. 12 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 12 . doi : 10.1007 / pl00022264 . PMID 16501643 . Carlson RV , van Ginneken NH , Pettigrew LM , Davies A , Boyd KM , Webb DJ ( 2007 ) . `` The three official language versions of the Declaration of Helsinki : what 's lost in translation ? '' . J Med Ethics. 33 ( 9 ) : 545 -- 548 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 2006.018168 . S Frewer A , Schmidt U , eds . History and theory of human experimentation : the Declaration of Helsinki and modern medical ethics . Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag , 2007 . Goodyear , M. DE ; Krleza - Jeric , K. ; Lemmens , T. ( 2007 ) . `` The Declaration of Helsinki '' . BMJ. 335 ( 7621 ) : 624 -- 5 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj.39339.610000.BE . PMC 1995496 . PMID 17901471 . Following sixth revision WMA News : Revising the Declaration of Helsinki . World Medical Journal 2008 ; 54 ( 4 ) : 120 - 25 Normile , D. ( 2008 ) . `` ETHICS : Clinical Trials Guidelines at Odds With U.S. Policy '' . Science . 322 ( 5901 ) : 516 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 322.5901. 516 . PMID 18948510 . WMA ( edit ) International response to Helsinki VI ( 2000 ) . WMA 2001 Other codes and regulations ( edit ) Nuremberg Code Declaration of Geneva Belmont Report CIOMS Good clinical practice ( GCP ) International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Code of Federal Regulations External links ( edit ) Nuremberg Code Declaration of Geneva 1948 Rickham , PP ( 1964 ) . `` Human Experimentation . Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association . Declaration of Helsinki '' . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 5402 ) : 177 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.5402. 177 . PMC 1816102 . PMID 14150898 . Shephard , DA ( 1976 ) . `` The 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and consent '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 115 ( 12 ) : 1191 -- 2 . PMC 1878977 . PMID 1000449 . Declaration of Helsinki : 1983 ( Second revision ) Declaration of Helsinki : 2000 ( Fifth revision , with footnotes from 2002 , 2004 ) Declaration of Helsinki : 2013 ( Seventh revision - Current ) International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects . 2002 CIOMS WMA Medical Ethics Manual 2005 CIOMS UNESCO : Universal declaration on bioethics and human rights . 2005 CFR Title 45 Public Welfare CFR Title 45 Part 46 Protection of Human Subjects Tri-Council Policy Statement : Ethical conduct for research involving humans ( Canada ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Research participant rights Rights Beneficence Justice Respect for persons Privacy for research participants Right to withdraw Return of results Informed consent Human subject research Clinical research Biobank Social research Ethical systems Research ethics Medical ethics Bioethics Clinical research ethics Biobank ethics Guidelines for human subject research List of medical ethics cases Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki Belmont Report Common Rule Monitoring in clinical trials Ethics committee Institutional review board Data monitoring committee Community advisory board Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Helsinki&oldid=823274294 '' Categories : Medical research Clinical research Human subject research Research ethics Clinical research ethics 1960s in Helsinki 1964 in Finland 1964 documents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 07 : 33 . 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1. Declaration of Helsinki
2. Human experimentation ethics
3. World Medical Association
4. Principles of human research ethics
5. Revision history of the Declaration
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2,072,760,298,476,716,000 |
what is the range of unsigned 16 bit numbers in decimal and in binary
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16 - bit - Wikipedia 16 - bit Jump to : navigation , search This article is about 16 - bit computer architecture . For the color encoding , see Highcolor . For the video gaming era , see History of video game consoles ( fourth generation ) . For other uses , see 16 Bit ( disambiguation ) . Bit 8 12 16 18 24 26 31 32 36 48 60 64 128 256 512 Application 8 16 32 64 Binary floating point precision 16 32 40 64 80 128 256 × 1⁄2 × 1 × 2 × 4 × 8 Decimal floating point precision 32 64 128 In computer architecture , 16 - bit integers , memory addresses , or other data units are those that are 16 bits ( 2 octets ) wide . Also , 16 - bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers , address buses , or data buses of that size . 16 - bit microcomputers are computers in which 16 - bit microprocessors were the norm . A 16 - bit register can store 2 different values . The signed range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits is − 32,768 ( − 1 × 2 ) through 32,767 ( 2 − 1 ) ; the unsigned range is 0 through 65,535 ( 2 − 1 ) . Since 2 is 65,536 , a processor with 16 - bit memory addresses can directly access 64 KiB of byte - addressable memory . If a system uses segmentation with 16 - bit segment offsets , more can be accessed . Contents ( hide ) 1 16 - bit architecture 1.1 16 / 32 - bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX 2 Intel 16 - bit memory models 3 16 - bit application 4 List of 16 - bit CPUs 5 See also 6 References 16 - bit architecture ( edit ) The MIT Whirlwind ( c. 1951 ) was quite possibly the first - ever 16 - bit computer . Other early ( c. 1965 -- 70 ) 16 - bit computers include the IBM 1130 , the HP 2100 , the Data General Nova , and the DEC PDP - 11 . Early ( c. 1973 -- 75 ) multi-chip 16 - bit microprocessors include the National Semiconductor IMP - 16 and the Western Digital MCP - 1600 . Early ( c. 1975 -- 76 ) single - chip 16 - bit microprocessors include the Panafacom MN1610 , National Semiconductor PACE , the HP BPC , and the TI TMS9900 . Other notable 16 - bit processors include the Intel 8086 , the Intel 80286 , the WDC 65C816 , and the Zilog Z8000 . The Intel 8088 was binary compatible with the Intel 8086 , and was 16 - bit in that its registers were 16 bits wide , and arithmetic instructions could operate on 16 - bit quantities , even though its external bus was 8 bits wide . A 16 - bit integer can store 2 ( or 65,536 ) distinct values . In an unsigned representation , these values are the integers between 0 and 65,535 ; using two 's complement , possible values range from − 32,768 to 32,767 . Hence , a processor with 16 - bit memory addresses can directly access 64 KB of byte - addressable memory . 16 - bit processors have been almost entirely supplanted in the personal computer industry , and are used less than 32 - bit ( or 8 - bit ) CPUs in embedded applications . 16 / 32 - bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX ( edit ) The Motorola 68000 is sometimes called 16 - bit because its internal and external data buses were 16 bits wide , however it could be considered a 32 - bit processor in that the general purpose registers were 32 bits wide and most arithmetic instructions supported 32 - bit arithmetic . The 68000 was a microcoded processor with three internal 16 - bit ALU units . Only 24 - bits of the program counter ( PC ) were available on original DIP packages , with up to 16 megabytes of addressable RAM . 68000 software is 32 - bit in nature and forward - compatible with other 32 - bit processors in the same family . The 68008 was a version of the 68000 with 8 - bit external data path and 1 megabyte addressing for the 48 - pin DIP version and 4 megabyte for the 52 - pin PLCC version . Several Apple Inc . Macintosh models ; e.g. , LC series , used 32 - bit 68020 and 68030 processors on a 16 - bit data bus to save cost . Similar analysis applies to Intel 's 80286 CPU replacement called the 386SX which is a 32 - bit processor with 32 - bit ALU and internal 32 - bit data paths with a 16 - bit external bus and 24 - bit addressing of the processor it replaced . The 68000 processor of the Sega Genesis was a highly advertised feature of the video game system . Due to the saturation of this advertising , the 1988 -- 95 era ( fourth generation ) of video game consoles is often called the 16 - bit era . Intel 16 - bit memory models ( edit ) Main article : Intel Memory Model This article may be confusing or unclear to readers . Please help us clarify the article . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Just as there are multiple data models for 64 - bit architectures , the 16 - bit Intel architecture allows for different memory models -- ways to access a particular memory location . The reason for using a specific memory model is the size of the assembler instructions or required storage for pointers . Compilers of the 16 - bit era generally had the following type - width characteristic : 16 - bit data model Data model short int long Pointers IP16L32 ( near ) 16 16 32 16 I16LP32 ( far ) 16 16 32 32 Tiny Code and data will be in the same segment ( especially , the registers CS , DS , ES , SS will point to the same segment ) ; near ( 16 - bit ) pointers are always used . Code , data and stack together can not exceed 64 KB . Small Code and data will be in different segments , and near pointers are always used . There will be 64 KB of space for code and 64 KB for data / stack . Medium Code pointers will use far pointers ( 16 : 16 bit ) , enabling access to 1 MB . Data pointers remain to be of the near type . Compact Data pointers will use far and code will use near pointers . Large / huge Code and data pointers will be far . 16 - bit application ( edit ) In the context of IBM PC compatible and Wintel platforms , a 16 - bit application is any software written for MS - DOS , OS / 2 1. x or early versions of Microsoft Windows which originally ran on the 16 - bit Intel 8088 and Intel 80286 microprocessors . Such applications used a 20 - bit or 24 - bit segment or selector - offset address representation to extend the range of addressable memory locations beyond what was possible using only 16 - bit addresses . Programs containing more than 2 bytes ( 64 kilobytes ) of instructions and data therefore required special instructions to switch between their 64 - kilobyte segments , increasing the complexity of programming 16 - bit applications . List of 16 - bit CPUs ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Angstrem 1801 series CPU Data General Nova Eclipse Digital Equipment Corporation PDP - 11 ( for LSI - 11 , see Western Digital , below ) DEC J - 11 DEC T - 11 EnSilica eSi - 1600 Ferranti Ferranti F100 - L Ferranti F200 - L Freescale Freescale 68HC12 Freescale 68HC16 General Instrument CP1600 Hewlett - Packard HP 21xx / 2000 / 1000 / 98xx / BPC HP 3000 Honeywell Honeywell Level 6 / DPS 6 IBM 1130 / 1800 System / 7 Series / 1 System / 36 Infineon XE166 family C166 family C167 family XC2000 Intel Intel 8086 / Intel 8088 Intel 80186 / Intel 80188 Intel 80286 Intel MCS - 96 Lockheed MAC - 16 Motorola Motorola 68000 ( 32 - bit registers , 16 - bit bus ) Motorola 68010 ( 32 - bit registers , 16 - bit bus ) National Semiconductor IMP - 16 PACE / INS8900 NEC V20 / V30 Ricoh Ricoh 5A22 ( WDC 65816 clone used in SNES ) Texas Instruments Texas Instruments TMS9900 TI MSP430 Western Design Center WDC 65816 / 65802 Western Digital MCP - 1600 ( used in the DEC LSI - 11 ) Xerox Alto Zilog Zilog Z8000 See also ( edit ) Microprocessor : 16 - bit designs Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market : Before the IBM PC 's introduction 74181 ( key component of some early 16 - bit and other CPUs ) Audio bit depth -- as 16 - bit is the most common bit depth used , e.g. on CD audio . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Computer History Museum , Year 1951 ( see also Year 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Digital Press , Digital at Work , Pearson , 1992 , ISBN 1 - 55558 - 092 - 0 , pp. 4 , 23 . Jump up ^ IBM Archives , The IBM 1130 computing system . Jump up ^ Computer History Museum , `` HP 2116 '' . Jump up ^ Computer History Museum , `` Data General Nova minicomputer '' . Jump up ^ Digital Press , Digital at Work , Pearson , 1992 , ISBN 1 - 55558 - 092 - 0 , pp. 58 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - bit Microprocessors '' . CPU Museum . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . PFU . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Motorola , Inc. , Motorola M68000 Family , Programmer 's Reference Manual , 1992 , sec . 2.4 , p. 2 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Borland Turbo C++ 1.01 in - program manual <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) CPU technologies Architecture Turing machine Post -- Turing machine Universal Turing machine Quantum Turing machine Belt machine Stack machine Register machine Counter machine Pointer machine Random access machine Random access stored program machine Finite - state machine Queue automaton Von Neumann Harvard ( modified ) Dataflow TTA Cellular Artificial neural network Machine learning Deep learning Neural processing unit ( NPU ) Convolutional neural network Load / store architecture Register memory architecture Register register architecture Endianness FIFO Zero - copy NUMA HUMA HSA Mobile computing Surface computing Wearable computing Heterogeneous computing Parallel computing Concurrent computing Distributed computing Cloud computing Amorphous computing Ubiquitous computing Fabric computing Reconfigurable computing Cognitive computing DNA computing Peptide computing Chemical computing Organic computing Wetware computing Quantum computing Neuromorphic computing Optical computing Reversible computing Unconventional computing Hypercomputation Ternary computer Symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) Asymmetric multiprocessing ( AMP ) Cache hierarchy Memory hierarchy ISA types ASIP CISC RISC EDGE ( TRIPS ) VLIW ( EPIC ) MISC OISC NISC ZISC Comparison ISAs x86 z / Architecture ARM MIPS Power Architecture ( PowerPC ) SPARC VISC Mill Itanium ( IA - 64 ) Alpha Prism SuperH Clipper VAX Unicore PA - RISC MicroBlaze Word size 1 - bit 2 - bit 4 - bit 8 - bit 9 - bit 10 - bit 12 - bit 15 - bit 16 - bit 18 - bit 22 - bit 24 - bit 25 - bit 26 - bit 27 - bit 31 - bit 32 - bit 33 - bit 34 - bit 36 - bit 39 - bit 40 - bit 48 - bit 50 - bit 60 - bit 64 - bit 128 - bit 256 - bit 512 - bit Variable Execution Instruction pipelining Bubble Operand forwarding Out - of - order execution Register renaming Speculative execution Branch predictor Memory dependence prediction Hazards Parallel level Bit Bit - serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous ( SMT ) ( Hyper - threading ) Speculative ( SpMT ) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered Multi-Thread ( CMT ) Hardware scout Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD ( SWAR ) SIMT MISD MIMD SPMD Addressing mode CPU performance Instructions per second ( IPS ) Instructions per clock ( IPC ) Cycles per instruction ( CPI ) Floating - point operations per second ( FLOPS ) Transactions per second ( TPS ) Synaptic Updates Per Second ( SUPS ) Performance per watt Orders of magnitude ( computing ) Cache performance measurement and metric Core count Single - core processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Types Central processing unit ( CPU ) GPGPU AI accelerator Vision processing unit ( VPU ) Vector processor Barrel processor Stream processor Digital signal processor ( DSP ) I / O processor / DMA controller Network processor Baseband processor Physics processing unit ( PPU ) Coprocessor Secure cryptoprocessor ASIC FPGA FPOA CPLD Microcontroller Microprocessor Mobile processor Notebook processor Ultra-low - voltage processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Tile processor Multi-chip module ( MCM ) Chip stack multi-chip modules System on a chip ( SoC ) Multiprocessor system - on - chip ( MPSoC ) Programmable System - on - Chip ( PSoC ) Network on a chip ( NoC ) Components Execution unit ( EU ) Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) Address generation unit ( AGU ) Floating - point unit ( FPU ) Load - store unit ( LSU ) Fixed - point unit ( FXU ) Vector unit ( VU ) Branch predictor Branch execution unit ( BEU ) Instruction Decoder Instruction Scheduler Instruction Fetch Unit Instruction Dispatch Unit Instruction Sequencing Unit Unified Reservation Station Barrel shifter Uncore Sum addressed decoder ( SAD ) Front - side bus Back - side bus Northbridge ( computing ) Southbridge ( computing ) Adder ( electronics ) Binary multiplier Binary decoder Address decoder Multiplexer Demultiplexer Registers Cache Memory management unit ( MMU ) Input -- output memory management unit ( IOMMU ) Integrated Memory Controller ( IMC ) Power Management Unit ( PMU ) Translation lookaside buffer ( TLB ) Stack engine Register file Processor register Hardware register Memory buffer register ( MBR ) Program counter Microcode ROM Datapath Control unit Instruction unit Re-order buffer Data buffer Write buffer Coprocessor Electronic switch Electronic circuit Integrated circuit Three - dimensional integrated circuit Boolean circuit Digital circuit Analog circuit Mixed - signal integrated circuit Power management integrated circuit Quantum circuit Logic gate Combinational logic Sequential logic Emitter - coupled logic ( ECL ) Transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) Glue logic Quantum gate Gate array Counter ( digital ) Bus ( computing ) Semiconductor device Clock rate CPU multiplier Vision chip Memristor Power management APM ACPI Dynamic frequency scaling Dynamic voltage scaling Clock gating Hardware security Non-executable memory ( NX bit ) Memory Protection Extensions ( Intel MPX ) Intel Secure Key Hardware restriction ( firmware ) Software Guard Extensions ( Intel SGX ) Trusted Execution Technology OmniShield Trusted Platform Module ( TPM ) Secure cryptoprocessor Hardware security module Hengzhi chip Related History of general - purpose CPUs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16-bit&oldid=799607840 '' Categories : Data unit Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Incomplete lists from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 19 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. 16-bit computer architecture
2. 16-bit CPUs
3. Memory models in 16-bit Intel architecture
4. 16-bit applications
5. History of 16-bit microprocessors
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-5,143,160,772,509,665,000 |
where is the story of joseph in the bible found
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Joseph ( Genesis ) - wikipedia Joseph ( Genesis ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Joseph ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the Joseph of Genesis . For the New Testament Joseph , see Saint Joseph . Joseph and His Brethren Welcomed by Pharaoh , watercolor by James Tissot ( c. 1900 ) Joseph ( / ˈdʒoʊzɪf , - sɪf / ; Hebrew : יוֹסֵף meaning `` Increase '' , Standard Yosef Tiberian Yôsēp̄ ; Arabic : يوسف Yūsuf or Yūsif ; Ancient Greek : Ἰωσήφ Iōsēph ) is an important figure in the Bible 's Book of Genesis and also in the Quran . Sold into slavery by his jealous brothers , he rose to become vizier , the second most powerful man in Egypt next to Pharaoh , where his presence and office caused Israel to leave Canaan and settle in Egypt . The composition of the story can be dated to the period between the 7th century BCE and the third quarter of the 5th century BCE , which is roughly the period to which scholars date the Book of Genesis . In Rabbinic tradition , Joseph is considered the ancestor of another Messiah called , `` Mashiach ben Yosef '' . He will wage war against the evil forces alongside Mashiach ben David and die in combat with the enemies of God and Israel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical narrative 1.1 Family 1.2 Plot against Joseph 1.3 Potiphar 's house 1.4 Joseph in prison 1.5 Vizier of Egypt 1.6 Brothers sent to Egypt 1.7 The silver cup 1.8 Family reunited 1.9 Father 's blessing and passing 1.10 Joseph 's burial 2 Biblical family tree 3 Origins 3.1 Etymology 3.2 Text analysis 3.3 Historicity 4 Jewish tradition 4.1 Selling Joseph 4.2 Potiphar 's wife 4.3 Silver cup for divination 4.4 Raising Joseph 5 Christian tradition 5.1 Typological interpretation 6 Islamic tradition 7 Baha'i tradition 8 Literature and culture 8.1 Dreams as motif and contribution to narrative 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links Biblical narrative ( edit ) Family ( edit ) Joseph 's dream of grain Joseph 's dream of stars Joseph , son of Jacob and Rachel , lived in the land of Canaan with ten half - brothers , one full brother , and at least one half - sister . He was Rachel 's firstborn and Jacob 's eleventh son . Of all the sons , Joseph was preferred by his father , and this is represented by a `` long coat of many colors '' . When Joseph was seventeen years old he had two dreams that made his brothers plot his demise . In the first dream , Joseph and his brothers gathered bundles of grain , of which those his brothers gathered , bowed to his own . In the second dream , the sun ( father ) , the moon ( mother ) , and eleven stars ( brothers ) bowed to Joseph himself . These dreams , implying his supremacy , angered his brothers . ( Genesis 37 : 1 - 11 ) Plot against Joseph ( edit ) See also : Jacob in Hebron Joseph 's Coat Brought to Jacob by Giovanni Andrea de Ferrari , c. 1640 Joseph 's half - brothers were jealous of him ; ( Genesis 37 : 18 - 20 ) wherefore , in Dothan , most of them plotted to kill him , with the exception of Reuben , who suggested to have Joseph thrown into an empty cistern , intending to rescue Joseph himself . Unaware of this secondary intention , the others obeyed his first . Upon imprisoning Joseph , the brothers saw a camel caravan carrying spices and perfumes to Egypt , and sold Joseph to these merchants . Thereafter the guilty brothers painted goat 's blood on Joseph 's coat and showed it to Jacob , who therefore believed Joseph dead . ( Genesis 37 : 12 - 35 ) Potiphar 's house ( edit ) Joseph and Potiphar 's Wife , Joseph leaving by Orazio Gentileschi Ultimately , Joseph was sold to Potiphar , the captain of Pharaoh 's guard . Later , Joseph became Potiphar 's personal servant , and subsequently his household 's superintendent . Here , Potiphar 's wife Zuleika tried to seduce Joseph , which he refused . Angered by his running away from her , she made a false accusation of rape , and thus assured his imprisonment . ( Genesis 39 : 1 - 20 ) Joseph interpreting the dreams of the baker and the cupbearer , by Benjamin Cuyp , ca . 1630 Joseph in prison ( edit ) The warden put Joseph in charge of the other prisoners , and soon afterward Pharaoh 's chief cup - bearer and chief baker , who had offended the Pharaoh , were thrown into the prison , and suffered dreams interpreted by Joseph , who stated that the chief cup - bearer would be reinstated but the chief baker would be hanged . Joseph requested the cup - bearer to mention him to Pharaoh and secure his release from prison , but the cup - bearer , reinstalled in office , forgot Joseph . After two more years , the Pharaoh dreamt of seven lean cows which devoured seven fat cows ; and of seven withered ears of grain which devoured seven fat ears . When the Pharaoh 's advisers failed to interpret these dreams , the cup - bearer remembered Joseph . Joseph was then summoned . He interpreted the dream as seven years of abundance followed by seven years of famine , and advised the Pharaoh to store surplus grain . Vizier of Egypt ( edit ) `` The triumph of Joseph '' ( 1657 ) , Toulouse Cathedral Following the prediction , Joseph became Vizier , under the name of Zaphnath - Paaneah , and was given Asenath , the daughter of Potipherah , priest of On , to be his wife . During the seven years of abundance , Joseph ensured that the storehouses were full and that all produce was weighed . In the sixth year , Asenath bore two children to Joseph : Manasseh and Ephraim . When the famine came , it was so severe that people from surrounding nations came to Egypt to buy bread . The narrative also indicates that they went straight to Joseph or were directed to him , even by the Pharaoh himself . ( Genesis 41 : 37 - 57 ) As a last resort , all of the inhabitants of Egypt , less the Egyptian priestly class , sold their properties to Joseph for seed ; wherefore Joseph set a mandate that , because the people would be sowing and harvesting seed on government property , a fifth of the produce should go to the Pharaoh . This mandate lasted until the days of Moses . ( Genesis 47 : 20 - 31 ) Brothers sent to Egypt ( edit ) See also : Seven year famine Joseph gave orders to his servants to fill their sacks with wheat : illuminated Bible by Raphaël de Mercatelli , Ghent , late 15th century In the second year of famine , Joseph 's half brothers were sent to Egypt to buy goods . When they came to Egypt , they stood before the Vizier but did not recognize him as their brother Joseph , who was now in his late 30s ; but Joseph did recognize them and did not speak at all to them in his native tongue of Hebrew . After questioning them , he accused them of being spies . After they mentioned a younger brother at home , the Vizier ( Joseph ) demanded that he be brought to Egypt as a demonstration of their veracity . This was Joseph 's full brother , Benjamin . Joseph placed his brothers in prison for three days . On the third day , he brought them out of prison to reiterate that he wanted their youngest brother brought to Egypt to demonstrate their veracity . The brothers conferred amongst themselves speaking in Hebrew , reflecting on the wrong they had done to Joseph . Joseph understood what they were saying and removed himself from their presence because he was caught in emotion . When he returned , the Vizier took Simeon and bound him as a hostage . Then he had their donkeys prepared with grain and sent the other brothers back to Canaan . Unbeknownst to them , Joseph had also returned their money to their money sacks . ( Genesis 42 : 1 - 28 ) The silver cup ( edit ) The remaining brothers returned to their father in Canaan , and told him all that had transpired in Egypt . They also discovered that all of their money sacks still had money in them , and they were dismayed . Then they informed their father that the Vizier demanded that Benjamin be brought before him to demonstrate that they were honest men . Jacob became greatly distressed feeling that they treated him badly . After they had consumed all of the grain that they brought back from Egypt , Jacob told his sons to go back to Egypt for more grain . With Reuben and Judah 's persistence , they persuaded their father to let Benjamin join them for fear of Egyptian retribution . ( Genesis 42 : 29 - 43 : 15 ) Finding of the Silver Cup ( ca . 1350 ) . Fresco in St. Sophia Church in Ohrid , Macedonia Upon their return to Egypt , the brothers were received by the steward of the house of Joseph . When they were brought to Joseph 's house , they were apprehensive about the returned money in their money sacks . They thought that the missed transaction would somehow be used against them as way to induct them as slaves and confiscate their possessions . So they immediately informed the steward of what had transpired to get a feel of the situation . The steward put them at ease , telling them not to worry about the money , and brought out their brother Simeon . Then he brought the brothers into the house of Joseph and received them hospitably . When the Vizier ( Joseph ) appeared , they gave him gifts from their father . Joseph saw and inquired of Benjamin and was overcome by emotion but did not show it . He withdrew to his chambers and wept . When he regained control of himself , he returned and ordered a meal to be served . The Egyptians would not dine with Hebrews at the same table , as doing so was considered loathsome , so the sons of Israel were served at a separate table . ( Genesis 43 : 16 - 44 : 34 ) That night , Joseph ordered his steward to load the brothers ' donkeys with food and all their money . The money they brought was double what they had from the first trip . Deceptively , Joseph also ordered that his silver cup be put in Benjamin 's sack . The following morning the brothers began their journey back to Canaan . Joseph ordered the steward to go after the brothers and question them about the `` missing '' silver cup . When the steward caught up with the brothers , he seized them and searched their sacks . The steward found the cup in Benjamin 's sack just as he had planted it the night before . This caused a stir amongst the brothers . However , they agreed to be escorted back to Egypt . When the Vizier ( Joseph ) confronted them about the silver cup , he demanded that the one who possessed the cup in his bag become his slave . In response , Judah pleaded with the Vizier that Benjamin be allowed to return to his father , and he himself be kept in Benjamin 's place as a slave . ( Genesis 44 ) Family reunited ( edit ) See also : Jacob in Egypt Joseph weeps Judah appealed to the Vizier begging that Benjamin be released and that he be enslaved in his stead , because of the silver cup found in Benjamin 's sack . The Vizier broke down into tears . He could not control himself any longer and so he sent the Egyptian men out of the house . Then he revealed to the Hebrews that he was in fact their brother , Joseph . He wept so loudly that even the Egyptian household heard it outside . The brothers were frozen and could not utter a word . He brought them closer and relayed to them the events that had happened and told them not to fear , that what they had meant for evil God had meant for good . Then he commanded them to go and bring their father and his entire household into Egypt to live in the province of Goshen , because there were five more years of famine left . So Joseph supplied them Egyptian transport wagons , new garments , silver money , and twenty additional donkeys carrying provisions for the journey . ( Genesis 45 : 1 - 28 ) Thus , Jacob ( also known as Israel ) and his entire house of seventy , gathered up with all their livestock and began their journey to Egypt . As they approached Egyptian territory , Judah went ahead to ask Joseph where the caravan should unload . They were directed into the province of Goshen and Joseph readied his chariot to meet his father there . It had been over twenty years since Joseph had last seen his father . When they met , they embraced each other and wept together for quite a while . His father then remarked , `` Now let me die , since I have seen your face , because you are still alive . '' ( Genesis 46 : 1 - 34 ) Afterward , Joseph 's family personally met the Pharaoh of Egypt . The Pharaoh honored their stay and even proposed that if there were any qualified men in their house , then they may elect a chief herdsman to oversee Egyptian livestock . Because the Pharaoh had such a high regard for Joseph , practically making him his equal , it had been an honor to meet his father . Thus , Israel was able to bless the Pharaoh . ( Genesis 47 : 1 - 47 : 12 ) The family was then settled in Goshen . Father 's blessing and passing ( edit ) Main article : Blessing of Jacob The house of Israel acquired many possessions and multiplied exceedingly during the course of seventeen years , even through the worst of the seven - year famine . At this time , Joseph 's father was 147 years old and bedridden . He had fallen ill and lost most of his vision . Joseph was called into his father 's house and Israel pleaded with his son that he not be buried in Egypt . Rather , he requested to be carried to the land of Canaan to be buried with his forefathers . Joseph was sworn to do as his father asked of him . ( Genesis 47 : 27 - 31 ) Later , Joseph came to visit his father having with him his two sons , Ephraim and Manasseh . Israel declared that they would be heirs to the inheritance of the house of Israel , as if they were his own children , just as Reuben and Simeon were . Then Israel laid his left hand on the eldest Mannasseh 's head and his right hand on the youngest Ephraim 's head and blessed Joseph . However , Joseph was displeased that his father 's right hand was not on the head of his firstborn , so he switched his father 's hands . But Israel refused saying , `` but truly his younger brother shall be greater than he . '' A declaration he made just as Israel himself was to his firstborn brother Esau . To Joseph , he gave a portion more of Canaanite property than he had to his other sons ; land that he fought for against the Amorites . ( Genesis 48 : 1 - 22 ) Then Israel called all of his sons in and prophesied their blessings or curses to all twelve of them in order of their ages . To Joseph he declared : `` Joseph is a fruitful bough , a fruitful bough by a well ; His branches run over the wall . The archers have bitterly grieved him , Shot at him and hated him . But his bow remained in strength , And the arms of his hands were made strong by the hands of the Mighty God of Jacob ( From there is the Shepherd , the Stone of Israel ) , By the God of your father who will help you , And by the Almighty who will bless you With blessings of heaven above , Blessings of the deep that lies beneath , Blessings of the breasts and of the womb . The blessings of your father have excelled the blessings of my ancestors , Up to the utmost bound of the everlasting hills . They shall be on the head of Joseph , And on the crown of the head of him who was separate from his brothers . '' - Genesis 49 : 22 - 26 NKJV After relaying his prophecies , Israel died . The family , including the Egyptians , mourned him seventy days . Joseph had his father embalmed , a process that took forty days . Then he prepared a great ceremonial journey to Canaan leading the servants of the Pharaoh , and the elders of the houses Israel and Egypt beyond the Jordan River . They stopped at Atad where they observed seven days of mourning . Here , their lamentation was so great that it caught the attention of surrounding Canaanites who remarked `` This is a deep mourning of the Egyptians . '' So they named this spot Abel Mizraim . Then Joseph buried Israel in the cave of Machpelah , the property of Abraham when he bought it from the Hittites . ( Genesis 49 : 33 - 50 : 14 ) After their father died , the brothers of Joseph feared retribution for being responsible for Joseph 's deliverance into Egypt as a slave . Joseph wept as they spoke and told them that what had happened was God 's purpose to save lives and the lives of his family . He comforted them and their ties were reconciled . ( Genesis 50 : 15 - 21 ) Joseph 's burial ( edit ) Joseph lived to the age of 110 , living to see his great - grandchildren . Before he died , he made the children of Israel swear that when they left the land of Egypt they would take his bones with them , and on his death his body was embalmed and placed in a coffin in Egypt . ( Genesis 50 : 22 - 26 ) The children of Israel remembered their oath , and when they left Egypt during the Exodus , Moses took Joseph 's bones with him . ( Exodus 13 : 19 ) The bones were buried at Shechem , in the parcel of ground which Jacob bought from the sons of Hamor ( Joshua 24 : 32 ) , which has traditionally been identified with site of Joseph 's Tomb , before Jacob and all his family moved to Egypt . Shechem was in the land which was allocated by Joshua to the Tribe of Ephraim , one of the tribes of the House of Joseph , after the conquest of Canaan . Biblical family tree ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Terah <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Sarah <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Abraham <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Hagar <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Haran <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Nahor <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Ishmael <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Milcah <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Lot <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Iscah <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Ishmaelites <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 7 sons <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Bethuel <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 1st daughter <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 2nd daughter <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Isaac <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Rebecca <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Laban <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Moabites <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Ammonites <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Esau <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Jacob <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Rachel <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Bilhah <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Edomites <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Zilpah <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Leah <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 1 . Reuben 2 . Simeon 3 . Levi 4 . Judah 9 . Issachar 10 . Zebulun Dinah ( daughter ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 7 . Gad 8 . Asher <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 5 . Dan 6 . Naphtali <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 11 . Joseph 12 . Benjamin <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Origins ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The Bible offers two explanations of the name Yosef : first it is compared to the word asaf from the root / ' sp / , `` taken away '' : `` And she conceived , and bore a son ; and said , God hath taken away my reproach '' ; Yosef is then identified with the similar root / ysp / , meaning `` add '' : `` And she called his name Joseph ; and said , The LORD shall add to me another son . '' Text analysis ( edit ) 19th century source criticism divided the Joseph story between the Jahwist , Elohist and Priestly sources of the documentary hypothesis . In the early 20th century Hermann Gunkel suggested that , unlike the Abraham - Isaac - Jacob stories , the Joseph story formed a single unitary story with literary rather than oral origins . In 1953 Gerhard von Rad made a detailed assessment of its literary artistry and drew attention to its identity as a Wisdom novella , and in 1968 R.N. Whybray argued that unity and artistry implied a single author . All three insights are now widely accepted , and the majority of modern biblical scholars date the Joseph story in its current form to the 5th century BCE Persian era at the earliest . There have been many a ttempts to trace the story 's redaction history including work by Donald Redford . His theory states that a first `` Reuben version '' of the story originated in the northern kingdom of Israel and was intended to justify the domination by the `` house of Joseph '' over the other tribes ; this was followed by a later `` Judah - expansion '' ( chapters 38 and 49 ) elevating Judah as the rightful successor to Jacob ; and finally various embellishments were added so that the novella would function as the bridge between the Abraham - Isaac - Jacob material in Genesis and the following story of Moses and the Exodus . Historicity ( edit ) A group of Asiatic peoples ( perhaps the future Hyksos ) depicted entering Egypt c. 1900 BC from the tomb of a 12th dynasty official Khnumhotep II under pharaoh Senusret II at Beni Hasan The historicity of the Joseph narrative can not be demonstrated . Hermann Gunkel , Hugo Gressmann and Gerhard von Rad identified the story of Joseph as a literary composition , in the genre of romance , or the novella . As a novella , it is read as reworking legends and myths , in particular the motifs of his reburial in Canaan , associated with the Egyptian god Osiris . Others compare the burial of his bones at Shechem , with the disposal of Dionysus 's bones at Delphi . For Schenke , the tradition of Joseph 's burial at Shechem is understood as a secondary , Israelitic historical interpretation woven around a more ancient Canaanite shrine in that area . The reworked legends and folklore were probably inserted into the developing textual tradition of the Bible between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE . Most scholars place its composition in a genre that flourished in the Persian period of the Exile . Jewish tradition ( edit ) See also : Torah portions on Joseph : Vayeshev , Miketz , Vayigash , and Vayechi Selling Joseph ( edit ) In the midrash , the selling of Joseph was part of God 's divine plan for him to save his tribes . The favoritism Israel showed Joseph and the plot against him by his brothers were divine means of getting him into Egypt . Maimonides comments that even the villager in Shechem , about whom Joseph inquired his brother 's whereabouts , was a `` divine messenger '' working behind the scene . A midrash asked , How many times was Joseph sold ? In analyzing Genesis Chapter 37 , there are five different Hebrew names used to describe five different groups of people involved in the transaction of selling Joseph , according to Rabbi Judah and Rav Huna . The first group identified , are Joseph 's brothers when Judah brings up the idea of selling Joseph in verses 26 and 27 . The first mention of Ishmaelites ( Yishma'elîm ) is in verse 25 . Then the Hebrew phrase ʼnāshîm midyanîm sōĥrîm in verse 28 describes Midianite traders . A fourth group in verse 36 is named in Hebrew as m'danîm that is properly identified as Medanites . The final group , where a transaction is made , is among the Egyptians in the same verse . After identifying the Hebrew names , Rabbi Judah claims that Joseph was sold four times : First his brothers sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites ( Yishma'elîm ) , then the Ishmaelites sold him to the Midianite traders ( ʼnāshîm midyanîm sōĥrîm ) , the Midianite traders to the Medanites ( m'danîm ) , and the Medanites into Egypt . Rav Huna adds one more sale by concluding that after the Medanites sold him to the Egyptians , a fifth sale occurred when the Egyptians sold him to Potiphar . ( Genesis Rabbah 84 : 22 ) Potiphar 's wife ( edit ) Joseph had good reasons not to have an affair with Potiphar 's wife : he did not want to abuse his master 's trust ; he believed in the sanctity of marriage ; and it went against his ethical , moral and religious principles taught to him by his father Jacob . According to the midrash , Joseph would have been immediately executed by the sexual assault charge against him by Potiphar 's wife . Arbarbanel explains that she had accused other servants of the same crime in the past . Potiphar believed that Joseph was incapable of such an act and petitioned Pharaoh to spare his life . However , punishment could not have been avoided because of her class status and limited public knowledge of her scheme . Silver cup for divination ( edit ) Jewish tradition holds that Joseph had his steward plant his personal silver cup in Benjamin 's sack to test his brothers . He wanted to know if they would be willing to risk danger in order to save their half brother Benjamin . Since Joseph and Benjamin were born from Rachel , this test was necessary to reveal if they would betray Benjamin as they did with Joseph when he was seventeen . Because Joseph the Dreamer predicts the future by analyzing dreams , Jewish tradition attest that he practiced divination using this silver cup as the steward charged and as Joseph himself professed in Genesis 44 : 15 . Raising Joseph ( edit ) In one Talmudic story , Joseph was buried in the Nile river , as there was some dispute as to which province should be honored by having his tomb within its boundaries . Moses , led there by an ancient holy woman named Serach , was able by a miracle to raise the sarcophagus and to take it with him at the time of the Exodus . Christian tradition ( edit ) Joseph is mentioned in the New Testament as an example of faith ( Hebrews 11 : 22 ) . Joseph is commemorated as one of the Holy Forefathers in the Calendar of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 26 . In the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite , he is known as `` Joseph the all - comely '' , a reference not only to his physical appearance , but more importantly to the beauty of his spiritual life . They commemorate him on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers ( two Sundays before Christmas ) and on Holy and Great Monday ( Monday of Holy Week ) . In icons , he is sometimes depicted wearing the nemes headdress of an Egyptian vizier . The Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod commemorates him as a patriarch on March 31 . Typological interpretation ( edit ) In addition to honoring him , there was a strong tendency in the patristic period to view his life as a typological precursor to Christ . This tendency is represented in John Chrysostom who said that Joseph 's suffering was `` a type of things to come , '' Caesarius of Arles who interpreted Joseph 's famous coat as representative of the diverse nations who would follow Christ , Ambrose of Milan who interpreted the standing sheaf as prefiguring the resurrection of Christ , and others . This tendency , although greatly diminished , was followed throughout late antiquity , the Medieval Era , and into the Reformation . Even John Calvin , sometimes hailed as the father of modern grammatico - historical exegesis , writes `` in the person of Joseph , a lively image of Christ is presented . '' In addition , some Christian authors have argued that this typological interpretation finds its origin in the speech of Saint Stephen in Acts 7 : 9 - 15 , as well as the Gospel of Luke and the parables of Jesus , noting strong verbal and conceptual collocation between the Greek translation of the portion of Genesis concerning Joseph and the Parable of the Wicked Tenants and the Parable of the Prodigal Son . Islamic tradition ( edit ) Main article : Joseph in Islam Joseph with his father Jacob and brothers in Egypt from Zubdat - al Tawarikh in the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum in Istanbul , dedicated to Sultan Murad III in 1583 Joseph ( Arabic : يوسُف , Yūsuf ) is regarded by Muslims as a prophet ( Qur'an , suras vi. 84 , xl. 34 ) , and a whole chapter Yusuf ( sura xii . ) is devoted to him , the only instance in the Qur'an in which an entire chapter is devoted to a complete story of a prophet . It is described as the ' best of stories ' . Joseph is said to have been extremely handsome , which attracted his Egyptian master 's wife to attempt to seduce him . Muhammad is believed to have once said , `` One half of all the beauty God apportioned for mankind went to Joseph and his mother ; the other one half went to the rest of mankind . '' The story has the same general outlines as the biblical narrative , but with certain differences . In the Qur'an the brothers ask Jacob ( `` Yaqub '' ) to let Joseph go with them . The pit into which Joseph is thrown is a well , and Joseph was taken as a slave by a passing caravan ( Qur'an 12 : 19 ) . In the Bible , Joseph discloses himself to his brethren before they return to their father the second time after buying grain . The same is true in the Islamic story , but they are compelled to return to Jacob without Benjamin , and the father weeps himself blind . He remains so until the sons have returned from Egypt , bringing with them Joseph 's garment which healed the patriarch 's eyes as soon as he put it to his face ( Qur'an 12 : 96 ) . Bahá'í tradition ( edit ) There are numerous mentions of Joseph in Bahá'í writings . These come in the forms of allusions written by The Báb and Bahá'u'lláh . In the Kitáb - i - Aqdas , Bahá'u'lláh states that `` from my laws , the sweet - smelling savour of my garment can be smelled '' and , in the Four Valleys , states that `` the fragrance of his garment blowing from the Egypt of Baha '' , referring to Joseph . Bahá'í commentaries have described these as metaphors with the garment implying the recognition of a manifestation of God . In the Qayyumu'l - Asma ' , the Báb refers to Bahá'u'lláh as the true Joseph and makes an analogous prophecy regarding Bahá'u'lláh suffering at the hands of his brother , Mírzá Yahyá . Literature and culture ( edit ) Thomas Mann retells the Genesis stories surrounding Joseph in his four novel omnibus , Joseph and His Brothers , identifying Joseph with the figure of Osarseph known from Josephus , and the pharaoh with Akhenaten . Joseph and his Brethren , 1743 , an oratorio by George Frideric Handel . Josephslegende ( The Legend of Joseph ) is a 1914 work by Richard Strauss for the Ballets Russes The long - running musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice is loosely based on the biblical story of Joseph , up through Genesis chapter 46 . It was adapted into a film in 1999 called Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( film ) In 1995 , Turner Network Television released the made - for - television movie Joseph starring Ben Kingsley as Potiphar , Lesley Ann Warren as Potiphar 's wife , Paul Mercurio as Joseph and Martin Landau as Jacob . In 2000 , DreamWorks Animation released a direct - to - video animated musical film based on the life of Joseph , titled Joseph : King of Dreams . Yousuf e Payambar ( film ) or Joseph , the Prophet is an Iranian television series from 2008 , directed by Farajullah Salahshur , which tells the story of Prophet Joseph from the Quran and Islamic traditions . The cultural impact of the Joseph story in early - modern times is discussed in : Bernhard Lang , Joseph in Egypt : A Cultural Icon from Grotius to Goethe . New Haven : Yale University Press 2009 . Rappresentatione di Giuseppe ei suoi Fratelli / Joseph and his Brethren - a musical drama in three acts composed by Elam Rotem for ensemble Profeti della Quinta ( 2013 , Pan Classics ) . Dreams as motif and contribution to narrative ( edit ) The motif of dreams / dream interpretation contributes to a strong story - like narrative . One can see the structure of a story develop with the distinct episodes containing the dream motif . The exposition contains Joseph 's beginnings as a dreamer ; this leads him into trouble as , out of jealousy , his brothers sell him to into slavery . The next two instances of dream interpretation establish his reputation as a great interpreter of dreams ; first , he begins in a low place , interpreting the dreams of prisoners . Then Joseph is summoned to interpret the dreams of Pharaoh himself . Impressed with Joseph 's interpretations , Pharaoh appoints him as second - in - command ( Gen 41 : 41 ) . This sets up the climax of the story , which many regard to be the moment Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers ( Gen 45 : 3 ) . See also ( edit ) Joseph 's tomb Yousuf - e Payambar List of slaves Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament ; Brown , Driver and Briggs . Jump up ^ Redford 1970 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Blidstein , Prof. Dr. Gerald J. `` Messiah in Rabbinic Thought '' . MESSIAH . Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group . Retrieved 2 December 2012 Jump up ^ Another possible translation is `` coat with long sleeves '' - see `` A Dictionary of the Targumim , Talmud Bavli , Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature '' , 1903 . ISBN 1 - 932443 - 20 - 7 Jump up ^ Genesis 37 : 21 - 22 Jump up ^ Josephus . The Antiquities of the Jews , Book II , 3.1 , 2 Jump up ^ According to Josephus , Reuben tied a cord around Joseph and let him down gently into the pit . - Josephus . The Antiquities of the Jews , Book II , 3.2. 31 Jump up ^ The Septuagint sets his price at twenty pieces of gold ; the Testament of Gad thirty of gold ; the Hebrew and Samaritan twenty of silver ; the Vulgar Latin thirty of silver ; Josephus at twenty pounds Jump up ^ According to Josephus , the brothers tore the coat to pieces then dipped it into goat 's blood . - Josephus . The Antiquities of the Jews , Book II , 3.4. 35 Jump up ^ Genesis 37 : 36 , Genesis 39 : 1 Jump up ^ Josephus claims that Potiphar fell for his wife 's crocodile tears though he did not believe Joseph capable of the crime . - Josephus . The Antiquities of the Jews , Book II , 4.1 - 5 Jump up ^ Genesis 39 : 21 - 23 Jump up ^ Genesis 40 : 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Genesis 40 : 5 - 22 Jump up ^ Genesis 40 : 14 - 15 Jump up ^ Genesis 40 : 23 Jump up ^ Josephus refers to the name Zaphnath - Paaneah as Psothom Phanech meaning `` the revealer of secrets '' -- Josephus . The Antiquities of the Jews , Book II , 6.1. 91 Jump up ^ Josephus refers to Potipherah ( or Petephres ) as the priest of Heliopolis . - Josephus . The Antiquities of the Jews , Book II , 6.1. 91 Jump up ^ Genesis 45 : 11 Jump up ^ Genesis 42 : 23 Jump up ^ William Whiston comments that Simeon was chosen as a pledge for the sons of Israel 's return to Egypt because of all the brothers that hated Joseph the most , was Simeon , according to the Testament of Simeon and the Testament of Zebulon . -- Whiston . Works of Josephus : Antiquities of the Jews , Book II , 6.4. 110 ( ISBN 0 - 913573 - 86 - 8 ) , 1993 , Commentarial note , p. 60 Jump up ^ Genesis 46 : 27 Jump up ^ Josephus has Joseph meeting his father Jacob in Heliopolis , a store - city with Pithom and Raamses , all located in the Egyptian country of Goshen . - Josephus . The Antiquities of the Jews . Book II , 7.5. 184 Jump up ^ Genesis 44 : 18 Jump up ^ Genesis 20 : 12 : Sarah was the half -- sister of Abraham . Jump up ^ Genesis 22 : 21 - 22 : Uz , Buz , Kemuel , Chesed , Hazo , Pildash , and Jidlaph Jump up ^ Friedman , R.E. , The Bible With Sources Revealed , ( 2003 ) , p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Gunkel , H. Genesis ( trans . ed . Mark E. Biddle ) , 1997 , p. 387 Jump up ^ Michael V. Fox , `` Wisdom in the Joseph Story '' ( ( ( Vetus Testamentum , Brill , 2001 ) ) Jump up ^ R.N. Whybray , `` The Making of the Pentateuch : A Methodological Study '' ( Sheffield Academic Press , 1999 ) pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ J.A. Soggin , `` Notes on the Joseph Story '' , in `` Understanding Poets and Prophets : Essays in Honour of George Wishart Anderson '' ( JSOTSupp 153 , Sheffield Academic Press , 1993 ) Jump up ^ J.A. Soggin , `` An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah '' ( 1998 , trans . John Bowden , SCM Press , 1999 ) pp. 102 -- 03 Jump up ^ Donald Redford , `` A Study of the Biblical Story of Joseph ( Genesis 37 - 50 ) '' ( VTSupp 20 , Brill , 1970 ) Jump up ^ Moore & Kelle 2011 , p. 174 : ' The majority of current scholars believe that the historicity of the Egyptian sojourn , exodus , and wilderness wandering that the Bible remembers can not be demonstrated by historical methods . ' Jump up ^ de Hoop 1999 , p. 420 : ' In conclusion , it is the question for evidence , principally falsifiable , that forms historical probability . This evidence is not found in narratives like the Joseph Story . Jump up ^ de Hoop 1999 , p. 412 : ' The departure from the historical approach , which sought for the exact period when Joseph rose to power , was mainly caused by the recognition of Gunkel , Greßmann , von Rad and others , that the Joseph story is a literary composition , a novella . Von Rad even stated that the Joseph Story ' has no historical - political concern whatsoever , also a cult - aetiologic tendency is lacking , and we even miss a salvation - historical and theological orientation ... the Joseph story with its clearly didactic tendency belongs to the ancient wisdom school ' . ' Jump up ^ de Hoop 1999 , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Louden 2011 , p. 63'Joseph's myth has basic affinities with romance ' . Jump up ^ Sills 1997 , pp. 172 -- 74 Jump up ^ Redford 1993 , pp. 422 -- 29 , p. 423 : ' as has long been realized , the Joseph story is in fact a novella or short story . Jump up ^ Redford 1970 , p. 66 - 58 : ' The Joseph story as Märchen - Novelle . ' Jump up ^ Völter 1909 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Goldman 1995 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Völter 1909 , pp. 64 -- 65 : Die Erzählung aber , dass die Lade mit dem Leichnam des Joseph , nachdem sie lange in Aegypten geblieben war , beim Auszug von den Israeliten mitgenommen und nach Palästina gebracht worden sei , kann kaum etwas anderes bedeuten , als daß der Cultus eines toten , in einer Lade liegenden Gottes , der eigentlich in Aegypten zu Hause war , von den Israeliten übernommen worden ist , Dieser Gott is Osiris . ' Jump up ^ Rivka 2009 , pp. 113 -- 14 : Joseph 's double burial , and his first resting place in the Nile , shares several motifs extant in the Egyptian Osiris myth . Jump up ^ Schenke 1968 , p. 174 : ' die Tradition von seinem Grab bei Sichen kann also nur als sekundäre Israelitische , nämlich geschichtliche Deutung eines älteren kanaanäischen Heiligtums bzw . heiligen Platzes verstanden werden . ' Jump up ^ Sperling 2003 , p. 98 writes : ' there are no compelling linguistic or historical reasons to date the story later than the ninth to eighth century of the first millennium B.C.E. ' Jump up ^ Smith 1984 , pp. 243 -- 44 n. 1 , 268 : ' a romance , of the ancient genre of romantic - religious novellae that revived in the Hellenistic world ... the first great example in Israelite literature is the Joseph romance . ' ; ' The old peasant stories of the Patriarchs and Joshua ( heroes of holy places at Bethel , Hebron Beersheba and Shechem ) had doubtless long been collected in cycles and may , before Persian times , have been connected with some or all of the other elements in the hexateuchal narrative , myths about the beginning of the world , the flood and so on , the Joseph romance , nomads ' tales of Moses , and stories about the conquest of the country . These components are clear ; how they were put together is hazy ; but most scholars would agree that the Jerusalem priests of the Persian period were the final editors who gave the material substantially its present form ... and rewrote many stories to serve their own purposes , usually as legal precedents . ' Jump up ^ Redford 1970 , p. 242 : ' several episodes in the narrative , and the plot motifs themselves , find some parallel in Saite , Persian , or Ptolemaic Egypt . It is the sheer weight of evidence , and not the argument from silence , that leads to the conclusion that the seventh century B.C. is the terminus a quo for the Egyptian background to the Joseph Story . If we assign the third quarter of the fifth century B.C.E. as the terminus ante quem , we are left with a span of two and one half centuries , comprising in terms of Egyptian history the Saite and early Persian periods . ' Jump up ^ Redford 1993 , p. 429 : ' the Biblical Joseph story was a novella created sometime during the seventh or sixth century B.C. ( the end of the Judean monarchy or the Exile ) . Jump up ^ Wright 1973 , pp. 113 -- 14 Jump up ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2001 , pp. 37 , 67 : ' The camel carrying `` gum , balm , and myrrh , '' in the Joseph story reveals an obvious familiarity with the main products of the lucrative Arabian trade that flourished under the supervision of the Assyrian empire in the eighth - seventh centuries BCE . ' : ' A seventh century BCE background is also evident in some of the peculiar Egyptian names mentioned in the Joseph story . ' Jump up ^ Scharfstein , S. Torah and Commentary : The Five Books of Moses ( ISBN 1602800200 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60280 - 020 - 5 ) , 2008 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Scharfstein , 2008 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Scharfstein , 2008 , pp. 125 -- 26 Jump up ^ Genesis 44 : 15 Jump up ^ Scharfstein , 2008 , pp. 138 -- 39 Jump up ^ Smith , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , `` History , Typology and Homily : The Joseph Cycle in the Queen Mary Psalter '' , Gesta , University of Chicago Press , 32 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 59 , ISSN 0016 - 920X , JSTOR 767172 , doi : 10.2307 / 767172 Jump up ^ Chrysostom , John ( 1992 ) , Homilies on Genesis , 46 - 47 , trans . Robert C. Hill , Washington DC : Catholic University of America Press , p. 191 Jump up ^ Sheridan , Mark ( 2002 ) , Genesis 11 - 50 , Downers Grove : InterVarsity , p. 231 Jump up ^ Sheridan , Mark ( 2002 ) , Genesis 11 - 50 , Downers Grove : InterVarsity , p. 233 Jump up ^ Blacketer , Raymond ( 2006 ) , `` The School of God : Pedagogy and Rhetoric in Calvin 's Interpretation of Deuteronomy '' , Studies in Early Modern Religious Reforms , 3 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Calvin , John ( 1998 ) , Commentaries on the First Book of Moses Called Genesis , 2 , Grand Rapids : Baker , p. 261 Jump up ^ Lunn , Nicholas ( March 2012 ) , `` Allusions to the Joseph Narrative in the Synoptic Gospels and Acts : Foundations of a Biblical Type '' ( PDF ) , Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society , Evangelical Theological Society : 27 -- 41 , ISSN 0360 - 8808 Jump up ^ Quran 12 : 3 Jump up ^ Tottli 2002 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Quran 12 : 1 Jump up ^ Quran 12 : 12 Jump up ^ Quran 12 : 19 ^ Jump up to : Differences of Tradition Jump up ^ Naghdy , Fazel ( 2012 ) , A Tutorial on the Kitab - i - iqan : A Journey Through the Book of Certitude , Fazel Naghdy , p. 563 , ISBN 978 - 1466311008 Jump up ^ Kugel , James L. ( 1990 ) . In Potiphar 's house : the interpretive life of biblical texts . Harvard University Press . pg 13 Jump up ^ Redford , Donald B. ( 1970 ) . A study of the biblical story of Joseph : ( Genesis 37 -- 50 ) . Supplements to Vetus Testamentum. 20 . Leiden : Brill . pg 69 Jump up ^ Lang , Bernhard. ( 2009 ) . Joseph in Egypt : a cultural icon from Grotius to Goethe . Yale University Press . pg 23 References ( edit ) de Hoop , Raymond ( 1999 ) . Genesis 49 in its literary and historical context . Oudtestamentische studiën , Oudtestamentisch Werkgezelschap in Nederland. 39 . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10913 - 1 . Finkelstein , Israel ; Silberman , Neil Asher ( 2001 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2338 - 6 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Genung , Matthew C. ( 2017 ) . The Composition of Genesis 37 : Incoherence and Meaning in the Exposition of the Joseph Story . Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2 . Reihe. 95 . Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 155150 - 5 . Goldman , Shalom ( 1995 ) . The wiles of women / the wiles of men : Joseph and Potiphar 's wife in ancient Near Eastern , Jewish , and Islamic folklore . SUNY Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2683 - 8 . Louden , Bruce ( 2011 ) . `` The Odyssey and the myth of Joseph ; Autolykos and Jacob '' . Homer 's Odyssey and the Near East . Cambridge University Press . pp. 57 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76820 - 7 . Moore , Megan Bishop ; Kelle , Brad E ( 2011 ) . Biblical History and Israel 's Past : The Changing Study of the Bible and History . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6260 - 0 . Redford , Donald B. ( 1970 ) . A study of the biblical story of Joseph : ( Genesis 37 -- 50 ) . Leiden : Brill . Redford , Donald B. ( 1993 ) ( 1992 ) . Egypt , Canaan , and Israel in Ancient Times . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00086 - 2 . Rivka , Ulmer ( 2009 ) . Egyptian cultural icons in Midrash . Studia Judaica. 52 . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 022392 - 7 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Schenke , Hans - Martin ( 1967 ) . `` Jacobsbrunnen - Josephsgrab - Sychar . Topographische Untersuchungen und Erwägungen in der Perspektive von Joh. 4 , 5.6 '' . Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina - Vereins. 84 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 84 . Sills , Deborah ( 1997 ) . `` Strange Bedfellows : Politics and Narrative in Philo '' . In Breslauer , S. Daniel . The seductiveness of Jewish myth : challenge or response ? . SUNY series in Judaica . SUNY . pp. 171 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3602 - 8 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Smith , Morton ( 1984 ) . `` Jewish religious life in the Persian period '' . In Davies , , William David ; Finkelstein , Louis . The Cambridge History of Judaism : Introduction ; The Persian period . SUNY series in Judaica . Cambridge University Press . pp. 219 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21880 - 1 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Sperling , S. David ( 2003 ) . The Original Torah : The Political Intent of the Bible 's Writers . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9833 - 1 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . Völter , Daniel ( 1909 ) . Aegypten und die Bibel : die Urgeschichte Israels im Licht der aegyptischen Mythologie ( 4th ed . ) . Leiden : E.J. Brill . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph ( son of Jacob ) . BBC - Joseph <Th_colspan="2"> Children of Jacob by wife in order of birth Leah Reuben ( 1 ) Simeon ( 2 ) Levi ( 3 ) Judah ( 4 ) Issachar ( 9 ) Zebulun ( 10 ) Dinah ( 11 ) Rachel Joseph ( 12 ) Benjamin ( 13 ) Bilhah ( Rachel 's servant ) Dan ( 5 ) Naphtali ( 6 ) Zilpah ( Leah 's servant ) Gad ( 7 ) Asher ( 8 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . <Th_colspan="2"> Prophets in the Quran <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> آدم <Td_colspan="1"> إدريس <Td_colspan="1"> نوح <Td_colspan="1"> هود <Td_colspan="1"> صالح <Td_colspan="1"> إبراهيم <Td_colspan="1"> لوط <Td_colspan="1"> إسماعيل Adam Adam Idris Enoch ( ? ) Nuh Noah Hud Eber ( ? ) Saleh Salah ( ? ) Ibrahim Abraham Lut Lot Ismail Ishmael <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> إسحاق <Td_colspan="1"> يعقوب <Td_colspan="1"> يوسف <Td_colspan="1"> أيوب <Td_colspan="1"> شُعيب <Td_colspan="1"> موسى <Td_colspan="1"> هارون <Td_colspan="1"> ذو الكفل <Td_colspan="1"> داود Is'haq Isaac Yaqub Jacob Yusuf Joseph Ayyub Job Shuayb Jethro ( ? ) Musa Moses Harun Aaron Dhul - Kifl Ezekiel ( ? ) Daud David <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> سليمان <Td_colspan="1"> إلياس <Td_colspan="1"> إليسع <Td_colspan="1"> يونس <Td_colspan="1"> زكريا <Td_colspan="1"> يحيى <Td_colspan="1"> عيسى <Td_colspan="1"> مُحمد Sulaiman Solomon Ilyas Elijah Al - Yasa Elisha Yunus Jonah Zakaria Zechariah Yahya Isa Jesus Muhammad Muhammad <Td_colspan="2"> Note : Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind . The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Quran . VIAF : 54941695 GND : 118639986 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_(Genesis)&oldid=801325471 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible Joseph ( patriarch ) Biblical figures in rabbinic literature Book of Genesis Burials in Israel Children of Jacob Christian saints from the Old Testament Divination Founders of biblical tribes Prophets of Islam Torah people Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Acèh Адыгэбзэ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 00 : 55 . 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1. Joseph of Genesis
2. Biblical narrative
3. Joseph's dreams
4. Joseph's rise to power in Egypt
5. Reunion with his family
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how many episodes in season 4 of empire are there
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Empire ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Empire ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Empire ( season 4 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Starring Terrence Howard Taraji P. Henson Bryshere Y. Gray Jussie Smollett Trai Byers Grace Byers Gabourey Sidibe Ta'Rhonda Jones Serayah McNeill Rumer Willis Terrell Carter Andre Royo Tasha Smith Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Fox Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 3 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Empire episodes The fourth season of the American television drama series Empire premiered on September 27 , 2017 , in the United States on Fox . The fourth season was ordered on January 11 , 2017 , consisting of eighteen episodes . The show is produced by 20th Century Fox , in association with Imagine Entertainment , Lee Daniels Entertainment , Danny Strong Productions and Little Chicken Inc . The showrunners for this season are Ilene Chaiken , Danny Strong and Lee Daniels . The season airs on Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm , a new slot . The premiere of the season had also a crossover with other Lee Daniels - created Fox series Star . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 References Premise ( edit ) The show centers around a hip hop music and entertainment company , Empire Entertainment , and the drama among the members of the founders ' family as they fight for control of the company . After the explosive season 3 finale , Lucious has lost his memory and his family is trying to help him regain it , with the uncomfortable assistance from Nurse Claudia . The storyline also includes the war between the Lyons and the Dubois with Warren falling in love with Jamal , Andre receiving prescriptions from his psychiatrist and Hakeem meeting with Diana on a three week basis until disaster strikes . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Terrence Howard as Lucious Lyon Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon Bryshere Y. Gray as Hakeem Lyon Jussie Smollett as Jamal Lyon Trai Byers as Andre Lyon Grace Byers as Anika Calhoun Gabourey Sidibe as Becky Williams Ta'Rhonda Jones as Porsha Taylor Serayah as Tiana Brown Xzibit as Shyne Johnson Rumer Willis as Tory Ash Terrell Carter as Warren Hall Andre Royo as Thirsty Rawlings Tasha Smith as Carol Holloway Recurring cast ( edit ) Forest Whitaker as Eddie Barker Vivica A. Fox as Candace Holloway Demi Moore as Nurse Claudia Leslie Uggams as Leah Walker Taye Diggs as Angelo DuBois Phylicia Rashad as Diana DuBois Teyonah Parris as Detective Pamela Rose Charles D. Clark as Shine 's Main Goon Veronika Bozeman as Veronica Mo McRae as J Poppa Lizzy Leigh as Employee Nicole Ari Parker as Giselle Baker Alfre Woodard as Renee Holloway Guest cast ( edit ) Queen Latifah as Carlotta Brown Funkmaster Flex as Himself Tisha Campbell - Martin as Brooke Sierra McClain as Nessa Parker Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Empire episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Noble Memory '' Sanaa Hamri Brett Mahoney September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 4AXP01 7.05 <Td_colspan="8"> Five months after the explosion in Las Vegas , Cookie helps Lucious prepare to make his first appearance to celebrate Empire 's 20th anniversary , but Lucious still has no memory of himself or his family ; as Cookie helps Lucious regain full control of his memory , she keeps a close eye on Lucious ' new nurse , Claudia ; Andre is faced with the investigation of the LAPD into Giuliana 's whereabouts . Meanwhile , Diana continues to declare war on the Lyons and Carlotta Brown ( Queen Latifah ) makes a special appearance to visit Cookie and Lucious . 50 `` Full Circle '' Craig Brewer Craig Brewer & Eric Haywood October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 4AXP02 5.89 <Td_colspan="8"> With his memory still lost , Lucious sneaks away under Claudia 's watch to find out what type of person he was before the explosion in Vegas and receives a visit from Uncle Eddie , a longtime music icon and close friend of the Lyons . With Anika still in prison , Hakeem and Tiana grow closer , raising Bella together as a family . Cookie and Thirsty work together to get Anika out . Meanwhile , Cookie has a new project planned for Empire and Becky makes a bold move regarding Jamal 's new song . 51 `` Evil Manners '' Bille Woodruff Matt Pyken & Carlito Rodriguez October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 4AXP03 5.93 <Td_colspan="8"> Cookie reminisces over her years in prison when her line of credit is declined . She also begins to compare her past struggles to her life now . After Leah insists that he is a monster , Lucious struggles with his demons and pleads for his family to tell him how he wronged them in the past , but they are reluctant to tell him the truth . The LAPD is still on Andre 's case about the events in Vegas , including Giuliana 's disappearance , and Cookie encounters Diana at a magazine photoshoot . 52 `` Bleeding War '' Sanaa Hamri Diane Ademu - John & Jamie Rosengard October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 4AXP04 5.65 <Td_colspan="8"> With Bella 's birthday just around the corner , the family plans a special princes and princesses - themed party , including a special Prince tribute , but the events bring back haunting memories for Andre as he remembers his wife Rhonda died on the same day ; all of Empire 's top label artists compete for the 20 - for - 20 's number one album , which inspires Jamal 's direction for his new song ; Lucious suddenly finds himself at a crossroads and tries to put to rest the anger from his past life ; with help from Angelo , Anika files for sole custody of Bella . 53 5 `` The Fool '' Howie Deutch Janeika James & Jasheika James November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 4AXP05 5.40 <Td_colspan="8"> When a news report on TMZ circles upon Lucious 's memory , possibly faking the injury , Cookie attempts to convince the board that he is fine , so she invites the press to watch him produce the first 20 - for - 20 album ; Eddie Barker steps in to help Lucious get his mojo back at making music ; worried about Bella being taken away from him and his involvement with the DuBois ' clan , Hakeem plans a getaway trip to Cuba and takes Bella with him , but it soon backfires in his face ; the relationship between Andre and Detective Pamela Rose heats up . Also , she reveals information that has been secretly uncovered regarding the explosion ; Claudia helps Lucious with a breakthrough ; and in the final moment Lucious begins to remember everything and finally got his memory back while telling Claudia to leave the house . 54 6 `` Fortune Be Not Crost '' Sanaa Hamri Joshua Allen & Dianne Houston November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 4AXP06 6.05 <Td_colspan="8"> As the family prepares for the custody battle between Hakeem and Anika for Bella , the Lyons stand united in a support system for Hakeem ; Hakeem gets upset at Tiana and blames her for running to Cookie about the Cuba trip and they end up breaking up ; Andre sees a new therapist ; Jamal thinks about introducing Warren to Lucious ; Becky 's old flame , J. Poppa , returns to Empire to record an album and rekindle a relationship with Becky ; and Diana returns from a trip and dark secrets are revealed upon her return , making Hakeem look bad at the trial and granting Anika full custody of Bella . 55 7 `` The Lady Doth Protest '' Karen Gaviola Matt Pyken & Eric Haywood November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 4AXP07 5.05 <Td_colspan="8"> After dealing with the aftermath of Hakeem and Anika 's custody battle , Empire 's 20 - for - 20 production is in jeopardy , when Portia and Calvin go on strike when they are feeling unappreciated and overworked when Eddie Barker begins working as their new producer and Cookie must find a solution ; Hakeem must find a way to get Bella back with the help of Thirsty ; Lucious attempts to arrange a deal with Anika on Hakeem 's behalf ; just when Jamal feels like his relationship with Warren is getting real , Warren 's true colors are shown when the Lyons seen him at dinner with Diana and they plot for revenge . 56 8 `` Cupid Painted Blind '' Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum Diane Ademu - John & Carlito Rodriguez December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 4AXP08 5.68 <Td_colspan="8"> As they watch Diana DuBois ' master scheme unfold , Cookie and Lucious take action matters in their own hands to protect their family . Meanwhile , Andre begins to spiral out of control , wondering what she could have in store for him ; Jamal 's sobriety is put to the test and Shine gives Hakeem advice on how to maintain a balance between his work and personal life ; in the end , Andre 's love life with Pamela turned out to be imaginary due the prescription pills by the therapist that Diana hired . 57 9 `` Slave to Memory '' Sanaa Hamri Joshua Allen & Dianne Houston December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 4AXP09 5.95 <Td_colspan="8"> After Andre winds up in the hospital over his psychotic breakdown , Lucious vows to get revenge on the DuBois ' once and for all . He hatches a plan that involves forcing Angelo to sign a written confession about Diana 's actions . The Lyons then break into the Captain 's Ball and Cookie gets on stage exposing the truth about Diana , with help from Warren . As Diana continues to try to get the police and Cookie continues to tell the guests about her actions , the police end up arresting Diana for kidnapping Bella , which forces Anika to give Bella back to Hakeem . Angelo attempts to kill Warren for betrayal and shoots him in the shoulder , but Jamal intervenes and in a struggle , kills Angelo . Lucious then visits Andre to tell him the news , but Andre confesses in his sleep that he set the car bomb . Lucious is then drugged immediately after and kidnapped by Claudia , who has become obsessed with him . 58 10 `` Birds in the Cage '' Craig Brewer Craig Brewer March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 4AXP10 6.22 <Td_colspan="8"> Jamal escapes jail time , as Warren gave a full account of what happened during Angelo 's death to the police . Nurse Claudia takes her job to a new level , when she kidnaps Lucious . To find him , Cookie must race against time and use the skills she learned in prison to save him . Meanwhile , Andre , Jamal , and Hakeem pick up the pieces from their battle with the DuBois family . After learning about her pregnancy , Porsha becomes the friend that Becky needed in comfort . When Cookie finally comes to the rescue , she is knocked unconscious by Claudia , and wakes up to see her hands tied to a table . Once Claudia is distracted , Cookie frees herself with a hidden razor in her hair . She fights Claudia , but before Cookie gets tazed by her . At the same time , Lucious breaks the leg of the piano is chained to , and hits Claudia . He picks up her ax , but then opts not to kill her , and Claudia is arrested . Andre wakes up from a dream and convinces himself that he must tell Lucious about the car bomb . 59 11 `` Without Apology '' Dianne Houston Matt Pyken & Joshua Allen April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 4AXP11 5.57 <Td_colspan="8"> On the brink of a lucrative tech deal , Eddie realizes that he must work on rebranding Empire . Cookie springs into action when a girl group from the past reunites and threatens to expose secrets about Empire and Lucious . Meanwhile , Hakeem makes a major move with Tiana by proposing to her , Andre struggles with guilt , and Becky is faced with a difficult situation . After the tech deal is finalized , head of the tech company , Kelly Patel , is revealed to be plotting with Eddie to buy Empire . During a family dinner to celebrate Andre 's release from the hospital , Andre admits to Lucious that he planted the car bomb , enraging Lucious . Lucious whips him with a pistol and strangles him , before the rest of the family intervenes . After the brothers leave the house , Cookie is distraught about the Andre situation , and the amounting level of stress makes her suffer a heart attack , as Lucious frantically calls 911 . 60 12 `` Sweet Sorrow '' Eric Haywood Eric Haywood & Jamie Rosengard April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 4AXP12 5.91 <Td_colspan="8"> Lucious rallies the family together , just as Cookie is rushed to the hospital following her heart attack . Both Andre and Jamal try to right their wrongs , and Jamal makes a shocking revelation on live TV with Robin Roberts . Eager to take Empire to new heights , Eddie 's motives are questioned when numbers do n't add up . Meanwhile , Hakeem and Tiana find common ground with their new song . Becky reveals to J. Poppa about her pregnancy . Lucious leaves Cookie under the care of her sisters Candace and Carol . Also , Cookie tends to handle both her health and her business but comes to a realization that she ca n't handle both at the same time . 61 13 `` Of Hardiness is Mother '' Craig Brewer Dianne Houston & Carlito Rodriguez April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 4AXP13 5.41 62 14 `` False Face '' TBA TBA April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 4AXP14 TBD 63 15 `` A Lean and Hungry Look '' TBA TBA May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 4AXP15 TBD 64 16 `` Fair Terms '' Jussie Smollett TBA May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 4AXP16 TBD Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Noble Memory '' September 27 , 2017 2.4 / 9 7.05 2.77 3.6 9.82 `` Full Circle '' October 4 , 2017 1.9 / 7 5.89 N / A 3.0 N / A `` Evil Manners '' October 11 , 2017 2.0 / 8 5.93 1.0 N / A 3.0 N / A `` Bleeding War '' October 18 , 2017 1.8 / 7 5.65 1.0 N / A 2.8 N / A 5 `` The Fool '' November 8 , 2017 1.8 / 7 5.40 1.0 2.52 2.8 7.92 6 `` Fortune Be Not Crost '' November 15 , 2017 2.0 / 8 6.05 1.0 N / A 3.0 N / A 7 `` The Lady Doth Protest '' November 29 , 2017 1.7 / 6 5.05 1.0 2.52 2.7 7.57 8 `` Cupid Painted Blind '' December 6 , 2017 1.8 / 7 5.68 1.0 2.35 2.8 8.03 9 `` Slave to Memory '' December 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 5.95 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Birds in the Cage '' March 28 , 2018 2.0 / 8 6.22 0.9 2.44 2.9 8.66 11 `` Without Apology '' April 4 , 2018 1.8 / 7 5.57 0.9 2.35 2.7 7.93 12 `` Sweet Sorrow '' April 11 , 2018 1.9 / 8 5.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Of Hardiness is Mother '' April 18 , 2018 1.8 / 7 5.41 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Empire / Star Crossover Confirmed -- It 's Cookie vs. Carlotta ( Watch Teaser ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' Renewed For Season 4 By Fox '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Forest Whitaker Set As ' Empire ' Guest Star ; Plays Music Hitmaker In Multi-Episode Arc '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vivica A. Fox Teases Her Return as Cookie 's Sister in ' Empire ' Season 4 '' . TooFab . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Demi Moore Set To Recur On ' Empire ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' : Nicole Ari Parker Set To Recur On Fox Series '' . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Alfre Woodard To Recur On ' Empire ' Playing Cookie 's Mom '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' & ' Star ' Crossover Confirmed : Watch Promo As Fox Dramas Intersect For Season Premieres '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' & ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( EMP - 414 ) `` False Face '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( EMP - 415 ) `` A Lean and Hungry Look '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( EMP - 416 ) `` Fair Terms '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Empire Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Characters Lucious Cookie Andre Jamal Hakeem Soundtracks Season 1 Season 2 Volume 1 Season 2 Volume 2 Season 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_(season_4)&oldid=837277958 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Empire ( 2015 TV series ) Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration - wikipedia Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration President Ronald Reagan with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher at Camp David in 1986 This article is part of a series about Ronald Reagan Electoral history Political positions Early life Career Films Public image Governor of California Governorship 1976 general election Primaries Convention 40th President of the United States Presidency Timeline Policies Domestic Reaganomics Foreign Reagan Doctrine International trips Appointments Cabinet Judicial appointments First term Campaign for the Presidency 1980 general election Primaries Convention 1st inauguration Assassination attempt Invasion of Grenada Cold War Second term Re-election campaign 1984 general election Primaries Convention 2nd inauguration Cold War Libya bombing Challenger disaster Iran -- Contra affair `` Tear down this wall ! '' INF Treaty Post-presidency Presidential Library Medal of Freedom Bibliography An American Life The Reagan Diaries Alzheimer 's diagnosis State funeral Legacy Speeches and debates `` A Time for Choosing '' Reagan Era Reagan Award The foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration was the foreign policy of the United States from 1981 to 1989 . The main goal was winning the Cold War and the rollback of Communism -- which was achieved in Eastern Europe in 1989 and in the end of the Soviet Union in 1991 , though most disagree with whom to credit , and how much . It was characterized by a strategy of `` peace through strength '' and an escalation of Cold War tensiation As part of the policies that became known as the `` Reagan Doctrine '' , the United States also offered financial and logistics support to the anti-communist opposition in central Europe and took an increasingly hard line against supposed or actual socialist and communist governments in Afghanistan , Angola , and Nicaragua . Contents 1 Cold War 1.1 Confrontation 1.2 End of the Cold War 2 Africa 2.1 Angola 2.2 South Africa 2.3 Libya 3 Asia 3.1 Cambodia 3.2 Indonesia and East Timor 3.3 Philippines 4 Europe 4.1 Holy See / Vatican 4.2 Poland 5 Latin America 5.1 Nicaragua 5.2 El Salvador 5.3 Guatemala 5.4 Grenada 5.5 1982 Falklands War 6 Middle East 6.1 Afghanistan 6.2 Iran -- Iraq War 6.3 Israel 6.4 Iran -- Contra affair 6.5 Lebanon 6.6 Saudi Arabia 7 Oceania 7.1 Australia 7.2 New Zealand 8 State visits 9 Collapse of USSR after Reagan 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Cold War ( edit ) See also : Reagan Doctrine and Rollback Confrontation ( edit ) Reagan escalated the Cold War with the Soviet Union , marking a departure from the policy of détente by his predecessors , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , and Jimmy Carter . The Reagan Administration implemented a new policy towards the Soviet Union through NSDD - 32 ( National Security Decisions Directive ) to confront the USSR on three fronts : to decrease Soviet access to high technology and diminish their resources , including depressing the value of Soviet commodities on the world market ; to ( also ) increase American defense expenditures to strengthen the U.S. negotiating position ; and to force the Soviets to devote more of their economic resources to defense . The massive American military build - up was the most visible . The administration revived the B - 1 bomber program that had been canceled by the Carter Administration and began production of the MX `` Peacekeeper '' missile . In response to Soviet deployment of the SS - 20 , Reagan oversaw NATO 's deployment of the Pershing II missile in West Germany to gain a stronger bargaining position to eventually eliminate that entire class of nuclear weapons . He position was that if the Soviets did not remove the SS - 20 missiles ( without a concession from the US ) , America would simply introduce the Pershing II missiles for a stronger bargaining position , and both missiles would be eliminated . One of Reagan 's proposals was the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) . He believed this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible , but the unlikelihood that the technology could ever work led opponents to dub SDI `` Star Wars . '' Critics of the SDI believed that the technological objective was unattainable , that the attempt would likely accelerate the arms race , and that the extraordinary expenditures amounted to a military - industrial boondoggle . Supporters responded that the SDI gave the President a stronger bargaining position . Indeed , Soviet leaders became genuinely concerned . Reagan supported anti-communist groups around the world . In a policy known as the `` Reagan Doctrine , '' his presidency funded `` freedom fighters , '' such as the Contras in Nicaragua , the Mujahideen in Afghanistan , and the UNITA in Angola . During the Soviet -- Afghan War , Reagan deployed the CIA 's Special Activities Division ( SAD ) Paramilitary Officers to train , equip , and lead the Mujihadeen forces against the Soviet Army . Although the CIA ( in general ) and U.S. Congressman Charlie Wilson from Texas have received most of the attention , the key architect of this strategy was Michael G. Vickers , a young Paramilitary Officer . President Reagan 's Covert Action program has been given credit for assisting in ending the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan . When the Polish government suppressed the Solidarity movement in late 1981 , Reagan imposed economic sanctions on the People 's Republic of Poland . Reagan believed that the American economy was on the move again while the Soviet economy had become stagnant . For a while , the Soviet decline was masked by high prices for Soviet oil exports , but that crutch collapsed in the early - 1980s . In November 1985 , the oil price was $30 / barrel for crude , and in March 1986 , it had fallen to only $12 . Reagan 's militant rhetoric inspired dissidents in the Soviet Empire , but also startled allies and alarmed critics . In a famous address to the National Association of Evangelicals on March 8 , 1983 , he called the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' that would be consigned to the `` ash heap of history . '' After Soviet fighters downed Korean Airlines Flight 007 on September 1 , 1983 , he labeled the act an `` act of barbarism ... ( of ) inhuman brutality . '' Reagan 's description of the Soviet Union as an `` evil empire '' drew the wrath of some as provocative , but his description was staunchly defended by his conservative supporters . Michael Johns of The Heritage Foundation , for instance , prominently defended Reagan in a Policy Review article , `` Seventy Years of Evil , '' in which he identified 208 alleged acts of evil by the Soviet Union since the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 . On March 3 , 1983 , Reagan predicted that Communism would collapse : `` I believe that communism is another sad , bizarre chapter in human history whose -- last pages even now are being written , '' he said . He elaborated on June 8 of 1982 to the British Parliament . Reagan argued that the Soviet Union was in deep economic crisis and stated that the Soviet Union `` runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens . '' This was before Gorbachev rose to power in 1985 . Reagan later wrote in his autobiography An American Life that he `` did not see the profound changes that would occur in the Soviet Union after Gorbachev rose to power . '' To confront the Soviet Union 's serious economic problems , Gorbachev implemented bold new policies for freedom and openness called glasnost and perestroika . End of the Cold War ( edit ) Reagan relaxed his aggressive rhetoric toward the Soviet Union after Gorbachev became chairman of the Soviet Politburo in 1985 , and took on a position of negotiating . By the late years of the Cold War , Moscow had built a military that consumed as much as 25 % of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . But the size of the Soviet armed forces was not necessarily the result of a simple action - reaction arms race with the United States . Instead , Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments can be understood as both a cause and effect of the deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which accumulated at least a decade of economic stagnation during the Brezhnev years . Soviet investment in the defense sector was not necessarily driven by military necessity , but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges . Reagan and Gorbachev built a close relationship and contributed greatly to the peaceful end of the Cold War Play media Speaking in front of the Berlin Wall on June 12 , 1987 Ronald Reagan challenged reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to `` Tear down this wall ! '' Famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . By the time Mikhail Gorbachev had ascended to power in 1985 , the Soviets suffered from an economic growth rate close to zero percent , combined with a sharp fall in hard currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in world oil prices in the 1980s ( petroleum exports made up around 60 percent of the Soviet Union 's total export earnings ) . To restructure the Soviet economy before it collapsed , Gorbachev announced an agenda of rapid reform , based upon what he called perestroika ( meaning `` restructuring '' ) and glasnost ( meaning `` liberalization '' and `` openness '' ) . Reform required Gorbachev to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more profitable areas in the civilian sector . As a result , Gorbachev offered major concessions to the United States on the levels of conventional forces , nuclear weapons , and policy in Eastern Europe . Many US Soviet experts and administration officials doubted that Gorbachev was serious about winding down the arms race , but Reagan recognized the real change in the direction of the Soviet leadership , and shifted to skillful diplomacy to personally push Gorbachev further with his reforms . Reagan sincerely believed that if he could persuade the Soviets to simply look at the prosperous American economy , they too would embrace free markets and a free society . At a speech given at the Berlin Wall on the city 's 750th birthday , Reagan pushed Gorbachev further in front of 20,000 onlookers : `` General Secretary Gorbachev , if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization : Come here to this gate ! Mr. Gorbachev , open this gate ! Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this wall ! '' The last sentence became `` the four most famous words of Ronald Reagan 's Presidency . '' Reagan later said that the `` forceful tone '' of his speech was influenced by hearing before his speech that those on the East side of the wall attempting to hear him had been kept away by police . The Soviet news agency wrote that Reagan 's visit was `` openly provocative , war - mongering . '' The East - West tensions that had reached intense new heights earlier in the decade rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s . In 1988 , the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Eastern Europe . In 1989 , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan . Reagan 's Secretary of State George P. Shultz , a former economics professor at Stanford University , privately instructed Gorbachev on free market economics . At Gorbachev 's request , Reagan gave a speech on free markets at Moscow University . When Reagan visited Moscow , he was viewed as a celebrity by the Soviets . A journalist asked the president if he still considered the Soviet Union the evil empire . `` No , '' he replied , `` I was talking about another time , another era . '' In his autobiography An American Life , Reagan expressed his optimism about the new direction they charted , his warm feelings for Gorbachev , and his concern for Gorbachev 's safety because Gorbachev pushed reforms so hard . `` I was concerned for his safety , '' Reagan wrote . `` I 've still worried about him . How hard and fast can he push reforms without risking his life ? '' Events would unravel far beyond what Gorbachev originally intended . Africa ( edit ) Angola ( edit ) War between western supported movements and the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) government in Angola , and Cuban and South African military intervention there , led to decades of civil war that cost up to 1 million lives . The Reagan administration offered covert aid to the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) , a group of anti-communist and pro capitalist fighters led by Jonas Savimbi , whose attacks were backed by South Africa and the US . Dr. Peter Hammond , a Christian missionary who lived in Angola at the time , recalled : `` There were over 50,000 Cuban troops in the country . The communists had attacked and destroyed many churches . MiG - 23s and Mi - 24 Hind helicopter gun ships were terrorising villagers in Angola . I documented numerous atrocities , including the strafing of villages , schools and churches . In 1986 , I remember hearing Ronald Reagan 's speech -- carried on the BBC Africa service -- by short wave radio : `` We are going to send stinger missiles to the UNITA Freedom Fighters in Angola ! '' Those who were listening to the SW radio with me looked at one another in stunned amazement . After a long silence as we wondered if our ears had actually heard what we thought we heard , one of us said : `` That would be nice ! '' We scarcely dared believe that it would happen . But it did . Not long afterwards the stinger missiles began to arrive in UNITA controlled Free Angola . Soviet aircraft were shot down . The bombing and strafing of villagers , schools and churches came to an end . Without any doubt , Ronald Reagan 's policies saved many tens of thousands of lives in Angola . '' Jonas Savimbi meeting the European Parliament deputies in 1989 Human rights observers have accused the MPLA of `` genocidal atrocities , '' `` systematic extermination , '' `` war crimes '' and `` crimes against humanity . '' The MPLA held blatantly rigged elections in 1992 , which were rejected by eight opposition parties . An official observer wrote that there was little UN supervision , that 500,000 UNITA voters were disenfranchised and that there were 100 clandestine polling stations . UNITA sent peace negotiators to the capital , where the MPLA murdered them , along with 20,000 UNITA members . Savimbi was still ready to continue the elections . The MPLA then massacred tens of thousands of UNITA and National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) voters nationwide . Savimbi was strongly supported by the conservative Heritage Foundation . Heritage foreign policy analyst Michael Johns and other conservatives visited regularly with Savimbi in his clandestine camps in Jamba and provided the rebel leader with ongoing political and military guidance in his war against the Angolan government . During a visit to Washington , D.C. in 1986 , Reagan invited Savimbi to meet with him at the White House . Following the meeting , Reagan spoke of UNITA winning `` a victory that electrifies the world . '' Savimbi also met with Reagan 's successor , George H.W. Bush , who promised Savimbi `` all appropriate and effective assistance . '' The killing of Savimbi in February 2002 by the Angolan military led to the decline of UNITA 's influence . Savimbi was succeeded by Paulo Lukamba . Six weeks after Savimbi 's death , UNITA agreed to a ceasefire with the MPLA , but even today Angola remains deeply divided politically between MPLA and UNITA supporters . Parliamentary elections in September 2008 resulted in an overwhelming majority for the MPLA , but their legitimacy was questioned by international observers . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : South Africa under apartheid During Ronald Reagan 's presidency South Africa continued to use a non-democratic system of government based on racial discrimination , known as apartheid , in which the minority of white South Africans exerted nearly complete legal control over the lives of the non-white majority of the citizens . In the early 1980s the issue had moved to the center of international attention as a result of events in the townships and outcry at the death of Stephen Biko . Reagan administration policy called for `` constructive engagement '' with the apartheid government of South Africa . In opposition to the condemnations issued by the US Congress and public demands for diplomatic or economic sanctions , Reagan made relatively minor criticisms of the regime , which was otherwise internationally isolated , and the US granted recognition to the government . South Africa 's military was then engaged in an occupation of Namibia and proxy wars in several neighboring countries , in alliance with Savimbi 's UNITA . Reagan administration officials saw the apartheid government as a key anti-communist ally . By late 1985 , facing hostile votes from Congress on the issue , Reagan made an `` abrupt reversal '' on the issue and proposed sanctions on the South African government , including an arms embargo . However , these sanctions were seen as weak by anti-Apartheid activists who were calling for Disinvestment from South Africa . In 1986 , Reagan vetoed the tougher sanctions of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act , but this was overridden by a bipartisan effort in Congress . By 1990 , under Reagan 's successor George H.W. Bush , the new South African government of F.W. de Klerk was introducing widespread reforms , though the Reagan administration argued that this was not a result of the tougher sanctions . Libya ( edit ) Main article : 1986 Bombing of Libya Relations between Libya and the U.S. under President Reagan were continually contentious , beginning with the Gulf of Sidra incident in 1981 ; by 1982 , Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi was considered by the CIA to be , along with USSR leader Leonid Brezhnev and Cuban leader Fidel Castro , part of a group known as the `` unholy trinity '' and was also labeled as `` our international public enemy number one '' by a CIA official . These tensions were later revived in early April 1986 , when a bomb exploded in a Berlin discothèque , resulting in the injury of 63 American military personnel and death of one serviceman . Stating that there was `` irrefutable proof '' that Libya had directed the `` terrorist bombing '' , Reagan authorized the use of force against the country . In the late evening of April 15 , 1986 , the U.S. launched a series of air strikes on ground targets in Libya . The UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher allowed the US Air Force to use Britain 's air bases to launch the attack , on the justification that the UK was supporting America 's right to self - defense under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter . The attack was designed to halt Gaddafi 's `` ability to export terrorism '' , offering him `` incentives and reasons to alter his criminal behavior '' . The president addressed the nation from the Oval Office after the attacks had commenced , stating , `` When our citizens are attacked or abused anywhere in the world on the direct orders of hostile regimes , we will respond so long as I 'm in this office . '' The attack was condemned by many countries . By a vote of 79 in favor to 28 against with 33 abstentions , the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 41 / 38 which `` condemns the military attack perpetrated against the Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 15 April 1986 , which constitutes a violation of the Charter of the United Nations and of international law . '' Asia ( edit ) Cambodia ( edit ) Reagan with Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia in 1988 . Reagan sought to apply the Reagan Doctrine of aiding anti-Soviet resistance movements abroad to Cambodia , which was under Vietnamese occupation after having ousted Pol Pot 's communist Khmer Rouge regime which had perpetrated the Cambodian genocide . The Vietnamese had installed the communist PRK government led by Salvation Front dissident Heng Samrin . According to R.J. Rummel , the Vietnamese invasion , occupation , puppet regime , ongoing guerrilla warfare , and ensuing famine killed 1.2 million Cambodians in addition to the roughly 2 million who had been killed by the Khmer Rouge . The largest resistance movement fighting the PRK government was largely made up of members of the China - backed , former Khmer Rouge regime , whose human rights record was among the worst of the 20th century . Therefore , Reagan authorized the covert provision of aid to smaller Cambodian resistance movements , referred to collectively as the `` non-communist resistance '' ( NCR ) and including the partisans of Norodom Sihanouk and a coalition called the Khmer People 's National Liberation Front ( KPNLF ) then run by Son Sann , in an effort to force an end to the Vietnamese occupation . In 1982 , covert aid amounted to $5 million per year , ostensibly for non-lethal aid only ; this amount was increased to $8 million in 1984 and $12 million in 1987 and 1988 . In late 1988 , Reagan decreased CIA - mediated funding to $8 million ( following reports that the Thai military had diverted $3.5 million ) , but at the same time gave new flexibility to the funds , permitting the NCR to purchase U.S. - made weapons in Singapore and other ASEAN markets . Meanwhile , in 1985 , the Reagan administration established a separate , overt aid program for the NCR known as the Solarz Fund . The overt Solarz Fund channeled about $5 million per year of humanitarian aid to the NCR through USAID . After the Fall of Communism in the Eastern Bloc , which was Vietnam 's primary backer , the Vietnamese withdrew , and Cambodia 's PRK government was forced to negotiate for peace , resulting in the 1991 Paris Agreements . Then , under United Nations supervision , free elections were held in 1993 . Indonesia and East Timor ( edit ) Headed by General Suharto , the Indonesian government invaded East Timor in 1975 and occupied the country until 1999 . Under Reagan , the U.S. continued military aid provision to the Suharto regime , a policy established in 1975 under Ford and continued by the Carter administration . In December 1983 , a letter signed by 122 members of Congress addressed to President Reagan was publicized . The letter noted `` persistent reports from Amnesty International and other organizations of human rights violations '' and asked the president `` to add the plight of the people of East Timor to ( his ) agenda . '' Uncompromising , Reagan continued the arms trade to the Suharto regime . The Reagan administration 's average in yearly arms sales to Jakarta for his first term was $40 million . In 1986 , the president approved an unprecedented sale of $300 million , though yearly sales were significantly lower in his term 's remainder . The policy of arms trade to Indonesia resumed under Bush and Clinton , and completely ended after the UN-sponsored 1999 East Timorese independence referendum . Philippines ( edit ) Corazon Aquino , Philippine president from 1986 to 1992 The United States played a significant role in pressuring dictator Ferdinand Marcos to step down and in the peaceful transition to democracy in the Philippines , notwithstanding decades of past American support for his regime . With the People Power Revolution , Corazon Aquino 's assumption into power marked the restoration of democracy in the country . Europe ( edit ) Holy See / vatican ( edit ) The United States maintained consular relations with the Papal States from 1797 to 1870 and diplomatic relations with the Pope , in his capacity as head of the Papal States , from 1848 to 1868 , though not at the ambassadorial level . These relations lapsed with the loss of all papal territories in 1870 . From 1870 to 1984 , the United States did not have diplomatic relations with the Holy See . Several presidents , however , designated personal envoys to visit the Holy See periodically for discussions of international humanitarian and political issues . Myron C. Taylor was the first of these representatives , serving from 1939 to 1950 . Presidents Nixon , Ford , Carter , and Reagan also appointed personal envoys to the Pope . The United States and the Holy See announced the establishment of diplomatic relations on January 10 , 1984 . On March 7 , 1984 , the Senate confirmed William A. Wilson as the first U.S. ambassador to the Holy See . Ambassador Wilson had been President Reagan 's personal envoy to the Pope since 1981 . The Holy See named Archbishop Pio Laghi as the first Apostolic Nuncio ( equivalent to ambassador ) of the Holy See to the U.S. Poland ( edit ) The U.S. supported the Solidarity movement in Poland , and -- based on CIA intelligence -- waged a public relations campaign to deter what the Carter administration felt was `` an imminent move by large Soviet military forces into Poland . '' When the Polish government launched a crackdown of its own in 1981 , however , Solidarity was not alerted . Potential explanations for this vary ; some believe that the CIA was caught off guard , while others suggest that American policy - makers viewed an internal crackdown as preferable to an `` inevitable Soviet intervention . '' Latin America ( edit ) Through his terms Reagan supported the anti-communist regimes of Guatemala and El Salvador and the Contra rebels in Nicaragua , as well as democratic transitions of power in Bolivia ( 1982 ) , Honduras ( 1981 ) , Argentina ( 1983 ) , Brazil ( 1985 ) , Uruguay ( 1984 ) , and Suriname ( 1987 ) . His support for the contras in Nicaragua was controversial , due to the poor human rights record of the rebels . Support for the governments of Guatemala and El Salvador was also controversial due to the repressive nature of those governments and what was later determined to be genocide in Guatemala . In the case of 1982 's Falklands War , the Reagan administration faced competing obligations to both parties in that conflict , bound to the United Kingdom as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and to Argentina by the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( the `` Rio Pact '' ) . However , the North Atlantic Treaty only obliges the signatories to support if the attack occurs in Europe or North America north of the Tropic of Cancer , and the Rio Pact only obliges the U.S. to intervene if one of the adherents to the treaty was attacked -- the UK never attacked Argentina , only Argentine forces on British territory . In any case , Reagan administration decisively tilted its support to the British government of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher during this conflict . Nicaragua ( edit ) The Reagan Administration lent logistical , financial and military support to the Contras , based in neighboring Honduras , who waged a guerrilla insurgency in an effort to topple the Sandinista government of Nicaragua ( which was headed by Daniel Ortega ) . This support was funneled through the CIA to the rebels , and continued right through Reagan 's period in office . The scorched earth tactics of the Contras were condemned for their brutality by several historians . In 1983 , the CIA created a group of `` Unilaterally Controlled Latino Assets '' ( UCLAs ) , whose task was to `` sabotage ports , refineries , boats and bridges , and try to make it look like the contras had done it . '' In January 1984 , these UCLA 's carried out the operation for which they would be best known ; the mining of several Nicaraguan harbors , which sank several Nicaraguan boats and damaged at least five foreign vessels . This incident led to the ratification of the Boland Amendment by the US Congress , and brought an avalanche of international condemnation down on the United States . The CIA also provided training and arms , as well as funding , directly to the Contras . In response to the insurgency , the regime passed a new law , the `` Law for the Maintenance of Order and Public Security '' , under which the `` Tribunales Populares Anti-Somozistas '' allowed for the holding of suspected counter-revolutionaries without trial . The State of Emergency most notably affected rights and guarantees contained in the `` Statute on Rights and Guarantees of Nicaraguans '' . Many civil liberties were curtailed or canceled such as the freedom to organize demonstrations , the inviolability of the home , freedom of the press , freedom of speech and , the freedom to strike . North 's mugshot taken after his arrest The Boland Amendment made it illegal under U.S. law to provide arms to the contra militants . Nevertheless , the Reagan administration continued to arm and fund the contras through the Iran - Contra scandal , pursuant to which the U.S. secretly sold arms to Iran in violation of U.S. law in exchange for cash used by the U.S. to supply arms to the contras , also in violation of law . The U.S. argued that : Nicaragua 's neighbors have asked for assistance against Nicaraguan aggression , and the United States has responded . Those countries have repeatedly and publicly made clear that they consider themselves to be the victims of aggression from Nicaragua , and that they desire United States assistance in meeting both subversive attacks and the conventional threat posed by the relatively immense Nicaraguan Armed Forces . The U.S. - supported Nicaraguan contras The Sandinista government won victory in the 1984 Nicaraguan elections . The elections had been declared `` free , fair , and hotly contested '' by election observers such as New York 's Human Rights Commission . However , the elections were conducted under the SOE . Political prisoners were still held as it took place , and several opposition parties refused to participate . Martin Kriele opined that the 1984 election was carried out under the Sandinista Directorate , a body `` no more subject to approval by vote than the Central Committee of the Communist Party is in countries of the East Bloc , '' and argued that there should have been a secret ballot to avoid government reprisals . In addition , the Reagan administration criticized the elections because Arturo Cruz , the candidate nominated by the Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense , refused to run . However , the U.S. reportedly urged Cruz to avoid participation . Several senior administration officials told the New York Times that `` the administration never contemplated letting Cruz stay in the race because then the Sandinistas could justifiably claim that the elections were legitimate '' . The U.S. continued to pressure the government by illegally arming the contra insurgency . On October 5 , 1985 the Sandinistas broadened the state of emergency begun in 1982 and suspended many more civil rights . A new regulation also forced any organization outside of the government to first submit any statement it wanted to make public to the censorship bureau for prior censorship . It has been argued that `` probably a key factor in preventing the 1984 elections from establishing liberal democratic rule was the United States ' policy toward Nicaragua . '' Others have disputed this view , claiming that `` the Sandinistas ' decision to hold elections in 1984 was largely of foreign inspiration '' . As the contras ' insurgency continued with U.S. support , the Sandinistas struggled to maintain power . They lost power in 1990 , when they ended the SOE and held an election that all the main opposition parties competed in . The Sandinistas have been accused of killing thousands by Nicaragua 's Permanent Commission on Human Rights . The contras have also been accused of committing war crimes , such as rape , arson , and the killing of civilians . Historian Greg Grandin described a disjuncture between official ideals preached by the U.S. and actual U.S. support for terrorism . `` Nicaragua , where the United States backed not a counter insurgent state but anti-communist mercenaries , likewise represented a disjuncture between the idealism used to justify U.S. policy and its support for political terrorism ... The corollary to the idealism embraced by the Republicans in the realm of diplomatic public policy debate was thus political terror . In the dirtiest of Latin America 's dirty wars , their faith in America 's mission justified atrocities in the name of liberty . '' Similarly , former diplomat Clara Nieto , in her book `` Masters of War , '' charged that `` the CIA launched a series of terrorist actions from the `` mothership '' off Nicaragua 's coast . In September 1983 , she charged the agency attacked Puerto Sandino with rockets . The following month , frogmen blew up the underwater oil pipeline in the same port -- the only one in the country . In October there was an attack on Pierto Corinto , Nicaragua 's largest port , with mortars , rockets , and grenades blowing up five large oil and gasoline storage tanks . More than a hundred people were wounded , and the fierce fire , which could not be brought under control for two days , forced the evacuation of 23,000 people . '' Supporters of the Reagan administration have pointed out that the US had been the largest provider of aid to Nicaragua , and twice offered to resume aid if the Sandinstas agreed to stop arming communist insurgents in El Salvador . Former official Roger Miranda wrote that `` Washington could not ignore Sandinista attempts to overthrow Central American governments . '' Nicaragua 's Permanent Commission on Human Rights condemned Sandinista human rights violations , recording at least 2,000 murders in the first six months and 3,000 disappearances in the first few years . It has since documented 14,000 cases of torture , rape , kidnapping , mutilation and murder . The Sandinistas admitted to forcing 180,000 peasants into resettlement camps . In Nicaragua v. United States , the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) held that the U.S. had violated international law by supporting the contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua 's harbors . The United States refused to participate in the proceedings after the Court rejected its argument that the ICJ lacked jurisdiction to hear the case . The U.S. later blocked enforcement of the judgment by the United Nations Security Council and thereby prevented Nicaragua from obtaining any actual compensation . The Nicaraguan government finally withdrew the complaint from the court in September 1992 ( under the government of Violeta Chamorro ) . on November 12 , 1987 , the UN General Assembly called for `` full and immediate compliance '' with the World Court decision . Only Israel joined the United States in opposing adherence to the ruling . El Salvador ( edit ) In the Salvadoran Civil War between the military - led government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN ) , a coalition or umbrella organization of five left - wing militias , the U.S. supported both the Salvadoran military government and the centrist Christian Democrats . The government 's security forces were split between reformists and right - wing extremists , who used death squads to stop political and economic change . The Carter Administration repeatedly intervened to prevent right - wing coups . The Reagan Administration repeatedly threatened aid suspensions to halt right - wing atrocities . As a result , the death squads made plans to kill the U.S. Ambassador . After years of bloody fighting ; the rebels were forced , in part due to U.S. involvement , to concede defeat . The U.S. then threatened to cut off aid to the Salvadoran regime unless it made democratic reforms , which might have let the rebels regroup . As a result ; a new Constitution was promulgated , the Armed Forces regulated , a `` civilian '' police force established , the FMLN metamorphosed from a guerrilla army to a political party that competed in free and fair elections , and an amnesty law was legislated in 1993 . In 2002 , a BBC article about President George W. Bush 's visit to El Salvador reported that `` U.S. officials say that President George H.W. Bush 's policies set the stage for peace , turning El Salvador into a democratic success story . '' The article also talks about the `` tremendous irony that President George W Bush ( was ) chosen to visit El Salvador on the anniversary of the murder of the country 's Archbishop , Oscar Arnulfo Romero , 22 years ago . The irony also falls on his father who was involved with the war during his Presidency . Reagan 's policy has been criticized due to the human rights abuses proven repeatedly to be perpetrated by El Salvadoran security force with Amnesty International reporting that it had received : `` regular , often daily , reports identifying El Salvador 's regular security and military units as responsible for the torture , `` disappearance '' and killing of civilians . Types of torture reported by those who have survived arrest and interrogation included beatings , sexual abuse , use of chemicals to disorient , mock executions , and the burning of flesh with sulphuric acid . '' Rudolph Rummel has estimated that from 1979 to 1987 , government forces perpetrated between 12,000 and 25,000 democidal killings , with UNHCR estimating higher total figures . During the war , the FMLN received some aid from the governments of Nicaragua and Cuba , though most weapons were seized from government forces . In 1983 , an FMLN broadcast boasted of Cuban and Nicaraguan backing ; an FMLN commander alleged that the war was directed by Cuba and that nearly all of his weapons came from Nicaragua . In 1985 , the Sandinistas offered to stop military aid to forces in El Salvador in return for an end to the contra insurgency . The Soviet bloc supplied enough arms for several battalions . The US increased aid as atrocities declined . The UN Truth Commission received direct complaints of almost 2,600 victims of serious violence occurring in 1980 . It received direct complaints of just over 140 victims of serious violence occurring in 1985 . Guatemala ( edit ) Given José Efraín Ríos Montt 's staunch anticommunism and ties to the United States , the Reagan administration continued to support the general and his regime , paying a visit to Guatemala City in December 1982 . During a meeting with Ríos Montt on December 4 , Reagan declared : `` President Ríos Montt is a man of great personal integrity and commitment ... I know he wants to improve the quality of life for all Guatemalans and to promote social justice . '' That same day , Guatemalan troops massacred hundreds at Dos Erres . Ignoring this , Reagan claimed that Guatemala 's human rights conditions were improving and used this to justify several major shipments of military hardware to Rios Montt ; $4 million in helicopter spare parts and $6.3 million in additional military supplies in 1982 and 1983 respectively . The decision was taken in spite of records concerning human rights violations , bypassing the Congress . Meanwhile , a then - secret 1983 CIA cable noted a rise in `` suspect right - wing violence '' and an increasing number of bodies `` appearing in ditches and gullies . '' Indigenous Mayans suffered greatly under Ríos Montt 's rule . The UN-backed official Historical Clarification Commission found that this was a campaign of deliberate genocide against the population . In May 2013 , Ríos Montt was found guilty of genocide against Mayan Indian groups by a Guatemalan court . He was sentenced to 80 years in prison ( 50 years for genocide and 30 years for crimes against humanity ) . Estimates of deaths during the genocide are typically 200,000 . Guatemala was the only Latin American nation to decline in population during this era . Clearly , Reagan 's policy did not aid and greatly worsened the situation . Grenada ( edit ) Reagan meets with Prime Minister Eugenia Charles of Dominica in the Oval Office about ongoing events in Grenada The invasion of the Caribbean island Grenada in 1983 , ordered by President Reagan , was the first major foreign event of the administration , as well as the first major operation conducted by the military since the Vietnam War . President Reagan justified the invasion by claiming that the cooperation of the island with communist Cuba posed a threat to the United States , and stated the invasion was a response to the illegal overthrow and execution of Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop , himself a communist , by another faction of communists within his government . After the start of planning for the invasion , the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) appealed to the United States , Barbados , and Jamaica , among other nations , for assistance . The US invasion was poorly done , for it took over 10,000 U.S. forces eight days of fighting , suffering nineteen fatalities and 116 injuries , fighting against several hundred lightly armed policemen and Cuban construction workers . Grenada 's Governor - General , Paul Scoon , announced the resumption of the constitution and appointed a new government , and U.S. forces withdrew that December . While the invasion enjoyed public support in the United States and Grenada it was criticized by the United Kingdom , Canada and the United Nations General Assembly as `` a flagrant violation of international law '' . The date of the invasion is now a national holiday in Grenada , called Thanksgiving Day . 1982 Falklands War ( edit ) Main article : Falklands War At first glance , it appeared that the U.S. had military treaty obligations to both parties in the war , bound to the UK as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and to Argentina by the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( the `` Rio Pact '' ) . However , the North Atlantic Treaty only obliges the signatories to support if the attack occurs in Europe or North America north of the Tropic of Cancer , and the Rio Pact only obliges the U.S. to intervene if one of the adherents to the treaty is attacked -- the UK never attacked Argentina , only Argentine forces on British territory . In March , Secretary of State Alexander Haig directed the US Ambassador to Argentina Harry W. Shlaudeman to warn the Argentine government away from any invasion . President Reagan requested assurances from Galtieri against an invasion and offered the services of his Vice President , George H.W. Bush , as mediator , but was refused . Falklands War military operations Caspar Weinberger , United States Secretary of Defense between 1981 and 1987 . USS Iwo Jima In fact , the Reagan Administration was sharply divided on the issue . Meeting on April 5 , Haig and Assistant Secretary of State for Political Affairs Lawrence Eagleburger favoured backing Britain , concerned that equivocation would undermine the NATO alliance . Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Thomas Enders , however , feared that supporting Britain would undermine U.S. anti-communist efforts in Latin America . He received the firm backing of U.N. Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick , Haig 's nominal subordinate and political rival . Kirkpatrick was guest of honour at a dinner held by the Argentine ambassador to the United States , on the day that the Argentine armed forces landed on the islands . The White House continued its neutrality ; Reagan famously declared at the time that he could not understand why two allies were arguing over `` that little ice - cold bunch of land down there '' . But he assented to Haig and Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger 's position . Haig briefly ( April 8 -- April 30 ) headed a `` shuttle diplomacy '' mission between London and Buenos Aires . According to a BBC documentary titled `` The Falklands War and the White House '' , Caspar Weinberger 's Department of Defense began a number of non-public actions to support and supply the British military while Haig 's shuttle diplomacy was still ongoing . Haig 's message to the Argentines was that the British would indeed fight , and that the U.S. would support Britain , but at the time he was not aware that the U.S. was providing support already . At the end of the month , Reagan blamed Argentina for the failure of the mediation , declared U.S. support for Britain , and announced the imposition of economic sanctions against Argentina . In a notorious episode in June , U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick cast a second veto of a Security Council resolution calling for an immediate cease - fire , then announced minutes later that she had received instructions to abstain . The situation was blamed on a delay in communications but perceived by many as part of an ongoing power struggle between Haig and Kirkpatrick . At 11.30 pm London time on May 31 , 1982 Reagan sent Mrs Thatcher saying that `` The best chance for peace was before complete Argentine humiliation , '' he told her . `` As the UK now had the upper hand militarily , it should strike a deal now . '' and suggesting a multi-national , peacekeeping force . Her reply was that `` Britain had had to go into the islands alone , with no outside help , she could not now let the invader gain from his aggression . '' Galtieri and a fair proportion of his government thought that the UK would not react . Margaret Thatcher declared that the democratic rights of the Falkland Islanders had been assaulted and would not surrender the islands to the Argentinian `` jackboot '' . This stance was aided , at least domestically , by the mostly supportive British press . The Argentine dictatorship felt that the United States would , even in a worst - case scenario , remain completely neutral in the conflict ( based upon the support that Argentina had given to the Reagan administration in Central America , training Contras ) . This assumption demonstrated a clear blindness to the reality of the US - UK special relationship . To some extent , the Argentine military dictatorship was misled by its own opinion of democracies as being weak , inefficient talking - shops , afraid of taking risks . Indeed , in Britain there was much debate about the rights and wrongs of war . However , regardless of their own policies and opinions , opposition parties firmly backed the government during the crisis , in order to present a single united front . A U.S. fear of the perceived threat of the Soviet Union and the spread of communism , along with the certainty that Britain could handle the matter on its own , may have influenced the U.S. to take a position of non-interference . During the Cold War , with the performance of forces being watched closely by the Soviet Union , it was considered preferable for the UK to handle without assistance a conflict within its capabilities . American non-interference was vital to the American - British relationship . Ascension Island , a British possession , was vital in the long term supply of the Task Force South ; however , the airbase stationed on it was run and operated by the U.S. The American commander of the base was ordered to assist the British in any way and for a brief period Ascension Air Field was one of the busiest airports in the world . The most important NATO contributions were intelligence information and the rescheduled supply of the latest model of Sidewinder Lima all - aspect infra - red seeking missiles , which allowed existing British stocks to be employed . Margaret Thatcher stated that `` without the Harrier jets and their immense manoeuvrability , equipped as they were with the latest version of the Sidewinder missile , supplied to us by U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger , we could never have got back the Falklands . '' This is not only politically but militarily questionable , however , as all the Fleet Air Arm Sidewinder engagements proved to be from the rear . In early May , Caspar Weinberger offered the use of an American aircraft carrier . This seemingly extremely generous offer was seen by some as vital : it was noted by Rear Admiral Woodward that the loss of Invincible would have been a severe setback , but the loss of Hermes would have meant an end to the whole operation . Weinberger admitted that there would have been many problems if a request had ever been made ; not least , it would have meant U.S. personnel becoming directly involved in the conflict , as training British forces to crew the vessel would have taken years . In the July 2012 newsletter of the United States Naval Institute , which was reprinted online at the Institute 's web site , it was revealed that the Reagan Administration actively offered the use of the amphibious assault helicopter carrier Iwo Jima ( pictured ) as a replacement in case either of the two British carriers , the Hermes and the Invincible , had been damaged or destroyed . This top - secret contigency plan was revealed to the staff of the Naval Institute by John Lehman , the U.S. Secretary of the Navy at the time of the Falklands War , from a speech provided to the Naval Institute that Lehman made in Portsmouth , U.K. , on June 26 , 2012 . Lehman stated that the loan of the Iwo Jima was made in response to a request from the Royal Navy , and it had the endorsement of U.S. President Ronald Reagan and U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger . The actual planning for the Iwo Jima loan - out was done by the staff of the U.S. Second Fleet under the direction of Vice Admiral James Lyons who confirmed Lehman 's revelations with the Naval Institute staff . Contigency planning envisioned American military contractors , likely retired sailors with knowledge of the Iwo Jima 's systems , assisting the British in manning the U.S. helicopter carrier during the loan - out . Naval analyst Eric Wertheim compared this arrangement to the Flying Tigers . Significantly , except for U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig , the U.S. Department of State was not included in the loan - out negotiations . These 2012 revelations made headlines in the United Kingdom , but except for the U.S. Naval Institute , not in the United States . Both Weinberger and Reagan were later awarded the British honour of Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) . American critics of the U.S. role claimed that , by failing to side with Argentina , the U.S. violated its own Monroe Doctrine . In September 2001 , the President of Mexico Vicente Fox cited the conflict as proof of the failure of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance since the treaty provides for mutual defence . However , in this conflict , Argentina was the aggressor . Middle East ( edit ) Afghanistan ( edit ) See also : CIA activities in Afghanistan `` To watch the courageous Afghan freedom fighters battle modern arsenals with simple hand - held weapons is an inspiration to those who love freedom . '' -- U.S. President Ronald Reagan , March 21 , 1983 President Reagan meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the Oval Office in 1983 Upon becoming President , Reagan moved quickly to undermine Soviet efforts to subdue the government of Afghanistan , which the Soviet Army had invaded in 1979 . Islamic mujahideen guerrillas were covertly supported and trained , and backed in their jihad against the occupying Soviets by the CIA . The agency sent billions of dollars in military aid to the guerrillas , in what came to be known as `` Charlie Wilson 's War '' . One of the CIA 's longest and most expensive covert operations was the supplying of billions of dollars in arms to the Afghan mujahideen militants . The CIA provided assistance to the fundamentalist insurgents through the Pakistani ISI in a program called Operation Cyclone . Somewhere between $2 -- $20 billion in U.S. funds were funneled into the country to equip troops with weapons . No Americans trained or had direct contact with the mujahideen . The skittish CIA had fewer than 10 operatives in the region because it `` feared it would be blamed , like in Guatemala . '' With U.S. and other funding , the ISI armed and trained over 100,000 insurgents . On July 20 , 1987 , the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country was announced pursuant to the negotiations that led to the Geneva Accords of 1988 , with the last Soviets leaving on February 15 , 1989 . The early foundations of al - Qaida were allegedly built in part on relationships and weaponry that came from the billions of dollars in U.S. support for the Afghan mujahadin during the war to expel Soviet forces from that country . However , scholars such as Jason Burke , Steve Coll , Peter Bergen , Christopher Andrew , and Vasily Mitrokhin have argued that Osama Bin Laden was `` outside of CIA eyesight '' and that there is `` no support '' in any `` reliable source '' for `` the claim that the CIA funded bin Laden or any of the other Arab volunteers who came to support the mujahideen . '' Osama bin Laden would later cite Reagan 's withdrawal of forces after the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing as a sign of American weakness . Iran -- Iraq War ( edit ) Main article : United States support for Iraq during the Iran -- Iraq War When the Iran -- Iraq War broke out following the Iranian Islamic revolution of 1979 , the United States initially remained neutral in the conflict . However , as the war intensified , the Reagan administration would covertly intervene to maintain a balance of power , supporting both nations at various times . The U.S. mainly sided with Iraq , believing that Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini threatened regional stability more than Iraqi President Saddam Hussein . U.S. officials feared that an Iranian victory would embolden Islamic fundamentalists in the Arab states , perhaps leading to the overthrow of secular governments -- and damage to Western corporate interests -- in Saudi Arabia , Jordan , and Kuwait . After initial Iraqi military victories were reversed and an Iranian victory appeared possible in 1982 , the American government initiated Operation Staunch to attempt to cut off the Iranian regime 's access to weapons ( notwithstanding their later shipment of weapons to Iran in the Iran -- Contra affair ) . The U.S. provided intelligence information and financial assistance to the Iraqi military regime . On April 18 , 1988 Reagan authorized Operation Praying Mantis , a one - day naval strike against Iranian naval ships , boats , and command posts in retaliation for the mining of a U.S. guided missile frigate . One day later , Reagan sent a letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate . USS Simpson ( FFG - 56 ) is mentioned in firing on Iranian F - 4 Phantom II Fighters built by the United States . Israel ( edit ) Israel was granted `` major non-NATO ally '' status in 1989 , giving it access to expanded weapons systems and opportunities to bid on US defense contracts . The United States maintained grant aid to Israel at $3 billion annually and implemented a free trade agreement in 1985 . Since then all customs duties between the two trading partners have been eliminated . However , relations soured when Israel carried out Operation Opera , an Israeli airstrike on the Osirak nuclear reactor in Baghdad . Reagan suspended a shipment of military aircraft to Israel , and harshly criticized the action . Relations also soured during the 1982 Lebanon War , when the United States even contemplated sanctions to stop the Israeli Siege of Beirut . The US reminded Israel that weaponry provided by the US was to be used for defensive purposes only , and suspended shipments of cluster munitions to Israel . Although the war exposed some serious differences between Israeli and US policies , such as Israel 's rejection of the Reagan peace plan of 1 September 1982 , it did not alter the Administration 's favoritism for Israel and the emphasis it placed on Israel 's importance to the United States . Although critical of Israeli actions , the United States vetoed a Soviet - proposed United Nations Security Council resolution to impose an arms embargo on Israel . In 1985 , the US supported Israel 's economic stabilization through roughly $1.5 billion in two - year loan guarantees the creation of a US -- Israel bilateral economic forum called the U.S. -- Israel Joint Economic Development Group ( JEDG ) . The second Reagan term ended on what many Israelis considered to be a sour note when the United States opened a dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) in December 1988 . But , despite the US -- PLO dialogue , the Pollard spy case , and the Israeli rejection of the Shultz peace initiative in the spring of 1988 , pro-Israeli organizations in the United States characterized the Reagan Administration ( and the 100th Congress ) as the `` most pro-Israel ever '' , and praised the positive overall tone of bilateral relations . Iran -- Contra affair ( edit ) Main article : Iran -- Contra affair President Reagan receives the Tower Report in the Cabinet Room of the White House , 1987 The attempts of certain members of the White House national security staff to circumvent Congressional proscription of covert military aid to the Contras ultimately resulted in the Iran - Contra Affair . Two members of administration , National Security Advisor John Poindexter and Col. Oliver North worked through CIA and military channels to sell arms to the Iranian government and give the profits to the contra guerillas in Nicaragua , who were engaged in a bloody civil war . Both actions were contrary to acts of Congress . Reagan professed ignorance of the plot , but admitted that he had supported the initial sale of arms to Iran , on the grounds that such sales were supposed to help secure the release of Americans being held hostage by the Iranian - backed Hezbollah in Lebanon . Reagan quickly called for the appointment of an Independent Counsel to investigate the wider scandal ; the resulting Tower Commission report found that the President was guilty of the scandal , only in that his lax control of his own staff resulted in the arms sales . ( The report also revealed that U.S. officials helped Khomeini identify and purge communists within the Iranian government . ) The failure of these scandals to have a lasting impact on Reagan 's reputation led Representative Patricia Schroeder to dub him the `` Teflon President '' , a term that has been occasionally attached to later Presidents and their scandals . Ten officials in the Reagan Administration were convicted , and others were forced to resign . Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger was indicted for perjury and later received a presidential pardon from George H.W. Bush , days before the trial was to begin . In 2006 , historians ranked the Iran - Contra affair as the ninth - worst mistake by a U.S. president . Lebanon ( edit ) Main article : Beirut barracks bombing With the approval of Congress , Reagan in 1983 sent forces to Lebanon to reduce the threat of civil war . The American peacekeeping forces in Beirut , a part of a multinational force during the Lebanese Civil War , were attacked on October 23 , 1983 . The Beirut barracks bombing killed 241 American servicemen and wounded more than 60 others by a suicide truck bomber . Reagan sent in a battleship to shell Syrian positions in Lebanon . He then withdrew all the marines from Lebanon . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) The Reagan Administration strengthened the alliance with Saudi Arabia as it kept the commitment to defend the Kingdom . The `` special relationship '' between Riyadh and Washington really began to flourish after 1981 , as the Saudis turned to the Reagan administration to safeguard their orders of advanced weapons . Saudi Arabia was part of the Reagan doctrine . secretary of defense , Caspar Weinberger , hailed from Bechtel , the construction giant with major interests in Saudi Arabia . After only two weeks in office , Weinberger announced that the administration wanted to do everything it could to strengthen Saudi defenses in the wake of the shah 's fall in Iran . On March 6 , 1981 , the administration announced plans to sell new arms to the Saudis to halt what it perceived to be a `` serious deterioration '' in Western security interests in the region . On April 1 , the National Security Council ( NSC ) decided to expand the administration 's initial arms package to include five AWACS surveillance planes , the most advanced of their kind in the world . The total Saudi purchase , including the AWACS , came to $8.5 billion . President Reagan vowed to push the sale through , declaring that Saudi Arabia must not be allowed to fall like Iran and that the United States would forfeit `` all credibility '' in the Middle East if Congress blocked the sale . Finally , after extraordinary arm - twisting by President Reagan , the Senate approved the deal in late October . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) See also : ANZUS In 1983 , the Reagan Administration approached Australia with proposals for testing the new generation of American intercontinental ballistic missiles , the MX missile . American test ranges in the Pacific were insufficient for testing the new long - range missiles and the United States military wished to use the Tasman Sea as a target area . Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal Party had agreed to provide monitoring sites near Sydney for this purpose . However , in 1985 , the new - elected Prime Minister Bob Hawke , of the Labor Party , withdrew Australia from the testing program , sparking criticism from the Reagan Administration . Hawke had been pressured into doing so by the left - wing faction of the Labor Party , which opposed the proposed MX missile test in the Tasman Sea . The Labor left - wing faction also strongly sympathized with the New Zealand Fourth Labour Government 's anti-nuclear policy and supported a South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone . To preserve its joint Australian - US military communications facilities , the Reagan Administration also had to assure the Hawke Government that those installations would not be used in the Strategic Defense Initiative project , which the Australian Labor Party strongly opposed . Despite these disagreements , the Hawke Labor Government still remained supportive of the ANZUS security treaty , a trilateral pact between Australia , New Zealand and the United States which was signed on 1 September 1951 . It also did not support its New Zealand counterpart 's ban on nuclear - armed and nuclear - powered ships . Following the US 's suspension of defence and intelligence cooperation with New Zealand in February 1985 , the Australian government also endorsed the Reagan Administration 's plans to cancel trilateral military exercises and to postpone the ANZUS foreign ministers conference . However , it still continued to maintain bilateral military ties and continued to share intelligence information with New Zealand . Unlike New Zealand , Australia continued to allow US Navy warships to visit its ports and to participate in joint military exercises with the United States . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : New Zealand 's nuclear - free zone and ANZUS `` Some Western countries have anti-nuclear and other movements which seek to diminish defense cooperation among the allied states . We would hope that our response to New Zealand would signal that the course these movements advocate would not be cost -- free in terms of security relationships with the United States . '' -- Bernard Kalb , United States Department of State spokesman , reproduced in `` U.S. Plans Actions to Answer Rebuff by New Zealand , '' New York Times , 6 February 1985 . In 1984 , the newly elected Labour government under Prime Minister David Lange introduced anti-nuclear legislation which banned the entry of nuclear - powered and nuclear - armed warships into New Zealand waters . Reasons cited were the dangers of nuclear weapons , continued nuclear testing in the South Pacific , and opposition to US President Reagan 's policy of aggressively confronting the Soviet Union . Nuclear disarmament was also championed by a vocal pacifist anti-nuclear movement aligned with the mainstream political left . Since the United States Navy refused to confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weapons aboard ships , this law essentially refused access to New Zealand ports for all USN ships . Since New Zealand was a member of the tripartite ANZUS security alliance , which also included Australia and the United States , this created tensions in US - NZ relations . The Reagan administration regarded New Zealand 's anti-nuclear stance as incongruous with its Cold War policy of only conducting strategic arms reductions from a position of strength . The US government was also concerned that the Soviet Union was working through local Communist parties like the Socialist Unity Party to influence the Labour Party , anti-nuclear organisations , and the trade union movement as part of a strategy of steering New Zealand 's foreign policy away from its traditional ally the United States . In February 1985 , a port - visit request by the United States for the USS Buchanan was refused by the New Zealand government on the basis that the Buchanan was capable of launching nuclear depth bombs . Following consultations with Australia and after further negotiations with the New Zealand government broke down , the Reagan administration severed its ANZUS treaty obligations to NZ until US Navy ships were readmitted to NZ ports . Despite the ANZUS split , Secretary of State George P. Shultz maintained that the ANZUS structure was still in place , should NZ decide to reverse its anti-nuclear policy and return to a fully operational defense relationship with the US . The Republican Senator William Cohen also advocated trade retaliation against New Zealand and urged the Reagan Administration to negotiate a separate bilateral security treaty with Australia . Ultimately , the Reagan Administration opted not to pursue economic retaliatory measures against New Zealand . President Reagan also maintained in NSDD 193 ( National Security Decision Directive ) that New Zealand still remained a `` friend , but not an ally . '' In 1987 , the Republican Congressman William Broomfield sponsored a bill known as the Broomfield Bill ( the New Zealand Military Preference Suspension Act ) that would have deprived New Zealand of its favored status as an ally when purchasing military equipment from the United States . On October 20 , 1987 , the United States House of Representatives passed the Broomfield Bill by a substantial majority . According to former New Zealand diplomat Malcolm Templeton , this bill was a symbolic endorsement by the Democratic - controlled Congress of the Reagan Administration 's earlier decision to suspend its defence commitments to New Zealand . The Broomfield Bill also included an amendment added by the Democratic Congressman Stephen J. Solarz that would allow the U.S. President to restore the ANZUS relationship if NZ modified its nuclear - free policy . However , the Broomfield Bill languished in the United States Senate . Following the 1988 US Senate elections , the lame duck 100th Congress dropped a package containing the Broomfield Bill after Senator Edward Kennedy opposed its inclusion . Thus , the Broomfield Bill was never passed by the Senate and formally ratified into law . While the Reagan Administration continued to eschew contact with the Lange government , it continued to maintain ties with the center - right opposition National Party , which opposed the Nuclear Free Bill . Despite the suspension of ANZUS ties and ship visits , the United States 's Antarctica research program Operation Deep Freeze continued to send military aircraft to Christchurch International Airport en route to US bases in the Antarctica . The Heritage Foundation and the United States Information Service also unsuccessfully tried to influence New Zealand public opinion in favor of supporting the resumption of ANZUS ties by sponsoring trips to the US by sympathetic journalists , politicians , and academics . Several of these individuals later tried to organize grassroots pro-ANZUS groups to counter the influence of the peace movement . Undaunted , the Labour government was re-elected in 1987 and went on to pass New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone , Disarmament , and Arms Control Act 1987 into law , making the entire country a nuclear - free zone , but still remaining within the ANZUS alliance . State visits ( edit ) Reagan had close friendships with many political leaders across the globe , especially Margaret Thatcher in Britain , and Brian Mulroney in Canada . In 1985 Reagan visited the Kolmeshohe Cemetery near Bitburg at the urgent request of Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany , to pay respects to the soldiers interred there . Controversy arose because 49 of the graves contained the remains of men who had served in the Waffen - SS . The cemetery also contained remains of about 2,000 other German soldiers who had died in both World Wars , but no Americans . Some Jewish and veterans ' groups opposed this visit . Reagan went because of his need to support Kohl and ratify the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . Reagan also visited the Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , where he cited Anne Frank and ended his speech with the words , `` Never again . '' Collapse of USSR after Reagan ( edit ) According to David Remnick in his book Lenin 's Tomb : The Last Days of the Soviet Empire , Gorbachev 's perestroika and glasnost reforms opened the pandora 's box of freedom . Once the people benefited from the reforms , they wanted more . `` Once the regime eased up enough to permit a full - scale examination of the Soviet past , '' Remnick wrote , `` radical change was inevitable . Once the System showed itself for what it was and had been , it was doomed . '' In December 1989 , Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush declared the Cold War officially over at a summit meeting in Malta . The Soviet alliance system was by then on the brink of collapse , and the Communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were losing power . On March 11 , 1990 Lithuania , led by newly elected Vytautas Landsbergis , declared independence from the Soviet Union . The gate to the Berlin Wall was opened and Gorbachev approved . Gorbachev proposed to President George H.W. Bush massive troop reductions in Eastern Europe . In the USSR itself , Gorbachev tried to reform the party to destroy resistance to his reforms , but , in doing so , ultimately weakened the bonds that held the state and union together . By February 1990 , the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power . Soviet hardliners rebelled and staged a coup against Gorbachev , but it failed . Boris Yeltsin rallied Russians in the street while Gorbachev was held hostage . By December 1991 , the union - state had dissolved , breaking the USSR up into fifteen separate independent states . Boris Yeltsin became leader of the new Russia . In her eulogy to Ronald Reagan at his funeral , former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , whom Reagan worked very closely with during his tenure in office , said , `` Others hoped , at best , for an uneasy cohabitation with the Soviet Union ; he won the Cold War -- not only without firing a shot , but also by inviting enemies out of their fortress and turning them into friends ... Yes , he did not shrink from denouncing Moscow 's ' evil empire . ' But he realized that a man of goodwill might nonetheless emerge from within its dark corridors . So the President resisted Soviet expansion and pressed down on Soviet weakness at every point until the day came when communism began to collapse beneath the combined weight of these pressures and its own failures . And when a man of goodwill did emerge from the ruins , President Reagan stepped forward to shake his hand and to offer sincere cooperation . '' For his role , Gorbachev received the first Ronald Reagan Freedom Award , as well as the Nobel Peace Prize . See also ( edit ) conservatism portal Cold War Foreign policy of Margaret Thatcher List of international presidential trips made by Ronald Reagan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Service , ' The End of the Cold War : 1984 - 1991 ( 2015 ) excerpt Jump up ^ `` '' Reagan Doctrine '' at U.S. Department of State `` . State.gov . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Chang , Felix ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Reagan Turns One Hundred : Foreign Policy Lessons '' . The National Interest . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crile , George ( 2003 ) . Charlie Wilson 's War : The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History . Atlantic Monthly Press , page 330 and 348 Jump up ^ `` Sorry Charlie this is Michael Vickers 's War '' , Washington Post , 27 December 2007 Jump up ^ Crile , George ( 2003 ) . Charlie Wilson 's War : The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History . Atlantic Monthly Press , page 246 , 285 and 302 Jump up ^ Global Issues ( 1992 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Anatomy of a Victory : CIA 's Covert Afghan War -- Global Issues '' . Globalissues.org . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Victory : The Reagan Administration 's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union ( Paperback ) by Peter Schweizer , Atlantic Monthly Press , 1994 page 213 Jump up ^ Glenn E. Schweitzer , 1989 Techno - Diplomacy : U.S. - Soviet Confrontations in Science and Technology ( 1989 ) 63ff , 81 . Jump up ^ `` Cite Soviets ' Dark Side While Holding U.S. to High Standards , '' by Howard Means , The Orlando Sentinel , November 17 , 1987 Jump up ^ Johanna Neuman ( 2004 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Former President Reagan Dies at 93 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : ( LaFeber 2002 , 332 ) Jump up ^ ( Odom ) Jump up ^ ( see Economy of the Soviet Union ) Jump up ^ ( LaFeber 2002 , 335 ) Jump up ^ ( LaFaber 2002 , 331 -- 333 ) Jump up ^ ( LaFeber , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Reagan and Gorbachev : How the Cold War Ended , Jack Matlock ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ President Reagan : The Role of a Lifetime , Lou Cannon ( 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ratnesar , Romesh ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) . `` 20 Years After `` Tear Down This Wall '' `` . TIME . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Cold War : A New History , John Lewis Gaddis ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Gorby Had the Lead Role , Not Gipper -- The Globe and Mail , June 10 , 2004 Jump up ^ Médecins Sans Frontières , `` Angola : An Alarming Nutritional Situation , '' August 1999 Jump up ^ Hammond , Peter , Reagan Saved Lives in Angola Archived November 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , FrontLine Fellowship , accessed August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Society for Human Rights , Press Releases , September 12 , 2000 , May 16 , 2001 . Jump up ^ National Society for Human Rights , Ending the Angolan Conflict , Windhoek , Namibia , July 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ John Matthew , Letters , The Times , UK , November 6 , 1992 ( election observer ) . Jump up ^ `` Bush pledges Angola rebel aid , '' The New York Times , January 1989 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , William E. ( 1985 - 09 - 16 ) . `` South Africa Reagan 's Abrupt Reversal '' . TIME . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZZopAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AYQDAAAAIBAJ&dq=anti-apartheid%20act%20reagan&pg=4676%2C4983327 Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iOJLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uIsDAAAAIBAJ&dq=bush%20sanctions%20south%20africa%201989&pg=4903%2C1578476 ^ Jump up to : `` Libya : Fury in the Isolation Ward '' . Time . August 23 , 1982 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operation El Dorado Canyon '' . GlobalSecurity.org. April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1986 : US Launches air - strike on Libya '' . BBC News . April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A / RES / 41 / 38 November 20 , 1986 '' . Un.org . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Of Cambodian Genocide And Mass Murder '' . Hawaii.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Far Eastern Economic Review ( December 22 , 1988 ) , details the extensive fighting between the U.S. - backed forces and the Khmer Rouge . Jump up ^ Courtland Robinson , `` Refugee Warriors at the Thai - Cambodian Border '' , Refugee Survey Quarterly 19 , no . 1 ( 1 January 2000 ) : 23 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodia at a Crossroads '' , by Michael Johns , The World and I magazine , February 1988 . Archived June 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 745 . S / RES / 745 ( 1992 ) 28 February 1992 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975 - 1997 - World Policy Institute - Research Project '' . World Policy Institute . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The United Nations and East Timor '' . Indonesia ( 42 ) : 129 -- 130 . Oct 1986 . doi : 10.2307 / 3351194 . JSTOR 3351194 . Jump up ^ `` A Quarter Century of U.S. Support for Occupation '' . The National Security Archive . The George Washington University . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley ( 1989 - 03 - 19 ) . `` REAGAN AND THE PHILIPPINES : Setting Marcos Adrift '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ MacEachin , Douglas J. `` US Intelligence and the Polish Crisis 1980 -- 1981 . '' CIA . June 28 , 2008 . https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/us-intelligence-and-the-polish-crisis-1980-1981/index.htm ^ Jump up to : LaRamee & Polakoff , Pierre & Erica ( 1999 ) . `` The Evolution of Popular Organizations in Nicaragua '' in Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution ed . Harry E. Vanden and Gary Prevost . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 141 -- 205 . ^ Jump up to : Malkin , Elisabeth ( May 10 , 2013 ) `` Former Leader of Guatemala Is Guilty of Genocide Against Mayan Group . '' New York Times . ( Retrieved 5 - 20 - 13 ) . Jump up ^ Menchu , Rigoberta . I , Rigoberta Menchu . ISBN 9781844674183 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Carlota ( 2010 ) . `` A Headlong Rush Into the Future '' . In Grandin & Joseph , Greg & Gilbert . A Century of Revolution . Duke University Press . pp. 276 -- 308 . Jump up ^ Leogrande , Leonard M , `` Making the Economy Scream : US economic sanctions against Sandinista Nicaragua '' ( Third World Quarterly , Vol. 17 , No. 2 ) , pp 340 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Dennis Sandinistas : the party and the revolution , Oxford : Basil Blackwell , 1988 , pp 167 . Jump up ^ Grandin & Joseph , Greg & Gilbert ( 2010 ) . A Century of Revolution . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . pp. 406 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : West , W. Gordon . `` The Sandista Record on Human Rights in Nicaragua ( 1979 -- 1990 ) '' ( PDF ) . Réseau Européen Droit et Société . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua 's role in revolutionary internationalism '' . U.S. Department of State Bulletin . 1986 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NICARAGUAN VOTE : ' FREE , FAIR , HOTLY CONTESTED ' '' The New York Times Jump up ^ Martin Kriele , `` Power and Human Rights in Nicaragua , '' German Comments , April 1986 , pp56 - 7 , 63 -- 7 , a chapter excerpted from his Nicaragua : Das blutende Herz Amerikas ( Piper , 1986 ) Jump up ^ `` KEY AIDES DISPUTE U.S. ROLE IN NICARAGUAN VOTE '' The New York Times , October 21 , 1984 Jump up ^ Chamorro Cardenal , Jaime ( 1988 ) . La Prensa , A Republic of Paper . Freedom House . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Williams , Philip J. `` Elections and democratization in Nicaragua : the 1990 elections in perspective . '' Journal of Interamerican Studies 32 , 4 : 13 -- 34 ( winter 1990 ) . p16 Jump up ^ Cornelius , Wayne A . `` The Nicaraguan elections of 1984 : a reassessment of their domestic and international significance . '' Drake , Paul W. and Eduardo Silva. 1986 . Elections and democratization in Latin America , 1980 -- 85 . La Jolla : Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies , Center for U.S. - Mexican Studies , Institute of the Americas , University of California , San Diego . Pp. 62 . ^ Jump up to : John Norton Moore , The Secret War in Central America ( University Publications of America , 1987 ) p143n94 ( 2,000 killings ) ; Roger Miranda and William Ratliff , The Civil War in Nicaragua ( Transaction , 1993 ) , p193 ( 3,000 disappearances ) ; Insight on the News , July 26 , 1999 ( 14,000 atrocities ) . Jump up ^ The Catholic Institute for International Relations ( 1987 ) . `` Right to Survive : Human Rights in Nicaragua '' ( print ) . The Catholic Institute for International Relations . Jump up ^ Grandin , Greg . Empire 's Workshop : Latin America , The United States and the Rise of the New Imperialism , Henry Holt & Company 2007 , 89 Jump up ^ Nieto , Clara ( 2003 ) . Masters of War : Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution Through the Clinton Years . New York : Seven Stories Press . pp. 343 -- 345 . ISBN 1 - 58322 - 545 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dissenting Opinion of Judge Schwebel , Nicaragua v. United States of America -- Merits , ICJ , June 27 , 1986 , Factual Appendix , paras. 15 - 8 , 22 -- 5 . See also Sandinista admissions in Miami Herald , July 18 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Roger Miranda and William Ratliff , The Civil War in Nicaragua ( Transaction , 1993 ) , pp116 - 8 . Jump up ^ Humberto Belli , Breaking Faith ( Puebla Institute , 1985 ) , pp124 , 126 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Official name : Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua ( Nicaragua v. United States of America ) , Jurisdiction and Admissibility , 1984 ICJ REP. 392 June 27 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Fred L. ( January 1987 ) . `` Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion '' . American Journal of International Law . 81 ( 1 ) : 160 -- 166 . doi : 10.2307 / 2202146 . JSTOR 2202146 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . `` Appraisals of the ICJ 's Decision . Nicaragua vs United States ( Merits ) '' Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 -- Nicaragua '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 41 Resolution 31 . A / RES / 41 / 31 3 November 1986 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Francesca Davis DiPiazza . El Salvador in Pictures . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Supply Line for a Junta '' . TIME Magazine . March 16 , 1981 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , June 1 , 1982 ( Christian Democrats killed ) ; Washington Post , February 24 , July 13 , 1980 ( Carter ) ; New York Times , November 20 , 26 , December 12 , 1983 ( Reagan ) ; New York Times , June 24 , 1984 , Washington Post , June 27 , 1984 ( Ambassador ) Jump up ^ Amnesty Law Biggest Obstacle to Human Rights , Say Activists Archived February 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . by Raúl Gutiérrez , Inter Press Service News Agency , May 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` US role in Salvador 's brutal war , '' BBC , March 24 , 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Torture in the eighties : an Amnesty International report '' Amnesty International , 1984 Jump up ^ Rudolph Rummel Power Kills Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld El Salvador : Human Rights Records of the National Guard ( Guardia Nacional ) and the Liberators Battalion of the Treasury Police ( Batallón de Libertadores , Policía de Hacienda ) During the 1980s '' . Unhcr.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Alberto R. Coll , `` Soviet Arms and Central American Turmoil , '' World Affairs , Summer 1985 ; Roger Miranda and William Ratliff , The Civil War in Nicaragua ( Transaction , 1993 ) , pp97 - 125 , 135 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , March 14 , 1983 ( FMLN boast ) ; New York Times , July 28 , 1983 , July 12 , 1984 ( commander ) ; New York Times , April 28 , 1985 ( offer ) . See Robert P. Hager , `` Soviet Bloc Involvement in the Salvadoran Civil War , '' Communist and Post-Communist Studies , December 1995 , pp437 - 70 . Jump up ^ Roger Miranda and William Ratliff , The Civil War in Nicaragua ( Transaction , 1993 ) , pp 138 -- 48 ; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The KGB and the World : The Mitrokhin Archive II ( Penguin , 2006 ) , pp123 - 4 . Jump up ^ Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador , UN Security Council S / 25500 , April 1 , 1993 , pp29 , 36 . Jump up ^ Richard Allen Greene . Critics question Reagan legacy . BBC News , June 9 , 2004 Jump up ^ Editorial ( Spring 2012 ) . `` Central America : Legacies of War '' . NACLA Report on the Americas . 45 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. clears military vehicles for export to guatemala '' . New York Times . June 19 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicles sold to Guatemala ; rights issue ignored '' . The Palm Beach Post . June 19 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala to get U.S. Military Aid '' . The Pittsburgh Press . June 19 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Truck sale approved '' . The Bulletin . June 19 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Efrain Rios Montt Seizes Power , Amnesty for Human Rights Violators '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Security Archive . February 1983 . ( Ríos Montt Gives Carte Blanche to Archivos to Deal with Insurgency ) CIA , secret cable Jump up ^ `` Guatemala : Memory of Silence , Report of the Commission for Historical Clarification '' . Shr.aaas.org . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Magnuson , Ed ( 21 November 1983 ) . `` Getting Back to Normal '' . Time . Jump up ^ Steven F. Hayward . The Age of Reagan : The Conservative Counterrevolution : 1980 -- 1989 . Crown Forum . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5357 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations General Assembly resolution 38 / 7 , page 19 '' . United Nations . 2 November 1983 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Falklands and the White House , broadcast April 2007 '' . News.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Suchet , Richard . `` Reagan 's Last - Ditch Falklands Plea Revealed '' . News.sky.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ D. George Boyce , The Falklands War , Palgrave MacMillan , ( 2005 ) . page 92 . Also see Richardson , L. , When Allies Differ : Anglo - American relations during the Suez and Falklands Crises , London , ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan Oral History Project , Final Edited Transcript , The Falklands Roundtable , May 15 -- 16th 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Washington D.C . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan Readied U.S. Warship for ' 82 Falklands War '' . News and Analysis . United States Naval Institute . June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Graham Smith ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Not so neutral after all : Ronald Reagan made secret plans to loan U.S. warship to Britain if aircraft carrier was lost during Falklands War '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan ' cleared US ship for Falklands ' '' . defencemanagement.com . June 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Message on the Observance of Afghanistan Day by U.S. President Ronald Reagan , March 21 , 1983 Jump up ^ Barlett , Donald L. ( 2003 - 05 - 13 ) . `` The Oily Americans '' . Time . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Peter . Holy War , Inc . New York : Free Press , 2001 . Pg. 66 Jump up ^ The New Republic , `` TRB FROM WASHINGTON , Back to Front '' by Peter Beinart , October 8 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan -- Background '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ William D. Hartung ( October 27 , 2006 ) . `` We Arm The World '' . TomPaine.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ See Jason Burke , Al - Qaeda ( Penguin , 2003 ) , p59 ; Steve Coll , Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA , Afghanistan and Bin Laden ( Penguin , 2004 ) , p87 ; Peter Bergen , The Osama bin Laden I Know ( Free Press , 2006 ) , pp60 - 1 ; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The Mitrokhin Archive II : The KGB and the World ( Penguin , 2006 ) , p579n48 . Jump up ^ Hampson , Rick . `` 25 years later , bombing in Beirut still resonates . '' USA Today , October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Tower , John ; Muskie , Edmund ; Scowcroft , Brent ( 1987 ) . Report of the President 's Special Review Board . Bantam Books . p. 104 . ISBN 9780553269680 . In 1983 , the U.S. helped bring to the attention of Tehran the threat inherent in the extensive infiltration of the government by the communist Tudeh Party and Soviet or pro-Soviet cadres in the country . Using this information , the Khomeini government took measures , including mass executions , that virtually eliminated the pro-Soviet infrastructure in Iran . Available online here . Jump up ^ U.S. historians pick top 10 presidential errors -- Associated Press , February 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ Timothy J. Geraghty ( 2009 ) . Peacekeepers at War : Beirut 1983 -- The Marine Commander Tells His Story . Potomac Books . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59797 - 595 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lou Cannon and Carl M. Cannon ( 2007 ) . Reagan 's Disciple : George W. Bush 's Troubled Quest for a Presidential Legacy . PublicAffairs . p. 154 . Jump up ^ http://www.merip.org/mer/mer155/saudi-arabia-reagan-doctrine#24 Jump up ^ Samantha Maiden ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` US planned to fire missile at Australia , secret Cabinet papers from the 1980s reveal '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US rocket plan became Hawke 's first setback '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hawke Government events : 1985 '' . The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Library . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Ted ( 1986 ) . `` Pursuing a Strategic Divorce : The U.S. and the Anzus Alliance '' . Cato Institute Policy Analysis . Cato Institute ( 67 ) : 4 -- 5 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Ships to Visit Sydney , '' The Southland Times , February 22 , 1985 , p. 1 Jump up ^ US Ships to Visit Australian Ports , '' New Zealand Herald , February 22 , 1985 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Bassett , Michael , `` The Collapse of New Zealand 's Military Ties with the United States , '' in Amongst Friends : Australian and New Zealand Voices from America , edited by Patty O'Brien and Bruce Vaughn , Otago University Press , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 877276 - 93 - 6 , p. 133 - 41 Jump up ^ Ayson , Robert ; Phillips , Jocks ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` United States and New Zealand -- Nuclear - free 1980s '' . Te Ara -- The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Loudon , Trevor ; Moran , Bernard ( March 22 , 2007 ) . `` The untold story behind New Zealand 's ANZUS breakdown '' . National Observer . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gustafson , Barry ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 2 : New Zealand in the Cold War World '' . In Trapeznik , Alexander ; Fox , Aaron . Lenin 's Legacy Down Under . Otago University Press . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 1 - 877276 - 90 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear - free legislation -- nuclear - free New Zealand '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 30 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US Wielding Big Stick Over Ban , '' New Zealand Herald , February 7 , 1985 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Bill Seeks Action on NZ Stand , '' New Zealand Herald , February 8 , 1985 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Ban Will Not Hurt NZ Says Official , '' New Zealand Herald , February 8 , 1985 , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Policy on the New Zealand Port Access Issue ' , National Security Decision Directive 193 , 21 October 1985 '' . Intelligence Program . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Templeton , Malcolm ( 2006 ) . Standing Upright Here : New Zealand in the nuclear age , 1945 -- 1990 . Wellington : Victoria University Press . pp. 499 , 502 . ISBN 0 - 8647354 - 0 - 5 . Jump up ^ Paul Spoonley , `` Being British , '' in Revival of the Right : New Zealand Politics in the 1980s , edited by Bruce Jesson , Allanah Ryan , and Paul Spoonley , Heinemann Reed , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 7900 - 0003 - 2 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Fisher , Richard D. ( April 21 , 1989 ) . `` Dealing with Wayward New Zealand '' . Asian Backgrounder . Heritage Foundation 's Asian Studies Center ( 90 ) : 10 -- 12 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Samantha Power : `` A Problem from Hell '' : America and the Age of Genocide , pg. 163 Jump up ^ `` Cold War , '' A Dictionary of World History . Oxford University Press , 2000 . Oxford Reference Online . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ ( see Dissolution of the USSR ) External links ( edit ) U.S. Policy Towards the Contras from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Address to the Nation on the Soviet Attack on a Korean Civilian Airliner The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library The Reagan Files : Collection of thousands of top - secret documents from the Reagan Administration . Wise , Harold Lee ( 2007 ) . Inside the Danger Zone : The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987 -- 88 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 970 - 3 . Mireya Navarro , `` Guatemala Study Accuses the Army and Cites US Role , '' New York Times , February 27 , 1999 Larry Rohter , `` Searing Indictment , '' New York Times , February 27 , 1999 Michael Shifter , `` Can Genocide End in Forgiveness ? '' Los Angeles Times , March 7 , 1999 `` Coming Clean on Guatemala , '' editorial , Los Angeles Times , March 10 , 1999 Michael Stetz , `` Clinton 's Words on Guatemala Called ' Too Little , Too Late , ' '' San Diego Union - Tribune , March 16 , 1999 . Robert Service , ' The End of the Cold War : 1985 - 1991 ( 2015 ) excerpt Frederick Kempe , Divorcing the Dictator ( New York , Putnam , 1990 ) , ppg 26 -- 30 , 162 . Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall , Cocaine Politics ( New York , University of California Press , 1991 ) , ppg 65 -- 70 . Philip W. Travis , Reagan 's War on Terrorism in Nicaragua : The Outlaw State ( Lanham MD : Lexington Books , 2016 ) ISBN 978 - 1498537179 Nigel Hey , The SDI Enigma : Behind the Scenes of the Cold War Race for Missile Defense ( Dulles , Va. , Potomac Books , 2006 ) , 275 pp . Wilson , James Graham ( 2014 ) . The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability , Reagan 's Engagement , and the End of the Cold War . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801452295 . <Th_colspan="2"> Revolutions of 1989 Internal background Era of Stagnation Communism Anti-communism Criticism of communist party rule Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc economies Eastern Bloc politics Eastern Bloc media and propaganda Eastern Bloc emigration and defection KGB Nomenklatura Shortage economy Totalitarianism Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies International background Active measures Cold War List of socialist states People Power Revolution Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union Reagan Doctrine Soviet Empire Terrorism and the Soviet Union Vatican Opposition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Reforms Uskoreniye Perestroika Democratization in the Soviet Union Khozraschyot 500 Days Sinatra Doctrine Glasnost Socialism with Chinese characteristics Đổi mới Government leaders Ramiz Alia Nicolae Ceaușescu Mikhail Gorbachev Károly Grósz Erich Honecker Miloš Jakeš Egon Krenz Wojciech Jaruzelski Slobodan Milošević Mathieu Kérékou Mengistu Haile Mariam Ne Win Denis Sassou Nguesso Heng Samrin Deng Xiaoping Todor Zhivkov Siad Barre Opposition methods Civil resistance Demonstrations Human chains Magnitizdat Polish underground press Protests Samizdat Strike action Opposition leaders Lech Wałęsa Václav Havel Alexander Dubček Ion Iliescu Liu Gang Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Wang Dan Feng Congde Tank Man Joachim Gauck Sali Berisha Sanjaasürengiin Zorig Vladimir Bukovsky Boris Yeltsin Viacheslav Chornovil Vytautas Landsbergis Zianon Pazniak Zhelyu Zhelev Aung San Suu Kyi Meles Zenawi Isaias Afwerki Viktor Orbán Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Pope John Paul II Opposition movements Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation Charter 77 New Forum Civic Forum Democratic Party of Albania Democratic Russia Initiative for Peace and Human Rights Sąjūdis Peaceful Revolution People 's Movement of Ukraine Solidarity Popular Front of Latvia Popular Front of Estonia Public Against Violence Belarusian Popular Front National League for Democracy National Salvation Front Unification Church political activities Union of Democratic Forces Events by location Central and Eastern Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Soviet Union Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikstan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Elsewhere Afghanistan Angola Benin Burma Cambodia China Congo - Brazzaville Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South Yemen Individual events 1988 Polish strikes April 9 tragedy Black January Baltic Way 1987 -- 89 Tibetan unrest Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Removal of Hungary 's border fence with Austria Polish Round Table Agreement Hungarian Round Table Talks Pan-European Picnic Monday Demonstrations Alexanderplatz demonstration Malta Summit German reunification January Events in Lithuania January Events in Latvia 1991 protests in Belgrade August Coup Dissolution of the Soviet Union Later events Colour revolution Decommunization Lustration Democratization Economic liberalization Post-Soviet conflicts Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Post-communism Yugoslav Wars Pink Tide <Th_colspan="3"> Ronald Reagan <Td_colspan="3"> 40th President of the United States ( 1981 -- 1989 ) 33rd Governor of California ( 1967 -- 1975 ) Life and politics Birthplace Pitney Store Boyhood home Rancho del Cielo Filmography Presidential Library Death and state funeral Political positions Governship of California Namesakes and memorials Reagan Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Domestic policy Economic policy Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 Tax Reform Act of 1986 Assassination attempt Strategic Defense Initiative Foreign policy Reagan Doctrine Cold War 1st term 2nd term 1985 Geneva Summit 1986 Reykjavík Summit INF Treaty 1987 Washington Summit 1988 Moscow Summit Invasion of Grenada Iran -- Contra affair International trips The Grace Commission Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Administration scandals `` We begin bombing in five minutes '' Speeches Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine `` A Time for Choosing '' Reagan 's Neshoba County Fair `` states ' rights '' speech First inaugural address Second inaugural address `` Ash heap of history '' `` Evil empire '' `` Tear down this wall ! '' State of the Union : 1982 1984 1985 1986 Books Where 's the Rest of Me ? ( 1965 autobiography with Richard G. Hubler ) An American Life ( 1990 autobiography with Robert Lindsey ) The Reagan Diaries ( 2007 , edited by Douglas Brinkley ) Elections California gubernatorial election , 1966 1970 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1968 1976 1980 1984 Republican National Convention 1968 1976 1980 1984 Ronald Reagan presidential campaign , 1980 `` There you go again '' `` Make America Great Again '' United States presidential election , 1976 1980 1984 `` Morning in America '' `` Bear in the woods '' Popular culture In fiction In music U.S. Postage stamps The Day Reagan Was Shot ( 2001 film ) The Reagans ( 2003 film ) Reagan ( 2011 documentary ) The Butler ( 2013 film ) Killing Reagan ( 2016 film ) `` What would Reagan do ? 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Bush , Obama ) Stem cell Telecommunications Trade Visa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration&oldid=856635141 '' Categories : History of the foreign relations of the United States United States foreign policy Public policy of the Reagan administration Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 16 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Cold War and the rollback of Communism
2. Reagan Doctrine and support for anti-communist opposition
3. Escalation of the Cold War and military build-up
4. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and the arms race
5. Reagan's role in the peaceful end of the Cold War
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who did the ny giants beat in the super bowl
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New York Giants - wikipedia New York Giants Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current American football team . For the baseball team , see San Francisco Giants and History of the New York Giants ( baseball ) . For other uses , see New York Giants ( disambiguation ) . `` New Jersey Giants '' redirects here . For other uses , see Jersey Giant . <Th_colspan="2"> New York Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Current season <Td_colspan="2"> Established August 1 , 1925 ; 92 years ago ( August 1 , 1925 ) First season : 1925 Play in MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in the Quest Diagnostics Training Center East Rutherford , New Jersey <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Logo Wordmark <Th_colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations <Td_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 1925 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 ; 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1968 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> Current uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Team colors Dark Blue , Red , White <Th_colspan="2"> Personnel Owner ( s ) John Mara , Steve Tisch Chairman Steve Tisch President John Mara General manager Dave Gettleman Head coach Pat Shurmur <Th_colspan="2"> Team history <Td_colspan="2"> New York Giants ( 1925 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Team nicknames <Td_colspan="2"> Big Blue G - Men Jints Big Blue Wrecking Crew ( Linebackers , 1984 -- 1993 ) New York Football Giants <Th_colspan="2"> Championships <Td_colspan="2"> League championships ( 8 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 4 ) 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Super Bowl championships ( 4 ) 1986 ( XXI ) , 1990 ( XXV ) , 2007 ( XLII ) , 2011 ( XLVI ) <Td_colspan="2"> Conference championships ( 11 ) NFL Eastern : 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 NFC : 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 <Td_colspan="2"> Division championships ( 16 ) NFL East : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 NFC East : 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1997 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 , 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 32 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NFL : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Home fields <Td_colspan="2"> Polo Grounds ( 1925 -- 1955 ) Yankee Stadium ( 1956 -- 1973 ) Yale Bowl ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Shea Stadium ( 1975 ) Giants Stadium ( 1976 -- 2009 ) MetLife Stadium ( 2010 -- present ) The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . The Giants compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets in a unique arrangement . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and is the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest - established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre -- Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( Super Bowls XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y.A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the `` New York National League Football Company , Inc . '' in 1929 and changed to `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the `` New York Football Giants '' . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including `` Big Blue '' , the `` G - Men '' , and the `` Jints '' , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York . Additionally , the team as a whole is occasionally referred to as the `` Big Blue Wrecking Crew '' , even though this moniker primarily and originally refers to the Giants defensive unit during the 80s and early 90s ( and before that to the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball teams of the late 1970s and early 1980s ) . The team 's heated rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 , and has been called the best rivalry in the NFL in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team history 1.1 1925 -- 1932 1.2 1933 -- 1946 1.3 Fourth NFL championship and `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) 1.4 Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) 1.5 Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) 1.5. 1 First Super Bowl championship ( 1986 season ) 1.5. 2 Second Super Bowl championship ( 1990 season ) 1.6 Post-Parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) 1.7 Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 1.7. 1 NFC Champions ( 2000 season ) 1.8 Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Third Super Bowl championship ( 2007 season ) 1.8. 2 Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.8. 3 Fourth Super Bowl championship ( 2011 season ) 1.8. 4 Post-Super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 5 Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) 1.8. 6 Struggles ( 2017 ) 1.9 Timeline 2 Championships 2.1 League Championships 2.1. 1 Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships 2.1. 2 Super Bowl Championships 2.2 NFC Championships 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Ownerships , financial history and fan base 5 Rivalries 5.1 Philadelphia Eagles 5.2 Washington Redskins 5.3 Dallas Cowboys 5.4 San Francisco 49ers 5.5 New York Jets 6 Players of note 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 NFL MVP award winners 6.6 Super Bowl MVP award winners 6.7 First - round draft picks 7 Coaches of note 7.1 Current staff 8 Media , radio and television 8.1 Past 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Team history Main article : History of the New York Giants 1925 -- 1932 The Giants played their first game as an away game against All New Britain in New Britain , Connecticut , on October 4 , 1925 . They defeated New Britain 26 -- 0 in front of a crowd of 10,000 . The Giants were successful in their first season , finishing with an 8 -- 4 record . In its third season , the team finished with the best record in the league at 11 -- 1 -- 1 and was awarded the NFL title . After a disappointing fourth season ( 1928 ) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines , principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman , and merged the two teams under the Giants name . In 1930 , there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game , claiming the college `` amateurs '' played with more intensity than professionals . In December 1930 , the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City . It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro game . Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early , then defend . Rockne , like much of the public , thought little of pro football and expected an easy win . But from the beginning it was a one - way contest , with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another . Notre Dame failed to score . When it was all over , Coach Rockne told his team , `` That was the greatest football machine I ever saw . I am glad none of you got hurt . '' The game raised $100,000 for the homeless , and is often credited with establishing the legitimacy of the professional game for those who were critical . It also was the last game the legendary Rockne ever coached ; he was killed in an airplane crash on March 31 , 1931 . 1933 -- 1946 Al Blozis , Giants tackle , died in World War II . According to Mel Hein , `` If he had n't been killed , he could have been the greatest tackle who ever played football . '' In a 14 - year span from 1933 to 1947 , the Giants qualified to play in the NFL championship game 8 times , winning twice . During this period the Giants were led by Hall of Fame coach Steve Owen , and Hall of Fame players Mel Hein , Red Badgro and Tuffy Leemans . The period also featured the 1944 Giants , which are ranked as the # 1 defensive team in NFL history , `` ... a truly awesome unit '' . They gave up only 7.5 points per game ( a record that still stands ) and shut out five of their 10 opponents , though they lost 14 - 7 to the Green Bay Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game . The famous `` Sneakers Game '' was played in this era where the Giants defeated the Chicago Bears on an icy field in the 1934 NFL Championship Game , while wearing sneakers for better traction . The Giants played the Detroit Lions to a scoreless tie on November 7 , 1943 . To this day , no NFL game played since then has ended in a scoreless tie . The Giants were particularly successful from the latter half of the 1930s until the United States entry into World War II . They added their third NFL championship in 1938 with a 23 -- 17 win over the Green Bay Packers . Fourth NFL Championship and `` the greatest game ever played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) They did not win another league title until 1956 , aided by a number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players such as running back Frank Gifford , linebacker Sam Huff , and offensive tackle Roosevelt Brown , as well as all - pro running back Alex Webster . The Giants ' 1956 championship team not only included players who would eventually find their way to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , but a Hall of Fame coaching staff , as well . Head coach Jim Lee Howell 's staff had Vince Lombardi coaching the offense and Tom Landry coaching the defense . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants played in the NFL Championship Game five times , but failed to win . Most significantly , the Giants played the Colts in the 1958 NFL Championship Game , which is considered a watershed event in the history of the NFL . The game , which the Giants lost in overtime 23 -- 17 , is often called `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' and is considered one of the most important events in furthering the NFL 's popularity . The following year , they lost the championship to the Colts again , giving up a 9 - 7 4th quarter lead en route to a 31 -- 16 loss . Both the 1961 and 1962 championship game matched the Giants up against the Green Bay Packers , with the Giants losing both 37 - 0 and 16 - 7 respectively . In 1963 , led by league MVP quarterback Y.A. Tittle , who threw a then - NFL record 36 touchdown passes , the Giants advanced to the NFL Championship Game , where they lost to the Bears 14 -- 10 for their third consecutive championship loss , as well as their fifth loss in the title game in 6 years . Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) From 1964 to 1978 , the Giants registered only two winning seasons and no playoff appearances . With players , such as Tittle and Gifford approaching their mid 30s , the team declined rapidly , finishing 2 -- 10 -- 2 in 1964 . They rebounded with a 7 -- 7 record in 1965 , before compiling a league - worst 1 -- 12 -- 1 record , and allowing more than 500 points on defense in 1966 . During the 1969 preseason , the Giants lost their first meeting with the New York Jets , 37 -- 14 , in front of 70,874 fans at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut . Following the game , Wellington Mara fired coach Allie Sherman , and replaced him with former Giants fullback Alex Webster . In 1967 , the team acquired quarterback Fran Tarkenton from the Minnesota Vikings . Despite having several respectable seasons with Tarkenton at quarterback , including a 7 -- 7 finish in 1967 and 9 -- 5 in 1970 , the Giants traded him back to the Vikings after a 4 -- 10 finish in 1971 . Tarkenton would go on to lead the Vikings to three Super Bowls and earn a place in the Hall of Fame , while the Giants suffered through one of the worst stretches in their history , winning only 23 games from 1973 to 1979 . Before the 1976 season , the Giants tried to revive a weak offense by replacing retired RB Ron Johnson with future Hall of Fame fullback Larry Csonka , but Csonka was often injured and ineffective during his 3 years in New York . The 1977 season featured a roster that included three rookie quarterbacks . The Giants were allowed to play their home games at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut in 1973 and 1974 , and at Shea Stadium ( home of the Mets and Jets ) in 1975 , due to the renovation of Yankee Stadium . They finally moved into their own dedicated state - of - the - art stadium in 1976 , when they moved into Giants Stadium at the Meadowlands in East Rutherford , New Jersey . One of the low points during this period was the play known as the `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' , which occurred in 1978 . With the Giants trying to kill the clock and secure a win against the Philadelphia Eagles , offensive coordinator , Bob Gibson , chose to call a running play . This resulted in `` The Fumble '' by QB Joe Pisarcik that was returned for a game - winning touchdown by the Eagles ' Herman Edwards . The Giants ' front office operations were complicated by a long - standing feud between Wellington Mara and his nephew , Tim Mara . Jack Mara had died in 1965 , leaving his share of the club to his son Tim . Wellington and Tim 's personal styles and their visions for the club clashed , and eventually they stopped talking to each other . Commissioner Rozelle intervened and appointed a neutral general manager , George Young , allowing the club to operate more smoothly . The feud became moot on February 20 , 1991 , when Tim Mara sold his shares in the club to Preston Robert Tisch . Giants Stadium was home to the Giants from 1976 to 2009 . In 1979 , the Giants began the steps that would , in time , return them to the pinnacle of the NFL . These included the drafting of quarterback Phil Simms in 1979 , and linebacker Lawrence Taylor in 1981 . In 1981 , Taylor won the NFL 's Defensive Rookie of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year awards and the Giants made the playoffs for the first time since 1963 . One of the few bright spots during this time was the team 's excellent linebackers , who were known as the Crunch Bunch . After the strike - shortened 1982 season , in which they finished 4 -- 5 , head coach Ray Perkins resigned to take over the same position at the University of Alabama . In a change that would prove crucial in the coming years , he was replaced by the team 's defensive coordinator , Bill Parcells . Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) In 1983 , Bill Parcells was promoted to head coach from defensive coordinator . One of his first moves was to change his starting quarterback , sitting the injury - prone and struggling Phil Simms ( who had missed the entire 1982 season with an injury ) and electing instead to go with Scott Brunner , who had gone 4 - 5 as the starter in place of Simms in the strike - shortened previous season . Parcells went as far as to demote Simms to the third string position , promoting Jeff Rutledge over Simms to be Brunner 's backup . Parcells later said the move was a mistake and one he `` nearly paid for dearly '' as the team finished with a 3 -- 12 -- 1 record and his job security was called into question . In the offseason the Giants released Brunner and named Simms the starter . The move paid off as the team won nine games and returned to the playoffs . After beating the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card Round , the Giants prepared for a showdown against top - seeded San Francisco . The 49ers defeated the Giants 21 -- 10 in the Divisional Round . The 1985 Giants compiled a 10 -- 6 record and avenged their loss against San Francisco by beating them in the Wild Card round 17 -- 3 . However , they again lost in the Divisional Round , this time to the eventual Super Bowl champion Bears , by a score of 21 -- 0 . However , the following season would end with the Giants winning their first Super Bowl championship . First Super Bowl Championship ( 1986 season ) After 9 -- 7 and 10 -- 6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively , the Giants compiled a 14 -- 2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense . As of 2017 , this is the Giants ' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16 - game seasons in 1978 . After clinching the top seed in the NFC , the Giants defeated the 49ers 49 -- 3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs and the Redskins 17 -- 0 in the NFC championship game , advancing to their first Super Bowl , Super Bowl XXI , against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena . Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88 % completion percentage , they defeated the Broncos 39 -- 20 , to win their first championship since 1956 . In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor , the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells , tight end Mark Bavaro , running back Joe Morris , and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson . The Giants struggled to a 6 -- 9 record in the strike - marred 1987 season , due largely to a decline in the running game , as Morris managed only 658 yards behind an injury - riddled offensive line . The early portion of the 1988 season was marred by a scandal involving Lawrence Taylor . Taylor had abused cocaine and was suspended for the first four games of the season for his second violation of the league 's substance abuse policy . Despite the controversy , the Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and Taylor recorded 15.5 sacks after his return from the suspension . They surged to a 12 -- 4 record in 1989 , but lost to the Los Angeles Rams in their opening playoff game when Flipper Anderson caught a 47 - yard touchdown pass to give the Rams a 19 -- 13 overtime win . Second Super Bowl Championship ( 1990 season ) In 1990 , the Giants went 13 -- 3 and , at the time , set an NFL record for fewest turnovers in a season ( 14 ) . They defeated the San Francisco 49ers , who were attempting to win the Super Bowl for an unprecedented third straight year , 15 -- 13 at San Francisco and then defeated the Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 in Super Bowl XXV . Post-parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) Following the 1990 season , Parcells resigned as head coach and was replaced by the team 's offensive - line coach Ray Handley . Handley served as coach for two disappointing seasons ( 1991 and 1992 ) , which saw the Giants fall from Super Bowl champions to an 8 -- 8 record in 1991 and a 6 -- 10 record in 1992 . He was fired following the 1992 season , and replaced by former Denver Broncos ' coach Dan Reeves . In the early 1990s , Simms and Taylor , two of the stars of the 1980s , played out the last seasons of their careers with steadily declining production . The Giants experienced a resurgent season with Reeves at the helm in 1993 however , and Simms and Taylor ended their careers as members of a playoff team . Giants defensive end Justin Tuck at the Giants Super Bowl XLII parade on February 5 , 2008 . The Giants initially struggled in the post Simms / Taylor era . After starting 3 -- 7 in 1994 , the Giants won their final six games to finish 9 -- 7 but missed the playoffs . Quarterback Dave Brown received heavy criticism throughout the season . Brown performed poorly the following two seasons , and the Giants struggled to 5 -- 11 and 6 -- 10 records . Reeves was fired following the 1996 season . Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) In 1997 , the Giants named Jim Fassel , who had spent the previous season as offensive coordinator of the Arizona Cardinals , as their 16th head coach . Fassel named Danny Kanell the team 's starting quarterback . The Giants finished the 1997 season with a record of 10 -- 5 -- 1 and qualified for the playoffs for the first time in four years . However , they lost in the Wild Card round to the Vikings at home . The following year , the Giants began the season 4 -- 8 before rallying to finish the season 8 -- 8 . One of the notable games of that season was a win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos in week 15 , giving the Broncos their first loss of the season after starting 13 -- 0 . Before the 1999 season , the Giants signed ex-Carolina Panthers quarterback Kerry Collins . Collins was the first - ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1995 , and led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game in his second season . However , problems with alcohol , conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers . The Giants finished the season with a 7 -- 9 record , Fassel 's first losing season as head coach . NFC champions ( 2000 season ) In 2000 , the Giants were looking to make the playoffs for the first time in three seasons . The Giants started the season 7 -- 2 , but suffered back - to - back home losses to St. Louis and Detroit to make their record 7 -- 4 and call their playoff prospects into question . At a press conference following the Giants ' loss to Detroit , Fassel guaranteed that `` this team is going to the playoffs '' . The Giants responded , winning the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12 -- 4 and clinch the top seed in the NFC . In the Divisional Round , the Giants beat the Philadelphia Eagles 20 -- 10 at home to qualify for the NFC Championship Game , in which they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 . They advanced to play the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV . Though the Giants went into halftime down only 10 -- 0 , the Ravens dominated the second half . Their defense harassed Kerry Collins all game long , resulting in Collins completing only 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions . The Ravens won the game 34 -- 7 . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2001 , the Giants finished the 2002 season with a record of 10 -- 6 , qualifying for the playoffs as a wild card . This set up a meeting with the San Francisco 49ers in Candlestick Park in the Wild Card round . The Giants built up a sizable lead throughout the game , and led 38 -- 14 with 4 : 27 left in the third quarter . However , San Francisco rallied to win the game by one point , with the final score of 39 -- 38 . After a dismal 2003 season in which the Giants finished with a 4 -- 12 record , Jim Fassel was released by the Giants . His head coaching record with the Giants during this time was 58 -- 53 -- 1 . Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Tom Coughlin alongside George W. Bush at the White House to celebrate the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII championship . In 2004 , three years after their last Super Bowl appearance , Fassel was replaced by Tom Coughlin . Although Collins had several solid seasons as the Giants quarterback , he experienced his share of struggles . In 2004 , the Giants completed a draft day trade for University of Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning . Manning became the team 's starting quarterback in the middle of the 2004 season , taking over for Kurt Warner . During the three - year period from 2004 to 2006 , Tom Coughlin 's Giants compiled a 25 -- 23 regular season record and two appearances in the Wild Card Round -- both losses ( to the Carolina Panthers in 2005 and to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2006 . ) and spawned intense media scrutiny concerning the direction of the team . During this period in their history , standout players included defensive end Michael Strahan , who set the NFL single season record in sacks in 2001 , and running back Tiki Barber , who set a team record for rushing yards in a season in 2005 . Barber retired at the end of the 2006 season . Third Super Bowl Championship ( 2007 season ) The NFL Green Bay Packers in the shotgun formation against the New York Giants on September 16 , 2007 . Going into 2007 , the Giants had made the playoffs in back - to - back seasons . In 2007 , the Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 31 -- 10 on Monday Night Football . For the 2007 season , the NFL scheduled the Giants ' road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28 in London 's Wembley Stadium ; this was the first NFL regular - season game to be played outside of North America . The Giants defeated the Dolphins , 13 -- 10 . The Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and became NFC Champions after defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Dallas Cowboys , and Green Bay Packers in the NFC Playoffs . They set a record for most consecutive road wins in a single season with 10 ( a streak which ended with a loss to the Cleveland Browns during week 6 of the 2008 season ) . The Patriots ( 18 -- 0 ) entered the Super Bowl undefeated and were 12 point favorites going into game weekend . The Giants defeated the Patriots 17 -- 14 in Super Bowl XLII , aided by the famous `` Manning to Tyree '' pass . On this famous play , Manning escaped the grip of several Patriots defensive linemen , stepped up in the pocket , and heaved the ball down the middle of the field to a double covered David Tyree . With Rodney Harrison , a Patriots defensive back , all over Tyree , David managed to hold on to the ball by holding it on his helmet until he fell to the ground . This catch set up a Manning to Plaxico Burress touchdown pass in the back of the end zone to put the Giants in the lead . It was the third biggest upset by betting line in Super Bowl history ( the Baltimore Colts were favored by 17 over the New York Jets in Super Bowl III , and the St. Louis Rams were favored by 14 over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI ) . Co-owner John Mara described it as `` the greatest victory in the history of this franchise , without question '' . Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Main articles : 2008 New York Giants season , 2009 New York Giants season , and 2010 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2008 NFL season with a record of 11 -- 1 , but lost three of their last four regular season games partially due to a self - inflicted gunshot wound to wide receiver Plaxico Burress . However , the Giants still won the NFC East with a record of 12 -- 4 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC after beating the Carolina Panthers for home field advantage and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round of the playoffs , the Giants lost 23 -- 11 to the Philadelphia Eagles at home . In 2009 , the Giants opened a new training complex , the Timex Performance Center , also located in the Meadowlands . After starting 5 -- 0 in the 2009 season , New York lost to the likewise undefeated New Orleans Saints at the Superdome 48 -- 27 , beginning a four - game losing streak , in which they lost to the Arizona Cardinals 24 -- 17 , the San Diego Chargers 21 -- 20 and the Philadelphia Eagles 40 -- 17 . The streak was broken with a 34 -- 31 overtime victory against the Falcons . On Thanksgiving night , they lost to the Denver Broncos 26 -- 6 . The Giants next beat the division leading Cowboys . A week later , with a record of 7 -- 5 , they lost to the Philadelphia Eagles , 45 -- 38 . On December 27 , the Giants lost to the Carolina Panthers 41 -- 9 in their final game at Giants Stadium , and were eliminated from playoff eligibility . The Giants finished the season 8 -- 8 . Eli Manning lines up a pass just out of the reach of Houston Texans defenders in 2010 . Following the season , the Giants fired first - year defensive coordinator Bill Sheridan , and replaced him with the former Buffalo Bills interim head coach , Perry Fewell . The Giants defense finished 13th overall under Sheridan , giving up 324.9 yards per game , and the final two losses of the season against Carolina and Minnesota , in which the Giants gave up 85 points , ultimately led to the firing . In 2010 , the Giants moved from Giants Stadium into MetLife Stadium , then known as the `` New Meadowlands Stadium '' . They won against the Panthers in the very first game at the New Meadowlands , but then lost to the Colts in the second `` Manning Bowl '' , so - called due to Eli Manning 's brother Peyton playing for the Colts . The Giants dropped one game to the Tennessee Titans before going on a five - game winning streak , beating the Bears , Houston Texans , Lions , Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks . Before long , the Giants were 6 -- 2 , but lost two straight to division foes : to the Cowboys 33 -- 20 at home , and to the Eagles on the road , putting the G - Men in 2nd place in the NFC East at 6 -- 4 . In first place was the Eagles , but at December 19 they were both tied for first place at 8 -- 4 , setting up a match for first place . The Giants were at home , and led 24 -- 3 over the Eagles at halftime . The score was 31 -- 10 with 5 : 40 left in the game , but Michael Vick led the Eagles to three touchdown drives to tie the game up at 31 with 40 seconds left . After a Giants three - and - outs , Matt Dodge punted the ball to DeSean Jackson , who returned it for a touchdown , concluding the Giants ' epic collapse . The next game , the Giants lost to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers 45 -- 17 , and at 9 -- 6 , they faced the Redskins . They had to win and have the Packers lose in order to get into the playoffs . The Giants won 17 -- 14 , but the Packers beat the Bears 10 -- 3 , so the Giants missed out on the playoffs again , ending a collapse in which the Giants went 4 -- 4 in their last eight games . Fourth Super Bowl Championship ( 2011 season ) Main article : 2011 New York Giants season During the 2011 preseason , the Giants lost Kevin Boss , Steve Smith , Rich Seubert , Keith Bulluck , Derek Hagan , and Pro Bowl center Shaun O'Hara to free agency . However , the season also saw the emergence of second - year wide receiver Victor Cruz and second - year tight end Jake Ballard . The Giants opened their season with a 28 -- 14 loss to the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field on the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks . However , the Giants secured a 6 -- 2 record by the midpoint of the season , including road victories over the Philadelphia Eagles and the New England Patriots . The latter victory ended the Patriots ' NFL record home - game winning streak , after a touchdown pass from Manning to Jake Ballard with 15 seconds left in the game . Wide receiver Victor Cruz played a critical role in helping the Giants become world champions in 2011 . However , the Giants then suffered a four - game losing streak , including road losses against the resurgent San Francisco 49ers and the New Orleans Saints and home losses to the Eagles and the then - undefeated Green Bay Packers , to make their record 6 -- 6 entering December . The Giants broke their losing streak with a tightly contested 37 -- 34 road victory over the Cowboys on December 11 , but lost at home to the Washington Redskins the following week to make their record 7 -- 7 with a Christmas Eve showdown against their crosstown rival New York Jets the following week . The Giants won , 29 -- 14 , and knocked the Eagles out of playoff contention , to set up a Week 17 home game against the Cowboys in which the winner would clinch the NFC East while the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention . The game was flexed into Sunday Night Football . The Giants defeated the Cowboys , 31 -- 14 , and clinched the NFC East title and the fourth seed in the playoffs . Wide receiver Victor Cruz finished the regular season with 1,536 receiving yards , breaking the Giants franchise record previously held by Amani Toomer . On January 8 , 2012 in the first round of the playoffs the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24 -- 2 . After giving up an early safety in the first half , QB Eli Manning threw for three consecutive touchdowns . RBs Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs combined for 172 yards rushing , a season - high for the Giants . With the victory , the Giants advanced to the second round against the top - ranked Green Bay Packers . On January 15 , 2012 , the Giants defeated the Green Bay Packers 37 -- 20 . Eli Manning threw for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns , two of which to wide receiver Hakeem Nicks . This earned the Giants a spot in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2012 , against the San Francisco 49ers . They won this game 20 -- 17 , in overtime , with Tynes scoring the winning field goal as he did four years earlier in the same game against the Packers . The New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21 -- 17 . The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38 - yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham . As in Super Bowl XLII , Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP , defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl . Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game - winning touchdown by falling into the end zone . The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining . When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw , he told him not to score . Bradshaw was about to fall down at the 1 - yard line but his momentum carried him in , thus the `` reluctant touchdown . '' As was the case in each of their four previous Super Bowl appearances , the Giants trailed at halftime . They are the only team in NFL history to have more than two second half , come - from - behind , Super Bowl victories ( 4 ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers , who accomplished the feat in Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIV , are the only other team to do it more than once . Post-super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Main articles : 2012 New York Giants season , 2013 New York Giants season , 2014 New York Giants season , and 2015 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2012 season with a home loss to the Cowboys , but rebounded to finish October with a 6 -- 2 record and on a four - game winning streak that included a 26 -- 3 road victory against the eventual NFC champion San Francisco 49ers . Following the arrival of Hurricane Sandy in the Northeastern United States , the Giants lost back - to - back games against the Steelers and Bengals to fall to 6 -- 4 . Despite impressive blowout home victories over the Packers , Saints and Eagles , the Giants finished the season 9 -- 7 and out of the playoffs . The Redskins won the division with a 10 -- 6 record , only to lose to the Seahawks 24 -- 14 in Wild Card Weekend . QB Eli Manning , DE Jason Pierre - Paul , WR Victor Cruz , and G Chris Snee represented the Giants at the Pro Bowl . The 2013 New York Giants season began with hope that the Giants could become the first team to play in the Super Bowl in their home stadium , as MetLife Stadium was scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII that February . However , the Giants ' playoff hopes took a massive hit when they lost the first six games of the season . They rebounded to win the next four games in a row to improve to 4 -- 6 , but lost a critical home game to the Cowboys on a last - minute field goal . They finished the season 7 -- 9 and with a losing record for the first time since 2004 . The Giants drafted rookie wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the 2014 NFL Draft , who would later go on to win the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award . However , the Giants missed the playoffs for a third straight season , finishing with a 6 -- 10 record . The 2015 New York Giants season was another disappointing campaign , as the Giants showcased a struggling defense and several late - game collapses . The Giants finished the season with a 6 -- 10 record and missed the playoffs . Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) Main article : 2016 New York Giants season On January 14 , 2016 , the Giants announced that Ben McAdoo would become the team 's head coach . He replaced Tom Coughlin , who had resigned the previous week . The Giants turned it around in 2016 , ending their five - year playoff drought . The Giants later lost to the Green Bay Packers 38 -- 13 in the Wild Card round . Struggles ( 2017 ) Main article : 2017 New York Giants season After having high expectations due to their 11 -- 5 record in 2016 , the Giants had an unexpected 0 -- 5 start to the season , before pulling a massive upset versus the Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High for their first win of the season . However , during the Week 5 game against the Los Angeles Chargers , Odell Beckham Jr. fractured his fibula , an injury that ended his season . During the same game , the Giants also lost WRs Brandon Marshall and Dwayne Harris to season ending injuries . The season was also marred by suspensions to Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie and Janoris Jenkins . Timeline Season by season timeline of the New York Giants franchise including the team name , changes of Home Field , Postseason Championships Seasons , and coaches throughout the years . Championships League Championships The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships : 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 and 2011 . The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era . New York 's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships Before the Super Bowl was instituted , the Giants won four officially recognized NFL Championships . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1927 Earl Potteiger N / A N / A N / A 11 -- 1 -- 1 1934 Steve Owen New York , NY Chicago Bears 30 -- 13 8 -- 5 1938 Steve Owen New York , NY Green Bay Packers 23 -- 17 8 -- 2 -- 1 1956 Jim Lee Howell Bronx , NY Chicago Bears 47 -- 7 8 -- 3 -- 1 <Td_colspan="4"> Total NFL championships won : <Td_colspan="2"> 4 Super Bowl Championships The Giants have won four Super Bowls , tied with Green Bay for the fifth most behind only Dallas , San Francisco and New England ( all with 5 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 6 ) . Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena , CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa , FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale , AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis , IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 <Td_colspan="5"> Total Super Bowls won : <Td_colspan="2"> 4 NFC Championships The Giants have won five NFC Championship Games , including two in overtime in 2007 and 2011 . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells East Rutherford , NJ Washington Redskins 17 -- 0 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 15 -- 13 16 -- 3 2000 Jim Fassel East Rutherford , NJ Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 14 -- 5 2007 Tom Coughlin Green Bay , WI Green Bay Packers 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 20 -- 17 ( OT ) 13 -- 7 <Td_colspan="5"> Total NFC Championships won : <Td_colspan="1"> 5 Logos and uniforms Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Giants With over 80 years of team history , the Giants have used numerous uniforms and logos , while maintaining a consistent identity . The Giants ' logos include several incarnations of a giant quarterback preparing to throw a football , a lowercase `` ny '' , and stylized versions of the team nickname . Giants ' jerseys are traditionally blue or red ( or white with blue or red accents ) , and their pants alternate between white and gray . Currently , the Giants wear home jerseys that are solid blue with white block numbering , white pants with five thin blue / gray / red / gray / blue stripes on the pant legs , and solid blue socks . For this they gained their most renowned nickname , `` Big Blue '' . For road uniforms , they wear a white jersey with red block numbering and red `` Northwestern '' stripes on the sleeves , gray pants with three thin non-contiguous red / blue / red stripes on the pant legs , and solid red socks . The Giants ' current helmet is metallic blue with white block numbers , which are frontally mounted and base mounted on either side of a red stripe running down the center or frontally mounted and base mounted on the red center stripe itself . The Giants , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers , are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players ' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets . The helmet is adorned on both sides with the stylized white lower case `` ny '' logo and features a gray facemask . The home uniforms are generally similar to the design used from 1966 to 1974 , but with some slight elements from the 1956 -- 1961 uniforms . The road uniforms are essentially a modernization of the design used from 1956 to 1961 . Additionally , the Giants had a third jersey until the 2009 season , which recalled the Giants ' solid red home jerseys from the early 1950s : a solid red alternate with white block numbers . These jerseys were used a total of four times , but have since been retired . They were used once in 2004 against the Philadelphia Eagles and in three consecutive years -- 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 -- against the Dallas Cowboys . Ownerships , financial history and fan base Main article : Financial history of the New York Giants The Giants have had a long and , at times , turbulent financial history . The team was founded by Tim Mara with an investment of US $ 500 in 1925 and became one of the first teams in the then five - year - old NFL . To differentiate themselves from the baseball team of the same name , they took the name `` New York Football Giants '' , which they still use as their legal corporate name . Although the Giants were successful on the field in their initial seasons , their financial status was a different story . Overshadowed by baseball , boxing , and college football , professional football was not a popular sport in 1925 . The Giants were in dire financial straits until the 11th game of the season when Red Grange and the Chicago Bears came to town , attracting over 73,000 fans . This gave the Giants a much needed influx of revenue , and perhaps altered the history of the franchise . The following year , Grange and his agent formed a rival league and stationed a competing team , led by Grange , in New York . Though the Giants lost $50,000 that season , the rival league folded and was subsumed into the NFL . Following the 1930 season , Mara transferred ownership of the team over to his two sons to insulate the team from creditors , and by 1946 , he had given over complete control of the team to them . Jack , the older son , controlled the business aspects , while Wellington controlled the on - field operations . After their initial struggles the Giants financial status stabilized , and they led the league in attendance several times in the 1930s and 1940s . Giants estimated value from 1998 to 2006 according to Forbes magazine . By the early 1960s , the Giants had firmly established themselves as one of the league 's biggest attractions . However , rather than continuing to receive their higher share of the league television revenue , the Mara sons pushed for equal sharing of revenue for the benefit of the entire league . Revenue sharing is still practiced in the NFL today , and is credited with strengthening the league . After their struggles in the latter half of the 1960s and the entire 1970s , the Giants hired an outsider , George Young , to run the football operations for the first time in franchise history . The Giants ' on - field product and business aspects improved rapidly following the move . In 1991 , Tim Mara , grandson of the founder , was struggling with cancer and sold his half of the team to Bob Tisch for a reported $80 million . This marked the first time in franchise history the team had not been solely owned by the Mara family . In 2005 , Wellington Mara , who had been with the team since its inception in 1925 when he worked as a ball boy , died at the age of 89 . His death was followed two weeks later by the death of Tisch . In 2015 , Wellington 's widow and Giants co-owner Ann died due to complications from a head injury suffered in a fall . She was 85 years old . In 2010 , MetLife Stadium opened , replacing Giants Stadium . The new stadium is a 50 / 50 partnership between the Giants and Jets , and while the stadium is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority on paper , the two teams jointly built the stadium using private funds , and administer it jointly through New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation . The Giants had previously planned a $300 million renovation to the Meadowlands , before deciding in favor of the new stadium which was originally estimated to cost approximately $600 million , before rising to an estimated cost of one billion dollars . One advantage gained by owning the stadium is that the teams saved considerable money in tax payments . The teams leased the land from the state at a cost of $6.3 million per year . The state paid for all utilities , including the $30 million needed to install them . The Giants are owned and operated by John Mara and Steve Tisch . Forbes magazine estimated the value of the team in 2012 to be $1.3 billion . This ranks the New York Giants as the fourth most valuable franchise in the NFL and the ninth most valuable professional sports franchise in the world . The value has steadily increased from $288 million in 1998 , to their current value . The magazine estimated their revenue in 2006 at $182 million , of which $46 million came from gate receipts . Operating income was $26.9 million , and player salary was $102 million . Current major sponsors include Gatorade , Anheuser Busch , Toyota , and Verizon Wireless . Recent former sponsors include Miller Brewing and North Fork Bank . Luxury suites , retail and game day concessions at the new stadium are provisioned and operated by global hospitality giant Delaware North . The team 's average ticket price is $72 . The Giants draw their fans from the New York metropolitan area . Since their move to New Jersey in 1976 , fans from each state have claimed the team as their own . In January 1987 , shortly before the team won Super Bowl XXI , then New York City mayor Ed Koch labeled the team `` foreigners '' and said they were not entitled to a ticker - tape parade in New York City . On February 5 , 2008 , the city , under mayor Michael Bloomberg , threw a ticker tape parade in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII victory at the Canyon of Heroes in lower Manhattan . New York City held another ticker tape parade on February 7 , 2012 , in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLVI victory . According to a team spokesman , in 2001 , 52 percent of the Giants ' season ticket - holders lived in New Jersey . Most of the remaining ticket holders lived in New York State with some coming from other states . Through the lean years of the 1960s and 1970s the Giants , in spite of a 17 - year - long playoff drought , still accumulated a 20 - year - long waiting list for season tickets . It has been estimated that the Giants have a waiting list of 135,000 people , the largest of any North American professional sports franchise . Rivalries Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry The rivalry between the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles is one of the oldest in the NFL , dating back to 1933 . The two teams have frequently fought for playoff contention , NFC East titles , and respect . While the Giants have dominated this rivalry throughout most of its history , the series began to even in the 1980s , with the series lead to the Eagles 22 -- 21 through the 1990s and 2000s . The Giants lead the series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . The two teams have met four times in the postseason , with each team winning two games . Three of those four playoff meetings were held in the 2000s decade . New York City and Philadelphia have a strong geographic rivalry , as seen in other professional sports such as the Mets - Phillies rivalry in Major League Baseball , and the Flyers - Rangers and Devils - Flyers rivalries in the National Hockey League . Washington Redskins Main article : Giants - Redskins rivalry The Washington Redskins gather at the line of scrimmage against the Giants . The Giants have an old and storied rivalry with the Redskins , dating back to 1932 . While this rivalry is typically given less significance than the rivalries with the Eagles and Cowboys , there have been periods of great competition between the two . In the 1980s the Giants and Redskins clashed as both struggled against each other for division titles and even Super Bowl Championships . Most notable among these is the 1986 NFC Championship game in which the Giants defeated the Redskins 17 -- 0 to earn their first ever trip to the Super Bowl . Wellington Mara always felt this was the Giants oldest and truest rival , and after passing away in 2005 , the Giants honored their longtime owner by defeating the Redskins 36 -- 0 at home . The Giants lead this series 99 -- 67 -- 4 . The Giants 98 wins against the Redskins are tied for most wins against another franchise in NFL history , along with the Chicago Bears defeating the Detroit Lions 98 times . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The Giants have maintained a fierce divisional rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys since the Cowboys first began play in 1960 . The two teams have a combined nine Super Bowl victories between them , and have played many games in which the NFC East title was at stake . The rivalry is unique among professional sports as it is the only divisional rivalry between sports teams from New York City and Dallas , partially due to the large distance between the two cities . The Cowboys lead the regular season series 64 -- 45 -- 2 , while the Giants hold the lone playoff victory between the two teams , held at the conclusion of the 2007 season . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers - Giants rivalry Despite never being in the same division , the Giants and 49ers have developed a heated rivalry over the years . The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs ( including two NFC Championship Games , both won by New York ) since 1982 , which is the most of any two teams in that span . The overall series is tied 16 -- 16 , as is the postseason series , 4 -- 4 . New York Jets Main article : Giants -- Jets rivalry The Giants and Jets for many years had the only intracity rivalry in the NFL , made even more unusual by sharing a stadium . They have met annually in the preseason since 1969 . Since 2011 , this meeting has been known as the `` MetLife Bowl '' , after the naming sponsor of the teams ' stadium . Regular season matchups between the teams occur once every four years , as they follow the NFL scheduling formula for interconference games . Since the two teams play each other so infrequently in the regular season , some , including players on both teams , have questioned whether the Giants and Jets have a real rivalry . A memorable regular season game was in 1988 , when the Giants faced off against the Jets in the last game of the season , needing a victory to make the playoffs . The Jets played spoiler , however , beating the Giants 27 -- 21 and ruining the latter 's playoff hopes . A different scenario unfolded during the penultimate regular season game of 2011 as the `` visiting '' Giants defeated the Jets 29 -- 14 . The victory simultaneously helped eliminate the Jets from playoff contention and propel the Giants to their own playoff run and eventual win in Super Bowl XLVI . The Giants lead the overall regular season series 8 -- 5 and have won five of the past six meetings . Players of note Main article : List of New York Giants players Current roster <Th_colspan="10"> New York Giants roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 Eli Manning 5 Davis Webb Running backs 22 Wayne Gallman 28 Paul Perkins -- Jalen Simmons 43 Shane Smith FB -- Jonathan Stewart -- Terrell Watson Wide receivers 13 Odell Beckham Jr . 86 Marquis Bundy 6 Amba Etta - Tawo 82 Keeon Johnson -- Cody Latimer 18 Roger Lewis 15 Brandon Marshall 80 Darius Powe 83 Kalif Raymond 19 Travis Rudolph 8 Canaan Severin 84 Hunter Sharp 87 Sterling Shepard Tight ends 89 Jerell Adams -- Kyle Carter 85 Rhett Ellison 88 Evan Engram 81 Ryan O'Malley Offensive linemen 61 Nick Becton T 66 Adam Bisnowaty T 62 Ethan Cooper G 65 Jessamen Dunker G 74 Ereck Flowers T -- Laurence Gibson T 73 John Greco G 75 Jon Halapio C 77 John Jerry G 69 Brett Jones C 71 Damien Mama G -- Patrick Omameh G -- Nate Solder T 63 Chad Wheeler T Defensive linemen 64 Josh Banks DE 98 Damon Harrison NT -- Josh Mauro DE 78 Romeo Okwara DE 60 Kristjan Sokoli DE 99 Robert Thomas NT 94 Dalvin Tomlinson DE 79 Jordan Williams DE 72 Kerry Wynn DE Linebackers -- Thurston Armbrister ILB 55 Ray - Ray Armstrong ILB 93 B.J. Goodson ILB 44 Mark Herzlich ILB -- Kareem Martin OLB 39 Derrick Mathews ILB 91 Avery Moss OLB 46 Calvin Munson ILB 52 Alec Ogletree ILB 54 Olivier Vernon OLB Defensive backs 33 Andrew Adams SS 24 Eli Apple CB 21 Landon Collins SS 38 Donte Deayon CB 25 Brandon Dixon CB -- William Gay CB 20 Janoris Jenkins CB 31 Jeremiah McKinnon CB 36 Ryan Murphy SS -- Curtis Riley CB 30 Tim Scott CB -- Michael Thomas FS 27 Darian Thompson FS -- B.W. Webb CB -- Teddy Williams CB Special teams 51 Zak DeOssie LS -- Marshall Koehn K -- Austin Rehkow P 2 Aldrick Rosas K Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 9 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 78 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters <Td_colspan="10"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers <Td_colspan="4"> New York Giants retired numbers No . Player Position Career Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 7 Mel Hein C , LB 1931 -- 1945 11 Phil Simms QB 1979 -- 1993 14 Ward Cuff HB , WB 1937 -- 1945 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 16 Frank Gifford HB , WR 1952 -- 1964 32 Al Blozis OT 1942 -- 1944 40 Joe Morrison RB , WR 1959 -- 1972 42 Charlie Conerly QB 1948 -- 1961 50 Ken Strong HB 1933 -- 1947 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 Notes : Retired in 1935 , this was the first number to be retired by any team in major league sports . Posthumous honor . The number 14 was retired in honor of Ward Cuff in 1946 . Y.A. Tittle requested 14 after the Giants traded for him in 1961 , and it was retired a second time in 1964 at the conclusion of Tittle 's playing career . The number is now retired in honor of both players . Pro Football Hall of Famers In the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the Giants boast the second-most enshrined members with 29 . Tim Mara , Mel Hein , Pete Henry , Cal Hubbard and Jim Thorpe were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963 , while Defensive End Michael Strahan , the most recent Giant inducted , was a part of the Class of 2014 . Numerous members , including Larry Csonka , Ray Flaherty , Joe Guyon , Pete Henry , Arnie Herber , Cal Hubbard , Tom Landry , Don Maynard , Hugh McElhenny , and Jim Thorpe were at one time associated with the New York Giants , but they were inducted largely based on their careers with other teams . <Th_colspan="10"> New York Giants Hall of Famers No . Player Position Tenure Inducted No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 17 Red Badgro TE / DE 1930 -- 1935 1981 -- Tim Mara Owner and founder 1925 -- 1959 1963 79 Rosey Brown 1953 -- 1965 -- Wellington Mara Owner / Administrator 1937 -- 2005 1997 53 Harry Carson LB 1976 -- 1988 2006 13 Don Maynard WR 1958 39 Larry Csonka FB 1976 -- 1978 13 Hugh McElhenny RB 1963 1970 Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 1976 55 Steve Owen Coach 1926 -- 1933 1930 -- 1953 1966 6 Benny Friedman QB Coach 1929 -- 1931 1930 2005 -- Bill Parcells Coach 1983 -- 1990 2013 16 Frank Gifford HB 1952 -- 1960 1962 -- 1964 1977 81 Andy Robustelli DE 1956 -- 1964 1971 11 Joe Guyon RB 1927 1978 92 Michael Strahan DE 1993 -- 2007 2014 7 Mel Hein 1931 -- 1945 1966 50 Ken Strong HB / FB / K 1933 -- 1935 1939 1944 -- 1947 1967 55 Pete Henry OT 1927 1963 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1967 -- 1971 1986 38 Arnie Herber QB 1944 -- 1945 1963 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 1999 41 60 Cal Hubbard 1927 -- 1928 1936 1966 31 Jim Thorpe RB , DB 1925 1963 70 Sam Huff LB 1956 -- 1963 1982 14 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 1971 49 Tom Landry DB / P 1950 -- 1955 1982 45 Emlen Tunnell DB 1948 -- 1958 1967 Tuffy Leemans FB 1936 -- 1943 1990 73 Arnie Weinmeister DE 1950 -- 1953 1984 Ring of honor The New York Giants unveiled their own Ring of Honor on October 3 , 2010 during halftime of their Sunday Night Football matchup with the Chicago Bears . John Mara had long wished to create a Giants Ring of Honor and Hall of Fame to honor Giants who helped the franchise achieve each of their championships , and the building of MetLife Stadium resulted in the realization of that ambition . The organization had an inaugural induction class of 30 including players , coaches , owners and executives that have had a great impact on the organization . While the entire list of inductees was not revealed until the actual induction , the organization did confirm about a week before the ceremony that Phil Simms , Bill Parcells , Michael Strahan , Tiki Barber , Frank Gifford and Pete Gogolak would all be inducted . <Td_colspan="6"> New York Giants Ring of Honor Name Position No . Years active Championships Inducted Ernie Accorsi Executive -- 1994 -- 2007 -- 2016 Jessie Armstead LB 98 1993 -- 2001 -- Carl Banks LB 58 1984 -- 1992 1986 , 1990 2011 Tiki Barber RB 21 1997 -- 2006 -- Mark Bavaro TE 89 1985 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 2011 Al Blozis OT 32 1942 -- 1944 -- Rosey Brown OT 79 1953 -- 1965 1956 Harry Carson LB 53 1976 -- 1988 1986 Charlie Conerly QB 42 1948 -- 1961 1956 Tom Coughlin WR Coach Head Coach -- 1988 - 1990 2004 -- 2015 1990 , 2007 , 2011 2016 Frank Gifford RB / WR 16 1952 -- 1964 1956 Pete Gogolak 1966 -- 1974 -- Mel Hein C / LB 7 1931 -- 1945 1934 , 1938 Jim Lee Howell End Head Coach 21 , 81 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 1954 -- 1960 1938 , 1956 Sam Huff LB 70 1956 -- 1963 1956 Dave Jennings 13 1974 -- 1984 -- 2011 John Johnson Athletic Trainer -- 1948 -- 2008 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 2015 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 1938 Jack Lummus End 29 1941 -- 2015 Dick Lynch DB 22 25 1958 -- 1966 -- Jack Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1965 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Tim Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1959 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Wellington Mara Ball Boy / Executive / Owner -- 1925 -- 2005 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 George Martin DE 75 1975 -- 1988 1986 Joe Morrison WR / RB 40 1959 -- 1972 -- Steve Owen OT / Head coach 6 , 9 , 12 , 36 , 44 , 50 , 55 1926 -- 1953 1927 , 1934 , 1938 Bill Parcells Linebacker Coach / Defensive Coordinator / Head Coach -- 1979 , 1981 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 Andy Robustelli DE 81 , 84 1956 -- 1964 1956 Phil Simms QB 11 1979 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Chris Snee OG 76 2004 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2015 Michael Strahan DE 92 1993 -- 2007 2007 Ken Strong HB 50 1933 -- 1935 1939 , 1944 -- 1947 1934 Lawrence Taylor LB 56 1981 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Bob Tisch Owner -- 1991 -- 2005 -- Y.A. Tittle QB 14 1961 -- 1964 -- Amani Toomer WR 81 1996 -- 2008 2007 Justin Tuck DE 91 2005 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2016 Emlen Tunnell DB Scout / Assistant Head Coach 45 1948 -- 1958 1963 -- 1973 1956 Osi Umenyiora DE 72 2003 -- 2012 2007 , 2011 2015 Brad Van Pelt LB 10 1973 -- 1983 -- 2011 Alex Webster FB Head Coach 29 1955 -- 1964 1969 -- 1973 1956 2011 George Young Executive -- 1979 -- 1997 1986 , 1990 NFL MVP award winners <Td_colspan="4"> Giants NFL MVP winners Year Player Position Selector 1938 Mel Hein C , LB NFL 1956 Frank Gifford HB , WR NEA , UPI 1959 Charlie Conerly QB NEA 1961 Y.A. Tittle QB NEA 1962 Y.A. Tittle QB UPI 1963 Y.A. Tittle QB AP , NEA 1986 Lawrence Taylor LB AP , PFWA 1986 Phil Simms QB NEA Super Bowl MVP award winners Manning with the Lombardi Trophy during the Giants Super Bowl victory rally at Giants Stadium in 2008 . <Td_colspan="3"> Super Bowl MVP winners SB Player Position XXI Phil Simms QB XXV Ottis Anderson RB XLII Eli Manning QB XLVI First - round draft picks Main article : List of New York Giants first - round draft picks <Td_colspan="4"> Recent first - round draft picks Year Player College Position 2008 Kenny Phillips Miami ( FL ) DB 2009 Hakeem Nicks North Carolina WR Jason Pierre - Paul South Florida DE 2011 Prince Amukamara Nebraska DB 2012 David Wilson Virginia Tech RB 2013 Justin Pugh Syracuse OT 2014 Odell Beckham Jr . LSU WR 2015 Ereck Flowers Miami ( FL ) OT 2016 Eli Apple Ohio State CB 2017 Evan Engram Mississippi TE Coaches of note Main article : List of New York Giants head coaches Current staff <Th_colspan="7"> New York Giants staff <Td_colspan="7"> Front Office President / CEO -- John Mara Chairman / Executive Vice President -- Steve Tisch General Manager -- Dave Gettleman Assistant General Manager -- Kevin Abrams Senior Vice President of Player Personnel -- Chris Mara Director of Pro Personnel -- Ken Sternfeld Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Matt Shauger Director of Player Development -- David Tyree Head Coaches Head Coach -- Pat Shurmur Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Mike Shula Running Backs -- Craig Johnson Wide Receivers -- Tyke Tolbert Tight Ends -- Lunda Wells Offensive Line -- Hal Hunter Assistant Offensive Line -- Ben Wilkerson Offensive Assistant -- Ryan Roeder Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- James Bettcher Defensive Line -- Gary Emanuel Linebackers -- Bill McGovern Assistant Linebackers -- Rob Leonard Defensive Backs -- Lou Anarumo Assistant Defensive Backs -- Deshea Townsend Defensive Assistant -- Bobby Blick Special Team Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Thomas McGaughey Assistant Special Teams -- Anthony Blevins Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Aaron Wellman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Thomas Stallworth Director of Performance Nutrition -- Pratik Patel Performance Manager -- Joe Danos → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs <Td_colspan="7"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media , radio and television This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : New York Giants Radio Network As of 2010 , the Giants ' flagship radio station is WFAN , with games simulcast on WFAN - FM as of November 2012 . Beginning in 2012 , the Giants became WFAN 's top priority during the entire football season ; prior to that , games that conflicted with late season New York Mets baseball games in September and early October were moved to other CBS Radio owned stations . This arrangement only lasted for 2012 , and the Mets received priority again in 2013 . WFAN acquired the rights to New York Yankees games for 2014 , and thus the Giants ' schedule will be in conflict with them for the foreseeable future . When there is an overlap , Giants games are carried by WFAN 's sister station , WCBS - AM . Bob Papa on play - by - play and Carl Banks on color commentary are the Giants ' radio broadcast team , with Howard Cross as the sideline reporter . When Papa is unavailable to call games Chris Carrino , WFAN 's lead broadcaster for the Brooklyn Nets , substitutes for him . Games are carried over the New York Giants Radio Network over various stations in New York , Pennsylvania , Connecticut , and ( as of 2010 ) Mississippi . Preseason telecasts not seen nationally air in the area on WNBC , with WWOR - TV serving as an overflow station for when WNBC is airing other programming such as the Summer Olympic Games . Papa and Banks call these games on television , with studio host Paul Dottino as Papa 's substitute . WPIX - TV or WABC - TV will also air any Giants broadcast that is carried by ESPN , as per the local carriage rules ( WABC - TV corporate parent , The Walt Disney Company , holds an 80 % majority ownership stake in ESPN , and has a right of first refusal for these telecasts ) . Thursday Night Football games exclusive to NFL Network are carried locally by the producing network 's O&O , either WCBS - TV or WNBC . The Giants ' public address announcer at MetLife Stadium is Jim Hall , who for years was Bob Sheppard 's substitute at Yankee Stadium due to their very similar voices . Hall took over the Giants PA job after Sheppard elected to leave the position in 2005 to focus solely on his Yankee Stadium duties . Past WFAN has produced the Giants ' radio broadcasts since 1995 , but has not always aired them on the station . For 1995 , then - Giants flagship WOR continued to carry the games as they had for the previous two seasons . In 1996 the games were simulcast on WFAN and WOR , which caused some conflict as at the time , WFAN was the radio flagship of the New York Jets as well . To remedy the situation , beginning the next year WFAN moved the Giants ' radio broadcasts to the FM dial and sister station WNEW - FM , where they remained until the end of the 1999 season . In 2000 WFAN lost the Jets ' radio contract to WABC and the Giants moved back to WFAN where they have been ever since . The Giants ' longtime radio home was WNEW , where games aired from the mid-1950s until 1993 when the station was bought by Bloomberg L.P. and changed its format . Marty Glickman teamed with Al DeRogatis for a long stretch beginning in the early 1960s on WNEW . Chip Cipolla and later Sam Huff joined Glickman after DeRogatis left to join Curt Gowdy on NBC . After the WNEW split , games began airing on WOR . Glickman moved to the crosstown Jets in 1973 and was succeeded by Marv Albert . Jim Gordon succeeded Albert in 1977 , beginning an 18 - year tenure as the Giants ' play - by - play voice . Meanwhile , Dick Lynch took over as color analyst in 1976 and continued in that role through 2007 , with his last game being Super Bowl XLII , and retired following the season due to his advancing leukemia , which took his life in September 2008 . Eventually Gordon and Lynch were joined by Karl Nelson , a former lineman for the Giants . Gordon and Nelson were fired after the 1994 season , after which Papa took over the play - by - play ( after being studio host ) and led a two - man booth with Lynch . Dave Jennings joined the broadcast team in 2002 following his firing by the Jets , with whom he had worked since his 1987 retirement from the NFL . Jennings was moved to the pregame show after the 2006 season and was replaced by Carl Banks , leaving broadcasting altogether in 2008 due to his ongoing battle with Parkinson 's disease that he lost in 2013 . After WFAN began airing games Richard Neer served as pregame and postgame host . He was replaced by Sid Rosenberg , who was in turn fired by the station due to troubles and replaced by Chris Carlin . Carlin left in 2008 to focus full - time on his duties as SNY studio host and Rutgers athletics radio voice and was replaced by WWOR sports reporter and former WFAN host Russ Salzberg , who cohosted with Roman Oben after Jennings left . WEPN Giants beat reporter Paul Dottino was hired by WFAN to host the pregame show for 2009 and continues to be a part of the program . Anita Marks has hosted the pre - and post - game shows since 2010 , co-hosting with Dottino for home games and Oben for away games . The Giants were carried on the DuMont Network , then CBS ( New York 's Channel 2 ) in the early TV days of the NFL , when home games were blacked out within a 75 - mile radius of New York City . Chris Schenkel was their play - by - play announcer in that early era when each team was assigned its own network voice on its regional telecasts . At the time , there were few if any true national telecasts until the NFL championship game , which was carried by NBC . Schenkel was joined by Jim McKay , later Johnny Lujack through the 1950s and the early 1960s . As Giants players retired to the broadcast booth in the early and 1960s , first Pat Summerall , then Frank Gifford took the color analyst slot next to Schenkel . As the 1970 merger of the NFL and AFL approached , CBS moved to a more generic announcer approach and Schenkel was off the broadcasts . Giants regular - season Sunday telecasts moved to Fox when that network took over NFC telecasts in 1994 and are carried locally by WNYW . WCBS - TV and WPIX were previously home to Giants preseason telecasts in the 1990s , with WPIX serving as the Giants ' ( and Jets ' ) long time preseason home . After the NFC rights were lost by CBS , the Giants followed the conference 's broadcast rights to WNYW . WWOR became the Giants ' flagship TV station in the late ' 90s , and stayed so up until WNBC took over rights in 2005 . When the Giants first moved to WNYW , Mike Breen was their preseason play - by - play man . Sam Rosen was the television voice for some time afterward , except for two years when Curt Menefee ( then of WNYW ) was the voice . When the games moved to WWOR , Rosen regained the position and held it until 2004 . Former Giant receiver Phil McConkey became the early season analyst after his retirement and stayed in the booth for many years . See also New York City portal New Jersey portal Professional American football championship List of New York Giants seasons References Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 2013 Logo Slick '' ( PDF ) . New York Giants . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Training Camp to be held in NJ '' . New York Giants . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Albany No More : Giants To Hold 2013 Training Camp At The Meadowlands '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoovers.com Company Profile '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jimmy the Geek ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Wilmington Blogs : Pulp Culture The News Journal '' . delawareonline . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . ^ Jump up to : New York First Game & First Home Game Program , hapmoran.org . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New York Pro Eleven Takes Opening Game , The New York Times , October 5 , 1925 . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 1925 -- ) Archived April 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship games 1925 -- 1949 '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 83 Jump up ^ New York Giants vs. Notre Dame All Stars December 14 , 1930 , hapmoran.org . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert McG. , Jr . `` Two Giants Were Heroes Far From Playing Field '' , The New York Times , January 26 , 1991 . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonough , W. et al. `` 75 Seasons : The Complete Story of the National Football League 1920 - 1995 , '' Turner Publishing , Inc. and National Football League Properties , Atlanta , p. 86 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ The Detroit Free Press , November 8 , 1943 , p. 14 Jump up ^ The New York Times , November 8 , 1943 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : History of the New York Giants , sportsecyclopedia . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 272 Jump up ^ Kart , Larry . `` The Chicago Bears wins the 1963 NFL Championship '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1966 NFL Standings , Stats and Awards Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William M. Jets Beat Giants , 37 -- 14 ; Namath Completes 14 of 16 Passes , 3 for Scores ; Battle Returns Punt For 86 Yards 70,874 Fans See Jet Rookie Score in Yale Bowl -- Mathis Tallies Two Touchdowns , The New York Times , August 18 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard . Fans Show Mixed Emotions ; Bad Trades Laid To Team 's Pilot , The New York Times , September 13 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fran Tarkenton Archived January 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , vikingupdate.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael . Giants Go With Youth and Cut Ramsey ; McVay Draws a Line , The New York Times , September 13 , 1977 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Michael . 20 Seconds Left As Eagles Win ; Jets Bow ; Todd Reinjured , The New York Times , November 20 , 1978 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 1991 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Sports Of The Times ; The Feud That Won Super Bowls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Taylor Archived May 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie : ( 1 ) The New York Times , September 11 , 1982 - Scouting ; Crunch Bunch Jump up ^ `` HolidayCalendar '' . Giants.com. April 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy . `` Redskins - The Fifth Down Blog '' . Fifthdown.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship Games 1950 -- present '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Joe Morris Archived December 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 846 Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 914 Jump up ^ Fucillo , David . `` 49ers ' Year - by - Year : 1990 '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1994 New York Giants Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . Sports of The Times ; Brown Hopes To Wear Out Giant Fans , The New York Times , October 25 , 1994 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , Peter . Renewed and revitalized at 28 , Collins finally comes clean , Sports Illustrated , January 22 , 2001 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 New York Giants '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. Sports of The Times ; With Season at Crossroads , Fassel Dares His Team , The New York Times , November 27 , 2000 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl XXXV recap '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry . Nothing personal , San Diego ; Eli Manning just did n't want to be a Charger Archived October 3 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , U-T San Diego , September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Coughlin coaching profile , ESPN . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Giants confirm Coughlin to remain coach , USA TODAY , January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Strahan breaks Gastineau 's 17 - year - old record , ESPN , January 2001 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiki Barber plans to stay busy after retirement '' . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . , National Football League , February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PAUL NEWBERRY ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Giants win their fourth in a row , routing hapless Falcons 31 -- 10 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Halloran , Ryan ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Superbowl ( sic ) XLII preview '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants End Pats Perfect Season ; Win Super Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Opinion : Eli makes sure MVP stays in the family , NBC Sports.com , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vacchiano , Ralph . Improbable Super Bowl victory capped incredible Giant season , Daily News location = New York , February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 2009 ) . `` Manning and Giants Stopped Short in Bid to Repeat as Champs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` schedule_2009 '' . Giants.com . March 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NFL Stats : by Team Category . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Lose Season Opener Against Washington Redskins 28 - 14 : Rapid Reaction '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : New York Giants at New England Patriots -- 2011 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Odds and Interest : a Look at the 2013 NFL Pro Bowl '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Experience Will not Be a Part of Super Bowl XLVIII in New York / New Jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Fail to Live up to Talk and Guarantees , Fall 24 - 21 to Dallas Cowboys '' . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr . `` Happy '' to Land with New York Giants ; Recalls Past with Eli Manning `` . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ben McAdoo named New York Giants head coach '' . Giants.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giants injury updates : Odell Beckham Jr. to have season - ending ankle surgery '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rodgers - Cromartie suspended after blowup with McAdoo '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Giants suspend Janoris Jenkins indefinitely '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NFL CHAMPIONS 1920 - 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Giants '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 52 Jump up ^ NFL History : 1921 -- 1930 , National Football League / history . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carroll . pg. 126 Jump up ^ Pro Football Here to Stay , Says Mara ; Giants to Play Next Year Despite Losses -- Game Also to Remain at Ebbets Field. , The New York Times , December 19 , 1926 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Monte . Turning $500 Into A $573 Million NFL Team , Forbes , August 29 , 2003 . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tim Mara died in 1959 . Attendance Rises in Pro Football ; Grand Total for League Games and Extra Contests in 1939 Placed at 1,575,289 Increase 12.3 Per Cent Giants First For Home Crowds With 233,440 During Season -- Detroit Places Next , The New York Times , December 17 , 1939 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Pro Football set Attendance Mark ; National League Teams Played to More Than 1,600,000 Fans During 1940 Dodgers Drew 146,229 Washington , Pittsburgh Also Attracted Larger Crowds to Home Games , The New York Times , December 24 , 1940 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Attendance Gain for Pro Football ; Game Average 36.7 % Higher -- 1,072,469 at 40 Contests -- 55 Last Year Drew More , The New York Times , December 7 , 1943 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Teams valuation : 1998 - 2005 - New York Giants , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2006 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . Sports of the Times ; Ten Giant Steps to Superdom , The New York Times , January 25 , 1987 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald . Football ; Tisch Does n't Plan to Be A Figurehead for Giants , The New York Times , February 22 , 1991 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . Wellington Mara , the Patriarch of the N.F.L. , Dies at 89 , The New York Times , October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Giants co-owner Ann Mara dies at age 85 '' . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2004 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen. `` # 9 New York Giants -- Kurt Badenhausen '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Two states claim NFC champion Giants as their own , Sports Illustrated , January 19 , 2001 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( January 13 , 1987 ) . `` Pre-Super Bowl Scrimmage : So Whose Giants Are They ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik . New York 's Giants Victory Parade Set for Tomorrow , Bloomberg L.P. , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Greg ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Moments in the Giants - Redskins Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Head - to - Head Records - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Sphigel , Ben ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Jets ' Players Are Asking Themselves : Is This a Rivalry Game ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Giants ' Weatherford : Beating Jets is ' sweet ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ B , John . `` Jets vs. Giants : How Big of a Rivalry Is It ? '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DelVecchio , Steve . `` Bart Scott : Jets - Giants Not a Rivalry Because You Do n't Have to Fight Over Strippers in New York '' . Larry Brown Sports . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Scouts reveal their sleepers '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League , August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Retired Jersey Numbers '' . Big Blue Interactive . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall of Famers by Team , profootballhof.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Landry Player stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Headlines -- Story -- Giants to Unveil Ring of Honor '' . Giants.com . September 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants New Ring Of Honor : Who Deserves A Spot ? '' . Bleacher Report . September 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants.com - TV & Radio Gameday Guide '' . Bibliography Carroll , John Martin ( 1999 ) . Grange and the Rise of Modern Football . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07166 - 2 . Neft , David S. ; Cohen , Richard M. ; Korch , Rick ( 1994 ) . The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 . Steinbreder , John ( 1999 ) . Giants : 75 Years of Championship Football ( second ed . ) . Dallas : Taylor Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 159 - X . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Giants . Official website New York Giants at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) <Th_colspan="2"> New York Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford , New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks History 1925 -- 78 1979 -- 93 1994 -- present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I 'm going to Disney World ! 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1. New York Giants - American football team
2. MetLife Stadium - home stadium of the Giants
3. Championships - 8 NFL championships and 4 Super Bowl championships
4. Rivalries - Philadelphia Eagles, Washington Redskins, Dallas Cowboys
5. Bill Parcells era - success under head coach Bill Parcells
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who sang honey don't by the beatles
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Honey Do n't - wikipedia Honey Do n't Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Honey Do n't '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Carl Perkins A-side `` Blue Suede Shoes '' Released January 1 , 1956 Recorded December 1955 , Sun Studio , Memphis , Tennessee Genre Rockabilly Length 2 : 53 Label Sun Songwriter ( s ) Carl Perkins Producer ( s ) Sam Phillips `` Honey Do n't '' is a song written by Carl Perkins , originally released on January 1 , 1956 as the B - side of the `` Blue Suede Shoes '' single , Sun 234 . Both songs became rockabilly classics . Bill Dahl of Allmusic praised the song saying , `` ' Honey Do n't ' actually outclasses its more celebrated platter - mate in some ways . '' It has been covered by more than 20 other artists , including The Beatles , Ronnie Hawkins and Johnny Rivers . The song also appeared in the movies Prince of Tides , Diner , and Perfect Sisters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The Beatles version 2.1 Personnel 3 Other covers 4 Notes Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to David McGee , author of Go , Cat , Go ! The Life and Times of Carl Perkins , the King of Rockabilly , Carl Perkins first brought the song to a rehearsal with his band which at the time comprised the Perkins brothers and W.S. Holland : Carl Perkins -- lead guitar and vocals Jay Perkins -- acoustic guitar and backing vocals Clayton Perkins -- standup bass W.S. Holland -- drums When Carl first played the song to Jay , Jay protested what sounded to him like an odd chord choice , going to a C7 chord after the E instead of the natural blues progression choice of A. At first , Jay refused to go along , but Carl convinced him it was something different , and today the chord choice is one of the most interesting aspects of the song . Perkins and his band performed the song , along with `` Blue Suede Shoes '' , during their television debut on ABC - TV 's Ozark Jubilee on March 17 , 1956 . 1956 sheet music cover , Hill and Range Songs , Inc. , New York . The Beatles version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Honey Do n't '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by the Beatles <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Beatles for Sale Released 4 December 1964 ( mono and stereo ) Recorded 26 October 1964 , EMI Studios , London Genre Rockabilly Length 2 : 55 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Carl Perkins Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles recorded their version on October 26 , 1964 one of the last songs recorded for Beatles for Sale , which was released in the United Kingdom on December 4 , 1964 . The North American release was on December 15 on Beatles ' 65 . Although John Lennon had previously sung the song live , Ringo Starr performed it for the album , his requisite one lead vocal per album ( although he sang two lead vocals on The Beatles and none on , A Hard Day 's Night , Magical Mystery Tour , and Let It Be ) . During the song , he makes self - referential remarks leading into Harrison 's guitar riffs , saying , `` Rock on George , one time for me ! '' and then `` Rock on , George , for Ringo one time ! '' The Monkees referenced the latter remark leading into the instrumental break of their song `` No Time '' from their 1967 album Headquarters . The Beatles performed the song twice for the BBC for the From Us To You and Top Gear programs . A version sung by Lennon is available on Live at the BBC. and a version sung by Starr was released on On Air -- Live at the BBC Volume 2 . Ringo Starr performed a live version of the song , as a tribute to George Harrison for their fondness of Perkins , at the Concert for George at London 's Royal Albert Hall in 2002 . Paul McCartney 's publishing company MPL Communications administers the rights to the song , originally published by Hi Lo Music , Inc. , BMI . Along with `` Matchbox '' , `` Honey Do n't '' is one of the rare songs that all four Beatles have recorded or performed on stage ( see section below ) . Personnel ( edit ) Ringo Starr -- lead vocal , drums , tambourine George Harrison -- lead guitar John Lennon -- acoustic rhythm guitar Paul McCartney -- bass guitar Personnel per Ian MacDonald Other covers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Johnzo West recorded the song for the 2014 Perfect Sisters movie soundtrack . Ronnie Hawkins on Mr. Dynamo album , 1960 . Billy `` Crash '' Craddock covered the song on his 1986 album Crash Craddock . Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band , 1989 , Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band 1990 live album , 1995 , 2003 , 2006 , 2010 - 2011 tours , Blue Suede Shoes : A Rockabilly Session , 1985 , and The Concert For George , 2003 . Johnny Rivers covered the song on his album Memphis Sun Recordings , released in 1991 . Gene Summers performed `` Honey Do n't '' , during a live concert , that was filmed and broadcast by Warner Amex Television in 1983 . Ben Folds Five on the collection Vault Volume II ( 1998 - 2003 ) . Raul Seixas covered the song on his 1975 album Novo Aeon . T. Rex featuring Marc Bolan recorded the song in 1971 ; Electric Warrior Sessions album , 1997 . Wanda Jackson covered the song on her 1964 album Two Sides of Wanda Jackson . John Lennon recorded the song in the 1970s , released on the 2010 remasters collection , John Lennon Signature Box . Lee Rocker on the 2012 album Night Train to Memphis . Homer and the Dont 's on the 1965 album Shindig , as `` Homer Do n't '' . Shakin ' Stevens and The Sunsets , CBS single , I 'm No J.D. album , 1971 Glen Glenn and The Maddox Brothers live on the Squeakin ' Deacon Show in 1957 . Vince Taylor recorded the song in 1965 . Rhythm and Blues , Inc. released the song in 1964 as a B side single on Fontana . Tyrone Schmidling released the song as a 45 single in 1958 on Andex , 3 - 4022 . George Harrison performed the song live on stage in 1987 with the Silver Wilburys at the Palomino Club in Hollywood and with Carl Perkins in 1988 . Paul McCartney has performed the song in sound checks during the On the Run Tour in 2011 . Eugene Chadbourne , There 'll Be No Tears Tonight album , 1980 . Memphis Rockabilly , Boston Does The Beatles , 1988 Skitzo , Terminal Damage , 1988 Blinkit on the 2000 album Rock Billy Boogie ! Johnny Devlin on the Prestige album How Would Ya Be . Mac Curtis in 1970 as a 45 single on Epic Records , 5 - 10574 . Elvis Costello performed it with Ricky Skaggs , Brian Setzer , and Marty Stuart at a 1997 - 02 - 05 taping for Ricky Skaggs ' TV show on TNN . Joe Walsh with Steve Earle for the motion picture The Beverly Hillbillies , 1993 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Carl Perkins interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ `` '' Blue Suede Shoes '' story `` . Rockabillyhall.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Bill . `` Review of `` Honey Do n't '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Bill . `` All performers for `` Honey Do n't '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . p. 201 . Jump up ^ Honey Do n't . About.com . Jump up ^ Live at the BBC ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . 1996 . p. 46 . 34448 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . p. 141 . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Jump up ^ Concert for George ( booklet ) . Various artists . Los Angeles : Warner Brothers . 2003 . p. 25 . R2 74546 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Beatles for Sale Songs Side one `` No Reply '' `` I 'm a Loser '' `` Baby 's in Black '' `` Rock and Roll Music '' `` I 'll Follow the Sun '' `` Mr. Moonlight '' `` Kansas City '' / `` Hey , Hey , Hey , Hey '' Side two `` Eight Days a Week '' `` Words of Love '' `` Honey Do n't '' `` Every Little Thing '' `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` What You 're Doing '' `` Everybody 's Trying to Be My Baby '' Non-album single `` I Feel Fine '' `` She 's a Woman '' Outtakes `` Leave My Kitten Alone '' Related articles Beatles for Sale ( EP ) Beatles for Sale No. 2 Beatles ' 65 Beatles VI The Beatles discography <Td_colspan="2"> Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey_Don%27t&oldid=821477047 '' Categories : Rockabilly songs The Beatles songs Carl Perkins songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Billy `` Crash '' Craddock songs Gene Summers songs Songs written by Carl Perkins Song recordings produced by Sam Phillips Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Honey Do n't" - a song by Carl Perkins
2. Rockabilly classics - "Honey Do n't" and "Blue Suede Shoes"
3. The Beatles' version of "Honey Do n't"
4. Other artists who have covered "Honey Do n't"
5. Background and history of the song "Honey Do n't"
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226,700,127,060,527,600 |
who plays becky on the us cellular commercial
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Darien Sills - Evans - wikipedia Darien Sills - Evans Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Darien Sills - Evans ( 1974 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Brooklyn , New York City , New York , United States Occupation actor , writer , comedian , director Years active 1995 -- present Darien Sean Evans , better known by his stage name , Darien Sills - Evans , ( October 11 , 1974 ) is an American actor , writer , comedian , and director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television Career 2 Cinema Career 3 Comedy 4 Filmography and awards 4.1 Director 4.2 Producer 4.3 Actor 5 References 6 External links Television career ( edit ) Early in his career , Evans was best known for his television career including playing `` Darien '' on 17 episodes of the CBS sitcom Cosby from 1998 until 2000 , and as `` Dr. Fields '' on the NBC drama Third Watch in 22 episodes from 2002 until 2005 . Other guest appearances include Law & Order , New York Undercover , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , The Black Donnellys , and Person of Interest . More recently , he played `` Darnell Nichols '' on 8 episodes of Treme between 2011 and 2013 . Since at least 2011 , Evans has been the national spokesperson for U.S. Cellular . Cinema career ( edit ) Sills - Evans wrote , directed and starred in the 2002 film X-Patriots , a romantic comedy about two black American men who travel to the Netherlands -- a place where no one looks like them -- in search of self - identity . X-Patriots was named Best Feature Drama and a Critic 's Choice at the Angelciti Film Festival in Chicago , and an official selection at the Boston Film Festival , the Newark Black Film Festival and the Sidewalk Film Festival . He financed the film with money he earned from his appearances on Cosby . In 2005 , Sills - Evans was associate producer and starred in The Reception directed by John G. Young which had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival . The film subsequently played at numerous festivals in the U.S. , including Outfest in Los Angeles , where Sills - Evans earned a best actor award . In 2009 , co-wrote and produced the feature film Rivers Wash Over Me directed by John G. Young ( of The Reception ) . The film became the centerpiece movie of the 2009 NewFest Festival . At the 2009 Outfest in Los Angeles , the leading role actor Derrick L. Middleton in the movie won the Grand Jury Award for `` Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film '' . Darien Sills - Evans also appears in the film in the role of Charles King . In 2010 , Sills - Evans directed the short film , `` Dream House '' , written and produced by Caytha Jentis . In 2010 , Sills - Evans wrote and directed six episodes of `` MC Extra Cheese : The 40 - Year - Old Rapper '' for American Cheesehole Productions . The pilot was nominated for Best Pilot at the 2012 Bannf World Media Festival . In addition to his entertainment work , Sills - Evans has worked in the industrial video field directing and producing educational titles like I Do n't Have A Problem : The Path To Addiction and Student Workshop : Building Character . Comedy ( edit ) Sills - Evans has appeared in comedy venues across the United States . In 2010 he founded Tipsy Hustle , a comedy show and open mic that continues at The Five Spot Soul Food Restaurant in Brooklyn , New York and at The Improv Space in Los Angeles . In 2014 , Sills - Evans began production on RaceMan , a weekly podcast that features comedians - usually persons of color - discussing newsworthy events and pop culture . Filmography and awards ( edit ) Director ( edit ) 2002 : X-Patriots Producer ( edit ) 2005 : The Reception - Associate producer 2009 : Rivers Wash Over Me - Producer Actor ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order ( TV series ) Cyrus 1 episode , `` The Fertile Fields '' 1995 New York Undercover ( TV series ) Lawrence 1 episode , `` CAT '' 1998 - 2000 Cosby ( TV series ) Darien recurring , then series regular for last season ; 17 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( TV series ) CSU Tech Foster 1 episode , `` Folly '' 2002 X-Patriots Dexter Payne 2002 - 2005 Third Watch ( TV series ) CSU Tech Foster recurring , 24 episodes 2002 Washington Heights Danny The Jury ( TV series ) Bennett Clarkson 1 episode , `` Bangers '' 2005 The Reception Andrew Outfest Best Actor Award 2005 Angel Rodriguez Receptionist TV Movie , on HBO 2005 Preaching to the Choir Wesley Tucker 2006 The Bedford Diaries ( TV series ) Aaron Evans series regular 2007 The Black Donnellys ( TV series ) Dr. Coles 1 episode , `` God is a Comedian '' 2008 Prana Tourist short film 2008 Law & Order ( TV series ) Young Male D.A. 1 episode , `` Strike '' 2009 Rivers Wash Over Me Charles King 2010 - 2013 Treme ( TV series ) Darnell Nichols recurring , 8 episodes 2010 - 2011 Blue Bloods ( TV series ) ESU Cop 2 episodes 2011 - 2012 Person of Interest ( TV series ) Tyrell Evans 3 episodes 2012 White Collar ( TV series ) Manager 1 episode , `` Pulling Strings '' 2012 I Just Want My Pants Back ( TV series ) Driver 1 episode , `` Blackout '' 2012 30 Rock ( TV series ) Man in the Bronx 1 episode , `` The Return of Avery Jessup '' 2013 Big Words Malik 2013 Cleaners ( TV series ) Detective Armstrong 1 episode , `` Till Death Do Us Part '' 2013 Life with Jeannie ( TV series ) 1 episode , `` My First Baby Jesus '' 2015 The Whispers ( TV series ) General Ousmane Damba 1 episode , `` X Marks the Spot '' 2015 Star Wars : Uprising ( video game ) voice only 2015 Need for Speed ( video game ) voice only References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Darien Sills - Evans '' . Official website . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Cellular Holiday 2011 Commercial '' . YouTube . Nov 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darien Sills - Evans '' . Wolfman Productions , Inc . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Darien Sills - Evans '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Independent Media Makers '' . D Street Media Group . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Official website Darien Sills - Evans on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darien_Sills-Evans&oldid=798960733 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people Male actors from New York City American male film actors American male television actors People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 20 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
1. Darien Sills-Evans: American actor, writer, comedian, and director
2. Television career: appearances on Cosby, Third Watch, Treme, and more
3. Cinema career: wrote, directed, and starred in X-Patriots, associate producer and actor in The Reception, producer of Rivers Wash Over Me
4. Comedy: founder of Tipsy Hustle comedy show, host of RaceMan podcast
5. Filmography and awards: various roles in TV shows and films, Outfest Best Actor Award for The Reception
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6,320,463,931,557,286,000 |
who wrote kiss me by sixpence none the richer
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Kiss Me ( Sixpence None the Richer song ) - wikipedia Kiss Me ( Sixpence None the Richer song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Kiss Me '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Sixpence None the Richer <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Sixpence None the Richer Released August 11 , 1998 Format CD single Recorded Length 3 : 19 ( single version ) 3 : 30 ( album version ) Label Squint , Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Matt Slocum Producer ( s ) Steve Taylor <Th_colspan="2"> Sixpence None the Richer singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Angeltread '' ( 1995 ) `` Kiss Me '' ( 1998 ) `` There She Goes '' ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Angeltread '' ( 1995 ) `` Kiss Me '' ( 1998 ) `` There She Goes '' ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative covers <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. commercial single <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Kiss Me '' is a song recorded by American pop rock band Sixpence None the Richer from their 1997 self - titled album . Released as a single in 1998 , it reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was a worldwide success ; it reached number four on both the UK Singles Chart and the New Zealand Singles Chart , as well as peaking atop the Australian singles chart and the Canadian Singles Chart , making it the group 's highest - charting single across the world . The song is also the group 's best - selling single in the United States , peaking at number two for one week behind TLC 's `` No Scrubs '' . Despite only reaching second place , the song had great longevity on the chart , spending 16 weeks in the Top Ten and 35 weeks on the chart . At the end of 1999 , Billboard ranked the song as the sixth best - selling single of 1999 , ahead of a number of other No. 1 hits and the second highest rank for a song that did n't make it to the top , behind Whitney Houston , Faith Evans , and Kelly Price 's `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , which ranked at No. 4 . It became the main theme song for the teen film She 's All That . `` Kiss Me '' was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Single release 2 Music videos 2.1 Sixpence None the Richer version 2.2 New Found Glory version 2.3 Pump It Up version 3 Track listing 4 Release history 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Covers 7 References Single release ( edit ) The year after the release of the album Sixpence None the Richer , `` Kiss Me '' was released as a single on August 11 , 1998 . Exactly three months after the debut release of the single , The WB 's popular teen drama Dawson 's Creek played `` Kiss Me '' as background music in two of its episodes , `` The Dance '' and `` The Perfect Wedding '' . The song was included on the first soundtrack on Songs from Dawson 's Creek , released on April 27 , 1999 , which made No. 7 on the album charts . In January 1999 , Miramax used `` Kiss Me '' as the main theme song of its teen romantic comedy film She 's All That . The film 's box office success helped `` Kiss Me '' to gain widespread mainstream attention and chart success . `` Kiss Me '' climbed to No. 2 on Billboard 's Hot 100 list , and stayed in the Top 10 for 16 straight weeks . In June 1999 , BBC Television in the United Kingdom used the song as a closing theme for the BBC One broadcast coverage of Prince Edward 's royal wedding upon the request of the country 's royal family . The song also featured in the film How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days and was used in the episode `` Simprovised '' of Fox animated series The Simpsons . Music videos ( edit ) Sixpence None the Richer version ( edit ) The original music video , also directed by album / single producer Steve Taylor , pays tribute to French filmmaker François Truffaut and his film Jules et Jim , made in black and white and recreating many of the classic scenes from the film . Two alternate versions of the video were also released later , which featured the band sitting on a park bench , performing and watching scenes from either She 's All That or Dawson 's Creek on a portable television or projected on an outdoor screen . Freddie Prinze Jr. and Rachael Leigh Cook appeared in the She 's All That version of the video . The Dawson 's Creek version of the video became VH1 's number - one video for the entire month of May 1999 . New Found Glory version ( edit ) New Found Glory 's music video revolves around a large group of teenagers who construct a tree house out of mattresses , and throw a raucous garden party involving pillow fights and kissing , while the members of the band , along with the members of Paramore perform the song around them . While the bands perform , a young man , played by drummer Chase Dodds of the band Classic Addict , sets off on a mission to kiss as many girls as possible during the party , keeping a tally on his inner left forearm in black pen . After narrowly avoiding kissing a man ( whom he mistakes for a girl because of his long hair ) , Chase attempts to kiss Paramore 's lead singer , Hayley Williams , only to have her recognize the tally on his arm , and slap him in the face , knocking him to the ground . He is then set upon by all the girls he has kissed at the party , who then proceed to strip him of his shirt , and tie him to a nearby tree with duct tape . One of the girls tapes his mouth shut , before writing `` kiss me '' on his chest in black pen . The girls then rejoin the party , leaving Chase tied to the tree . In this version , to make it more suitable to be sung from a male point of view , the line `` You 'll wear those shoes and I will wear that dress '' is changed to `` I 'll wear those shoes and you will wear that dress '' . Pump it up version ( edit ) `` Kiss Me '' as performed by Debbie Scott was featured in the Music and Rhythm Game Pump It Up : Exceed , which included a music video of a young girl and her pet cat . Track listing ( edit ) US Christian retail single `` Kiss Me '' ( radio remix ) `` Kiss Me '' ( album edit ) `` Sad But True '' `` Kiss Me '' ( live in Hollywood ) US mainstream retail single `` Kiss Me '' ( radio remix ) `` Love '' UK CD single `` Kiss Me '' ( radio remix ) `` Sad But True '' `` Kiss Me '' ( live in Hollywood ) Japanese CD single `` Kiss Me '' ( Japanese version ) `` Kiss Me '' ( LP version ) `` Kiss Me '' ( acoustic version ) `` I Ca n't Catch You '' ( Ben Grosse Remix ) `` Love '' ( Ben Grosse Remix ) `` Kiss Me '' ( instrumental edit ) Release history ( edit ) Country Release date United States August 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 11 ) Europe May 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 17 ) Oceania May 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 17 ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 32 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 75 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 53 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 44 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 6 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( physical ) Gold 700,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( digital ) Gold 500,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` No Scrubs '' by TLC Australian Singles Chart number - one single June 20 , 1999 -- July 4 , 1999 Succeeded by `` If You Had My Love '' by Jennifer Lopez Preceded by `` No Scrubs '' by TLC Canadian RPM Top Singles number - one single May 10 , 1999 -- May 24 , 1999 Succeeded by `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' by Ricky Martin Preceded by `` Every Morning '' by Sugar Ray US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one single May 15 , 1999 Succeeded by `` No Scrubs '' by TLC Covers ( edit ) The song has been covered by Avril Lavigne , Katie Melua , UK R&B singer Nathan , Lava Lava on their album `` Tour Demo '' , and New Found Glory on their album From the Screen to Your Stereo Part II . The New Found Glory version has been released as a single with a music video . It has also been covered by Singaporean Olivia Ong on her album A Girl Meets Bossa Nova 2 , and by American Jewel . A cover by Debbie Scott appeared in the game Pump It Up : Exceed . A cover of the song was put in the game Karaoke Revolution . The song was covered on the eighth series of The X Factor by Janet Devlin in Week 7 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archive Canada '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Sixpence None the Richer Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Search for Irish peaks '' . Jump up ^ `` HitParadeItalia - Top20 del 25 Settembre 1999 '' . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Sixpence None the Richer '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sixpence None the Richer Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sixpence None the Richer Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sixpence None the Richer Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sixpence None the Richer Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sixpence None the Richer Chart History ( Radio Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-1999.htm Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1999 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 1999 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 1999 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Kiss Me in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Sixpence None the Richer -- Kiss Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1999 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 112 ( 4 ) : 63 . January 22 , 2000 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne at fifteen doing a cover of Kiss Me in a video by RomanLine Ent '' . YouTube . <Th_colspan="2"> Sixpence None the Richer <Td_colspan="2"> Leigh Nash Matt Slocum Justin Cary Rob Mitchell T.J. Behling Dale Baker Tess Wiley Joel Bailey James Arhelger J.J. Plasencio Sean Kelly Jerry Dale McFadden Jason Lehning Studio albums The Fatherless and the Widow This Beautiful Mess Sixpence None the Richer Divine Discontent The Dawn of Grace Lost in Transition EPs Tickets for a Prayer Wheel My Dear Machine Compilation albums The Best of Sixpence None the Richer Leigh Nash releases Blue on Blue Wishing for This Singles `` Kiss Me '' `` There She Goes '' `` Do n't Dream It 's Over '' Related articles Discography Squint Entertainment Reprise Records The La 's Crowded House <Th_colspan="2"> New Found Glory <Td_colspan="2"> Jordan Pundik Ian Grushka Chad Gilbert Cyrus Bolooki Steve Klein Joe Marino Chris Tsagakis James Dewees Michael Bethancourt Mike Ambrose Ryan Key Studio albums Nothing Gold Can Stay New Found Glory Sticks and Stones Catalyst Coming Home Not Without a Fight Radiosurgery Resurrection Makes Me Sick EPs It 's All About the Girls Tip of the Iceberg A Very New Found Glory Christmas Live albums Kill It Live Cover albums From the Screen to Your Stereo From the Screen to Your Stereo Part II Mania Compilation albums Hits DVDs The Story So Far This Disaster : Live in London Songs `` Hit or Miss ( Waited Too Long ) '' `` My Friends Over You '' `` Head on Collision '' `` All Downhill from Here '' `` It 's Not Your Fault '' `` Kiss Me '' `` Radiosurgery '' `` Connect the Dots '' Related Discography Song list Pop Punks Not Dead Tour Shai Hulud International Superheroes of Hardcore Eisley Blink - 182 Green Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiss_Me_(Sixpence_None_the_Richer_song)&oldid=837788558 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 2007 singles Sixpence None the Richer songs New Found Glory songs Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Songs written for films RPM Top Singles number - one singles Television theme songs Black - and - white music videos 1997 songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardradiosongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Kiss Me" - Sixpence None the Richer song
2. Billboard Hot 100
3. Dawson's Creek
4. Music videos
5. Covers
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how long have chip and joanna been on tv
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Fixer Upper ( TV series ) - wikipedia Fixer Upper ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Fixer Upper <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Real estate Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 65 ( as of December 12 , 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) High Noon Entertainment <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network HGTV Original release May 23 , 2013 -- Present Fixer Upper is an American reality television series airing on HGTV starring Joanna and Chip Gaines , based in Waco , Texas . The show 's pilot aired in May 2013 , with the full season 1 beginning in April 2014 , season 2 began in January 2015 , season 3 began in December 2015 , and season 4 began in November 2016 . Season 5 premiered on November 21 , 2017 and will be the final season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Spin - off 4 Lawsuit 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Produced by Highnoon TVs producers Scott Feeley and Jim Berger , producers of the famous cooking show Cake Boss , Fixer Upper is a very popular home improvement show . Prior to `` Fixer Upper , '' Chip and Joanna Gaines worked with clients on buying and remodeling homes . In total , the couple had worked on over 100 homes . On the show , Joanna and Chip start by showing one couple three potential homes for purchase in central Texas , each of which requires a varying amount of repair or renovation . Once the couple chooses their home , Joanna designs it while Chip is the lead contractor . The buyers typically have an overall budget of under $200,000 with at least $30,000 in renovations . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Fixer Upper episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> May 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 23 ) July 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 17 <Td_colspan="1"> November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> TBA <Td_colspan="1"> November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2018 ( 2018 ) Spin - off ( edit ) In March 2017 , it was announced that Chip and Joanna Gaines would be getting a Fixer Upper spin - off series entitled Fixer Upper : Behind the Design . The half - hour show will showcase how Joanna comes up with the designs seen on Fixer Upper . Lawsuit ( edit ) On April 27 , 2017 , Chip Gaines was named in a fraud lawsuit filed by former business partners . The former partners alleged that the Gaineses persuaded them to sell their interest in Magnolia Realty to him for $2,500 each without disclosing plans that had been in the works to develop the Fixer Upper reality television show . His attorney , Jordan Mayfield , told KWTX - TV , the CBS television station in Waco , Texas , `` We are confident that these claims will be found to be meritless , and it is disappointing to see people try to take advantage of the hard work and success of Chip and Joanna Gaines . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HGTV 's ' Fixer Upper ' hosts share fave decorating accessories - TODAY.com '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waco - based HGTV home - remodeling series begins '' . WacoTrib.com . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neglected North Waco houses transformed as HGTV cameras roll '' . WacoTrib.com . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Magnolia Homes : Exciting News to Share '' . Jump up ^ `` Fixer Upper Season Two '' . Magnolia Homes . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) . `` ' Fixer Upper ' ending after Season 5 , Chip and Joanna Gaines announce '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Our last season - Magnolia Market '' . Magnolia Market . 2017 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Waco construction couple waits for word about TV series , fields inquiries from across nation '' . WacoTrib.com . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` ' Fixer Upper ' hosts propose useful home projects for 2015 '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HGTV program looking for Waco fixer - uppers '' . WacoTrib.com . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fixer Upper ' Spinoff Series to Premiere on HGTV '' . HGTV.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chip and Joanna Gaines plan HGTV ' Fixer Upper ' spinoff '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ By TOMMY WITHERSPOON [email protected] . `` Former Magnolia partners allege fraud , sue Chip Gaines Business '' . wacotrib.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Carroll , John . `` Fixer Upper '' star Chip Gaines named in million dollar lawsuit , KWTX - TV , April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Char Adams ( 2013 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Fixer Upper Star Chip Gaines Sued Over HGTV Deal : Report '' . People.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Fixer Upper on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fixer_Upper_(TV_series)&oldid=818887749 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts HGTV original programs Television shows set in Texas Waco , Texas American reality television series 2018 American television series endings Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 05 : 15 . About Wikipedia
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1. Fixer Upper TV series
2. Chip and Joanna Gaines
3. Home improvement show
4. HGTV
5. Final season
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3,526,777,929,759,784,400 |
who did the us fight in world war 2
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Military history of the United States during World war II - Wikipedia Military history of the United States during World war II See also : United States Navy in World War II and Military history of the Philippines during World War II Two U.S. B - 17 Flying Fortresses in flight over Europe . Key American military officials in Europe . U.S. Marine Corps with the nation 's flag during the Battle of Iwo Jima . The military history of the United States in World War II covers the war against Germany , Italy , and Japan , starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor . During the first two years of World War II , the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made official in the Quarantine Speech delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937 , while supplying Britain , the Soviet Union , and China with war materiel through the Lend - Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941 , as well as deploying the U.S. military to replace the British invasion forces in Iceland . In the Pacific Theater , there was unofficial early U.S. combat activity such as the Flying Tigers . During the war , over 16 million Americans served in the United States Armed Forces , with 405,399 killed in action and 671,278 wounded . There were also 130,201 American prisoners of war , of whom 116,129 returned home after the war . Key civilian advisors to President Roosevelt included Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , who mobilized the nation 's industries and induction centers to supply the Army , commanded by General George Marshall and the Army Air Forces under General Hap Arnold . The Navy , led by Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox and Admiral Ernest King , proved more autonomous . Overall priorities were set by Roosevelt and the Joint Chiefs of Staff , chaired by William Leahy . Highest priority went to the defeat of Germany in Europe , but first the war against Japan in the Pacific was more urgent after the sinking of the main battleship fleet at Pearl Harbor . Admiral King put Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , based in Hawaii , in charge of the Pacific War against Japan . The result was a series of some of the most famous naval battles in history . The Imperial Japanese Navy had the advantage , taking the Philippines as well as British and Dutch possessions , and threatening Australia but in June 1942 , its main carriers were sunk during the Battle of Midway , and the Americans seized the initiative . The Pacific War became one of island hopping , so as to move air bases closer and closer to Japan . The Army , based in Australia under General Douglas MacArthur , steadily advanced across New Guinea to the Philippines , with plans to invade the Japanese home islands in late 1945 . With its merchant fleet sunk by American submarines , Japan ran short of aviation gasoline and fuel oil , as the U.S. Navy in June 1944 captured islands within bombing range of the Japanese home islands . Strategic bombing directed by General Curtis Lemay destroyed all the major Japanese cities , as the U.S. captured Okinawa after heavy losses in spring 1945 . With the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and an invasion and Soviet intervention imminent , Japan surrendered . The war against Germany involved aid to Britain , her allies , and the Soviet Union , with the U.S. supplying munitions until it could ready an invasion force . U.S. forces were first tested to a limited degree in the North African Campaign and then employed more significantly with British Forces in Italy in 1943 -- 45 , where U.S. forces , representing about a third of the Allied forces deployed , bogged down after Italy surrendered and the Germans took over . Finally the main invasion of France took place in June 1944 , under General Dwight D. Eisenhower . Meanwhile , the U.S. Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force engaged in the area bombardment of German cities and systematically targeted German transportation links and synthetic oil plants , as it knocked out what was left of the Luftwaffe post Battle of Britain in 1944 . With the Soviets unstoppable in the east , and the Allies unstoppable in the west , Germany was squeezed to death . Berlin fell to the Soviets in May 1945 , and with Adolf Hitler dead , the Germans surrendered . The military effort was strongly supported by civilians on the home front , who provided the military personnel , the munitions , the money , and the morale to fight the war to victory . World War II cost the United States an estimated $341 billion in 1945 dollars -- equivalent to 74 % of America 's GDP and expenditures during the war . In 2015 dollars , the war cost over $4.5 trillion . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 American volunteers 1.2 Command system 2 Lend - Lease and Iceland Occupation 3 European and North African Theaters 3.1 Europe first 3.2 Battle of the Atlantic 3.3 Operation Torch 3.4 Allied victory in North Africa 3.5 Invasion of Sicily and Italy 3.6 Strategic bombing 3.7 Operation Overlord 3.8 Battle of Saint - Lô 3.9 Battle of Carentan 3.10 Operation Cobra 3.11 Operation Lüttich 3.12 Falaise Pocket 3.13 Operation Dragoon 3.14 Operation Market Garden 3.15 Operation Queen 3.16 Battle of the Bulge 3.17 Colmar Pocket 3.18 Invasion of Germany 3.19 South German Offensive 3.20 Race to Berlin 4 Pacific Theater 4.1 The Attack on Pearl Harbor 4.2 Fall of the Philippines and Dutch East Indies 4.3 Solomon Islands and New Guinea Campaign 4.4 Battle of the Coral Sea 4.5 Battle of the Aleutian Islands 4.6 Battle of Midway 4.7 Island hopping 4.7. 1 Air strategy 4.7. 1.1 Building airfields 4.7. 2 Combat experience 4.7. 3 Marine Aviation and the issue of ground support 4.7. 4 Guadalcanal 4.7. 5 Tarawa 4.7. 6 Operations in Central Pacific 4.7. 7 Liberation of the Philippines 4.7. 8 Iwo Jima 4.7. 9 Okinawa 4.7. 10 Strategic Bombing of Japan 4.7. 11 Kamikaze 4.7. 12 U.S. submarines in the Pacific 4.7. 13 Atomic bombing of Japanese cities 5 Minor American front 6 Planned attacks on the United States 7 Other units and services 8 Timeline 8.1 European and Mediterranean Theater 8.2 Pacific Theater 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Air Force 11.2 Army 11.3 Europe 11.4 Marines 11.5 Navy 11.6 Pacific 11.7 Biographies 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial period 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1870s -- c. 1900 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar era 1945 -- 1964 Civil Rights era 1964 -- 1980 Reagan Era 1981 -- 2001 Current Era 2001 -- present Timeline American public opinion was hostile to Hitler 's Germany , but how much aid to give the Allies was controversial . Public opinion was even more hostile to Japan , and there was little opposition to increased support for China . By 1940 the U.S. , while still neutral , was becoming the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' for the Allies , supplying money and war materials . The sudden defeat of France in spring 1940 caused the nation to begin to greatly grow its armed forces , including the first peacetime draft . After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , America began sending Lend Lease aid to the Soviet Union as well as Britain and China . American volunteers ( edit ) American pilots of No 71 ' Eagle ' Squadron rush to their Hawker Hurricanes , 17 March 1941 . P - 40 's of 3rd Squadron , 1st American Volunteer Group `` Flying Tigers '' flying over China , 28 May 1942 Prior to America 's entry into World War II in December 1941 , individual Americans volunteered to fight against the Axis powers in other nations ' armed forces . Although under American law , it was illegal for United States citizens to join the armed forces of foreign nations and in doing so , they lost their citizenship , many American volunteers changed their nationality to Canadian . However Congress passed a blanket pardon in 1944 . American mercenary Colonel Charles Sweeny living in London began recruiting American citizens to fight as a U.S. volunteer detachment in the French Air force , however France fell before this was implemented . During the Battle of Britain , 11 American pilots flew in the RAF , one of whom was killed . Charles Sweeney 's nephew , also called Charles formed a Home Guard unit from American volunteers living in London . One notable example was the Eagle Squadrons , these being RAF Squadrons made up of American volunteers and British personnel . The first was formed ; No. 71 Squadron on 19 September 1940 by followed by No. 121 Squadron on 14 May 1941 and No. 133 Squadron on 1 August 1941 . 6,700 Americans applied to join but only 244 Americans got to serve with the three Eagle Squadrons , 16 Britons also served as squadron and flight commanders . The first became operational in February 1941 and the Squadrons scored their first kill in July 1941 . On 29 September 1942 , the three squadrons were officially turned over by the RAF to the Eighth Air Force of the U.S. Army Air Forces and became the 4th Fighter Group . In their time with the RAF the squadrons claim to have shot 731⁄2 German planes ; 77 Americans and 5 Britons were killed . Another notable example was the Flying Tigers , created by Claire L. Chennault , a retired U.S. Army Air Corps officer working in the China since August 1937 , first as military aviation advisor to Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek in the early months of the Sino - Japanese War . Officially known as the 1st American Volunteer Group ( AVG ) but nicknamed the `` Flying Tigers '' , this was a group of American Pilots already serving in the US Armed forces and recruited under presidential authority . As a unit they would serve in the Chinese Air Force to fight against the Japanese . The group comprised three fighter squadrons of around thirty aircraft each , the AVG 's first combat mission was on 20 December 1941 , twelve days after the Pearl Harbor attack . On 4 July 1942 the AVG was disbanded , it was replaced by the 23rd Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces , which was later absorbed into the U.S. Fourteenth Air Force . During their time in the Chinese Air Force , they succeeded in destroying 296 enemy aircraft , while losing only fourteen pilots in combat . Command system ( edit ) In 1942 President Franklin D. Roosevelt set up a new command structure to provide leadership in the US Armed Forces while retaining authority as Commander - in - Chief as assisted by Secretary of War Henry Stimson with Admiral Ernest J. King as Chief of Naval Operations in complete control of the Navy and of the Marine Corps through its Commandant , then Lt. General Thomas Holcomb and his successor as Commandant of the Marine Corps , Lt. General Alexander Vandegrift , General George C. Marshall in charge of the Army , and in nominal control of the Air Force , which in practice was commanded by General Hap Arnold on Marshall 's behalf . King was also in control for wartime being of the US Coast Guard under its Commandant , Admiral Russell R. Waesche . Roosevelt formed a new body , the Joint Chiefs of Staff , which made the final decisions on American military strategy and as the chief policy - making body for the armed forces . The Joint Chiefs was a White House agency chaired by Admiral William D. Leahy , who became FDR 's chief military advisor and the highest military officer of the US at that time . As the war progressed Marshall became the dominant voice in the JCS in the shaping of strategy . When dealing with Europe , the Joint Chiefs met with their British counterparts and formed the Combined Chiefs of Staff . Unlike the political leaders of the other major powers , Roosevelt rarely overrode his military advisors . The civilians handled the draft and procurement of men and equipment , but no civilians -- not even the secretaries of War or Navy , had a voice in strategy . Roosevelt avoided the State Department and conducted high level diplomacy through his aides , especially Harry Hopkins . Since Hopkins also controlled $50 billion in Lend Lease funds given to the Allies , they paid attention to him . Lend - Lease and Iceland occupation ( edit ) Main articles : Lend - Lease and First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor § Attacks by the U.S. military `` Without American production , the United Nations could never have won the war . '' -- Joseph Stalin during a dinner at the Tehran Conference , 1943 Main article : Invasion of Iceland The year 1940 marked a change in attitude in the United States . The German victories in France , Poland and elsewhere , combined with the Battle of Britain , led many Americans to believe that the United States would be forced to fight soon . In March 1941 , the Lend - Lease program began shipping money , munitions , and food to Britain , China , and ( by that fall ) the Soviet Union . By 1941 the United States was taking an active part in the war , despite its nominal neutrality . In spring U-boats began their `` wolf - pack '' tactics which threatened to sever the trans - Atlantic supply line ; Roosevelt extended the Pan-American Security Zone east almost as far as Iceland . The US Navy 's `` neutrality patrols '' were anything but , as in practice their function was to report Axis ship and submarine sightings to the British and Canadian navies , and from April the US Navy began escorting Allied convoys from Canada as far as the `` Mid-Atlantic Meeting Point '' ( MOMP ) south of Iceland , where they handed off to the RN . On 16 June 1941 , after negotiation with Churchill , Roosevelt ordered the United States occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces . On 22 June 1941 , the US Navy sent Task Force 19 ( TF 19 ) from Charleston , South Carolina to assemble at Argentia , Newfoundland . TF 19 included 25 warships and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade of 194 officers and 3714 men from San Diego , California under the command of Brigadier General John Marston . Task Force 19 ( TF 19 ) sailed from Argentia on 1 July . On 7 July , Britain persuaded the Althing to approve an American occupation force under a U.S. - Icelandic defense agreement , and TF 19 anchored off Reykjavík that evening . U.S. Marines commenced landing on 8 July , and disembarkation was completed on 12 July . On 6 August , the U.S. Navy established an air base at Reykjavík with the arrival of Patrol Squadron VP - 73 PBY Catalinas and VP - 74 PBM Mariners . U.S. Army personnel began arriving in Iceland in August , and the Marines had been transferred to the Pacific by March 1942 . Up to 40,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed on the island , outnumbering adult Icelandic men ( at the time , Iceland had a population of about 120,000 . ) The agreement was for the US military to remain until the end of the war ( although the US military presence in Iceland remained through 2006 , as postwar Iceland became a member of NATO ) . American warships escorting Allied convoys in the western Atlantic had several hostile encounters with U-boats . On 4 September , a German U-Boat attacked the destroyer USS Greer off Iceland . A week later Roosevelt ordered American warships to attack U-boats on sight . A U-boat shot up the USS Kearny as it escorted a British merchant convoy . The USS Reuben James was sunk by U-552 on 31 October 1941 . European and north African theaters ( edit ) Hitler declares war against the United States on 11 December 1941 . On 11 December 1941 , Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany declared war against the United States , the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy . Europe first ( edit ) Main article : Europe first See also : European Theater of Operations , United States Army The conquests and allies of Nazi Germany . The established grand strategy of the Allies was to defeat Germany and its allies in Europe first , and then focus could shift towards Japan in the Pacific . This was because two of the Allied capitals ( London and Moscow ) could be directly threatened by Germany , but none of the major Allied capitals were threatened by Japan . Germany was the United Kingdom 's primary threat , especially after the Fall of France in 1940 , which saw Germany overrun most of the countries of Western Europe , leaving the United Kingdom alone to combat Germany . Germany 's planned invasion of the UK , Operation Sea Lion , was averted by its failure to establish air superiority in the Battle of Britain . At the same time , war with Japan in East Asia seemed increasingly likely . Although the U.S. was not yet at war with either Germany or Japan , it met with the UK on several occasions to formulate joint strategies . In the 29 March 1941 report of the ABC - 1 conference , the Americans and British agreed that their strategic objectives were : ( 1 ) `` The early defeat of Germany as the predominant member of the Axis with the principal military effort of the United States being exerted in the Atlantic and European area ; and ( 2 ) A strategic defensive in the Far East . '' Thus , the Americans concurred with the British in the grand strategy of `` Europe first '' ( or `` Germany first '' ) in carrying out military operations in World War II . The UK feared that , if the United States was diverted from its main focus in Europe to the Pacific ( Japan ) , Hitler might crush both the Soviet Union and Britain , and would then become an unconquerable fortress in Europe . The wound inflicted on the United States by Japan at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 , did not result in a change in U.S. policy . Prime Minister Winston Churchill hastened to Washington shortly after Pearl Harbor for the Arcadia Conference to ensure that the Americans did n't have second thoughts about Europe First . The two countries reaffirmed that , `` notwithstanding the entry of Japan into the War , our view remains that Germany is still the prime enemy . And her defeat is the key to victory . Once Germany is defeated the collapse of Italy and the defeat of Japan must follow . '' Battle of the Atlantic ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II , running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945 . At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany , announced the day after the declaration of war , and Germany 's subsequent counter-blockade . It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943 . The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the Kriegsmarine ( German navy ) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe ( German Air Force ) against the Royal Canadian Navy , Royal Navy , the United States Navy , and Allied merchant shipping . The convoys , coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces . These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13 , 1941 . The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10 , 1940 . Operation Torch ( edit ) Main article : Operation Torch American troops on board a landing craft going in to land at Oran . November 1942 . The United States entered the war in the west with Operation Torch on 8 November 1942 , after their Soviet allies had pushed for a second front against the Germans . General Dwight Eisenhower commanded the assault on North Africa , and Major General George Patton struck at Casablanca . Allied victory in north Africa ( edit ) Main article : North African Campaign The United States did not have a smooth entry into the war against Nazi Germany . Early in 1943 , the U.S. Army suffered a near - disastrous defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in February . The senior Allied leadership was primarily to blame for the loss as internal bickering between American General Lloyd Fredendall and the British led to mistrust and little communication , causing inadequate troop placements . The defeat could be considered a major turning point , however , because General Eisenhower replaced Fredendall with General Patton . Slowly the Allies stopped the German advance in Tunisia and by March were pushing back . In mid April , under British General Bernard Montgomery , the Allies smashed through the Mareth Line and broke the Axis defense in North Africa . On 13 May 1943 , Axis troops in North Africa surrendered , leaving behind 275,000 men . Allied efforts turned towards Sicily and Italy . The situation south of Rome showing German prepared defensive lines Invasion of Sicily and Italy ( edit ) Main articles : Allied invasion of Sicily and Allied invasion of Italy The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was , in Prime Minister Winston Churchill 's words , the `` soft underbelly '' of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily . Launched on 9 July 1943 , Operation Husky was , at the time , the largest amphibious operation ever undertaken . The American seaborne assault by the U.S. 7th Army landed on the southern coast of Sicily between the town of Licata in the west , and Scoglitti in the east and units of the 82nd airborne division parachuted ahead of landings . Despite the elements , the operation was a success and the Allies immediately began exploiting their gains . On 11 August , seeing that the battle was lost , the German and Italian commanders began evacuating their forces from Sicily to Italy . On 17 August , the Allies were in control of the island , U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men ( 2,237 killed or missing , 5,946 wounded , and 598 captured ) . Following the Allied victory in Sicily , Italian public sentiment swung against the war and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini . He was deposed in a coup , and the Allies struck quickly , hoping resistance would be slight . The first Allied troops landed on the Italian peninsula on 3 September 1943 and Italy surrendered on 8 September , however the Italian Social Republic was established soon afterwards . The first American troops landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943 , by U.S. 5th Army , however German troops in Italy were prepared and after the Allied troops at Salerno had consolidated their beachhead , The Germans launched fierce counterattacks . However they failed to destroy the beachhead and retreated on 16 September and in October 1943 began preparing a series of defensive lines across central Italy . The US 5th Army and other Allied armies broke through the first two lines ( Volturno and the Barbara Line ) in October and November 1943 . As winter approached , the Allies made slow progress due to the weather and the difficult terrain against the heavily defended German Winter Line , they did however manage to breakthrough the Bernhardt Line in January 1944 . By early 1944 the Allied attention had turned to the western front and the Allies were taking heavy losses trying to breakthrough the Winter line at Monte Cassino . The Allies landed at Anzio on 22 January 1944 with the aim of outflanking the Gustav line and pulling Axis forces out of it so other allied armies could breakthrough . After slow progress , the Germans counterattacked in February but failed to stamp out the Allies , after months of stalemate , the Allies broke out in May 1944 and Rome fell to the Allies on 4 June 1944 . Following the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944 , the equivalent of seven US and French divisions were pulled out of Italy to Participate in Operation Dragoon : the allied landings in southern France , despite this the remaining US forces in Italy with other Allied forces pushed up to the Gothic line in northern Italy , the last major defensive line . From August 1944 to March 1945 the Allies managed to breach the formidable defenses but they narrowly failed to break out into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather closed in and made further progress impossible . In April 1945 the Allies broke through the remaining Axis positions in Operation Grapeshot ending the Italian Campaign on 2 May 1945 , US forces in mainland Italy suffered between 114,000 and over 119,000 casualties . Strategic bombing ( edit ) Main articles : Strategic bombing during World War II § US bombing in Europe , and Air warfare of World War II § United States : Army Air Forces B - 17s in flight Maj. Gen. Jimmy Doolittle , 8th Air Force Commander from January 1944 to V-E Day North American P - 51 Mustang , 26 July 1944 Republic P - 47D Thunderbolt , 1943 Numerous bombing runs were launched by the United States aimed at the industrial heart of Germany . Using the high altitude B - 17 , it was necessary for the raids to be conducted in daylight for the drops to be accurate . As adequate fighter escort was rarely available , the bombers would fly in tight , box formations , allowing each bomber to provide overlapping machine - gun fire for defense . The tight formations made it impossible to evade fire from Luftwaffe fighters , however , and American bomber crew losses were high . One such example was the Schweinfurt - Regensburg mission , which resulted in staggering losses of men and equipment . The introduction of the revered P - 51 Mustang , which had enough fuel to make a round trip to Germany 's heartland , helped to reduce losses later in the war . In mid-1942 , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) arrived in the UK and carried out a few raids across the English Channel . The USAAF Eighth Air Force 's B - 17 bombers were called the `` Flying Fortresses '' because of their heavy defensive armament of ten to twelve machine guns , and armor plating in vital locations . In part because of their heavier armament and armor , they carried smaller bomb loads than British bombers . With all of this , the USAAF 's commanders in Washington , DC , and in Great Britain adopted the strategy of taking on the Luftwaffe head on , in larger and larger air raids by mutually defending bombers , flying over Germany , Austria , and France at high altitudes during the daytime . Also , both the U.S. Government and its Army Air Forces commanders were reluctant to bomb enemy cities and towns indiscriminately . They claimed that by using the B - 17 and the Norden bombsight , the USAAF should be able to carry out `` precision bombing '' on locations vital to the German war machine : factories , naval bases , shipyards , railroad yards , railroad junctions , power plants , steel mills , airfields , etc . In January 1943 , at the Casablanca Conference , it was agreed RAF Bomber Command operations against Germany would be reinforced by the USAAF in a Combined Operations Offensive plan called Operation Pointblank . Chief of the British Air Staff MRAF Sir Charles Portal was put in charge of the `` strategic direction '' of both British and American bomber operations . The text of the Casablanca directive read : `` Your primary object will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military , industrial and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened . '' , At the beginning of the combined strategic bombing offensive on 4 March 1943 669 RAF and 303 USAAF heavy bombers were available . In the late 1943 , the ' Pointblank ' attacks manifested themselves in the infamous Schweinfurt raids ( first and second ) . Formations of unescorted bombers were no match for German fighters , which inflicted a deadly toll . In despair , the Eighth halted air operations over Germany until a long - range fighter could be found in 1944 ; it proved to be the P - 51 Mustang , which had the range to fly to Berlin and back . USAAF leaders firmly held to the claim of `` precision bombing '' of military targets for much of the war , and dismissed claims they were simply bombing cities . However the American Eighth Air Force received the first H2X radar sets in December 1943 . Within two weeks of the arrival of these first six sets , the Eighth command gave permission for them to area bomb a city using H2X and would continue to authorize , on average , about one such attack a week until the end of the war in Europe . In reality , the day bombing was `` precision bombing '' only in the sense that most bombs fell somewhere near a specific designated target such as a railway yard . Conventionally , the air forces designated as `` the target area '' a circle having a radius of 1000 feet around the aiming point of attack . While accuracy improved during the war , Survey studies show that , in the over-all , only about 20 % of the bombs aimed at precision targets fell within this target area . In the fall of 1944 , only seven percent of all bombs dropped by the Eighth Air Force hit within 1,000 feet of their aim point . The only offensive ordnance possessed by the USAAF that was guidable , the VB - 1 Azon , saw very limited service in both Europe and in the CBI Theater late in the war . Nevertheless , the sheer tonnage of explosive delivered by day and by night was eventually sufficient to cause widespread damage , and , more importantly from a military point of view , forced Germany to divert resources to counter it . This was to be the real significance of the Allied strategic bombing campaign -- resource allocation . For the sake of improving the US air - force Fire bombing capabilities a mock - up German Village was built up and repeatedly burned down . It contained full - scale replicas of German residential homes . Fire bombing attacks proved quite successful , in a single 1943 attack on Hamburg roughly 50,000 civilians were killed and practically the entire city destroyed . With the arrival of the brand - new Fifteenth Air Force , based in Italy , command of the U.S. Air Forces in Europe was consolidated into the United States Strategic Air Forces ( USSTAF ) . With the addition of the Mustang to its strength , the Combined Bomber Offensive was resumed . Planners targeted the Luftwaffe in an operation known as ' Big Week ' ( 20 -- 25 February 1944 ) and succeeded brilliantly -- losses were so heavy German planners were forced into a hasty dispersal of industry and the day fighter arm never fully recovered . The dismissal of General Ira Eaker at the end of 1943 as commander of the Eighth Air Force and his replacement by American aviation legend , Maj. Gen Jimmy Doolittle signaled a change in how the American bombing effort went forward over Europe . Doolittle 's major influence on the European air war occurred early in the year when he changed the policy requiring escorting fighters to remain with the bombers at all times . With his permission , initially performed with P - 38s and P - 47s with both previous types being steadily replaced with the long - ranged P - 51s as the spring of 1944 wore on , American fighter pilots on bomber defense missions would primarily be flying far ahead of the bombers ' combat box formations in air supremacy mode , literally `` clearing the skies '' of any Luftwaffe fighter opposition heading towards the target . This strategy fatally disabled the twin - engined Zerstörergeschwader heavy fighter wings and their replacement , single - engined Sturmgruppen of heavily armed Fw 190As , clearing each force of bomber destroyers in their turn from Germany 's skies throughout most of 1944 . As part of this game - changing strategy , especially after the bombers had hit their targets , the USAAF 's fighters were then free to strafe German airfields and transport while returning to base , contributing significantly to the achievement of air superiority by Allied air forces over Europe . On 27 March 1944 , the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued orders granting control of all the Allied air forces in Europe , including strategic bombers , to General Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander , who delegated command to his deputy in SHAEF Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder . There was resistance to this order from some senior figures , including Winston Churchill , Harris , and Carl Spaatz , but after some debate , control passed to SHAEF on 1 April 1944 . When the Combined Bomber Offensive officially ended on 1 April , Allied airmen were well on the way to achieving air superiority over all of Europe . While they continued some strategic bombing , the USAAF along with the RAF turned their attention to the tactical air battle in support of the Normandy Invasion . It was not until the middle of September that the strategic bombing campaign of Germany again became the priority for the USSTAF . The twin campaigns -- the USAAF by day , the RAF by night -- built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas , notably the Ruhr , followed by attacks directly on cities such as Hamburg , Kassel , Pforzheim , Mainz and the often - criticized bombing of Dresden . Operation Overlord ( edit ) General Eisenhower speaks with members of the 101st Airborne Division on the evening of 5 June 1944 American troops approaching Omaha Beach 2nd Infantry Division troops and equipment going up the bluff from Omaha Beach to Saint - Laurent - sur - Mer on D + 1 , 7 June 1944 . German prisoners of war escorted by American soldiers in Cherbourg , 1944 . Main article : Operation Overlord The second European front that the Soviets had pressed for was finally opened on 6 June 1944 , when the Allies attacked the heavily fortified Atlantic Wall . Supreme Allied commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower had delayed the attack because of bad weather , but finally the largest amphibious assault in history began . After prolonged bombing runs on the French coast by the Army Air Forces , 225 U.S. Army Rangers scaled the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc under intense enemy fire and destroyed the German gun emplacements that could have threatened the amphibious landings . Also prior to the main amphibious assault , the American 82nd and 101st Airborne divisions dropped behind the beaches into Nazi - occupied France , in an effort to protect the coming landings . Many of the paratroopers were not dropped on their intended landing zones and were scattered throughout Normandy . As the paratroops fought their way through the hedgerows , the main amphibious landings began . The Americans came ashore at the beaches codenamed ' Omaha ' and ' Utah ' . The landing craft bound for Utah , as with so many other units , went off course , coming ashore two kilometers off target . The 4th Infantry Division faced weak resistance during the landings and by the afternoon were linked up with paratroopers fighting their way towards the coast . At Omaha the Germans had prepared the beaches with land mines , Czech hedgehogs and Belgian Gates in anticipation of the invasion . Intelligence prior to the landings had placed the less experienced German 714th Division in charge of the defense of the beach . However , the highly trained and experienced 352nd moved in days before the invasion . As a result , the soldiers from the 1st and 29th Infantry Divisions became pinned down by superior enemy fire immediately after leaving their landing craft . In some instances , entire landing craft full of men were mowed down by the well - positioned German defenses . As the casualties mounted , the soldiers formed impromptu units and advanced inland . The small units then fought their way through the minefields that were in between the Nazi machine - gun bunkers . After squeezing through , they then attacked the bunkers from the rear , allowing more men to come safely ashore . By the end of the day , the Americans suffered over 6,000 casualties . Omaha Beach is the code name for one of the five sectors of the Allied invasion of German - occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 , during World War II . The beach is located on the coast of Normandy , France , facing the English Channel , and is 5 miles ( 8 km ) long , from east of Sainte - Honorine - des - Pertes to west of Vierville - sur - Mer on the right bank of the Douve River estuary . Landings here were necessary in order to link up the British landings to the east at Gold Beach with the American landing to the west at Utah Beach , thus providing a continuous lodgement on the Normandy coast of the Bay of the Seine . Taking Omaha was to be the responsibility of United States Army troops , with sea transport and naval artillery support provided by the U.S. Navy and elements of the British Royal Navy . On D - Day , the untested 29th Infantry Division , joined by the veteran 1st Infantry Division and nine companies of U.S. Army Rangers redirected from Pointe du Hoc , were to assault the western half of the beach . The battle - hardened 1st Infantry Division was given the eastern half . The initial assault waves , consisting of tanks , infantry , and combat engineer forces , were carefully planned to reduce the coastal defenses and allow the larger ships of the follow - up waves to land . The primary objective at Omaha was to secure a beachhead of some five miles ( eight kilometres ) depth , between Port - en - Bessin and the Vire River , linking with the British landings at Gold Beach to the east , and reaching the area of Isigny to the west to link up with VII Corps landing at Utah Beach . Opposing the landings was the German 352nd Infantry Division , a large portion of whom were teenagers , though they were supplemented by veterans who had fought on the Eastern Front . The 352nd had never had any battalion or regimental training . Of the 12,020 men of the division , only 6,800 were experienced combat troops , detailed to defend a 53 - kilometre - long ( 33 - mile ) front . The Germans were largely deployed in strongpoints along the coast -- the German strategy was based on defeating any seaborne assault at the water line . Nevertheless , Allied calculations indicated that Omaha 's defenses were three times as strong as those they had encountered during the Battle of Kwajalein , and its defenders were four times as many . Very little went as planned during the landing at Omaha Beach . Difficulties in navigation caused the majority of landing craft to miss their targets throughout the day . The defenses were unexpectedly strong , and inflicted heavy casualties on landing US troops . Under heavy fire , the engineers struggled to clear the beach obstacles ; later landings bunched up around the few channels that were cleared . Weakened by the casualties taken just in landing , the surviving assault troops could not clear the heavily defended exits off the beach . This caused further problems and consequent delays for later landings . Small penetrations were eventually achieved by groups of survivors making improvised assaults , scaling the bluffs between the most heavily defended points . By the end of the day , two small isolated footholds had been won , which were subsequently exploited against weaker defenses further inland , thus achieving the original D - Day objectives over the following days . With the Beaches secured , the Allies needed to secure a deep - water port to allow reinforcements to be brought in , with American forces at the base of the Cotentin Peninsula the target was Cherbourg , at the end of the Cotentin . The US VII Corps immediately began making their push after the beaches were secured on 6 June , facing mix of weak regiments and battlegroups from several divisions who used the bocage terrain , flooded fields and narrow roads to their advantage which slowed the American advance . After being reinforced , VII corps took control of the peninsula in fierce fighting on 19 June and launched their assault on Cherbourg on 22 June . The German garrison surrendered on 29 June , but by this time they had destroyed the port facilities , which were not made fully operational until September . Battle of Saint - Lô ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Saint - Lô The Battle of Saint - Lô is one of the three conflicts in the Battle of the Hedgerows ( fr ) , which took place between July 9 -- 24 , 1944 , just before Operation Cobra . Saint - Lô had fallen to Germany in 1940 , and , after the Invasion of Normandy , the Americans targeted the city , as it served as a strategic crossroads . American bombardments caused heavy damage ( up to 95 % of the city was destroyed ) and a high number of casualties , which resulted in the martyr city being called `` The Capital of Ruins '' , popularized in a report by Samuel Beckett Battle of Carentan ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Carentan The Battle of Carentan was an engagement between airborne forces of the United States Army and the German Wehrmacht during the Battle of Normandy . The battle took place between 10 and 15 June 1944 , on the approaches to and within the city of Carentan , France . The objective of the attacking American forces was consolidation of the U.S. beachheads ( Utah Beach and Omaha Beach ) and establishment of a continuous defensive line against expected German counterattacks . The defending German force attempted to hold the city long enough to allow reinforcements en route from the south to arrive , prevent or delay the merging of the lodgments , and keep the U.S. First Army from launching an attack towards Lessay - Périers that would cut off the Cotentin Peninsula . Carentan was defended by two battalions of Fallschirmjäger - Regiment 6 ( 6th Parachute Regiment ) of the 2nd Fallschirmjäger - Division and two Ost battalions . The 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division , ordered to reinforce Carentan , was delayed by transport shortages and attacks by Allied aircraft . The attacking 101st Airborne Division , landed by parachute on 6 June as part of the American airborne landings in Normandy , was ordered to seize Carentan . In the ensuing battle , the 101st forced passage across the causeway into Carentan on 10 and 11 June . A lack of ammunition forced the German forces to withdraw on 12 June . The 17th SS PzG Division counter-attacked the 101st Airborne on 13 June . Initially successful , its attack was thrown back by Combat Command A ( CCA ) of the U.S. 2nd Armored Division Operation Cobra ( edit ) Main article : Operation Cobra After the amphibious assault , the Allied forces remained stalled in Normandy for some time , advancing much more slowly than expected with close - fought infantry battles in the dense hedgerows . However , with Operation Cobra , launched on 24 July with mostly American troops , the Allies succeeded in breaking the German lines and sweeping out into France with fast - moving armored divisions . This led to a major defeat for the Germans , with 400,000 soldiers trapped in the Falaise pocket , and the capture of Paris on 25 August . Operation Lüttich ( edit ) Main article : Operation Lüttich Operation Lüttich was a codename given to a German counter-attack during the Battle of Normandy , which took place around the American positions near Mortain from 7 August to 13 August 1944 . ( Lüttich is the German name for the city of Liège in Belgium , where the Germans had won a victory in the early days of August 1914 during World War I . ) The offensive is also referred to in American and British histories of the Battle of Normandy as the Mortain counter-offensive . The assault was ordered by Adolf Hitler , to eliminate the gains made by the First United States Army during Operation Cobra and the subsequent weeks , and by reaching the coast in the region of Avranches at the base of the Cotentin peninsula , cut off the units of the Third United States Army which had advanced into Brittany . The main German striking force was the XLVII Panzer Corps , with one and a half SS Panzer Divisions and two Wehrmacht Panzer Divisions . Although they made initial gains against the defending U.S. VII Corps , they were soon halted and Allied aircraft inflicted severe losses on the attacking troops , eventually destroying nearly half of the German tanks involved in the attack. ( 2 ) Although fighting continued around Mortain for six days , the American forces had regained the initiative within a day of the opening of the German attack . As the German commanders on the spot had warned Hitler in vain , there was little chance of the attack succeeding , and the concentration of their armoured reserves at the western end of the front in Normandy soon led to disaster , as they were outflanked to their south and the front to their east collapsed , resulting in many of the German troops in Normandy being trapped in the Falaise Pocket . Falaise Pocket ( edit ) Main article : Falaise Pocket Following Operation Cobra , the American breakout from the Normandy beachhead , rapid advances were made to the south and south - east by the Third U.S. Army under the command of General George Patton . Despite lacking the resources to defeat the U.S. breakthrough and simultaneous British and Canadian offensives south of Caumont and Caen , Field Marshal Günther von Kluge , the commander of Army Group B , was not permitted by Adolf Hitler to withdraw but was ordered to conduct a counter-offensive at Mortain against the U.S. breakthrough . Four depleted panzer divisions were not enough to defeat the First U.S. Army . Operation Lüttich was a disaster , which drove the Germans deeper into the Allied envelopment . On 8 August , the Allied ground forces commander , General Bernard Montgomery , ordered the Allied armies to converge on the Falaise -- Chambois area to envelop Army Group B , the First U.S. Army forming the southern arm , the British Second Army the base and the First Canadian Army the northern arm of the encirclement . The Germans began to withdraw on 17 August and on 19 August , the Allies linked up in Chambois . Gaps were forced in the Allied lines by German counter-attacks , the biggest being a corridor forced past the 1st Polish Armoured Division on Hill 262 , a commanding position at the mouth of the pocket . By the evening of 21 August , the pocket had been sealed , with c . 50,000 Germans trapped inside . Many Germans escaped but losses in men and equipment were huge . Two days later the Allied Liberation of Paris was completed and on 30 August , the remnants of Army Group B retreated across the Seine , which ended Operation Overlord . Operation Dragoon ( edit ) Main article : Operation Dragoon On 15 August 1944 , the US 7th Army , spearheaded by the 3rd Infantry Division and 36th Infantry Division and other Allied forces landed in southern France between Cannes and Hyères . The aim of the operation was to secure the southern half of France and one objective in particular was to capture Marseille as a main supply harbor for the Allies in France . The operation was a success and forced the German Army Group G to abandon southern France and to retreat under constant Allied attacks to the Vosges Mountains . By the time the operation finished on 14 September 1944 , US forces suffered 2,050 killed , captured or missing 7,750 other casualties , on 15 September 1944 the Allied forces of the operation were renamed the Sixth Army Group and placed under Eisenhower 's command . Operation Market Garden ( edit ) Main article : Operation Market Garden See also : Operation Market Garden order of battle Paratroopers landing in the Netherlands . The next major Allied operation came on 17 September . Devised by British General Bernard Montgomery , its primary objective was the capture of several bridges in the Netherlands . Fresh off of their successes in Normandy , the Allies were optimistic that an attack on the Nazi - occupied Netherlands would force open a route across the Rhine and onto the North German Plain . Such an opening would allow Allied forces to break out northward and advance toward Denmark and , ultimately , Berlin . The plan involved a daylight drop of the American 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions . The 101st was to capture the bridges at Eindhoven , with the 82nd taking the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen . After the bridges had been captured , the ground force , also known as XXX Corps or `` Garden '' , would drive up a single road and link up with the paratroops . The operation failed because the Allies were unable to capture the bridge furthest to the north at Arnhem . There , the British 1st Airborne had been dropped to secure the bridges , but upon landing they discovered that a highly experienced German SS Panzer unit was garrisoning the town . The paratroopers were only lightly equipped in respect to anti-tank weaponry and quickly lost ground . Failure to quickly relieve those members of the 1st who had managed to seize the bridge at Arnhem on the part of the armored XXX Corps , meant that the Germans were able to stymie the entire operation . In the end , the operation 's ambitious nature , the fickle state of war , and failures on the part of Allied intelligence ( as well as tenacious German defense ) can be blamed for Market - Garden 's ultimate failure . This operation also signaled the last time that either the 82nd or 101st would make a combat jump during the war . Operation Queen ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Hürtgen Forest and Operation Queen Unable to push north into the Netherlands , the Allies in western Europe were forced to consider other options to get into Germany . In the summer of 1944 , the Allies suffered from a large supply crisis , due to the long supply route . But by the fall of 1944 , this has largely been resolved ( Red Ball Express ) . As part of the Siegfriend Line Campaign , the Allies tried to push into Germany towards the Rhine . As a first step , Aachen was captured during a heavy battle . The Germans now had the advantage of their old fortification system , the Siegfried line . During the Battle of Hürtgen Forest , the Allies fought a long battle of attrition with the Germans , which ended initially in a stalemate , with the Allies unable to take the complete forest . The battle of the Hürtgen Forrest was later absorbed by a larger offensive , Operation Queen . During this offensive , the Allies intended to push towards the Rur River , as a staging point for a subsequent thrust over the river to the Rhine into Germany . However , against underestimated and stiffened German resistance , the Allies were only able to make slow progress . By mid-December the Allies were finally at the Rur , but by then the Germans had prepared their own offensive through the Ardennes , which was launched in the midst of an unsuccessful Allied attack against the Rur dams . Battle of the Bulge ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of the Bulge , Battle of Bastogne , and Operation Nordwind The `` bulge '' created by the German offensive . American tank destroyers move forward during heavy fog to stem German spearhead near Werbomont , Belgium , 20 December 1944 . Troops of the 101st Airborne move out of Bastogne , after having been besieged there for ten days , 31 December 1944 . On 16 December 1944 , the Germans launched a massive attack westward in the Ardennes forest , along a battlefront extending southwards from Monschau to Echternach , hoping to punch a hole in the Allied lines and capture the Belgian city of Antwerp . The Allies responded slowly , allowing the German attack to create a large `` bulge '' in the Allied lines . In the initial stages of the offensive , American POW 's from the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were executed at the Malmedy massacre by Nazi SS and Fallschirmjäger . As the Germans pushed westward , General Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne and elements of the U.S. 10th Armored Division into the road junction town of Bastogne to prepare a defense . The town quickly became cut off and surrounded . The winter weather slowed Allied air support , and the defenders were outnumbered and low on supplies . When given a request for their surrender from the Germans , General Anthony McAuliffe , acting commander of the 101st , replied , `` Nuts ! '' , contributing to the stubborn American defense . On 19 December , General Patton told Eisenhower that he could have his army in Bastogne in 48 hours . Patton then turned his army , at the time on the front in Luxembourg , north to break through to Bastogne . Patton 's armor pushed north , and by 26 December was in Bastogne , effectively ending the siege . By the time it was over , more American soldiers had served in the battle than in any engagement in American history . On 31 December , the Germans launched their last major offensive of the war on the Western Front , Operation Nordwind , in Alsace and Lorraine in northeastern France . Against weakened American forces there , the Germans were able to push the Americans back to the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January . On 25 January , Allied reinforcements from the Ardennes arrived , the German offensive was stopped and in fierce fighting the so - called Colmar Pocket was eliminated . The German offensive was supported by several subordinate operations known as Unternehmen Bodenplatte , Greif , and Währung . Germany 's goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half , capturing Antwerp and then proceed to encircle and destroy four Allied armies , forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers ' favour . Once accomplished , Hitler could fully concentrate on the eastern theatre of war . The offensive was planned with the utmost secrecy , minimizing radio traffic and moving troops and equipment under cover of darkness . The Third U.S. Army 's intelligence staff predicted a major German offensive , and Ultra indicated that a `` substantial and offensive '' operation was expected or `` in the wind '' , although a precise date or point of attack could not be given . Aircraft movement from the Soviet Front to the Ardennes and transport of forces by rail to the Ardennes was noticed but not acted upon , according to a report later written by Peter Calvocoressi and F.L. Lucas at the codebreaking centre Bletchley Park . Near - complete surprise was achieved by a combination of Allied overconfidence , preoccupation with Allied offensive plans , and poor aerial reconnaissance . The Germans attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line , taking advantage of a heavy overcast , which grounded the Allies ' overwhelmingly superior air forces . Fierce resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive around Elsenborn Ridge and in the south around Bastogne blocked German access to key roads to the west that they counted on for success . This and terrain that favoured the defenders threw the German timetable behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops . Improved weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines , which sealed the failure of the offensive . In the wake of the defeat , many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment , as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line . With about 610,000 men committed and some 89,000 casualties , including 19,000 killed , the Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II . Colmar Pocket ( edit ) Main article : Colmar Pocket The Colmar Pocket ( French : Poche de Colmar ; German : Brückenkopf Elsaß ) was the area held in central Alsace , France by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 -- February 1945 , against the U.S. 6th Army Group during World War II . It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace and adjacent eastern Lorraine , but could not clear central Alsace . During Operation Nordwind in December 1944 , the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace . In late January and early February 1945 , the French First Army ( reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps ) cleared the Pocket of German forces . Invasion of Germany ( edit ) Main article : Western Allied invasion of Germany By early 1945 , events favored the Allied forces in Europe . On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the Battle of Aachen in October 1944 and by January had turned back the Germans in the Battle of the Bulge . The failure of this last major German offensive exhausted much of Germany 's remaining combat strength , leaving it ill - prepared to resist the final Allied campaigns in Europe . Additional losses in the Rhineland further weakened the German Army , leaving shattered remnants of units to defend the east bank of the Rhine . On 7 March , the Allies seized the last remaining intact bridge across the Rhine at Remagen , and had established a large bridgehead on the river 's east bank . During Operation Lumberjack and Operation Plunder in February -- March 1945 , German casualties are estimated at 400,000 men , including 280,000 men captured as prisoners of war . South German offensive ( edit ) Main article : South German Offensive The South German Offensive is the general name of one of the final offensives of World War II in Europe . The offensive was led by the Seventh and Third armies of the United States along with the First Army of France . Soviet troops linked up with American forces in Czechoslovakia notably in the Battle of Slivice . The offensive was made by the US 6th Army Group to protect the 12th Army Group 's right flank and to prevent a German last stand in the Alps . However German resistance was much more fierce than in the north , which slowed the 6th Army Group 's progress . However , by the end of April , many German divisions surrendered without a fight to the advancing American forces to avoid the inevitable destruction . The VI Corps of the Seventh Army linked up with the US Fifth Army , which fought through Italy , in the Alps as the Third Army advanced into Austria and Czechoslovakia , where it linked up with Soviet forces advancing from the east . Fighting continued a few days after the Surrender of Germany on 8 May , due to German forces fighting west to surrender to the Americans instead of the Soviets . Race to Berlin ( edit ) Following the defeat of the German army in the Ardennes , the Allies pushed back towards the Rhine and the heart of Germany . With the capture of the Ludendorff bridge at Remagen , the Allies crossed the Rhine in March 1945 . The Americans then executed a pincer movement , setting up the Ninth Army north , and the First Army south . When the Allies closed the pincer , 300,000 Germans were captured in the Ruhr Pocket . The Americans then turned east , first meeting up with the Soviets at Torgau on the Elbe River in April . The Germans surrendered Berlin to the Soviets on 2 May 1945 . The war in Europe came to an official end on V-E Day , 8 May 1945 . Pacific Theater ( edit ) Main article : Pacific War See also : Asiatic - Pacific Theater The conquests of Imperial Japan . The attack on Pearl Harbor ( edit ) Explosion of the battleship USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor . Main article : Attack on Pearl Harbor Because of Japanese advances in French Indochina and China , the United States , in coordination with the British and Dutch , cut off all oil supplies to Japan , which had imported 90 % of its oil . The oil embargo threatened to grind the Japanese military machine to a halt . Japan refused American demands to leave China and decided that war with the United States was inevitable ; its only hope was to strike first . President Roosevelt had months earlier transferred the American fleet to Hawaii from California in order to deter the Japanese . Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto argued the only way to win the war was to knock out the powerful main American fleet immediately . His fleet approached within 200 miles of Hawaii without being detected . Admiral Chūichi Nagumo held tactical command . Over a five - hour period his six carriers sent two waves of 360 dive - bombers , torpedo planes , and fighters . They destroyed or severely damaged eight battleships , ten smaller warships , and 230 aircraft ; 2,403 American servicemen and civilians were killed . Japanese losses were negligible -- 29 planes shot down ( several American planes were also shot down by anti-aircraft fire ) . Commander Minoru Genda , the chief planner of the raid , begged Nagumo to strike again at the shore facilities , oil storage tanks , and submarines , and to hunt down the American carriers that were supposedly nearby . But Nagumo decided not to risk further action . To reach Pearl Harbor , they had to learn how to refuel at sea ( a technique the US Navy already had worked out ) ; to sink all those ships they used their electric torpedoes and shallow - water bombing tactics . Despite later rumors , there was no advance knowledge of the Japanese plan . The commanders had been complacent about routine defensive measures . In broader perspective , the attack was a failure . The lost battleships reflected obsolete doctrine and were not needed ; the lost planes were soon replaced ; the casualty list was short by World War II standards . Tokyo 's calculation that the Americans would lose heart and seek a compromise peace proved wildly wrong -- the `` sneak attack '' electrified public opinion , committing America with near unanimity to a war to the death against the Japanese Empire . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt addresses a joint session of United States Congress on 8 December 1941 , asking Congress for a declaration of war . Following the attack on Pearl Harbor , President Roosevelt officially pronounced 7 December 1941 , as `` a date which will live in infamy '' and asked for a declaration of war on Japan before a joint session of Congress on 8 December 1941 . The motion passed with only one vote against it , in both chambers . Just three days later , on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States , and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that `` We ca n't lose the war at all . We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years '' . Fall of the Philippines and Dutch east Indies ( edit ) Main article : Philippines Campaign ( 1941 -- 42 ) Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed much of the U.S. Far East Air Force , based near Manila . The Japanese army invaded and trapped the American and Filipino forces on the Bataan peninsula . Roosevelt evacuated General Douglas MacArthur and the nurses , but there was no way to save the trapped men against overwhelming Japanese naval power . MacArthur flew to Australia , vowing `` I came out of Bataan and I shall return . '' Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright surrendered on 8 May ; the prisoners died by the thousands in the Bataan Death March and in disease - ridden Japanese prison camps where food and medicine were in very short supply . The Japanese Navy seemed unstoppable as they seized the Dutch East Indies to gain its rich oil resources . The American , British , Dutch , and Australian forces were combined under the ABDA command but its fleet was quickly sunk in several naval battles around Java . Solomon islands and new Guinea campaign ( edit ) Main article : Solomon Islands campaign Following their rapid advance , the Japanese started the Solomon Islands Campaign from their newly conquered main base at Rabaul in January 1942 . The Japanese seized several islands including Tulagi and Guadalcanal , before they were halted by further events leading to the Guadalcanal Campaign . This campaign also converged with the New Guinea campaign . Battle of the coral Sea ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Coral Sea See also : Battle of the Coral Sea order of battle In May 1942 , the United States fleet engaged the Japanese fleet during the first battle in history in which neither fleet fired directly on the other , nor did the ships of both fleets actually see each other . It was also the first time that aircraft carriers were used in battle . While indecisive , it was nevertheless a starting point because American commanders learned the tactics that would serve them later in the war . Battle of the Aleutian islands ( edit ) Main article : Aleutian Islands Campaign The Battle of the Aleutian Islands was the last battle between sovereign nations to be fought on American soil . As part of a diversionary plan for the Battle of Midway , the Japanese took control of two of the Aleutian Islands ( Attu and Kiska Island ) . Their hope was that strong American naval forces would be drawn away from Midway , enabling a Japanese victory . Because their ciphers were broken , the American forces only drove the Japanese out after Midway . On 11 May 1943 , American and Canadian forces , spearheaded by the U.S. 7th Infantry Division landed on Attu , beginning the operation to take back the islands , by the end of May 1943 and after a series of battles , Allied forces retook Attu . On 15 August 1943 , Allied forces landed on Kiska to retake it , only to find the Island abandoned by the Japanese . Battle of Midway ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Midway See also : Midway order of battle The Japanese carrier Hiryu burning after being attacked during the battle of Midway Having learned important lessons at Coral Sea , the United States Navy was prepared when the Japanese navy under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto launched an offensive aimed at destroying the American Pacific Fleet at Midway Island . The Japanese hoped to embarrass the Americans after the humiliation of the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo . Midway was a strategic island that both sides wished to use as an air base . Yamamoto hoped to achieve complete surprise and a quick capture of the island , followed by a decisive carrier battle with which he could completely destroy the American carrier fleet . Before the battle began , however , American intelligence intercepted his plan , allowing Admiral Chester Nimitz to formulate an effective defensive ambush of the Japanese fleet . The battle began on 4 June 1942 . By the time it was over , the Japanese had lost four carriers , as opposed to one American carrier lost . The Battle of Midway was the turning point of the war in the Pacific because the United States had seized the initiative and was on the offensive for the remaining duration of the war . Island hopping ( edit ) Following the resounding victory at Midway , the United States began a major land offensive . The Allies came up with a strategy known as Island hopping , or the bypassing of islands that either served little or no strategic importance or were heavily defended but could be bypassed , such as Rabaul . Because air power was crucial to any operation , only islands that could support airstrips were targeted by the Allies . The fighting for each island in the Pacific Theater would be savage , as the Americans faced a determined and battle - hardened enemy who had known little defeat on the ground . Air strategy ( edit ) P - 38 Lightning General George Kenney , in charge of tactical air power under MacArthur , never had enough planes , pilots or supplies . ( He was not allowed any authority whatsoever over the Navy 's carriers . ) But the Japanese were always in worse shape -- their equipment deteriorated rapidly because of poor airfields and incompetent maintenance . The Japanese had excellent planes and pilots in 1942 , but ground commanders dictated their missions and ignored the need for air superiority before any other mission could be attempted . Theoretically , Japanese doctrine stressed the need to gain air superiority , but the infantry commanders repeatedly wasted air assets defending minor positions . When Arnold , echoing the official Army line , stated the Pacific was a `` defensive '' theater , Kenney retorted that the Japanese pilot was always on the offensive . `` He attacks all the time and persists in acting that way . To defend against him you not only have to attack him but to beat him to the punch . '' A key to Kenney 's strategy was the neutralization of bypassed Japanese strongpoints like Rabaul and Truk through repeated bombings . He said a major shortfall was `` the kids coming here from the States were green as grass . They were not getting enough gunnery , acrobatics , formation flying , or night flying . '' So he set up extensive retraining programs . The arrival of superior fighters , especially the twin - tailed Lockheed P - 38 Lightning , gave the Americans an edge in range and performance . Occasionally a ripe target appeared , as in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea ( March 1943 ) when bombers sank a major convoy bringing troops and supplies to New Guinea . That success was no fluke . High - flying bombers almost never could hit moving ships . Kenney solved that weakness by teaching pilots the effective new tactic of flying in close to the water then pulling up and lobbing bombs that skipped across the water and into the target . Building airfields ( edit ) The goal of island hopping was to build forward air fields . AAF commander General Hap Arnold correctly anticipated that he would have to build forward airfields in inhospitable places . Working closely with the Army Corps of Engineers , he created Aviation Engineer Battalions that by 1945 included 118,000 men ; it operated in all theatres . Runways , hangars , radar stations , power generators , barracks , gasoline storage tanks and ordnance dumps had to be built hurriedly on tiny coral islands , mud flats , featureless deserts , dense jungles , or exposed locations still under enemy artillery fire . The heavy construction gear had to be imported , along with the engineers , blueprints , steel - mesh landing mats , prefabricated hangars , aviation fuel , bombs and ammunition , and all necessary supplies . As soon as one project was finished the battalion would load up its gear and move forward to the next challenge , while headquarters inked in a new airfield on the maps . Heavy rains often reduced the capacity of old airfields , so new ones were built . Often engineers had to repair and use a captured enemy airfield . Unlike the well - built German air fields in Europe , the Japanese installations were ramshackle affairs with poor siting , poor drainage , scant protection , and narrow , bumpy runways . Engineering was a low priority for the offense - minded Japanese , who chronically lacked adequate equipment and imagination . Combat experience ( edit ) Airmen flew far more often in the Southwest Pacific than in Europe , and although rest time in Australia was scheduled , there was no fixed number of missions that would produce transfer out of combat , as was the case in Europe . Coupled with the monotonous , hot , sickly environment , the result was bad morale that jaded veterans quickly passed along to newcomers . After a few months , epidemics of combat fatigue ( now called Combat stress reaction ) would drastically reduce the efficiency of units . The men who had been at jungle airfields longest , the flight surgeons reported , were in a bad shape : Many have chronic dysentery or other disease , and almost all show chronic fatigue states ... They appear listless , unkempt , careless , and apathetic with almost masklike facial expression . Speech is slow , thought content is poor , they complain of chronic headaches , insomnia , memory defect , feel forgotten , worry about themselves , are afraid of new assignments , have no sense of responsibility , and are hopeless about the future . '' Marine aviation and the issue of ground support ( edit ) Chance - Vought F4U Corsair , 1943 The Marines had their own land - based aviation , built around the excellent Chance - Vought F4U Corsair , an unusually large fighter - bomber . By 1944 10,000 Marine pilots operated 126 combat squadrons . Marine Aviation originally had the mission of close support for ground troops , but it dropped that role in the 1920s and 1930s and became a junior component of naval aviation . The new mission was to protect the fleet from enemy air attacks . Marine pilots , like all aviators , fiercely believed in the prime importance of air superiority ; they did not wish to be tied down to supporting ground troops . On the other hand , the ground Marines needed close air support because they lacked heavy firepower of their own . Mobility was a basic mission of Marine ground forces ; they were too lightly armed to employ the sort of heavy artillery barrages and massed tank movements the Army used to clear the battlefield . The Japanese were so well dug in that Marines often needed air strikes on positions 300 to 1,500 yards ahead . In 1944 , after considerable internal acrimony , Marine Aviation was forced to start helping out . At Iwo Jima ex-pilots in the air liaison party ( ALP ) not only requested air support , but actually directed it in tactical detail . The Marine formula increased responsiveness , reduced `` friendly '' casualties , and ( flying weather permitting ) substituted well for the missing armor and artillery . For the next half century close air support would remain central to the mission of Marine Aviation , provoking eternal jealousy from the Army which was never allowed to operate fixed - wing fighters or bombers , although the Army was allowed to have some unarmed transports and spotter planes . Guadalcanal ( edit ) Main article : Guadalcanal Campaign See also : Battle of Guadalcanal order of battle U.S. Marines debark from LCP ( L ) s onto Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942 . Guadalcanal , fought from August 1942 to February 1943 , was the first major Allied offensive of the war in the Pacific Theater . This campaign pitted American air , naval and ground forces ( later augmented by Australians and New Zealanders ) against determined Japanese resistance . Guadalcanal was the key to control the Solomon Islands , which both sides saw as strategically essential . Both sides won some battles but both sides were overextended in terms of supply lines . Logistical failures in a hostile physical environment hampered everyone . As happened time and again in the Pacific , the Japanese logistical support system failed , as only 20 % of the supplies dispatched from Rabaul to Guadalcanal ever reached there . Consequently , the 30,000 Japanese troops lacked heavy equipment , adequate ammunition and even enough food ; 10,000 were killed , 10,000 starved to death , and the remaining 10,000 were evacuated in February 1943 . In the end Guadalcanal was a major American victory as the Japanese inability to keep pace with the rate of American reinforcements proved decisive . Guadalcanal is an iconic episode in the annals of American military history , underscoring heroic bravery of underequipped individuals in fierce combat with a determined foe . Marines from the 1st Marine Division landed on 7 August 1942 , soldiers from the Army XIV Corps reinforced and eventually replaced in late - November 1942 . They quickly captured Henderson Field , and prepared defenses . In the Battle of Bloody Ridge , the Americans held off wave after wave of Japanese counterattacks before charging what was left of the Japanese . After more than six months of combat the island was firmly in control of the Allies on 8 February 1943 . Map of Guadalcanal showing several Naval battles . Meanwhile , the rival navies fought seven battles , with the two sides diving the victories . Following the Japanese victory at the Battle of Savo Island on 8 -- 9 August , Admiral Fletcher withdrew his ships from around Guadalcanal . A second Japanese naval force sailed south and engaged the American fleet in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24 -- 25 August , ending in a draw but forced the Japanese naval force to retreat . On 11 -- 12 October 1942 , to disrupt Japanese attempts to reinforce and resupply their troops on Guadalcanal ( nicknamed the `` Tokyo Express '' ) , a small US naval force attacked this supply lines at the Battle of Cape Esperance and succeeded . In support of the Japanese ground offensive in October , Japanese naval forces engaged and hoped to decisively defeat any US naval forces in the area of operation at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 25 -- 27 October 1942 , however the Japanese failed to decisively defeat US Navy . From 12 -- 15 November 1942 , the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal took place : Learning that the Japanese were trying to reinforce their troops for an attack on Henderson field , U.S. forces launched aircraft and warship to prevent the Japanese ground troops from reaching Guadalcanal , the U.S. succeeded thus turning back Japan 's last major attempt to dislodge Allied forces from Guadalcanal . A small US naval force attempted to surprise and destroy the Japanese Navy were attempting to deliver supplies to their forces on Guadalcanal at Battle of Tassafaronga however it was n't successful . The final naval battle took place between 29 -- 30 January 1943 , known as the Battle of Rennell Island , US naval forces attempted to stop the Japanese Navy evacuating its ground forces from Guadalcanal , however the Japanese successfully forced the US Navy to withdraw , protecting the Japanese evacuation . Tarawa ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Tarawa Guadalcanal made it clear to the Americans that the Japanese would fight to the bitter end . After brutal fighting in which few prisoners were taken on either side , the United States and the Allies pressed on the offensive . The landings at Tarawa on 20 November 1943 , by the Americans became bogged down as armor attempting to break through the Japanese lines of defense either sank , were disabled or took on too much water to be of use . The Americans were eventually able to land a limited number of tanks and drive inland . After days of fighting they took control of Tarawa on 23 November . Of the original 2,600 Japanese soldiers on the island , only 17 were still alive . Operations in central Pacific ( edit ) Admiral William F. ' Bull ' Halsey -- Commander U.S. Third Fleet at Leyte Gulf In preparation of the recapture of the Philippines , the Allies started the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign to retake the Gilbert and Marshall Islands from the Japanese in summer 1943 . Moving closer to Japan , the U.S. Navy decisively won the Battle of the Philippine Sea and landing forces captured the Mariana and Palau Islands in summer 1944 . The goal was building airbases within range of the new B - 29 bomber aimed at Japan 's industrial cities . Liberation of the Philippines ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Leyte Gulf and Philippines Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) The Battle of Leyte Gulf in 23 -- 26 October 1944 , was a decisive American victory that sank virtually the entire remaining Japanese fleet in arguably the largest naval battle in history . Although the Japanese came surprisingly close to inflicting a major defeat on the Americans , at the last minute the Japanese panicked and lost . The battle was a complex overlapping series of engagements fought off the Philippine island of Leyte , which the U.S. Army had just invaded . The army forces were highly vulnerable to naval attack , and the Japanese goal was to inflict massive destruction . Two American fleets were involved , the Seventh and Third , but they were independent and did not communicate well so the Japanese with a trick maneuver slipped between the two American fleets and almost reached the beaches . However the Japanese communication system was even worse , and the Japanese army and navy did not cooperate , and the three Japanese fleets were each destroyed . General MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines by landing at Leyte on 20 October 1944 . The grueling re-capture of the Philippines took place from 1944 to 1945 and included the battles of Leyte , Luzon , and Mindanao . Iwo Jima ( edit ) An M4 Sherman tank equipped with a flamethrower clearing a Japanese bunker on Iwo Jima , March 1945 . Main article : Battle of Iwo Jima The Americans did not bypass the small island of Iwo Jima because it wanted bases for fighter escorts ; it was actually used as an emergency landing base for B - 29s . The Japanese knew they could not win , but they devised a strategy to maximize American casualties . Learning from the Battle of Saipan they prepared many fortified positions on the island , including pillboxes and underground tunnels . The Marines attack began on 19 February 1945 . Initially the Japanese put up no resistance , letting the Americans mass , creating more targets before the Americans took intense fire from Mount Suribachi and fought throughout the night until the hill was surrounded . Over the next 36 days , the Japanese were pressed into an ever - shrinking pocket , but they chose to fight on to the end , leaving only 1,000 of the original 21,000 defenders alive . The Marines suffered as well , suffering 25,000 casualties . The battle became iconic in America as the epitome of heroism in desperate hand - to - hand combat . Okinawa ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Okinawa Okinawa became the last major battle of the Pacific Theater and the Second World War . The island was to become a staging area for the eventual invasion of Japan since it was just 350 miles ( 550 km ) south of the Japanese mainland . Marines and soldiers landed unopposed on 1 April 1945 , to begin an 82 - day campaign which became the largest land - sea - air battle in history and was noted for the ferocity of the fighting and the high civilian casualties with over 150,000 Okinawans losing their lives . Japanese kamikaze pilots caused the largest loss of ships in U.S. naval history with the sinking of 38 and the damaging of another 368 . Total U.S. casualties were over 12,500 dead and 38,000 wounded , while the Japanese lost over 110,000 men . The fierce combat and high American losses led the Navy to oppose an invasion of the main islands . An alternative strategy was chosen : using the atomic bomb to induce surrender . Strategic bombing of Japan ( edit ) B - 29 Superfortress dropping 500 pound high - explosive bombs over Japan , 1945 . Main article : Air raids on Japan The flammability of Japan 's large cities , and the concentration of munitions production there , made strategic bombing the favorite strategy of the Americans from 1941 onward . The first efforts were made from bases in China , where massive efforts to establish B - 29 bases there and supply them over the Hump ( the Himalayas ) failed in 1944 ; the Japanese Army simply moved overland and captured the bases . Saipan and Tinian , captured by the U.S. in June 1944 , gave secure bases for the very - long - range B - 29 . The Boeing B - 29 Superfortress boasted four 2,200 horsepower Wright R - 3350 supercharged engines that could lift four tons of bombs 33,000 feet ( high above Japanese flak or fighters ) , and make 3,500 mile round trips . However , the systematic raids that began in June 1944 , were unsatisfactory , because the AAF had learned too much in Europe ; it overemphasized self - defense . Arnold , in personal charge of the campaign ( bypassing the theater commanders ) brought in a new leader , brilliant , indefatigable , hard - charging General Curtis LeMay . In early 1945 , LeMay ordered a radical change in tactics : remove the machine guns and gunners , fly in low at night . ( Much fuel was used to get to 30,000 feet ; it could now be replaced with more bombs . ) The Japanese radar , fighter , and anti-aircraft systems were so ineffective that they could not hit the bombers . Fires raged through the cities , and millions of civilians fled to the mountains . Tokyo was hit repeatedly , and during the first massive fire raid of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 suffered a conflagration of about 16 square miles ( 41 km2 ) in area , that killed at least 83,000 . On 5 June , 51,000 buildings in four miles of Kobe were burned out by 473 B - 29s ; the Japanese were learning to fight back , as 11 B - 29s went down and 176 were damaged . Osaka , where one - sixth of the Empire 's munitions were made , was hit by 1,733 tons of incendiaries dropped by 247 B - 29s . A firestorm burned out 8.1 square miles , including 135,000 houses ; 4,000 died . The Japanese local officials reported : Although damage to big factories was slight , approximately one - fourth of some 4,000 lesser factories , which operated hand - in - hand with the big factories , were completely destroyed by fire ... Moreover , owing to the rising fear of air attacks , workers in general were reluctant to work in the factories , and the attendance fluctuated as much as 50 percent . The Japanese army , which was not based in the cities , was largely undamaged by the raids . The Army was short of food and gasoline , but , as Iwo Jima and Okinawa proved , it was capable of ferocious resistance . The Japanese also had a new tactic that it hoped would provide the bargaining power to get a satisfactory peace , the Kamikaze . Kamikaze ( edit ) In late 1944 the Japanese invented an unexpected and highly effective new tactic , the Kamikaze suicide plane aimed like a guided missile at American ships . The attacks began in October 1944 and continued to the end of the war . Experienced pilots were used to lead a mission because they could navigate ; they were not Kamikazes , and they returned to base for another mission . The Kamikaze pilots were inexperienced and had minimal training ; however most were well educated and intensely committed to the Emperor . A `` Judy '' in a suicide dive against USS Essex . The dive brakes are extended and the port wing tank is trailing fuel vapor and smoke 25 November 1944 . Kamikaze attacks were highly effective at the Battle of Okinawa as 4000 kamikaze sorties sank 38 US ships and damaged 368 more , killing 4,900 sailors . Task Force 58 analyzed the Japanese technique at Okinawa in April 1945 : `` Rarely have the enemy attacks been so cleverly executed and made with such reckless determination . These attacks were generally by single or few aircraft making their approaches with radical changes in course and altitude , dispersing when intercepted and using cloud cover to every advantage . They tailed our friendlies home , used decoy planes , and came in at any altitude or on the water . '' The Americans decided the best defense against Kamikazes was to knock them out on the ground , or else in the air long before they approached the fleet . The Navy called for more fighters , and more warning , which meant combat air patrols circling the big ships , more radar picket ships ( which themselves became prime targets ) , and more attacks on airbases and gasoline supplies . Japan suspended Kamikaze attacks in May 1945 , because it was now hoarding gasoline and hiding planes in preparation for new suicide attacks if the Allies dared to invade their home islands . The Kamikaze strategy allowed the use of untrained pilots and obsolete planes , and since evasive maneuvering was dropped and there was no return trip , the scarce gasoline reserves could be stretched further . Since pilots guided their airplane like a guided missile all the way to the target , the proportion of hits was much higher than in ordinary bombing . Japan 's industry was manufacturing 1,500 new planes a month in 1945 . However , the quality of construction was very poor , and many new planes crashed during training or before reaching targets . Expecting increased resistance , including far more Kamikaze attacks once the main islands of Japan were invaded , the U.S. high command rethought its strategy and used atomic bombs to end the war , hoping it would make a costly invasion unnecessary . U.S. submarines in the Pacific ( edit ) Main article : Allied submarines in the Pacific War A Japanese escort vessel sinking after being torpedoed by the USS Seawolf , 23 April 1943 . U.S. submarines participated in the majority of naval battles in the Pacific theatre , but the submarines were most decisive in their blockade of Japan , for which Japan was dependent on its sea transport to provide resources for its war effort . On the afternoon of 7 December 1941 , six hours after the Japanese attack , U.S. naval commanders in the Pacific were ordered by the U.S. Navy Chief of Staff to `` execute unrestricted air and submarine warfare against Japan '' . This order authorized all U.S. submarines in the Pacific to attack and sink any warship , commercial vessel , or civilian passenger ship flying the Japanese flag , without warning . The Pacific Fleet and the Asiatic Fleet Submarine Force immediately went into action to counter the Japanese offensive across the Pacific , such as in the Philippines , Indochina , Dutch East Indies and Malaya . The U.S. Navy submarine force was small ; less than 2 % . On 7 December 1941 , the U.S. Navy had 55 fleet and 18 - medium - sized submarines ( S - boats ) in the Pacific , 38 submarines elsewhere , and 73 under construction . By war 's end , the U.S. would complete 228 submarines . U.S. Navy submarines were often used for surveillance . This included reconnaissance U.S. submarines landed and supplied guerillas in Japanese occupied territory and carrying in commandos for missions such as the Makin Island raid , they also rescued crews of aircraft which had been forced down over the ocean . As a result of several key improvements in strategy and tactics , from 1943 , Allied submarines waged a more effective campaign against Japanese merchant shipping and the IJN , in effect strangling the Japanese Empire of resources . By the end of the war in August , 1945 , U.S. Navy submarines sank around 1300 Japanese merchant ships , as well as roughly 200 warships . Only 42 U.S. submarines were sunk in the Pacific , but 3,500 ( 22 % ) submariners were killed , the highest casualty rate of any American force in World War II . The force destroyed over half of all Japanese merchant ships , totaling well over five million tons of shipping . Atomic bomb mushroom cloud rising from Hiroshima , 6 August 1945 . Atomic bombing of Japanese cities ( edit ) Main article : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki See also : Operation Downfall As victory for the United States slowly approached , casualties mounted . A fear in the American high command was that an invasion of mainland Japan would lead to enormous losses on the part of the Allies , as casualty estimates for the planned Operation Downfall demonstrate . President Harry Truman gave the order to drop the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 , hoping that the destruction of the city would break Japanese resolve and end the war . A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on 9 August after it appeared that the Japanese high command was not planning to surrender . Approximately 140,000 people died in Hiroshima from the bomb and its aftereffects by the end of 1945 , and approximately 74,000 in Nagasaki . V-J Day which occurred on 15 August 1945 marked the end of the United States ' war with the Empire of Japan . Since Japan was the last remaining Axis Power , V-J Day also marked the end of World War II . Minor American front ( edit ) Main article : China Burma India Theater The United States contributed several forces to the China Burma India theater , such as the 5307th Composite Unit ( Provisional ) but nicknamed `` Merrill 's Marauders '' after its commander ; Frank Merrill , it was a United States Army long range penetration special operations jungle warfare unit organized as light infantry assault units . In slightly more than five months of combat in 1944 , the Marauders advanced 750 miles through some of the harshest jungle terrain in the world , fought in five major engagements , mostly behind enemy lines , with or in support of British Empire and Chinese forces in Burma and suffered many casualties . On 10 August 1944 the Marauders were consolidated into the 475th Infantry . The U.S. also had an adviser to Chiang Kai - shek and Joseph Stillwell . Units of the Tenth Air Force , Fourteenth Air Force , and Twentieth Air Force of the USAAF also served in the theatre , including the previously mentioned `` Flying Tigers '' . Planned attacks on the United States ( edit ) Amerika Bomber American Theater ( World War II ) Project Z Other units and Services ( edit ) Play media Army troops practice swamp slogging through cypress swamp , make human chain across river , crawl on their bellies , use weeds and Spanish moss for camouflage . Cactus Air Force Devil 's Brigade ( 1st Special Service Force ) Eagle Squadron Flying Tigers Merrill 's Marauders Office of Strategic Services Tuskegee Airmen Timeline ( edit ) European and Mediterranean Theater ( edit ) Battle Campaign Date start Date end Victory Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany declare war on the United States West European theater and Mediterranean theater of World War II 11 December 1941 8 May 1945 Allies Battle of the Atlantic 3 September 1939 8 May 1945 Allies Operation Torch North African campaign 8 November 1942 10 November 1942 Allies Run for Tunis Tunisia campaign 10 November 1942 25 December 1942 Germany Battle of Sidi Bou Zid Tunisia campaign 14 February 1943 17 February 1943 Germany Battle of the Kasserine Pass Tunisia campaign 19 February 1943 25 February 1943 Germany Battle of El Guettar Tunisia campaign 23 March 1943 7 April 1943 Germany Battle of Hill 609 Tunisia campaign 27 April 1943 1 May 1943 United States Operation Vulcan Tunisia campaign 6 May 1943 12 May 1943 United States Operation Flax Tunisia campaign 5 April 1943 27 April 1943 United States Allied invasion of Sicily Italian campaign 9 July 1943 17 August 1943 Allies Allied invasion of Italy Italian campaign 3 September 1943 16 September 1943 Allies Bernhardt Line Italian campaign 1 December 1943 15 January 1944 Allies Battle of Monte Cassino Italian campaign 17 January 1944 19 May 1944 Allies Operation Shingle Italian campaign 22 January 1944 5 June 1944 Allies Battle of Normandy Western Front 6 June 1944 25 August 1944 Allies Battle of Saint - Lô Western Front 9 July 1944 24 July 1944 Allies Operation Cobra Western Front 25 July 1944 31 July 1944 Allies Operation Lüttich Western Front 7 August 1944 13 August 1944 Allies Falaise pocket Western Front 12 August 1944 21 August 1944 Allies Liberation of Paris Western Front 19 August 1944 25 August 1944 Allies Operation Dragoon Western Front 15 August 1944 14 September 1944 Allies Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine Western Front 25 August 1944 7 March 1945 Allies Gothic Line Italian campaign 25 August 1944 17 December 1944 Allies Operation Market Garden Western Front 17 September 1944 25 September 1944 Germany Battle of Arracourt Western Front 18 September 1944 29 September 1944 Allies Battle of Huertgen Forest Western Front 19 September 1944 10 February 1945 Germany Battle of Aachen Western Front 1 October 1944 22 October 1944 United States Operation Queen Western Front 16 November 1944 16 December 1944 Germany Battle of the Bulge Western Front 16 December 1944 25 January 1945 Allies Operation Bodenplatte Western Front 1 January 1945 1 January 1945 Allies Operation Nordwind Western Front 1 January 1945 25 January 1945 Allies Colmar Pocket Western Front 20 January 1945 9 February 1945 Allies Spring 1945 offensive in Italy Italian campaign 6 April 1945 2 May 1945 Allies Western Allied invasion of Germany Western Front 8 February 1945 5 May 1945 Allies Operation Grenade Western Front 9 February 1945 9 February 1945 Allies Operation Lumberjack Western Front 7 March 1945 25 March 1945 Allies Operation Varsity Western Front 24 March 1945 24 March 1945 Allies Ruhr Pocket Western Front 7 March 1945 21 April 1945 Allies Battle of Frankfurt Western Front 26 March 1945 29 March 1945 Allies Pacific Theater ( edit ) Battle Campaign Date start Date end Victory Attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 7 December 1941 Japan United States declares war on Japan 8 December 1941 15 August 1945 Battle of Guam 8 December 1941 8 December 1941 Japan Battle of Wake Island Pacific Ocean theater of World War II 8 December 1941 23 December 1941 Japan Battle of the Philippines South West Pacific 8 December 1941 8 May 1942 Japan Battle of Balikpapan Netherlands East Indies campaign 23 January 1942 24 January 1942 Japan Battle of Ambon Netherlands East Indies campaign 30 January 1942 3 February 1942 Japan Battle of Makassar Strait Netherlands East Indies campaign 4 February 1942 4 February 1942 Japan Battle of Badung Strait Netherlands East Indies campaign 18 February 1942 19 February 1942 Japan Battle of Timor Netherlands East Indies campaign 19 February 1942 10 February 1943 Japan ( tactical ) ; Allies ( strategic ) Battle of the Java Sea Netherlands East Indies campaign 27 February 1942 1 March 1942 Japan Battle of Sunda Strait Netherlands East Indies campaign 28 February 1942 1 March 1942 Japan Battle of Java Netherlands East Indies campaign 28 February 1942 12 March 1942 Japan Invasion of Tulagi Solomon Islands campaign 3 May 1942 4 May 1942 Japan Battle of the Coral Sea New Guinea campaign 4 May 1942 8 May 1942 Japan ( tactical ) ; Allies ( strategic ) Battle of Corregidor 5 May 1942 6 May 1942 Japan Battle of Midway Pacific Theater of Operations 4 June 1942 7 June 1942 United States Battle of the Aleutian Islands Pacific Theater of Operations 6 June 1942 15 August 1943 Allies Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu - Tanambogo Guadalcanal campaign 7 August 1942 9 August 1942 Allies Battle of Savo Island Guadalcanal campaign 8 August 1942 9 August 1942 Japan Makin Raid Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17 August 1942 18 August 1942 United States Battle of the Tenaru Guadalcanal campaign 21 August 1942 21 August 1942 Allies Battle of the Eastern Solomons Guadalcanal campaign 24 August 1942 25 August 1942 United States Battle of Milne Bay New Guinea campaign 25 August 1942 5 September 1942 Allies Battle of Edson 's Ridge Guadalcanal campaign 12 September 1942 14 September 1942 United States Second Battle of the Matanikau Guadalcanal campaign 23 September 1942 27 September 1942 Japan Third Battle of the Matanikau Guadalcanal campaign 7 October 1942 9 October 1942 United States Battle of Cape Esperance Guadalcanal campaign 11 October 1942 12 October 1942 United States Battle for Henderson Field Guadalcanal campaign 23 October 1942 26 October 1942 United States Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands Guadalcanal campaign 25 October 1942 27 October 1942 Japan Naval Battle of Guadalcanal Guadalcanal campaign 12 November 1942 15 November 1942 United States Battle of Buna - Gona New Guinea campaign 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Allies Battle of Tassafaronga Guadalcanal campaign 29 November 1942 29 November 1942 Japan Battle of Rennell Island Guadalcanal campaign 29 January 1943 30 January 1943 Japan Battle of Wau New Guinea campaign 29 January 1943 31 January 1943 Allies Battle of the Bismarck Sea New Guinea campaign 2 March 1943 4 March 1943 Allies Battle of Blackett Strait Solomon Islands campaign 6 March 1943 6 March 1943 United States Battle of the Komandorski Islands Aleutian Islands campaign 27 March 1943 27 March 1943 Inconclusive Death of Isoroku Yamamoto Solomon Islands campaign 18 April 1943 18 April 1943 United States Salamaua - Lae campaign New Guinea campaign 22 April 1943 16 September 1943 Allies Battle of New Georgia Solomon Islands campaign 20 June 1943 25 August 1943 Allies Battle of Kula Gulf Solomon Islands campaign 6 July 1943 6 July 1943 Inconclusive Battle of Kolombangara Solomon Islands campaign 12 July 1943 13 July 1943 Japan Battle of Vella Gulf Solomon Islands campaign 6 August 1943 7 August 1943 United States Battle of Vella Lavella Solomon Islands campaign 15 August 1943 9 October 1943 Allies Bombing of Wewak New Guinea campaign 17 August 1943 17 August 1943 United States Finisterre Range campaign New Guinea campaign 19 September 1943 24 April 1944 Allies Naval Battle of Vella Lavella Solomon Islands campaign 7 October 1943 7 October 1943 Japan Battle of the Treasury Islands Solomon Islands campaign 25 October 1943 12 November 1943 Allies Raid on Choiseul Solomon Islands campaign 28 October 1943 3 November 1943 Allies Bombing of Rabaul New Guinea campaign 1 November 1943 11 November 1943 Allies Bougainville campaign New Guinea campaign 1 November 1943 21 August 1945 Allies Battle of Tarawa Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 20 November 1943 23 November 1943 United States Battle of Makin Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 20 November 1943 24 November 1943 United States Battle of Cape St. George Solomon Islands campaign 26 November 1943 26 November 1943 United States New Britain Campaign New Guinea campaign 15 December 1943 21 August 1945 Allies Landing at Saidor New Guinea campaign 2 January 1944 10 February 1944 Allies Battle of Cape St. George Solomon Islands campaign 29 January 1944 27 February 1944 Allies Battle of Kwajalein Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 31 January 1944 3 February 1944 United States Operation Hailstone Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17 February 1944 18 February 1944 United States Battle of Eniwetok Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17 February 1944 23 February 1944 United States Admiralty Islands campaign New Guinea campaign 29 February 1944 18 May 1944 Allies Landing on Emirau New Guinea campaign 20 March 1944 27 March 1944 United States Battle of Saipan Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 15 June 1944 9 July 1944 United States Battle of the Philippine Sea Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 19 June 1944 20 June 1944 United States Battle of Guam Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 21 July 1944 8 August 1944 United States Battle of Tinian Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 24 July 1944 1 August 1944 United States Battle of Peleliu Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 15 September 1944 25 November 1944 United States Battle of Angaur Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 17 September 1944 30 September 1944 United States Battle of Leyte Philippines campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) 20 October 1944 31 December 1944 Allies Battle of Leyte Gulf Philippines campaign 23 October 1944 26 October 1944 United States Battle of Ormoc Bay Philippines campaign 11 November 1944 21 December 1944 United States Battle of Mindoro Philippines campaign 13 December 1944 16 December 1944 United States Battle for the Recapture of Bataan Philippines campaign 31 January 1945 8 February 1945 Allies Battle of Manila ( 1945 ) Philippines campaign 3 February 1945 3 March 1945 Allies Battle for the Recapture of Corregidor Philippines campaign 16 February 1945 26 February 1945 Allies Battle of Iwo Jima Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign 19 February 1945 16 March 1945 United States Invasion of Palawan Philippines campaign 28 February 1945 22 April 1945 United States Battle of Okinawa Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign 1 April 1945 21 June 1945 Allies Operation Ten - Go Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign 7 April 1945 7 April 1945 United States Battle of Tarakan Borneo campaign ( 1945 ) 1 May 1945 19 June 1945 Allies See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War II . List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II Equipment losses in World War II Military history of the United States United States casualties of war World War II casualties Allied war crimes during World War II Greatest Generation United States home front during World War II American Minority Groups in World War II References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World War 2 Casualties '' . World War 2 . Otherground , LLC and World-War-2.info. 2003 . Retrieved 20 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` World War II POWs remember efforts to strike against captors '' . The Times - Picayune . Associated Press . 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Inflation Calculator '' . Jump up ^ multpl . `` US GDP '' . Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932 -- 1945 ( 1995 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagle Squadrons '' . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Aces High ' , Shores and Williams , 1994 , pages 31 , 38 , 40 ^ Jump up to : Ford 1991 , pp. 30 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Henry H. Adams , Witness to Power : The Life of Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Grace P. Hayes , The history of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II : The War Against Japan ( 1953 ) Jump up ^ Maurice Matloff et al. Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare : 1941 -- 42 ( 1951 ) Jump up ^ Eric Larrabee , Commander in Chief : Franklin Delano Roosevelt , His Lieutenants , and Their War ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Secretary of War Henry Stimson , however , did control decisions about building and using the atomic bomb . Jump up ^ One War Won , TIME Magazine , 13 December 1943 ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1975 ) . The Battle of the Atlantic September 1939 -- May 1943 . Little , Brown and Company . pp. 74 -- 79 . Jump up ^ George W. Baer , One Hundred Years of Sea Power : The U.S. Navy , 1890 -- 1990 ( 1996 ) p. 162 Jump up ^ `` A Chronology of US Historical Documents '' . Archived 5 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Oklahoma College of Law Jump up ^ `` Command Failures : Lessons Learned from Lloyd R. Fredendall '' Steven L. Ossad , findarticles.com Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 185 -- 193 . Jump up ^ `` '' NUTS ! '' Revisited : An Interview with Lt. General Harry W.O. Kinnard `` . thedropzone.org Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Bulge remembered 60 years later '' . defenselink.mil Jump up ^ `` World War II '' . Historynet.com . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) is one of the best of many books Jump up ^ Alan Zimm , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions ( 2011 ) covers the technical details from the Japanese side Jump up ^ Peter Grier ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Day : How did Adolf Hitler react to the attack ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . csmonitor.com . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Donald J. Young , The Battle of Bataan : A Complete History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Battle of Midway , 4 -- 7 June 1942 '' history.navy.mil Jump up ^ `` Pacific Theater , World War II -- Island Hopping , 1942 -- 1945 '' , USHistory.com . Jump up ^ George Kenney , General Kenney reports : a personal history of the Pacific War ( Office of Air Force History -- 1949 ) full text online Jump up ^ Quoted in William M. Leary , We Shall Return ! : MacArthur 's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan ( 2004 ) p. 99 Jump up ^ Kenney p 112 Jump up ^ Martin W. Bowman , B - 17 Flying Fortress Units of the Pacific War ( 2003 ) p. 59 Jump up ^ Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate , The Army Air Forces In World War II : Vol 7 : Services Around The World ( 1958 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Mae Mills Link and Hubert A. Coleman , Medical support of the Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1955 ) p 851 Jump up ^ Robert Lee Sherrod , History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II ( 1952 ) Jump up ^ Charles W. Koburger , Pacific Turning Point : The Solomons Campaign , 1942 -- 1943 ( 1995 ) online edition Jump up ^ Samuel Eliot Morison , History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Vol. 5 : The Struggle for Guadalcanal , August 1942 -- February 1943 ( 1949 ) Jump up ^ Richard Overy , War in the Pacific ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Battle for Leyte Gulf ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Joseph H. Alexander , Closing In : Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima ( 1994 ) , short Marine Corps history online edition Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , The Oxford Essential Guide to World War II ( 2002 ) p 279 Jump up ^ John Olsen , A History of Air Warfare ( 2009 ) p 74 Jump up ^ Donald L. Miller , D - days in the Pacific ( 2005 ) p. 2222 Jump up ^ William W. Ralph , `` Improvised Destruction : Arnold , LeMay , and the Firebombing of Japan , '' War in History Vol. 13 , No. 4 , 495 -- 522 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Thomas R. Searle , `` ' It Made a Lot of Sense to Kill Skilled Workers ' : The Firebombing of Tokyo in March 1945 '' The Journal of Military History , Vol. 66 , No. 1 ( Jan. 2002 ) , pp. 103 -- 133 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Syohgo Hattori , `` Kamikaze : Japan 's Glorious Failure . '' Air Power History 1996 43 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 27 . ISSN 1044 - 016X Jump up ^ Rikihei Inoguchi and Tadashi Nakajima , The Divine Wind : Japan 's Kamikaze Force in World War II ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Robin L. Rielly , Kamikazes , Corsairs , and Picket Ships : Okinawa , 1945 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ quoted in Norman Friedman , U.S. naval weapons : every gun , missile , mine , and torpedo used by the U.S. Navy from 1883 to the present day ( 1982 ) p 93 Jump up ^ John Ray Skates , The invasion of Japan : alternative to the bomb ( 2000 ) p. 241 Jump up ^ Spector ( 1984 ) , pp. 478 -- 479 ; Blair , Silent Victory , p. 106 ; Holwitt , Joel I. `` Execute Against Japan '' , Ph. D. dissertation , Ohio State University , 2005. ( page needed ) . Jump up ^ Christley ( 2006 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Morison ( 1948 ) , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Morison ( 1949 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Lenton , H.T. American Submarines ( Navies of the Second World War Series ; New York : Doubleday , 1973 ) , p. 5 table . Jump up ^ `` World War 2 Submarines '' . Jump up ^ Roscoe , Theodore . Pig Boats ( Bantam Books , 1958 ) ; Blair , Silent Victory , pp. 991 -- 2 . Jump up ^ RD Designs ( 7 December 1941 ) . `` Sinkings By Boat '' . Pigboats.com . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Clay , Jr . Silent Victory ( New York , 1976 ) , p. 878 . Further reading ( edit ) Air Force ( edit ) Perret , Geoffrey . Winged Victory : The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1997 ) Army ( edit ) Perret , Geoffrey . There 's a War to Be Won : The United States Army in World War II ( 1997 ) Europe ( edit ) Weigley , Russell . Eisenhower 's Lieutenants : The Campaigns of France and Germany , 1944 -- 45 ( 1990 ) Marines ( edit ) Sherrod , Robert Lee . History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II ( 1987 ) Navy ( edit ) Morison , Two - Ocean War : A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War ( 2007 ) Pacific ( edit ) Hornfischer , James D. ( 2011 ) . Neptune 's Inferno : The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80670 - 0 . Hornfischer , James D. ( 2006 ) . Ship of Ghosts : The Story of the USS Houston , FDR 's Legendary Lost Cruiser , and the Epic Saga of Her Survivors . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80390 - 7 . Hornfischer , James D. ( 2004 ) . The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors : The Extraordinary World War II Story of the U.S. Navy 's Finest Hour . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 38148 - 1 . Parshall , Jonathan and Anthony Tully . Shattered Sword : The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway ( 2005 ) . Spector , Ronald . Eagle Against the Sun : The American War With Japan ( 1985 ) Tillman , Barrett . Whirlwind : The Air War Against Japan , 1942 -- 1945 ( 2010 ) . Tillman , Barrett . Clash of the Carriers : The True Story of the Marianas Turkey Shoot of World War II ( 2005 ) . Biographies ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen . The Supreme Commander : The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Beschloss , Michael R . The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search Buell , Thomas B. Master of Sea Power : A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King ( 1995 ) . Buell , Thomas . The Quiet Warrior : A Biography of Admiral Raymond Spruance. ( 1974 ) . Burns , James MacGregor . vol. 2 : Roosevelt : Soldier of Freedom 1940 -- 1945 ( 1970 ) , A major interpretive scholarly biography , emphasis on politics online at ACLS e-books Davis , Richard G. ( 1997 ) . HAP : Henry H. Arnold , Military Aviator ( PDF ) . USAF . ISBN 0 - 16 - 049071 - 5 . Larrabee , Eric . Commander in Chief : Franklin Delano Roosevelt , His Lieutenants , and Their War ( 2004 ) , chapters on all the key American war leaders excerpt and text search James , D. Clayton . The Years of MacArthur 1941 -- 1945 ( 1975 ) , vol 2 . of standard scholarly biography Leary , William ed . We Shall Return ! MacArthur 's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan , 1942 -- 1945 ( 1988 ) Morison , Elting E. Turmoil and Tradition : A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson ( 1960 ) Pogue , Forrest . George C. Marshall : Ordeal and Hope , 1939 -- 1942 ( 1999 ) ; George C. Marshall : Organizer of Victory , 1943 -- 1945 ( 1999 ) ; standard scholarly biography Potter , E.B. Bull Halsey ( 1985 ) . Potter , E.B. Nimitz . ( 1976 ) . Showalter , Dennis . Patton And Rommel : Men of War in the Twentieth Century ( 2006 ) , by a leading scholar ; excerpt and text search David J. Ulbrich ( 2011 ) . Preparing for Victory : Thomas Holcomb and the Making of Modern Marine Corps , 1936 -- 1943 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 903 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States in World War II . World War II , from USHistory.com . A Chronology of US Historical Documents , Oklahoma College of Law . The D - Day Story , D - Day Museum . Omaha Beachhead , American Forces in Action Series . Washington D.C. , United States Army Center of Military History 1994 ( facsimile reprint of 1945 ) . CMH Pub. 100 - 11 . Lend - Lease Act , 11 March 1941 , U.S. Congress . ( from history.navy.mil ) Cole , Hugh M. The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge . United States Army in World War II Series . 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List of astronauts by year of selection - wikipedia List of astronauts by year of selection Jump to : navigation , search This list needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of astronauts by year of selection , people selected for training for a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . Until recently , astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments , either by the military or by civilian space agencies . However , with the first sub-orbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004 , a new category of astronaut was created -- the commercial astronaut . While the term astronaut is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , journalists , and tourists , this article only lists professional astronauts . A list of everyone who has flown in space can be found at List of space travelers by name . More than 500 people have trained as astronauts . Contents 1950s : 1958 1959 1960s : 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s : 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s : 1980 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s : 1990 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s : 2000 2003 2004 2006 2008 2009 2010s : 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 1954 -- 1958 ( edit ) North American X-15 Pilots Group -- USA Fourteen pilots were directly involved with the X-15 , although only twelve actually flew the vehicles . There was no formal selection process , since everyone chosen was already a qualified test pilot . Scott Crossfield and Alvin White were the prime and back - up North American Aviation test pilots who first became involved with the project . Air Force Captains Iven Kincheloe ( prime pilot ) and Robert White ( back - up ) were assigned to the X-15 in 1957 . When Kincheloe was killed in an accident ( in a different rocket aircraft program ) , White became the prime pilot and Captain Robert Rushworth became his back - up . The first NASA pilots were Joseph Walker and Neil Armstrong . Lieutenant Commander Forrest S. Petersen represented the Navy . Walker and Armstrong eventually were replaced by NASA pilots John B. McKay ( 1960 ) , Milton Thompson ( 1963 ) and William H. Dana ( 1965 ) . White and Rushworth were succeeded by Captain Joe Engle ( 1963 ) , Captain William Joseph Knight ( 1964 ) and Major Michael Adams ( 1966 ) . The Navy selected Lieutenant Lloyd Hoover as Peterson 's replacement , but he never trained or flew . Note : Facts from Michael Cassutt 's book Who 's Who in Space . 1958 ( edit ) June 25 -- Man In Space Soonest -- USA Neil Armstrong , William B. Bridgeman , Albert S. Crossfield , Iven C. Kincheloe , John B. McKay , Robert A. Rushworth , Joseph A. Walker , Alvin S. White , Robert M. White Note : Nine test pilots from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) , the United States Air Force ( USAF ) , North American Aviation ( NAA ) , and Douglas Aircraft Corporation were selected for the Man In Space Soonest project , a USAF initiative to put a man in space before the Soviet Union did . The project was cancelled on August 1 , but two of these men would later reach space : Walker made two X-15 flights above 100 kilometers in 1963 ; and Neil Armstrong joined NASA in 1962 and flew in Project Gemini and Apollo , becoming the first human to set foot on the Moon at 02 : 56 UTC July 21 , 1969 . 1959 ( edit ) April 9 -- NASA Group 1 -- Mercury Seven -- USA Scott Carpenter , Gordon Cooper , John Glenn , Gus Grissom , Wally Schirra , Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton . Note : The first group of astronauts selected by NASA were for Project Mercury in April 1959 . All seven were military test pilots , a requirement specified by President Eisenhower to simplify the selection process . All seven eventually flew in space , although one , Deke Slayton , did not fly a Mercury mission due to a medical disqualification , instead flying later on the Apollo - Soyuz mission . The other six each flew one Mercury mission . For two of these , Scott Carpenter and John Glenn , the Mercury mission was their only flight in the Apollo era ( Glenn later flew on the Space Shuttle ) . Three of the Mercury astronauts , Gus Grissom , Gordon Cooper and Wally Schirra , also each flew a mission during the Gemini program . Alan Shepard was slated to fly Mercury 10 before its cancellation and was the original commander for the Gemini 3 mission , but did not fly due to a medical disqualification . After surgery to correct the problem , he later flew as commander of Apollo 14 . He was the only Mercury astronaut to go to the Moon . Wally Schirra also flew on Apollo as commander of Apollo 7 , as well as Mercury and Gemini , the only astronaut to fly on all three types of spacecraft . ( Gus Grissom was scheduled to fly the first Apollo flight , but died in a fire on the launch pad during training . ) Gordon Cooper was a backup commander for Apollo 10 , the `` dress rehearsal '' flight for the lunar landing , and would have commanded another mission ( likely to have been Apollo 13 , according to the crew rotation ) , but was bumped from the rotation after a disagreement with NASA management . At least one member of the Mercury Seven flew on every NASA class of human - rated spacecraft ( but not space station ) through the end of the 20th century : Mercury , Gemini , Apollo , and the Space Shuttle . 1960 ( edit ) March 7 -- Air Force Group 1 -- USSR Ivan Anikeyev , Pavel Belyayev , Valentin Bondarenko , Valery Bykovsky , Valentin Filatyev , Yuri Gagarin , Viktor Gorbatko , Anatoli Kartashov , Yevgeny Khrunov , Vladimir Komarov , Alexey Leonov , Grigori Nelyubov , Andrian Nikolayev , Pavel Popovich , Mars Rafikov , Georgi Shonin , Gherman Titov , Valentin Varlamov , Boris Volynov , and Dmitri Zaikin . Note : The initial group of Soviet cosmonauts was chosen from Soviet Air Force jet pilots . April -- Dyna - Soar Group 1 -- USA Neil Armstrong , William H. Dana , Henry C. Gordon , Pete Knight , Russell L. Rogers , Milt Thompson , and James W. Wood . Note : In April 1960 , seven men were secretly chosen for the Dyna - Soar program . Armstrong had previously been part of the MISS program . Armstrong and Dana left the program in the summer of 1962 . 1962 ( edit ) March 12 -- Female Group -- USSR Tatyana Kuznetsova , Valentina Ponomaryova , Irina Solovyova , Valentina Tereshkova , and Zhanna Yorkina . Note : On March 12 , 1962 , a group of five civilian women with parachuting experience was added to the cosmonaut training program . Only Tereshkova would fly . A leading Soviet high - altitude parachutist , 20 - year - old Tatyana Kuznetsova was , and remains , the youngest person ever selected to train for spaceflight . September 17 -- NASA Group 2 -- The Next Nine ( Also : The Nifty Nine , The New Nine ) -- USA Neil Armstrong , Frank Borman , Pete Conrad , Jim Lovell , Jim McDivitt , Elliot See , Tom Stafford , Ed White , and John Young . Note : A second group of nine astronauts was selected by NASA in September 1962 . All of this group flew missions in the Gemini program except Elliott See , who died in a flight accident while preparing for the Gemini 9 flight . All of the others also flew on Apollo , except for Ed White , who died in the Apollo 1 launchpad fire . Three of this group , McDivitt , Borman and Armstrong , made single flights in both Gemini and Apollo . Four others , Young , Lovell , Stafford and Conrad , each made two flights in Gemini and at least one flight in Apollo . Young and Lovell both made two Apollo flights . Conrad and Stafford also made second flights in Apollo spacecraft , Conrad on Skylab 2 and Stafford in Apollo - Soyuz . Six of this group , Borman , Lovell , Stafford , Young , Armstrong and Conrad , made flights to the Moon . Lovell and Young went to the Moon twice . Armstrong , Conrad , and Young walked on the Moon . McDivitt was later Apollo Program Director and became the first general officer and would have been either the prime LM Pilot or backup commander for Apollo 14 , but left NASA due to a conflict between Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton . John Young also later flew on the Space Shuttle ( STS - 1 and STS - 9 ) and would retire from NASA in 2004 . He was both the first and last of his group to go into space . September 19 -- Dyna - Soar Group 2 -- USA Albert Crews Note : On September 19 , 1962 , Crews was added to the Dyna - Soar program and the names of the six active Dyna - Soar astronauts were announced to the public . 1963 ( edit ) January 10 -- Air Force Group 2 -- USSR Yuri Artyukhin , Eduard Buinovski , Lev Dyomin , Georgy Dobrovolsky , Anatoly Filipchenko , Aleksei Gubarev , Vladislav Gulyayev , Pyotr Kolodin , Eduard Kugno , Anatoli Kuklin , Aleksandr Matinchenko , Vladimir Shatalov , Lev Vorobyov , Anatoly Voronov , Vitaly Zholobov October 17 , 1963 -- NASA Group 3 -- The Fourteen -- USA Buzz Aldrin , William Anders , Charles Bassett , Alan Bean , Eugene Cernan , Roger Chaffee , Michael Collins , Walter Cunningham , Donn Eisele , Theodore Freeman , Richard Gordon , Russell Schweickart , David Scott , Clifton Williams Note : All of the third group , except those who died ( Bassett , Chaffee , Freeman , and Williams ) , flew on the Apollo program . Aldrin , Bean , Cernan and Scott walked on the Moon . Five of them ( Aldrin , Cernan , Collins , Gordon and Scott ) also flew missions during the Gemini program . Cernan would be the only astronaut from this group to fly to the Moon twice ( Apollo 10 and Apollo 17 ) , while Bean would command the Skylab 3 mission . Bassett , Chaffee , Freeman and Williams all died before they could fly in space -- Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire , the others in plane crashes . 1964 ( edit ) January 25 -- Air Force Group 2 Supplemental -- USSR Georgi Beregovoi May 26 -- Voskhod Group ( Medical Group 1 ) -- USSR Vladimir Benderov , Georgi Katys , Vasili Lazarev , Boris Polyakov , Aleksei Sorokin , Boris Yegorov June 11 -- Civilian Specialist Group 1 -- USSR Konstantin Feoktistov 1965 ( edit ) June 1 -- Journalist Group 1 -- USSR Yaroslav Golovanov , Yuri Letunov , Mikhail Rebrov Note : In 1965 , three civilian journalists were selected for cosmonaut training in preparation for flight on a Voskhod mission . When the Voskhod program was canceled , Golovanov and Letunov were dismissed . Rebrov , on the other hand , stayed with the space program as a journalist until 1974 . June 1 -- Medical Group 2 -- USSR Yevgeni Illyin , Aleksandr Kiselyov , Yuri Senkevich Note : These physicians were selected for the long - duration Voskhod flights , all of which were subsequently canceled to make way for the Soviet Moon program . All three were dismissed at the beginning of the following year . June 28 -- NASA Group 4 -- The Scientists -- USA Owen Garriott , Edward Gibson , Duane Graveline , Joseph Kerwin , Curt Michel , Harrison Schmitt Note : Graveline and Michel left NASA without flying in space . Schmitt walked on the Moon on Apollo 17 . Garriott , Gibson and Kerwin all flew to Skylab . Garriott also flew on Space Shuttle flight STS - 9 , becoming the first Amateur radio operator ( callsign W5LFL ) to operate from orbit . October 28 -- Air Force Group 3 -- USSR Boris Belousov , Vladimir Degtyarov , Anatoli Fyodorov , Yuri Glazkov , Vitali Grishchenko , Veygeni Khludeyev , Leonid Kizim , Pyotr Klimuk , Gennadi Kolesnikov , Aleksandr Kramarenko , Mikhail Lisun , Aleksandr Petrushenko , Vladimir Preobrazhensky , Valery Rozhdestvensky , Gennadi Sarafanov , Ansar Sharafutdinov , Vasili Shcheglov , Aleksandr Skvortsov , Eduard Stepanov , Valeri Voloshin , Oleg Yakovlev , Vyacheslav Zudov Note : This group of cosmonauts was selected for participation in five separate Soyuz programmes that the USSR was running . These included military programs ( with and without the Almaz / Salyut space stations ) and two lunar programs ( only one of which aimed at an actual lunar landing ) . In the end , only the orbital program and the space station program went ahead , and few of the cosmonauts from this group ever were given the chance to fly . November -- USAF MOL Group 1 -- USA Michael J. Adams , Albert H. Crews Jr. , John L. Finley , Richard E. Lawyer , Lachlan Macleay , Francis G. Neubeck , James M. Taylor , Richard H. Truly . Note : This group was selected for training for the U.S. Air Force 's Manned Orbiting Laboratory program . Of this group , only Truly transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program and later flew on the Space Shuttle . In 1989 , Truly became the first astronaut to be NASA Administrator . 1966 ( edit ) April 4 -- NASA Group 5 -- USA Vance Brand , John S. Bull , Gerald Carr , Charles Duke , Joseph Engle , Ronald Evans , Edward Givens , Fred Haise , James Irwin , Don Lind , Jack Lousma , Ken Mattingly , Bruce McCandless II , Edgar Mitchell , William Pogue , Stuart Roosa , Jack Swigert , Paul Weitz , Alfred Worden . Note : Veteran astronaut John Young christened this group the `` Original Nineteen '' , in parody of the original seven Mercury astronauts . Roughly half of them flew in the Apollo program , while others flew during Skylab and the Space Shuttle , with Brand also flying on the American half of the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project in 1975 . Engle was the only NASA astronaut to have earned his astronaut wings before his selection . Two of this group never flew into space : Givens was killed in a car accident in 1967 , and Bull resigned from the Astronaut Corps in 1968 after discovering he had pulmonary disease . Engle , Lind , and McCandless were the only ones from this group who never flew an Apollo spacecraft ; Brand , Haise , Lousma , Mattingly , and Weitz all flew both an Apollo and a Shuttle ( though Haise only flew in the Approach and Landing Tests , not into space ) . May 23 -- Civilian Specialist Group 2 -- USSR Sergei Anokhin , Vladimir Bugrov , Gennadi Dolgopolov , Georgi Grechko , Valeri Kubasov , Oleg Makarov , Vladislav Volkov , Aleksei Yeliseyev June 30 -- USAF MOL Group 2 -- USA Karol Bobko , Robert Crippen , Gordon Fullerton , Henry Hartsfield , Robert Overmyer . Note : This group was selected for training for the U.S. Air Force 's Manned Orbiting Laboratory program . All transferred to NASA after the MOL program was canceled and all five flew on the Space Shuttle as pilot astronauts . September - Military Cosmonaut Group - USSR Pavel Popovich , Alexei Gubarev , Yuri Artyukhin , Vladimir Gulyaev , Boris Belousov , Gennadiy Kolesnikov . Note : Cosmonaut training for the Soyuz 7K - VI Zvezda program - a radically modified Soyuz . VI - Voyennij Isledovatel ( Russian - military researcher . Zvezda - star ) . In December 1967 , the project closes . 1966 - 67 - Military Cosmonaut Group - USSR The group of cosmonauts for training pilots for aerospace system - project `` Spiral '' , from 1969 the 4th Division of the 1st Cosmonaut Training Center Management : German Titov ( 1966 - 70 ) , Anatoly Kuklin ( 1966 - 67 ) , Vasily Lazarev ( 1966 - 67 ) , Anatoly Filipchenko ( 1966 - 67 ) , Leonid Kizim ( 1969 - 73 ) , Vladimir Kozelskiy ( August 1969 - October 1971 ) Vladimir Lyakhov ( 1969 - 73 ) , Yury Malyshev ( 1969 - 73 ) , Alexander Petrushenko ( 1970 - 73 ) , Anatoly Berezovoy ( 1972 - 73 ) , Anatoly Dedkov ( 1972 - 73 ) , Vladimir Dzhanibekov ( July -- December 1972 ) , Yuri Romanenko ( 1972 ) , Lev Vorobyov ( 1973 ) . In 1973 the department was disbanded in connection with the termination of the project . 1967 ( edit ) January 31 -- Civilian Specialist Group 2 Supplemental -- USSR Nikolai Rukavishnikov , Vitali Sevastyanov February ( official ) - Soviet manned lunar programs cosmonauts in two training groups - USSR first group : commanded by Vladimir Komarov ( Gagarin , Nikolayev , Bykovskiy , Khrunov ; Engineer - Cosmonauts : Gorbatko , Grechko , Sevastyanov , Kubasov , Volkov ) . second group : commanded by Alexei Leonov ( Popovich , Belyayev , Volynov , Klimuk ; Engineer - cosmonauts : Makarov , Voronov , Rukavishnikov , Artyukhin ) . May 7 -- Air Force Group 4 -- USSR Vladimir Alekseyev , Vladimir Beloborodov , Mikhail Burdayev , Sergei Gaidukov , Vladimir Isakov , Vladimir Kovalyonok , Vladimir Kozelsky , Vladimir Lyakhov , Yuri Malyshev , Viktor Pisarev , Nikolai Porvatkin , Mikhail Sologub May 22 -- Academy of Sciences Group -- USSR Mars Fathulin , Rudolf Gulyayev , Ordinard Kolomitsev , Vsevolod Yegorov , Valentin Yershov June -- USAF MOL Group 3 -- USA James Abrahamson , Robert Herres , Robert H. Lawrence Jr , Donald Peterson . Note : This group was selected for training for the US Air Force 's Manned Orbiting Laboratory program . Lawrence was the first African - American to be chosen as an astronaut , but was killed in a jet accident before the MOL program was canceled in 1969 ( had Lawrence not died , he would have been , if accepted by NASA , the first African - American astronaut candidate , pre-dating Guion Bluford , Ronald McNair and Frederick Gregory by nine years ) . Peterson transferred to NASA in 1969 after the MOL cancellation and would fly on the Space Shuttle . Herres would later become the first Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under the Goldwater - Nichols Act in 1987 . October 4 -- NASA Group 6 -- XS - 11 ( The Excess Eleven ) -- USA Joseph Allen , Philip Chapman , Anthony W. England , Karl Henize , Donald Holmquest , William B. Lenoir , Anthony Llewellyn , Story Musgrave , Brian O'Leary , Robert Parker , William Thornton . Note : This second group of scientist - astronauts were assigned as backup crew members for the last three Apollo missions or as backup crew members for Skylab . Except for Chapman , Holmquest , Llewellyn , and O'Leary - all of whom resigned from NASA before the end of the Apollo program - the group members eventually flew as Mission Specialists during the Space Shuttle program . With his flight on STS - 80 at the age of 61 , Musgrave held the title of `` oldest astronaut '' prior to John Glenn 's second flight . England resigned from NASA in 1972 , but rejoined the astronaut corps in 1979 . 1968 ( edit ) May 27 -- Civilian Specialist Group 3 -- USSR Vladimir Fartushny , Viktor Patsayev , Valeri Yazdovsky 1969 ( edit ) August 14 -- NASA Group 7 -- USA Karol Bobko , Robert Crippen , Gordon Fullerton , Henry Hartsfield , Robert Overmyer , Donald H. Peterson , Richard Truly . Note : This group is all USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory astronauts who transferred to NASA after the cancellation of the MOL program in 1969 . All flew on early Space Shuttle flights . Truly , in 1989 , would become the first astronaut to become NASA Administrator , holding the position until 1992 . September 10 -- Civilian Engineer Group -- USSR Anatoli Demyanenko , Valeri Makrushin , Dmitri Yuyukov 1970 ( edit ) April 27 -- Air Force Group 5 -- USSR Anatoli Berezovoi , Aleksandr Dedkov , Vladimir Dzhanibekov , Nikolai Fefelov , Valeri Illarianov , Yuri Isaulov , Vladimir Kozlov , Leonid Popov , Yuri Romanenko 1971 ( edit ) February 25 -- 1971 Scientific Group -- USSR Gurgen Ivanyan May -- Shuguang Group 1970 -- China Chai Hongliang , Dong Xiaohai , Du Jincheng , Fang Guojun , Hu Zhanzi , Li Shichang , Liu Chongfu , Liu Zhongyi , Lu Xiangxiao , Ma Zizhong , Meng Senlin , Shao Zhijian , Wang Fuhe , Wang Fuquan , Wang Quanbo , Wang Rongsen , Wang Zhiyue , Yu Guilin , Zhang Ruxiang 1972 ( edit ) March 22 -- Civilian Specialist Group 4 -- USSR Boris Andreyev , Valentin Lebedev , Yuri Ponomaryov March 22 -- Medical Group 3 -- USSR Georgi Machinski , Valeri Polyakov , Lev Smirenny 1973 ( edit ) March 27 -- Civilian Specialist Group 5 -- USSR Vladimir Aksyonov , Vladimir Gevorkyan , Aleksandr Ivanchenkov , Valeri Romanov , Valery Ryumin , Gennady Strekalov January 1 -- Physician Group -- USSR Zyyadin Abuzyarov 1976 ( edit ) August 23 -- Air Force Group 6 -- USSR Leonid Ivanov , Leonid Kadenyuk , Nikolai Moskalenko , Sergei Protchenko , Yevgeni Saley , Anatoly Solovyev , Vladimir Titov , Vladimir Vasyutin , Alexander Volkov November 25 -- 1976 Intercosmos Group -- USSR Mirosław Hermaszewski ( Poland ) , Zenon Jankowski ( Poland ) , Sigmund Jähn ( East Germany ) , Eberhard Köllner ( East Germany ) , Oldřich Pelčák ( Czechoslovakia ) , Vladimír Remek ( Czechoslovakia ) 1977 ( edit ) July 12 - The first group of test pilots for the project `` Buran '' ( Gromov Flight Research Institute group ) - USSR Igor Volk , Oleg Kononenko , Anatoly Levchenko , Nikolai Sadovnikov , Rimantas Stankevicius , Alexander Schukin 1978 ( edit ) January 16 -- NASA Group 8 -- TFNG ( Thirty - Five New Guys ) -- USA Pilots : Daniel Brandenstein , Michael Coats , Richard Covey , John Creighton , Robert Gibson , Frederick D. Gregory , Frederick Hauck , Jon McBride , Francis `` Dick '' Scobee , Brewster Shaw , Loren Shriver , David Walker , Donald Williams Mission specialists : Guion Bluford , James Buchli , John Fabian , Anna Fisher , Dale Gardner , S. David Griggs , Terry Hart , Steven Hawley , Jeffrey Hoffman , Shannon Lucid , Ronald McNair , Richard Mullane , Steven Nagel , George Nelson , Ellison Onizuka , Judith Resnik , Sally Ride , Rhea Seddon , Robert Stewart , Kathryn D. Sullivan , Norman Thagard , James van Hoften Due to the long delay between the last Apollo mission and the first flight of the Space Shuttle in 1981 , few astronauts from the older groups stayed with NASA ( though some did , including John Young ) . Thus , in 1978 , a new group of 35 astronauts was selected after 9 years without new astronauts , including the first American female astronauts , and also the first African - American astronauts to fly , Guion Bluford and Frederick D. Gregory ( the first black astronaut was Robert Henry Lawrence Jr ) , as well as the first Asian - American , Ellison Onizuka . Bob Stewart was the first Army astronaut to be selected ( almost 19 years after the original Mercury Seven ) . Since then , a new group has been selected roughly every two years . Two different astronaut groups were formed : pilots and mission specialists . Additionally , the Shuttle Program has payload specialists who are selected for a single mission and are not part of the astronaut corps -- among them were mostly scientists , also a few politicians and many international astronauts . Of the first of the post-Apollo group , Sally Ride would become the first American woman in space ( STS - 7 ) . Later , she would fly with Kathryn Sullivan on a Shuttle flight , in which Sullivan would become the first American woman to perform an EVA . Dr. Thagard , who flew with Ride on STS - 7 , would later become the first American to be launched on a Russian rocket ( Soyuz TM - 21 or `` Mir - 18 '' ) to the Mir space station , while Shannon Lucid would serve on the Mir for slightly over 6 months , breaking all American space duration records ( both the Skylab 4 record and Thagard 's ) in 1996 -- 97 until Sunita Williams ( who was selected 20 years later ) broke Lucid 's record . Of this group , Scobee , Resnik , Onizuka , and McNair would perish in the Challenger Disaster . Of the astronauts chosen , Anna Fisher remained on active duty the longest , retiring in 2017 ( although her tenure included an extended leave of absence from 1989 to 1996 ) , while Robert Gibson and Rhea Seddon became the first active duty astronauts to marry ( both are now retired ) . Shannon Lucid 's tenure was unbroken from 1978 until she announced her retirement in 2012 - in later years she served as a space shuttle CAPCOM , up to the final day of the final shuttle mission . After the Challenger Disaster , Sally Ride would serve on both the Rogers Commission and the Columbia Accident Investigation Board . March 1 -- 1978 Intercosmos Group -- USSR Aleksandr P. Aleksandrov ( Bulgaria ) , Dumitru Dediu ( Romania ) , Jose Lopez Falcon ( Cuba ) , Bertalan Farkas ( Hungary ) , Maidarjavyn Ganzorig ( Mongolia ) , Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa ( Mongolia ) , Georgi Ivanov ( Bulgaria ) , Bela Magyari ( Hungary ) , Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez ( Cuba ) , Dumitru Prunariu ( Romania ) May 1 -- Spacelab Payload Specialists Group 1 -- ESA Ulf Merbold ( West Germany ) , Claude Nicollier ( Switzerland ) , Wubbo Ockels ( Netherlands ) , Franco Malerba ( Italy ) 1979 ( edit ) August -- USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer -- Group 1 Frank J. Casserino , Jeffrey E. Detroye , Michael A. Hamel , Terry A. Higbee , Daryl J. Joseph , Malcolm W. Lydon , Gary E. Payton , Jerry J. Rij , Paul A. Sefchek , Eric E. Sundberg , David M. Vidrine , John B. Watterson , Keith C. Wright Of this group , only Payton ever flew into space , as a Payload Specialist aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle flight . April 1 -- 1979 Intercosmos Group -- USSR Tuân Pham ( Vietnam ) , Thanh Liem Bui ( Vietnam ) 1980 ( edit ) May 29 -- NASA Group 9 -- USA Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 9 Pilots : John Blaha , Charles Bolden , Roy Bridges , Guy Gardner , Ronald Grabe , Bryan O'Connor , Richard N. Richards , Michael J. Smith Mission specialists : James Bagian , Franklin Chang - Diaz , Mary Cleave , Bonnie Dunbar , William Fisher , David Hilmers , David Leestma , John Lounge , Jerry Ross , Sherwood Spring , Robert Springer International mission specialists : Claude Nicollier , Wubbo Ockels Of this group , Franklin Chang - Diaz would become the first Hispanic - American in space , Michael Smith would perish in the Challenger disaster , and John Blaha would fly aboard the Mir space station . Both Jerry Ross and Chang - Diaz currently jointly hold the record of number of manned spaceflights flown at seven . Charles Bolden was chosen in 2009 to become the second NASA astronaut and the first African - American to the post of NASA Administrator on a full - time basis ( although Frederick Gregory , who is also African - American and a former Shuttle commander , held the post on a temporary basis between the departure of Sean O'Keefe and the appointment of Michael Griffin in 2005 ) . The announcement , made a day before the conclusion of the STS - 125 flight to the Hubble Space Telescope , was coincidental , because Bolden was the pilot on the telescope 's deployment flight in 1990 . July 30 -- LII - 1 / IMBP - 3 / MAP / NPOE - 5 / AN - 2 Cosmonaut Group -- Soviet Union LII - 1 : Anatoly Levchenko , Alexandr Shchukin , Rimantas Stankevicius , Igor Volk IBMP : Galina Amelkina , Yelena Dobrokvashina , Larisa Pozharskaya , Tamara Zakharova MAP : Svetlana Savitskaya NPOE : Yekaterina Ivanova , Natalya Kuleshova , Irina Pronina AN - 2 : Irina Latysheva 1980 -- CNES Group 1 -- France Patrick Baudry , Jean - Loup Chrétien Chrétien and Baudry would become the first Frenchmen in space . Chrétien flew with Soviets to Salyut 7 in 1982 , and Baudry on Space Shuttle STS - 51 - G flight in 1985 . Chrétien would later fly to the Space Station Mir and would become a Shuttle Mission Specialist in the 1990s . 1982 ( edit ) August -- USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer -- Group 2 James B. Armor , Jr. , Michael W. Booen , Livingston L. Holder , Jr. , Larry D. James , Charles E. Jones , Maureen C. LaComb , Michael R. Mantz , Randy T. Odle , William A. Pailes , Craig A. Puz , Katherine E. Roberts , Jess M. Sponable , W. David Thompson , Glenn S. Yeakel Jones was killed on September 11 , 2001 , as a passenger aboard American Airlines Flight 11 . Of this group , only Pailes ever flew in space , aboard a dedicated Department of Defense Shuttle mission as a Payload Specialist . September 11 -- 1982 Intercosmos Group -- India Ravish Malhotra , Rakesh Sharma December 1 -- Spacelab Payload Specialists Group -- Germany Reinhard Furrer , Ernst Messerschmid April 25 - The second group of test pilots for the project `` Buran '' ( Gromov Flight Research Institute group ) - USSR Ural Sultanov , Magomed Tolboev December -- NRC Group -- Canada Roberta Bondar , Marc Garneau , Steve MacLean , Ken Money , Robert Thirsk , and Bjarni Tryggvason This first Canadian astronaut group was selected by the National Research Council of Canada and were transferred to the Canadian Space Agency ( CSA ) when it was created in 1989 . All the astronauts flew on the U.S. Space Shuttle by 1997 except Ken Money , who resigned from CSA in 1992 . 1984 ( edit ) February 15 -- NPOE - 6 Cosmonaut Group -- Soviet Union Aleksandr Kaleri , Sergei Yemelyanov May 23 -- NASA Group 10 -- The Maggots -- USA Pilots : Kenneth Cameron , John Casper , Frank Culbertson , Sidney Gutierrez , Blaine Hammond , Michael McCulley , James Wetherbee Mission specialists : James Adamson , Ellen Baker , Mark Brown , Sonny Carter , Marsha Ivins , Mark Lee , David Low , William Shepherd , Kathryn Thornton , Charles `` Lacy '' Veach Of this group , William Shepherd would become the commander of the first International Space Station crew ( Expedition 1 ) . James Wetherbee would become the only person to command five spaceflight missions . Sonny Carter died in 1991 in a plane crash while on NASA business . June 12 - The third group of test pilots for the project `` Buran '' ( Gromov Flight Research Institute group ) - USSR Victor Zabolotski 1985 ( edit ) May -- ISRO Insat Group -- India Nagapathi Chidambar Bhat , Paramaswaren Radhakrishnan Nair Note : Although selected to fly on the Space Shuttle , none of the group members flew due to the Challenger disaster of 1986 . Bhat was assigned to a shuttle flight that was cancelled in the wake of Challenger . June -- Mexico Rodolfo Neri Vela , Ricardo Peralta y Fabi Note : Neri Vela flew on Shuttle mission STS - 61 - B , in November 1985 . June 4 -- NASA Group 11 -- USA Pilots : Michael A. Baker , Robert D. Cabana , Brian Duffy , Terence Henricks , Stephen Oswald , Stephen Thorne Mission Specialists : Jerome Apt , Charles Gemar , Linda Godwin , Richard Hieb , Tamara Jernigan , Carl Meade , Pierre Thuot Note : Thorne was killed in the crash of a private airplane before his first flight assignment . July 19 -- NASA Teacher in Space Program -- USA Christa McAuliffe , Barbara Morgan Note : McAuliffe and Morgan were selected as the prime and backup Payload Specialists for the STS - 51 - L mission in 1985 . McAuliffe was killed in the Challenger disaster , 73 seconds after liftoff . Morgan would later join the NASA Astronaut Corps in 1998 . She flew on the STS - 118 mission in 2007 , 21 years after Challenger . August 1 -- 1985 NASDA Group -- Japan Mamoru Mohri , Chiaki Mukai , Takao Doi August -- USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer -- Group 3 Joseph J. Caretto , Robert B. Crombie , Frank M. DeArmond , David P. Staib , Jr. , Teresa M. Stevens September 2 -- GKNII - 2 / NPOE - 7 Cosmonaut Group -- Soviet Union GKNII : Viktor Afanasyev , Anatoly Artsebarsky , Gennadi Manakov NPOE : Sergei Krikalyov , Andrei Zaytsev September 18 -- CNES Group 2 -- France Claudie André - Deshays , Jean - François Clervoy , Jean - Jacques Favier , Jean - Pierre Haigneré , Frédéric Patat , Michel Tognini , Michel Viso September 30 - 1985 Intercosmos Group -- Syria Muhammed Ahmed Faris , Munir Habib Habib October -- Indonesian Palapa Group -- Indonesia Taufik Akbar , Pratiwi Sudarmono Note : Due to the Challenger accident , none of the group members flew in space . Sudarmono was assigned to a shuttle flight in 1986 , with Akbar as her backup . December 27 - ATLAS - 1 - ESA Dirk D. Frimout ( Belgium ) 1986 ( edit ) January 2 - The fourth group of test pilots for the project `` Buran '' ( Gromov Flight Research Institute group ) - USSR Sergey Tresvyatski , Yuri Schaeffer Note : June 5 , 1987 decision of the Interdepartmental Qualification Committee ( IAC ) , all of `` Buran '' test pilots were awarded the qualification `` test cosmonaut . '' January 5 - Shipka Group -- Bulgaria Aleksandr Aleksandrov , Krasimir Stoyanov March 26 -- TsPK - 8 / NPOE - 8 Cosmonaut Group -- Soviet Union TsPK : Valery Korzun , Vladimir Dezhurov , Yuri Gidzenko , Yuri Malenchenko , Vasily Tsibliyev NPOE : Sergei Avdeyev June 5 -- NASA Group 12 -- The GAFFers -- USA Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 12 Pilots : Andrew M. Allen , Kenneth Bowersox , Curtis Brown , Kevin Chilton , Donald McMonagle , William Readdy , Kenneth Reightler Mission specialists : Thomas Akers , Jan Davis , Michael Foale , Gregory Harbaugh , Mae Jemison , Bruce Melnick , Mario Runco , James Voss The group 's informal nickname is an acronym for `` George Abbey Final Fifteen '' . Of this group , Mae Jemison would become the first female African - American in space , while Michael Foale would serve on extended missions to both Mir and the International Space Station as well as a mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope . At the time of the Columbia accident in 2003 , William Readdy was Associate Administrator for Space Flight and Kenneth Bowersox was commanding the Expedition 6 crew on the ISS . Chilton , after leaving NASA , became the first NASA astronaut to become a full General in the U.S. Air Force ( Lt. Gen. Thomas Stafford , USAF , and VADM Richard Truly , USN were three - star officers ) and held the position of commander , U.S. Strategic Command . August 3 -- 1987 German Group Renate Brümmer , Hans Schlegel , Gerhard Thiele , Heike Walpot , Ulrich Walter 1988 ( edit ) February 12 -- OS `` Mir '' Group - Afghanistan Mohammad Dauran Ghulam Masum , Abdul Ahad Mohmand 1989 ( edit ) January 25 -- IMBP - 5 / GKNII - 3 / NPOE - 9 / TsPK - 10 Cosmonaut Group -- Soviet Union IMBP : Vladimir Karashtin , Vasili Lukiyanyuk , Boris Morukov GNKII : Anatoli Polonsky , Valeri Tokarev , Aleksandr Yablontsev NPOE : Nikolai Budarin , Yelena Kondakova , Aleksandr Poleshchuk , Yury Usachov TsPK : Sergei Kirchevsky , Gennady Padalka , Yury Onufriyenko 22 March - The last group of test pilots for the project `` Buran '' ( Gromov Flight Research Institute group ) - USSR Yuri Prikhodko Note : Officially , the cosmonaut corps LII ( Letno - ispitatelny Institut = Flight Research Institute ) ceased to exist in 2002 , having gone through a long time officially closed in 1993 , the program `` Buran '' . Of all selected and trained squad of cosmonauts in space were only two -- Igor Volk and Anatoly Levchenko . More information about the `` Buran '' space flight program and `` Soyuz - Savior '' ( `` Soyuz - Spasatel '' ) program and cosmonauts , who was preparing to fly in space , you can find the `` Buran '' program website . May 23 -- 1989 Italian Group Franco Malerba , Franco Rossitto , Umberto Guidoni , Cristiano Batalli Cosmovici September 29 -- ATLAS Payload Specialists -- NASA Charles R. Chappell , Michael Lampton , Byron K. Lichtenberg November 25 -- Project Juno ( UK - Soviet Union ) Helen Sharman ( UK ) and Timothy Mace ( UK ) Sharman became the first British - born person to go into space , on board Soyuz TM - 12 in May 1991 . 1990 ( edit ) January 17 -- NASA Group 13 -- The Hairballs -- USA Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 13 Pilots : Kenneth Cockrell , Eileen Collins , William G. Gregory , James Halsell , Charles Precourt , Richard Searfoss , Terrence Wilcutt Mission specialists : Daniel Bursch , Leroy Chiao , Michael R. Clifford , Bernard Harris , Susan Helms , Thomas David Jones , William McArthur , James Newman , Ellen Ochoa , Ronald Sega , Nancy Currie , Donald A. Thomas , Janice Voss , Carl E. Walz , Peter Wisoff , David Wolf Collins would go on to be the first female shuttle pilot , the first female shuttle commander , and then commander of the second `` Return to Flight '' mission in 2005 . The `` Hairballs '' nickname , according to Jones in his book `` Sky Walking , '' came after the group , the 13th NASA astronaut class , put a black cat on its group patch . February -- CNES Group 3 -- France Léopold Eyharts , Jean - Marc Gasparini , Philippe Perrin , Benoit Silve Group 3 was the last group of CNES astronauts chosen . In 1999 , all remaining active CNES astronauts were transferred to the ESA Astronaut Corps . May 11 -- TsPK - 11 Cosmonaut Group -- Soviet Union Talgat Musabayev , Vladimir Severin , Salizhan Sharipov , Sergei Vozovikov , Sergei Zalyotin October 8 -- 1990 German Group Reinhold Ewald , Klaus - Dietrich Flade 1992 ( edit ) March 3 -- NPOE - 10 Cosmonaut Group -- Russia Aleksandr Lazutkin , Sergei Treshchov , Pavel Vinogradov March 31 -- NASA Group 14 -- The Hogs -- USA Pilots : Scott Horowitz , Brent Jett , Kevin Kregel , Kent Rominger Mission specialists : Daniel T. Barry , Charles Brady , Catherine Coleman , Michael Gernhardt , John Grunsfeld , Wendy Lawrence , Jerry Linenger , Richard Linnehan , Michael Lopez - Alegria , Scott Parazynski , Winston Scott , Steven Smith , Joseph Tanner , Andy Thomas , Mary Weber International mission specialists : Marc Garneau ( Canada ) , Chris Hadfield ( Canada ) , Maurizio Cheli ( Italy ) , Jean - François Clervoy ( France ) , Koichi Wakata ( Japan ) Beginning with this NASA Group , non-US astronauts representing their home country 's space agencies were brought in and trained alongside their NASA counterparts as full - fledged mission specialists , eligible to be assigned to any shuttle mission . April -- 1992 NASDA Group -- Japan Koichi Wakata June -- CSA Group 2 -- Canada Dafydd Williams , Julie Payette , Chris Hadfield and Michael McKay The second Canadian astronaut group were selected by CSA . All the astronauts flew on the U.S. Space Shuttle except Michael McKay who resigned due to medical reasons . May 15 -- 1992 ESA Group -- ESA Maurizio Cheli ( Italy ) , Jean - François Clervoy ( France ) , Pedro Duque ( Spain ) , Christer Fuglesang ( Sweden ) , Marianne Merchez ( Belgium ) , Thomas Reiter ( Germany ) 1994 ( edit ) April 1 -- NPOE - 11 Cosmonaut Group -- Russia Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya , Mikhail Tyurin December 12 -- NASA Group 15 -- The Flying Escargot -- USA Pilots : Scott Altman , Jeffrey Ashby , Michael Bloomfield , Joe Edwards , Dominic Gorie , Rick Husband , Steven Lindsey , Pamela Melroy , Susan ( Still ) Kilrain , Frederick Sturckow . Mission specialists : Michael Anderson , Kalpana Chawla , Robert Curbeam , Kathryn Hire , Janet Kavandi , Edward Lu , Carlos Noriega , James Reilly , Stephen Robinson . International mission specialists : Jean - Loup Chrétien ( France ) , Takao Doi ( Japan ) , Michel Tognini ( France ) , Dafydd Williams ( Canada ) . Husband , Anderson and Chawla were crewmembers on the final Columbia mission . Chrétien trained as a backup Spacelab crew member in the 1980s and flew on both U.S. and Soviet / Russian spacecraft , along with being the first non-U.S. or Soviet / Russian astronaut to perform a space walk . February 9 -- MKS / RKKE - 12 Cosmonaut Group -- Russia MKS : Oleg Kotov , Yuri Shargin RKKE : Konstantin Kozeyev , Sergei Revin March 26 -- MKS supplemental cosmonaut group -- Russia Oleg Kononenko May 1 -- NASA Group 16 -- The Sardines -- USA Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 16 Pilots : Duane G. Carey , Stephen Frick , Charles O. Hobaugh , James M. Kelly , Mark Kelly , Scott Kelly , Paul Lockhart , Christopher Loria , William Cameron McCool , Mark L. Polansky . Mission Specialists : David McDowell Brown , Daniel C. Burbank , Yvonne Cagle , Fernando Caldeiro , Charles Camarda , Laurel Clark , Michael Fincke , Patrick G. Forrester , John Herrington , Joan Higginbotham , Sandra Magnus , Michael J. Massimino , Richard Mastracchio , Lee Morin , Lisa Nowak , Donald Pettit , John L. Phillips , Paul W. Richards , Piers Sellers , Heidemarie Stefanyshyn - Piper , Daniel M. Tani , Rex J. Walheim , Peggy Whitson , Jeffrey Williams , Stephanie Wilson . International Mission Specialists : Pedro Duque ( Spain ) , Christer Fuglesang ( Sweden ) , Umberto Guidoni ( Italy ) , Steven MacLean ( Canada ) , Mamoru Mohri ( Japan ) , Soichi Noguchi ( Japan ) , Julie Payette ( Canada ) , Philippe Perrin ( France ) , Gerhard Thiele ( Germany ) . Brown , Clark and McCool were crewmembers on the final Columbia mission . Mark and Scott Kelly are twin brothers , James Kelly is not related . Loria resigned from his shuttle mission due to injury and never flew before retiring from the astronaut corps . Nowak , who flew on STS - 121 , was arrested on February 5 , 2007 , after confronting a woman entangled in a love triangle with a fellow astronaut . She was dismissed by NASA on March 6 , the first astronaut to be both grounded and dismissed ( prior astronauts who were grounded due to non-medical issues usually resigned or retired ) . June -- NASDA Group -- Japan Soichi Noguchi October -- China Group 1996 -- China Li Qinglong , Wu Jie November - Shuttle - 97 Group -- Ukraine Leonid Kadeniuk , Yaroslav Pustovyi 1997 ( edit ) April ( ? ) - Shuttle Group - Israel Yitzhak Mayo , Ilan Ramon Ramon was the first Israeli astronaut to fly in space and also a Payload Specialist on the final mission of Space Shuttle Columbia ( STS - 107 ) . July 28 -- TsPK - 12 / RKKE - 13 Cosmonaut Group -- Russia TsPK : Dmitri Kondratyev , Yury Lonchakov , Sergei Moshchenko , Oleg Moshkin , Roman Romanenko , Aleksandr Skvortsov , Maksim Surayev , Konstantin Valkov , Sergey Volkov RKKE : Oleg Skripochka , Fyodor Yurchikhin 1998 ( edit ) January -- Chinese Group 1 -- China Chen Quan 陈 全 , Deng Qingming 邓 清明 , Fei Junlong 费 俊 龙 , Jing Haipeng 景 海 鹏 , Liu Boming 刘伯明 , Liu Wang 刘 旺 , Nie Haisheng 聂海胜 , Pan Zhanchun 潘占春 , Yang Liwei 杨利伟 , Zhai Zhigang 翟志刚 , Zhang Xiaoguan 张晓光 , Zhao Chuandong 赵传东 In October 2003 , Yang Liwei became the first man to be sent into space by the space program of China , and his mission , Shenzhou 5 , made the PRC the third country to independently send people into space . February 24 -- RKKE - 14 Cosmonaut Group -- Russia Mikhail Korniyenko Mart 2 - OS `` Mir '' Stefanik Group -- Slovakia Ivan Bella , Michal Fulier June 4 -- NASA Group 17 -- The Penguins -- USA Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 17 Pilots : Lee Archambault , Christopher Ferguson , Kenneth Ham , Gregory C. Johnson , Gregory H. Johnson , William Oefelein , Alan Poindexter , George Zamka Mission Specialists : Clayton Anderson , Tracy Caldwell , Gregory Chamitoff , Timothy Creamer , Michael Foreman , Michael E. Fossum , Stanley Love , Leland Melvin , Barbara Morgan , John D. Olivas , Nicholas Patrick , Garrett Reisman , Patricia Robertson , Steven Swanson , Douglas Wheelock , Sunita Williams , Neil Woodward International Mission Specialists : Léopold Eyharts ( France ) , Paolo Nespoli ( Italy ) , Marcos Pontes ( Brazil ) , Hans Schlegel ( Germany ) , Robert Thirsk ( Canada ) , Bjarni Tryggvason ( Canada ) , Roberto Vittori ( Italy ) Note : Group includes Barbara Morgan , who was the backup `` Teacher - In - Space '' for Christa McAuliffe for the ill - fated Challenger Disaster in 1986 . While often referred to as an Educator Astronaut , Morgan was selected by NASA as a Mission Specialist , before the Educator Astronaut Project was formed . Patricia Robertson ( née Hilliard ) was killed in the crash of a private airplane before she was assigned to a Shuttle mission . Oefelein was dismissed from NASA in 2007 due to his involvement in a love triangle with fellow astronaut Lisa Nowak . October 7 -- 1998 ESA Group -- ESA Frank De Winne ( Belgium ) , Léopold Eyharts ( France ) , André Kuipers ( Netherlands ) , Paolo Nespoli ( Italy ) , Hans Schlegel ( Germany ) , Roberto Vittori ( Italy ) 1999 ( edit ) February -- 1999 NASDA Group -- Japan Satoshi Furukawa , Akihiko Hoshide , Naoko Sumino 1 November -- 1999 ESA Group -- Europe Claudie André - Deshays , Philippe Perrin , Michel Tognini The three remaining CNES ( France ) astronauts transferred to the ESA 's astronaut corps in 1999 . 2000 ( edit ) July 26 -- NASA Group 18 -- The Bugs -- USA Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 18 Pilots : Dominic A. Antonelli , Eric A. Boe , Kevin A. Ford , Ronald J. Garan , Jr. , Douglas G. Hurley , Terry W. Virts , Jr. , Barry E. Wilmore Mission Specialists : Michael R. Barratt , Robert L. Behnken , Stephen G. Bowen , B. Alvin Drew , Andrew J. Feustel , Michael T. Good , Timothy L. Kopra , K. Megan McArthur , Karen L. Nyberg , Nicole P. Stott 2002 ( edit ) November 12 -- Canadian Arrow astronaut team -- Canada David Ballinger , Larry C. Clark , Jason Paul Dyer , Marvin Edward ' Ted ' Gow , Yaroslav ' Yarko ' Pustovyi , Wayne ' Terry ' Wong 2003 ( edit ) May 23 -- TsPK - 13 / RKKE - 15 / IMBP - 6 Cosmonaut Group -- Russia TsPK : Anatoli Ivanishin , Aleksandr Samokutyayev , Anton Shkaplerov , Evgeny Tarelkin , Sergei Zhukov RKKE : Oleg Artemyev , Andrei Borisenko , Mark Serov IMBP : Sergey Ryazansky Kazakhstan - Group 1 Aydyn Aimbetov , Mukhtar Aymakhanov September 11 -- SpaceShipOne -- USA Brian Binnie , Mike Melvill , Doug Shane , Peter Siebold Note : This was the first group of commercial astronauts . Only Binnie and Melville reached space during a SpaceShipOne flight . Siebold has also piloted SpaceShipTwo , but no flights have yet reached space . May 6 -- NASA Group 19 -- The Peacocks -- USA Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 19 Pilots : Randolph Bresnik , James Dutton Mission specialists : Thomas Marshburn , Christopher Cassidy , R. Shane Kimbrough , Jose Hernández , Robert Satcher , Shannon Walker Educator mission specialists : Joseph M. Acaba , Richard R. Arnold , Dorothy Metcalf - Lindenburger International mission specialists : Satoshi Furukawa ( Japan ) , Akihiko Hoshide ( Japan ) , Naoko Yamazaki ( Japan ) Note : This group was the first to include Educator mission specialists , and the last group to train for Space Shuttle flights . 2006 ( edit ) March 30 -- Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group -- UK Steve Johnson , Alistair Hoy , David MacKay , Alex Tai September 4 -- Angkasawan Group -- Malaysia Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor , Faiz Khaleed , Siva Vanajah , Mohammed Faiz Kamaludin Note : In 2006 , four Malaysians were chosen to train for a flight to the International Space Station through the Angkasawan program . Sheikh Muszaphar became the first Malaysian in space when he flew aboard Soyuz TMA - 11 . October 11 -- TsPK - 14 / RKKE - 16 Cosmonaut Group -- Russia TsPK : Aleksandr Misurkin , Oleg Novitskiy , Aleksey Ovchinin , Maksim Ponomaryov , Sergey Ryzhikov RKKE : Yelena Serova , Nikolai Tikhonov December 25 -- Korean Astronaut Program Group Yi So - yeon , Ko San Note : Ko San was chosen as the prime candidate over Yi So - yeon in September 2007 . Yi So - yeon became prime candidate in March 2008 . 2008 ( edit ) July -- Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group -- UK Robert Bendall , Rich Dancaster , Brad Lambert 2009 ( edit ) February 25 -- JAXA Group -- Japan Takuya Onishi , Kimiya Yui May 13 -- CSA Group -- Canada Jeremy Hansen , David Saint - Jacques May 20 -- ESA Group -- The Shenanigans -- ESA Samantha Cristoforetti ( Italy ) , Alexander Gerst ( Germany ) , Andreas Mogensen ( Denmark ) , Luca Parmitano ( Italy ) , Timothy Peake ( United Kingdom ) , Thomas Pesquet ( France ) June 29 -- NASA Group 20 -- Chumps -- USA Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 20 Mission Specialists : Serena M. Auñón , Jeanette J. Epps , Jack D. Fischer , Michael S. Hopkins , Kjell N. Lindgren , Kathleen ( Kate ) Rubins , Scott D. Tingle , Mark T. Vande Hei , Gregory R. ( Reid ) Wiseman International Mission Specialists : Jeremy Hansen ( Canada ) , Norishige Kanai ( Japan ) , Takuya Onishi ( Japan ) , David Saint - Jacques ( Canada ) , Kimiya Yui ( Japan ) Note : NASA selected the nine members of Group 20 from over 3,500 applicants . The NASA candidates were announced in June , the international astronauts were added later that year . This was the first group of astronauts chosen for the post-Space Shuttle era , and were not trained to fly the Shuttle . Fischer , Tingle , and Wiseman were selected as pilots , but there is currently no distinction between pilots and non-pilots , all are considered Mission Specialists . September 8 -- JAXA Group -- Japan Norishige Kanai March - Chinese Group 2 -- China Cai Xuzhe , Chen Dong , Liu Yang , Tang Hongbo , Wang Yaping , Ye Guangfu , Zhang Lu April 12 -- Association of Spaceflight Professionals -- Group 1 Jim Crowell , Bruce Davis , Kristine Ferrone , Amnon Govrin , Chad Healy , Ryan Kobrick , Joseph Palaia , Luís Saraiva , Brian Shiro , Laura Stiles , Veronica Ann Zabala - Aliberto June 7 -- Association of Spaceflight Professionals -- Group 2 Ben Corbin , José Miguel Hurtado , Jr , Jason Reimuller , Todd Romberger , Erik Seedhouse , Alli Taylor October 12 -- TsPK - 15 / RKKE - 17 Cosmonaut Group -- Russia TsPK : Aleksey Khomenchuk , Denis Matveev , Sergey Prokopyev RKKE : Andrey Babkin , Ivan Vagner , Sergey Kud ' - Sverchkov , Svyatoslav Morozov 2011 ( edit ) January -- February -- Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos astronauts -- Russia Oleg Artemyev , Andrei Babkin , Ivan Wagner , Andrei Borisenko , Sergei Zhukov , Oleg Kononenko , Mikhail Kornienko , Sergei Kud ' - Sverchkov , Svyatoslav Morozov , Sergei Revin , Sergey Ryazansky , Elena Serova , Nikolai Tikhonov . Note : From 1 January 2011 at the Research Institute of the Y.A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center is a single detachment of the Russian Space Agency astronauts , which today ( August 2015 ) consists of 38 people . The next set of candidates will be announced at the beginning of 2016 The set postponed at least until 2017 . On September 2016 the unit including 31 astronaut . February 28 -- Association of Spaceflight Professionals -- Group 3 Christopher Altman , Jon - Erik Dahlin , Melania Guerra , Mindy Howard , Kris Lehnhardt , Abhishek Tripathi , Cosan Unuvar , Pavel Zagadailov , Luis Zea October 26 -- Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group -- UK Keith Colmer 2012 ( edit ) February - Enrolled in a United squad of Roscosmos cosmonauts - Russia Fyodor Yurchikhin October 30 -- TsPK - Addition Group -- Russia Finalists : Oleg Blinov , Nikolay Chub , Piotr Dubrov , Andrey Fediaev , Ignat Ignatov , Anna Kikina , Sergei Korsakov , Dmitriy Petelin 2013 ( edit ) May 8 - Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group -- UK Frederick W. Sturckow ( former NASA astronaut ) , Michael `` Sooch '' Masucci June 3 - Association of Spaceflight Professionals -- Group 4 David Ballinger , Jessica Cherry , Michael Gallagher , Jamie Guined , Tanya Markow - Estes , Aaron Persad June 17 -- NASA Group 21 -- 8 - Balls -- US Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 21 Josh A. Cassada , Victor J. Glover , Tyler N. Hague , Christina M. Hammock , Nicole Aunapu Mann , Anne C. McClain , Jessica U. Meir , Andrew R. Morgan 2014 ( edit ) July 9 -- Bigelow Aerospace Astronaut Group 1 - USA Kenneth Ham , George Zamka ( former NASA astronauts ) July 24 - Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group - UK Todd Ericson August 14 - individual set into a United detachment of Roscosmos astronauts - Russia Mukhtar Aimakhanov 2015 ( edit ) January 23 - Virgin Galactic Astronaut Pilots Group - UK Mark Stucky July 9 - NASA Commercial Crew Program Robert Behnken , Sunita Williams , Eric Boe , Douglas Hurley July - ESA Astronaut Corps Matthias Maurer Copenhagen Suborbitals astronauts - Denmark Mads Stenfatt , Anna Olsen , Carsten Olsen 2017 ( edit ) June 7 -- NASA Group 22 -- USA Main article : NASA Astronaut Group 22 Kayla Barron , Zena Cardman , Raja Chari , Matthew Dominick , Robert Hines , Warren Hoburg , Jonny Kim , Robb Kulin , Jasmin Moghbeli , Loral O'Hara , Francisco Rubio , Jessica Watkins . July 1 - 2017 CSA Group - Canada Jennifer Sidey , Joshua Kutryk Comments ( edit ) Some companies , such as the contenders for the Ansari X PRIZE for the first non-governmental reusable manned spacecraft , named their spacecraft pilots from the period between 2003 -- 2004 the following : head of the company Starchaser Industries , Steve Bennett ( United Kingdom ) and astronaut Matt Shewbridge ; former NASA astronauts -- American : John Bennett Herrington ( Pioneer Rocketplane ) , Richard Searfoss ( XCOR Aerospace ) ; pilot Dick Rutan ( XCOR Aerospace ) ; Canadian engineer Brian Feeney ( da Vinci Project ) ; a veteran Wally Funk from Mercury 13 ( Interorbital Systems ) ua . From a variety of sources ( Magazine Wired , Getty Images , Jim Sugar Photography ) , there are also Scaled Composites and Virgin Galactic other pilot or astronaut names : Michael Alsbury ( killed in 2014 Virgin Galactic crash ) , Rob Bendall ( Canada ) , Richard Branson , Peter Kalogiannis , Niki Lauda ( Austria ) , Brian Maisler , Clint Nichols , Wes Persall , Burt Rutan , Peter Seiffert , Peter Siebold , Mark Stucky . SpaceX employs former NASA astronauts Ken Bowersox and Garrett Reisman ; Boeing plans to hire some soon . Boeing welcomes a former NASA astronaut Chris Ferguson to Space Exploration Team . July 22 , 2013 astronauts Serena Aunon and Randy Bresnik put on NASA 's iconic orange launch - and - entry suits and then individually tested their maneuverability inside the CST - 100 capsule The candidates for Boeing 's astronaut corps could include former NASA astronauts , as well as test pilots who have never flown in space before . Flight members from the Association of Spaceflight Professionals are vetted through a selective , multi-stage evaluation process modeled after the NASA Astronaut Corps , incorporating guidance and direction from a selection panel including veteran NASA astronauts and astronaut trainers . Several flight members interviewed as finalists in national space agency astronaut candidate selection campaigns ; one has completed an ISS mission : South Korean Astronaut Soyeon Yi , the first Korean to fly in space , is an active member and serves on the board of directors . The organization numbers more than 200 PhD - level scientists , researchers , and engineers from nineteen countries around the world drawn from backgrounds in the military , defense , science , medicine , aerospace and engineering , bringing an extensive track record of research , payload integration , product development and research prototypes for the space industry , with several experiments currently flying on the International Space Station . The new Teachers in Space Project began in 2005 . In 2012 , the United States Rocket Academy announced that the program was expanding to include a broader range of participants and was renamed Citizens in Space : For its first phase , Citizens in Space will be selecting and training 10 citizen astronaut candidates to fly as payload operators . Four astronaut candidates already in training ( Maureen Adams , Steve Heck , Michael Johnson , and Edward Wright ) . Earlier it was mentioned as a citizen - astronaut candidate to the informal educator and aerospace historian Gregory Kennedy . Founders of Copenhagen Suborbitals ( 2008 , Denmark ) are Kristian von Bengtson and Peter Madsen . If successful , Denmark will be the fourth nation to launch humans above the Kármán line . Peter Madsen is scheduled for the first flight , then Kristian von Bengtson will attempt a low earth orbit mission . AXE is creating 9 January 2013 the AXE Apollo Space Academy ( A.A.S.A ) with space futurist and one of the first men to walk on the moon , Buzz Aldrin . Beginning this day , by joining A.A.S.A at AXEApollo.com , guys and girls will have a chance to compete for one of 22 tickets to travel to space on a flight with international space agency , Space Expedition Corporation ( SXC ) . The spaceship will be XCOR Aerospace Lynx . A careful selection result of the 5 . December 2013 were selected 23 candidates for the flight , which will take place in 2014 or 2015 year . A non-profit organization Mars One plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2023 . The private spaceflight project is led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp , who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012 . Mars One astronaut selection announcement in 19 April 2013 and starts its search for the first humans on Mars 22 April 2013 . August 2013 to fly to Mars had applied for more than 200,000 people . Flights are provided without returning to Earth . The results of applicants selected for round 2 were declared on December 30 of 2013 . A total of 1,058 applicants from 107 countries were selected . An American non-profit organization founded by Dennis Tito Inspiration Mars Foundation aims to launch a manned mission to flyby Mars in January 2018 , or , if the 2018 date is missed , 2021 . Flight participants would be husband and wife , they had better psychological compatibility , and are therefore very likely candidates - project participants Jane Poynter and Taber MacCallum , which has been acquired some experience by participating in the experiment Biosphere 2 The company Waypoint 2 Space announced January 28 , 2014 that it had received FAA safety approval for its training services . Waypoint 2 Space lead the evolution of Commercial Spaceflight Training through a collaboration with NASA centers . Operating from the global hub of space technology -- Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas -- a company are helping to shape the future of the Commercial Space Industry . By paying cash , each person will be able to train to spaceflight . The very first , a private firm that tried to build a suborbital space rocket was Truax Engineering , Inc . The first person to fly in the rocket had already been selected , an engineer named Jeana Yeager , who already worked for Truax Engineering . ( From the book - Realizing Tomorrow : The Path to Private Spaceflight . By Chris Dubbs , Emeline Paat - Dahlstrom , p. 51 ) At various times to end of the 1980th , one by one , trained for the first flight : Ronald Beller , Martin Yahn , Ray Upton , Daniel J. Correa and Fell Peters . The project stalled for lack of money . See also ( edit ) Human spaceflight NASA Astronaut Groups List of cosmonauts List of astronauts by name List of astronauts by nationality List of space travelers by name Private spaceflight List of private spaceflight companies Citizens in Space Ansari X Prize Canadian Arrow Mercury 13 - the Women of the Mercury Era North American X-15 Robert Truax X-3 Volksrocket References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. ( editor ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal : One Small Step '' . NASA . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Collins , Michael ( 1974 ) . Carrying The Fire . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 23948 - 1 . Jump up ^ Истребители выходят на орбиту ^ Jump up to : Cassutt , Michael . `` The Manned Space Flight Engineer Programme Archived 2008 - 12 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . '' Spaceflight , January 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmonaut Selection : LII - 1 Selection . '' Spacefacts.de . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Экипажи Бурана Jump up ^ Юярпнмюбрш Хгпюхкъ Jump up ^ NASA ( 2007 ) . `` Barbara Radding Morgan -- NASA Astronaut biography '' . NASA . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Йнялхвеяйюъ Щмжхйкноедхъ Astronote Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica ( 2007 ) . `` Test Pilots '' . Encyclopedia Astronautica . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Space.com . `` X Prize : The Competition is Heating Up '' . Space.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Asia Travel Tips.com ( 2006 ) . `` Virgin Atlantic Pilots offered chance to become Astronauts '' . Asia Travel Tips.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sushma Veera ( 2007 ) . `` Angkasawan : Space is only the beginning '' . The Malay Mail . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic Jump up ^ ESA ( 2009 ) . `` ESA prepares for the next generation of human spaceflight and exploration by recruiting a new class of European astronauts '' . ESA . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert Z . Pearlman ( 2009 ) . `` NASA 's new astronaut class : call them the `` Chumps '' `` . collectSPACE . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NASA HQ ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` NASA Selects New Astronauts for Future Space Exploration '' . NASA . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Selection groups ^ Jump up to : Flight members from the Association of Spaceflight Professionals have been vetted through a highly - selective evaluation process modeled after the NASA Astronaut Corps , incorporating guidance and direction from a selection panel of veteran NASA astronauts , astronaut trainers , and experienced spaceflight professionals . Several members have interviewed as finalists in national astronaut candidate selection campaigns ; one has completed an orbital mission conducting scientific experiments aboard the International Space Station . South Korean Astronaut Soyeon Yi , the first Korean to fly in space , is an active member of the organization and serves on its board of directors . In 2011 , an inaugural class completed suborbital research scientist training , underwater emergency egress and sea survival training , and spatial orientation - disorientation testing and acclimation , with performance standards designed in strict adherence to meet or exceed FAA Commercial Astronaut certification and licensing guidelines as defined by the Office of Commercial Space Transportation under 14 CFR 460 , Human Spaceflight Requirements , 14 CFR 460.5 , Crew qualifications and training , and the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act , Public Law 108 - 492 , 118 , Stat. 3978 . The organization 's first manned spaceflight missions were funded by the NASA Flight Opportunities Program in the second quarter of 2012. Flight members have lived , worked and trained together with government astronauts from several different countries , as well as instructing NASA astronauts and Astronaut Candidates in such diverse areas as Space Exploration Vehicles ( SEV ) , Extravehicular Activity ( EVA ) and critical space mission operational tasks . Jump up ^ `` Astronauts for Hire : Press Release : Astronauts for Hire Launches '' . 2013 - 06 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Astronauts for Hire : The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps , '' accessed August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA vs. the free market : Which is better for American space dominance ? '' , `` Digital Trends.com , '' accessed August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Astronauts for Hire : Press Release : Astronauts for Hire expands its team of Commercial Astronaut Candidates '' . 2011 - 08 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Йнялхвеяйюъ Щмжхйкноедхъ Astronote Jump up ^ Центр подготовки космонавтов им . Ю. А. Гагарина . Официальный Web - сайт Jump up ^ Центр подготовки космонавтов им . Ю. А . Гагарина . Досье - Биографии и справки - ТАСС Jump up ^ Йнялхвеяйюъ Щмжхйкноедхъ Astronote Jump up ^ Космическая энциклопедия ASTROnote Jump up ^ Astronauts for Hire Announces Selection of New Flight Members -- Feb 28 , 2011 , accessed March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut scientists for hire open new research frontier in space '' , `` KurzweilAI , '' accessed April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Altman , Christopher ( May 30 , 2011 ) . `` Keynote on The Future of Space Exploration , broadcast live to 108 cities around the world '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic Selects Its First Astronaut Pilot Jump up ^ Йнялхвеяйюъ Щмжхйкноедхъ Astronote Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Astronauts4Hire : Press Release : Astronauts for Hire Adds Six New Commercial Astronaut Candidates '' . 2013 - 06 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert Z . Pearlman ( 2013 ) . `` NASA 's new astronaut class , the `` 8 Balls , '' reports for training `` . collectSPACE . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bigelow Aerospace Begins Hiring Round by Adding Former Astronauts Ham , Zamka - SpaceNews.com Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic Announces Todd Ericson as Space Pilot Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic Appoints Mark Stucky as Pilot - Virgin Galactic Jump up ^ NASA Selects Astronauts for First U.S. Commercial Space Flights -- Former NASA Administrator Charles Bolden Jump up ^ Copenhagen Suborbitals ( @ copsub ) Instagram photos and videos Jump up ^ Tourists to space in the next five years by ODN - Dailymotion Jump up ^ Space Cadet : Niki Lauda training to be an astronaut with Virgin Galactic ? ! - Autoblog Jump up ^ Virgin Galactic hires second pilot astronaut Astronaut for Hire Jump up ^ Boeing : Boeing Welcomes Astronaut Chris Ferguson to Space Exploration Team Jump up ^ Astronauts Evaluate Boeingâ € TM s Commercial Crew Effort AWIN content from Aviation Week Jump up ^ Boeing selects rocket , looks for astronauts - Technology & science - Space NBC News Jump up ^ Boeing To Unveil Crew , Spacesuits For CST - 100 Test Flight This Summer - SpaceNews.com Jump up ^ `` Dr. Erik Seedhouse The Space Show '' . www.thespaceshow.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` U of T alumni make shortlist to become Canada 's next astronauts '' . University of Toronto News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` UAF faculty member shortlisted for astronaut program '' . UAF news and information . 2016 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Membership '' . Association of Spaceflight Professionals . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate List Of 15 Asian Scientists To Watch -- Yi So - Yeon '' . Asian Scientist Magazine Science , Technology and Medicine News Updates From Asia . 2011 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Becker , Joachim . `` Cosmonaut Biography : Yi Soyeon '' . www.spacefacts.de . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Yi So - yeon '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Status update , July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Engineering grad to watch : astronaut for hire Aaron Persad - U of T Engineering News '' . U of T Engineering News . 2014 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Space - Based Life Sciences Research - Dr. Luis Zea University of Iceland Biomedical Center '' . lifvisindi.hi.is ( in Icelandic ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Why bacteria ' shapeshift ' in space '' . CU Boulder Today . 2017 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Zea Aerospace Engineering '' . Luis Zea Aerospace Engineering . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Citizen Astronauts Complete Suborbital Scientist Course Training , Evaluating New Medical Technology at NASTAR Center Jump up ^ Greg Kennedy Joins Citizen Astronaut Corps Jump up ^ AXE Company Wants to Launch 22 People Into Space Jump up ^ First Filipino Astronaut reaching for the stars 2013 - 12 - 10 Jump up ^ Mars One Applicants Jump up ^ https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/02/inspiration-mars-foundation/ Jump up ^ Millionaire Dennis Tito plans to send woman and man to Mars and back Alan Boyle , Science Editor NBC News Feb. 27 , 2013 at 12 : 58 PM ET Jump up ^ Drupal already installed Drupal Jump up ^ Waypoint 2 Space Trains Passengers For Commercial Launches Jump up ^ Citizens in Space Jump up ^ Mercury 13 - the Women of the Mercury Era <Th_colspan="3"> Spaceflight lists and timelines <Td_colspan="3"> Timeline of spaceflight General Space exploration outline timeline Spaceflight records Space Race Asian Space Race Rocket and missile technology Human spaceflight General Manned spacecraft timeline Spaceflights 1961 -- 70 1971 -- 80 1981 -- 90 1991 -- 2000 2001 -- 10 2011 -- present by program Soviet Russian Vostok Soyuz Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Shenzhou Spacelab Salyut Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Mir Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors ISS Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Shuttle Crews Missions timeline Rollbacks People Astronauts by name by year of selection by first flight Apollo Gemini Chinese European Cosmonauts female Jewish Muslim Arab African - American Space travelers by name Space travelers by nationality timeline EVA 1965 -- 1999 2000 -- 2014 2015 -- present Cumulative spacewalk records Spacewalkers Solar System exploration Timeline Interplanetary voyages Landings on other planets artificial objects Objects at Lagrangian points Probes active leaving the Solar System lunar probes Missions to the Moon Timeline of satellites Sample - return mission Mars Earth - orbiting satellites Climate research Communications satellite firsts CubeSats PocketQube Earth observation satellites timeline Geosynchronous orbit GOES Kosmos Magnetospheric NRO TDRS USA Vehicles Orbital launch systems Comparison Sounding rockets Spacecraft unmanned manned Upper stages Launches by rocket type Ariane Atlas Black Brant Falcon 9 and Heavy Long March Proton R - 7 ( including Semyorka , Molniya , Vostok , Voskhod and Soyuz ) Scout Thor and Delta Titan V - 2 tests Zenit Launches by spaceport Satish Dhawan Agencies , companies and facilities Communications satellite companies comparison Private spaceflight companies Rocket launch sites Space agencies Spacecraft manufacturers Other mission lists and timelines First orbital launches by country NASA missions Constellation missions Timeline of private spaceflight Timeline of longest spaceflights <Th_colspan="2"> NASA Astronaut Groups NASA Astronaut Corps <Td_colspan="2"> 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 List of astronauts by year of selection <Th_colspan="3"> NASA Policy and history History NACA ( 1915 ) National Aeronautics and Space Act ( 1958 ) Space Task Group ( 1958 ) Paine ( 1986 ) Rogers ( 1986 ) Ride ( 1987 ) Space Exploration Initiative ( 1989 ) Augustine ( 1990 ) U.S. National Space Policy ( 1996 ) CFUSAI ( 2002 ) CAIB ( 2003 ) Vision for Space Exploration ( 2004 ) Aldridge ( 2004 ) Augustine ( 2009 ) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Budget Spin - off technologies NASA TV NASA Social Launch Services Program Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building Launch Complex 39 Launch Control Center Johnson Space Center Mission Control Lunar Sample Laboratory Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor ' 98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Scout Current Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorer Small explorer Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Mars Exploration Rover Human spaceflight programs Past X-15 ( suborbital ) Mercury Gemini Apollo Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project ( with the Soviet space program ) Skylab Space Shuttle Shuttle -- Mir ( with Roscosmos State Corporation ) Constellation Current International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) Commercial Crew Development ( CCDev ) Orion Individual featured missions ( human and robotic ) Past COBE Apollo 11 Mercury 3 Mercury - Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Currently operating MRO 2001 Mars Odyssey Dawn New Horizons Kepler International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Spitzer RHESSI SWIFT THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline Opportunity rover observed GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes SDO Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 / 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS - REx Future JPSS James Webb Space Telescope WFIRST InSight Mars 2020 NISAR Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Europa Clipper Communications and navigation Canberra Deep Space Atomic Clock Deep Space Network ( Goldstone Madrid Near Earth Network Space Flight Operations Facility ) Space Network NASA lists Astronauts by name by year Apollo astronauts List of NASA aircraft List of NASA missions unmanned missions List of NASA contractors List of United States rockets List of NASA cancellations List of Space Shuttle missions crews NASA images and artwork Earthrise The Blue Marble Family Portrait Pale Blue Dot Pillars of Creation Mystic Mountain Solar System Family Portrait The Day the Earth Smiled Fallen Astronaut Lunar plaques Pioneer plaques Voyager Golden Record NASA insignia Gemini and Apollo medallions Mission patches <Td_colspan="3"> Commons Portal <Th_colspan="3"> European Space Agency Astronaut Corps General European Astronaut Corps European Astronaut Centre Columbus Control Centre Oberpfaffenhofen ISS contribution Groups 2015 Matthias Maurer 2009 Samantha Cristoforetti Alexander Gerst Andreas Mogensen Luca Parmitano Timothy Peake Thomas Pesquet 1998 Frank De Winne Léopold Eyharts André Kuipers Paolo Nespoli Hans Schlegel Roberto Vittori 1992 Maurizio Cheli Jean - François Clervoy Pedro Duque Christer Fuglesang Marianne Merchez Thomas Reiter Older Maurizio Cheli Reinhold Ewald Umberto Guidoni Claudie Haigneré Jean - Pierre Haigneré Ulf Merbold Marianne Merchez Claude Nicollier Wubbo Ockels Philippe Perrin Thomas Reiter Michel Tognini Gerhard Thiele <Th_colspan="2"> Chinese space program Space programs BeiDou Navigation Satellite System Chinese anti-satellite missile test Chinese large modular space station CBERS CLEP ( Chang'e ) Dark Matter Particle Explorer Dongfanghong program Double Star Fanhui Shi Weixing Fengyun Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope Kuafu Kuaizhou Long March Naga - L Project 921 - 3 Shenlong Shenzhou program Shuguang Space Solar Telescope Tiangong program Tianlian I Tianzhou Yaogan Yinghuo - 1 Launch sites Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center Xichang Satellite Launch Center ( including Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site ) Scientists Chen Qiufa Du Qinghua Hu Haichang Ma Xingrui Ouyang Ziyuan Qi Faren Qian Xuesen Sun Laiyan Wang Yongzhi Xu Dazhe Ye Peijian Yuan Jiajun Zhao Jiuzhang Zhu Miaolong Astronauts Chen Dong Fei Junlong Jing Haipeng Liu Boming Liu Yang Liu Wang Nie Haisheng Yang Liwei Zhai Zhigang Zhang Xiaoguang Wang Yaping <Td_colspan="2"> China National Space Administration ( CNSA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection&oldid=815103396 '' Categories : Lists of astronauts Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Français Latviešu Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 پښتو Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 20 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. List of astronauts by year of selection
2. Human spaceflight programs
3. Commercial astronauts
4. Astronaut training
5. Space travelers
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what part of the cow is flat iron steak
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Flat iron steak - wikipedia Flat iron steak Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flat iron steak <Td_colspan="2"> Beef Cuts Alternative names top blade roast , shoulder top blade roast , top boneless chuck , petite steak , butler steak , lifter steak , book steak , chuck clod , lifter roast , and triangle roast Type Chuck cut of beef Flat iron steak ( US ) , butlers ' steak ( UK ) , or oyster blade steak ( Australia and New Zealand ) is a cut of steak cut with the grain from the shoulder of the animal . This produces a flavorful cut that is a bit tough because it contains a gristly fascia membrane unless removed . Some restaurants offer it on their menu , often at lower price than the more popular rib - eye and strip steaks of the same grade . This is used , in some places , as a means of selling a less expensive cut from the same animal , for example Kobe beef . The cut ( edit ) This cut of steak is from the shoulder of a beef animal . It is located adjacent to the heart of the shoulder clod , under the seven or paddle bone ( shoulder blade or scapula ) . The steak encompasses the infraspinatus muscles of beef , and one may see this displayed in some butcher shops and meat markets as a `` top blade '' roast . Anatomically , the muscle forms the dorsal part of the rotator cuff of the steer . This cut is anatomically distinct from the shoulder tender , which lies directly below it and is the teres major . Flat iron steaks usually have a significant amount of marbling . To make it more marketable , the steak , which has the fascia dividing the infraspinatus within it , has increasingly been cut as two flatter steaks , each corresponding to one muscle , with the tough fascia removed . Steaks that are cross cut from this muscle are called top blade steaks or patio steaks . As a whole cut of meat , it usually weighs around two to three pounds ; the entire top blade usually yields four steaks between eight and 12 ounces each . Flat iron steak In the North American Meat Processor ( NAMP ) meat buyers guide , it is item # 1114D Beef Shoulder , Top Blade Steak . This cut was invented in 2002 by university researchers Chris Calkins and Dwain Johnson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Butchers ' best - kept secret `` It 's tender but has some gristle . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Beef Foodservice - Beef Chuck , Shoulder Clod , Top Blade Steak ( Flat Iron ) '' . Cattlemen 's Beef Promotion And Research Board . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ernie . `` How Meat Science ( And Marketing ) Gave the World the Flat Iron Steak '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flat_iron_steak&oldid=799411641 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Svenska 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 15 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Flat iron steak
2. Chuck cut of beef
3. Shoulder top blade roast
4. Oyster blade steak
5. Marbling in steak
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who averaged a triple double in nba history
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Double ( Basketball ) - wikipedia Double ( Basketball ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In basketball , a double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in one of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . Multiple players usually score double - digit points in any given basketball game ; the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double - digit totals in more than one category . A double - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game . The most common double - double combination is points - rebounds , followed by points - assists . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in the points - rebounds combination with 840 , and John Stockton leads the points - assists combination with 714 . A triple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in three of the five categories in a game . The most common way to achieve a triple - double is through points , rebounds , and assists . Oscar Robertson leads the all - time NBA list with 181 career triple - doubles and is , with Russell Westbrook , one of only two players ever to average a triple - double for a season . Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple - doubles in a season with 42 and is the only person to average a triple - double for two consecutive seasons . A quadruple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in four of the five categories in a game . This has occurred four times in the NBA . A quintuple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in all five categories in a game . Two quintuple - doubles have been recorded at the high school level , by Tamika Catchings and Aimee Oertner , but none have occurred in a college or professional game . A similar accomplishment is the five - by - five , which is the accumulation of at least five points , five rebounds , five assists , five steals , and five blocks in a game . In the NBA , only Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrei Kirilenko have accumulated multiple five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season . Contents 1 Double - double 1.1 NBA 1.1. 1 Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) 1.1. 2 Facts 2 Triple - double 2.1 NBA 2.1. 1 Triple - double leaders 2.1. 2 Facts 2.2 NCAA Division I 3 Quadruple - double 3.1 NBA 3.2 Other men 's basketball 3.3 Women 's basketball 4 Quintuple - double 5 Five - by - five 5.1 NBA 5.2 Facts 6 References Double - double ( edit ) `` Double - double '' redirects here . For other uses , see Double - double ( disambiguation ) . A double - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in two of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common double - double combination is points and rebounds , followed by points and assists . Double - doubles are fairly common in the NBA . During the 2008 -- 09 season , 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double - doubles during the season . Special double - doubles are rare . One such double - double is called double - double - double ( also referred to as 20 -- 20 or Double - 20 ) . It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game . Another such double - double is called a triple - double - double ( also referred to as 30 -- 30 ) . The only player in NBA history to record a 40 - 40 is Wilt Chamberlain , who achieved the feat eight times in his career . Of the five instances , four were recorded in his rookie season , and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game . NBA ( edit ) Karl Malone ( left ) and John Stockton ( right ) were once teammates on the Utah Jazz in the 1990s . Malone is second in the point - rebound list , Stockton first in points and assists . Tim Duncan is first in points and rebounds . Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season double - double leaders since the 1983 -- 84 season : ^ Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Point - rebound Rank Name Total Tim Duncan 841 Karl Malone * 811 Hakeem Olajuwon * 774 Kevin Garnett 741 5 Shaquille O'Neal * 727 6 Charles Barkley * 706 7 Dwight Howard ^ 705 8 Patrick Ewing * 580 9 David Robinson * 543 10 Pau Gasol ^ 520 11 Kevin Willis 488 12 Zach Randolph ^ 480 13 Dikembe Mutombo * 469 14 Buck Williams 459 15 Chris Webber 440 16 Moses Malone * 435 17 Robert Parish * 430 18 Shawn Marion 427 19 Charles Oakley 426 20 Otis Thorpe 411 Point - assist Rank Name Total John Stockton * 714 Magic Johnson * 514 Steve Nash 436 Chris Paul * 408 5 Isiah Thomas 408 6 Jason Kidd ^ 402 7 Kevin Johnson 319 8 Russell Westbrook ^ 281 9 Deron Williams ^ 275 10 Rod Strickland 271 11 Mark Jackson 242 Gary Payton * 242 13 John Wall ^ 224 14 Tim Hardaway 279 15 Stephon Marbury 210 16 Andre Miller 197 17 LeBron James ^ 192 18 Terry Porter 188 19 Rajon Rondo ^ 181 20 Baron Davis 177 Facts ( edit ) Longest continuous streak of double - doubles : According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double - doubles from 1964 to 1967 . Chamberlain also holds the second - and third - longest continuous streaks of double - doubles with 220 and 133 . This record is before the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 . The longest streak of double - doubles since the merger was 53 games , achieved by Kevin Love , then of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Triple - double ( edit ) `` Triple - double '' redirects here . For volleyball , see Triple - double ( volleyball ) . Oscar Robertson has the most NBA career triple - doubles with 181 , and is one of the two players to average a triple - double over an entire season . Jason Kidd was one of the most successful players at accumulating triple - doubles with 107 . A triple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common way for a player to achieve a triple - double is with points , rebounds , and assists , though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game . The origin of the term `` triple - double '' is unclear . Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson 's versatility , while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980 . The triple - double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979 -- 80 season . There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple - doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound . Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound ; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent 's basket trying to score a triple - double . To deter this , NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt . NBA ( edit ) Russell Westbrook is the only player to have recorded a perfect triple - double ( no missed shots and no missed free throws ) in NBA history From the 1990 -- 91 to the 2010 -- 11 season , the NBA averaged 34.5 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 36 games . From the 2011 -- 12 to the 2016 -- 17 season , the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple - doubles , with an average of 57.33 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 22 games . Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple - doubles during that span , or 21.5 % of the 344 total triple - doubles . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , 25 triple - doubles have been recorded by players coming off the bench ; Detlef Schrempf recorded three with the Indiana Pacers . Triple - double leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season triple - double leaders : All - time triple - double leaders Rank Name Triple - doubles Oscar Robertson * 181 Magic Johnson * 138 Jason Kidd 107 Russell Westbrook ^ 104 5 Wilt Chamberlain * 78 6 LeBron James ^ 73 7 Larry Bird * 59 8 Fat Lever 43 9 James Harden ^ 35 10 Bob Cousy * 33 11 John Havlicek * 31 Rajon Rondo ^ 31 13 Grant Hill 29 14 Michael Jordan * 28 15 Elgin Baylor * 26 16 Clyde Drexler * 25 17 Walt Frazier * 23 18 Draymond Green ^ 22 19 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 21 Micheal Ray Richardson 21 Kobe Bryant 21 Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Facts ( edit ) First triple - double in league history : Andy Phillip ( Philadelphia Warriors ) logged the league 's first triple - double on December 14 , 1950 versus the ( Fort Wayne Pistons ) . He had 17 points , 10 rebounds and 10 assists . Averaging a triple - double in a single season : Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals ) and Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat . During the 1961 -- 62 season , Robertson averaged 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists per game . Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once , his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 10.6 assists per game . Westbrook is the only player to achieve this feat twice , that too in consecutive seasons . Westbrook finished the 2016 -- 17 season averaging 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , and followed it up in 2017 -- 18 with averages of 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds , and 10.3 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : In 2016 -- 17 , Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 42 triple - doubles . Most triple - doubles in road games in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 17 of 42 triple - doubles in away games . Most 50 - point triple - doubles in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded three 50 - point triple - doubles in the 2016 -- 17 season . James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50 - point triple - double with two in the same season . It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50 - point triple - doubles during his historic 1961 - 62 NBA season , but they remain unofficial , as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics . Most triple - doubles in a single season Rank Name Triple - doubles Team NBA season Russell Westbrook 42 Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 -- 17 Oscar Robertson 41 Cincinnati Royals 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain 31 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1960 -- 61 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1963 -- 64 6 Russell Westbrook 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 2017 -- 18 7 Oscar Robertson 22 Cincinnati Royals 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain 22 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 James Harden 22 Houston Rockets 2016 -- 17 10 Oscar Robertson 20 Cincinnati Royals 1962 -- 63 11 Magic Johnson 18 Los Angeles Lakers 1981 -- 82 Russell Westbrook 18 Oklahoma City Thunder 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 18 Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 -- 18 13 Magic Johnson 17 Los Angeles Lakers 1988 -- 89 14 Fat Lever 16 Denver Nuggets 1985 -- 86 15 Michael Jordan 15 Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 17 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1990 -- 91 Grant Hill 13 Detroit Pistons 1996 -- 97 Jason Kidd 13 New Jersey Nets 2007 -- 08 Draymond Green 13 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 -- 17 Most triple - doubles in NBA playoffs : Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple - doubles over his career ; LeBron James is second with 22 . Most triple - doubles in NBA Finals : LeBron James recorded 10 Finals triple - doubles over his career . Averaging a triple - double in an NBA Finals : LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) , in the 2017 Finals , averaged 33.6 points , 12.0 rebounds , and 10.0 assists per game . Youngest player : Markelle Fultz ( Philadelphia 76ers ) , aged 19 years and 317 days , logged a triple - double on April 11 , 2018 , versus the Milwaukee Bucks . He had 13 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists . Oldest player : Karl Malone ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 40 years and 127 days -- the only 40 - year - old player to do so -- logged a triple - double on November 28 , 2003 , versus the San Antonio Spurs . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 10 assists . Fastest triple - double : Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) , holds the record for the fastest triple - double . On February 15 , 2018 , Jokić recorded the mark in 14 minutes and 33 seconds against the Milwaukee Bucks . The previous fastest triple - double had held for almost 63 years , as on February 20 , 1955 Jim Tucker ( Syracuse Nationals ) , in his rookie year , recorded the mark in just 17 minutes , with 12 points , 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104 -- 84 win over the New York Knicks . Double - triple - double ( at least 20 of any 3 statistics ) : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) is the only player to have accomplished this ; in a February 2 , 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons , Chamberlain tallied 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists . Most points scored in a triple - double : James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple - double with 60 points , 10 rebounds , and 11 assists on January 30 , 2018 , against the Orlando Magic . The previous record was 57 points by Russell Westbrook . Triple - double not including points : The only such triple - double occurred on February 10 , 2017 , when Draymond Green ( Golden State Warriors ) scored only 4 points , but collected 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies . Green also recorded five blocked shots in the game . Longest continuous streak of triple - doubles : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) holds the record for the most consecutive triple - doubles . In 1968 , from March 8 to March 20 , he recorded a triple - double in nine straight games . The second - longest streak is seven , a record jointly held by Robertson , Michael Jordan , and Westbrook . Triple - doubles by teammates : Has occurred three times in the NBA . March 14 , 1964 , Donnie Butcher ( Detroit Pistons ) had 19 points , 15 rebounds , and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points , 20 rebounds , and 11 assists against the New York Knicks . January 3 , 1989 , Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls ) had 41 points , 11 assists , and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points , 12 assists , and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers . April 7 , 2007 , New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points , 16 rebounds , and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points , 16 rebounds , and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards . Triple - doubles by opponents : This has occurred only 13 times since 1983 -- 84 , four times involving Jason Kidd ( while playing for three different teams ) : Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland ( Los Angeles at Washington , February 10 , 1984 ) Jason Kidd and Clyde Drexler ( Dallas at Houston , April 11 , 1995 ) Kidd and Drexler ( Phoenix at Houston , March 22 , 1997 ) Gary Payton and Chris Webber ( Seattle at Sacramento , April 18 , 2000 ) Kidd and Jay Williams ( New Jersey at Chicago , November 9 , 2002 ) Kidd and Tracy McGrady ( New Jersey at Orlando , February 23 , 2003 ) Caron Butler and Baron Davis ( Washington at Golden State , November 23 , 2007 ) Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter - Williams ( Orlando at Philadelphia , December 3 , 2013 ( 2 OT ) ) Oladipo and Carter - Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat , marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple - doubles in the same game . These were the first career triple - doubles for both players . The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple - doubles in the same game was when Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott ( Detroit Pistons ) did it on March 14 , 1964 ( they were not rookies ) . Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Oklahoma City at Milwaukee , March 6 , 2016 ) LeBron James and Stephen Curry ( Cleveland at Golden State , June 4 , 2017 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo and Nikola Jokić ( Denver at Milwaukee , February 15 , 2018 ) D'Angelo Russell and Kyle Lowry ( Brooklyn at Toronto , March 23 , 2018 ) Ben Simmons and LeBron James ( Cleveland at Philadelphia , April 6 , 2018 ) NCAA Division I ( edit ) Most triple - doubles in a career : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU , 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16 ) with 12 -- six in 2014 -- 15 and six again as a senior in 2015 -- 16 . Prior to the triple - double being tracked as an NCAA statistic , Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati ) had 10 -- five in 1958 -- 59 and five in 1959 -- 60 . Women 's : Sabrina Ionescu ( Oregon , 2016 -- present ) with 10 -- four in 2016 -- 17 and six in 2017 -- 18 . Consecutive triple - doubles : In Division I men 's play , David Edwards ( Texas A&M ) , Penny Hardaway ( Memphis State ) , Tony Lee ( Robert Morris ) , Gerald Lewis ( SMU ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( LSU ) , and Kevin Roberson ( Vermont ) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple - double . In women 's play , Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) , Kim Rhock ( Mount St. Mary 's ) , Nicole Powell ( Stanford ) , Ashley Schrock ( Cleveland State ) , Claire Faucher ( Portland State ) , Brittney Griner ( Baylor ) , Ny Hammonds ( Charlotte ) , and Ionescu have accomplished this feat . Uniquely , Danielle Carson recorded three consecutive triple - doubles in the 1985 -- 86 season , becoming the only Division I player of either sex to do so . She began by recording 12 points , 10 , rebounds , and 12 assists against Akron on November 29 , 1985 . The following day , she recorded 20 points , 12 rebounds , and at least 20 assists against Kent State ( her exact assists total in that game is unknown ) . Finally , on December 2 against Cleveland State , Carson recorded 26 points , 15 rebounds , and 14 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU ) , with six -- performed twice : in the 2014 -- 15 season , and again in 2015 -- 16 . Women 's : Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) and Sabrina Ionescu ( Oregon ) , each with six -- Carson in 1985 -- 86 and Ionescu in 2017 -- 18 . Triple - doubles in NCAA tournament history : Men 's The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men 's basketball in 1984 , then blocks and steals in 1986 , so officially this has occurred eight times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 16 times . Only three pre-1986 triple - doubles are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Oscar Robertson Cincinnati 98 -- 85 Louisville Third place March 21 , 1959 39 39 17 10 -- -- Magic Johnson Michigan State 95 -- 64 Lamar Second round March 10 , 1979 35 13 17 10 Magic Johnson Michigan State 101 -- 67 Penn Final Four March 24 , 1979 35 29 10 10 0 Gary Grant Michigan 97 -- 109 North Carolina Second round March 14 , 1987 39 24 10 10 0 Shaquille O'Neal LSU 94 -- 83 BYU First round March 19 , 1992 31 26 13 11 David Cain St. John 's 85 -- 67 Texas Tech First round March 18 , 1993 37 12 11 11 0 Andre Miller Utah 76 -- 51 Arizona Elite Eight March 21 , 1998 36 18 14 13 Dwyane Wade Marquette 83 -- 69 Kentucky Elite Eight March 29 , 2003 35 29 11 11 Cole Aldrich Kansas 60 -- 43 Dayton Second round March 22 , 2009 31 13 20 0 10 Draymond Green Michigan State 76 -- 78 UCLA First round March 17 , 2011 37 23 11 10 0 Draymond Green Michigan State 89 -- 67 Long Island Second round March 16 , 2012 35 24 12 10 0 Women 's In women 's basketball , the NCAA began keeping track of assists in 1985 , then blocks and steals in 1987 , so officially this has occurred 13 times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 16 times . All three triple - doubles that preceded the NCAA 's official inclusion of the relevant statistics are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Cassandra Lander Arizona State 97 - 77 Georgia First round March 12 , 1982 17 11 10 -- -- Anne Donovan Old Dominion 74 - 60 Penn State Elite Eight March 26 , 1983 20 13 -- -- 12 Joni Davis Missouri 82 - 92 LSU First round March 18 , 1984 14 11 10 -- -- Katie Meier Duke 70 - 55 Manhattan First round March 11 , 1987 16 11 10 -- -- Pauline Jordan UNLV 84 - 74 Colorado Second round March 18 , 1989 22 17 -- -- 11 Sonja Henning Stanford 91 - 67 Cal State Fullerton Second round March 16 , 1991 19 10 10 -- -- Niesa Johnson Alabama 121 - 120 ( 4OT ) Duke Second round March 18 , 1995 28 12 14 -- -- Tracy Henderson Georgia 81 - 68 Louisville Second round March 19 , 1995 14 13 -- -- 10 Ticha Penicheiro Old Dominion 92 - 39 Saint Francis ( PA ) First round March 13 , 1998 22 -- 15 14 -- Nicole Powell Stanford 76 - 51 Weber State First round March 16 , 2002 20 11 10 -- -- Nicole Powell Stanford 77 - 55 Tulane Second round March 18 , 2002 16 10 10 -- -- Kristin Haynie Michigan State 76 - 64 Vanderbilt Sweet Sixteen March 27 , 2005 16 10 10 -- -- Skylar Diggins Notre Dame 80 -- 49 Maryland Elite Eight March 27 , 2012 13 10 10 -- -- Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis Connecticut 91 -- 52 Saint Joseph 's Second round March 25 , 2014 20 10 10 -- -- Samantha Logic Iowa 66 -- 81 Baylor Sweet Sixteen March 27 , 2015 13 10 14 -- -- Sabrina Ionescu Oregon 88 -- 45 Seattle First round March 16 , 2018 19 10 11 -- -- Others Kalara McFadyen of Memphis achieved perhaps the most unusual triple - double in history , and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot from either the field or the free - throw line . On February 3 , 2002 , in a women 's Division I game against Charlotte , she had 12 assists , 10 steals , and 10 rebounds . Quadruple - double ( edit ) Center David Robinson is the most recent NBA player to accomplish the feat of a quadruple - double by recording at least 10 points , rebounds , assists , and blocks in a game . A quadruple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocked shots -- in a game . This feat is extremely rare : only four players have officially recorded a quadruple - double in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Nate Thurmond , who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA 's Chicago Bulls . The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Ann Meyers , who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins , when women 's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW . The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple - double was Lester Hudson in 2007 . The first Division I women 's player to have officially recorded a quadruple - double since the NCAA began sponsoring women 's sports in 1981 -- 82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola -- Chicago in 1989 . Only three other women have done so since , and Shakyla Hill 's quadruple - double for Grambling State in 2018 was the first since 1993 . An earlier player , Jackie Spencer of Louisville , accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984 -- 85 season , but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women 's basketball at that time . The Metro Conference , then home to both schools , did officially record these statistics , but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985 -- 86 for assists and 1987 -- 88 for steals . NBA ( edit ) Quadruple - doubles have only been possible since the 1973 -- 74 season , when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals . It is often speculated by observers that other all - time greats , namely Oscar Robertson ( all time triple - doubles leader with 181 ) , Wilt Chamberlain , Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple - doubles . West 's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple - double with 44 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists and 10 blocks . A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple - double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics , when he had 24 points , 32 rebounds , 13 assists and 12 blocks . The reason why ( the quadruple - double ) is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish -- so he can get the assists -- and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound . A lot of guys can get the points , rebounds and assists , but it 's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up . You have to love defense to get a quadruple - double . There 's no way around it . -- Nate Thurmond , The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple - double in an NBA game . Except for Thurmond , who retired before the award was established in 1983 , all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once . * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Name Date Team Score Opponent Min Points Reb Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Ref Nate Thurmond * October 18 , 1974 Chicago Bulls 120 -- 115 Atlanta Hawks 45 22 14 13 12 Yes ( OT ) Alvin Robertson February 18 , 1986 San Antonio Spurs 120 -- 114 Phoenix Suns 36 20 11 10 10 0 No Hakeem Olajuwon * March 29 , 1990 Houston Rockets 120 -- 94 Milwaukee Bucks 40 18 16 10 11 No David Robinson * February 17 , 1994 San Antonio Spurs 115 -- 96 Detroit Pistons 43 34 10 10 10 No Only seven other players ( Clyde Drexler did it twice ) have managed to finish with triple - doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category ( statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold ) : Name Date Team Opponent Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Rick Barry * October 29 , 1974 Golden State Warriors Buffalo Braves 43 30 10 11 9 -- No Larry Steele November 16 , 1974 Portland Trail Blazers Los Angeles Lakers 44 12 11 9 10 -- No Johnny Moore January 8 , 1985 San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors 36 26 11 13 9 -- No Larry Bird * February 18 , 1985 Boston Celtics Utah Jazz 33 30 12 10 9 -- No Micheal Ray Richardson October 30 , 1985 New Jersey Nets Indiana Pacers 54 38 11 11 9 -- Yes ( 3 OT ) Clyde Drexler * January 10 , 1986 Portland Trail Blazers Milwaukee Bucks 42 26 9 11 10 -- No Hakeem Olajuwon * March 3 , 1990 Houston Rockets Golden State Warriors 40 29 18 9 5 11 No Clyde Drexler * November 1 , 1996 Houston Rockets Sacramento Kings 42 25 10 9 10 -- No Notes Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter . After three quarters , head coach K.C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple - double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game . Bird declined , saying that he `` already did enough damage . '' Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score . However , after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter , they revised the box score , crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple - double in NBA history . NBA 's director of operations , Rod Thorn , requested to review the tape . After reviewing the tape , the league disallowed Olajuwon 's quadruple - double and announced that his original line -- with 9 assists -- is official . Other men 's Basketball ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference NJCAA Steve Francis November 16 , 1997 Allegany College of Maryland Vincennes 24 10 11 10 -- -- French National League Derrick Lewis February 24 , 1990 Reims Lorient 20 11 -- 12 10 No National Basketball League ( Australia ) Daren Rowe Geelong Supercats North Melbourne Giants 25 17 11 -- 11 No Chinese Basketball Association Hu Xuefeng December 8 , 2004 Jiangsu Dragons Yunnan Bulls 16 10 12 10 -- No FIBA Europe Under - 16 Championship Ricky Rubio August 19 , 2006 Spain Croatia 19 10 13 11 -- No Metropolitan Basketball Association Donbel Belano August 14 , 1999 Davao Eagles Nueva Ecija Patriots 19 11 11 10 -- No American Basketball Association ( 2000 -- ) Jamel Staten February 2 , 2007 Minnesota Ripknees St. Louis Stunners 17 11 11 10 -- No NCAA ( Division I ) Lester Hudson November 13 , 2007 UT Martin Central Baptist 25 12 10 10 No Continental Basketball Association Jermaine Blackburn December 20 , 2008 East Kentucky Miners West Virginia Wild 22 10 14 10 -- No High school boys Jerrelle Benimon February 17 , 2009 Fauquier HS Osbourn HS 13 17 11 -- 10 No Chinese Basketball Association Chris Williams December 25 , 2009 Qingdao Doublestar Dongguan Leopards 15 11 11 11 -- No High school boys Isaiah Grant December 6 , 2014 Sequoia Pathway Academy Berean Academy 11 10 10 10 -- No NJCAA Clifford Wilson February 14 , 1979 Fulton - Montgomery Hudson Valley 31 18 10 -- 15 No NJCAA Monroe Pippins February 9 , 1995 Fulton - Montgomery Herkimer 34 17 10 11 -- No Ukrainian First league Vitaliy Bykov December 17 , 2016 BC Zaporizhya - 2 BC Kramatorsk 14 13 11 12 -- No Liga Super Basketball U-18 Natan Oliveira April 8 , 2017 Colégio Sul Americano Rappers 32 11 10 16 -- No Notes This is the only quadruple - double in French National League history . This is the only quadruple - double in National Basketball League history . This is the only quadruple - double in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history . The opponent , Central Baptist , plays in the NAIA . Women 's Basketball ( edit ) Mostly accurate as of January 2018 . NCAA records are complete for Divisions I and II , but not for Division III ; specifically , entering the 2017 -- 18 season , there have been a total of eight quadruple - doubles in Division III play , and one player , Suzy Venet of Mount Union ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , had two in her career , both in the 1996 -- 97 season . NAIA records are also incomplete . League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference American Basketball League Debbie Black December 8 , 1996 Colorado Xplosion Atlanta Glory 10 14 12 10 -- Israeli Basketball Super League Edwina Brown December 2008 Ramat Hen Hapoel Holon 22 10 10 10 -- Greek Women 's Basketball League Zoi Dimitrakou March 22 , 2009 G.S. Megas Alexandros Aris Holargou 49 18 10 12 -- Russian Premier League Maria Kalmykova January 21 , 2001 Chevakata Vologda Dynamo Kursk 20 15 11 -- 11 European U16 Championship Anastasiya Verameyenka April 20 , 2003 Belarus U16 NT Czech U16 NT 21 10 -- 10 12 AIAW Division I women Ann Meyers February 18 , 1978 UCLA Stephen F. Austin 20 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Jackie Spencer February 2 , 1985 Louisville Cincinnati 14 12 14 10 -- NCAA Division I women Veronica Pettry March 4 , 1989 Loyola ( Chicago ) Detroit 12 10 22 11 -- NCAA Division I women Ramona Jones January 14 , 1991 Lamar UCF 10 10 10 12 -- NCAA Division I women Sonja Tate January 27 , 1993 Arkansas State Mississippi Valley State 29 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Shakyla Hill January 3 , 2018 Grambling State Alabama State 15 10 10 10 -- NCAA Division II women Tereska Watkins February 8 , 1997 Fort Valley State ? ? ? 12 12 10 10 -- NCAA Division III women Evita Esteves February 5 , 2004 Emmanuel ( MA ) Johnson & Wales 10 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Danna Purnell February 10 , 2007 SUNY - Old Westbury New Rochelle 14 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Latiqua Williams November 16 , 2008 Bard New Rochelle 21 13 10 11 -- NAIA women Suzanne Gonzales February 11 , 1989 Southern Colorado Western State 13 12 10 11 -- Ukrainian Professional Basketball League Alina Iagupova May 15 , 2011 BC Dnipro Luhanski Lastivky 28 15 13 10 -- Stats Notes Jump up ^ The NCAA does not consider Spencer 's quadruple - double to be official . Although the Metro Conference , then home to both teams involved in this game , kept records in all of the relevant statistical categories in the 1984 -- 85 season , the NCAA did not . Assists were not recorded throughout Division I women 's basketball until 1985 -- 86 , and steals were not so recorded until 1987 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Although Gonzales played for a school that is now a member of NCAA Division II , the NCAA does not consider her quadruple - double to be official for two reasons . First , the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference , then as now home to both teams involved in this game , then competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , and was not an NCAA conference until 1992 -- 93 . In addition , the NCAA did not record steals throughout Division II women 's basketball until 1992 -- 93 . Quintuple - double ( edit ) A quintuple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in all five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- - in a single game . There are only two known quintuple - doubles , both done at the high - school level . The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School ( Duncanville , Texas ) and Adlai Stevenson High School ( Lincolnshire , Illinois ) with 25 points , 18 rebounds , 11 assists , 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997 . The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School ( Slatington , Pennsylvania ) , who had 26 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals , and 11 blocks on January 7 , 2012 . Five - by - five ( edit ) A five - by - five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks -- in a single game . Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973 -- 74 season , so NBA five - by - fives were only possible from that season onward . Hakeem Olajuwon ( six times ) and Andrei Kirilenko ( three times ) are the only players to have recorded multiple five - by - fives ( based on records since the 1984 -- 85 season ) . Both are also the only players to record five - by - sixes ( at least six in all five statistical categories ) . Only twice has a five - by - five coincided with a triple - double ( both by Olajuwon ; one of which was 1 assist shy of a quadruple double ) and only three times has a player recorded a five - by - five without registering at least a double - double ( two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby ) . NBA ( edit ) The following is a list of known five - by - fives . Note the list contains all five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season , as well as one before . There may be other five - by - fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984 -- 85 season . Name Date Age Team Score Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Julius Erving December 5 , 1979 7004108780000000000 ♠ 29 years , 286 days Philadelphia 76ers 132 -- 120 San Antonio Spurs 28 7 10 5 5 No Hakeem Olajuwon March 10 , 1987 7003881400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 48 days Houston Rockets 127 -- 136 Seattle SuperSonics 38 17 6 7 12 Yes ( 2OT ) Hakeem Olajuwon March 3 , 1990 7003990300000000000 ♠ 27 years , 41 days Houston Rockets 129 -- 109 Golden State Warriors 29 18 9 5 11 No Hakeem Olajuwon April 11 , 1992 7004106730000000000 ♠ 29 years , 81 days Houston Rockets 92 -- 99 Dallas Mavericks 19 13 6 5 5 No David Robinson November 10 , 1992 7003995800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 96 days San Antonio Spurs 104 -- 98 Milwaukee Bucks 29 9 5 5 10 No Derrick Coleman January 15 , 1993 7003934000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 208 days New Jersey Nets 110 -- 105 Philadelphia 76ers 21 10 7 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Hakeem Olajuwon April 22 , 1993 7004110490000000000 ♠ 30 years , 91 days Houston Rockets 112 -- 110 Minnesota Timberwolves 33 13 5 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Hakeem Olajuwon November 5 , 1993 7004112460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 288 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 88 New Jersey Nets 24 19 6 5 5 No Hakeem Olajuwon December 30 , 1993 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 104 Minnesota Timberwolves 34 10 5 5 8 No Vlade Divac February 22 , 1995 7003988100000000000 ♠ 27 years , 19 days Los Angeles Lakers 112 -- 100 Philadelphia 76ers 19 12 8 5 5 No Jamaal Tinsley November 16 , 2001 7003866200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 261 days Indiana Pacers 113 -- 120 Minnesota Timberwolves 12 9 15 6 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Andrei Kirilenko December 3 , 2003 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days Utah Jazz 101 -- 107 Houston Rockets 19 5 7 8 5 Yes ( OT ) Andrei Kirilenko December 10 , 2003 7003833000000000000 ♠ 22 years , 295 days Utah Jazz 95 -- 73 New York Knicks 10 12 6 6 5 No Marcus Camby January 9 , 2004 7004108850000000000 ♠ 29 years , 293 days Denver Nuggets 106 -- 96 Utah Jazz 8 11 5 5 8 No Andrei Kirilenko January 3 , 2006 7003908500000000000 ♠ 24 years , 319 days Utah Jazz 90 -- 80 Los Angeles Lakers 14 8 9 6 7 No Nicolas Batum December 16 , 2012 7003876800000000000 ♠ 24 years , 2 days Portland Trail Blazers 95 -- 94 New Orleans Hornets 11 5 10 5 5 No Draymond Green December 11 , 2015 7003941300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 282 days Golden State Warriors 124 -- 119 Boston Celtics 24 11 8 5 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Facts ( edit ) All facts based on data since 1985 -- 86 : Greatest five - by - fives ( most of each stat ) : Hakeem Olajuwon , on March 10 , 1987 , became the first in NBA history to record a five - by - six ( at least 6 each of all five statistics : points , rebounds , assists , blocks , steals ) . It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history . Andrei Kirilenko , on January 3 , 2006 , recorded a five - by - five against the Lakers . Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon 's , Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation . Most five - by - fives in a career : Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five - by - fives . Andrei Kirilenko , with 3 , is the only other player with more than one career five - by - five . Most five - by - fives in the same season : Only twice has a player recorded two five - by - fives in a season . Olajuwon in the 1993 -- 94 season , and Kirilenko in the 2003 -- 04 season . Quickest pair of five - by - fives : Kirilenko performed a five - by - five on December 3 , 2003 , and completed another just a week later , on December 10 , 2003 . The second - quickest five - by - fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5 , 1993 , and another , 55 days later , on December 30 , 1993 . Youngest player : Kirilenko 's first NBA five - by - five came on December 3 , 2003 , making him the youngest to record a five - by - five at age 22 years , 288 days . Oldest player : Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five - by - five . His last career five - by - five came on December 30 , 1993 , at which time he was 30 years , 343 days old . Five - by - sixes : Olajuwon and Kirilenko are the only players to achieve this feat in NBA history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woods , David . ( July 17 , 2014 ) . Is Tamika Catchings the best women 's basketball player ever ? IndyStar Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( February 28 , 2003 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Knight Ridder Tribune News Service . p. 1 . Kevin Garnett has a league - leading 47 double - doubles this season -- all of them from the points - rebounds combination . 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Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Minnesota Timberwolves Boxscore , December 30 , 1993 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers at Los Angeles Lakers Boxscore , February 22 , 1995 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves at Indiana Pacers Boxscore , November 16 , 2001 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Houston Rockets Boxscore , December 3 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Knicks at Utah Jazz Boxscore , December 10 , 2003 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz at Denver Nuggets Boxscore , January 9 , 2004 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz Boxscore , January 3 , 2006 '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Hornets vs. Portland Trail Blazers -- Box Score -- December 16 , 2012 '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors vs. Boston Celtics -- Box Score -- December 11 , 2015 '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AK - 47 : Moving with a purpose and hungry for ring '' . NetsDaily . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . <Th_colspan="2"> Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_(basketball)&oldid=849379033 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with broken reference names Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2017 Articles with hCards Incomplete lists from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Français עברית Latviešu Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 15 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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1. Double in basketball
2. Triple-double in basketball
3. Quadruple-double in basketball
4. Quintuple-double in basketball
5. Five-by-five in basketball
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Old Man from the Mountain - Wikipedia Old Man from the Mountain Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Old Man from the Mountain '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Merle Haggard <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Merle Haggard Presents His 30th Album B - side `` Holding Things Together '' Released June 3 , 1974 Genre Country Label Capitol 3900 Songwriter ( s ) Merle Haggard Producer ( s ) Fuzzy Owen <Th_colspan="2"> Merle Haggard singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Things Are n't Funny Anymore '' ( 1974 ) `` Old Man from the Mountain '' ( 1974 ) `` Kentucky Gambler '' ( 1974 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Things Are n't Funny Anymore '' ( 1974 ) `` Old Man from the Mountain '' ( 1974 ) `` Kentucky Gambler '' ( 1974 ) `` Old Man from the Mountain '' is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard . It was released in June 1974 as the second single from the album Merle Haggard Presents His 30th Album . It was Haggard 's eighteenth number one on the country singles chart . The single went to number one for a single week and spent a total of ten weeks on the chart . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 147 . Jump up ^ `` Merle Haggard -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Merle Haggard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone '' by Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single August 24 , 1974 Succeeded by `` The Grand Tour '' by George Jones Preceded by `` You Ca n't Be a Beacon If Your Light Do n't Shine '' by Donna Fargo RPM Country Tracks number - one single August 31 , 1974 Succeeded by `` Talkin ' to the Wall '' by Lynn Anderson <Th_colspan="2"> Merle Haggard <Td_colspan="2"> The Strangers Roy Nichols Norman Hamlet Biff Adam Dennis Hromek Bobby Wayne Marcia Nichols Eddie Burris George French Jerry Ward Studio albums Strangers Swinging Doors I 'm a Lonesome Fugitive Branded Man Sing Me Back Home The Legend of Bonnie & Clyde Mama Tried Pride in What I Am Same Train , A Different Time A Portrait of Merle Haggard A Tribute to the Best Damn Fiddle Player in the World ( or , My Salute to Bob Wills ) Hag Someday We 'll Look Back Let Me Tell You About a Song It 's Not Love ( But It 's Not Bad ) If We Make It Through December Merle Haggard Presents His 30th Album Keep Movin ' On It 's All in the Movies My Love Affair with Trains The Roots of My Raising Ramblin ' Fever A Working Man Ca n't Get Nowhere Today My Farewell to Elvis I 'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall Serving 190 Proof The Way I Am Back to the Barrooms Big City Going Where the Lonely Go That 's the Way Love Goes It 's All in the Game Kern River Out Among the Stars A Friend In California Chill Factor 5 : 01 Blues Blue Jungle If I Could Only Fly Roots , Volume 1 The Peer Sessions Haggard Like Never Before Unforgettable Chicago Wind The Bluegrass Sessions I Am What I Am Working in Tennessee Live albums Okie from Muskogee The Fightin ' Side of Me I Love Dixie Blues Rainbow Stew Live at Anaheim Stadium The Epic Collection ( Recorded Live ) Amber Waves of Grain Motorcycle Cowboy : Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Ol ' Country Singer Live from Austin , TX Live from Austin , TX ' 78 Gospel albums The Land of Many Churches Songs for the Mama That Tried Cabin in the Hills Two Old Friends ( with Albert E. Brumley , Jr . ) Holiday albums Merle Haggard 's Christmas Present Goin ' Home for Christmas Pancho , Lefty and Rudolph ( with Willie Nelson ) I Wish I Was Santa Claus The Strangers albums Instrumental Sounds of Merle Haggard 's Strangers Introducing My Friends The Strangers Getting to Know Merle Haggard 's Strangers Honky Tonkin ' Totally Instrumental ( With One Exception ... ) Singles <Td_colspan="2"> 1960s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Sing a Sad Song '' `` Sam Hill '' `` ( My Friends Are Gonna Be ) Strangers '' `` I 'm Gonna Break Every Heart I Can '' `` Swinging Doors '' `` The Bottle Let Me Down '' `` The Fugitive '' `` I Threw Away the Rose '' `` Branded Man '' `` Sing Me Back Home '' `` The Legend of Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Mama Tried '' `` I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am '' `` Hungry Eyes '' `` Workin ' Man Blues '' `` Okie from Muskogee '' <Td_colspan="2"> 1970s <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Fightin ' Side of Me '' `` Street Singer '' `` Jesus , Take a Hold '' `` I Ca n't Be Myself '' `` Soldier 's Last Letter '' `` Someday We 'll Look Back '' `` Daddy Frank ( The Guitar Man ) '' `` Carolyn '' `` Grandma Harp '' `` It 's Not Love ( But It 's Not Bad ) '' `` I Wonder If They Ever Think of Me '' `` The Emptiest Arms in the World '' `` Everybody 's Had the Blues '' `` If We Make It Through December '' `` Things Are n't Funny Anymore '' `` Old Man from the Mountain '' `` Kentucky Gambler '' `` Always Wanting You '' `` Movin ' On '' `` It 's All in the Movies '' `` The Roots of My Raising '' `` Here Comes the Freedom Train '' `` Cherokee Maiden '' `` If We 're Not Back in Love by Monday '' `` Ramblin ' Fever '' `` A Working Man Ca n't Get Nowhere Today '' `` From Graceland to the Promised Land '' `` Running Kind '' `` I 'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall '' `` It 's Been a Great Afternoon '' `` The Way It Was in ' 51 '' `` Red Bandana '' `` My Own Kind of Hat '' <Td_colspan="2"> 1980s -- 1990s <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Way I Am '' `` Misery and Gin '' `` I Think I 'll Just Stay Here and Drink '' `` Leonard '' `` Rainbow Stew '' `` My Favorite Memory '' `` Big City '' `` Dealing with the Devil '' `` Are the Good Times Really Over ( I Wish a Buck Was Still Silver ) '' `` Going Where the Lonely Go '' `` You Take Me for Granted '' `` What Am I Gonna Do ( With the Rest of My Life ) '' `` It 's All in the Game '' `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' `` Someday When Things Are Good '' `` Let 's Chase Each Other Around the Room '' `` A Place to Fall Apart '' `` Make - Up and Faded Blue Jeans '' `` Kern River '' `` Amber Waves of Grain '' `` American Waltz '' `` I Had a Beautiful Time '' `` A Friend in California '' `` Out Among the Stars '' `` Almost Persuaded '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle Lucky Star '' `` Chill Factor '' `` We Never Touch at All '' `` You Babe '' `` 5 : 01 Blues '' `` A Better Love Next Time '' `` If You Want to Be My Woman '' `` Broken Friend '' `` When It Rains It Pours '' `` In My Next Life '' Collaborations <Td_colspan="2"> Albums <Td_colspan="2"> Just Between the Two of Us ( with Bonnie Owens ) A Taste of Yesterday 's Wine ( with George Jones ) Pancho & Lefty ( with Willie Nelson ) Heart to Heart ( with Leona Williams ) Walking the Line ( with George Jones and Willie Nelson ) Seashores of Old Mexico ( with Willie Nelson ) Kickin ' Out the Footlights ... Again ( with George Jones ) Last of the Breed ( with Willie Nelson and Ray Price ) Django & Jimmie ( with Willie Nelson ) <Td_colspan="2"> Singles <Td_colspan="2"> `` Just Between the Two of Us '' ( with Bonnie Owens ) `` The Bull and the Beaver '' with Leona Williams `` Bar Room Buddies '' ( with Clint Eastwood ) `` Yesterday 's Wine '' ( with George Jones ) `` C.C. Waterback '' ( with George Jones ) `` Reasons to Quit '' ( with Willie Nelson ) `` Pancho and Lefty '' ( with Willie Nelson ) `` We 're Strangers Again '' ( with Leona Williams ) `` If I Could Only Fly '' ( with Willie Nelson ) `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' with ( Jewel ) `` Wreck on the Highway '' ( with Chester Smith ) Guest appearances `` Street Singer '' ( by The Strangers ) `` Willie '' ( by Hank Cochran ) `` Walking the Floor Over You '' ( by Ernest Tubb ) `` I Ca n't Hold Myself in Line '' ( by Johnny Paycheck ) `` Lefty '' ( by David Frizzell ) `` Same Old Train '' ( from Tribute to Tradition ) `` Politically Uncorrect '' ( by Gretchen Wilson ) `` I Think I 'll Just Stay Here and Drink '' ( by Hank Williams , Jr . ) Compilations The Best of Merle Haggard Close - Up The Best of the Best of Merle Haggard Songs I 'll Always Sing Eleven Winners The Way It Was in ' 51 Merle Haggard 's Greatest Hits His Epic Hits : The First 11 ( To Be Continued ... ) His Best His Greatest and His Best The Lonesome Fugitive Untamed Hawk Vintage Collections Down Every Road 1962 -- 1994 Yesterday 's Wine 1981 - 1988 A&E Biography 16 Biggest Hits For the Record : 43 Legendary Hits Merle Haggard 's Train Whistle Blues 20 Greatest Hits David Allan Coe Presents 40 # 1 Hits The Essential Merle Haggard : The Epic Years Hag : The Best of Merle Haggard Related articles Discography Capitol Records MCA Records Epic Records Marty Haggard Noel Haggard Bonnie Owens Leona Williams Mama 's Hungry Eyes : A Tribute to Merle Haggard `` Untanglin ' My Mind '' This 1970s country song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Man_from_the_Mountain&oldid=758504152 '' Categories : 1974 singles Merle Haggard songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Merle Haggard Capitol Records singles 1974 songs 1970s country song stubs Hidden categories : Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 January 2017 , at 21 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. "Old Man from the Mountain" - Merle Haggard's song
2. Merle Haggard - American country music artist
3. Billboard Hot Country Songs - chart performance of the song
4. Merle Haggard Presents His 30th Album - album that the song is from
5. Country music - genre of the song
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royal stag mirchi music awards full show download
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5th Mirchi Music awards - wikipedia 5th Mirchi Music awards <Th_colspan="2"> 5th Mirchi Music Awards Sponsored by Royal Stag Date February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) Country India Presented by Radio Mirchi Hosted by Ayushmann Khurana and Meiyang Chang <Th_colspan="2"> Highlights Most awards Agneepath ( 7 ) Most nominations Agneepath ( 15 ) Song of the Year `` Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin '' - Agneepath Album of the Year Agneepath Website Music Mirchi Awards 2012 <Th_colspan="2"> Television / radio coverage Network Colors <Td_colspan="2"> ← 4th Mirchi Music Awards 6th → The 5th Mirchi Music Awards , presented by the Radio Mirchi , honoured the best of Hindi music from the year 2012 . The ceremony was held on 7 February 2013 and was hosted by Ayushmann Khurana and Meiyang Chang . Agneepath won a leading seven awards including Album of the Year and Song of the Year for `` Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin '' . The show was broadcast on 3 March 2013 on Colors . Contents 1 Winners and nominees 1.1 Film awards 1.2 Technical awards 1.3 Non-film awards 1.4 Special awards 1.5 Listeners ' Choice awards 1.6 Jury awards 1.7 Films with multiple wins and nominations 2 Jury 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Winners and nominees ( edit ) The nominations were decided on 15 January 2013 . The winners were selected by the members of jury , chaired by Javed Akhtar . The following are the names of nominees and winners . ( Winners are listed first , highlighted in boldface . ) Film awards ( edit ) Song of the Year Album of the Year `` Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin '' - Agneepath `` Tum Hi Ho Bandhu '' - Cocktail `` Dagabaaz Re '' - Dabangg 2 `` Radha '' - Student of the Year `` Pani Da Rang ( Male ) '' - Vicky Donor `` Agneepath '' - Ajay - Atul , Amitabh Bhattacharya `` Barfi ! '' - Pritam , Ashish Pandit , Sayeed Quadri , Swanand Kirkire , Neelesh Misra , Amitabh Bhattacharya `` Cocktail '' - Pritam , Irshad Kamil , Amitabh Bhattacharya `` Ishaqzaade '' - Amit Trivedi , Kausar Munir `` Student of the Year '' - Vishal - Shekhar , Anvita Dutt Guptan Male Vocalist of the Year Female Vocalist of the Year Sonu Nigam - `` Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin '' from Agneepath Ayushmann Khurrana - `` Pani Da Rang ( Male ) '' from Vicky Donor Rabbi Shergill - `` Challa '' from Jab Tak Hai Jaan Roop Kumar Rathod - `` O Saiyyan '' from Agneepath Vishal Dadlani - `` Jee Le Zaara '' from Talaash Shreya Ghoshal - `` Chikni Chameli '' from Agneepath Kavita Seth - `` Tum Hi Ho Bandhu '' from Cocktail Shalmali Kholgade - `` Pareshaan '' from Ishaqzaade Shreya Ghoshal - `` Saans '' from Jab Tak Hai Jaan Sunidhi Chauhan - `` Gun Gun Guna '' from Agneepath Music Composer of the Year Lyricist of the Year Ajay - Atul - `` Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin '' from Agneepath Ajay - Atul - `` Chikni Chameli '' from Agneepath Pritam - `` Ala Barfi '' from Barfi ! Pritam - `` Phir Le Aya Dil '' from Barfi ! Pritam - `` Tum Hi Ho Bandhu '' from Cocktail Javed Akhtar - `` Jee Le Zara '' from Talaash Amitabh Bhattacharya - `` Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin from Agneepath Gulzar - `` Saans '' from Jab Tak Hai Jaan Neelesh Misra - `` Kyon '' from Barfi ! Sameer Anjaan - `` Dagabaaz Re '' from Dabangg 2 Upcoming Male Vocalist of the Year Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year Arijit Singh - `` Duaa '' from Shanghai Arijit Singh - `` Phir Le Aya Dil ( Reprise ) '' from Barfi ! Ayushmann Khurrana - `` Pani Da Rang ( Male ) '' from Vicky Donor Javed Bashir - `` Tera Naam Japdi Phiran ( Version 2 ) '' from Cocktail Nikhil Paul George - `` Aashiyan ( Solo ) '' from Barfi ! Nikhil Paul George - `` Main Kya Karoon '' from Barfi ! Neeti Mohan - `` Jiya Re '' from Jab Tak Hai Jaan Priya Panchal - `` Piya O Re Piya ( Sad ) '' from Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya Shalmali Kholgade - `` Aga Bai '' from Aiyyaa Shalmali Kholgade - `` Pareshaan '' from Ishaqzaade Suman Sridhar - `` Muskaanein Jhoothi Hai '' from Talaash Upcoming Music Composer of The Year Upcoming Lyricist of The Year Rochak Kohli & Ayushmann Khurrana - `` Pani Da Rang ( Male ) '' from Vicky Donor Anupam Amod - `` Tera Deedar Hua '' from Jannat 2 Anupam Amod - `` Tera Deedar Hua ( From The Heart ) '' from Jannat 2 Arko Pravo Mukherjee - `` Abhi Abhi '' from Jism 2 Donn & Bann - `` Mar Jayian ( Romantic ) '' from Vicky Donor Rochak Kohli & Ayushmann Khurrana - `` Pani Da Rang ( Male ) '' from Vicky Donor Arko Pravo Mukherjee & Manish Makhija - `` Abhi Abhi '' from Jism 2 Habib Faisal - `` Chokra Jawaan '' from Ishaqzaade Sanjay Masoomm - `` Rab Ka Shukrana '' from Jannat 2 Sanjay Masoomm - `` Tera Deedar Hua ( From The Heart ) '' from Jannat 2 Song representing Sufi tradition Raag - Inspired Song of the Year `` O Saiyyan '' - Agneepath `` Raabta '' - Agent Vinod `` Shah Ka Rutba '' - Agneepath `` Challa '' - Jab Tak Hai Jaan `` Maula '' - Jism 2 `` Bolo Na '' - Chittagong `` Aiyo Piyaji '' - Chakravyuh `` Dagabaaz Re '' - Dabangg 2 `` Krishna Leaving Vrindavan ( Suno Suno Saanwre Ki ... ) '' - Krishna Aur Kans `` Jiya Laage Na '' - Talaash Technical awards ( edit ) Programmer & Arranger of the Year Song Recording / Sound Engineering of the Year DJ Phukan & Hyacinth Dsouza - `` Dil Mera Muft Ka '' from Agent Vinod Ajay − Atul - `` O Saiyyan '' from Agneepath Jim Satya & DJ Phukan - `` Ala Barfi '' from Barfi ! Ram Sampath & Vrashal Chavan - `` Jiya Laage Na '' from Talaash Abhijit Nalani - `` Mar Jayian ( Romantic ) '' from Vicky Donor Vijay Dayal - `` Deva Shree Ganesha '' from Agneepath Vijay Dayal - `` Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin '' from Agneepath Dipesh Sharma , Vijay Dayal , Karan Kulkarni & Alok Punjani - `` Pareshaan '' from Ishaqzaade R Nitish Kumar , Shantanu Hudlikar & TR Krishna Chetan - `` Challa '' from Jab Tak Hai Jaan Anish Gohil & Biswadeep Chatterjee - `` Pani Da Rang ( Male ) '' from Vicky Donor Background Score of the Year Clinton Cerejo - Kahaani A.R. Rahman - Jab Tak Hai Jaan Ajay − Atul - Agneepath Pritam - Barfi ! Raju Singh - Raaz 3 Non-film awards ( edit ) Indie Pop Song of the Year `` Satyamev Jayate '' sung by Keerthi Sagathia & Ram Sampath `` Jin Ke Dum Se '' sung by Rashid Ali `` Saahil Hai Kinara '' sung by Rashid Ali `` In My City '' sung by Priyanka Chopra & Will.i.am `` Chiraiyya '' sung by Swanand Kirkire Special awards ( edit ) Lifetime Achievement Award Asha Bhosle Royal Stag Make It Large Award Vishal Bhardwaj Living Legend With Golden Voice Amitabh Bachchan Listeners ' Choice awards ( edit ) Listeners ' Choice Song of the Year `` Radha '' - Student of the Year Listeners ' Choice Album of the Year Student of the Year Jury awards ( edit ) Outstanding Contribution to Hindi Film Music Bablu Chakraborty Best Album of Golden Era ( 1952 ) Baiju Bawra Films with multiple wins and nominations ( edit ) Films that received multiple nominations Nominations Film 15 Agneepath 9 Barfi ! 8 Vicky Donor 7 Jab Tak Hai Jaan 5 Cocktail Ishaqzaade Talaash Jannat 2 Dabangg 2 Jism 2 Agent Vinod Student of the Year Films that received multiple awards Wins Film 7 Agneepath Student of the Year Vicky Donor Won two Listeners ' Choice awards Jury ( edit ) The jury was chaired by Javed Akhtar . Other members were : Aadesh Shrivastava - music composer and singer Alka Yagnik - playback singer Anu Malik - music director Ashutosh Gowariker - director , writer and producer Ila Arun - actress and folk singer Lalit Pandit - composer Kailash Kher - singer Kavita Krishnamurthy - playback singer Louis Banks - composer , record producer and singer Prasoon Joshi - lyricist and screenwriter Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra - filmmaker and screenwriter Ramesh Sippy - director and producer Sadhana Sargam - playback singer Sameer - lyricist Shankar Mahadevan - composer and playback singer Sooraj Barjatya - director , producer and screenwriter Suresh Wadkar - playback singer Talat Aziz - singer See also ( edit ) Mirchi Music Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012 '' . www.radiomirchi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012 '' . www.radiomirchi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Mirchi Music Awards 2013 winners list Entertainment - Timesofap.com '' . 2014 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012 '' . www.radiomirchi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012 '' . www.radiomirchi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Arijit 's silky smooth lyrics set to woo SA The Post '' . IOL . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Music Mirchi Awards Official Website Music Mirchi Awards 2012 <Th_colspan="2"> Mirchi Music Awards Film awards Song of The Year Album of the Year Male Vocalist of The Year Female Vocalist of The Year Music Composer of The Year Lyricist of The Year Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year Upcoming Music Composer of The Year Upcoming Lyricist of The Year Song representing Sufi tradition Raag - Inspired Song of The Year Technical awards Best Song Producer ( Programming & Arranging ) Best Song Engineer ( Recording & Mixing ) Best Background Score Non-film awards Indie Pop Song of the Year Other awards Listeners ' Choice awards Song of The Year Album of the Year Special awards Lifetime Achievement Award Royal Stag Make It Large Award Jury awards Outstanding Contribution to Hindi Film Music Best Album of Golden Era Best Item Song of The Year Award ceremonies 2008 ( 1st ) 2009 ( 2nd ) 2010 ( 3rd ) 2011 ( 4th ) 2012 ( 5th ) 2013 ( 6th ) 2014 ( 7th ) 2015 ( 8th ) 2016 ( 9th ) 2017 ( 10th ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Mirchi_Music_Awards&oldid=855842561 '' Categories : Mirchi Music Awards Indian music awards Indian film awards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 06 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. 5th Mirchi Music Awards
2. Hindi music
3. Agneepath
4. Ayushmann Khurana and Meiyang Chang
5. Winners and nominees
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522,289,448,339,096,300 |
what line divided the north and south in the civil war
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Mason -- Dixon line - wikipedia Mason -- Dixon line This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Mason Dixon . Map of the original Mason -- Dixon line Mason -- Dixon line where the Torrey C. Brown Rail Trail becomes the York County Heritage Trail near New Freedom , Pennsylvania The Mason -- Dixon line , also called the Mason and Dixon line or Mason 's and Dixon 's line , was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the resolution of a border dispute involving Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware in Colonial America . It is still a demarcation line among four U.S. states , forming part of the borders of Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , and West Virginia ( originally part of Virginia before 1863 ) . Later it became known as the border between the North and South . Before the Missouri Compromise , the line ( west of Delaware ) marked the northern limit of slavery in the United States . Contents 1 Background 2 Geography of the line 3 History 4 Systematic errors and experiments to weigh the Earth 5 In culture 5.1 Name 5.2 Symbolism 5.3 In popular culture 5.3. 1 Film 5.3. 2 Cartoons 5.3. 3 Literature 5.3. 4 Music 5.3. 5 Sports 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Penn -- Calvert boundary dispute Maryland 's charter of 1632 granted the Calverts land north of the entire length of the Potomac River up to the 40th parallel . A problem arose when Charles II granted a charter for Pennsylvania in 1681 . The grant defined Pennsylvania 's southern border as identical to Maryland 's northern border , but described it differently , as Charles relied on an inaccurate map . The terms of the grant clearly indicate that Charles II and William Penn believed the 40th parallel would intersect the Twelve - Mile Circle around New Castle , Delaware , when in fact it falls north of the original boundaries of the City of Philadelphia , the site of which Penn had already selected for his colony 's capital city . Negotiations ensued after the problem was discovered in 1681 . A compromise proposed by Charles II in 1682 , which might have resolved the issue , was undermined by Penn receiving the additional grant of the `` Three Lower Counties '' along Delaware Bay , which later became the Delaware Colony , a satellite of Pennsylvania . Maryland considered these lands part of its original grant . The conflict became more of an issue when settlement extended into the interior of the colonies . In 1732 the proprietary governor of Maryland , Charles Calvert , 5th Baron Baltimore , signed a provisional agreement with William Penn 's sons , which drew a line somewhere in between and renounced the Calvert claim to Delaware . But later , Lord Baltimore claimed that the document he had signed did not contain the terms he had agreed to , and refused to put the agreement into effect . Beginning in the mid-1730s , violence erupted between settlers claiming various loyalties to Maryland and Pennsylvania . The border conflict would be known as Cresap 's War . Progress was made after a Court of Chancery ruling affirming the 1732 agreement , but the issue remained unresolved until Frederick Calvert , 6th Baron Baltimore ceased contesting the claims on the Maryland side and accepted the earlier agreements . Maryland 's border with Delaware was to be based on the Transpeninsular Line and the Twelve - Mile Circle around New Castle . The Pennsylvania -- Maryland border was defined as the line of latitude 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of the southernmost house in Philadelphia ( on what is today South Street ) . As part of the settlement , the Penns and Calverts commissioned the English team of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to survey the newly established boundaries between the Province of Pennsylvania , the Province of Maryland , and Delaware Colony . In 1779 , Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed `` To extend Mason 's and Dixon 's line , due west , five degrees of longitude , to be computed from the river Delaware , for the southern boundary of Pennsylvania , and that a meridian , drawn from the western extremity thereof to the northern limit of the said state , be the western boundary of Pennsylvania for ever . '' After Pennsylvania abolished slavery in 1781 , the western part of this line and the Ohio River became a border between slave and free states , with Delaware retaining slavery until the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in 1865 . Geography of the line ( edit ) Diagram of the survey lines creating the Mason -- Dixon line and `` The Wedge '' Province of Maryland , 1632 -- 1776 Mason 's and Dixon 's actual survey line began to the south of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and extended from a benchmark east to the Delaware River and west to what was then the boundary with western Virginia . The surveyors also fixed the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania and the approximately north - south portion of the boundary between Delaware and Maryland . Most of the Delaware -- Pennsylvania boundary is an arc , and the Delaware -- Maryland boundary does not run truly north - south because it was intended to bisect the Delmarva Peninsula rather than follow a meridian . The Maryland -- Pennsylvania boundary is an east -- west line with an approximate mean latitude of 39 ° 43 ′ 20 '' N ( Datum WGS 84 ) . In reality , the east -- west Mason -- Dixon line is not a true line in the geometric sense , but is instead a series of many adjoining line segments , following a path between latitude 39 ° 43 ′ 15 '' N and 39 ° 43 ′ 23 '' N . The surveyors also extended the boundary line 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Maryland 's western boundary , into territory that was still in dispute between Pennsylvania and Virginia , though this was contrary to their original charter . Mason and Dixon 's survey was finished on October 9 , 1767 , about 31 miles ( 50 km ) east of what is now Pennsylvania 's southwest corner . In 1774 , commissioners from Pennsylvania and Virginia met to negotiate their boundary , which at the time involved Pennsylvania 's southern border west of Maryland and its entire western border . Both sides agreed that Pennsylvania 's grant made its western border a tracing of the course of the Delaware River , displaced five degrees to the west . And both sides thought this would place Fort Pitt in Virginia territory ( in fact it would not have ) . With that in mind , the governor of Pennsylvania argued that , despite the agreement reached with Maryland , Pennsylvania 's southern border west of Maryland was still the 39th parallel , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the Mason -- Dixon line . Negotiations continued for five years , with a series of proposed lines . In the end , a compromise was reached : the Mason -- Dixon line would be extended west to a point five degrees west of the Delaware River . To compensate Pennsylvania for the claimed territory lost , its western boundary would be run due north rather than copying the course of the Delaware River . The Mason -- Dixon line was marked by stones every mile and `` crownstones '' every 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) , using stone shipped from England . The Maryland side says `` ( M ) '' and the Delaware and Pennsylvania sides say `` ( P ) '' . Crownstones include the two coats of arms . Today , while a number of the original stones are missing or buried , many are still visible , resting on public land and protected by iron cages . Mason and Dixon confirmed earlier survey work , which delineated Delaware 's southern boundary from the Atlantic Ocean to the `` Middle Point '' stone ( along what is today known as the Transpeninsular Line ) . They proceeded nearly due north from this , to the Pennsylvania border . Later , the line was marked in places by additional benchmarks and survey markers . The lines have been resurveyed several times over the centuries without substantive changes to Mason 's and Dixon 's work . The stones may be a few , to a few hundred , feet east or west of the point Mason and Dixon thought they were : in any event , the line drawn from stone to stone forms the legal boundary . According to Dave Doyle at the National Geodetic Survey , part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , the common corner of Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Delaware , at The Wedge is marked by Boundary Monument # 87 . The marker `` MDP Corner '' dates from 1935 and is offset on purpose . Doyle said the Maryland -- Pennsylvania Mason -- Dixon line is exactly : 39 ° 43 ′ 19.92216 '' N and Boundary Monument # 87 is on that parallel , at : 075 ° 47 ′ 18.93851 '' W . Visitors to the tripoint are strongly encouraged to first obtain permission from the nearest landowner , or use the path from the arc corner monument , which is bordered by Delaware parkland most of the way , and Pennsylvania parkland the entire way . History ( edit ) A `` crownstone '' boundary monument on the Mason -- Dixon line . These markers were originally placed at every 5th mile ( 8.0 km ) along the line , ornamented with family coats of arms facing the state that they represented . The coat of arms of Maryland 's founding Calvert family is shown . On the other side are the arms of William Penn . The line was established to end a boundary dispute between the British colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania / Delaware . Maryland had been granted the territory north of the Potomac River up to the fortieth parallel . Pennsylvania 's grant defined the colony 's southern boundary as following a 12 - mile ( radius ) circle ( 19 km ) counter-clockwise from the Delaware River until it hit `` the beginning of the fortieth degree of Northern latitude . '' From there the boundary was to follow the fortieth parallel due west for five degrees of longitude . But the fortieth parallel does not in fact intersect the 12 - mile circle , instead lying significantly farther north . Thus Pennsylvania 's southern boundary as defined in its charter was contradictory and unclear . The most serious problem was that the Maryland claim would put Philadelphia , the major city in Pennsylvania , within Maryland . The dispute was peacefully resolved in 1767 when the boundary was fixed as follows : Between Pennsylvania and Maryland : The parallel ( latitude line ) 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of the then southernmost point in Philadelphia , measured to be at about 39 ° 43 ′ N and agreed upon as the Maryland -- Pennsylvania line . Between Delaware and Maryland : The existing east -- west transpeninsular line from the Atlantic Ocean to the Chesapeake Bay , as far as its midpoint from the Atlantic . A 12 - mile ( radius ) circle ( 12 mi ( 19 km ) ) around the city of New Castle , Delaware . A `` tangent line '' connecting the midpoint of the transpeninsular line to the western side of the 12 - mile circle . A `` north line '' along the meridian ( line of longitude ) from the tangent point to the Maryland Pennsylvania border . Should any land within the 12 - mile circle fall west of the north line , it would remain part of Delaware . ( This was indeed the case , and this border is the `` arc line '' . ) `` A Plan of the West Line or Parallel of Latitude '' by Charles Mason , 1768 The disputants engaged an expert British team , astronomer Charles Mason and surveyor Jeremiah Dixon , to survey what became known as the Mason -- Dixon line . It cost the Calverts of Maryland and the Penns of Pennsylvania £ 3,512 9 / - ( 9 shillings 0 pence ) to have 244 miles ( 393 km ) surveyed with such accuracy . To them the money was well spent , for in a new country there was no other way of establishing ownership . `` Mason Dixon Line Trail '' The Mason Dixon Trail stretches from Pennsylvania - Delaware and is a popular attraction to tourists . The Mason -- Dixon line is made up of four segments corresponding to the terms of the settlement : the tangent line the north line the arc line the 39 ° 43 ′ N parallel The most difficult task was fixing the tangent line , as they had to confirm the accuracy of the transpeninsular line midpoint and the 12 - mile circle , determine the tangent point along the circle , and then actually survey and monument the border . They then surveyed the north and arc lines . They did this work between 1763 and 1767 . This actually left a small wedge of land in dispute between Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921 . In April 1765 , Mason and Dixon began their survey of the more famous Maryland -- Pennsylvania line . They were commissioned to run it for a distance of five degrees of longitude west from the Delaware River , fixing the western boundary of Pennsylvania ( see the entry for Yohogania County ) . However , in October 1767 , at Dunkard Creek near Mount Morris , Pennsylvania , nearly 244 miles ( 393 km ) west of the Delaware , their Iroquois guides refused to go any further , having reached the border of their lands with the Lenape , with whom they were engaged in hostilities . As such the group was forced to quit , and on October 11 , they made their final observations , 233 miles ( 375 km ) from their starting point . In 1784 , surveyors David Rittenhouse and Andrew Ellicott and their crew completed the survey of the Mason -- Dixon line to the southwest corner of Pennsylvania , five degrees from the Delaware River . Other surveyors continued west to the Ohio River . The section of the line between the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania and the river is the county line between Marshall and Wetzel counties , West Virginia . The Mason -- Dixon line has been resurveyed three times : in 1849 , 1900 , and in the 1960s . On November 14 , 1963 , during the bicentennial of the Mason -- Dixon line , U.S. President John F. Kennedy opened a newly completed section of Interstate 95 where it crossed the Maryland -- Delaware border . It was one of his last public appearances before his assassination in Dallas , Texas . The Delaware Turnpike and the Maryland portion of the new road were later designated as the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway . Systematic errors and experiments to weigh the earth ( edit ) Mason and Dixon could only do the work as accurately as they did due to the work of Nevil Maskelyne , some of whose instruments they used . There was keen interest in their work and much communication between the surveyors , Maskelyne and other members of the British Scientific establishment in the Royal Society in Britain , notably Henry Cavendish . During such survey work , it is normal to survey from point to point along the line and then survey back to the starting point , where if there were no errors the origin and re-surveyed position would coincide . Normally the return errors would be random -- i.e. the return survey errors compared to the intermediate points back to the start point would be spatially randomly distributed around the start point . Mason and Dixon found that there were larger than expected systematic errors , i.e. non-random errors , that led the return survey consistently being in one direction away from the starting point . When this information got back to the Royal Society members , Henry Cavendish realised that this may have been due to the gravitational pull of the Allegheny Mountains deflecting the theodolite plumb - bobs and spirit levels . Maskelyne then proposed measuring the gravitational force causing this deflection induced by the pull of a nearby mountain upon a plumb - bob in 1772 and sent Mason ( who had returned to England ) on a site survey through central England and Scotland to find a suitable location during the summer of 1773 . Mason selected Schiehallion at which to conduct what became known as the Schiehallion experiment , which was carried out primarily by Maskelyne and determined the density of the Scottish mountain . Several years later Cavendish used a very sensitive torsion balance to carry out the Cavendish experiment and determine the average density of Earth . In culture ( edit ) Name ( edit ) Mason and Dixon likely never heard the phrase , `` Mason - Dixon line '' . The official report on the survey , issued in 1768 , did not even mention their names . While the term was used occasionally in the decades following the survey , it came into popular use when the Missouri Compromise named `` Mason and Dixon 's line '' as part of the boundary between slave territory and free territory . Symbolism ( edit ) In popular usage , the Mason -- Dixon line symbolizes a cultural boundary between the North and the South ( Dixie ) . Originally `` Mason and Dixon 's Line '' referred to the border between Pennsylvania and Maryland . After Pennsylvania abolished slavery , it served as a demarcation line for the legality of slavery . That demarcation did not extend beyond Pennsylvania because Delaware , then a slave state , extended north and east of the boundary . Also lying north and east of the boundary was New Jersey , where slavery was formally abolished in 1846 , but former slaves continued to be `` apprenticed '' to their masters until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865 . The Missouri Compromise line had a much clearer geographic connection to slavery in the United States leading up to the Civil War . In popular culture ( edit ) Popular culture contains a multitude of references to the Mason -- Dixon line as a general geographic division , or character names evoking it , although a minority of those specifically relate to the line itself . Film ( edit ) Mason `` The Line '' Dixon is a leading character in Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) , the sixth film in the Rocky franchise , directed by and starring Sylvester Stallone . Played by real - life boxer Antonio Tarver , Dixon is the current World Heavyweight Boxing Champion who is ridiculed for having never fought a real contender , and who thus agrees to an exhibition fight against the nearly 60 - year - old Rocky Balboa . In Attack of the Killer Tomatoes , Mason Dixon is the leader of a government task force dedicated to stopping the worldwide crisis when tomatoes go bad . Cartoons ( edit ) The line makes several appearances in the 1953 Bugs Bunny cartoon `` Southern Fried Rabbit '' . The line separates the drought affected North from which the `` Yankee '' Bugs leaves in search of carrots in the green lands of the `` Dixie '' south , the latter being guarded by Yosemite Sam Literature ( edit ) In the novel People 's Choice by Jeff Greenfield , the character of W. Dixon Mason is an African - American preacher who plays a major role in determining the next U.S. President when the elected candidate dies between the popular election and the Electoral College formal vote . Mason & Dixon ( 1997 ) is the title of a novel by American author Thomas Pynchon . The novel meanders widely through the lives of Mason and Dixon , traditional American history , and other themes such as hollow earth theory , geomancy , deism , and -- perhaps -- alien abduction . Music ( edit ) The 1918 song , `` Rock - a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody '' , written by Jean Schwartz and popularized by Al Jolson , includes the lyric Just hang my cradle , Mammy mine / Right on that Mason - Dixon Line . A small group of musicians from Paul Whiteman 's orchestra led by C melody saxophonist Frank Trumbauer and including Bix Beiderbecke recorded two sides for Columbia on May 15 , 1929 titled , `` Alabammy Snow '' and `` What A Day ! '' under the pseudonym , `` Mason - Dixon Orchestra '' . It is probable that they chose this pseudonym because the catalog number of the record would be 1861 - D , 1861 being the year that the American Civil War began . The lyric `` First to cross the Mason - Dixon line '' features in the opening verse of the song `` I 've done it again '' ( composers Marianne Faithfull / Barry Reynolds ) on Grace Jones ' 1981 album Nightclubbing . Nightclubbing ( Grace Jones album ) The Mason -- Dixon line provides the main narrative for the song `` Sailing to Philadelphia '' ( featuring James Taylor ) by British singer - songwriter and guitarist Mark Knopfler . The 1955 song , `` Hey , Porter '' , by Johnny Cash makes reference to the Mason - Dixon line in the line , How much longer will it be until we cross that Mason - Dixon line ? The Shires 2015 song `` State Lines '' includes the lyrics `` Like when you roll your eyes like a cool new Yorker , Driving across the Mason - Dixon line '' Sports ( edit ) In the regional baseball rivalry between the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox , the theoretical border that separates population centers that are majority - Red Sox fans from majority - Yankees fans in Connecticut is sometimes called the `` Munson - Nixon Line '' , in a reference to the Mason -- Dixon line . Credited to Steve Rushin of Sports Illustrated , the line is named for famed Yankee catcher Thurman Munson and Red Sox right fielder Trot Nixon . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Collins -- Valentine line , the boundary between Quebec and the states of New York and Vermont Delaware Boundary Markers Penn -- Calvert boundary dispute Mason and Dixon Survey Terminal Point Star Gazers ' Stone Tofu Curtain Weißwurstäquator , a similar border line in Germany between the Northern and Southern areas of the country . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Bill , Jr. ( 2009 ) . American Boundaries : the Nation , the States , the Rectangular Survey . University of Chicago Press . pp. 20 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35591 - 7 . Jump up ^ Barton , William ( 1818 ) . Memoirs of the life of David Rittenhouse , LLD . F.R.S. E. Parker . pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery in Delaware '' . Slavery in the North . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Danson , Edwin ( 2001 ) . Drawing the Line How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America . John Wiley . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ( 2001 ) . The Mapmakers : Revised Edition . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 215 -- 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 70850 - 3 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : William Ecenbarger , `` Neglecting the Mason - Dixon boundary stones '' , The Washington Post , January 1 , 2017 , p . C4 . Jump up ^ Konkle , Burton Alva. ( 1932 ) . Benjamin Chew 1722 -- 1810 : Head of the Pennsylvania judiciary system under colony and commonwealth . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 63 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Plan of the West Line or Parallel of Latitude '' . World Digital Library . 1768 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The men who drew the Mason - Dixon Line '' . BBC . 2 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Linklater , Andro ( September 30 , 2003 ) . Measuring America . Penguin . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28459 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mason , A. Hughlett ; Swindler , William F. ( February 1964 ) . `` Mason & Dixon : their Line and its Legend '' . American Heritage . 15 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Coast And Geodetic Survey , U.S ( 1895 ) . `` Annual Report of the Director '' . U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey : 195 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Danson , Edwin ( 2001 ) . Drawing the Line : How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 178 -- 79 . ISBN 9780471437048 . Jump up ^ Four surveyors were appointed by each of the states : Virginia appointed Dr. James Madison , Robert Andrews , John Page , and Andrew Ellicott , Pennsylvania appointed Dr. John Ewing ( provost of University of Penn . ) , John Lukens ( surveyor general of Penn . ) , Thomas Hutchins , and David Rittenhouse . Andrews and Ellicott completed the west end of the line for Virginia , ( Mathews , Catherine Van Courtlandt ( 1908 ) . Andrew Ellicott , His Life and Letters . New York : The Grafton Press . pp. 17 -- 19. ) while Hutchins and Ewing did so for Pennsylvania . ( Hicks , Fredrick ( 1904 ) . `` Biographical Sketch of Thomas Hutchins '' . In Hicks , Fredrick . A Topographical Description of Virginia , Pennsylvania , Maryland and North Carolina , reprinted from the original edition of 1778 . Cleveland : The Burrow Brothers Company . p. 32. ) Jump up ^ Strang , Cameron ( 2014 ) . `` Mason - Dixon Line Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia '' . The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia . Rutgers University . Retrieved November 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Davies , R.D ( 1985 ) . `` A Commemoration of Maskelyne at Schiehallion '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 26 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 294 . Bibcode : 1985QJRAS ... 26 ... 289D . ^ Jump up to : Note the comments on Cavendish 's speculation in the introductory notes , and the multiple correspondences with Maskelyne in : Mason , Charles ; Dixon , Jeremiah . `` The Journal of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon 1763 -- 1768 '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nevil Maskelyne was elected a Royal Society Fellow on April 27 , 1758 ; see `` List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 -- 2007 '' ( pdf ) . K -- Z . Royal Society . 2007 : 238 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Henry Cavendish was elected a Royal Society Fellow on May 1 , 1760 ; see `` List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 -- 2007 '' ( pdf ) . A -- J. Royal Society . 2007 : 66 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Specifications and Recommendations for Control Surveys and Survey Markers '' . Natural Resources Canada . December 27 , 2007 . p . TABLE E-VI POSITION DIFFERENCES . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Double run in straight line by helicopter between control spaced at 80 km . Jump up ^ Taylor , John Robert ( 1999 ) . An Introduction to Error Analysis : The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements . University Science Books . p. 94 , § 4.1 . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 75 - X . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mentzer , Robert . `` How Mason and Dixon Ran Their Line '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schaffer , Simon ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Cavendish Family in Science '' . BBC Radio 4 ( Interview ) . ^ Jump up to : Tretkoff , Ernie . `` This Month in Physics History June 1798 : Cavendish weighs the world '' . American Physical Society . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Maskelyne , Nevil ( January 1 , 1775 ) . `` An account of observations made on the mountain Schehallien for finding its attraction '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . London . 65 : 500 -- 542 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1775.0050 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Accordingly Mr. Charles Mason , who had been employed on several astronomical occasions by the Royal Society , was appointed to make a tour through the Highlands of Scotland in the summer of the year 1773 , taking notice of the principal hills in England which lay in his route either in his going or in his return . ^ Jump up to : Sillitto , Richard M. ( October 31 , 1990 ) . `` Maskelyne on Schiehallion '' . The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . The Royal Society agreed to a proposal that it despatch a surveyor , a Mr Charles Mason whom they had previously employed on astronomical projects , all the way to Scotland and back , to survey likely - looking mountains , and to select a suitable mountain -- ideally it should be a steep - sided cone , or a wedge with its apex ridge running W -- E and with steep faces to N and S , and separated from the nearest neighbours to N and S by low land . Mr Mason selected for them a mountain at `` the centre of Scotland '' , Schiehallion -- a wedge , with the summit ridge running nearly W -- E , 3547 ft above sea level at its western summit , about 3000 ft at the E-end of the ridge ; it presents steep faces to the trench to the N which contains Loch Rannoch and Loch Tummel , and to the deep Gleann Mor to the S. ( An approximate altitude for Gleann Mor is 1500 feet , and for the land at the same distance to the north of the ridge is 1600 ft . ) ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie , A. Stanley ( 1900 ) . `` Account of Maskelyne 's experiments on Schehallien '' . The Laws of Gravitation : Memoirs by Newton , Bouguer and Cavendish ; together with abstracts of other important memoirs . New York : American Book Company . p. 53 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . In 1772 ... The proposal was favourably received by the Society , and Mr. Charles Mason was sent to examine various hills in England and Scotland , and to select the most suitable ( 32 ) . Mason found the two hills referred to by Maskelyne were not suitable ; and fixed upon Schehallien in Perthshire as offering the best situation . Jump up ^ John Mackenzie , `` A brief history of the Mason - Dixon Line '' , APEC / CANR , University of Delaware ; accessed 2017.01. 05 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado '' ( PDF ) . Thirty - sixth United States Congress . February 28 , 1861 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa '' . The Internet Movie Database. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review '' . Empire Magazine . 2007 . Jump up ^ Dean , Sam . `` Attack of the Killer Tomatoes : An Oral History of the 1978 Film '' . Jump up ^ `` still from the cartoon `` southern fried rabbit '' showing the line `` . http://yosemite-sam.net/. 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Fiction Book Review : People 's Choice by Jeff Greenfield , Author Putnam Publishing Group $22.95 ( 309p ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 13812 - 6 '' . Jump up ^ `` Book review - Mason & Dixon '' . The New York Times . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Mason & Dixon '' . ThomasPynchon.com . Jump up ^ Discography of American Historical Recordings , s.v. `` Columbia 1861 - D ( 10 - in . double - faced ) , '' accessed August 30 , 2017 , http://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/object/detail/196765/Columbia_1861-D . ^ Jump up to : Giratikanon , Tom ; Katz , Josh ; Leonhardt , David ; Quealy , Kevin ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Up Close on Baseball 's Borders '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ RUSHIN , STEVE . `` Reconcilable Differences '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Borders '' . The American Spectator. 2014 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Further reading Danson , Edwin . Drawing the Line : How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 38502 - 6 Ecenbarger , Bill . Walkin ' the Line : A Journey from Past to Present Along the Mason -- Dixon . M. Evans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87131 - 962 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mason - Dixon Line . Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Mason and Dixon 's Line . The Mason and Dixon Line Preservation Partnership Collection of historical articles and pictures The Evolution of the Mason and Dixon Line Facsimile copy of this 1902 text available on - line at Penn State 's Digital Bookshelf `` Mason and Dixon 's Line '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Mason and Dixon Line '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Mason and Dixon 's Line '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Mason and Dixon in Mill Creek , Friends of White Clay Creek State Park University of North Carolina : Southern Things ( 1 ) The Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( 1855 ) Coordinates : 39 ° 43 ′ N 75 ° 47 ′ W / 39.717 ° N 75.783 ° W / 39.717 ; - 75.783 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mason -- Dixon_line&oldid = 849448240 '' Categories : Cultural boundaries Borders of Delaware Borders of Maryland Borders of Pennsylvania Borders of West Virginia Delaware in the American Civil War Geographic history of the United States Geography of Caroline County , Maryland Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History of the Southern United States History of United States expansionism History of York County , Pennsylvania Land surveying of the United States Legal history of Maryland Lines of latitude Maryland in the American Civil War Pennsylvania in the American Civil War Pre-statehood history of Maryland Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania Pre-statehood history of Virginia Pre-statehood history of West Virginia Slavery in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : external links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2012 Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge 贛 語 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 02 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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1. Mason-Dixon line
2. Border dispute
3. North and South division
4. Slavery in the United States
5. Mason and Dixon survey
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-2,272,916,849,473,766,100 |
which astronomical bodies emit light in the visible spectrum
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Astronomical spectroscopy - wikipedia Astronomical spectroscopy Jump to : navigation , search The Star - Spectroscope of the Lick Observatory in 1898 . Designed by James Keeler and constructed by John Brashear . Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation , including visible light and radio , which radiates from stars and other hot celestial objects . Spectroscopy can be used to derive many properties of distant stars and galaxies , such as their chemical composition , temperature , density , mass , distance , luminosity , and relative motion using Doppler shift measurements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Optical spectroscopy 1.2 Radio spectroscopy 1.3 X-ray spectroscopy 2 Stars and their properties 2.1 Chemical properties 2.2 Temperature and size 3 Galaxies 4 Interstellar medium 4.1 Gaseous emission nebulae 4.2 Complex molecules 5 Motion in the universe 5.1 Doppler effect and redshift 5.2 Peculiar motion 5.3 Binary stars 6 Planets , asteroids , and comets 6.1 Planets 6.2 Asteroids 6.3 Comets 7 See also 8 References Background ( edit ) Electromagnetic transmittance , or opacity , of the Earth 's atmosphere Astronomical spectroscopy is used to measure three major bands of radiation : visible spectrum , radio , and X-ray . While all spectroscopy looks at specific areas of the spectrum , different methods are required to acquire the signal depending on the frequency . Ozone ( O ) and molecular oxygen ( O ) absorb light with wavelengths under 300 nm , meaning that X-ray and ultraviolet spectroscopy require the use of a satellite telescope or rocket mounted detectors . Radio signals have much longer wavelengths than optical signals , and require the use of antennas or radio dishes . Infrared light is absorbed by atmospheric water and carbon dioxide , so while the equipment is similar to that used in optical spectroscopy , satellites are required to record much of the infrared spectrum . Optical spectroscopy ( edit ) Incident light reflects at the same angle ( black lines ) , but a small portion of the light is refracted as coloured light ( red and blue lines ) . Physicists have been looking at the solar spectrum since Isaac Newton first used a simple prism to observe the refractive properties of light . In the early 1800s Joseph von Fraunhofer used his skills as a glass maker to create very pure prisms , which allowed him to observe 574 dark lines in a seemingly continuous spectrum . Soon after he combined telescope and prism to observe the spectrum of Venus , the Moon , Mars , and various stars such as Betelgeuse ; his company continued to manufacture and sell high - quality refracting telescopes based on his original designs until its closure in 1884 . The resolution of a prism is limited by its size ; a larger prism will provide a more detailed spectrum , but the increase in mass makes it unsuitable for highly detailed work . This issue was resolved in the early 1900s with the development of high - quality reflection gratings by J.S. Plaskett at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa , Canada . Light striking a mirror will reflect at the same angle , however a small portion of the light will be refracted at a different angle ; this is dependent upon the indices of refraction of the materials and the wavelength of the light . By creating a `` blazed '' grating which utilizes a large number of parallel mirrors , the small portion of light can be focused and visualized . These new spectroscopes were more detailed than a prism , required less light , and could be focused on a specific region of the spectrum by tilting the grating . The limitation to a blazed grating is the width of the mirrors , which can only be ground a finite amount before focus is lost ; the maximum is around 1000 lines / mm . In order to overcome this limitation holographic gratings were developed . Volume phase holographic gratings use a thin film of dichromated gelatin on a glass surface , which is subsequently exposed to a wave pattern created by an interferometer . This wave pattern sets up a reflection pattern similar to the blazed gratings but utilizing Bragg diffraction , a process where the angle of reflection is dependent on the arrangement of the atoms in the gelatin . The holographic gratings can have up to 6000 lines / mm and can be up to twice as efficient in collecting light as blazed gratings . Because they are sealed between two sheets of glass , the holographic gratings are very versatile , potentially lasting decades before needing replacement . Light dispersed by the grating or prism in a spectrograph can be recorded by a detector . Historically , photographic plates were widely used to record spectra until electronic detectors were developed , and today optical spectrographs most often employ charge - coupled devices ( CCDs ) . The wavelength scale of a spectrum can be calibrated by observing the spectrum of emission lines of known wavelength from a gas - discharge lamp . The flux scale of a spectrum can be calibrated as a function of wavelength by comparison with an observation of a standard star with corrections for atmospheric absorption of light ; this is known as spectrophotometry . Radio spectroscopy ( edit ) Radio astronomy was founded with the work of Karl Jansky in the early 1930s , while working for Bell Labs . He built a radio antenna to look at potential sources of interference for transatlantic radio transmissions . One of the sources of noise discovered came not from Earth , but from the center of the Milky Way , in the constellation Sagittarius . In 1942 , JS Hey captured the sun 's radio frequency using military radar receivers . Radio spectroscopy started with the discovery of the 21 - centimeter H I line in 1951 . Radio interferometry was pioneered in 1946 , when Joseph Lade Pawsey , Ruby Payne - Scott and Lindsay McCready used a single antenna atop a sea cliff to observe 200 MHz solar radiation . Two incident beams , one directly from the sun and the other reflected from the sea surface , generated the necessary interference . The first multi-receiver interferometer was built in the same year by Martin Ryle and Vonberg . In 1960 , Ryle and Antony Hewish published the technique of aperture synthesis to analyze interferometer data . The aperture synthesis process , which involves autocorrelating and discrete Fourier transforming the incoming signal , recovers both the spatial and frequency variation in flux . The result is a 3D image whose third axis is frequency . For this work , Ryle and Hewish were jointly awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics . X-ray spectroscopy ( edit ) Main article : X-ray astronomy Stars and their properties ( edit ) Chemical properties ( edit ) Continuous spectrum Emission lines Absorption lines Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color , and Fraunhofer 's high - quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin . In the 1850s , Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen described the phenomena behind these dark lines . Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum , hot gasses emit light at specific wavelengths , and hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gasses show a near - continuous spectrum with dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gasses . By comparing the absorption lines of the sun with emission spectra of known gasses , the chemical composition of stars can be determined . The major Fraunhofer lines , and the elements with which they are associated , appear in the following table . Designations from the early Balmer Series are shown in parentheses . Designation Element Wavelength ( nm ) y O 898.765 Z O 822.696 O 759.370 O 686.719 C ( Hα ) 656.281 O 627.661 Na 589.592 Na 588.995 D or d He 587.5618 Hg 546.073 Fe 527.039 Mg 518.362 Mg 517.270 Fe 516.891 Mg 516.733 Designation Element Wavelength ( nm ) Fe 495.761 F ( Hβ ) 486.134 d Fe 466.814 Fe 438.355 G ' ( Hγ ) 434.047 Fe 430.790 Ca 430.774 h ( Hδ ) 410.175 Ca 396.847 Ca 393.368 Fe 382.044 Fe 358.121 Ti 336.112 Fe 302.108 Ni 299.444 Not all of the elements in the sun were immediately identified . Two examples are listed below . In 1868 Norman Lockyer and Pierre Janssen independently observed a line next to the sodium doublet ( D and D ) which Lockyer determined to be a new element . He named it Helium , but it was n't until 1895 the element was found on Earth . In 1869 the astronomers Charles Augustus Young and William Harkness independently observed a novel green emission line in the Sun 's corona during an eclipse . This `` new '' element was incorrectly named coronium , as it was only found in the corona . It was not until the 1930s that Walter Grotrian and Bengt Edlén discovered that the spectral line at 530.3 nm was due to highly ionized iron ( Fe ) . Other unusual lines in the coronal spectrum are also caused by highly charged ions , such as nickel and calcium , the high ionization being due to the extreme temperature of the solar corona . To date more than 20 000 absorption lines have been listed for the Sun between 293.5 and 877.0 nm , yet only approximately 75 % of these lines have been linked to elemental absorption . By analyzing the width of each spectral line in an emission spectrum , both the elements present in a star and their relative abundances can be determined . Using this information stars can be categorized into stellar populations ; Population I stars are the youngest stars and have the highest metal content ( our Sun is a Pop I star ) , while Population III stars are the oldest stars with a very low metal content . Temperature and size ( edit ) Black body curves for various temperatures . In 1860 Gustav Kirchhoff proposed the idea of a black body , a material that emits electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths . In 1894 Wilhelm Wien derived an expression relating the temperature ( T ) of a black body to its peak emission wavelength ( λ ) . λ max T = b ( \ displaystyle \ lambda _ ( \ text ( max ) ) T = b ) b is a constant of proportionality called Wien 's displacement constant , equal to 6997289777290000000 ♠ 2.897 7729 ( 17 ) × 10 m ⋅ K . This equation is called Wien 's Law . By measuring the peak wavelength of a star , the surface temperature can be determined . For example , if the peak wavelength of a star is 502 nm the corresponding temperature will be 5778 kelvins . The luminosity of a star is a measure of the electromagnetic energy output in a given amount of time . Luminosity ( L ) can be related to the temperature ( T ) of a star by L = 4 π R 2 σ T 4 ( \ displaystyle L = 4 \ pi R ^ ( 2 ) \ sigma T ^ ( 4 ) ) , where R is the radius of the star and σ is the Stefan -- Boltzmann constant , with a value of 6992567036700000000 ♠ 5.670 367 ( 13 ) × 10 W ⋅ m ⋅ K. Thus , when both luminosity and temperature are known ( via direct measurement and calculation ) the radius of a star can be determined . See also : Luminosity and Magnitude ( astronomy ) Galaxies ( edit ) The spectra of galaxies look similar to stellar spectra , as they consist of the combined light of millions of stars . Doppler shift studies of galaxy clusters by Fritz Zwicky in 1937 found that most galaxies were moving much faster than seemed to be possible from what was known about the mass of the cluster . Zwicky hypothesized that there must be a great deal of non-luminous matter in the galaxy clusters , which became known as dark matter . Since his discovery , astronomers have determined that a large portion of galaxies ( and most of the universe ) is made up of dark matter . In 2003 , however , four galaxies ( NGC 821 , NGC 3379 , NGC 4494 , and NGC 4697 ) were found to have little to no dark matter influencing the motion of the stars contained within them ; the reason behind the lack of dark matter is unknown . In the 1950s , strong radio sources were found to be associated with very dim , very red objects . When the first spectrum of one of these objects was taken there were absorption lines at wavelengths where none were expected . It was soon realised that what was observed was a normal galactic spectrum , but highly red shifted . These were named quasi-stellar radio sources , or quasars , by Hong - Yee Chiu in 1964 . Quasars are now thought to be galaxies formed in the early years of our universe , with their extreme energy output powered by super-massive black holes . The properties of a galaxy can also be determined by analyzing the stars found within them . NGC 4550 , a galaxy in the Virgo Cluster , has a large portion of its stars rotating in the opposite direction as the other portion . It is believed that the galaxy is the combination of two smaller galaxies that were rotating in opposite directions to each other . Bright stars in galaxies can also help determine the distance to a galaxy , which may be a more accurate method than parallax or standard candles . Interstellar medium ( edit ) The interstellar medium is matter that occupies the space between star systems in a galaxy. 99 % of this matter is gaseous - hydrogen , helium , and smaller quantities of other ionized elements such as oxygen . The other 1 % is dust particles , thought to be mainly graphite , silicates , and ices . Clouds of the dust and gas are referred to as nebulae . There are three main types of nebula : absorption , reflection , and emission nebulae . Absorption ( or dark ) nebulae are made of dust and gas in such quantities that they obscure the starlight behind them , making photometry difficult . Reflection nebulae , as their name suggest , reflect the light of nearby stars . Their spectra are the same as the stars surrounding them , though the light is bluer ; shorter wavelengths scatter better than longer wavelengths . Emission nebulae emit light at specific wavelengths depending on their chemical composition . Gaseous emission nebulae ( edit ) In the early years of astronomical spectroscopy , scientists were puzzled by the spectrum of gaseous nebulae . In 1864 William Huggins noticed that many nebulae showed only emission lines rather than a full spectrum like stars . From the work of Kirchhoff , he concluded that nebulae must contain `` enormous masses of luminous gas or vapour . '' However , there were several emission lines that could not be linked to any terrestrial element , brightest among them lines at 495.9 nm and 500.7 nm . These lines were attributed to a new element , nebulium , until Ira Bowen determined in 1927 that the emission lines were from highly ionised oxygen ( O ) . These emission lines could not be replicated in a laboratory because they are forbidden lines ; the low density of a nebula ( one atom per cubic centimetre ) allows for metastable ions to decay via forbidden line emission rather than collisions with other atoms . Not all emission nebulae are found around or near stars where solar heating causes ionisation . The majority of gaseous emission nebulae are formed of neutral hydrogen . In the ground state neutral hydrogen has two possible spin states : the electron has either the same spin or the opposite spin of the proton . When the atom transitions between these two states , it releases an emission or absorption line of 21 cm . This line is within the radio range and allows for very precise measurements : Velocity of the cloud can be measured via Doppler shift The intensity of the 21 cm line gives the density and number of atoms in the cloud The temperature of the cloud can be calculated Using this information the shape of the Milky Way has been determined to be a spiral galaxy , though the exact number and position of the spiral arms is the subject of ongoing research . Complex molecules ( edit ) Main article : List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules Dust and molecules in the interstellar medium not only obscures photometry , but also causes absorption lines in spectroscopy . Their spectral features are generated by transitions of component electrons between different energy levels , or by rotational or vibrational spectra . Detection usually occurs in radio , microwave , or infrared portions of the spectrum . The chemical reactions that form these molecules can happen in cold , diffuse clouds or in the hot ejecta around a white dwarf star from a nova or supernova . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as acetylene ( C H ) generally group together to form graphites or other sooty material , but other organic molecules such as acetone ( ( CH ) CO ) and buckminsterfullerenes ( C and C ) have been discovered . Motion in the universe ( edit ) Redshift and blueshift Stars and interstellar gas are bound by gravity to form galaxies , and groups of galaxies can be bound by gravity in galaxy clusters . With the exception of stars in the Milky Way and the galaxies in the Local Group , almost all galaxies are moving away from us due to the expansion of the universe . Doppler effect and redshift ( edit ) The motion of stellar objects can be determined by looking at their spectrum . Because of the Doppler effect , objects moving towards us are blueshifted , and objects moving away are redshifted . The wavelength of redshifted light is longer , appearing redder than the source . Conversely , the wavelength of blueshifted light is shorter , appearing bluer than the source light : λ − λ 0 λ 0 = v 0 c ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ lambda - \ lambda _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ lambda _ ( 0 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( v_ ( 0 ) ) ( c ) ) ) where λ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lambda _ ( 0 ) ) is the emitted wavelength , v 0 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( 0 ) ) is the velocity of the object , and λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) is the observed wavelength . Note that v < 0 corresponds to λ < λ , a blueshifted wavelength . A redshifted absorption or emission line will appear more towards the red end of the spectrum than a stationary line . In 1913 Vesto Slipher determined the Andromeda Galaxy was blueshifted , meaning it was moving towards the Milky Way . He recorded the spectra of 20 other galaxies -- all but 4 of which were redshifted -- and was able to calculate their velocities relative to the Earth . Edwin Hubble would later use this information , as well as his own observations , to define Hubble 's law : The further a galaxy is from the Earth , the faster it is moving away from us . Hubble 's law can be generalised to v = H 0 d ( \ displaystyle v = H_ ( 0 ) d ) where v ( \ displaystyle v ) is the velocity ( or Hubble Flow ) , H 0 ( \ displaystyle H_ ( 0 ) ) is the Hubble Constant , and d ( \ displaystyle d ) is the distance from Earth . Redshift ( z ) can be expressed by the following equations : Calculation of redshift , z ( \ displaystyle z ) Based on wavelength Based on frequency z = λ o b s v − λ e m i t λ e m i t ( \ displaystyle z = ( \ frac ( \ lambda _ ( \ mathrm ( obsv ) ) - \ lambda _ ( \ mathrm ( emit ) ) ) ( \ lambda _ ( \ mathrm ( emit ) ) ) ) ) z = f e m i t − f o b s v f o b s v ( \ displaystyle z = ( \ frac ( f_ ( \ mathrm ( emit ) ) - f_ ( \ mathrm ( obsv ) ) ) ( f_ ( \ mathrm ( obsv ) ) ) ) ) 1 + z = λ o b s v λ e m i t ( \ displaystyle 1 + z = ( \ frac ( \ lambda _ ( \ mathrm ( obsv ) ) ) ( \ lambda _ ( \ mathrm ( emit ) ) ) ) ) 1 + z = f e m i t f o b s v ( \ displaystyle 1 + z = ( \ frac ( f_ ( \ mathrm ( emit ) ) ) ( f_ ( \ mathrm ( obsv ) ) ) ) ) In these equations , frequency is denoted by f ( \ displaystyle f ) and wavelength by λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) . The larger the value of z , the more redshifted the light and the farther away the object is from the Earth . As of January 2013 , the largest galaxy redshift of z ~ 12 was found using the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field , corresponding to an age of over 13 billion years ( the universe is approximately 13.82 billion years old ) . The Doppler effect and Hubble 's law can be combined to form the equation z = v H u b b l e c ( \ displaystyle z = ( \ frac ( v_ ( Hubble ) ) ( c ) ) ) , where c is the speed of light . Peculiar motion ( edit ) Objects that are gravitationally bound will rotate around a common center of mass . For stellar bodies , this motion is known as peculiar velocity , and can alter the Hubble Flow . Thus , an extra term for the peculiar motion needs to be added to Hubble 's law : v t o t a l = H 0 d + v p e c ( \ displaystyle v_ ( total ) = H_ ( 0 ) d + v_ ( pec ) ) This motion can cause confusion when looking at a solar or galactic spectrum , because the expected redshift based on the simple Hubble law will be obscured by the peculiar motion . For example , the shape and size of the Virgo Cluster has been a matter of great scientific scrutiny due to the very large peculiar velocities of the galaxies in the cluster . Binary stars ( edit ) Two stars of different size orbiting the center of mass . The spectrum can be seen to split depending on the position and velocity of the stars . Just as planets can be gravitationally bound to stars , pairs of stars can orbit each other . Some binary stars are visual binaries , meaning they can be observed orbiting each other through a telescope . Some binary stars , however , are too close together to be resolved . These two stars , when viewed through a spectrometer , will show a composite spectrum : the spectrum of each star will be added together . This composite spectrum becomes easier to detect when the stars are of similar luminosity and of different spectral class . Spectroscopic binaries can be also detected due to their radial velocity ; as they orbit around each other one star may be moving towards the Earth whilst the other moves away , causing a Doppler shift in the composite spectrum . The orbital plane of the system determines the magnitude of the observed shift : if the observer is looking perpendicular to the orbital plane there will be no observed radial velocity . For example , if you look at a carousel from the side , you will see the animals moving toward and away from you , whereas if you look from directly above they will only be moving in the horizontal plane . Planets , asteroids , and comets ( edit ) Planets , asteroids , and comets all reflect light from their parent stars and emit their own light . For cooler objects , including solar - system planets and asteroids , most of the emission is at infrared wavelengths we can not see , but that are routinely measured with spectrometers . For objects surrounded by gas , such as comets and planets with atmospheres , further emission and absorption happens at specific wavelengths in the gas , imprinting the spectrum of the gas on that of the solid object . In the case of worlds with thick atmospheres or complete cloud cover ( such as the gas giants , Venus , and Saturn 's satellite Titan ( moon ) ) , the spectrum is mostly or completely due to the atmosphere alone . Planets ( edit ) The reflected light of a planet contains absorption bands due to minerals in the rocks present for rocky bodies , or due to the elements and molecules present in the atmosphere . To date over 3,500 exoplanets have been discovered . These include so - called Hot Jupiters , as well as Earth - like planets . Using spectroscopy , compounds such as alkali metals , water vapor , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , and methane have all been discovered . Asteroids ( edit ) Asteroids can be classified into three major types according to their spectra . The original categories were created by Clark R. Chapman , David Morrison , and Ben Zellner in 1975 , and further expanded by David J. Tholen in 1984 . In what is now known as the Tholen classification , the C - types are made of carbonaceous material , S - types consist mainly of silicates , and X-types are ' metallic ' . There are other classifications for unusual asteroids. C - and S - type asteroids are the most common asteroids . In 2002 the Tholen classification was further `` evolved '' into the SMASS classification , expanding the number of categories from 14 to 26 to account for more precise spectroscopic analysis of the asteroids . Comets ( edit ) Optical spectrum of Comet Hyakutake . The spectra of comets consist of a reflected solar spectrum from the dusty clouds surrounding the comet , as well as emission lines from gaseous atoms and molecules excited to fluorescence by sunlight and / or chemical reactions . 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Icarus . 25 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 130 . Bibcode : 1975Icar ... 25 ... 104C . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 75 ) 90191 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sekanina , Zdenek ; Kracht , Rainer ( 3 Jun 2015 ) . `` Disintegration of Comet C / 2012 S1 ( ISON ) Shortly Before Perihelion : Evidence From Independent Data Sets '' . arXiv : 1404.5968 v6 ( astro - ph. EP ) . Jump up ^ Knight , Matthew . `` Why does ISON look green ? '' . Comet ISON Observing Campaign . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Lisse , C.M. ; Dennerl , K. ; Englhauser , J. ; Harden , M. ; Marshall , F.E. ; Mumma , M.J. ; Petre , R. ; Pye , J.P. ; Ricketts , M.J. ; Schmitt , J. ; Trumper , J. ; West , R.G. ( 11 October 1996 ) . `` Discovery of X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Emission from Comet C / Hyakutake 1996 B2 '' . Science . 274 ( 5285 ) : 205 -- 209 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 274 ... 205L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 274.5285. 205 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astronomical spectroscopy . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Spectroscopy Infrared FT - IR Raman Resonance Raman Rotational Vibrational Rotational - vibrational UV - Vis - NIR Ultraviolet - visible Fluorescence Vibronic Near - infrared Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization ( REMPI ) Laser - induced X-ray and Photoelectron Photoelectron Atomic Emission Nucleon Gamma Mössbauer Radiowave NMR Terahertz ESR / EPR Ferromagnetic resonance Others Acoustic resonance spectroscopy Auger spectroscopy Astronomical spectroscopy Cavity ring down spectroscopy Circular Dichroism spectroscopy Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Conversion electron mössbauer spectroscopy Correlation spectroscopy Deep - level transient spectroscopy Dual polarisation interferometry Electron phenomenological spectroscopy EPR spectroscopy Force spectroscopy Fourier transform spectroscopy Glow - discharge optical emission spectroscopy Hadron spectroscopy Hyperspectral imaging Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy Inelastic neutron scattering Laser - Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Mössbauer spectroscopy Neutron spin echo Photoacoustic spectroscopy Photoemission spectroscopy Photothermal spectroscopy Pump - probe spectroscopy Raman optical activity spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy Saturated spectroscopy Scanning tunneling spectroscopy Spectrophotometry Time - resolved spectroscopy Time - Stretch Thermal infrared spectroscopy Video spectroscopy Vibrational circular dichroism Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_spectroscopy&oldid=805673760 '' Categories : Spectroscopy Astronomical spectroscopy Observational astronomy Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Asturianu Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Português Română Simple English ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 22 : 18 . 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1. Astronomical spectroscopy
2. Spectral analysis of stars and galaxies
3. Chemical composition of celestial objects
4. Doppler effect and redshift in the universe
5. Interstellar medium and gaseous nebulae
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a million ways to die in the west novel
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A Million Ways to Die in the West ( novel ) - Wikipedia A Million Ways to Die in the West ( novel ) A Million Ways to Die in the West <Td_colspan="2"> Author Seth MacFarlane Language English Genre Humor Publisher Ballantine Books Publication date March 4 , 2014 Media type Print ( Hardback ) Pages 226 ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 39167 - 1 A Million Ways to Die in the West is a 2014 novelization by Seth MacFarlane based on the film of the same name , written by MacFarlane , Alec Sulkin , and Wellesley Wild . Development ( edit ) On January 27 , 2014 , MacFarlane announced that he wrote a companion novel based on the film 's script , which was released on March 4 , 2014 . An audiobook version was also made available , narrated by Jonathan Frakes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` For anyone who still reads '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Megan ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane Writes His First Novel '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane 's A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Random House . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> Seth MacFarlane <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; 2005 -- present ) American Dad ! ( 2005 -- present ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) The Orville ( 2017 -- present ) Films directed Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words ( 2011 ) Holiday for Swing ( 2014 ) No One Ever Tells You ( 2015 ) In Full Swing ( 2017 ) Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy Night of the Hurricane This article about a novel in the Western genre of the 2010s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . This article about a comedy novel of the 2010s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Million_Ways_to_Die_in_the_West_(novel)&oldid=805533317 '' Categories : 2014 American novels Novels based on films Ballantine Books books Debut novels Western ( genre ) novels Works by Seth MacFarlane American comedy novels 2010s historical novel stubs Western ( genre ) novel stubs 2010s novel stubs Comedy novel stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2014 Pages to import images to Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 00 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. A Million Ways to Die in the West (novel)
2. Seth MacFarlane
3. Western genre
4. Comedy novel
5. Film adaptation
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how many episodes in game of thrones series
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List of Game of Thrones episodes - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones episodes Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R.R. Martin . The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . The series starts when House Stark , led by Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn ( Robert 's chief advisor ) dies mysteriously . The series premiered on April 17 , 2011 , on HBO . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss , Frank Doelger , Bernadette Caulfield and George R.R. Martin . Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations , including Croatia , Northern Ireland , Iceland and Spain . Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9 : 00 pm Eastern Time , and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length . The first seven seasons are available on DVD and Blu - ray . As of August 27 , 2017 , 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired , concluding the seventh season . The series will conclude with its eighth season , which will consist of six episodes and is set to air in 2019 . The show 's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2016 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 ) 2.8 Season 8 3 Home media releases 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired Avg . U.S. viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.52 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 3.80 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 4.97 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 6.84 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 6.88 <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 7.69 <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 10.26 <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="1"> 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Winter Is Coming '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 2.22 `` The Kingsroad '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 2.20 `` Lord Snow '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 2.44 `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 2.45 5 5 `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 2.58 6 6 `` A Golden Crown '' Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 2.44 7 7 `` You Win or You Die '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) 2.40 8 8 `` The Pointy End '' Daniel Minahan George R.R. Martin June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) 2.72 9 9 `` Baelor '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 10 10 `` Fire and Blood '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 3.04 Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The North Remembers '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 3.86 12 `` The Night Lands '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 3.76 13 `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 3.77 14 `` Garden of Bones '' David Petrarca Vanessa Taylor April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 3.65 15 5 `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' David Petrarca David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 3.90 16 6 `` The Old Gods and the New '' David Nutter Vanessa Taylor May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 3.88 17 7 `` A Man Without Honor '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 3.69 18 8 `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 3.86 19 9 `` Blackwater '' Neil Marshall George R.R. Martin May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 3.38 20 10 `` Valar Morghulis '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 4.20 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Valar Dohaeris '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 4.37 22 `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' Daniel Minahan Vanessa Taylor April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 4.27 23 `` Walk of Punishment '' David Benioff David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 4.72 24 `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 4.87 25 5 `` Kissed by Fire '' Alex Graves Bryan Cogman April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 5.35 26 6 `` The Climb '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 5.50 27 7 `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' Michelle MacLaren George R.R. Martin May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 4.84 28 8 `` Second Sons '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 5.13 29 9 `` The Rains of Castamere '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 5.22 30 10 `` Mhysa '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 5.39 Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Two Swords '' D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 6.64 32 `` The Lion and the Rose '' Alex Graves George R.R. Martin April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 6.31 33 `` Breaker of Chains '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 6.59 34 `` Oathkeeper '' Michelle MacLaren Bryan Cogman April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 6.95 35 5 `` First of His Name '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 7.16 36 6 `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 6.40 37 7 `` Mockingbird '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 7.20 38 8 `` The Mountain and the Viper '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 7.17 39 9 `` The Watchers on the Wall '' Neil Marshall David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 6.95 40 10 `` The Children '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 7.09 Season 5 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` The Wars to Come '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 8.00 42 `` The House of Black and White '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 6.81 43 `` High Sparrow '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 6.71 44 `` Sons of the Harpy '' Mark Mylod Dave Hill May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 6.82 45 5 `` Kill the Boy '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 6.56 46 6 `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 6.24 47 7 `` The Gift '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 5.40 48 8 `` Hardhome '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 7.01 49 9 `` The Dance of Dragons '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 7.14 50 10 `` Mother 's Mercy '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 8.11 Season 6 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Season 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 69 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 70 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 71 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 72 5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 73 6 TBA David Benioff & D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD Home media releases ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes <Th_colspan="3"> DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 10 March 6 , 2012 March 5 , 2012 August 10 , 2012 10 February 19 , 2013 March 4 , 2013 March 6 , 2013 10 February 18 , 2014 February 17 , 2014 February 19 , 2014 10 February 17 , 2015 February 16 , 2015 February 18 , 2015 5 10 March 15 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 March 16 , 2016 6 10 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 7 7 December 12 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 Ratings ( edit ) `` The template below ( Game of Thrones ratings ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 <Td_colspan="3"> N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Josh ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Where HBO 's hit ' Game of Thrones ' was filmed '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts a bear and shoots in Los Angeles for major Season 3 scene '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Stephen ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones fifth series : more than 10,000 Spaniards apply to be extras '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` How Much Gold Is Game of Thrones Worth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Episode 9 : What Time & Channel Does It Air Tonight ? '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . HBO . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : 10 Behind - the - Scenes Secrets We Learned From the SXSW Panel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019 '' . HBO . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 finale smashes more records for HBO '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Kourtney & Kim Take Miami ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' NBA Playoffs ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Ax Men ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' River Monsters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' North America ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & Moreh '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta , ' ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Directors revealed for all episodes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder 's Cut , Superman 's Black Suit & ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The final season of ' Game of Thrones ' will only be six episodes '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- HBO 's Official Press Release with Full Details of The Complete 1st Season on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 1 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- Winter is Coming , with The Complete 2nd Season : Date , Extras , Boxes ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 2 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- 2014 Release Date , Package Art for The Complete 3rd Season , on DVD , Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 3 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- ' The Complete 4th Season ' Press Release : Date , Art , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 4 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 5 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 5 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 ( Blu - ray + Amazon Exclusive Bonus Disc ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire and Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Season 4 `` Two Swords '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' `` Breaker of Chains '' `` Oathkeeper '' `` First of His Name '' `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' `` Mockingbird '' `` The Mountain and the Viper '' `` The Watchers on the Wall '' `` The Children '' Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes&oldid=849879260 '' Categories : Game of Thrones episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikidata Languages Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 01 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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Lin Shaye - wikipedia Lin Shaye Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Lin Shaye <Td_colspan="2"> Shaye , Beverly Hills California in April 2017 Linda Shaye ( 1943 - 10 - 12 ) October 12 , 1943 ( age 73 ) Detroit , Michigan , U.S. Alma mater University of Michigan Occupation Actress Years active 1971 -- present Spouse ( s ) Marshall Rubinoff ( ? -- 1968 ; his death ) Clayton Landey ( 1988 -- 2003 ; divorced ; 1 child ) Relatives Robert Shaye ( brother ) Linda `` Lin '' Shaye ( born October 12 , 1943 ) is an American film , theatre and television actress . She is regarded as a scream queen due to her roles in various horror franchises or films including A Nightmare on Elm Street , Critters , Insidious , Dead End , 2001 Maniacs and its sequel 2001 Maniacs : Field of Screams , Alone in the Dark , Amityville : A New Generation , Tales of Halloween , Abattoir , Ouija and its prequel Ouija : Origin of Evil . Shaye is also known for her comedic roles in many films by the Farrelly brothers , including Dumb and Dumber , Kingpin , and There 's Something About Mary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Shaye was born in Detroit , Michigan , the daughter of Dorothy ( née Katz ) , a homemaker , and Max Mendle Shaye , a painter and supermarket owner . Her brother is film executive Robert Shaye . Her family is Jewish ; her mother was born in Russia , and her paternal grandparents were from Romania . Shaye studied acting at the University of Michigan before she moved to New York to appear in Off Broadway productions . In 1977 , she moved to Los Angeles to further pursue her acting career . Career ( edit ) In 1975 , she made her film debut with a small role in Hester Street , followed by small roles in several movies and television shows . In 1978 , she appeared in the Jack Nicholson - directed Western Goin ' South . `` I got a call saying , ' Mr Nicholson wants you in Mexico for two weeks for this small role called The Parasol Lady . It was so much fun . '' She has since appeared in a large number of character roles . From 1980 to 1996 , she has appeared in four films by director Walter Hill : The Long Riders , Brewster 's Millions , Extreme Prejudice and Last Man Standing . While back In 1984 , Shaye played a teacher in A Nightmare On Elm Street . The film was distributed by New Line Cinema , the company founded by the actress ' older brother Robert Shaye . She has admitted the family connection helped her a little . `` My brother said , ' Put my sister in your movie ! ' '' In 1994 , she had her breakout comedy role of Mrs. Nuegeboren in the Farrelly Brothers ' Dumb and Dumber . The film was released on December 16 , 1994 . Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics , it was a commercial success and developed a cult following in the years since its release . The Farrellys then subsequently cast her as Woody Harrelson 's gruesome landlady in Kingpin . Later , again giving her a role as Cameron Diaz 's character 's overtanned neighbor Magda in the 1998 hit There 's Something About Mary . `` The Farrellys said , ' We want her to look like an old leather bag , ' '' recalled Shaye . `` It was four hours every time they put on the makeup . '' The film was a sleeper hit , and was the highest - grossing comedy of 1998 in North America as well as the fourth - highest - grossing film of the year . The film made $369 million worldwide . For her performance , Shaye was nominated for a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actress -- Comedy . She followed this with 1999 's Detroit Rock City as an uptight mother waging a personal war against the band Kiss . In 2003 , Shaye appeared alongside Cuba Gooding Jr. and Horatio Sanz in Boat Trip as Sonya , a horny tanning coach who begins stalking Sanz 's character . That same year she co-starred with Ray Wise and Alexandra Holden in the cult horror film Dead End as Laura Harrington , and as Jenny Buono , the mother of 1970s Los Angeles serial killer Angelo Buono in The Hillside Strangler . For her role in Dead End Shaye received positive reviews and was nominated for a Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actress . In 2005 , Shaye appeared in the film 2001 Maniacs as Granny Boone and again in the sequel 2001 Maniacs : Field of Screams . The next year she had a supporting role in the thriller Snakes on a Plane , playing Grace , the senior flight attendant who acts as the flight 's purser . The film gained a considerable amount of attention before its release , forming large fanbases online and becoming an Internet phenomenon , due to the film 's title , casting , and premise . Released in the United States and United Kingdom on August 18 , 2006 , the film received mixed to positive reviews with 68 % of reviews positive and an average normalized score of 58 % , according to the review aggregation websites Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic , respectively . In 2007 , she appeared in the short films Sponsored By , Under The Gun , Midnight Snack , Time Upon a Once , Old Home Boyz , Backseat Driving Test , and The Yes Men which were directed by contestants on the reality show On the Lot . In 2011 , Shaye played medium Elise , a supporting role , in the horror film Insidious . `` It scared the daylights out of me , '' said Shaye . `` I read it in bed and , when I finished , I took it downstairs and locked it in the closet . I really was chilled to the bone by the story . '' The film was released on April 1 , 2011 , and received positive reviews . It went on to gross a total of $97,009,150 worldwide . It was the most profitable film of 2011 . Shaye received positive reviews and was nominated for a Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actress , a Fright Meter Award for Best Supporting Actress , and A Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress . On November 19 , 2012 , it was officially announced that Shaye , Patrick Wilson , and Rose Byrne would reprise their roles from the first film . The film was released September 13 , 2013 . It received mixed reviews and was a box office success . On March 11 , 2014 , It was announced that Shaye would be returning as Elise , this time as a major role , in the third installment of the Insidious franchise . Speaking of the role in the film , Shaye said `` Elise has become this sort of bad ass in this installment , I ca n't even tell you how much fun that was for me . I 'm not taking names ! '' Insidious : Chapter 3 received a mixed response from critics , while Shaye 's performance was widely received by film critics an audience members . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes lists a 59 % approval rating , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` Insidious : Chapter 3 is n't as terrifying as the original , although it boasts surprising thematic depth and is enlivened by another fine performance from Lin Shaye . '' A writer from The Wrap opined that Shaye Shined in the film . The Oakland post online positively said `` Shaye is able to give the film most of its heart . Many of the horror scenes rely on her to be either the calming voice or the badass heroine , and Shaye plays both of those roles perfectly . '' Also saying `` Insidious : Chapter 3 could have been a disaster , but thanks to some genuinely scary moments and veteran acting from Lin Shaye , the film is able to be mostly enjoyable . '' Personal life ( edit ) Shaye has been married twice . Her first husband died in 1968 . In 1988 , she married actor Clayton Landey , with whom she appeared in 2002 's Wish You Were Dead . The couple had one child before divorcing in 2003 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Hester Street Whore 1977 Sex and the Married Woman Sandra Television film 1978 Goin ' South Parasol Lady 1979 The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal Freida Television film 1979 The Seeding of Sarah Burns 2nd Nurse Television film 1980 The Long Riders Kate 1980 A Cry for Love N / A Television film 1982 Alone in the Dark Receptionist at Haven 1982 Jekyll and Hyde ... Together Again Nurse with Telegram 1984 Summer Fantasy Woman on beach Television film 1984 A Nightmare on Elm Street Teacher 1984 Why Me ? 1985 Brewster 's Millions Journalist at Rally 1986 Critters Sally Extreme Prejudice Employment Office Clerk Slam Dance Librarian The Hidden Carol Miller The Running Man Propaganda Officer 1988 Critters 2 : The Main Course Sal 1988 Lucky Stiff Bratty Kid 's Mom 1990 Book of Love Mrs. Flynn 1990 Pump Up the Volume PTA Parent # 3 Roadside Prophets Celeste 1993 Loaded Weapon 1 Witness 1993 The Temp Rosemary 1993 Three of Hearts Operator 1993 Amityville : A New Generation Nurse Turner 1993 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Rubber Rose Maid 1994 Corrina , Corrina Repeat Nanny 1994 Wes Craven 's New Nightmare Nurse 1994 Dumb & Dumber Mrs. Neugeboren 1995 The Nature of the Beast Carol Powell Kingpin Landlady Last Man Standing The Madame 1998 Living Out Loud Lisa 's Nurse 1998 There 's Something About Mary Magda Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actress -- Comedy 1999 Detroit Rock City Mrs. Bruce Say It Is n't So Nurse Bautista 2002 Wish You Were Dead Jinny Macintosh 2002 Boat Trip Coach Sonya 2003 Who 's Your Daddy ? Ms. Harding 2003 National Lampoon 's Barely Legal Tequila 2003 Dumb and Dumberer : When Harry Met Lloyd Margie 2003 Dead End Laura Harrington Nominated -- Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actress 2003 Stuck on You Makeup Babe The Hillside Strangler Jenny Buono The Latin Lover Emilia Short film A Cinderella Story Mrs. Wells Cellular Exotic Car Driver 2005 Hate Crime Kathleen Slansky 2005 Confessions of an Action Star Samantha Jones 2005 2001 Maniacs Granny Boon 2005 Drop Dead Sexy Ma Muzzy 2006 Unbeatable Harold Jeannie 2006 Bachelor Party Vegas Cassandra 2006 Hood of Horror Clara 2006 Snakes on a Plane Grace 2006 Driftwood Nancy Forrester 2006 Pledge This ! Miss Prin 2006 Hoboken Hollow Mrs. Brodrick 2007 Homo Erectus Museum Guide 2007 Kush Susan 2008 Killer Pad Marge 2008 Asylum String 's Mother 2009 My Sister 's Keeper Nurse Adele 2009 American Cowslip Lou Anne Small Town Saturday Night Phyllis 2001 Maniacs : Field of Screams Granny Boone Killer by Nature Leona Whitmore 2011 Insidious Elise Reiner Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actress Fright Meter Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress 2011 Sedona : The Motion Picture Claire 2011 A Good Old Fashioned Orgy Dody 2011 Chillerama Nurse Maleva 2011 Take Me Home Jill 2011 Rosewood Lane Mrs. Hawthorne 2012 The Three Stooges Nursery Nurse 2012 Jewtopia Dr. Sutton 2013 Insidious : Chapter 2 Elise Reiner 2013 Crazy Kind of Love Denise Mack also known as Long Time Gone 2013 Big Ass Spider ! Mrs. Jefferson 2014 The Signal Mirabelle 2014 Grace : The Possession Helen 2014 Ouija Paulina Zander 2015 Insidious : Chapter 3 Elise Reiner 2015 Tales of Halloween Lynn 's Mother 2015 Helen Keller vs. Nightwolves Helen Keller 2016 Abattoir Allie 2016 Buster 's Mal Heart Pauline 2016 Ouija : Origin of Evil Paulina Zander 2017 Grow House Mrs. Gilliam 2017 The Black Room Mrs. Black 2018 Insidious : The Last Key Elise Reiner In Post-Production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1977 Eight Is Enough N / A Episode : `` The Return of Auntie V '' 1985 The New Twilight Zone Kate Simmons Episode : `` Chameleon '' 1986 Cagney & Lacey Secretary Episode : `` DWI '' 1986 Falcon Crest Smoking Female Prisoner Episode : `` Unholy Alliances '' Who 's the Boss ? Mrs. Padnick Episode : `` Mona '' 1988 Highway to Heaven Lila Barnes Episode : `` A Mother 's Love '' 1991 Life Goes On Parent # 2 Episode : `` Life After Death '' 1993 Sisters Nightmare Host # 2 Episode : `` Sleepless in Winnetka '' 1994 My So - Called Life Parent # 2 Episode : `` Guns and Gossip '' Frasier Anne Episode : `` The Focus Group '' Perversions of Science The Nurse Episode : `` Dream of Doom '' 1998 Becker Mrs. Cooper Episode : `` Take These Pills and Shove ' Em '' Crossing Jordan Leather Lauren Episode : `` Is That Plutonium in Your Pocket , or Are You Just Happy to See Me ? '' 2006 My Name Is Earl Paul 's mom Episode : `` Number One '' 2007 Dirty Sexy Money Leslie Donovan Episode : `` The Game '' 2009 ER Margaret Episode : `` And in the End ... '' 2013 Private Practice Mrs. Taylor Episode : `` Full Release '' 2015 Things You Should n't Say Past Midnight Mrs. Abramson 3 episodes 2016 Still the King Ruthie Episode : `` Mother Trucker '' 2016 American Gothic Lila Episode : `` The Artist in His Museum '' 2016 Grip and Electric Glenda 4 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 1999 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Supporting Actress -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary Nominated 2002 Method Fest Independent Film Festival Best Supporting Actress N / A Won Peñíscola Comedy Film Festival Best Actress Dead End Won 2005 Breckenridge Festival Of Film Best Supporting Actress Hate Crime Won 2005 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Supporting Actress Dead End Nominated 2012 Cyber-Horror Awards Best Supporting Actress Insidious Nominated 2012 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Supporting Actress Insidious Won 2011 Fright Meter Awards Best Supporting Actress Insidious Won 2012 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Insidious Nominated 2014 Fright Meter Awards Best Ensemble Cast Insidious : Chapter 2 Nominated 2016 Fright Meter Awards Best Leading Actress Insidious : Chapter 3 Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hochman , Steve ( August 15 , 1999 ) . `` Lin Shaye / Actor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.dreadcentral.com/interviews/shaye-lin-2001-manaics Jump up ^ Stack , Peter ( August 11 , 1999 ) . `` ' Mary ' Star 's Time to Shine / Lin Shaye changes her persona for ' Detroit Rock City ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Patricia ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Patricia Sheridan 's Breakfast With ... Lin Shaye '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kissing Fool '' . People . Time Inc. 50 ( 9 ) : 210 . September 14 , 1998 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` How Lin Shaye became this summer 's unlikeliest action star in Insidious : Chapter 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Dumb and Dumber . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Cult Comedies '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New 2001 Maniacs : Field of Screams Clip -- Granny 's Grotesque Cookin ' '' . DreadCentral . Jump up ^ `` Insidious ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WorstPreviews.com Staff ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` James Wan in Talks to Direct `` Insidious '' Sequel `` . WorstPreviews . WorstPreviews.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Patrick Wilson , Rose Byrne Coming Back for ' Insidious ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Insidious Chapter 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Insidious 3 Will Introduce New Story and Characters ; Ghost Hunters Will Return '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lin Shaye Haunted In New ' Insidious : Chapter 3 ' Still Jump up ^ `` Insidious : Chapter 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Insidious : Chapter 3 ' Review -- Lin Shaye Shines as the Original Female Ghost buster Jump up ^ `` Insidious : Chapter 3 '' scares , Lin Shaye shines External links ( edit ) Lin Shaye on IMDb Lin Shaye at AllMovie VIAF : 87582661 LCCN : no2010090778 ISNI : 0000 0001 1952 3352 GND : 1012004228 SUDOC : 18507975X BNF : cb155910611 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lin_Shaye&oldid=803842372 '' Categories : 1943 births American film actresses Living people University of Michigan alumni American television actresses American people of Romanian - Jewish descent American people of Russian - Jewish descent 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Jewish American actresses Actresses from Detroit American stage actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 00 : 12 . 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1. Lin Shaye - American actress
2. Scream queen - known for horror film roles
3. Farrelly brothers - comedic roles in their films
4. Insidious franchise - notable horror film series
5. Filmography - extensive list of films and television appearances
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how many national championships has north carolina won in basketball
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North Carolina Tar Heels - wikipedia North Carolina Tar Heels Jump to : navigation , search `` Carolina Tar Heels '' redirects here . For the 1920s string band , see The Carolina Tar Heels . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> North Carolina Tar Heels <Td_colspan="2"> University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Conference Atlantic Coast Conference NCAA Division I Athletic director Bubba Cunningham Location Chapel Hill , North Carolina Varsity teams 27 Football stadium Kenan Memorial Stadium Basketball arena Dean E. Smith Student Activities Center Baseball stadium Bryson Field at Boshamer Stadium Soccer stadium Fetzer Field Other arenas William D. Carmichael Jr . Arena Mascot Rameses Nickname Tar Heels Fight song I 'm a Tar Heel Born Here Comes Carolina Colors Carolina Blue and White Website goheels.com Atlantic Coast Conference logo in North Carolina 's colors The North Carolina Tar Heels are the athletic teams representing the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The name Tar Heel is a nickname used to refer to individuals from the state of North Carolina , the Tar Heel State . The campus at Chapel Hill is referred to as the University of North Carolina for the purposes of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was chartered in 1789 , and in 1795 it became the first state - supported university in the United States . Since the school fostered the oldest collegiate team in the Carolinas , the school took on the nickname `` Carolina , '' especially in athletics . The Tar Heels are also referred to as North Carolina , UNC , or The Heels . The mascot of the Tar Heels is Rameses , a Dorset Ram . It is represented as either a live Dorset sheep with its horns painted Carolina Blue , or as a costumed character performed by a volunteer from the student body , usually an undergraduate student associated with the cheer leading team . Carolina has won 43 NCAA Division I team national championships in seven different sports , tied for eighth all - time , and 52 individual national championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sports sponsored 1.1 Baseball 1.2 Men 's basketball 1.3 Women 's basketball 1.4 Field hockey 1.5 Football 1.6 Men 's lacrosse 1.7 Women 's lacrosse 1.8 Men 's soccer 1.9 Women 's soccer 1.10 Men 's golf 1.11 Wrestling 2 Other sports 2.1 Rugby 3 Championships 3.1 NCAA team championships 3.2 Other national team championships 4 Rivalries 5 North Carolina Cheer 5.1 I 'm a Tar Heel Born 5.2 Here Comes Carolina 6 Notable alumni 7 References 8 External links Sports sponsored ( edit ) Men 's sports Women 's sports Baseball Basketball Basketball Cross country Cross country Fencing Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Golf Gymnastics Lacrosse Lacrosse Soccer Rowing Swimming & diving Soccer Tennis Softball Track and field Swimming & diving Wrestling Tennis Track and field Volleyball <Td_colspan="2"> † -- Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor . Baseball ( edit ) Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels baseball North Carolina Tar Heels baseball Head Coach : Mike Fox Stadium : Bryson Field at Boshamer Stadium ACC Championships : 6 ( 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1990 , 2007 , 2013 ) College World Series Appearances : 10 ( 1960 , 1966 , 1978 , 1988 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 ) The baseball team has had recent success , reaching the championship series of the College World Series in 2006 and 2007 losing both times to Oregon State . They also appeared in the College World Series in 1960 , 1966 , 1978 , 1989 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 and 2013 . Men 's basketball ( edit ) 2008 men 's basketball players Wayne Ellington , Danny Green , Tyler Hansbrough , Ty Lawson , and Deon Thompson Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball Head Coach : Roy Williams Arena : Dean E. Smith Center Southern Conference Championships : 13 ( Tournament : 1922 , 1924 ( undefeated ) , 1925 , 1926 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1945 ; Regular Season : 1935 , 1938 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 ) ACC Championships : 48 ( Tournament : 1957 ( undefeated ) , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1989 , 1991 , 1994 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 , 2016 ; Regular Season : 1956 , 1957 ( undefeated ) , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1993 , 1995 , 2001 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2016 , 2017 ) NCAA National Championships : 6 ( 1957 ( undefeated ) , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 ) Final Four Appearances : 20 ( 1946 , 1957 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1972 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 , 1991 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 ) Best Final Ranking : No. 1 ( Associated Press : 1957 , 1982 , 1984 , 1994 , 1998 , 2008 , 2009 ; Coaches : 1957 , 1982 , 1984 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 ) National Players of the Year : 8 ( Jack Cobb 1923 -- 26 , George Glamack 1938 -- 41 , Lennie Rosenbluth 1954 -- 57 , Phil Ford 1974 -- 78 , James Worthy 1979 -- 82 , Michael Jordan 1981 -- 1984 , Antawn Jamison 1995 -- 98 , Tyler Hansbrough 2005 -- 09 ) . Carolina has enjoyed long success as one of the top basketball programs in the country . Overall , the Tar Heels have won six NCAA National Championships and were retroactively awarded one for the 1923 -- 24 season by the Helms Foundation and the Premo - Porretta Power Poll . Under coach Frank McGuire , the team won its 1st NCAA championship in 1957 . After McGuire left , legendary coach Dean Smith established the team as a powerhouse in college basketball . In 31 years at Carolina , Smith set the record for the most wins of any men 's college basketball head coach , a record broken in 2007 by Bob Knight . Under Smith , the Tar Heels won two national championships and had numerous talented players come through the program . Smith is also credited with coming up with the four corners offense . More recently , the Tar Heels won the national championship in 2005 , 2009 , and 2017 under coach Roy Williams . Women 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels women 's basketball Head coach : Sylvia Hatchell Arena : Carmichael Arena ACC Championships : National Championships : 1 ( 1994 ) Field hockey ( edit ) 2007 field hockey team with President George W. Bush Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels field hockey Head Coach : Karen Shelton Stadium : Henry Stadium ACC Championships : 16 ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2004 , 2007 ) National Championships : 6 ( 1989 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2007 , 2009 ) Football ( edit ) 2006 football team playing Virginia Tech Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels football Head Coach : Larry Fedora Stadium : Kenan Memorial Stadium Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Championships : 1 ( 1895 ) Southern Conference Championships : 5 ( 1922 , 1934 , 1946 , 1949 ) ACC Championships : 5 ( 1963 , 1971 , 1972 , 1977 , 1980 ) ACC Coastal Division Championships : 2 ( 2012 , 2015 ) Postseason Bowl Appearances : 30 ( 1947 Sugar , 1949 Sugar , 1950 Cotton , 1963 Gator , 1970 Peach , 1971 Gator , 1972 Sun , 1974 Sun , 1976 Peach , 1977 Liberty , 1979 Gator , 1980 Bluebonnet , 1981 Gator , 1982 Sun , 1983 Peach , 1986 Aloha , 1993 Peach , 1993 Gator , 1994 Sun , 1995 Carquest , 1997 Gator , 1998 Gator , 1998 Las Vegas , 2001 Peach , 2004 Continental Tire , 2008 Meineke Car Care , 2009 Meineke Car Care , 2010 Music City , 2011 Independence , 2013 Belk , 2014 Quick Lane , 2015 Russell Athletic , 2016 Sun ) Best Final Ranking : No. 3 ( 1948 Associated Press ) Men 's lacrosse ( edit ) Men 's lacrosse in the 2009 ACC tournament final . Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels men 's lacrosse Head coach : Joe Breschi Home fields : Fetzer Field and Kenan Memorial Stadium ACC tournament championships : 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 2013 ACC regular season championships : 1981 , 1982 , 1985 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 , 2016 NCAA tournament appearances : 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 NCAA tournament championships : 5 ( 1981 , 1982 , 1986 , 1991 , 2016 ) Women 's lacrosse ( edit ) Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels women 's lacrosse ACC tournament championships : 2002 , 2016 NCAA Championship : 2 ( 2013 , 2016 ) Men 's soccer ( edit ) Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels men 's soccer Head Coach : Carlos Somoano Stadium : Fetzer Field ACC Tournament Championships : 1987 , 2000 , 2011 College Cup Appearances : 1987 , 2001 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 NCAA National Championships : 2 ( 2001 , 2011 ) Women 's soccer ( edit ) Offensive Player of the Year Yael Averbuch 2006 women 's soccer player Robyn Gayle Main article : North Carolina Tar Heels women 's soccer Head Coach : Anson Dorrance Stadium : Fetzer Field ACC Championships : 38 ( 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 Tournament , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 Regular Season ) National Championships : 22 ( 1981 AIAW , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 NCAA ) College Cup Appearances : 26 ( 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 ) Men 's golf ( edit ) The men 's golf team has won 14 conference championships : Southern Conference ( 3 ) : 1947 , 1952 , 1953 Atlantic Coast Conference ( 11 ) : 1956 , 1960 , 1965 , 1977 , 1981 , 1983 -- 84 , 1986 , 1995 -- 96 , 2006 ( co-champion ) Two Tar Heels have won the NCAA individual championship , Harvie Ward in 1949 and John Inman in 1984 . Ward also won the British Amateur in 1952 and the U.S. Amateur in 1955 and 1956 . The team 's best finish was second place in 1953 and 1991 . Tar Heel golfers who have had success at the professional level include Davis Love III ( 20 PGA Tour wins including 1997 PGA Championship ) and Mark Wilson ( five PGA Tour wins ) . Wrestling ( edit ) Following Coach Sam Barnes who built the modern wrestling program at UNC ( 1953 - 1971 ) , Head coach Bill Lam led the Tar Heel wrestling program for 30 years until his retirement in 2002 , where his former wrestler and 1982 NCAA Champion C.D. Mock became his replacement . Under Lam , the Tar Heels were a consistent top 25 NCAA team . Lam led the Tar Heels to 15 ACC tournament titles in addition to being named ACC coach of the year 10 times . Following the Lam era , Mock was named ACC Coach of the Year in 2005 and 2006 in addition to claiming two ACC team titles . In 2015 , Mock was fired as head wrestling coach . He was shortly replaced by Olympic bronze medalist and Oklahoma State University graduate Coleman Scott . The Tar Heel wrestling program boasts many ACC champions , All - Americans , and has 3 individual NCAA champions : C.D. Mock ( 1982 ) , Rob Koll ( 1988 ) , and T.J. Jaworsky ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 ) . Jaworsky is known as one of the greatest college wrestlers of all time as he is the first and only ACC wrestler to win three NCAA titles in addition to winning the inaugural Dan Hodge Trophy , given to college wrestling 's most dominant wrestler . Koll is now the head coach at Cornell University where he has led the program to new heights with multiple top 10 NCAA finishes . UNC wrestling All - Americans : C.D. Mock , Dave Cook , Jan Michaels , Bob Monaghan , Mike Elinsky , Rob Koll , Bobby Shriner , Tad Wilson , Al Palacio , Lenny Bernstein , Doug Wyland , Enzo Catullo , Pete Welch , Shane Camera , Jody Staylor , Marc Taylor , Stan Banks , Justin Harty , Evan Sola , Chris Rodrigues , Evan Henderson , Ethan Ramos , and Joey Ward . Other notable alumni include C.C. Fisher , 1998 ACC champion and Most Outstanding wrestler , who went on to become a successful wrestler on the international stage where he was as high as second on the United States Olympic latter . Fisher also went on to become a successful coach for multiple Division 1 wrestling programs including Iowa State and Stanford . The late Sen. Paul Wellstone attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC ) on a wrestling scholarship . In college he was an undefeated Atlantic Coast Conference wrestling champion . The Tar Heel wrestling program has won 17 total ACC championships : 1979 , 1980 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 UNC 's best finish at the NCAA tournament was 5th in 1982 . They also took 6th in 1995 . Carmichael Arena is currently the home to the Tar Heels Wrestling team located centrally on campus . Other sports ( edit ) 2005 men 's soccer team playing SMU See also : North Carolina Tar Heels softball See also : North Carolina Tar Heels handball Other national championship victories include the women 's team handball team in 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 ; and the men 's handball team in 2004 , 2005 , and 2006 . The men 's crew won the 2004 ECAC National Invitational Collegiate Regatta in the varsity eight category . In 1994 , Carolina 's athletic programs won the Sears Directors Cup which is awarded for cumulative performance in NCAA competition . Rugby ( edit ) Carolina also fields non varsity sports teams . North Carolina 's rugby team competes in the Atlantic Coast Rugby League against its traditional ACC rivals . North Carolina finished second in its conference in 2010 , led by conference co-player of the year Alex Lee . North Carolina finished second at the Atlantic Coast Invitational in 2009 and again in 2010 . North Carolina has also competed in the Collegiate Rugby Championship , finishing 11th in 2011 in a tournament broadcast live on NBC . Championships ( edit ) NCAA team championships ( edit ) North Carolina has won 43 NCAA team national championships . Men 's ( 13 ) Basketball ( 6 ) : 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Lacrosse ( 5 ) : 1981 , 1982 , 1986 , 1991 , 2016 Soccer ( 2 ) : 2001 , 2011 Women 's ( 30 ) Basketball ( 1 ) : 1994 Field Hockey ( 6 ) : 1985 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2007 , 2009 Lacrosse ( 2 ) : 2013 , 2016 Soccer ( 21 ) : 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 see also : ACC NCAA team championships List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships Other national team championships ( edit ) Below are 13 national team titles that were not bestowed by the NCAA : Men 's : Basketball ( 1 ) : 1924 * Team Handball ( 3 ) : 2004 , 2005 , 2006 Tennis ( 1 ) : 2016 * * * Women 's : Soccer ( 1 ) : 1981 * * Team Handball ( 4 ) : 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Tennis ( 3 ) : 2013 , 2015 * * * , 2018 * * * ( * ) Pre-NCAA tournament championship ( Helms Foundation and Premo - Porretta Power Poll , retroactively selected ) ( * * ) There was only one AIAW soccer tournament , thus making North Carolina the only women 's soccer team to win an AIAW championship ( * * * ) ITA National Team Indoor Championships see also : List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships Rivalries ( edit ) Tip - off of a basketball game against Duke at the Dean Smith Center Main articles : Carolina - Duke rivalry , Carolina - NC State rivalry , and South 's Oldest Rivalry See also : Tobacco Road Carolina 's most heated rivalries are with its Tobacco Road counterparts Duke , North Carolina State , and Wake Forest . In recent years , the Carolina - Duke basketball series has attracted the most attention . HBO even made a documentary in 2009 called `` Battle for Tobacco Road : Duke vs. Carolina '' . The Tar Heels also have a rivalry with Virginia in college football , known as the South 's Oldest Rivalry . UNC and UVA are the two oldest schools in the Atlantic Coast Conference . North Carolina cheer ( edit ) I 'm a Tar Heel Born ( edit ) Carolina 's main fight song is I 'm a Tar Heel Born . Its lyrics appear in the 1907 edition of the university 's yearbook , the `` Yackety Yack , '' although how long it existed before that is not known . Some say that it was in the late 1920s that it began to be sung as an add - on ( or `` tag '' ) to the school 's alma mater , `` Hark The Sound '' , although the current version of the sheet music for `` Hark the Sound '' includes the `` I 'm a Tar Heel Born '' tag as an integral part of the alma mater , and credits the full song to William Starr Myers with a date of 1897 . Today , the song is almost always played immediately after the singing of `` Hark The Sound '' , even during more formal occasions such as convocation and commencement . Just before home football and basketball games , the song is played by the Bell Tower near the center of campus , and is often played after major victories . As it appears in its 1907 printed form , the final words of the song are `` Rah Rah Rah Rah . '' For at least the last half century , however , the final words of the song have been `` Go to hell ( whoever the Tar Heels are playing that day ) '' such as `` Go to hell State '' or `` Go to hell Wake . '' When a game is not in progress , or when the song is sung in the formal settings mentioned above , it is considered unseemly to consign the Tar Heels ' worthy rivals to the confines of hell , so the appropriate and accepted closing in all such settings is `` Go to hell Duke . '' Simply known as `` The Tag '' by many UNC Marching Band and Pep Band Alumni , and titled as such on some recorded albums , `` I 'm a Tar Heel Born '' has been adapted by at least two other colleges for their use , including the University of Rhode Island and the University of Richmond . Here Comes Carolina ( edit ) Another popular song is Here Comes Carolina . As its title implies , it is most commonly played when a Tar Heel team enters the field of play . Traditionally , the band plays a version of the traditional orchestral warmup tune before launching into the song when the first player charges out of the tunnel . During the warmup tune , fans stand and clap along . The effect is similar to that of a train coming down the track . For many years at basketball games , the band played the first seven notes of the song in different keys during player introductions , modulating a half step each time before launching into the song in the normal key after the final player was announced . The last part of the song 's melody come from an old revival song , `` Jesus Loves the Little Children '' . Notable alumni ( edit ) Main articles : List of alumni and List of Olympians Notable graduates from the athletic programs include Michael Jordan from men 's basketball , Mia Hamm from women 's soccer , Charlie Justice from American football , Davis Love III from golf , B.J. Surhoff from baseball and Marion Jones from women 's basketball and track & field . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Primary Identity '' ( PDF ) . Carolina Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines . North Carolina Tar Heels. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Editors , The ( 1945 - 10 - 24 ) . `` University of North Carolina university system , North Carolina , United States '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York , NY : ESPN Books . p. 536 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Men 's Golf 2012 -- 13 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UNC Wrestling C.D. Mock Bio '' . University of North Carolina Athletics . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling History in the NCAA '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Wrestling . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` UNC Tar Heels Facilities '' . University of North Carolina Athletics . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Big turnout for Rugby Sevens tournament at PPL Park '' . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Records '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` HBO 's Duke - UNC documentary '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ 1907 Yackety Yack p. 294 . Jump up ^ `` UNC School Songs UNC Chapel Hill Libraries '' . Library.unc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` UNC School Songs '' . tarheelblue.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) ACC portal Official website <Th_colspan="3"> University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill <Td_colspan="3"> Located in : Chapel Hill , North Carolina Academics Scholarships Center for Global Initiatives Center for the Study of the American South Kenan -- Flagler Business School School of Information and Library Science School of Media and Journalism School of Law School of Medicine School of Pharmacy School of Public Health School of Social Work Southern Observatory for Astrophysical Research L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory Athletics Teams Australian Rules Football Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Field Hockey Football Handball Men 's Lacrosse Women 's Lacrosse Men 's Soccer Women 's Soccer Softball Men 's Tennis Women 's Tennis Facilities Bryson Field at Boshamer Stadium Bynum Gymnasium Carmichael Arena Dean Smith Center Eddie Smith Field House Fetzer Field Finley Golf Course Henry Stadium Kenan Memorial Stadium Tin Can Woollen Gymnasium Other Atlantic Coast Conference Carlyle Cup Carolina Basketball Museum Carolina blue Carolina -- Duke rivalry Carolina -- State Game The Marching Tar Heels `` Hark The Sound '' `` Here Comes Carolina '' `` I 'm a Tar Heel Born '' North Carolina -- Wake Forest rivalry Olympians Rameses The Rams Club South 's Oldest Rivalry Tar Heel Tar Heel Sports Network Tobacco Road Victory Bell Campus Ackland Art Museum Airport Botanical Garden Carolina Inn Coker Arboretum Davie Poplar Franklin Street Hospitals Hunt Arboretum Images Morehead Planetarium Old Chapel Hill Cemetery Old East Old Well Playmakers Theatre Silent Sam Wilson Library Town of Chapel Hill Student life Black Student Movement Carolina Week The Daily Tar Heel Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies Dramatic and Performing Arts Order of Gimghoul Student Television WXYC History Alumni Presidents and Chancellors William Richardson Davie UNC system Speaker ban Academics - athletics scandal <Td_colspan="3"> Founded : 1789 <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Atlantic Coast Conference Atlantic Division Boston College Eagles Clemson Tigers Florida State Seminoles Louisville Cardinals North Carolina State Wolfpack Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( non-football member ) Syracuse Orange Wake Forest Demon Deacons Coastal Division Duke Blue Devils Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Miami Hurricanes North Carolina Tar Heels Pittsburgh Panthers Virginia Cavaliers Virginia Tech Hokies Championships & awards Conference champions National championships Athlete of the Year Broadcast partners Raycom Sports ( ACC Network ; list of affiliates ) ESPN ( ACC Network Extra ) <Th_colspan="2"> East Atlantic Gymnastics League <Td_colspan="2"> George Washington Colonials New Hampshire Wildcats North Carolina Tar Heels NC State Wolfpack Pittsburgh Panthers <Th_colspan="3"> Sports teams based in North Carolina Australian rules football USAFL / EAFL North Carolina Tigers Baseball IL Charlotte Knights Durham Bulls CL Buies Creek Astros Carolina Mudcats Down East Wood Ducks Winston - Salem Dash SAL Asheville Tourists Greensboro Grasshoppers Hickory Crawdads Kannapolis Intimidators ApL Burlington Royals CPL Asheboro Copperheads Edenton Steamers Fayetteville SwampDogs Forest City Owls Gastonia Grizzlies Morehead City Marlins High Point - Thomasville HiToms Wilmington Sharks Wilson Tobs TSL Outer Banks Daredevils Basketball NBA Charlotte Hornets G League Greensboro Swarm Football NFL Carolina Panthers NAL Carolina Cobras AAL Cape Fear Heroes Carolina Energy High Country Grizzlies Triangle Torch WFA Carolina Phoenix USWFL Carolina Queens Fayetteville Fierce Hockey NHL Carolina Hurricanes AHL Charlotte Checkers SPHL Fayetteville Marksmen FHL Carolina Thunderbirds Lacrosse MLL Charlotte Hounds Roller derby WFTDA Blue Ridge Rollergirls Cape Fear Roller Girls Carolina Rollergirls Charlotte Roller Girls Rogue Rollergirls Rugby SL Charlotte Rugby Club Soccer USL Charlotte Independence North Carolina FC NWSL North Carolina Courage PDL Carolina Dynamo Charlotte Eagles North Carolina FC U23 Tobacco Road FC Wilmington Hammerheads NPSL Asheville City SC Ultimate AUDL Raleigh Flyers College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) FBS Appalachian State Mountaineers Charlotte 49ers Duke Blue Devils East Carolina Pirates North Carolina Tar Heels NC State Wolfpack Wake Forest Demon Deacons FCS Campbell Camels Davidson Wildcats Elon Phoenix Gardner - Webb Bulldogs North Carolina A&T Aggies North Carolina Central Eagles Western Carolina Catamounts non-football Asheville Bulldogs Greensboro Spartans High Point Panthers Wilmington Seahawks <Td_colspan="3"> See also Sports in North Carolina List of sports venues in North Carolina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Carolina_Tar_Heels&oldid=825551648 '' Categories : North Carolina Tar Heels Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Galego Hrvatski Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 01 : 36 . 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when does edge of the empire take place
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Star Wars Roleplaying game ( Fantasy Flight games ) - wikipedia Star Wars Roleplaying game ( Fantasy Flight games ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Edge of the Empire '' redirects here . For the 2010 film , see Edge of the Empire ( film ) . For other types of Star Wars role - playing game , see Star Wars role - playing games . Star Wars <Th_colspan="2"> Roleplaying Game <Td_colspan="2"> Star Wars : Edge of the Empire ( core rulebook , June 2013 ) , the first of the three standalone games which constitute the FFG Star Wars roleplaying game . Designer ( s ) Dave Allen , Shawn Carman and Jay Little Publisher ( s ) Fantasy Flight Games Publication date August 2012 ( 1st Beta ) June 2013 ( 1st Edition of the 1st Rulebook ) Genre ( s ) Science fiction ( Space opera ) System ( s ) Custom The Star Wars Roleplaying Game is a tabletop role - playing game set in the Star Wars universe first published by Fantasy Flight Games in August 2012 . It consists of three different standalone games , each one conceived to play a particular type of character : Star Wars : Edge of the Empire ( for playing smugglers , bounty hunters , pirates etc . ) Star Wars : Age of Rebellion ( for playing rebel soldiers and freedom fighters against the evil Galactic Empire ) Star Wars : Force and Destiny ( for playing the last Jedi Knights under the Empire 's rule ) A fourth line , based in the era of the movie Star Wars : The Force Awakens , was released in September 2016 . It currently only consists of a Beginner Game with no announced plans to expand the line with any other products . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Release timeline 2 The setting 2.1 The Force Awakens Beginner Game 3 The system 3.1 Attributes and Skills 3.1. 1 Attributes 3.1. 2 Skills 3.2 Templates 3.3 The Custom Dice 4 Careers and Specializations 4.1 Edge of the Empire 4.2 Age of Rebellion 4.3 Force and Destiny 5 Official games and supplements for Star Wars Roleplaying Game 6 Official games and supplements for Star Wars : Edge of the Empire 7 Official games and supplements for Star Wars : Age of Rebellion 8 Official games and supplements for Star Wars : Force and Destiny 9 Official games and supplements for Star Wars : The Force Awakens 10 See also 11 References Development ( edit ) In the 2000s , Wizards of the Coast ( WotC ) owned the license for all Star Wars ' collectible card and roleplaying games . When the license expired in May of 2010 , WotC declined the offer to renew it . In August 2011 Fantasy Flight Games acquired the license to produce Star Wars related games from Lucasfilm Ltd . Upon acquisition , Fantasy Flight announced two Star Wars gaming products : the miniatures game X-Wing and the card game Star Wars : The Card Game . A role - playing game was rumored to be in the works until a year later , in August 2012 , when the Fantasy Flight announced the publication of Star Wars : Edge of the Empire . Edge of the Empire was to be the first standalone game in a series of three , constituting the Fantasy Flight Games Star Wars Roleplaying Game . The first installment of the `` trilogy '' was first sold in a beta version ( Star Wars : Edge of the Empire Beta ) in late 2012 . The completed version of Edge of the Empire , nearly double the size of the beta , was released on June 25 , 2013 . Age of Rebellion 's beta version was released in October 2013 , a beginner set released on April 25 , 2014 , and the final version of the game , the Age of Rebellion core rulebook , released on July 3 , 2014 . The third line of products , Star Wars : Force and Destiny , for playing Jedi characters , was released in beta in September 2014 . Fantasy Flight initially drew criticism for releasing a beta version , making people pay twice , and for the extra expense of the unusual custom dice ; but reviews after launch were enthusiastic about the dice , with Game Informer saying `` In practice , this system offers tremendous flexibility to allow the players to participate in the storytelling process , rather than just waiting for the GM to respond after a die roll . The players talk together about how to interpret a roll of the dice , and shape the results to make the most exciting story . It also speaks strongly to the cinematic nature of the Star Wars universe ; characters in the movies often succeed or fail along with potent side effects . '' and Penny Arcade saying `` This dice system is designed to facilitate awesome storytelling and it worked great ! '' Beta edition of Star Wars : Edge of the Empire ( August , 2012 ) . Release timeline ( edit ) In the following release timeline , supplements are not included , however the timeline includes dice sets and the principal rule - containing products from all four lines of standalone games , including beta versions , beginner games , and core rulebooks . August 2012 : Star Wars : Edge of the Empire Beta Version December 2012 : Star Wars : Edge of the Empire Beginner Game , a boxed set including the first mass - produced official dice of the game . January 2013 : The standalone official dice sets from the game are released . June 2013 : Star Wars : Edge of the Empire core rulebook September 2013 : Star Wars : Age of Rebellion Beta Version April 2014 : Star Wars : Age of Rebellion Beginner Game July 2014 : Star Wars : Age of Rebellion core rulebook July 2014 : The official dice sets from the game are re-released , this time with the label Star Wars Roleplaying Dice . September 2014 : Star Wars : Force and Destiny Beta Version June 2015 : Star Wars : Force and Destiny Beginner Game July 2015 : Star Wars : Force and Destiny core rulebook September 2016 : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Beginner Game July 2017 : Dawn of Rebellion , the first sourcebook designed for Edge of the Empire , Age of Rebellion , and Force and Destiny , is announced . The setting ( edit ) See also : Star Wars Expanded Universe All three installments of the Star Wars Roleplaying Game are set within the time period of the Star Wars original trilogy . Star Wars : Edge of the Empire is set shortly after the destruction of the first Death Star , and deals with characters on the fringes of galactic space . Age of Rebellion is set around the time of The Empire Strikes Back , and allows players to join the Rebellion . Like Edge of the Empire , Force and Destiny is set shortly after the destruction of the first Death Star and the death of Obi - Wan Kenobi , when the force sensitive and Jedi slowly start to re-emerge in hopes of rebuilding the Order of the Jedi . Characters are created by first specifying their species , then their initial profession ( a general Career with a narrow Specialization ) . Players can spend experience points increasing Skills or gaining Talents ( special Career - based abilities ) gained from their profession . As in some other career - based RPGs your current career and specialization indicates what you do and what skills you can learn easily . Characters can buy other Specializations after character creation and can use the Skills and Talents they grant without closing the character 's original Career Specialization . Having a Specialization from the same or a similar career narrows the character 's selection of available Career Skills and Talents , while taking a Specialization from a different career widens the field of Career Skills and Talents and rounds the character out more . The Force Awakens Beginner game ( edit ) The Force Awakens Beginner Game is based upon the era of the 2015 movie , Star Wars : The Force Awakens , with the adventure provided taking place just before the events of the movie . This places the adventure at roughly the same time as of the movie at thirty years after the events of Return of the Jedi . The system ( edit ) Attributes and skills ( edit ) Attributes ( edit ) The Attributes are Brawn ( Strength ) , Agility ( Dexterity ) , Intellect ( Intelligence ) , Cunning ( Wisdom ) , Willpower ( Mental Focus ) , and Presence ( Charisma ) . Attribute levels range from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 6 . Each character race has different base Attribute levels , though additional levels in each attribute can be gained during or after character creation , at the cost the value of the next level times 10 . For instance , a Human who wants to upgrade their Brawn from a base level of 2 to a level of 4 during character creation will pay 30 pts. ( 3 x 10 ) for level 3 , plus 40 pts. ( 4 x 10 ) for level 4 for a total cost of 70 points . Attributes can only be increased after character creation by buying the 25 - point Dedication talent on the character 's career specialization tree , which raises one Attribute by one level ( up to the Attribute maximum of 6 ) . Strain is a derived attribute based on a Racial minimum plus the character 's Will that determines how much physical , mental or emotional stress a character can take before collapsing . Wound Points are a derived attribute based on a Racial minimum plus the character 's Brawn that determines how much physical damage a character can take before passing out or slipping into a coma . Soak is the protection granted by the clothing or armor a character is wearing and / or the character 's natural toughness . Skills ( edit ) The game 's rules assume that all characters have all the listed skills at `` zero level '' if they do not have a level in it . ( A real - life equivalent would be how the average person vaguely knows how to give CPR even if they have never performed it before ; meanwhile , a person who took an annual CPR certification course would be qualified to do it correctly and an EMT would be an expert from performing it all the time ) . The character 's default skill level is equal to the skill 's governing Attribute score . `` Default '' skill rolls use one green 8 - sided Ability die per Attribute level . Purchasing a level in a skill makes the character an expert in it . Skill levels can be purchased for five points times the level for career skills , with the additional cost of five additional points for non-career skills . For instance , buying level one in athletics skill would cost no points if it was a selected career or specialty skill during character creation , 5 points ( 5 x 1 = 5 ) if it was a non-selected career skill during or after character creation , and 10 points ( 5 x 1 ( + 5 ) = 10 ) if it was a non-career skill . Buying level two would cost 10 points ( 5 x 2 = 10 ) for a selected or non-selected career skill and 15 points ( 5 x 2 ( + 5 ) = 15 ) for a non-career skill . Skills have a maximum level of five . Regular Skill rolls use a yellow 12 - sided proficiency die per Skill level in the place of a green ability die . It can also add an ability die if the skill level is higher than the character 's attribute level . For instance , a character with a level of four in computers skill and a level of 5 in Intellect would roll four Proficiency dice and one Ability die . However , a character with a level of five in computers skill and a level of 4 in intellect would still roll four Proficiency dice and 1 Ability die rather than five Proficiency dice . Templates ( edit ) The player begins character design by selecting a Racial Template . Each race has different racial attribute minimums and maximums . Some races also have a free level in a racial skill ( usually up to a maximum of Level 2 at creation ) or have a racial talent . As an example , humans have a racial template that has a score of 2 in all Attributes and can have any two different skills of the player 's choice at the start of play . Characters can also pay points to increase starting wealth ( a baseline of 500 credits ) or racial advantages . The player then picks a career , which grants career skills . Then they pick a specialization - which grants more career skills and a specialization tree ( which grants specialization - based talents ) . Characters can not buy a new career but may buy additional specializations . Example : The Engineer Career narrows down to the Mechanic , Saboteur , and Scientist Specializations . If a character wishes to buy another Specialization , it costs less for one under their Career than for one under another career . For instance , an Engineer - Mechanic who wants to add the Engineer 's Scientist Specialization would pay less than if they wanted to add the Technician 's Slicer or Ace 's Pilot Specialization . Career Skills grant the first level free during initial character creation ( but cost points later on if a newly purchased career specialization grants them ) . They also cost less than regular Skills when buying additional levels in them . The character 's career grants four Career Skills from the Career template skill list and their career specialization grants two more career Skills from the Specialization template skill list . For instance , an Engineer - Mechanic and Technician - Mechanic have the same specialization tree but have different specialization template career skills to choose from to depict their different character concepts . Talents are what gamers call `` crunchy bits '' : advantages with cool names ( like Gear Head or Hold Together , Baby ) that add flavor to a character and either grant bonuses , benefit allies , remove penalties during play , or penalize adversaries . They cost experience points to buy , and must be unlocked in the order they appear on a diagram called a `` Specialization Tree '' ( similar to those found in video games such as Star Wars : The Old Republic ) . The further down the diagram , the more expensive ( and powerful ) the Talents become . This means that sometimes a player has to buy Talents that they do not want or require in order to get to desired talents further down the same branch . However , it avoids having the character cherry - pick the more powerful talents and leaving the rest . The player can only buy a talent on the tree once ( but can buy it again if it appears elsewhere on the diagram ) ; when the tree is all filled out , the character can not buy any more talents from that specialization tree . Talents are split into two groups . `` Passive '' talents ( which have a blue code ) denote abilities that are considered always on and can be used for the entire duration of the session . `` Active '' talents ( which have a red code ) denote abilities that require a difficulty roll to turn on prior to use , and in some cases can only be used a limited number of times in a given session . Some talents have levels and can be purchased more than once . The talent 's levels stack , even if they are bought at different amounts of experience points . Example : If a character bought three levels of Grit ( a Talent that grants a bonus of plus one per level to the character 's Strain ) from one specialization tree at a total cost of 45 points and bought it at one level on another Specialization Tree at a cost of 10 points , it would stack as four levels of Grit ( granting a total of plus four to Strain ) . Disadvantages can be taken during character creation to offset point costs . Edge of the Empire has Obligations , something the character is forced or compelled to do . Age of Rebellion has Duties , something the character wants to do . The number of Player Characters in the group set the base disadvantage number , as the Game Master rolls at the beginning of play to see which character 's disadvantage will be used during the session . The character can pay off the disadvantage with experience points in gameplay . Force and Destiny has Morality , which governs how close to slipping over to the Dark Side the Force using character is . Unlike the other two games Morality is governed by a character 's actions during gameplay , with conflict being generated whenever they choose to perform a morally questionable action or choose to use the Dark Side of the Force in order to power their abilities . Morality can not be ' bought ' with XP , instead a player wanting to change their alignment must actually role play a more aggressive character to turn Dark , or perform acts of compassion to become a paragon of the Light . Motivation is the character 's guiding principle ( a Belief , Personal Connection , or Quest ) . If the player uses the character 's Motivation during gameplay , they get an experience point bonus . The custom dice ( edit ) As in Fantasy Flight Games ' edition of Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay , the system requires custom polyhedral dice , or dice modified with stickers to play ( the beta version came with stickers to convert ordinary dice of the right size to Star Wars dice ) . The custom dice enable the dice having results on two axes ; how successful the skill check was , and how lucky the attempt was with other factors -- normally only one success on the pass / fail axis is needed to succeed . There are both positive and negative types of dice , which can be added to a roll represent advantages or disadvantages in a skill check . White Die ( The Force Die ) ( 12 - sided white die with one or two black or white dots per facet ) are used to calculate the number of Force Tokens granted at the beginning of the scenario . The Player Characters ' party gets some of one color and the game master gets the tokens of the opposing color . White Tokens ( The Light Side ) are for the Good Guys and Black Tokens ( The Dark Side ) are for the Bad Guys ; the party 's affiliation determines which color they get . Every time a token is used by the party or the game master , it is flipped over to change its color and awards either a bonus die ( Green or Yellow ) for a character 's action , or a penalty die ( Purple or Red ) for the opposition . The tokens can also be used to change the situation ( `` I 'm drawing my pistol ... '' `` Did you remember to retrieve your pistol when you fell down that hillside last scene ? '' ) or cancel out or re-roll an unfavorable result like a fatal hit or pivotal skill - check failure . Green Dice ( Ability Die ) ( an 8 - sided green die with black markings ) are based on the character 's Attribute level . They only have success , advantage , and blank faces . Purple Dice ( Difficulty Die ) ( an 8 - sided purple die with white markings ) are based on the difficulty of the skill roll . They only have failure , threat , and blank faces . Yellow Dice ( Proficiency Die ) ( an 12 - sided yellow die with black markings ) indicate the character 's level in a skill . Each level in a skill substitutes a yellow die for a green die in a skill roll . The yellow dice are like the green ability dice , except they have a `` Triumph '' ( critical success ) result on one face . Red Dice ( Challenge Die ) ( a 12 - sided red die with white markings ) are used with an opposing skill level or extreme difficulty . Red dice are like the purple difficulty dice , except they have a `` Despair '' ( critical failure ) result on one face . Blue Dice ( Boost Die ) ( a 6 - sided light - blue die with black markings ) are used to aid a skill roll due to advantageous factors . They only have success , advantage , and blank faces . Player Characters with equal or greater skill can take an action to aid another Player Character who is using a skill to perform a task by granting them a blue die . Black Dice ( Setback Die ) ( a 6 - sided black die with white markings ) are used to penalize a skill roll due to disadvantageous factors . They only have failure , threat , and blank faces . The results on the dice are Success ( explosion symbol ) / Failure ( caltrop symbol ) , Advantage ( a pip in a wreath ) / Threat ( a pip on the central facet of a faceted sphere ) , or Critical Success ( `` Triumph '' , a starburst in a circle ) / Critical Failure ( `` Despair '' , a triangle in a circle ) . Blank faces confer no benefit or penalty . The result depends on subtracting the lower result from the higher result on an axis . A result of 5 Successes and 3 Failures is a Success of 2 . A result of 2 Advantages and 5 Threats is a Threat of 3 . However , Triumph and Despair do not cancel each other out and double as a Success or Failure result ; a result of no Triumphs and 1 Despair is 1 Critical Failure / + 1 normal Failure . These results mean that the character made the Skill roll with a bonus of 1 Success , but suffered 3 Threats and 1 Despair as well . The Game Master would interpret the result to indicate what problems and difficulties would happen next . For example , a Rebel commando bumps into a squad of Stormtroopers turning around a corner and he shoots his blaster at them . The player rolls the 1 Success , 3 Threats , and 1 Despair from the above example . His blaster shot hits ( 1 Success ) and does the blaster rifle 's base damage + 1 ( from the number of Successes ) . The Game Master interprets the negative results to mean that the commando suffers 1 point of Strain ( 1 Threat ) , suffers 1 Black Die on the next skill roll ( 2 Threats ) , and the power cell in his blaster ran out and needs to be reloaded ( 1 Despair ) . Careers and Specializations ( edit ) Edge of the Empire ( edit ) Bounty Hunter : Assassin , Gadgeteer , Survivalist , Martial Artist , Operator , Skip Tracer Colonist : Doctor , Politico , Scholar , Entrepreneur , Marshal , Performer Explorer : Fringer , Scout , Trader , Archaeologist , Big - Game Hunter , Driver Hired Gun : Bodyguard , Marauder , Mercenary Soldier , Demolitionist , Enforcer , Heavy Smuggler : Pilot , Scoundrel , Thief , Charmer , Gambler , Gunslinger Technician : Mechanic , Outlaw Tech , Slicer , Cyber Tech , Droid Tech , Modder Universal : Force Sensitive Exile Age of Rebellion ( edit ) Ace : Driver , Gunner , Pilot , Beast Rider , Hotshot , Rigger Commander : Commodore , Squadron Leader , Tactician , Figurehead , Instructor , Strategist Diplomat : Agitator , Ambassador , Quartermaster , Advocate , Analyst , Propagandist Engineer : Mechanic , Saboteur , Scientist , Droid Specialist , Sapper , Shipwright Soldier : Commando , Medic , Sharpshooter , Heavy , Trailblazer , Vanguard Spy : Infiltrator , Scout , Slicer , Interrogator , Sleeper Agent Universal : Force Sensitive Emergent , Recruit Force and Destiny ( edit ) Consular : Healer , Niman Disciple , Sage , Arbiter , Ascetic , Teacher Guardian : Peacekeeper , Protector , Soresu Defender , Armorer , Warden , Warleader Mystic : Advisor , Makashi Duelist , Seer , Alchemist , Magus , Prophet Seeker : Ataru Striker , Hunter , Pathfinder , Executioner , Hermit , Navigator Sentinel : Artisan , Shadow , Shien Expert , Investigator , Racer , Sentry Warrior : Aggressor , Shii - Cho Knight , Starfighter Ace Official games and supplements for Star Wars Roleplaying Game ( edit ) Accessories Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Characters - Critical Injury Deck Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Ships and Vehicles - Critical Hit Deck Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Citizens of the Galaxy Adversary Deck Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Imperials and Rebels Adversary Deck Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Scum and Villainy Adversary Deck Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Creatures of the Galaxy Adversary Deck Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Imperials and Rebels II Adversary Deck Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Hunters and Force Users Adversary Deck Sourcebooks Dawn of Rebellion ( Era Sourcebook ) Official games and supplements for Star Wars : Edge of the Empire ( edit ) Rulebooks / basic sets Star Wars : Edge of the Empire - Beta Star Wars : Edge of the Empire - Beginner Game Star Wars : Edge of the Empire - Core Rulebook Accessories Edge of the Empire Game Master 's Kit ( includes the gamemaster 's screen ) Adventures Beyond the Rim The Jewel of Yavin Mask of the Pirate Queen Rules Supplements Enter the Unknown ( Explorer Career Book ) Dangerous Covenants ( Hired Gun Career Book ) Far Horizons ( Colonist Career Book ) Fly Casual ( Smuggler Career Book ) Special Modifications ( Technician Career Book ) No Disintegrations ( Bounty Hunter Career Book ) Sourcebooks Suns of Fortune ( Corellian Sector Source Book ) Lords of Nal Hutta ( Hutt Space Source Book ) Official games and supplements for Star Wars : Age of Rebellion ( edit ) Rulebooks / basic sets Star Wars : Age of Rebellion - Beta Star Wars : Age of Rebellion - Beginner Game Star Wars : Age of Rebellion - Core Rulebook Accessories Age of Rebellion Game Master 's Kit ( includes the gamemaster 's screen ) Adventures Onslaught at Arda I Rescue at Glare Peak ( Rebellion Day Supplemental Adventure ) Friends Like These Rules Supplements Stay on Target ( Ace Career Book ) Desperate Allies ( Diplomat Career Book ) Lead by Example ( Commander Career Book ) Forged in Battle ( Soldier Career Book ) Fully Operational ( Engineer Career Book ) Cyphers and Masks ( Spy Career Book ) Sourcebooks Strongholds of Resistance ( Alliance Worlds Source Book ) Official games and supplements for Star Wars : Force and Destiny ( edit ) Rulebooks / basic sets Star Wars : Force and Destiny - Beta Star Wars : Force and Destiny - Beginner Game Star Wars : Force and Destiny - Core Rulebook Accessories Force and Destiny Game Master 's Kit ( includes the gamemaster 's screen ) Adventures Chronicles of the Gatekeeper Ghosts of Dathomir Rules Supplements and Sourcebooks Keeping the Peace ( Guardian Career Book ) Savage Spirits ( Seeker Career Book ) Endless Vigil ( Sentinel Career Book ) Disciples of Harmony ( Consular Career Book ) Unlimited Power ( Mystic Career Book ) Sourcebooks Nexus of Power ( Worlds Strong in the Force Source Book ) Official games and supplements for Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( edit ) Rulebooks / basic sets Star Wars : The Force Awakens - Beginner Game See also ( edit ) Star Wars : The Roleplaying Game ( West End Games ) Star Wars Roleplaying Game ( Wizards of the Coast ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official page for The Force Awakens Beginner Game Jump up ^ `` Wizards of the Coast Drops Star Wars License '' . The Haunted Game Cafe . The Haunted Game Cafe LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ News section in the Fantasy Flight Games official website : August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jay Little ( 2012 ) . Star Wars : Edge of the Empire ( Beta ) . Fantasy Flight Games . p. 224 . ISBN 1 - 61661 - 581 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jay Little ( June 25 , 2013 ) . Star Wars : Edge of the Empire . Fantasy Flight Games . p. 448 . ISBN 9781616616571 . Jump up ^ Fantasy Flight Games news ( April 25 , 2014 ) , `` Begin Your Service in the Rebel Alliance : The Star Wars : Age of Rebellion Beginner Game is Now Available '' Jump up ^ Fantasy Flight Games news ( July 3 , 2014 ) , `` Enter the Age of Rebellion : The Core Rulebook , Game Master 's Kit , and Roleplaying Dice Are Now Available '' Jump up ^ Top of the Table : Star Wars Edge of the Empire review - Game Informer , July 2013 Jump up ^ Star Wars Edge of the Empire review - Penny Arcade , December 2012 Jump up ^ Note : Humanoids ( Human - appearing races ) like the Corellians and Chiss are not Humans in the Star Wars universe and they use different Racial Templates in the game . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Edge of the Empire Beta as presented in the Fantasy Flight Games official website . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars_Roleplaying_Game_(Fantasy_Flight_Games)&oldid=803496238 '' Categories : Fantasy Flight Games games Star Wars role - playing games Role - playing games introduced in 2013 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 21 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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hot wheels battle force 5 season 3 full episodes
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List of Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 episodes - wikipedia List of Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 episodes This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of episodes for Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 , an animated series . The series premiered on August 29 , 2009 in North America . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Series episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.2 Season 2 : Fused ( 2011 -- 13 ) 3 Full Revolution 4 References Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 August 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 29 ) May 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) September 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 18 ) July 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 16 ) Series episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Original air date ( Teletoon ) Prod . code `` Starting Line '' Johnny Darrell , George Samilski Sean Jara August 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 29 ) September 13 , 2009 101 <Td_colspan="8"> While driving in the Salt Flats , Vert Wheeler is drawn by a freak storm into an inter-dimensional Battle Zone . When he saves an blue senitent named Sage , his car is now a high tech weapon and he and his team become defenders of planet Earth . `` Gearing Up '' Johnny Darrell , Rav Grewal Steve Sullivan August 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 29 ) September 13 , 2009 102 <Td_colspan="8"> With the Battle Force 5 together for the first time , Vert needs to learn leadership when they set out to retrieve a Mobi to keep Sage alive . In order to survive and overcome impossible odds , they must learn how to use their new vehicles ! `` Common Cold War '' Johnny Darrell , Daniel Ife Dan Pilditch , Steve Sullivan September 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 05 ) September 27 , 2009 103 <Td_colspan="8"> Irritated by the team 's eccentricities -- especially Spinner 's germaphobia -- Agura struggles to keep her frustration in check . To make matters worse , Zemerik , the evil leader of The Sark , uses a technology called `` Phase Metal '' to seize control of the Tangler , and uses it against the team ! `` Basic Training '' Johnny Darrell , George Samilski Terry Saltsman , Sean Jara September 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 12 ) October 4 , 2009 104 <Td_colspan="8"> After an accident happens to Vert in a Battle Zone , he decides that they need to train in a previously secured Zone . However , they discover that a Sark factory has been built , complete with an army of Zurk ! 5 5 `` Missing in Action '' Johnny Darrell , Clint Butler Richard Clark September 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 19 ) October 11 , 2009 105 <Td_colspan="8"> Feeling underappreciated by his teammates , Zoom acts brashly and is captured by the Vandals . The Battle Force 5 realize how capable he is when they go to rescue him and find the Vandals have underestimated the team 's scout as well ! 6 6 `` Junkyard Dogged '' Johnny Darrell , Clint Butler Jeremy Winkels September 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 26 ) October 18 , 2009 106 <Td_colspan="8"> Lurking inside a giant Junk zone , a Battle Key is guarded by a mechanized Junkyard Dog . Spinner and Sherman are forced to join Kalus in order to survive ! In doing so , the brothers learn to appreciate each other 's skills . 7 7 `` Behind Enemy Lines '' Johnny Darrell , Sebastian Brodin , George Samilski Richard Clark October 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 03 ) October 25 , 2009 107 <Td_colspan="8"> Vert is stranded on the Vandal planet and must survive being hunted by Kalus . Will the Battle Force 5 be able to save Vert in time ? 8 8 `` My Man , Zug '' Johnny Darrell , Blair Simmons Andy Guerdat October 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 10 ) November 1 , 2009 108 <Td_colspan="8"> Zemerik infiltrates the Battle Force 5 by reprogramming Zug to be Stanford 's servant in order for Zug to steal the Battle Force 5 's Battle Keys . 9 9 `` Frenemy '' Johnny Darrell , Steve Sacks Dan Pilditch November 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 07 ) November 8 , 2009 109 <Td_colspan="8"> Stanford discovers that he 's the descendant of a famed Multiverse explorer . This inspires him to challenge Battle Force 5 's leadership structure and make a pact with the Vandals ... but can they be trusted ? 10 10 `` Man Down '' Johnny Darrell , Rav Grewal Dave Dias November 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 14 ) November 15 , 2009 110 <Td_colspan="8"> When Zoom falls victim to Hatch 's life - threatening neurotoxin , Battle Force 5 must race to Planet Vandal and retrieve the rare spotted pufferplant for the antidote . But the clock is ticking ! Can Zoom hold on long enough ? ! 11 11 `` Artificial Intelligence '' Johnny Darrell , Daniel Ife , George Samilski Grant Suave November 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 21 ) November 22 , 2009 111 <Td_colspan="8"> When information from a Sentient Data Log is accidentally downloaded into Zeke 's brain , He leads Battle Force 5 into a secret Zone to find clues that may lead them to Sentient survivors . What Sentient information will be uncovered ? Will the Sark get the information before the team can ? ! 12 12 `` Double Down '' Johnny Darrell , Blair Simmons Andrew Nicholls , Darrell Vickers December 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 26 ) November 29 , 2009 112 <Td_colspan="8"> During a solar flare , something goes awry in the Multiverse and Battle Force 5 find themselves face - to - face with their evil doppolgangers ! This anti-Battle Force 5 team is so nasty that our heroes must join together with an unlikely ally if they want to keep them away from Earth ! 13 13 `` The Chosen One '' Johnny Darrell , George Samilski Doug Hadders , Adam Rotstein January 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) December 6 , 2009 113 <Td_colspan="8"> One of Zoom 's old friends , Zen , from the Order of the Flying Fists comes to see him and reveals to the others that Zoom was the `` Chosen One '' , the one responsible to protect the Blue Flame , but he had abandoned the Order . 14 14 `` StormShocker ! '' Johnny Darrell , Rav Grewal Sean Jara January 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 30 ) January 10 , 2010 114 <Td_colspan="8"> Battle Force 5 must defend Zeke 's Diner and ... Stanford 's brother ! ? ... from the Sark when a part of Handler 's Corners gets teleported into a Battle Zone . 15 15 `` Cage Match '' Johnny Darrell , Steve Sacks Matt Sheppo February 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) January 17 , 2010 115 <Td_colspan="8"> Vert and Zoom must compete in a `` Cage of Doom '' against the Vandals while trying to outwit a Battle Zone with its own agenda . Note : In this episode Vert takes control over the Chopper. A Sentient chip turns it yellow to red 16 16 `` Glitchin ' '' Johnny Darrell , Blair Simmons Grant Sauve February 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 13 ) January 24 , 2010 116 <Td_colspan="8"> Zemerik captures Spinner and makes him play a driving simulation in order to study his brain so that he can upgrade the Zurk hive - mind ! Meanwhile , Agura has a bad case of hiccups ! 17 17 `` Cold As Ice '' Johnny Darrell , Rav Grewal Doug Molitor February 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 20 ) February 21 , 2010 117 <Td_colspan="8"> After finding themselves in an Ice Battle Zone , they discover that the cold enables the Sark 's computerized brains to work faster than ever ! As a result , Agura and Stanford must put aside their rivalry to battle the hyper - accelerated Sark , a Sark Tangler , and a Yeti ! 18 18 `` Mag Wheels '' Johnny Darrell , Steve Sacks Andy Guerdat March 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 06 ) February 28 , 2010 118 <Td_colspan="8"> The team enters a Battle Zone that will give the Battle Key , but only if the Battle Force 5 can win it in a game of Battle Key Soccer . Things go really awry when the key , being reverse magnetic , ends up on planet Sark ! 19 19 `` Time Out '' Johnny Darrell , George Samilski Shawn Kalb March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) March 7 , 2010 119 <Td_colspan="8"> Hatch uses a time - stopping device he built that will leave the portal open for a Vandal invasion and freeze time in Handler 's Corners . 20 20 `` Artifact Attack '' Johnny Darrell , Blair Simmons Al Schwartz April 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 02 ) April 4 , 2010 120 <Td_colspan="8"> Sherman and Spinner 's new hobby turns dangerous when their artifact collection comes to life ! 21 21 `` Swarmed '' Johnny Darrell , Daniel Ife Cole Bastedo , Matt Huether April 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) April 11 , 2010 121 <Td_colspan="8"> Vert is trapped inside a giant nest of mechanical wasps , and Stanford must lead Battle Force 5 to keep the Vandals from reaching Earth while figuring a way to get Vert out before it 's too late ... 22 22 `` Gladiators '' Johnny Darrell , Logan McPherson Robin Stein April 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) April 18 , 2010 122 <Td_colspan="8"> The Battle Force 5 and the Vandals are forced to fight against each other in a Battle Zone run by a deranged Red Sark named Tors - 10 . 23 23 `` Spinning Out '' Johnny Darrell , Clint Butler Cole Bastedo , Matt Huether April 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) May 23 , 2010 123 <Td_colspan="8"> Stanford gets a hard lesson about self - reliance as the Battle Force 5 must stabilize the Cycloid Zone to prevent the Multiverse from collapsing . However , a swarm of energy leeches prove to be a considerable obstacle , as they can drain energy from their vehicles and equipment . 24 24 `` Mobi 3.0 . '' Johnny Darrell , George Samilski Andrew Nicholls , Darrell Vickers April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) May 30 , 2010 124 <Td_colspan="8"> When Sage needs to be updated , she is taken to a Battle Zone in the Mobi . But while downloading new files , the team encounters Zemerik , who is trying to take control of both Sage and the Mobi . 25 25 `` Axis of Evil Part 1 '' Johnny Darrell , Daniel Ife Steve Sullivan May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) June 6 , 2010 125 <Td_colspan="8"> With Sage running on reserve power , the Battle Force 5 must find a way to recharge her . The Vandals and Sark form an alliance and get to Earth . After Sage is recharged , she decides that the team must destroy the Battle Keys , rather than let the enemy have them . They instead bind together and form a portal that leads them to the Blue Sentient planet . 26 26 `` Axis of Evil Part 2 '' Johnny Darrell , Logan McPherson Sean Jara May 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) June 6 , 2010 126 <Td_colspan="8"> Picking up from last episode , the Battle Force 5 fight the Vandals and the Sark for Sage . Zemerik forms an alliance with Battle Force 5 , in hopes of getting home . Sage 's memory is restored , but her evil Red Sentient twin brother , Krytus , is released from the Krypt Zone by his Diad minion Praxion . Zemirik and Vert save each other from Krytus , but Zemirik sacrifices himself to save Battle Force 5 . Zemirik and Zug were not destroyed by Krytus , but are being held as prisoners . Season 2 : fused ( 2011 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Original air date ( Teletoon ) Prod . code 27 `` Ascent of the Red Sentients Part 1 '' Johnny Darrell , Logan McPherson Sean Jara September 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 18 ) January 9 , 2011 201 <Td_colspan="8"> Picking up from the first season finale , Krytus begins the search for his teammates . 28 `` Ascent of the Red Sentients Part 2 '' Johnny Darrell , George Samilski Steve Sullivan September 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 25 ) January 16 , 2011 202 <Td_colspan="8"> Krytus frees the rest of his Red Sentient team and the Battle Force 5 must master the fusion process in order to defeat the Red Sentient 5 . 29 `` Battleship 5 '' Johnny Darrell , Clint Butler Steve Sullivan October 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 02 ) January 23 , 2011 203 <Td_colspan="8"> The Battle Force 5 search a Mobi wreck for important Sentient Data Logs . The problem is that the wreck is at the bottom of the Vandal ocean . 30 `` Uprising '' Johnny Darrell , Daniel Ife Al Schwartz October 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 09 ) January 30 , 2011 204 <Td_colspan="8"> A new Vandal shows up and challenges Kalus for the title of Vandal Warlord : Grimian ! 31 5 `` The Power of Resistance '' Johnny Darrell , Clint Butler Steve Sullivan October 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 16 ) February 6 , 2011 205 <Td_colspan="8"> Battle Force 5 learn from Zemerik that there is a rebellion against the Red Sentients on one of the Red Sentient moons . 32 6 `` The Crimson One '' Johnny Darrell , Daniel Ife Story by : Sean Jara Teleplay by : Daniel Williams & Lienne Sawatsky October 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 23 ) February 13 , 2011 206 <Td_colspan="8"> The team have to search for and destroy the Double - Helix Crystals before Krytus uses them to unfreeze the entire red Sentient civilization ! Spinner must overcome his insecurity whenever he fails to help his brother , Sherman , and Vert learns that he plays an important role in a Blue and Red Sentient legend called the `` Crimson One '' . 33 7 `` Spawn Hunters '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Logan McPherson Shawn Kalb November 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 20 ) February 20 , 2011 207 <Td_colspan="8"> The Red Sentient 5 decide to hunt down the Blue Sentients ' Re-Spawn Chambers , and capture Sage 's essence . krylox must overcome his arrogance as Kryus deals with Kyburi 's , superstition . 34 8 `` Found ! ... And Lost '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Clint Butler , George Samilski Al Schwartz November 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 27 ) February 27 , 2011 208 <Td_colspan="8"> When the team escapes into a desolate zone , they discover a Diad named Kyrie collecting Blue Sentient shells . But when Kyrie is captured by a pursuing Kyburi , they must rescue him from the Red Sentient homeworld before the Reds learn of his mission . 35 9 `` Deep Freeze '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Michael Dowding Story by : Sean Jara Teleplay by : Lienne Sawatsky & Daniel Williams December 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) March 6 , 2011 209 <Td_colspan="8"> The team must locate a terraforming device which could restore Blue Sentient civilization , and the Ice Zone it 's in prompts Vert to bring in a new recruit and best friend . 36 10 `` Lord of the Kharamanos '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Daniel Ife Hugh Duffy December 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 11 ) March 13 , 2011 210 <Td_colspan="8"> The Battle Force 5 search for a way into the Red Sentient Homeworld , only to end up on the Vandal homeworld . Tezz learns compassion and to be more of a team player , as he and Vert discover the Vandals ' most important secret : their vehicles are being built by an enslaved race of super-engineers . 37 11 `` Fusion Confusion '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Logan McPherson Al Schwartz January 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 29 ) March 20 , 2011 211 <Td_colspan="8"> When a freak accident causes Sherman and Grimian to switch minds , the Battle Force 5 must rescue Sherman from the Vandal home world and switch them back before Grimian relays Earth 's coordinates to Krytus . 38 12 `` Mouth of the Dragon '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Clint Butler Scott Albert February 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 05 ) March 25 , 2011 212 <Td_colspan="8"> Battle Force 5 must enlist the aid of the Order of the Flying Fists to drive the Red Sentients away from Earth . Zoom 's former master is more than what he seems . 39 13 `` Full Throttle '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Michael Dowding Adam Higgs February 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 12 ) April 1 , 2011 213 <Td_colspan="8"> To prevent Krytus from locating Sage , Battle Force 5 enlist the aid of pro racer and 2005 Indianapolis 500 winner Dan Wheldon in order to destroy the scanner that 's being used to search the Multiverse . 40 14 `` Stone Cold Warrior '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Daniel Ife Steve Sullivan February 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 19 ) August 13 , 2013 214 <Td_colspan="8"> Battle Force 5 meet Rawkus , a huge dude responsible for maintaining the balance of the Multiverse . Can Zoom gain his trust when the Red Sentients steal his Power Core Stone ? 41 15 `` The Shadow Zone '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Logan McPherson Ken Cuperus February 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 26 ) August 13 , 2013 215 <Td_colspan="8"> Rawkus brings Vert and Zoom to the Shadow Zone to find the lost minds of the Blue Sentients . The key , however , lies within Sage . 42 16 `` Hunt for the Magmatrox '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Clint Butler Shawn Kalb March 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 05 ) August 13 , 2013 216 <Td_colspan="8"> The Battle Force 5 must find and rescue the legendary and nearly extinct Magmatrox before the Red Sentients hunt it for its horn ! 43 17 `` Sol Survivor '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Michael Dowding Amy Benham April 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 16 ) August 13 , 2013 217 <Td_colspan="8"> The Battle Force 5 race against time to save a Blue senitent and Kytren 's Blue Sentient twin , Sol . 44 18 `` The Blue Tide '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Daniel Ife Lienne Sawatsky Daniel Williams April 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 23 ) August 13 , 2013 218 <Td_colspan="8"> Under the pretense of stopping Krytus from destroying the Blue Sark , the Battle Force 5 ally with Zemerik on a mission to an ancient Sark Factory . However , Zemerik has other plans for the factory . Meanwhile , a lightning strike permanently fuses the Buster and Tangler . 45 19 `` Legacy '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Logan McPherson , Blair Simmons Andrew Nicholls Darrell Vickers April 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 30 ) August 13 , 2013 219 <Td_colspan="8"> Vert is reunited with his long - lost father . After catching up on their relationship , he leads the Battle Force 5 to a Red Sentient Mobi constructed by Tors - 10 in the Colosseum Zone . 46 20 `` Shadow Runners '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Barry Karnowski , Clint Butler Story by : Sean Jara Teleplay by : Josh Gal May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) August 14 , 2013 220 <Td_colspan="8"> Vert gets trapped in the Shadow Zone with Krytus and are forced to work together to get out ! If not , Krytus ' Antimatter will mix with the Shadow matter in the Shadow Zone and the entire Multiverse will be destroyed . 47 21 `` Blast from the Past '' Johnny Darrell , Andrew Duncan , Michael Dowding Hugh Duffy May 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 14 ) August 14 , 2013 221 <Td_colspan="8"> The Battle Force 5 are transported 1,000,000 years back to the Sentients 's distant past ! Not only must they battle their way back home in an ancient gladiatorial game , but they must make certain history unfolds the way it was originally supposed to . 48 22 `` Grimian 's Secret '' Andrew Duncan , Daniel Ife Al Schwartz June 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 18 ) August 14 , 2013 222 <Td_colspan="8"> The Battle Force 5 learn of Grimian 's alliance with Krytus . Meanwhile , Tezz 's scientific curiosity gets him captured by the Vandals . 49 23 `` Better Off Red '' Andrew Duncan , Blair Simmons Story by : Ken Cuperus Teleplay by : Andrew Nicholls & Darrell Vickers June 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 25 ) August 14 , 2013 223 <Td_colspan="8"> Vert must work with Krytus to prevent Sage from creating a doomsday device that will end the Multiverse ! But is this really the truth ? The secret to the Red Sentients ' Re-Spawn technology is revealed . 50 24 `` Get Zemerik '' Andrew Duncan , Barry Karnowski Grant Sauvé July 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 02 ) August 14 , 2013 224 <Td_colspan="8"> Pursued by the Red Sentients , Zemerik and Zug flee to the Torborian Badlands . The Battle Force 5 need to collect Zemerik 's command codes which Sage can use to create a super virus that will mean the end of the Sark . However , the Red Sentients are not the only ones the BF5 must deal with , as they encounter the inhabitants of the badlands . 51 25 `` Rumble in the Jungle '' Andrew Duncan , Michael Dowding Ken Cuperus July 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 09 ) August 14 , 2013 225 <Td_colspan="8"> When the Vandals attack the Kharamanos homeworld , the Battle Force 5 must stop them once and for all as Kalus and Grimian fight for control of the Vandals ! 52 26 `` Unite and Strike ! '' Andrew Duncan , Daniel Ife Sean Jara July 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 16 ) August 15 , 2013 226 <Td_colspan="8"> The war with the Red Sentients comes to its climax , as Krytus unfreezes the Red Sentient population by releasing a beta decay wave from a destroyed Battle Zone . At the same time , the Blue Sentient shells are rediscovered as the BF5 attempt to revive the Blue Sentient race . Full Revolution ( edit ) In the movie the `` Ancient Ones '' are revealed to be a race of stone beings similar to Rawkus who are called `` The Karmordials '' who ( possibly after the alliance between the blues and reds ) were banished to the `` Primordiverse '' ( which is a huge sun surrounded by a rocky shell with a stone planet orbiting it ) . Battle Force 5 along with the last of the Penta Warriors , a race of Blue and Red Sentient hybrids , must fight the Karmordials before they conquer the Multiverse , with only a clue from Vert 's father to help them . The movie was only released in Spain and Latin America and is known as `` Total Revolution . '' The two Red Sentient members of the Council of 5 changed their forms . The `` Penta Warriors '' ( a combination of the best traits between Red and Blue Sentients combined ) are revealed . Vert 's dad finally returns to Earth . It is revealed that the Red Sentient 5 shared the same fate as Krytus . Zorax is killed by Zemerik . Zemerik is no longer effected by the Alpha Code . Zemerik and Zug are still alive . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Television Program Logs '' . Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission . 2016 - 03 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 16 . <Th_colspan="2"> Hot Wheels Television series Hot Wheels Heroes on Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 characters episodes Films World Race AcceleRacers Team Hot Wheels Video games Hot Wheels Stunt Track Driver Turbo Racing Crash ! Micro Racers Planet Hot Wheels Extreme Racing Burnin ' Rubber Velocity X World Race Stunt Track Challenge Ultimate Racing Beat That ! Battle Force 5 Track Attack Hot Wheels World 's Best Driver Forza Horizon 3 : Hot Wheels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hot_Wheels_Battle_Force_5_episodes&oldid=846590975 '' Categories : Hot Wheels Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Lists of Canadian children 's animated television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 18 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 episodes
2. Animated series
3. Season overview and episodes
4. Battle Zone and inter-dimensional adventures
5. Red Sentients and Vandals
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how did joe batts arm get its name
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Joe Batt 's Arm , Fogo Island - Wikipedia Joe Batt 's Arm , Fogo Island Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Joe Batt 's Arm <Td_colspan="2"> Community <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 49 ° 43 ′ 21 '' N 54 ° 08 ′ 57 '' W / 49.72250 ° N 54.14917 ° W / 49.72250 ; - 54.14917 Country Canada Province Newfoundland and Labrador <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2006 ) Total 778 Time zone Newfoundland Time ( UTC - 3 : 30 ) Summer ( DST ) Newfoundland Daylight ( UTC - 2 : 30 ) Area code ( s ) 709 Post office in Joe Batts Arm , Fogo Island , NL , Canada Joe Batt 's Arm is a community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador , located on Fogo Island . It was previously incorporated as a town prior to becoming part of the Town of Fogo Island through an amalgamation in 2011 . The former town had a population of 778 in the Canada 2006 Census . This makes it the largest community on the island . See also ( edit ) List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador External links ( edit ) Folklore and Oral History collection from Joe Batt 's Arm Town of Fogo Island References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries , Status , and Names From January 2 , 2011 to January 1 , 2012 ( Table 1 - Changes to census subdivisions in alphabetical order by province and territory ) '' ( XLSX ) . Statistics Canada . November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Coordinates : 49 ° 43 ′ 21 '' N 54 ° 08 ′ 57 '' W / 49.72250 ° N 54.14917 ° W / 49.72250 ; - 54.14917 This Newfoundland and Labrador location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Batt%27s_Arm,_Fogo_Island&oldid=793741850 '' Categories : Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador Populated coastal places in Canada Populated places in Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador geography stubs Talk About Wikipedia Cebuano Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 17 : 16 . About Wikipedia
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1. Joe Batt's Arm, Fogo Island
2. Community in Newfoundland and Labrador
3. Population and location
4. Former town and amalgamation
5. Largest community on Fogo Island
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4,570,015,892,380,181,500 |
who is the oldest serving president in the world
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List of the oldest living state leaders - wikipedia List of the oldest living state leaders Jump to : navigation , search This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists the 100 longest - lived current or former heads of state or heads of government of sovereign states ( often a president , prime minister , or monarch ) whose age can be proven beyond reasonable doubt . Leaders are not included if no reliable secondary sources have confirmed that the leader is alive within the last ten years . Leaders currently in office are in bold italics , with President of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe being the oldest currently serving head of state and government . Đỗ Mười , Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam ( 1988 -- 1991 ) , General Secretary of the Vietnam Communist Party ( 1991 -- 1997 ) , the oldest living state leader Babiker Awadalla , Prime Minister of Sudan ( 1969 ) , the second - oldest living state leader Yasuhiro Nakasone , Prime Minister of Japan ( 1982 -- 1987 ) , the third - oldest living state leader Hau Pei - tsun , President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan ( the Republic of China ) ( 1990 -- 1993 ) , the sixth - oldest living state leader Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , Prime Minister of Peru ( 2000 -- 2001 ) , the seventh - oldest living state leader Prem Tinsulanonda , Prime Minister of Thailand ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , Regent of Thailand ( 2016 ) , the eighth - oldest living state leader Robert Mugabe , Prime Minister of Zimbabwe ( 1980 -- 1987 ) , President of Zimbabwe ( 1987 -- present ) , the twenty - second - oldest living state leader and currently the oldest active head of state and government # Name State Position Birth Age Living as of Đỗ Mười Vietnam Chairman of the Council of Ministers ( 1988 -- 1991 ) General Secretary of the Communist Party ( 1991 -- 1997 ) 2 February 1917 7004368040000000000 ♠ 100 years , 279 days 2017 - 03 - 29 Babiker Awadalla Sudan Prime Minister ( 1969 ) 2 March 1917 7004367760000000000 ♠ 100 years , 251 days 2017 - 06 - 04 Yasuhiro Nakasone Japan Prime Minister ( 1982 -- 1987 ) 27 May 1918 7004363250000000000 ♠ 99 years , 165 days 2017 - 06 - 17 Hyun Soong - jong South Korea Prime Minister ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 26 January 1919 7004360810000000000 ♠ 98 years , 286 days 2016 - 03 - 13 Mohammed Karim Lamrani Morocco Prime Minister ( 1971 -- 1972 ; 1983 -- 1986 ; 1992 -- 1994 ) 1 May 1919 7004359860000000000 ♠ 98 years , 191 days 2017 - 01 - 17 6 Hau Pei - tsun Taiwan President of the Executive Yuan ( 1990 -- 1993 ) 13 July 1919 7004359130000000000 ♠ 98 years , 118 days 2017 - 10 - 10 7 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru Prime Minister ( 2000 -- 2001 ) 19 January 1920 7004357230000000000 ♠ 97 years , 293 days 2017 - 01 - 19 8 Prem Tinsulanonda Thailand Prime Minister ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Regent ( 2016 ) 26 August 1920 7004355030000000000 ♠ 97 years , 74 days 2017 - 08 - 26 9 Tun Tin Burma Prime Minister ( 1988 ) 2 October 1920 7004354660000000000 ♠ 97 years , 37 days 2010 - 01 - 24 10 Lê Đức Anh Vietnam President ( 1992 -- 1997 ) 1 December 1920 7004354060000000000 ♠ 96 years , 342 days 2017 - 07 - 25 11 Jean Luxembourg Grand Duke ( 1964 -- 2000 ) 5 January 1921 7004353710000000000 ♠ 96 years , 307 days 2017 - 01 - 05 12 Mustafa Ben Halim Libya Prime Minister ( 1954 -- 1957 ) 29 January 1921 7004353470000000000 ♠ 96 years , 283 days 2013 - 06 - 10 13 Abdelmalek Benhabyles Algeria Chair of the Constitutional Council ( 1992 ) 27 April 1921 7004352590000000000 ♠ 96 years , 195 days 2014 - 06 - 11 14 Francisco Morales - Bermúdez Peru Prime Minister ( 1975 ) President ( 1975 -- 1980 ) 4 October 1921 7004350990000000000 ♠ 96 years , 35 days 2017 - 02 - 17 15 Michael I Romania King ( 1927 -- 1930 ; 1940 -- 1947 ) 25 October 1921 7004350780000000000 ♠ 96 years , 14 days 2017 - 10 - 25 16 Luis Echeverría Mexico President ( 1970 -- 1976 ) 17 January 1922 7004349940000000000 ♠ 95 years , 295 days 2017 - 07 - 16 17 Miloš Jakeš Czechoslovakia General Secretary of the Communist Party ( 1987 -- 1989 ) 12 August 1922 7004347870000000000 ♠ 95 years , 88 days 2017 - 08 - 12 18 Lee Teng - hui Taiwan President ( 1988 -- 2000 ) 15 January 1923 7004346310000000000 ♠ 94 years , 297 days 2017 - 10 - 04 19 Belisario Betancur Colombia President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) 4 February 1923 7004346110000000000 ♠ 94 years , 277 days 2017 - 06 - 29 20 Rezső Nyers Hungary Chairman of the Presidency of the Socialist Workers ' Party ( 1989 ) 21 March 1923 7004345660000000000 ♠ 94 years , 232 days 2016 - 03 - 17 21 Khamtai Siphandon Laos Prime Minister ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Chairman of the People 's Revolutionary Party ( 1992 -- 2006 ) President ( 1998 -- 2006 ) 8 February 1924 7004342420000000000 ♠ 93 years , 273 days 2017 - 04 - 27 22 Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe Prime Minister ( 1980 -- 1987 ) President ( 1987 -- present ) 21 February 1924 7004342290000000000 ♠ 93 years , 260 days 2017 - 10 - 22 23 Tomiichi Murayama Japan Prime Minister ( 1994 -- 1996 ) 3 March 1924 7004342180000000000 ♠ 93 years , 250 days 2017 - 04 - 17 24 Abderrahmane Youssoufi Morocco Prime Minister ( 1998 -- 2002 ) 8 March 1924 7004342130000000000 ♠ 93 years , 245 days 2017 - 01 - 11 25 Kenneth Kaunda Zambia President ( 1964 -- 1991 ) 28 April 1924 7004341620000000000 ♠ 93 years , 194 days 2017 - 07 - 23 26 Dawda Jawara The Gambia Prime Minister ( 1962 -- 1970 ) President ( 1970 -- 1994 ) 16 May 1924 7004341440000000000 ♠ 93 years , 176 days 2017 - 05 - 16 27 George H.W. Bush United States President ( 1989 -- 1993 ) 12 June 1924 7004341170000000000 ♠ 93 years , 149 days 2017 - 08 - 28 28 Daniel arap Moi Kenya President ( 1978 -- 2002 ) 2 September 1924 7004340350000000000 ♠ 93 years , 67 days 2017 - 09 - 02 29 Jimmy Carter United States President ( 1977 -- 1981 ) 1 October 1924 7004340060000000000 ♠ 93 years , 38 days 2017 - 07 - 16 30 Lubomír Štrougal Czechoslovakia Prime Minister ( 1970 -- 1988 ) 19 October 1924 7004339880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 20 days 2017 - 03 - 28 31 Guillermo Rodriguez Ecuador President ( 1972 -- 1976 ) 4 November 1924 7004339720000000000 ♠ 93 years , 4 days 2017 - 01 - 14 32 Atal Bihari Vajpayee India Prime Minister ( 1996 ; 1998 -- 2004 ) 25 December 1924 7004339210000000000 ♠ 92 years , 318 days 2017 - 04 - 24 33 Girma Wolde - Giorgis Ethiopia President ( 2001 -- 2013 ) 28 December 1924 7004339180000000000 ♠ 92 years , 315 days 2016 - 12 - 23 34 Abdelsalam al - Majali Jordan Prime Minister ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 1997 -- 1998 ) 18 February 1925 7004338660000000000 ♠ 92 years , 263 days 2017 - 02 - 21 35 Shehu Shagari Nigeria President ( 1979 -- 1983 ) 25 February 1925 7004338590000000000 ♠ 92 years , 256 days 2017 - 08 - 28 36 Sibghatullah Mojaddedi Afghanistan Acting President ( 1992 ) 21 April 1925 7004338040000000000 ♠ 92 years , 201 days 2017 - 01 - 14 37 Ali Hassan Mwinyi Tanzania President ( 1985 -- 1995 ) 8 May 1925 7004337870000000000 ♠ 92 years , 184 days 2017 - 02 - 24 38 Giorgio Napolitano Italy President ( 2006 -- 2015 ) 29 June 1925 7004337350000000000 ♠ 92 years , 132 days 2017 - 07 - 17 39 Mahathir Mohamad Malaysia Prime Minister ( 1981 -- 2003 ) 10 July 1925 7004337240000000000 ♠ 92 years , 121 days 2017 - 09 - 07 40 Ali Bozer Turkey Acting Prime Minister ( 1989 ) 28 July 1925 7004337060000000000 ♠ 92 years , 103 days 2016 - 09 - 09 41 Yang Hyong - sop North Korea Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly ( 1994 -- 1998 ) 1 October 1925 7004336410000000000 ♠ 92 years , 38 days 2017 - 01 - 24 42 Antoine Gizenga Congo - Kinshasa Prime Minister ( 2006 -- 2008 ) 5 October 1925 7004336370000000000 ♠ 92 years , 34 days 2017 - 08 - 28 43 Arnaldo Forlani Italy Prime Minister ( 1980 -- 1981 ) 8 December 1925 7004335730000000000 ♠ 91 years , 335 days 2016 - 09 - 20 44 Trần Thiện Khiêm South Vietnam Member of the Provisional Leadership Committee ( 1964 ) Prime Minister ( 1969 -- 1975 ) 15 December 1925 7004335660000000000 ♠ 91 years , 328 days 2017 - 02 - 26 45 Kim Jong - pil South Korea Prime Minister ( 1971 -- 1975 ; 1998 -- 2000 ) 7 January 1926 7004335430000000000 ♠ 91 years , 305 days 2017 - 07 - 05 46 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France President ( 1974 -- 1981 ) 2 February 1926 7004335170000000000 ♠ 91 years , 279 days 2017 - 08 - 27 47 Ri Kun - mo North Korea Premier of the Cabinet ( 1986 -- 1988 ) 5 April 1926 7004334550000000000 ♠ 91 years , 217 days 2011 - 12 - 12 48 Elizabeth II United Kingdom Queen ( 1952 -- present ) 21 April 1926 7004334390000000000 ♠ 91 years , 201 days 2017 - 10 - 23 49 Abdoulaye Wade Senegal President ( 2000 -- 2012 ) 29 May 1926 7004334010000000000 ♠ 91 years , 163 days 2017 - 07 - 29 50 Efraín Ríos Montt Guatemala President ( 1982 -- 1983 ) 16 June 1926 7004333830000000000 ♠ 91 years , 145 days 2017 - 04 - 04 51 Nuon Chea Kampuchea Prime Minister ( 1976 ) 7 July 1926 7004333620000000000 ♠ 91 years , 124 days 2017 - 06 - 21 52 Jiang Zemin China General Secretary of the Communist Party ( 1989 -- 2002 ) President ( 1993 -- 2003 ) 17 August 1926 7004333210000000000 ♠ 91 years , 83 days 2017 - 10 - 23 53 Tulsi Giri Nepal Prime Minister ( 1963 ; 1964 -- 1965 ; 1975 -- 1977 ) 26 September 1926 7004332810000000000 ♠ 91 years , 43 days 2016 - 09 - 10 54 Valdas Adamkus Lithuania President ( 1998 -- 2003 ; 2004 -- 2009 ) 3 November 1926 7004332430000000000 ♠ 91 years , 5 days 2017 - 08 - 22 55 Beji Caid Essebsi Tunisia Prime Minister ( 2011 ) President ( 2014 -- present ) 29 November 1926 7004332170000000000 ♠ 90 years , 344 days 2017 - 08 - 04 56 Raif Dizdarević Yugoslavia President of the Presidency ( 1988 -- 1989 ) 9 December 1926 7004332070000000000 ♠ 90 years , 334 days 2017 - 04 - 01 57 Kirti Nidhi Bista Nepal Prime Minister ( 1969 -- 1970 ; 1971 -- 1973 ; 1977 -- 1979 ) 15 January 1927 7004331700000000000 ♠ 90 years , 297 days 2017 - 01 - 23 58 Stanisław Kania Poland First Secretary of the United Workers ' Party ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Member of the State Council ( 1982 -- 1985 ) 8 March 1927 7004331180000000000 ♠ 90 years , 245 days 2014 - 08 - 27 59 Roberto Suazo Córdova Honduras President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) 17 March 1927 7004331090000000000 ♠ 90 years , 236 days 2017 - 03 - 17 60 Thanin Kraivichien Thailand Prime Minister ( 1976 -- 1977 ) 5 April 1927 7004330900000000000 ♠ 90 years , 217 days 2017 - 04 - 11 61 Pope Benedict XVI Vatican City Sovereign ( 2005 -- 2013 ) 16 April 1927 7004330790000000000 ♠ 90 years , 206 days 2017 - 04 - 17 62 Arturo Armando Molina El Salvador President ( 1972 -- 1977 ) 6 August 1927 7004329670000000000 ♠ 90 years , 94 days 2008 - 02 - 11 63 Odvar Nordli Norway Prime Minister ( 1976 -- 1981 ) 3 November 1927 7004328780000000000 ♠ 90 years , 5 days 2016 - 10 - 08 64 Edward Babiuch Poland Member of the State Council ( 1972 -- 1980 ) Prime Minister ( 1980 ) 28 December 1927 7004328230000000000 ♠ 89 years , 315 days 2014 - 01 - 31 65 Hamed Karoui Tunisia Prime Minister ( 1989 -- 1999 ) 30 December 1927 7004328210000000000 ♠ 89 years , 313 days 2017 - 01 - 21 66 Reynaldo Bignone Argentina President ( 1982 -- 1983 ) 21 January 1928 7004327990000000000 ♠ 89 years , 291 days 2017 - 03 - 18 67 Hans Modrow East Germany Chairman of the Council of Ministers ( 1989 -- 1990 ) 27 January 1928 7004327930000000000 ♠ 89 years , 285 days 2017 - 06 - 19 68 Ciriaco De Mita Italy Prime Minister ( 1988 -- 1989 ) 2 February 1928 7004327870000000000 ♠ 89 years , 279 days 2017 - 09 - 11 69 Kim Yong - nam North Korea Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly ( 1998 -- present ) 4 February 1928 7004327850000000000 ♠ 89 years , 277 days 2017 - 03 - 20 70 Arthur Dion Hanna Bahamas Governor - General ( 2006 -- 2010 ) 7 March 1928 7004327530000000000 ♠ 89 years , 246 days 2015 - 04 - 20 71 Fidel Ramos Philippines President ( 1992 -- 1998 ) 18 March 1928 7004327420000000000 ♠ 89 years , 235 days 2017 - 05 - 26 72 Sisavath Keobounphanh Laos Prime Minister ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 1 May 1928 7004326980000000000 ♠ 89 years , 191 days 2016 - 11 - 26 73 Hosni Mubarak Egypt President ( 1981 -- 2011 ) Prime Minister ( 1981 -- 1982 ) 4 May 1928 7004326950000000000 ♠ 89 years , 188 days 2017 - 05 - 04 74 Arnold Rüütel Estonia Chairman of the Supreme Council ( 1991 -- 1992 ) President ( 2001 -- 2006 ) 10 May 1928 7004326890000000000 ♠ 89 years , 182 days 2017 - 03 - 14 75 Sir Arthur Foulkes Bahamas Governor - General ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 11 May 1928 7004326880000000000 ♠ 89 years , 181 days 2016 - 12 - 15 76 Enrique Bolaños Nicaragua President ( 2002 -- 2007 ) 13 May 1928 7004326860000000000 ♠ 89 years , 179 days 2017 - 01 - 15 77 Balakh Sher Mazari Pakistan Acting Prime Minister ( 1993 ) 8 July 1928 7004326300000000000 ♠ 89 years , 123 days 2016 - 12 - 18 78 Belaid Abdessalam Algeria Prime Minister ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 20 July 1928 7004326180000000000 ♠ 89 years , 111 days 2017 - 05 - 24 79 Chung Won - shik South Korea Prime Minister ( 1991 -- 1992 ) 5 August 1928 7004326020000000000 ♠ 89 years , 95 days 2017 - 01 - 14 80 Péter Boross Hungary Prime Minister ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 27 August 1928 7004325800000000000 ♠ 89 years , 73 days 2017 - 03 - 13 81 Zhu Rongji China Premier of the State Council ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 1 October 1928 7004325450000000000 ♠ 89 years , 38 days 2017 - 10 - 18 82 Kåre Willoch Norway Prime Minister ( 1981 -- 1986 ) 3 October 1928 7004325430000000000 ♠ 89 years , 36 days 2017 - 08 - 29 83 Borisav Jović Yugoslavia President of the Presidency ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 19 October 1928 7004325270000000000 ♠ 89 years , 20 days 2017 - 03 - 16 84 Li Peng China Premier of the State Council ( 1988 -- 1998 ) 20 October 1928 7004325260000000000 ♠ 89 years , 19 days 2017 - 10 - 18 85 Vitaliy Masol Ukraine Prime Minister ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 14 November 1928 7004325010000000000 ♠ 88 years , 359 days 2016 - 08 - 31 86 Miloš Radulović Yugoslavia Acting President ( 1993 ) 22 February 1929 7004324010000000000 ♠ 88 years , 259 days 2016 - 09 - 12 87 Poul Schlüter Denmark Prime Minister ( 1982 -- 1993 ) 3 April 1929 7004323610000000000 ♠ 88 years , 219 days 2017 - 06 - 16 88 Christos Sartzetakis Greece President ( 1985 -- 1990 ) 6 April 1929 7004323580000000000 ♠ 88 years , 216 days 2017 - 01 - 21 89 Édouard Balladur France Prime Minister ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 2 May 1929 7004323320000000000 ♠ 88 years , 190 days 2017 - 03 - 23 90 Sam Nujoma Namibia President ( 1990 -- 2005 ) 12 May 1929 7004323220000000000 ♠ 88 years , 180 days 2017 - 05 - 11 91 Otar Patsatsia Georgia Prime Minister ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 15 May 1929 7004323190000000000 ♠ 88 years , 177 days 2016 - 09 - 10 92 Karolos Papoulias Greece President ( 2005 -- 2015 ) 4 June 1929 7004322990000000000 ♠ 88 years , 157 days 2017 - 07 - 24 93 John Turner Canada Prime Minister ( 1984 ) 7 June 1929 7004322960000000000 ♠ 88 years , 154 days 2017 - 02 - 20 94 Sabah IV Kuwait Prime Minister ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Emir ( 2006 -- present ) 16 June 1929 7004322870000000000 ♠ 88 years , 145 days 2017 - 09 - 07 95 Sir Orville Turnquest Bahamas Governor - General ( 1995 -- 2001 ) 19 July 1929 7004322540000000000 ♠ 88 years , 112 days 2017 - 04 - 12 96 Luis García Meza Tejada Bolivia President ( 1980 -- 1981 ) 8 August 1929 7004322340000000000 ♠ 88 years , 92 days 2017 - 06 - 14 97 Jamshid bin Abdullah Zanzibar Sultan ( 1963 -- 1964 ) 16 September 1929 7004321950000000000 ♠ 88 years , 53 days 2016 - 07 - 29 98 Nikolai Ryzhkov Soviet Union Chairman of the Council of Ministers ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 28 September 1929 7004321830000000000 ♠ 88 years , 41 days 2017 - 01 - 27 99 Mir Hazar Khan Khoso Pakistan Acting Prime Minister ( 2013 ) 30 September 1929 7004321810000000000 ♠ 88 years , 39 days 2017 - 01 - 02 100 Michael Williams Trinidad and Tobago Acting President ( 1987 ) 16 October 1929 7004321650000000000 ♠ 88 years , 23 days 2017 - 02 - 04 Addenda The following individuals might be older than # 45 -- 34 or # 100 -- 86 on this list , but their exact date of birth is uncertain . Name State Position Birth Age Living as of Mohammad Hasan Sharq Afghanistan Chairman of the Council of Ministers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) 1925 7004335500000000000 ♠ 91 years , 312 days to 7004339140000000000 ♠ 92 years , 311 days 2016 - 08 - 12 Gombojavyn Ochirbat Mongolia General Secretary of the Central Committee of the People 's Revolutionary Party ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 1929 7004322110000000000 ♠ 88 years , 69 days to 7004323020000000000 ♠ 88 years , 160 days 2017 - 06 - 08 The following individuals are older than # 99 -- 8 on this list , but their status as a state leader is unclear . They were either members of collective presidencies , interim leaders or widely recognised leaders whose true power was limited . Name State Position Birth Age Living as of Josip Manolić Croatia Prime Minister ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 22 March 1920 7004356600000000000 ♠ 97 years , 231 days 2017 - 09 - 10 Kim Yong - ju North Korea Vice president during vacancy ( 1994 -- 1998 ) 21 September 1920 7004354770000000000 ♠ 97 years , 48 days 2017 - 01 - 26 Maria Schneider East Germany Member of the State Council ( 1967 -- 1971 ) 9 February 1923 7004346060000000000 ♠ 94 years , 272 days 2015 - 02 - 16 Krastyu Trichkov Bulgaria Member of the State Council ( 1971 -- 1976 ; 1981 -- 1986 ) 12 April 1923 7004345440000000000 ♠ 94 years , 210 days 2013 - 04 - 24 Seán Treacy Ireland Member of the Presidential Commission ( 1974 ; 1976 ) 23 September 1923 7004343800000000000 ♠ 94 years , 46 days 2015 Lucas Mangope Bophuthatswana President ( 1977 -- 1994 ) 27 December 1923 7004342850000000000 ♠ 93 years , 316 days 2016 - 05 - 11 Omar Graffigna Argentina Member of the National Reorganization Process Junta ( 1978 -- 1981 ) 2 April 1926 7004334580000000000 ♠ 91 years , 220 days 2016 - 09 - 09 Walter Buser Switzerland Federal Chancellor ( 1981 -- 1991 ) 14 April 1926 7004334460000000000 ♠ 91 years , 208 days 2017 - 01 - 24 Ali Haroun Algeria Member of the High Council of State ( 1992 -- 1994 ) 8 February 1927 7004331460000000000 ♠ 90 years , 273 days 2017 - 02 - 05 Eduardo Martínez Somalo Vatican City Acting sovereign ( 2005 ) 31 March 1927 7004330950000000000 ♠ 90 years , 222 days 2016 - 11 - 19 Alfonso Lovo Cordero Nicaragua Member of the Liberal - Conservative Junta ( 1972 -- 1974 ) 11 June 1927 7004330230000000000 ♠ 90 years , 150 days 2017 - 04 - 26 Angelo Sodano Vatican City Cardinal Secretary of State ( 1991 -- 2006 ) Dean of the College of Cardinals during vacancy ( 2013 ) 23 November 1927 7004328580000000000 ♠ 89 years , 350 days 2017 - 03 - 16 Marcelino dos Santos Mozambique Member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO ( 1986 ) 20 May 1929 7004323140000000000 ♠ 88 years , 172 days 2017 - 02 - 06 Doina Cornea Romania Member of the National Salvation Front Council ( 1989 -- 1990 ) 30 May 1929 7004323040000000000 ♠ 88 years , 162 days 2017 - 05 - 30 Alfred Miodowicz Poland Member of the State Council ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 28 June 1929 7004322750000000000 ♠ 88 years , 133 days 2013 - 08 - 29 Ravan A.G. Farhâdi Afghanistan Prime Minister ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 23 August 1929 7004322190000000000 ♠ 88 years , 77 days 2009 - 08 - 10 Eugenia Kempara ( pl ) Poland Member of the State Council ( 1976 -- 1985 ) 29 September 1929 7004321820000000000 ♠ 88 years , 40 days 2012 - 01 - 12 The following individual might be older than # 45 -- 34 on this list , but his exact date of birth is uncertain and his status as a state leader is unclear . He was a widely recognised leader whose true power was limited . Name State Position Birth Age Living as of Brajbir Saran Das Sikkim Chief Administrative Officer ( 1973 -- 1974 ) 1925 7004335500000000000 ♠ 91 years , 312 days to 7004339140000000000 ♠ 92 years , 311 days See also Biography portal Politics portal Lists portal List of current heads of state and government List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office List of elected and appointed female heads of state List of longest - living state leaders List of longest - reigning monarchs List of youngest state leaders since 1900 Lists of state leaders Oldest people Notes Jump up ^ By virtue of his position as President of France , Giscard was also concurrently Co-Prince of the Principality of Andorra . Jump up ^ In 1952 , Princess Elizabeth acceded as the monarch of seven Commonwealth realms . She currently reigns as Queen of 16 sovereign states -- including the United Kingdom . From 1957 to 1992 , some of her British colonies attained independence and joined the other realms in different years , most states ceased to be a realm upon becoming republics . External links United Nations -- a list of heads of state , heads of government , and foreign ministers WorldStatesmen -- an online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_oldest_living_state_leaders&oldid=809266454 '' Categories : Lists of oldest people Lists of political office - holders by age Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Dynamic lists Interlanguage link template link number Talk View source About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 02 : 14 . About Wikipedia
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1. Oldest living state leaders
2. Longest-lived heads of state
3. Robert Mugabe, oldest active head of state
4. List of current and former state leaders
5. Age of state leaders
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4,874,743,856,997,153,000 |
what county is cherry hill new jersey in
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Cherry Hill , New Jersey - wikipedia Cherry Hill , New Jersey Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Cherry Hill , New Jersey <Td_colspan="2"> Township <Td_colspan="2"> Township of Cherry Hill <Td_colspan="2"> Barclay Farm House <Td_colspan="2"> Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : You could n't pick a better place <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Cherry Hill in Camden County . <Td_colspan="2"> Census Bureau map of Cherry Hill , New Jersey . <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 39 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 74 ° 59 ′ 49 '' W / 39.904611 ° N 74.997 ° W / 39.904611 ; - 74.997 Coordinates : 39 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 74 ° 59 ′ 49 '' W / 39.904611 ° N 74.997 ° W / 39.904611 ; - 74.997 Country United States State New Jersey County Camden Incorporated February 28 , 1844 , as Delaware Township Renamed November 7 , 1961 , to Cherry Hill Township Named for Cherry Hill farm <Th_colspan="2"> Government Type Faulkner Act Mayor - Council Body Township Council Mayor Charles M. `` Chuck '' Cahn ( D , term ends December 31 , 2019 ) Municipal clerk Nancy Saffos <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 24.244 sq mi ( 62.792 km ) Land 24.097 sq mi ( 62.410 km ) Water 0.147 sq mi ( 0.382 km ) 0.61 % Area rank 113th of 566 in state 3rd of 37 in county Elevation 39 ft ( 12 m ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 Census ) Total 71,045 Estimate ( 2016 ) 71,352 Rank 14th of 566 in state 2nd of 37 in county Density 2,948.3 / sq mi ( 1,138.3 / km ) Density rank 217th of 566 in state 24th of 37 in county Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 08002 , 08003 , 08034 Area code ( s ) 856 FIPS code 3400712280 GNIS feature ID 0882155 Website www.cherryhill-nj.com Cherry Hill is a township in Camden County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township had a population of 71,045 , reflecting an increase of 1,080 ( + 1.5 % ) from the 69,965 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 617 ( + 0.9 % ) from the 69,348 counted in the 1990 Census . As of 2010 , the township was the state 's 15th most - populous municipality and the second - largest in Camden County ( behind the city of Camden , the county seat ) , after having been the state 's 13th most - populous municipality as of the 2000 Census . Cherry Hill is situated in the Delaware Valley coastal plain , approximately 8 miles ( 13 km ) southeast of Philadelphia . Cherry Hill is considered an edge city of Philadelphia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin of the name 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 Census 3.2 2000 Census 4 Economy 4.1 Food and dining 5 Arts and culture 6 Community 7 Sports 8 Parks and recreation 8.1 Golf courses 9 Emergency services 9.1 Police 9.2 Fire Department and EMS 9.2. 1 Fire companies 9.3 Civil Air Patrol 10 Government 10.1 Local government 10.2 Public library 10.3 Federal , state and county representation 10.4 Politics 11 Education 11.1 Public schools 11.2 Private schools 11.3 Colleges and universities 12 Transportation 12.1 Roads and highways 12.2 Public transportation 13 Notable people 14 Rankings 15 See also 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) The area now known as Cherry Hill was originally settled by the Lenni - Lenape Native Americans before being conquered by the first settlers from England , namely Quaker followers of William Penn who arrived in the late 17th century . The first settlement was a small cluster of homes named Colestown , in the perimeters of what is now the Colestown Cemetery on the corner of Route 41 ( King 's Highway ) and Church Road . The municipality was founded on February 25 , 1844 , in Gloucester County as Delaware Township from half of the area of Waterford Township , and became part of Camden County at its creation some two weeks later on March 13 , 1844 . Portions of the township were taken to form Stockton Township ( February 23 , 1859 ) and Merchantville ( March 3 , 1874 ) . At its territorial peak , Delaware Township included all of modern - day Cherry Hill Township , as well as the neighborhood of North Camden and the municipalities Merchantville and Pennsauken ( including Petty 's Island in the Delaware River ) . The township 's population grew rapidly after World War II , and continued to increase until the 1980s . Today , the municipality 's population is stable with new development generally occurring in pockets of custom luxury houses or through the rehabilitation and adaptive reuse of commercial and industrial areas . Origin of the name ( edit ) Cherry Hill was a 19th - century farm on Kaighn Avenue ( Route 38 ) , owned by Abraham Browning . The farm property later became the Cherry Hill Inn ( now a AMC Theatres Cherry Hill 24 movie theater complex ) , as well as an office campus ( now a shopping center with big - box retailers ) , and today 's Cherry Hill Towers and Cherry Hill Estates housing developments . Adding to the prevalence of the Cherry Hill name , developer Eugene Mori branded several properties using the name , including the Cherry Hill Inn and Cherry Hill Lodge hotels , Cherry Hill Apartments , and Cherry Hill Estates . Cherry Hill Shopping Center ( now known as Cherry Hill Mall ) opened in 1961 opposite the old Cherry Hill Farm site , featuring 75 stores within a single enclosed space . When the township sought a new post office , another New Jersey municipality in Hunterdon County was using the name Delaware Township . The United States Postal Service insisted on a name change , suggesting `` Deltown '' . Delaware Township mayors Christian Weber and John Gilmour pursued public write - in campaigns to select possible titles , and chose Cherry Hill from suggestions that included Chapel Hill , Cherry Valley and Delaware City . The name `` Cherry Hill '' was chosen by the township 's citizens in a non-binding referendum in 1961 , and was officially adopted November 7 , 1961 . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the township had a total area of 24.244 square miles ( 62.792 km ) , including 24.097 square miles ( 62.410 km ) of land and 0.147 square miles ( 0.382 km ) of water ( 0.61 % ) , Ashland ( 2010 population of 8,302 ) , Barclay ( 4,428 ) , Cherry Hill Mall ( 14,171 ) , Ellisburg ( 4,413 ) , Golden Triangle ( 4,145 ) , Greentree ( 11,367 ) , Kingston Estates ( 5,685 ) and Springdale ( 14,518 ) are unincorporated communities and census - designated places ( CDPs ) located within the township . Other unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Coffins Corner , Colwick , Cooperstown , Deer Park , Erlton , Freeman , Huttons Hill , Locust Grove , Orchard and Woodcrest . The township 's eastern border with Burlington County is defined by the Pennsauken Creek . The creek separates Cherry Hill from the communities of Maple Shade Township , Evesham Township ( and its Marlton neighborhood ) , and Mount Laurel Township . The Cooper River forms the southern border with Haddon Township , Haddonfield Borough , and Lawnside Borough , through the Maria Barnaby Greenwald Park and parallel to the east - west Route 70 . To the north , Cherry Hill borders Merchantville Borough and Pennsauken Township , while Voorhees Township shares its southern border along County Route 544 ( Evesham Road ) . Climate ( edit ) Cherry Hill has a humid subtropical climate , with mild to warm winters and hot , humid summers . <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Cherry Hill Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 41 ( 5 ) 46 ( 8 ) 55 ( 13 ) 66 ( 19 ) 76 ( 24 ) 86 ( 30 ) 88 ( 31 ) 86 ( 30 ) 79 ( 26 ) 68 ( 20 ) 56 ( 13 ) 46 ( 8 ) 66.1 ( 18.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 23 ( − 5 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 32 ( 0 ) 41 ( 5 ) 50 ( 10 ) 60 ( 16 ) 65 ( 18 ) 63 ( 17 ) 56 ( 13 ) 44 ( 7 ) 36 ( 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 43.6 ( 6.4 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.90 ( 99.1 ) 2.95 ( 74.9 ) 4.17 ( 105.9 ) 4.02 ( 102.1 ) 4.36 ( 110.7 ) 3.93 ( 99.8 ) 4.84 ( 122.9 ) 5.18 ( 131.6 ) 4.17 ( 105.9 ) 3.53 ( 89.7 ) 3.51 ( 89.2 ) 3.69 ( 93.7 ) 48.25 ( 1,225.5 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 2,577 -- 1860 1,602 * − 37.8 % 1870 1,625 1.4 % 1880 1,481 * − 8.9 % 1890 1,457 − 1.6 % 1900 1,679 15.2 % 1910 1,706 1.6 % 1920 2,331 36.6 % 1930 5,734 146.0 % 1940 5,811 1.3 % 1950 10,358 78.2 % 1960 31,522 204.3 % 1970 64,395 104.3 % 1980 68,785 6.8 % 69,348 0.8 % 2000 69,965 0.9 % 71,045 1.5 % Est. 2016 71,352 0.4 % <Td_colspan="4"> Population sources : 1850 -- 2000 1850 -- 1920 1850 -- 1870 1850 1870 1880 -- 1890 1890 -- 1910 1910 -- 1930 1930 -- 1990 2000 2010 * = Lost territory in previous decade . The Asian - American population in Cherry Hill is experiencing particularly rapid growth , increasing 19.5 % from 8,304 at the 2010 Census , to an estimated 9,927 according to the 2013 American Community Survey , significantly out - of - proportion to the 1.0 % growth in the overall population of the township over the same period . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 71,045 people , 26,882 households , and 19,301 families residing in the township . The population density was 2,948.3 per square mile ( 1,138.3 / km ) . There were 28,452 housing units at an average density of 1,180.7 per square mile ( 455.9 / km ) . The racial makeup of the township was 78.06 % ( 55,459 ) White , 6.14 % ( 4,360 ) Black or African American , 0.11 % ( 78 ) Native American , 11.69 % ( 8,304 ) Asian , 0.02 % ( 13 ) Pacific Islander , 1.83 % ( 1,302 ) from other races , and 2.15 % ( 1,529 ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.64 % ( 4,005 ) of the population . There were 26,882 households out of which 31.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 58.6 % were married couples living together , 9.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 28.2 % were non-families. 24.2 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 11.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.12 . In the township , the population was spread out with 23.0 % under the age of 18 , 6.7 % from 18 to 24 , 23.1 % from 25 to 44 , 29.5 % from 45 to 64 , and 17.7 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 43.1 years . For every 100 females there were 92.2 males . For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.4 males . The Census Bureau 's 2006 -- 2010 American Community Survey showed that ( in 2010 inflation - adjusted dollars ) median household income was $88,183 ( with a margin of error of + / − $2,748 ) and the median family income was $105,786 ( + / − $2,321 ) . Males had a median income of $72,128 ( + / − $2,699 ) versus $48,937 ( + / − $3,321 ) for females . The per capita income for the township was $41,252 ( + / − $1,504 ) . About 3.0 % of families and 4.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 3.9 % of those under age 18 and 5.9 % of those age 65 or over . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the 2000 United States Census there were 69,965 people , 26,227 households , and 19,407 families residing in the township . The population density was 2,884.9 people per square mile ( 1,114.0 / km ) . There were 27,074 housing units at an average density of 1,116.4 per square mile ( 431.1 / km ) . The racial makeup of the township was 84.67 % White , 8.87 % Asian , 4.46 % African American , 0.10 % Native American , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 0.70 % from other races , and 1.16 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.54 % of the population . There were 26,227 households out of which 32.1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 62.8 % were married couples living together , 8.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 26.0 % were non-families. 22.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.08 . In the township the population was spread out with 23.5 % under the age of 18 , 5.4 % from 18 to 24 , 26.4 % from 25 to 44 , 26.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 18.0 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 42 years . For every 100 females there were 91.6 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 87.2 males . According to a 2010 estimate , the median income for a household in the township was $87,392 , and the median income for a family was $104,983 . Males had a median income of $82,325 versus $49,129 for females . The per capita income for the township was $43,192 . About 2.6 % of families and 4.7 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.8 % of those under age 18 and 9.7 % of those age 65 or over . One Cherry Hill is the tallest office building in Cherry Hill . Economy ( edit ) Pinnacle Foods ( brands Birds Eye , Vlasic , Swanson , Log Cabin , Duncan Hines , Mrs. Pauls , Van deKamps , Celeste , Lenders ) , Subaru of America , and TD Bank , N.A. have headquarters in Cherry Hill . Melitta USA has its coffee roasting plant in the township . Many residents of Cherry Hill work elsewhere . Cherry Hill is an edge city within a half - hour commute to Philadelphia or Camden , and within an hour to Trenton or Princeton , New Jersey . A lesser number of individuals commute to Atlantic City , New Jersey , and a growing number of commuters commute to and from New York City . Cherry Hill Mall , a principal shopping center in the Philadelphia metropolitan area , was the first enclosed shopping mall in the eastern United States , opening in October 1961 . The Courier - Post is based in Cherry Hill . Food and dining ( edit ) Chick 's Deli is a deli best known for hoagies and cheesesteaks . Arts and culture ( edit ) `` Cherry Hill Park '' , a 1969 hit song by Billy Joe Royal , takes its title from Cherry Hill , New Jersey . Royal came up with the title after a friend mentioned seeing Cherry Hill on a visit to Philadelphia . The song appears on a 1969 album also titled Cherry Hill Park . The 86th episode of the crime drama Criminal Minds , `` A Shade of Gray '' , which aired on April 22 , 2009 , was set in Cherry Hill . The Latin Casino was a nightclub that showcased popular entertainers from the time it relocated to Cherry Hill in 1960 until it was demolished in the early 1980s . Singer Jackie Wilson suffered a heart attack at the club in 1975 . In the movie Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , Cherry Hill is the location of the White Castle franchise Harold and Kumar ultimately visit . There are , in fact , no White Castle locations in Cherry Hill , nor does the movie 's representation of Cherry Hill accurately reflect the dense , suburban nature of the town or its proximity to Philadelphia . Rather , it depicts Cherry Hill as rural farmland . In the movie The Freshman , Clark Kellogg ( Matthew Broderick ) is sent to Cherry Hill to deliver a Komodo dragon . Community ( edit ) The Neulander murder occurred in Cherry Hill . Rabbi Fred Neulander was convicted of paying two men to carry out a `` hit '' on his wife Carol Neulander , who was murdered in the family home in 1994 . He was sentenced to a prison term of 30 years to life . Springdale Farms is Cherry Hill 's only working farm . Barclay Farm House , a farm house constructed in 1816 and listed on the National and New Jersey registers of historic places . Cherry Hill was the home of four of the five members of the Fort Dix 5 , who were convicted in federal court in Camden on December 22 , 2008 on a plot to kill soldiers at Fort Dix . The Cherry Hill members are Dritan Duka , 30 , Shain Duka , 27 , and Eljvir Duka , 25 , as well as Mohamad Ibrahim Shnewer , 23 . Ages were at the time of conviction . Sports ( edit ) In 1973 -- 1974 , the Cherry Hill Arena hosted a WHA hockey team , the New Jersey Knights , and from 1964 to 1971 , an Eastern Hockey League team , the Jersey Devils ( unrelated to the present NHL New Jersey Devils ) . Muhammad Ali purchased a house at 1121 Winding Drive in Cherry Hill 's Voken Tract in 1971 , living there with his family until 1974 . Parks and Recreation ( edit ) Signage for Cherry Hill Parks Cherry Hill has 51 public parks , plus three parks owned by Camden County . Most parks have playground equipment , basketball courts , tennis courts , walking paths , and athletic fields . Croft Farm , which was originally a working mill and farm , is the only park with an arts center . It was originally built in 1753 , and is a historic landmark in Cherry Hill . The farmhouse underwent many changes throughout the years , including an expansion in 1816 . The property was sold to the township in 1985 . It was formed into the Cherry Hill Arts Center in 1995 , which serves the community for art classes , seminars , and concerts produced by the Cherry Hill Recreation Department . Toward the last two weeks of April , one can see a two - mile avenue of continuous rows of cherry blossoms on Chapel Avenue between Haddonfield Road and Kings Highway . The avenue of cherry blossoms was conceived by a group of residents who wanted to unify the townspeople of Cherry Hill to participate in a community - wide celebration of the diverse community of Cherry Hill . This effort started in 1972 and cherry trees are still being planted every year by the Cherry Hill Fire Department and community volunteers . Golf courses ( edit ) Merchantville Country Club is a private country club in Cherry Hill . Woodcrest Country Club was sold at a bankruptcy auction in spring 2013 , and is now a semi-private club open to the public . Emergency services ( edit ) Police ( edit ) The Cherry Hill Police Department ( CHPD ) is the third - largest police department in the tri-county area , employing more than 130 sworn officers as well as 21 civilians . The current chief of the department is William Monaghan . The department 's TRT ( Tactical Response Team ) responds to requests for the service of high risk warrants , the resolving of barricaded and / or hostage situations , and dealing with suicidal individuals just to name a few of their assignments . TRT responds to requests for mutual aid throughout the tri-county area as needed . CHPD is home to its own 9 - 1 - 1 public safety answering point ( PSAP ) , when a resident of the township dials 9 - 1 - 1 they are routed directly to the CHPD , which provides a significant advantage in response time to the caller , the 9 - 1 - 1 center is the hub of the department 's 800 MHz trunked radio system , as well as an advanced CAD ( Computer Aided Dispatch ) system , and RMS ( Records Management System ) . Both systems work together to provide patrol units up to date information directly to their patrol car computers . CHPD 's Community Policing Unit provides many services for residents including child fingerprinting , neighborhood watches , and drug & alcohol awareness seminars . Fire Department and EMS ( edit ) The Cherry Hill Fire Department is a career department consisting of four engines ( 1 engine , 2 Squrts , 1 Squad Company ) , two ladders , one rescue , one technical rescue unit , one haz - mat unit , one foam tender , and other specialized equipment , as well as 5 EMS units . It also has two volunteer units , the Cherry Hill Fire Police and the Special Services Unit ( `` Rehab 13 '' ) , which provides on scene support for the Cherry Hill Fire Department as well as departments throughout Southern New Jersey . On December 1 , 2016 , the department was awarded with an Insurance Services Office ( ISO ) Class 1 designation , a classification held by 130 of the 30,000 fire departments in the United States , and only three in New Jersey . Also in 2016 , the department was accredited by the International Association of Fire Chiefs ( IAFC ). The Fire Chief is Thomas Kolbe . The department also provides emergency medical services ( EMS ) . The only hospital in Cherry Hill is Kennedy Memorial Hospital , located on Chapel Avenue . Residents also have access to nearby Virtua Hospitals in Voorhees Township , Marlton and Berlin as well as Cooper University Hospital and Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center in Camden . Fire companies ( edit ) Fire stations in Cherry Hill are : Engine 22 is located on North Kings Highway and Chelton Parkway . It was built in 2005 and began operating in 2006 , making it Cherry Hill 's newest fire station . It houses Engine 22 . Station 2 ( built by Erlton Fire Company No. 1 in 1971 ) is located on Route 70 . It was established in 1927 . It houses Ladder 24 . Station 3 & Headquarters ( original headquarters for Deer Park Fire Company ) is located on Marlkress Road off Route 70 . It was built in 1972 and replaced in 2010 . It houses Ladder 34 , Rescue 13 , and the technical rescue unit . Station 4 ( known as Springdale Station and built by Ashland Fire Co . No. 2 ) is located at 1000 Springdale Road and was established in October 1976 . The station was renovated and expanded in 2009 . It houses Squrt 41 . Station 5 ( built by Church Road Fire Co . ) is located at Route 38 and Church Road . It was built in 1926 and was renovated in the 1950s . It houses Squrt 51 . Station 6 ( built by Woodcrest Fire Co . ) is located on Burnt Mill Road and Haddonfield - Berlin Road . It was built in 1967 and replaced in 2010 . It houses Squad 13 , the hazmat unit , and the foam tender . Station 8 ( built by Deer Park Fire Company ) is located on Cropwell Road . It was built in 1968 with outbuildings added in 2006 and 2014 . Currently , it houses the Deer Park Fire Company Special Services and Rehab unit . Civil Air patrol ( edit ) The Jack Schweiker Composite Squadron , located at the Cherry Hill Army National Guard Armory is the Cherry Hill component of the Civil Air Patrol , a Congressionally chartered , federally supported , non-profit corporation that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force . The Squadron has about 60 members , 40 of which are cadets and 20 of which are senior members . Government ( edit ) Local government ( edit ) Created as Delaware Township in 1844 , the community was first governed by a Township Committee . On May 19 , 1951 , the citizens adopted , in a special election , a Walsh Act Commission form of government , consisting of a three - member Board of Commissioners . In 1962 , the Township 's population passed the 30,000 mark and two additional Commissioners were elected . Following a study made by a Citizen 's Advisory Committee , a special election was held in 1962 . The township voted to change its form of government to the Council - Manager Plan A under the Faulkner Act . Five Council members were elected at - large in a May election to serve concurrent four - year terms . The Council members elected one of their own as Mayor , and a Township Manager served as the Chief Administrator of the Township . By 1975 , after a Charter Study Commission report and the passage of a ballot referendum , the township adopted the Council - Manager Plan B form of government . Two features of the government were changed : council members were to be elected every two years for overlapping terms of four years and the number of Council members would increase from five to seven . After a 1981 referendum , the government changed yet again , this time to a Mayor - Council Plan B form of government . A full - time ' strong ' mayor was elected directly by the people and seven Council members were elected at - large for staggered four - year terms , with either three or four seats up for election every other year . After the passage of a ballot referendum in November 1986 , voting or the mayor and council was shifted from a non-partisan May election to a partisan November election . As of 2016 , the Mayor of Cherry Hill is Democrat Charles M. `` Chuck '' Cahn , whose term of office ends December 31 , 2019 . Members of the Township Council are Council President David Fleisher ( D , 2017 ) , Council Vice President Sara Lipsett ( D , 2019 ) , Jim Bannar ( D , 2017 ) , Brian Bauerle ( D , 2019 ) , Carolyn Jacobs ( D , 2017 ; appointed to serve an unexpired term ) , Melinda Kane ( D , 2019 ) and Carole Roskoph ( D , 2017 ) . In January 2016 , the Township Council selected Carolyn Jacobs from a list of three candidates nominated by the Democratic municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2017 that became vcant when Susan Shin Angulo took office as a Camden County Freeholder . N. John Amato , whose 30 years of service made him the township 's longest - serving councilmember , died in office in September 2014 . At a special council meeting in October 2014 , Brian Bauerle was selected to fill Amato 's seat , which expires in December 2015 . Public Library ( edit ) The Cherry Hill Public Library is an agency of the Township 's municipal government . At 72,000 square feet ( 6,700 m ) , Cherry Hill 's library is among the largest municipal libraries in New Jersey . The current facility was completed in December 2004 to replace the 1966 Malcolm Wells - designed structure at 1100 King 's Highway North . Federal , State and County representation ( edit ) Cherry Hill is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey 's 6th state legislative district . Prior to the 2010 Census , Cherry Hill had been part of the 3rd Congressional District , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013 , based on the results of the November 2012 general elections . New Jersey 's First Congressional District is represented by Donald Norcross ( D , Camden ) . New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker ( Newark , term ends 2021 ) and Bob Menendez ( Paramus , 2019 ) . For the 2018 -- 2019 session ( Senate , General Assembly ) , the 6th Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by James Beach ( D , Voorhees Township ) and in the General Assembly by Louis Greenwald ( D , Voorhees Township ) and Pamela Rosen Lampitt ( D , Cherry Hill ) . The Governor of New Jersey is Phil Murphy ( D , Middletown Township ) . The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Sheila Oliver ( D , East Orange ) . Camden County is governed by a Board of Chosen Freeholders , whose seven members chosen at - large in partisan elections to three - year terms office on a staggered basis , with either two or three seats coming up for election each year . As of 2015 , Camden County 's Freeholders are Freeholder Director Louis Cappelli , Jr . ( Collingswood , term as freeholder ends December 31 , 2017 ; term as director ends 2015 ) , Freeholder Deputy Director Edward T. McDonnell ( Pennsauken Township , term as freeholder ends 2016 ; term as deputy director ends 2015 ) , Michelle Gentek ( Gloucester Township , 2015 ) , Ian K. Leonard ( Camden , 2015 ) , Jeffrey L. Nash ( Cherry Hill , 2015 ) , Carmen Rodriguez ( Merchantville , 2016 ) and Jonathan L. Young , Sr. ( Berlin Township , November 2015 ; serving the unexpired term of Scot McCray ending in 2017 ) Camden County 's constitutional officers , all elected directly by voters , are County clerk Joseph Ripa , Sheriff Charles H. Billingham , and Surrogate Patricia Egan Jones . The Camden County Prosecutor Mary Eva Colalillo was appointed by the Governor of New Jersey with the advice and consent of the New Jersey Senate ( the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature ) . Politics ( edit ) As of March 23 , 2011 , there were a total of 50,178 registered voters in Cherry Hill Township , of which 20,220 ( 40.3 % vs. 31.7 % countywide ) were registered as Democrats , 8,374 ( 16.7 % vs. 21.1 % ) were registered as Republicans and 21,553 ( 43.0 % vs. 47.1 % ) were registered as Unaffiliated . There were 31 voters registered to other parties . Among the township 's 2010 Census population , 70.6 % ( vs. 57.1 % in Camden County ) were registered to vote , including 91.7 % of those ages 18 and over ( vs. 73.7 % countywide ) . In the 2012 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 60.9 % of the vote ( 22,128 cast ) , ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 38.2 % ( 13,872 votes ) , and other candidates with 1.0 % ( 353 votes ) , among the 36,572 ballots cast by the township 's 53,628 registered voters ( 219 ballots were spoiled ) , for a turnout of 68.2 % . In the 2008 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 61.4 % of the vote ( 23,765 cast ) , ahead of Republican John McCain , who received around 36.1 % ( 13,966 votes ) , with 38,678 ballots cast among the township 's 52,182 registered voters , for a turnout of 74.1 % . In the 2004 presidential election , Democrat John Kerry received 59.9 % of the vote ( 22,734 ballots cast ) , outpolling Republican George W. Bush , who received around 39.3 % ( 14,923 votes ) , with 37,980 ballots cast among the township 's 48,778 registered voters , for a turnout percentage of 77.9 . In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 60.2 % of the vote ( 12,035 cast ) , ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 38.4 % ( 7,683 votes ) , and other candidates with 1.3 % ( 266 votes ) , among the 20,526 ballots cast by the township 's 53,873 registered voters ( 542 ballots were spoiled ) , for a turnout of 38.1 % . In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Democrat Jon Corzine received 50.8 % of the vote ( 12,046 ballots cast ) , ahead of both Republican Chris Christie with 42.7 % ( 10,120 votes ) and Independent Chris Daggett with 4.5 % ( 1,073 votes ) , with 23,705 ballots cast among the township 's 50,250 registered voters , yielding a 47.2 % turnout . In the 2016 Presidential Election , 36,984 votes were cast with a voter turnout of 70.05 % ( 54,146 registered ) . Democrat Hillary Clinton received 64.0 % of the vote ( 23,685 votes ) , beating Republican Donald Trump who received 32.7 % of the vote ( 12,096 votes ) . Other candidates received 3.25 % of votes cast ( 1,203 votes ) . In the 1st congressional district election for the House of Representatives , Democrat Donald Norcross received 54.4 % of the vote ( 20,655 votes ) , beating out Republican Bob Patterson who received 35.1 % of the vote ( 13,318 votes ) , with other candidates receiving 2.35 % of votes ( 960 votes ) . Education ( edit ) Public Schools ( edit ) The Cherry Hill Public Schools operates 19 schools including an early childhood center , 12 elementary schools , three middle schools , two traditional high schools , and an alternative high school . Cherry Hill is the 12th - largest school district in the state of New Jersey and one of the largest suburban districts . The district has grown by about 2,000 students since the late 1990s , and employs 1,400 ( about 1,000 teachers plus administration and staff ) . The District is governed by a volunteer Board of Education which consists of nine citizens elected at - large to three - year terms on a staggered basis , with three seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election . As of the 2013 -- 14 school year , the district 's 19 schools had an enrollment of 11,266 students and 877.9 classroom teachers ( on an FTE basis ) , for a student -- teacher ratio of 12.8 : 1 . Schools in the district ( with 2013 -- 14 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are Barclay Early Childhood Center ( PreK ; 300 students ) , Clara Barton Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 479 ) , James F. Cooper Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 273 ) , Bret Harte Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 419 ) , James H. Johnson Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 434 ) , Joyce Kilmer Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 471 ) , Kingston Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 465 ) , A. Russell Knight Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 357 ) , Horace Mann Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 303 ) , Thomas Paine Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 370 ) , Joseph D. Sharp Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 321 ) , Richard Stockton Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 420 ) , Woodcrest Elementary School ( K -- 5 ; 386 ) , Henry C. Beck Middle School ( 6 -- 8 ; 963 ) , John A. Carusi Middle School ( 6 -- 8 ; 863 ) , Rosa International Middle School ( 6 -- 8 ; 828 ) , Cherry Hill High School East ( 9 -- 12 ; 2,113 ) , Cherry Hill High School West ( 9 -- 12 ; 1,462 ) and Cherry Hill Alternative High School ( 9 -- 12 ; 39 ) . For the 2001 -- 02 school year , Cherry Hill High School East received the National Blue Ribbon Award of Excellence from the U.S. Department of Education . Three of the district 's schools have been named as `` Star Schools '' by the New Jersey Department of Education : Cherry Hill High School East ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Thomas Paine Elementary School ( 2002 -- 03 ) and Clara Barton Elementary School ( 2003 -- 04 ) . The district has five Best Practices Award Winners . SAT scores far exceed state and national averages , with Cherry Hill High School East 's average SAT score of 1668 , ranking 41st in the state , and West 's 1,529 average ranking 124th in New Jersey , out of 349 schools with students taking the test that year . In 2013 , the graduation rate was 95 % for East and 89 % for West . Newsweek named Cherry Hill High School East 85th overall among the nearly 30,000 public high schools in the U.S. in their rankings of `` America 's Top High Schools 2015 '' . Cherry Hill 's school district offered the International Baccalaureate certificate and diploma program at Cherry Hill West beginning in 2001 , but phased it out at the conclusion of the 2007 -- 08 school year . The IB Primary Years Programme is offered at Joseph D. Sharp , James F. Cooper and Thomas Paine Elementary Schools . This program is also a part of the IB Middle Years Programme offered for grades 6 -- 8 at Rosa International Middle School ( RIMS ) . Rohrer Campus of Camden County College Private Schools ( edit ) The Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden operates Resurrection Regional Catholic School , a Pre-K to 8 elementary school resulting of the merger of St. Peter Celestine School and Queen of Heaven School , as well as Camden Catholic High School for grades 9 -- 12 . The King 's Christian School is a private Christian fully accredited PreK -- 12 institution founded as the Christian Day School of Camden County in 1946 . Politz Day School is a private Modern Orthodox Jewish day school serving early childhood through middle school students , co-located with and supported by Congregation Sons of Israel . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Camden County College operates one of its three campuses at the William G. Rohrer Center at Route 70 East and Springdale Road . Transportation ( edit ) Roads and highways ( edit ) As of May 2010 , the township had a total of 309.36 miles ( 497.87 km ) of roadways , of which 246.81 miles ( 397.20 km ) were maintained by the municipality , 40.41 miles ( 65.03 km ) by Camden County and 17.91 miles ( 28.82 km ) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 4.23 miles ( 6.81 km ) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority . The New Jersey Turnpike passes through Cherry Hill Township . The Walt Whitman rest area ( southbound at milepost 30.2 ) is located in the township , but the closest interchange is exit 4 in neighboring Mount Laurel Township . Interstate 295 has three exits in the township . Exit 34A / B is Route 70 ( Marlton Pike ) ; exit 32 is CR 561 ( Haddonfield - Berlin Road ) ; and exit 31 goes directly to the Woodcrest station of the PATCO high - speed commuter rail line . Other major highways in Cherry Hill include Route 38 , Route 41 , and Route 154 . Public Transportation ( edit ) Cherry Hill NJ Transit station . NJ Transit bus service is available to and from Philadelphia on the 317 , 404 , and 406 routes , with local service on the 405 , 450 , 451 , 455 , and 457 routes . BoltBus , and Chinatown Buses provides frequent express service to and from New York City , and also frequent commuter service to and from the 34th Street -- Hudson Yards New York City Subway station . NJ Transit 's Atlantic City Line , traveling on the Pennsylvania - Reading Seashore Line route , stops at the Cherry Hill station , located on the west side of the tracks between the Garden State Pavilion shopping center and the newer development on the grounds of the former Garden State Racetrack . The Woodcrest station of the PATCO Speedline is located in Cherry Hill , offering service between Lindenwold and 15 -- 16th & Locust station in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . As of 2016 two Taiwanese airlines , China Airlines and EVA Air , provides private bus services to and from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City for customers based in New Jersey and the Philadelphia area . These bus services stop in Cherry Hill . Notable people ( edit ) Main articles : List of people from Cherry Hill , New Jersey and Category : People from Cherry Hill , New Jersey Rankings ( edit ) In 2006 , Cherry Hill was named among the ' Best Places to Live ' in the United States by Money magazine and was ranked eighth safest place to live in the same survey . Cherry Hill was also named among the `` Best Places to Live '' in the Philadelphia region for 2006 by Philadelphia magazine ( see magazine print edition , October 2006 ) . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal New Jersey portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff . `` Metropolitan Area News in Brief '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , October 25 , 2005 . Accessed January 9 , 2012 . `` Cherry Hill has a new logo A modern , cherry graphic and the tag line `` You could n't pick a better place '' will be the new symbol of Cherry Hill . The logo , part of a new branding campaign , was to be unveiled at last night 's Township Council meeting . '' ^ Jump up to : 2010 Census Gazetteer Files : New Jersey County Subdivisions , United States Census Bureau . Accessed May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 , United States Census Bureau . Accessed September 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mayor Chuck Cahn , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2017 New Jersey Mayors Directory , New Jersey Department of Community Affairs . Accessed May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Municipal Clerk , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book , Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy , March 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Township of Cherry Hill , Geographic Names Information System . Accessed March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 for Cherry Hill township , Camden County , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed May 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Municipalities Grouped by 2011 - 2020 Legislative Districts , New Jersey Department of State , p. 4 . Accessed January 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Table DP - 1 . Profile of General Demographic Characteristics : 2010 for Cherry Hill township , Camden County , New Jersey , New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development . Accessed January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : PEPANNRES - Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 - 2016 Population Estimates for New Jersey municipalities , United States Census Bureau . Accessed June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : GCT - PH1 Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density : 2010 - State -- County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Look Up a ZIP Code for Cherry Hill , NJ , United States Postal Service . Accessed January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . Accessed September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ A Cure for the Common Codes : New Jersey , Missouri Census Data Center . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ US Board on Geographic Names , United States Geological Survey . Accessed September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Table 7 . Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey : 1990 , 2000 and 2010 , New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development , February 2011 . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Counties and Most Populous Cities and Townships in 2010 in New Jersey : 2000 and 2010 , New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cassell , Andrew . `` Andrew Cassel column '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , July 29 , 2005 . `` A bunch of outlets cluster in Center City , with the rest scattered between the Main Line , Chestnut Hill and our `` edge city '' suburbs from King of Prussia to Cherry Hill . '' Jump up ^ Stansfield , Charles A . A Geography of New Jersey : The City in the Garden , p. 258 . Rutgers University Press , 1998 . ISBN 9780813525792 . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . `` n example of Joel Garreau 's edge city , Cherry Hill has regional mall and office complexes that have helped this suburban area to attract more central - place functions than Camden , the nearby old - core city . '' Jump up ^ History of the Farmstead , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , John P . The Story of New Jersey 's Civil Boundaries : 1606 - 1968 , Bureau of Geology and Topography ; Trenton , New Jersey ; 1969 . p. 103 re Camden County , p. 104 re Cherry Hill Township , p. 105 re Delaware Township . Accessed March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cady , Steve . `` EUGENE MORI , 77 , TRACK 'S FOUNDER ; Garden State Owner Dead Had Hialeah Interests '' , The New York Times , October 9 , 1975 . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moser , Nick . `` The Passing Parade '' , Reading Eagle , December 20 , 1961 . Accessed July 17 , 2011 . `` We , too , paid a visit to the Cherry Hill Shopping Center , which is an innovation in modern shopping . There are nearly 75 stores under one roof , lining an indoor mall where tropical plants grown and tropical birds play . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` Cherry Hill name originated from farm -- not mall '' , Courier - Post , November 28 , 2003 . Accessed August 12 , 2013 . `` The postal service would not use the word ' township ' in a mailing address , and several other municipalities and communities in the state also were named Delaware ... The Cherry Hill post office , at the Ellisburg Circle , was established in 1961 and made the name official ... Other names under consideration included Cherry Valley , Delaware City and Chapel Hill . '' Jump up ^ DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Ashland CDP , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Barclay CDP , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Cherry Hill Mall CDP , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Ellisburg CDP , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Golden Triangle CDP , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Greentree CDP , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Kingston Estates CDP , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Springdale CDP , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ New Jersey : 2010 - Population and Housing Unit Counts - 2010 Census of Population and Housing ( CPH - 2 - 32 ) , United States Census Bureau , August 2012 . Accessed October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Locality Search , State of New Jersey . Accessed May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Average weather for Cherry Hill , New Jersey , Weather.com . Accessed January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Census Estimates for New Jersey April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 , United States Census Bureau . Accessed June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Bob . Population Data for Camden County Municipalities , 1850 -- 2000 , WestJersey.org , January 6 , 2011 . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Compendium of censuses 1726 -- 1905 : together with the tabulated returns of 1905 , New Jersey Department of State , 1906 . Accessed July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Raum , John O . The History of New Jersey : From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time , Volume 1 , p. 278 , J.E. Potter and company , 1877 . Accessed July 26 , 2013 . `` Delaware in 1850 contained 2,577 inhabitants ; in 1860 , 1,602 ; and in 1870 , 1,625 . '' Jump up ^ Debow , James Dunwoody Brownson . The Seventh Census of the United States : 1850 , p. 137 . R. Armstrong , 1853 . Accessed July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff . A compendium of the ninth census , 1870 , p. 259 . United States Census Bureau , 1872 . Accessed July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Robert Percival . Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins : Volume III -- 51 to 75 , p. 97 . United States Census Bureau , 1890 . Accessed July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thirteenth Census of the United States , 1910 : Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions , 1910 , 1900 , 1890 , United States Census Bureau , p. 336 . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 -- Population Volume I , United States Census Bureau , p. 715 . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Table 6 . New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality : 1930 -- 1990 , New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development . Accessed June 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Cherry Hill township , Camden County , New Jersey Archived August 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Accessed January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DP - 1 : Profile of General Demographic Characteristics : 2000 -- Census 2000 Summary File 1 ( SF 1 ) 100 - Percent Data for Cherry Hill township , Camden County , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES -- 2009 -- 2013 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates -- Cherry Hill township , Camden County , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DP03 : Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006 -- 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates for Cherry Hill township , Camden County , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ One Cherry Hill , Emporis . Accessed April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Contact Us . Pinnacle Foods . Accessed November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ About Subaru . Subaru of America . Accessed November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . TD Bank , N.A. . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Company Information , Melitta USA . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . `` Our coffee roastery is located in Cherry Hill , New Jersey . '' Jump up ^ Strauss , Robert . `` Newer ! Bigger ! Better ! Now 50 , the Cherry Hill Mall was once the grandest of its kind . '' , New Jersey Monthly , August 15 , 2011 . Accessed January 20 , 2012 . `` The Cherry Hill Mall , which turns 50 on October 11 , was the first enclosed , air - conditioned shopping center in the Northeast . At about 1 million square feet , it was the largest of its kind in the world when it opened . '' ^ Jump up to : Woronowicz , Alexa. `` 50 fun facts about Cherry Hill . Just what makes this township so fascinating ? It 's much more than a mall '' , Courier - Post , June 23 , 2011 . `` The Cherry Hill Mall was the East Coast 's first enclosed shopping mall . It opened in 1961 near the old location of the Cherry Hill Farm . '' Jump up ^ Genovese , Peter . `` Riding into the sunset : On final trip of the season , Munchmobile circles the state '' , The Star - Ledger , August 24 , 2012 . Accessed December 12 , 2014 . `` My opinion ? Good cheesesteak , but Chick 's Deli in Cherry Hill is better . '' Jump up ^ Genovese , Peter . `` Why do Munchers cross the road ? For chicken , of course '' , The Star - Ledger , June 29 , 2012 . Accessed December 12 , 2014 . `` The Munchmobile driver would call it decent , a far cry from the state 's best at Chick 's Deli in Cherry Hill . '' Jump up ^ Billy Joe Royal Interview , January 2008 Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Criminal Minds `` A Shade of Gray '' , TV.com , original air date April 22 , 2009 . Accessed June 28 , 2011 . `` During an investigation of a series of child abductions and murders in Cherry Hill , New Jersey , the BAU concludes the possibility that the last murder may not be the work of the suspect who had been apprehended . '' Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , Doug . `` Local Entertainment History : Latin Casino '' , The Daily Journal ( New Jersey ) , April 5 , 2009 . Accessed January 20 , 2012 . `` Remember the old Latin Casino nightclub in Cherry Hill ? Capable of seating some 2,000 for dinner and a show featuring top headliners , the Latin Casino was , perhaps after New York 's Copacabana , one of the classiest venues on the East Coast . Having moved here in 1960 from Philadelphia , the Latin Casino soon became known as South Jersey 's ' Showcase of the Stars . ' '' Jump up ^ Cahillane , Kevin . `` Homegrown : A Stoner Comedy Straight Out of Randolph '' , The New York Times , August 15 , 2004 . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . `` Some New Jersey moviegoers of sound mind may wonder whether Mr. Hurwitz and Mr. Schlossberg have been away too long , noting a few geographical discrepancies as the half - baked heroes drive all the way to Cherry Hill from Hoboken for their U.S.D.A. - approved meal . For one thing , there is no White Castle in Cherry Hill . '' Jump up ^ Staff . `` MAKING THE GRADE MARLON BRANDO SCORES IN ' THE FRESHMAN ' '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , July 27 , 1990 . Accessed July 17 , 2011 . `` The first mob assignment given to Broderick 's character , for instance , is the delivery of a giant lizard via Cadillac to a German chef / zoologist in Cherry Hill . '' Jump up ^ Araiza , Karen ; and Hairston , Harry . `` Rabbi Fred Neulander : I Was A Bad Husband , But Not a KillerIn an exclusive interview with NBC10 's Harry Hairston , Cherry Hill Rabbi Fred Neulander admits he behaved badly as a husband , but insists he is innocent '' , WCAU - TV , April 27 , 2012 . Accessed September 16 , 2015 . `` Rabbi Fred Neulander is serving a 30 year sentence for the 1994 murder of his wife . '' Jump up ^ Home page , Barclay Farmstead . Accessed July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five convicted of plotting to kill Ft . Dix soldiers '' , Los Angeles Times , December 22 , 2008 . Accessed December 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cherry Hill Arena , Ballparks.com . Accessed July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Straus , Robert . `` WORTH NOTING ; So Ali Owned It . So What . How Many Bathrooms ? '' , The New York Times , December 2 , 2001 . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . `` Float like a butterfly , sting like a flat market . The mansion that Muhammad Ali built in Cherry Hill in 1971 is up for sale by the man who bought it from The Greatest in the mid-1970s . Tony Micale has put the 10,000 - square - foot home -- which sits on two wooded acres -- on the market for $1.25 million . '' Jump up ^ John - Hall , Annette . `` Ali 's Old Cherry Hill Neighborhood Evolves On Big Lots In The Voken Tract , Homes Range From Modest To Grand . Lately , More Of The Latter Are Being Built . '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , September 1 , 1996 . Accessed May 17 , 2015 . `` Back then , Ali 's 14 - room home was the only one of its kind in the neighborhood , bigger and more lavish than the low - slung ranchers that dotted the area . '' Jump up ^ Croft Farm : Arts Center & Kay - Evans House , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Kevin . `` A chapel of cherry blossoms '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , October 17 , 2013 . Accessed August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chang , David . `` Developers Fight Cherry Hill Over Country Club '' , NBC 10 . Accessed May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woodcrest Country Club . Accessed August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Police Department , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fire Police & Rehab 13 , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Cherry Hill Fire Department named an ISO Class 1 Fire Department ; The new designation is the highest Public Protection Classification grade a fire department can receive . '' , The Cherry Hill Sun , December 5 , 2016 . Accessed October 24 , 2017 . `` The Cherry Hill Fire Department has received the designation of an ISO Class 1 Fire Department . The designation became effective on Dec. 1 ... A class one designation is the highest Public Protection Classification grade a fire department can receive . '' Jump up ^ Skoufalos , Matt . `` Cherry Hill Fire Department Earns Top International Safety Rating '' , NJ PEN , September 6 , 2016 . Accessed October 24 , 2017 . `` The department joins those of Hoboken and Hackensack as the only three Class I - certified fire departments in New Jersey , and the only one in the Delaware Valley to also have CFAI accreditation . Cherry Hill is one of only 130 ISO - 1 fire departments in the United States , in which only 234 of an estimated 30,000 departments are accredited . '' Jump up ^ Office of the Fire Chief , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy Joins Jefferson Health , Jefferson Health . Accessed October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fire Houses , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fire Station 22 , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fire Station 24 , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fire Station 3 , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fire Station 4 , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fire Station 5 , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fire Station 6 , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Station 13 - 8 - Deer Park Rehab , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Home page , Jack Schweiker Composite Squadron . Accessed January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : About Us : Government Structure , Cherry Hill Township , backed up by the Internet Archive as of February 29 , 2012 . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Township Council , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2016 Municipal Data Sheet , Cherry Hill Township . Accessed June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Official Election Results 2015 General Election November 3 , 2015 , Camden County , New Jersey , November 19 , 2015 . Accessed June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monostra , Mike . `` Carolyn Jacobs plans to bring passion for service to Cherry Hill Township Council '' , The Cherry Hill Sun , January 12 , 2016 . Accessed June 24 , 2016 . `` Jacobs was chosen as the newest member of council during last Monday 's reorganization meeting . Council chose her to fill the seat of Councilwoman Susan Shin Angulo , who resigned at the end of 2015 after being elected to the Camden County Board of Chosen Freeholders . Jacobs will fill the seat for the remainder of 2016 . A special election will be held in November to fill the remaining year of the term . '' Jump up ^ Burney , Melanie . `` N. John Amato , 82 , councilman called ' Mr. Cherry Hill ' '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , September 21 , 2014 . Accessed December 12 , 2014 . `` As the longest - serving township councilman in Cherry Hill history , N. John Amato embraced his role as ' Mr. Cherry Hill ' ... Mr. Amato , 82 , died Thursday night at Virtua Hospital in Voorhees after a lengthy battle with thyroid cancer . '' Jump up ^ Burney , Melanie . `` Brian Bauerle to fill deceased Cherry Hill Councilman John Amato 's seat '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer , October 5 , 2014 . Accessed December 12 , 2014 . `` Brian Bauerle was sworn in Thursday night during a special council meeting . He was nominated by the Democratic Committee to serve the remainder of Amato 's unexpired term , which ends in December 2015 . '' Jump up ^ Cherry Hill Public Library . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plan Components Report , New Jersey Redistricting Commission , December 23 , 2011 . Accessed January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2017 New Jersey Citizen 's Guide to Government , p. 55 , New Jersey League of Women Voters . Accessed May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Districts by Number for 2011 - 2020 , New Jersey Legislature . Accessed January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2011 New Jersey Citizen 's Guide to Government , p. 56 , New Jersey League of Women Voters . Accessed May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Directory of Representatives : New Jersey , United States House of Representatives . Accessed January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ About Cory Booker , United States Senate . Accessed January 26 , 2015 . `` He now owns a home and lives in Newark 's Central Ward community . '' Jump up ^ Biography of Bob Menendez , United States Senate , January 26 , 2015 . `` He currently lives in Paramus and has two children , Alicia and Robert . '' Jump up ^ Senators of the 114th Congress from New Jersey . United States Senate . Accessed January 26 , 2015 . `` Booker , Cory A. - ( D - NJ ) Class II ; Menendez , Robert - ( D - NJ ) Class I '' Jump up ^ Legislative Roster 2018 - 2019 Session , New Jersey Legislature . Accessed January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ District 6 Legislators , New Jersey Legislature . Accessed January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Governor Phil Murphy , State of New Jersey . Accessed January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieutenant Governor Oliver , State of New Jersey . Accessed January 16 , 2018 . `` Assemblywoman Oliver has resided in the City of East Orange for over 40 years . '' Jump up ^ What is a Freeholder ? , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeholder Louis Cappelli , Jr. , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeholder Edward T. McDonnell , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeholder Michelle Gentek , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeholder Ian K. Leonard , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeholder Jeffrey L. Nash , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeholder Carmen Rodriguez , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan L. Young , Sr. , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Mark . `` Carpenters union official tapped for Camden County Freeholder seat '' , South Jersey Times , January 22 , 2015 . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . `` Democratic leaders in Camden County have nominated a construction union official from Berlin Township to fill an open seat on the board of chosen freeholders . Jonathan L. Young Sr. , 45 , has been nominated to replace Scot McCray , who resigned from the board in late December , citing a desire to spend more time with his family . '' ^ Jump up to : Board of Freeholders , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ County Clerk , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheriff , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surrogate 's Office , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prosecutor 's Office , Camden County , New Jersey . Accessed May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Voter Registration Summary - Camden , New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections , March 23 , 2011 . Accessed March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ GCT - P7 : Selected Age Groups : 2010 - State -- County Subdivision ; 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential General Election Results - November 6 , 2012 - Camden County '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Department of Elections . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 6 , 2012 - General Election Results - Camden County '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Department of Elections . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2008 Presidential General Election Results : Camden County , New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections , December 23 , 2008 . Accessed October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2004 Presidential Election : Camden County , New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections , December 13 , 2004 . Accessed October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Governor - Camden County '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Department of Elections . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast - November 5 , 2013 - General Election Results - Camden County '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Department of Elections . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2009 Governor : Camden County , New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections , December 31 , 2009 . Accessed October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` County of Camden , Official Election Results , 2016 General Election '' ( PDF ) . Camden County Voting and Elections. 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ackermann , Peggy . `` Blind 13 year old tells N.J. Assembly panel about impact of Gov. Chris Christie 's budget cuts '' , The Star - Ledger , February 17 , 2010 . Accessed May 3 , 2011 . `` Devereaux said Cherry Hill , the state 's 12th largest school district , had 4.3 percent of students receiving free or reduced lunches in 2,000 . Today , he said , 14 percent do . '' Jump up ^ District information for Cherry Hill Township School District , National Center for Education Statistics . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ School Data for the Cherry Hill Public Schools , National Center for Education Statistics . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barclay Early Childhood Center , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clara Barton Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James F. Cooper Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bret Harte Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James H. Johnson Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joyce Kilmer Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kingston Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Russell Knight Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horace Mann Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas Paine Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joseph D. Sharp Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Stockton Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woodcrest Elementary School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Henry C. Beck Middle School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John A. Carusi Middle School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosa International Middle School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cherry Hill High School East , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cherry Hill High School West , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cherry Hill Alternative High School , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2016 -- 17 Directory , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Our Schools , Cherry Hill Public Schools . Accessed November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ New Jersey School Directory for the Cherry Hill Public Schools , New Jersey Department of Education . Accessed December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blue Ribbon Schools Program : Schools Recognized 1982 - 1983 through 1999 - 2002 ( PDF ) , United States Department of Education , p. 52 . Accessed May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Star School Award recipient detail 1999 -- 2000 school year , Cherry Hill High School East , New Jersey Department of Education . Accessed May 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Star School Award recipient detail 2003 - 03 school year , Thomas Paine Elementary School , New Jersey Department of Education . Accessed May 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Star School Award recipient detail 2003 - 04 school year , Clara Barton Elementary School , New Jersey Department of Education . Accessed May 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ 2005 - 06 School Test Score Rankings : SAT Archived October 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Star - Ledger . Accessed July 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cherry Hill High School East 2013 - 14 School Performance Report , New Jersey Department of Education . Accessed July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cherry Hill High School West 2013 - 14 School Performance Report , New Jersey Department of Education . Accessed May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top High Schools 2015 '' , Newsweek . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Find an IB World School -- results Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , International Baccalaureate . Accessed July 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home page , Resurrection Catholic School . Accessed July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Catholic Schools Directory , Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden . Accessed October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Celebrating Over 60 Years of Service , The King 's Christian School . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ About Us , Politz Day School . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . `` The Politz Day School of Cherry Hill is a Modern Orthodox Day School founded in 1968 . '' Jump up ^ Welcome to the William G. Rohrer Center , Camden County College . Accessed October 4 , 2012 . `` Did you know that you can earn a college degree or just take a few courses practically in your backyard at Camden County College 's William G. Rohrer Center , which is conveniently located at Route 70 and Springdale Road in Cherry Hill ? '' Jump up ^ Camden County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction , New Jersey Department of Transportation , May 2010 . Accessed July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Travel Resources : Interchanges , Service Areas & Commuter Lots , New Jersey Turnpike Authority . Accessed September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Camden County Bus / Rail Connections , NJ Transit , backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 22 , 2009 . Accessed July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ South Jersey Transit Guide , Cross County Connection , as of April 1 , 2010 . Accessed December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Destinations , BoltBus . Accessed December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Atlantic City Rail Line , NJ Transit . Accessed December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cherry Hill station , NJ Transit . Accessed December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woodcrest Station , PATCO Speedline . Accessed November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Service to Connect PA & NJ . EVA Air . Accessed February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Free Shuttle Service To / From JFK Airport Archived March 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' China Airlines . September 15 , 2015 . Accessed February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Live 2006 : cities with the lowest crime risk '' , Money magazine , backed up by the Internet Archive as of August 14 , 2006 . Accessed June 8 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cherry Hill , New Jersey . Cherry Hill travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Cherry Hill Public Schools 's 2015 -- 16 School Report Card from the New Jersey Department of Education <Th_colspan="2"> Cherry Hill , New Jersey Neighborhoods Ashland Barclay Cherry Hill Mall Coffins Corner Downs Farm Ellisburg Erlton Golden Triangle Greentree Kingston Estates Springdale Willowdale Woodcrest Former CDPs Barclay - Kingston Erlton - Ellisburg Education Primary & Secondary Schools Cherry Hill Public Schools Cherry Hill High School East Cherry Hill High School West Cherry Hill Alternative High School Camden Catholic High School The King 's Christian School Politz Day School Other education Cherry Hill Public Library Camden County College Cherry Hill Campus Landmarks Barclay Farm House Cherry Hill Mall Cherry Hill NJT station Chick 's Deli Congregation M'Kor Shalom Garden State Discovery Museum Holly Ravine Farm Katz Jewish Community Center Merchantville Country Club Ponzio 's Scarborough Bridge Springdale Farms Temple Beth Sholom Temple Emanuel Woodcrest Country Club Cherry Hill Arena ( demolished ) Cherry Hill Inn ( demolished ) Garden State Park Racetrack ( defunct ) Hawaiian Cottage ( demolished ) Latin Casino ( demolished ) Rickshaw Inn ( demolished ) Media Courier - Post Culture `` Cherry Hill Park '' <Th_colspan="3"> Municipalities and communities of Camden County , New Jersey , United States <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : Camden Cities Camden Gloucester Boroughs Audubon Audubon Park Barrington Bellmawr Berlin Brooklawn Chesilhurst Clementon Collingswood Gibbsboro Haddon Heights Haddonfield Hi - Nella Laurel Springs Lawnside Lindenwold Magnolia Merchantville Mount Ephraim Oaklyn Pine Hill Pine Valley Runnemede Somerdale Stratford Tavistock Woodlynne Townships Berlin Cherry Hill Gloucester Haddon Pennsauken Voorhees Waterford Winslow CDPs Ashland Barclay Blackwood Cherry Hill Mall Echelon Ellisburg Glendora Golden Triangle Greentree Kingston Estates Springdale Other unincorporated communities Albion Ancora Atco Blenheim Blue Anchor Braddock Cedar Brook Chews Landing Coffins Corner Downs Farm Elm Erial Glendale Grenloch Iron Rock Ivystone Farms Jackson Kirkwood Kresson Lakeland Louden New Freedom Osage Sicklerville Tansboro Waterford Works West Atco West Berlin Woodcrest Woodcrest Acres <Th_colspan="3"> Delaware Valley Counties Atlantic Berks Bucks Burlington Camden Cape May Cecil Chester Cumberland Delaware Gloucester Hunterdon Kent Mercer Montgomery New Castle Ocean Philadelphia Salem Major cities Philadelphia Cities and towns 50k - 99k Abington Bensalem Brandywine Hundred Bristol Camden Cherry Hill Gloucester Township Hamilton Lower Merion New Castle Hundred Pennsauken Reading Trenton Upper Darby Vineland Wilmington Cities and towns 30k - 50k Atlantic City Cheltenham Chester Deptford Dover Evesham Ewing Falls Haverford Lawrence Lower Makefield Middletown Millville Monroe Mount Laurel Newark Norristown Northampton Radnor Ridley Warminster Washington Willingboro Winslow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey&oldid=821551693 '' Categories : Cherry Hill , New Jersey 1844 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act ( mayor -- council ) Populated places established in 1844 Townships in Camden County , New Jersey Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Español فارسی Français Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen 日本 語 Português Русский தமிழ் Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 05 : 12 . 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1. Cherry Hill, New Jersey
2. Township in Camden County
3. Population and demographics
4. History and origin of the name
5. Economy and major companies
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7,224,513,222,339,421,000 |
a decrease in the percentage for bank reserves produces
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Money creation - wikipedia Money creation This article is about the changes in the money supply . For how money itself was first created , see History of Money . 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In most modern economies , most of the money supply is in the form of bank deposits . Central banks monitor the amount of money in the economy by measuring the so - called monetary aggregates . Contents 1 Money supply 2 Money creation by government spending 3 Money creation by the central bank 3.1 Central banks 3.2 Open - market operations 3.3 Monetary policy 4 Money creation by bank lending 4.1 Money multiplier 5 Physical currency 6 Monetary financing 6.1 Policy 6.2 Restrictions 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Money supply ( edit ) Main article : Money supply The term `` money supply '' commonly denotes the total , safe , financial assets that households and businesses can use to make payments or to hold as short - term investment . The money supply is measured using the so - called `` monetary aggregates '' , defined in accordance to their respective level of liquidity : In the United States , for example , M0 for currency in circulation ; M1 for M0 plus transaction deposits at depository institutions , such as drawing accounts at banks ; M2 for M1 plus savings deposits , small - denomination time deposits , and retail money - market mutual fund shares . The money supply is understood to increase through activities by government authorities , by the central bank of the nation , and by commercial banks . The money supply is mostly in the form of bank deposits . Money creation by government spending ( edit ) State spending is part of the state 's fiscal policy . Deficit spending involves the state spending into the economy more than it receives ( in taxes and other payments ) within a certain period of time , typically the budget year . Deficit spending increases the money supply . The extent and the timing of budget deficits is disputed among schools of economic analysis . The mainstream view is that net spending by the public sector is inflationary in so far as it is `` financed '' by the banking system , including the central bank , and not by the sale of state debt to the public . The existence itself of budget deficits is generally considered inflationary by mainstream economics , so policies are prescribed for the lowering of the deficit , while heterodox economists such as Post-Keynesians treat deficit spending as `` simply '' a fiscal policy option . Money creation by the central bank ( edit ) Central banks ( edit ) Main article : Central banks The authority through which monetary policy is conducted is the central bank of the nation . The mandate of a central bank typically includes either one of the three following objectives or a combination of them , in varying order of preference , according to the country or the region : Price stability , i.e. inflation - targeting ; the facilitation of maximum employment in the economy ; the assurance of moderate , long term , interest rates . The central bank is the banker of the government and provides to the government a range of services at the operational level , such as managing the Treasury 's single account , and also acting as its fiscal agent ( e.g. by running auctions ) , its settlement agent , and its bond registrar . Central banks can become insolvent in liabilities on foreign currency . Central banks operate in practically every nation in the world , with few exceptions . There are some groups of countries , for which , through agreement , a single entity acts as their central bank , such as the organization of states of Central Africa , which all have a common central bank , the Bank of Central African States , or monetary unions , such as the Eurozone , whereby nations retain their respective central bank yet submit to the policies of the central entity , the ECB . Central banking institutions are generally independent of the government executive . The central bank 's activities directly affect interest rates , through controlling the base rate , and indirectly affect stock prices , the economy 's wealth , and the national currency 's exchange rate . Monetarists and some Austrians argue that the central bank should control the money supply , through its monetary operations . Critics of the mainstream view maintain that central - bank operations can affect but not control the money supply . Open - market operations ( edit ) Open - market operations ( OMOs ) concern the purchase and sale of securities in the open market by a central bank . OMOs essentially swap one type of financial assets for another ; when the central bank buys bonds held by the banks or the private sector , bank reserves increase while bonds held by the banks or the public decrease . Temporary operations are typically used to address reserve needs that are deemed to be transitory in nature , while permanent operations accommodate the longer - term factors driving the expansion of the central bank 's balance sheet ; such a primary factor is typically the trend of the money - supply growth in the economy . Among the temporary , open - market operations are repurchase agreements ( repos ) or reverse repos , while permanent ones involve outright purchases or sales of securities . Each open - market operation by the central bank affects its balance sheet . Monetary policy ( edit ) Main article : Monetary policy Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country , typically the central bank ( or the currency board ) , manages the level of short - term interest rates and influences the availability and the cost of credit in the economy , as well as overall economic activity . Central banks conduct monetary policy usually through open market operations . The purchase of debt , and the resulting increase in bank reserves , is called `` monetary easing . '' An extraordinary process of monetary easing is denoted as `` quantitative easing '' , whose intent is to stimulate the economy by increasing liquidity and promoting bank lending . Money creation by bank lending ( edit ) Commercial / bank lending expands the amount of bank deposits . Through fractional - reserve banking , the modern banking system can expand the money supply of a country beyond the amount created or targeted by the central bank , creating most of the broad money in the system . Auditors Standard & Poor 's point out that the existence of excess reserves in the system , irrespective of their additional size , does not loosen any reserve constraint on the ability of commercial banks to give loans , since `` there was essentially no reserve constraint to begin with '' : The central bank , the auditors state , `` will supply whatever reserves are necessary . '' The credit theory of money , initiated by Joseph Schumpeter , asserts the central role of banks as creators and allocators of the money supply , and distinguishes between `` productive credit creation '' ( allowing non-inflationary economic growth even at full employment , in the presence of technological progress ) and `` unproductive credit creation '' ( resulting in inflation of either the consumer - or asset - price variety ) . Money multiplier ( edit ) Main article : Money multiplier Banks are limited in the total amount they can loan by their capital adequacy ratios , and their required reserve ratios . The required - reserves ratio obliges the bank to keep a minimum , predetermined , percentage of their deposits at an account at the central bank . Mainstream theory holds that , in a system of fractional - reserve banking , where banks ordinarily keep only a fraction of their deposits in reserves , an initial bank loan creates more money than is initially lent out . The maximum ratio of loans to deposits is the required - reserve ratio R R R ( \ displaystyle RRR ) , which is determined by the central bank , as simply R R R ∗ D = R ( \ displaystyle RRR * ( D ) = ( R ) ) where D ( \ displaystyle D ) are deposits and R ( \ displaystyle R ) reserves . Therefore , the bank 's ostensibly limiting ratio is R R R = R D ( \ displaystyle RRR = ( \ frac ( R ) ( D ) ) ) In practice , if the central bank imposes a required reserve ratio ( RRR ) of 0.10 , then each commercial bank is obliged to keep at least 10 % of its total deposits as reserves , i.e. in the account it has at the central bank . In a detailed example : A person deposits $100 in a bank . The bank keeps $10 as reserves in the central bank . To make a profit , the bank loans the remaining $90 to a customer . The customer spends the money and the recipient of the $90 deposits them with their bank . That bank keeps $9 as reserves in the central bank , and then lends the remaining $81 . And so on , until the loans become so small that they dissolve to zero . In the end , an amount approximating $1000 is expected to be net added to the money supply . The ratio of the total money added to the money supply ( in this case , $1000 ) to the total money added originally in the monetary base ( in this case , $100 ) is the money multiplier . In this context , the money multiplier transmits changes in the monetary base , which is the sum of bank reserves and issued currency , into changes in the money supply . If changes in the monetary base cause a change in the money supply , then M 1 = M B ∗ m ( \ displaystyle M_ ( 1 ) = MB * m \ , ) where M 1 ( \ displaystyle M_ ( 1 ) ) is the new money supply , M B ( \ displaystyle MB ) is the monetary base , and m ( \ displaystyle m \ , ) is the money multiplier . Therefore , the ex post formula for the money multiplier is m = M 1 M B ( \ displaystyle m = ( \ frac ( M_ ( 1 ) ) ( MB ) ) ) The model of bank lending stimulated through central - bank operations ( such as `` monetary easing '' ) has been rejected by Neo-Keynesian and Post-Keynesian analysis as well as central banks . The major argument offered by dissident analysis is that any bank balance - sheet expansion ( e.g. through a new loan ) that leaves the bank short of the required reserves may affect the return it can expect on the loan , because of the extra cost the bank will undertake to return within the ratios limits -- but this does not and `` will never impede the bank 's capacity to give the loan in the first place . '' Banks first lend and then cover their reserve ratios : The decision whether or not to lend is generally independent of their reserves with the central bank or their deposits from customers ; banks are not lending out deposits or reserves , anyway . Banks lend on the basis of lending criteria , such as the status of the customer 's business , the loan 's prospects , and / or the overall economic situation . Physical currency ( edit ) The central bank , or other competent , state authorities ( such as the Treasury ) , are typically empowered to create new , physical currency , i.e. paper notes and coins , in order to meet the needs of commercial banks for cash withdrawals , and to replace worn and / or destroyed currency . The process does not increase the money supply , as such ; the term `` printing ( new ) money '' is considered a misnomer . In modern economies , relatively little of the supply of broad money is in physical currency . Monetary financing ( edit ) Main article : Debt monetization Policy ( edit ) `` Monetary financing '' , also `` debt monetization '' , occurs when the country 's central bank purchases government debt . It is considered by mainstream analysis to cause inflation , and often hyperinflation . IMF 's former chief economist Olivier Blanchard states that governments do not create money ; the central bank does . But with the central bank 's cooperation , the government can in effect finance itself by money creation . It can issue bonds and ask the central bank to buy them . The central bank then pays the government with money it creates , and the government in turn uses that money to finance the deficit . This process is called debt monetization . The description of the process differs in heterodox analysis . Modern chartalists state that the central bank does not have the option to monetize any of the outstanding government debt or newly issued government debt ... ( A ) s long as the central bank has a mandate to maintain a short - term interest rate target , the size of its purchases and sales of government debt are not discretionary . The central bank 's lack of control over the quantity of reserves underscores the impossibility of debt monetization . The central bank is unable to monetize the government debt by purchasing government securities at will because to do so would cause the short - term target rate to fall to zero or to any support rate that it might have in place for excess reserves . Restrictions ( edit ) Monetary financing used to be standard monetary policy in many countries , such as Canada or France , while in others it was and still is prohibited . In the Eurozone , Article 123 of the Lisbon Treaty explicitly prohibits the European Central Bank from financing public institutions and state governments . In Japan , the nation 's central bank `` routinely '' purchases approximately 70 % of state debt issued each month , and owns , by 2018 , approximately 418 quadrillion JP ¥ ( approx . $3.9 quad ) or 38 % of all outstanding government bonds . In the United States , the 1913 Federal Reserve Act allowed federal banks to purchase short - term securities directly from the Treasury , in order to facilitate its cash - management operations . The Banking Act of 1935 prohibited the central bank from directly purchasing Treasury securities , and permitted their purchase and sale only `` in the open market '' . In 1942 , during wartime , Congress amended the Banking Act 's provisions to allow purchases of government debt by the federal banks , with the total amount they 'd hold `` not ( to ) exceed $5 billion . '' After the war , the exemption was renewed , with time limitations , until it was allowed to expire in June 1981 . See also ( edit ) Commodity money `` Crowding out '' Fiat money Fiscal policy Functional Finance Gold standard History of banking History of money Monetary reform Seigniorage Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Such as the Eurozone or ECCAS Jump up ^ For example , in the United States , money supply measured as M2 grew from $6.407 trillion in January 2005 , to 18.136 trillion in January 2009 . See Federal Reserve ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` A ( state budget ) deficit will lead to a direct rise in the money supply if the ... Treasury finances the deficit not by borrowing but by drawing down balances it holds at commercial banks or ( the central bank ) . '' From Cacy ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ And of state debt Jump up ^ Formally , the Treasury 's banker , or the banker of the respective competent authority , depending on the country , e.g. of the Ministry of Finance Jump up ^ Established by Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Republic of Congo , Equatorial Guinea and Gabon Jump up ^ `` The chief cause of inflation , Hayek wrote , is governmental control of the money supply . '' Spencer ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ `` Empirical studies of relations between the monetary base and the total money supply establish a strong basis for believing that central banks can control the money supply . '' Meigs ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ `` Another common misconception is that the central bank determines the quantity of loans and deposits in the economy by controlling the quantity of central bank money ... Rather than controlling the quantity of reserves , central banks today typically implement monetary policy by setting the price of reserves -- that is , interest rates . '' McLeay ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ It has been argued that the central bank of a fiscally and monetarily sovereign nation can actually affect , if not dictate , the whole interest spectrum -- above which , of course , as it is argued , adjustments are made for their actual conduct of business by commercial banks and the private sector , in accordance to their assessments , objectives , and preferences . E.g. : `` Monetary policy -- and there we are increasingly certain -- can not only influence the expectations component , but also the term premium ... Central banks can lower long - term rates by removing duration risk from the market . '' Cœuré ( 2017 ) . Also : `` There is no evidence that the central bank has any meaningful control over the ... spread between the short - term and the long - term rate of interest ( but ) it is quite clear that the central bank has full control over the long - term rate of interest . Pilkington ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ For an empirical study about bank - created money , see Werner ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ The origin of the notion of a money multiplier is discussed i.a. in Hegeland ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ The origin of the notion of a money multiplier is discussed i.a. in Hegeland ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Also known as High - Powered Money , HPM Jump up ^ `` By increasing the volume of their government securities and loans and by lowering Member Bank legal reserve requirements , the Reserve Banks can encourage an increase in the supply of money and bank deposits . Without taking drastic action , they can encourage but they can not compel . For in the middle of a deep depression just when we want Reserve policy to be most effective , the Member Banks are likely to be timid about buying new investments or making loans . If the Reserve authorities buy government bonds in the open market and thereby swell bank reserves , the banks will not put these funds to work but will simply hold reserves . '' Samuelson ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` In reality , neither are ( bank ) reserves a binding constraint on lending , nor does the central bank fix the amount of reserves that are available ... Banks first decide how much to lend depending on the profitable lending opportunities available to them -- which will , crucially , depend on the interest rate set by the ( central bank ) . '' McLeay ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ For example , in December 2010 , in the United States , of the $8.853 trillion broad money supply ( M2 ) , only about 10 % ( or $915.7 billion ) consisted of coins and paper money . See Statistic , FRS Jump up ^ At a $1 = ¥ 0.0094 conversion rate References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ECB ( 2017 ) ^ Jump up to : Money supply , FRS Jump up ^ See `` Money multiplier '' Jump up ^ ECB ( 2018 ) Jump up ^ Cacy ( 1975 ) ^ Jump up to : Mankiw ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Hein ( 1981 ) ^ Jump up to : Mitchell ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Monetary policy , FRS Jump up ^ Pessoa ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Buiter ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ List of central banks Jump up ^ Cœuré ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ Jahan ( 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : Open - market operations , FRS Jump up ^ IMF ( 2017 ) ^ Jump up to : McLeay ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ S&P ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Schumpeter ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Many countries in the world , including major economic powers , such as Canada or New Zealand , do not impose minimum reserves on banks . This does not allow banks to give out loans without limit , since there is always , aside from other considerations , the capital adequacy ratio . Jump up ^ Mitchell ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Kelton ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Mitchell ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Disyatat ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Wray ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Mankiw ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Mishkin ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Elmendorf ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Blanchard ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Ryan - Collins ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Fiscal policies , ECB Jump up ^ Evans - Pritchard ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gov 't Bonds , Bank of Japan Jump up ^ Garbade ( 2014 ) Sources ( edit ) Asmundson , Irena ; Oner , Ceyda ( September 2012 ) . `` What Is Money ? '' ( PDF ) . Finance & Development . IMF . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Blanchard , Olivier ; David R. Johnson , David R. Johnson ( 2012 ) . Macroeconomics ( 6th ed . ) . Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0133061635 . Buiter , Willem H. ( May 2008 ) . `` Can Central Banks Go Broke ? '' . CEPR Policy Insight No. 24 . SSRN . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Cacy , J.A. ( June 1975 ) . `` Budget Deficits and the Money Supply '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Review . Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Cœuré , Benoît ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Dissecting the yield curve : a central bank perspective '' . Eurosystem . European Central Bank . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Disyatat , Piti ( February 2010 ) . `` The bank lending channel revisited '' ( PDF ) . BIS Working Papers . Bank of International Settlements . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Elmendorf , Douglas W. ; Mankiw , N. Gregory ( January 1998 ) . `` The bank lending channel revisited '' ( PDF ) . Handbook of Macroeconomicss . Harvard University . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . European Central Bank ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` What is money ? '' . European Central Bank . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Evans - Pritchard , Ambrose ( 10 August 2013 ) . `` Japan 's Debt Has Officially Passed ¥ 1,000,000,000,000,000 -- No Problem '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Federal Reserve historical statistics ( 11 June 2009 ) Archived June 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Garbade , Kenneth D. ( August 2014 ) . `` Direct Purchases of U.S. Treasury Securities by Federal Reserve Banks '' ( PDF ) . FRBNY Staff Reports no . 684 . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Hegeland , Hugo ( 1970 ) ( 1954 ) . Multiplier Theory ( 7 ed . ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0678001622 . Hein , Scott E. ( March 1981 ) . `` Deficits and Inflation '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jahan , Sarwat ; Papageorgiou , Chris ( March 2014 ) . `` What Is Monetarism ? '' ( PDF ) . Finance & Development . IMF . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Kelton , née Bell , Stephanie ( 1998 ) . `` The Hierarchy of Money '' . The Jerome Levy Economics Institute . IMF ( 3 November 2017 ) `` Monetary Policy and Central Banking '' Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2012 ) . Macroeconomics ( 8th ed . ) . Worth . pp. 81 -- 107 . ISBN 978 - 1429240024 . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2014 ) . Principles of Economics ( 7 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1285165875 . McLeay , Michael ; Radia , Amar ; Thomas , Ryland ( 2014 ) . `` Money creation in the modern economy '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Bulletin . Bank of England . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Meigs , A. James ; Wolman , William ( 1971 ) . `` Central Banks and The Money Supply '' ( PDF ) . Second Konstanz Seminar on Monetary Theory and Monetary Policy . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Mishkin , Frederic S. ( 2011 ) ( 2002 ) . The economics of money , banking and financial markets ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . Canada : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 58471 - 7 . Mitchell , William ; Muysken , Joan ( 2008 ) . Full Employment Abandoned : Shifting Sands and Policy Failures . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85898 - 507 - 7 . Mitchell , William ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` Money multiplier and other myths '' . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Pessoa , Mario ; Williams , Mike ( November 2012 ) . `` Government Cash Management : Relationship between the Treasury and the Central Bank '' ( PDF ) . Fiscal Affairs Dept . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Pilkington , Philip ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Does the Central Bank Control Long - Term Interest Rates ? : A Glance at Operation Twist '' . Fixing the economists . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Ryan - Collins , Josh ( 25 October 2015 ) . `` Is Monetary Financing Inflationary ? A Case Study of the Canadian Economy , 1935 -- 75 '' . Levy Economics Institute . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Samuelson , Paul ( 1997 ) ( 1948 ) . Economics . McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0070747418 . Schumpeter , Joseph A. ( 1996 ) ( 1954 ) . History of Economic Analysis . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195105599 . Spencer , Roger W. ( 1975 ) . `` Inflation , Unemployment , and Hayek '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Standard & Poor 's ( 13 August 2013 ) `` Repeat after me : Banks can not and do not lend out reserves '' , Ratings Direct Tucker , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` Money and credit : Banking and the Macroeconomy '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Werner , Richard A. ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Can banks individually create money out of nothing ? The theories and the empirical evidence '' . International Review of Financial Analysis 16 , pp. 1 - 19 . Elsevier . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Wray , L. Randall ( 1 September 2000 ) . `` Money and Inflation '' . Working Paper No. 12 . University of Missouri - Kansas City . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . 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1. Money supply
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who wrote the song perfect that ed sheeran sings
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Perfect ( Ed Sheeran song ) - wikipedia Perfect ( Ed Sheeran song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Perfect '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Ed Sheeran <Th_colspan="2"> from the album ÷ Language English Italian ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Released 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Classical crossover ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Length 4 : 23 4 : 19 ( `` Perfect Duet '' ) 4 : 25 ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Label Asylum Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Beyoncé ( `` Perfect Duet '' ) Andrea Bocelli ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Producer ( s ) Ed Sheeran Will Hicks Benny Blanco <Th_colspan="2"> Ed Sheeran singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) `` Perfect '' ( 2017 ) `` Boa Me '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Beyoncé singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Walk on Water '' ( 2017 ) `` Perfect Duet '' ( 2017 ) `` Family Feud '' ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Andrea Bocelli singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` E Più Ti Penso '' ( 2015 ) `` Perfect Symphony '' ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative cover <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Duet with Beyoncé <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Perfect '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Perfect '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran from his third studio album , ÷ ( 2017 ) . After the album 's release it charted at number four on the UK Singles Chart . On 21 August 2017 , Billboard announced that `` Perfect '' would be the fourth single from the album . The song was serviced to pop radio on 26 September 2017 , as the third single from the album in the United States ( fourth overall ) . The song eventually reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 in December 2017 . `` Perfect '' became the UK Christmas number - one song for 2017 , and also peaked at number one in sixteen other countries , including Australia , Canada , Ireland and New Zealand . The second version of the single , titled `` Perfect Duet '' , with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017 . Another duet with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli , titled `` Perfect Symphony '' , was released on 15 December 2017 . The song and its official music video received three nominations at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards . Contents 1 Composition and production 2 Commercial performance 3 Music videos 4 Remixes and duets 5 Formats and track listings 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 All - time charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 See also 10 References Composition and production ( edit ) `` Perfect '' was the first track Sheeran wrote for his third studio album ÷ . The song is a romantic ballad written about his girlfriend Cherry Seaborn , whom he knew from school and reconnected with when she was working in New York . Sheeran revealed that the inspiration for the lyrics came after visiting James Blunt 's house in Ibiza , where the two singers had listened to the rapper Future 's music at six in the morning . He said : `` Barefoot on the grass , dancing to our favorite song , which happened to be Future 's `` March Madness '' ... I booked the studio for the day , and I had that and I was like , right , let me just flesh that out . And the song happened and was sort of finished that day . I knew it was special . '' In an interview with Zane Lowe , Sheeran said that he needed to write the best love song of his career with `` Perfect '' . He said : `` I need to do it 100 % me , so everyone will listen to that will be like , `` Ah ! He can actually do it ! '' ... I wanted to beat `` Thinking Out Loud '' , ' cause I know that song was going to define me . '' He also produced the song himself with help from Will Hicks , and strings orchestration from his brother Matthew Sheeran . This is the first time the brothers had collaborated on a song as it was the final wish of their grandmother to see the brothers working together before she died . A fully orchestral version of the song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios although only parts of it were used in the original release of the song . The full orchestral version was used in the duet with Andrea Bocelli . The song is performed in the key of A ♭ major with a tempo of 63 beats per minute in time ( if not using triplets ) or time ( if using triplets ) . `` Perfect '' moves at a chord progression of A ♭ 5 -- Fm 7 -- D ♭ sus2 -- E ♭ . The vocals span from E ♭ to A ♭ in the song . Commercial performance ( edit ) In March 2017 , Sheeran broke the record set by Frankie Laine in 1953 , occupying all of the top five positions in the United Kingdom , and placing nine songs in the top ten of the UK Singles Chart . Also , every single one of the sixteen tracks from his new album ÷ entered the top twenty . `` Perfect '' debuted at number four , selling 62,599 copies . After Sheeran 's performance of `` Perfect '' on The X Factor on 26 November 2017 , the song reached a new peak in the UK , advancing to number three and selling 32,507 units . The Beyoncé version , released on 1 December 2017 , drove consumption of the track to 89,359 sales ( including 45,460 from sales - equivalent streams ) as it became Sheeran 's second number - one song from ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' -- and his fourth number - one single in total . With UK sales of 1,048,313 , `` Perfect '' became Sheeran 's tenth million - selling single . It was the Christmas number - one song for 2017 , and held the summit for six consecutive weeks before being displaced by Eminem 's `` River '' , which features Sheeran as a guest artist . In the United States , ten songs from ÷ debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 2017 , including `` Perfect '' at number thirty - seven . In October , the song ascended to number eighteen and became the third song from ÷ to reach the country 's top twenty . It also lifted 4 -- 3 on Digital Songs ( 50,000 downloads sold ) , 34 -- 30 on Radio Songs ( 45 million ) and 46 -- 35 on Streaming Songs ( 11.5 million ) . On 30 October 2017 , `` Perfect '' soared to the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . The ballad gained in all metrics , holding at number three on Digital Song Sales ( 53,000 , up 7 percent ) and climbing 30 - 22 on Radio Songs ( 53 million , up 16 percent ) and 35 -- 27 on Streaming Songs ( 13.1 million , up 14 percent ) . On 20 November 2017 , `` Perfect '' pushed to a new Billboard Hot 100 high ( 8 -- 7 ) and reached the Radio Songs top ten ( 17 -- 10 ; 73 million , up 16 percent ) . Sheeran scored his seventh Radio Songs top ten and the third from his album ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . The next week , `` Perfect '' hit top five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the second - highest - charting hit from his album ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' . `` Perfect '' became Sheeran 's third top five hit overall ; his first , `` Thinking Out Loud '' , rose to number two in 2015 . `` Perfect '' remained at number three on Digital Song Sales ( 60,000 , down 6 percent ) and powered 10 -- 6 on Radio Songs ( 80 million , up 10 percent ) and 38 -- 15 on Streaming Songs ( 18.9 million , up 61 percent ) . On 4 December 2017 , `` Perfect '' pushed to a new number three Billboard Hot 100 high , and became Sheeran 's third number one on Digital Song Sales ( 69,000 , down 1 percent ) . He previously topped the chart for a week in 2015 with `` Thinking Out Loud '' and for ten weeks earlier in 2017 with `` Shape of You '' . `` Perfect '' reached number one on Digital Song Sales , aided by the first few hours of tracking for its duet version , released before the end of the sales ( and streaming ) tracking week at 7 p.m. ET on 30 November . For the full week , the Beyoncé version accounted for 18 percent of the song 's sales . On 11 December 2017 , after a full tracking week , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Sheeran 's second number - one song in the United States and Beyoncé 's sixth as a solo act . `` Perfect '' remained at number - one on the Digital Songs chart with sales of 181,000 copies ( up 202 percent ) . The duet version accounted for 63 percent of the song 's total sales for the week . `` Perfect '' also rose 11 -- 3 on the Streaming Songs chart with 34.9 million US streams , up 87 percent , while on Radio Songs , it pushed 4 -- 3 ( 102 million in audience , up 14 percent ) . The duet topped the Hot 100 for five weeks . The original version of the song would later take over at the top on the week ending 20 January 2018 . After six total weeks at number one , the song was dethroned by `` Havana '' by Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug . `` Perfect '' was the seventh best - selling song of 2017 in the US , with 1,340,000 copies sold that year . The original version peaked at number one in Austria , Belgium , France , Luxembourg , Malaysia , Netherlands , Philippines , Poland , Scotland , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Switzerland . After the Beyoncé duet release , `` Perfect '' also reached number one in Australia , Denmark , Germany , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , Sweden , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The song is Sheeran 's fourth to reach number one in Australia , and held the country 's top spot for eight consecutive weeks before `` God 's Plan '' by Drake displaced it . It went to number one as well in Canada , becoming Sheeran 's second number one there and Beyoncé 's first . Music Videos ( edit ) The video for `` Perfect '' narrates a romantic story that happened in the Hintertux Mountains , Austria On 22 September 2017 , a lyric video for `` Perfect '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel . The music video for `` Perfect '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel on 9 November 2017 . The video stars Zoey Deutch and was directed by Jason Koenig , who also directed the video for `` Shape of You '' . The video was filmed at the Austrian ski resort of Hintertux and shows Sheeran and Deutch going on a ski trip with friends , with the two dancing in the snow and ending up in a cabin together . Ross McNeilage who writes for MTV UK called the video a `` Christmas dream '' for its wintery visual . While praising the simple story and the video 's cinematography , McNeilage noted that Zoey Deutch acts opposite to the superstar as his love interest and we watch as they `` coyly flirt until they realise their love for one another and slow dance in the snow together . '' As of August 2018 , the music video has received over 1.3 billion views on YouTube . It received nominations for Song of the Year , Best Pop Video and Best Direction at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards . On 15 December 2017 , a music video for `` Perfect Symphony '' ( duet with Andrea Bocelli ) was also released . Remixes and duets ( edit ) In November 2017 , Sheeran released an acoustic version of `` Perfect '' and two remixes by Mike Perry and Robin Schulz . A version of `` Perfect '' , titled `` Perfect Duet '' , with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017 . The song is a stripped down , acoustic version of the original , with Beyoncé singing the second verse from a female perspective . Sheeran stated the song was Beyoncé 's favorite from the album , and reached out to her to re-record the song . Beyoncé agreed , and the two recorded the song in May 2017 . An operatic version of `` Perfect '' with Andrea Bocelli , titled `` Perfect Symphony '' and sung partly in Italian , was released on 15 December 2017 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' 4 : 23 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download -- acoustic No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( acoustic ) 4 : 20 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download -- Mike Perry remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Mike Perry remix ) 3 : 41 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download -- Robin Schulz remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Robin Schulz remix ) 4 : 09 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download -- duet with Beyoncé No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect Duet '' ( with Beyoncé ) 4 : 19 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download -- duet with Andrea Bocelli No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect Symphony '' ( with Andrea Bocelli ) 4 : 25 <Th_colspan="3"> German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' 4 : 23 2 . `` Perfect '' ( acoustic ) 4 : 20 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original version Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 7 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Bolivia ( Monitor Latino ) 12 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Costa Rica ( Monitor Latino ) 17 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Ecuador ( National - Report ) El Salvador ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Airplay ( IFPI ) 11 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) 19 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 66 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Paraguay ( Monitor Latino ) 16 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 5 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 53 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Singapore ( RIAS ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Korea International ( Gaon ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Uruguay ( Monitor Latino ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 37 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart entries where Beyoncé duet is credited Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Brazil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 30 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 8 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 61 Portugal ( AFP ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 13 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 18 Chart entries where Andrea Bocelli duet is credited Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 26 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 62 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 36 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 8 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 34 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Poland ( ZPAV ) 55 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 91 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 0 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 640,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 270,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 233,333 Germany ( BVMI ) Diamond 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 × Platinum 350,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Platinum 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 6 × Platinum 180,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 1,340,000 <Th_colspan="5"> Beyoncé remix only Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States 26 September 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Atlantic 2 October 2017 Hot adult contemporary radio Worldwide 10 November 2017 Digital download Acoustic Mike Perry remix 24 November 2017 Robin Schulz remix Germany CD single Original Warner Music International Italy 1 December 2017 Contemporary hit radio Duet ( with Beyoncé ) Warner Worldwide Digital download Atlantic Italy 15 December 2017 Contemporary hit radio Symphony ( with Andrea Bocelli ) Warner Worldwide Digital download Atlantic See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Austria ) List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2017 List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2018 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one songs of the 2010s ( Czech Republic ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Denmark ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one hits of 2017 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Italy ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Italy ) List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Malaysia ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Poland ) List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Singapore ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2018 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Perfect Symphony ' Featuring Andrea Bocelli : Listen '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 `` '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201747 into search . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201741 into search . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Issue date : 2017.11. 26 -- 2017.12. 02 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay General '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran with Beyoncé -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Brasil '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201822 into search . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201749 into search . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran , beyoncé : Perfect Duet ( Ed Sheeran & Beyoncé ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 49 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Mega Top 50 -- AVROTROS -- NPO 3FM '' . Mega Top 50 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 1 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ed Sheeran / Beyoncé -- Perfect '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201749 into search . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Issue date : 2017.12. 03 -- 2017.12. 09 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones lista ( Ventas en España ) -- Semana del 10.12. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran / Andrea Bocelli -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 ARIA Singles Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles Annuel ( physique + téléchargement + streaming ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Perfect in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Perfect ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Perfect ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Perfect in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect duet ( with Beyoncé ) '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Ed Sheeran '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC > Future Releases '' . All Access . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/ed-sheeran-beyonce-perfect-duet-177124-01-12-2017-radiodate/ Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/ed-sheeran-with-andrea-bocelli-perfect-symphony-177187-15-12-2017-radiodate/ <Th_colspan="2"> Ed Sheeran songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` Hearts Do n't Break Around Here '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' `` Boa Me '' `` End Game '' `` River '' <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Beyoncé songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' Everything Is Love `` Apeshit '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Top Off '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` Sexy Lil Thug '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Andrea Bocelli <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Teatro del Silenzio Studio albums Il Mare Calmo della Sera ( 1994 ) Bocelli ( 1995 ) Viaggio Italiano ( 1996 / 1997 ) Aria : The Opera Album ( 1998 ) Sogno ( 1999 ) Sacred Arias ( 1999 ) Verdi ( 2000 ) Cieli di Toscana ( 2001 ) Sentimento ( 2002 ) Andrea ( 2004 ) Amore ( 2006 ) Incanto ( 2008 ) My Christmas ( 2009 ) Passione ( 2013 ) Cinema ( 2015 ) Live albums Under the Desert Sky ( 2006 ) Vivere Live in Tuscany ( 2008 ) Concerto : One Night in Central Park ( 2011 ) Compilations Romanza ( 1997 ) The Best of Andrea Bocelli : Vivere ( 2007 ) Opera ( 2012 ) Romanza ( 20th Anniversary Edition ) ( 2016 ) Other albums Carmen : Duets & Arias ( 2010 ) Notte Illuminata ( 2011 ) Opera recordings La Bohème ( 2000 ) Tosca ( 2003 ) Il Trovatore ( 2004 ) Werther ( 2005 ) Pagliacci ( 2006 ) Cavalleria Rusticana ( 2007 ) Carmen ( 2008 / 2010 ) Andrea Chénier ( 2010 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 2012 ) Manon Lescaut ( 2014 ) Turandot ( 2015 ) Aida ( 2016 ) Video albums A Night in Tuscany ( 1998 ) Sacred Arias : The Home Video ( 2000 ) Tuscan Skies ( Cieli di Toscana ) ( 2002 ) Credo : John Paul II ( 2006 ) Under the Desert Sky ( 2006 ) Vivere Live in Tuscany ( 2008 ) Incanto : The Documentary ( 2008 ) My Christmas Special ( 2009 ) Concerto : One Night in Central Park ( 2011 ) Love in Portofino ( 2013 ) Cinema ( 2015 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2010s <Td_colspan="2"> `` When We Collide '' ( Matt Cardle , 2010 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( Military Wives with Gareth Malone , 2011 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( The Justice Collective , 2012 ) `` Skyscraper '' ( Sam Bailey , 2013 ) `` Something I Need '' ( Ben Haenow , 2014 ) `` A Bridge over You '' ( NHS Choir , 2015 ) `` Rockabye '' ( Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul and Anne - Marie , 2016 ) `` Perfect '' ( Ed Sheeran , 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_(Ed_Sheeran_song)&oldid=854322653 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 2010s ballads 2017 songs Ed Sheeran songs Beyoncé songs Andrea Bocelli songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Mega Top 50 number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Hungary Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland 2017 singles Pop ballads UK Singles Chart number - one singles Vocal duets Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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1. Ed Sheeran's song "Perfect"
2. Chart performance of "Perfect"
3. Music videos for "Perfect"
4. Remixes and duets of "Perfect"
5. Commercial success of "Perfect"
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-2,819,461,014,567,541,000 |
who does will marry in will and grace
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The finale ( Will & Grace ) - wikipedia The finale ( Will & Grace ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Finale '' <Td_colspan="2"> Will & Grace episode <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster for `` The Finale '' , showing the main cast bowing . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 23 Directed by James Burrows Written by David Kohan Max Mutchnick Original air date May 18 , 2006 <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Kevin Bacon as himself Harry Connick , Jr. as Leo Leslie Jordan as Beverley Leslie Bobby Cannavale as Vince <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Whatever Happened to Baby Gin ? '' Next → `` 11 Years Later '' <Td_colspan="2"> Will & Grace ( season 8 ) List of Will & Grace episodes `` The Finale '' is the twenty - third episode of American television series Will & Grace 's eighth season , which originally served as the series finale prior to the announcement of a 16 - episode ninth season revival slated for the 2017 -- 18 TV season . It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on May 18 , 2006 , when it was watched by an average of eighteen million viewers , making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons of Will & Grace . In the finale , Will and Grace have a falling - out that lasts for years . They each have a child with their respective partners , and eventually reconcile when their children ( Laila and Ben ) meet at college . Meanwhile , Karen 's arch - enemy Beverley Leslie makes an offer to Jack which ultimately leads to Jack inheriting Beverley 's fortune . The episode was written by series creators and executive producers David Kohan and Max Mutchnick , and directed by James Burrows . Filming took place at CBS Studio Center in Studio City , California in April 2006 . The cast members took the news about the show ending well , but they became emotional as the final scene was being filmed . NBC heavily promoted the finale , and the main cast members appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Today Show to bid farewell . An hour - long series retrospective , `` Say Goodnight Gracie '' , featuring interviews with the cast , crew , and guest stars , preceded the hour - long series finale . Since airing , the finale has received mixed reviews from television critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Broadcast and reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Grace Adler ( Debra Messing ) , heavily pregnant , is having bizarre dreams of the future in which she and her gay friend and roommate Will Truman ( Eric McCormack ) are an old couple raising their child . In her dream , Jack McFarland ( Sean Hayes ) is married to actor Kevin Bacon , and Karen Walker ( Megan Mullally ) -- who has not aged ( her explanation : `` Money '' ) -- is now in a relationship with her maid Rosario Salazar ( Shelley Morrison ) . In Grace 's real life , however , her relationship with Will is complicated . Grace is not sure if she wants to spend the rest of her life living with Will . When her ex-husband Marvin `` Leo '' Markus ( Harry Connick , Jr . ) shows up and proposes to her -- unaware she is pregnant with his child -- she immediately accepts . Will feels betrayed , and stops speaking to her . Two years later , Grace moves with Leo to Rome and lives there for a year . They then move back to New York City , where they raise their daughter , Laila . Will and Vince D'Angelo ( Bobby Cannavale ) have since reconciled , and are raising a son , Ben . Karen and Jack grow tired of the fact that Will and Grace are not speaking with each other , so they lure them to the same place and force them to make up . The four meet at Will and Vince 's apartment , and even though Will and Grace have a pleasant evening together , they find that too much has changed between them , and drift apart . Meanwhile , Karen finalizes her divorce from Stan , but soon finds out that all his money was borrowed and that she will be left with nothing . When learning that Beverley Leslie ( Leslie Jordan ) and his `` business associate '' Benji ( Brian A. Setzer ) have broken up , Karen plots to have Jack take Benji 's place , after Jack confesses that Beverly offered to share his entire fortune with him . When Beverly dies after being blown off a balcony from high winds , Jack inherits all of his money . Around twenty years later , Laila meets Ben as they both move into college . Will and Grace are reunited while helping their children move into their dorm rooms , and rekindle their friendship . Laila and Ben eventually marry . Jack and Karen , meanwhile , are now living comfortably with each other and Rosario . While everyone else is older , Karen -- just like in Grace 's dream -- has not aged due to extensive plastic surgery , and she and Jack perform a duet of the song `` Unforgettable '' . The show ends with Will and Grace watching ER together , reminiscing and discussing the marriage of their respective children . Feeling uplifted , the four friends gather at a bar to toast to their friendship , which then flashes back to the four as their younger selves . Production ( edit ) Will & Grace creators and executive producers David Kohan and Max Mutchnick , who had not served as writers since the season four season finale , wrote the script for the series finale . Regarding the finale , Mutchnick stated : `` We wrote about what you want to have happen with people you love . I think Will and Grace end up very fleshed out . They end up as full adults . All the things that matter in life , they end up having . '' Three years before the series finale was created , Mutchnick was asked on his opinion regarding how he would like to see the character 's story come to a conclusion , `` The truth is that ( Will and Grace ) serve each other 's dysfunction . And the best way for their story to end is to find love . '' Debra Messing , who plays Grace , thought Will & Grace fans would be satisfied with the finale . The episode was shot in Studio City , California on Stage 17 at CBS Studio Center . It was filmed on April 10 , 11 , and 13 , 2006 . The make - up effects used in Grace 's dream and the scenes fifteen years into the future were done by Academy Award - winning make - up artists . Kohan and Mutchnick joined long - time director James Burrows on the set as filming began . The cast and crew tried to remain cheerful in front of the live audience between takes while the writers gathered in a room to rework lines for potentially larger laughs . However , `` there were a lot of snotty , tearful faces all around the set . When we got to the very , very last scene , everybody was just a mess . We started sobbing and hugging each other , '' said Megan Mullally , who plays Karen . Eric McCormack , who portrays Will , commented that his saddest moment was `` the last time I stood in Will 's kitchen . That was the most colorful position for me , standing there and stirring something . It was my pulpit , the place where I delivered my best jokes . '' The set was already being broken down the day after filming finished . Debra Messing , who plays Grace , said it was `` cordoned off like an accident scene . It was a shock to see parts of it gone already . '' Each cast member was allowed to keep their favorite souvenir from the set . Messing took the door to Grace 's office ; she wanted to lean it up against the wall at her house as a piece of modern art . Sean Hayes was given a couple of pieces from Will 's apartment : `` There 's a leather box that was on Will 's desk that I want to find a place for . '' Mullally chose a simple portrait from one of the walls , and McCormack took a small ceramic dog , though he said he would have taken everything if he could . The cast members of the show took the news about the show ending well . Hayes said : `` I 'm proud of being a part of something in history and I 'm proud to have been given a platform to make people laugh . '' McCormack added , `` We have never taken ourselves or this show too seriously but now that it 's over I take our collective achievement very , very seriously . '' The actors were satisfied with the episode and thought the viewers would find it satisfying as well . `` It 's daring and ambitious and more far - reaching than most finales go . I think people will be quite surprised , '' McCormack said . Messing added : `` I think Will & Grace fans will be satisfied . Ultimately , ( the episode ) was done beautifully and it ties up loose ends for all of the characters in a way that 's wonderful . '' Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Eric McCormack and the rest of the main cast members appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Today Show to bid farewell . The series finale was heavily promoted by NBC , and the main cast members appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show , The Today Show , and Live with Regis and Kelly to bid farewell . NBC devoted a two - hour block in its primetime schedule on May 18 , 2006 , for the Will & Grace send - off . An hour - long series retrospective , `` Say Goodnight Gracie '' , featuring interviews with the cast , crew , and guest stars , preceded the hour - long series finale . The retrospective was viewed by an estimated 12.7 million viewers , while the finale drew 18.43 million viewers and a Nielsen rating of 11.5 / 18 , making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons of Will & Grace . Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . Richard Keller of TV Squad thought the finale 's theme of Will and Grace 's connection to each other was well - presented by director James Burrows . Keller added , `` While not as satisfying as , say , the Friends finale or as crushing as the Seinfeld finale , the series finale to Will & Grace did have its moments and came back to the original concept of friendship among a close group of people . There were some moments where I did laugh out loud , but they were few . '' CHUD. com 's David Oliver praised the finale for not having characters `` go on wild tangents that betray who they were during the entirety of the show 's run . '' He also commented that Messing and McCormack are `` affecting in their performances '' and the episode `` nicely summarizes ( Will and Grace 's ) friendship over the course of the entire show . '' Setting the finale in several different time periods was criticized by some critics . Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said `` we endure a swirl of confusing , unnecessary sequences , from Grace 's dream to current reality to two years later to their kids ' first day of college to their kids ' impending wedding . By the end , instead of being sad to bid adieu , we 're just relieved not to have yet another disbelief - suspending flash - forward thrust upon us . '' Jim Schembri of The Sydney Morning Herald wrote : `` The time - jumping device is overused and a tad awkward but , by and large , it 's a noble finale to one of the better standard three - wall sitcoms from America . '' Amy Amatangelo of Zap2it commented that Will & Grace `` is a show that spent eight seasons predicated on the lasting friendship of Will and Grace , and we 're supposed to believe that they spent over 20 years not talking to each other just because their lives went in different directions ? That there is no way their friendship could have been sustained once they both found the love of their life ? '' Amatangelo enjoyed Jack and Karen 's performance of `` Unforgettable '' , but the rest of the finale she `` could have done without . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` NBC 's ' Will ' bows out gracefully '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Will & Grace : Season One -- Interviews with the Creators ( DVD ) . Lions Gate Entertainment . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Will & Grace : Series Finale -- The Final Bow : Curtain Call ( DVD ) . Lions Gate Entertainment . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will & Grace 's Last Laugh '' . People . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bowes , Peter ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` Will and Grace bid farewell '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Elber , Lynn ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` TV odd couple Will & Grace take their final bow '' . The Standard . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Furman , Phyllis ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' Opts For Quick DVD Finish '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Mike ( May 8 , 2006 ) . `` Several old TV friends saying goodbye in coming weeks '' . The Seattle Times . p . E5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bark , Ed ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` Four popular shows with staying power now bid adieu '' . The Dallas Morning News . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ostrow , Joanne ( May 16 , 2006 ) . `` '' Will & Grace '' shocked and charmed us . And it 's amazing what the writers got away with `` . The Denver Post . p. F - 01 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` ' Will ' Ends On A Grace Note '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( May 20 , 2006 ) . `` Arts , Briefly ; The Twilight of ' Will & Grace ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( May 21 , 2006 ) . `` ' Will ' has its way in finale '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Will & Grace ' Helps NBC Stay Tough on Thursday '' . Zap2it . May 19 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Keller , Richard ( May 18 , 2006 ) . `` Will & Grace : The Finale ( series finale ) '' . TV Squad . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver , David ( June 24 , 2006 ) . `` DVD Review : Will & Grace -- Series Finale '' . CHUD.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( May 26 , 2006 ) . `` Will & Grace : Series Finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schembri , Jim ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Will & Grace ( finale ) '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Amatangelo , Amy ( July 12 , 2008 ) . `` TV Gal Is Conflicted by The CW '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . External links ( edit ) `` The Finale '' at the Internet Movie Database `` The Finale '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Will & Grace Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Will Truman Grace Adler Jack McFarland Karen Walker Rosario Salazar Supporting characters Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Grace , Replaced '' `` Gypsies , Tramps and Weed '' `` A Chorus Lie '' `` Fagel Attraction '' `` Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More '' `` Dolls and Dolls '' `` Back Up , Dancer '' `` Alive and Schticking '' `` Buy , Buy Baby '' `` The Finale '' `` 11 Years Later '' Related Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Finale_(Will_%26_Grace)&oldid=826964599 '' Categories : 2006 American television episodes American television series finales Will & Grace episodes Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 00 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Will & Grace series finale
2. Plot of the finale episode
3. Cast members' reactions to the show ending
4. Reception of the finale episode
5. Promotional efforts and interviews for the finale
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-8,400,588,831,627,149,000 |
what is the highest level in martial arts
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Red belt ( martial arts ) - wikipedia Red belt ( martial arts ) For other uses , see black belt ( disambiguation ) . karateka Akio Tamashiro displaying Karate Red belt A Red Belt is one of several colored belts used in some martial arts where each practitioner 's level is marked by the color of the belt , these are most commonly those of Kodokan style Judo origin . Like the more commonly known Black Belt , its use varies between arts , with most using it for the style founder , Grandmaster or other high rank , while others use it as the immediately pre-black belt rank or even to denote a beginner who holds no rank . In some schools , a red belt signifies ninth or tenth degree Dan rank , where the tenth degree is the highest rank attainable . In karate , even though grandmasters and non-black belts ( according to whatever system ) may both wear a `` red belt '' , the difference is obvious . Not only is there a clear difference in age , but the respective belts are different , as well : Dan rank belts are broader , with kyu ( pre-black belt ) rank belts normally having a width of 4 centimeters and dan rank belts having a width of 5 centimeters . Also , the grandmaster 's red belt is usually darker in color and embroidered with the person 's name and style ( as customary for dan rank belts ) . In Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu , the 7th degree belt is red and black , the 8th degree belt is red and white , and the 9th and 10th degree belts are solid red . In the Japanese martial art of Judo , at 6th degree ( dan ) the belt is replaced by an alternately red and white belt , and at 9th degree it is replaced by a solid red belt . In most Okinawan Karate styles and in some schools of Kobudo ( Okinawan weaponry ) , the alternately red and white belt is used for 7 and 8 dans , whereas the solid red belt is used for 9 and 10 dans , which are purely honorary , i.e. can not be attained by applying for ( and passing ) the respective exam . From 7 dan onwards , a practitioner is allowed to use the title shihan , which translates as `` expert examples '' In modern Karate , as governed by the World Karate Federation and its subsidiary federations , red ( aka ) and blue ( ao ) belts are worn by competitors . Only red and blue belts are to be worn for competition , with foot and fist pads of the corresponding color for kumite competition . In tournaments sanctioned by the Japan Karate Association ( JKA ) , red ( aka ) and white ( shiro ) belts ( colors of the Japanese flag ) were previously worn . However , this practice has largely been replaced after the 1980s , with both competitors now wearing black belts and the athlete designated as aka wearing a thin red tassel on his / her belt . Usually in traditional Korean taekwondo , the red belt is just before gaining a first degree black belt , or first Dan . The pattern , or poomsae , which must be learned by the practitioner in order to attain the rank varies between styles and schools . In Tsien Tao Chinese Kempo , the red belt is equivalent to a sixth degree black belt ( first degree master ) . Stripes are added to the red belt to denote second , and third degree master . A fourth degree master is represented by a red and white striped belt . In Seiki Juku Karate , a red belt denotes karate - ka at 10th Kyu . In Vovinam , red belt is highest rank for master rank and have 7 level from zero to six . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Belt colors and ranking tradition . E-budokai.com ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jiu - jitsu Newbie Guide -- FAQs : Information for Beginners about Brazilian Jiu - jitsu . Jiu-jitsu.net . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Judo Rank System -- Belts . Judoinfo.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://yawaramartialarts.com/more/more_karate_syllabus.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_belt_(martial_arts)&oldid=853660245 '' Categories : Belts ( clothing ) Martial arts terminology Martial arts ranking Martial arts uniforms Talk About Wikipedia Монгол 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 05 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Red belt in martial arts
2. Belt ranking system in martial arts
3. Red belt in karate and judo
4. Red belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
5. Red belt in taekwondo and Chinese Kempo
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who led the american league in saves in 2011
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List of major League Baseball annual saves Leaders - wikipedia List of major League Baseball annual saves Leaders Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of annual leaders in saves in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , with separate lists for the American League and the National League . The list also includes several professional leagues and associations that were never part of MLB . Bruce Sutter is tied for Major League records in both total times leading the league in saves ( 5 ) and consecutive league - leading seasons ( 4 ) In baseball , a save is credited to a pitcher who finishes a game for the winning team under prescribed circumstances . Most commonly a relief pitcher ( `` reliever '' ) earns a save by entering in the ninth inning of a game in which his team is winning by three or fewer runs and finishing the game by pitching one inning without losing the lead . The statistic was created by Jerome Holtzman in 1959 to `` measure the effectiveness of relief pitchers '' and was adopted as an MLB official statistic in 1969 . The save has been retroactively measured for pitchers before that date . MLB recognizes the player or players in each league with the most saves each season . In retrospect , the five saves by Jack Manning meant he led the National League in its inaugural year , while Bill Hoffer was the American League 's first saves champion with three . Mordecai Brown was the first pitcher to record at least 10 saves in a season . Dan Quisenberry , Bruce Sutter , Firpo Marberry , and Ed Walsh are the only pitchers to lead the league in saves five times ( though Marberry and Walsh did so before 1969 ) . Sutter is also tied with Harry Wright , Dan Quisenberry and Craig Kimbrel for the most consecutive seasons leading the league in saves with four . Contents ( hide ) 1 American League 2 National League 3 American Association 4 National Association 5 Union Association 6 Player 's League 7 Federal League 8 Footnotes 9 References American League ( edit ) Year Player Team ( s ) Saves 1901 Bill Hoffer Cleveland Blues 1902 Jack Powell St. Louis Browns 1903 Bill Dinneen George Mullin Al Orth Jack Powell Cy Young Boston Americans Detroit Tigers Washington Senators St. Louis Browns Boston Americans 1904 Case Patten Washington Senators 1905 Jim Buchanan St. Louis Browns 1906 Chief Bender Otto Hess Philadelphia Athletics Cleveland Naps 1907 Bill Dinneen Tom Hughes Ed Walsh Boston / St. Louis Washington Senators Chicago White Sox 1908 Ed Walsh Chicago White Sox 6 1909 Frank Arellanes Boston Red Sox 8 1910 Ed Walsh Chicago White Sox 5 1911 Charley Hall Eddie Plank Ed Walsh Boston Red Sox Philadelphia Athletics Chicago White Sox 1912 Ed Walsh Chicago White Sox 10 1913 Chief Bender Philadelphia Athletics 13 1914 Jack Bentley Hooks Dauss Red Faber Roy Mitchell Jim Shaw Washington Senators Detroit Tigers Chicago White Sox St. Louis Browns Washington Senators 1915 Carl Mays Boston Red Sox 7 1916 Bob Shawkey New York Yankees 8 1917 Dave Danforth Chicago White Sox 9 1918 George Mogridge New York Yankees 7 1919 Allen Russell Jim Shaw Bob Shawkey New York / Boston Washington Senators New York Yankees 5 1920 Dickey Kerr Urban Shocker Chicago White Sox St. Louis Browns 5 1921 Carl Mays Jim Middleton New York Yankees Detroit Tigers 7 1922 Sam Jones New York Yankees 8 1923 Allen Russell Washington Senators 9 1924 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 15 1925 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 15 1926 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 22 1927 Garland Braxton Wilcy Moore Washington Senators New York Yankees 13 1928 Waite Hoyt New York Yankees 8 1929 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 11 1930 Lefty Grove Philadelphia Athletics 9 1931 Wilcy Moore Boston Red Sox 10 1932 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 13 1933 Jack Russell Washington Senators 13 1934 Jack Russell Washington Senators 7 1935 Jack Knott St. Louis Browns 7 1936 Pat Malone New York Yankees 9 1937 Clint Brown Chicago White Sox 18 1938 Johnny Murphy New York Yankees 11 1939 Johnny Murphy New York Yankees 19 1940 Al Benton Detroit Tigers 17 1941 Johnny Murphy New York Yankees 15 1942 Johnny Murphy New York Yankees 11 1943 Gordon Maltzberger Chicago White Sox 14 1944 Joe Berry George Caster Gordon Maltzberger Philadelphia Athletics St. Louis Browns Chicago White Sox 12 1945 Jim Turner New York Yankees 10 1946 Bob Klinger Boston Red Sox 9 1947 Ed Klieman Joe Page Cleveland Indians New York Yankees 17 1948 Russ Christopher Cleveland Indians 17 1949 Joe Page New York Yankees 27 1950 Mickey Harris Washington Senators 15 1951 Ellis Kinder Boston Red Sox 14 1952 Harry Dorish Chicago White Sox 11 1953 Ellis Kinder Boston Red Sox 27 1954 Johnny Sain New York Yankees 22 1955 Ray Narleski Cleveland Indians 19 1956 George Zuverink Baltimore Orioles 16 1957 Bob Grim New York Yankees 19 1958 Ryne Duren New York Yankees 20 1959 Turk Lown Chicago White Sox 15 1960 Mike Fornieles Johnny Klippstein Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians 14 1961 Luis Arroyo New York Yankees 29 1962 Dick Radatz Boston Red Sox 24 1963 Stu Miller Baltimore Orioles 27 1964 Dick Radatz Boston Red Sox 29 1965 Ron Kline Washington Senators 29 1966 Jack Aker Kansas City Athletics 32 1967 Minnie Rojas California Angels 27 1968 Al Worthington Minnesota Twins 18 1969 Ron Perranoski Minnesota Twins 31 1970 Ron Perranoski Minnesota Twins 34 1971 Ken Sanders Milwaukee Brewers 31 1972 Sparky Lyle New York Yankees 35 1973 John Hiller Detroit Tigers 38 Terry Forster Chicago White Sox 24 Goose Gossage Chicago White Sox 26 1976 Sparky Lyle New York Yankees 23 1977 Bill Campbell Boston Red Sox 31 1978 Goose Gossage New York Yankees 27 1979 Mike Marshall Minnesota Twins 32 1980 Goose Gossage Dan Quisenberry New York Yankees Kansas City Royals 33 1981 Rollie Fingers Milwaukee Brewers 28 1982 Dan Quisenberry Kansas City Royals 35 Dan Quisenberry Kansas City Royals 45 1984 Dan Quisenberry Kansas City Royals 44 1985 Dan Quisenberry Kansas City Royals 37 1986 Dave Righetti New York Yankees 46 Tom Henke Toronto Blue Jays 34 1988 Dennis Eckersley Oakland Athletics 45 1989 Jeff Russell Texas Rangers 38 1990 Bobby Thigpen Chicago White Sox 57 1991 Bryan Harvey California Angels 46 1992 Dennis Eckersley Oakland Athletics 51 1993 Jeff Montgomery Duane Ward Kansas City Royals Toronto Blue Jays 45 1994 Lee Smith Baltimore Orioles 33 1995 José Mesa Cleveland Indians 46 John Wetteland New York Yankees 43 1997 Randy Myers Baltimore Orioles 45 1998 Tom Gordon Boston Red Sox 46 1999 Mariano Rivera New York Yankees 45 2000 Todd Jones Derek Lowe Detroit Tigers Boston Red Sox 42 2001 Mariano Rivera New York Yankees 50 2002 Eddie Guardado Minnesota Twins 45 2003 Keith Foulke Oakland Athletics 43 Mariano Rivera New York Yankees 53 2005 Francisco Rodríguez Bob Wickman Los Angeles Angels Cleveland Indians 45 2006 Francisco Rodríguez Los Angeles Angels 47 2007 Joe Borowski Cleveland Indians 45 2008 Francisco Rodríguez Los Angeles Angels 62 2009 Brian Fuentes Los Angeles Angels 48 Rafael Soriano Tampa Bay Rays 45 2011 José Valverde Detroit Tigers 49 2012 Jim Johnson Baltimore Orioles 51 2013 Jim Johnson Baltimore Orioles 50 2014 Fernando Rodney Seattle Mariners 48 2015 Brad Boxberger Tampa Bay Rays 41 2016 Zach Britton Baltimore Orioles 47 2017 Álex Colomé Tampa Bay Rays 47 National League ( edit ) Year Player Team ( s ) Saves 1876 Jack Manning Boston Red Caps 5 1877 Cal McVey Chicago White Stockings 1878 Tom Healey Providence Grays Indianapolis Blues 1879 Bobby Mathews John Montgomery Ward Providence Grays 1880 Lee Richmond Worcester Ruby Legs 1881 Bobby Mathews Providence Grays Boston Red Caps 1882 John Montgomery Ward Providence Grays 1883 Jim Whitney Stump Wiedman Boston Beaneaters Detroit Wolverines 1884 John Morrill Boston Beaneaters 1885 Fred Pfeffer Ned Williamson Chicago White Stockings 1886 Charlie Ferguson Philadelphia Quakers 1887 Mark Baldwin Frederick Fass Charlie Ferguson Bob Pettit Bill Stemmyer Mike Tiernan Larry Twitchell George Van Haltren Chicago White Stockings Indianapolis Hoosiers Philadelphia Quakers Chicago White Stockings Boston Beaneaters New York Giants Detroit Wolverines Chicago White Stockings 1888 George Wood Philadelphia Quakers 1889 Bill Bishop Bill Sowders Mickey Welch Chicago White Stockings Boston / Pittsburgh New York Giants 1890 Dave Foutz Kid Gleason Bill Hutchinson Brooklyn Bridegrooms Philadelphia Phillies Chicago Colts 1891 John Clarkson Kid Nichols Boston Beaneaters 1892 Gus Weyhing Philadelphia Phillies 1893 Mark Baldwin Tom Colcolough Frank Donnelly Frank Dwyer Tony Mullane Pittsburgh / New York Pittsburgh Pirates Chicago Colts Cincinnati Reds Cincinnati / Baltimore 1894 Tony Mullane Baltimore Orioles Cleveland Spiders 1895 Ernie Beam Kid Nichols Tom Parrott Philadelphia Phillies Boston Beaneaters Cincinnati Reds 1896 Cy Young Cleveland Spiders 1897 Win Mercer Kid Nichols Washington Senators Boston Beaneaters 1898 Kid Nichols Boston Beaneaters 1899 Sam Leever Pittsburgh Pirates 1900 Frank Kitson Brooklyn Superbas 1901 Wild Bill Donovan Jack Powell Brooklyn Superbas St. Louis Cardinals 1902 Vic Willis Boston Beaneaters 1903 Carl Lundgren Roscoe Miller Chicago Cubs New York Giants 1904 Joe McGinnity New York Giants 5 1905 Claude Elliott New York Giants 6 1906 George Ferguson New York Giants 7 1907 Joe McGinnity New York Giants 1908 Mordecai Brown Christy Mathewson Joe McGinnity Chicago Cubs New York Giants New York Giants 5 1909 Mordecai Brown Chicago Cubs 7 1910 Mordecai Brown Harry Gaspar Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds 7 1911 Mordecai Brown Chicago Cubs 13 1912 Slim Sallee St. Louis Cardinals 6 1913 Larry Cheney Chicago Cubs 11 1914 Red Ames Slim Sallee Cincinnati Reds St. Louis Cardinals 6 1915 Tom Hughes Boston Braves 9 1916 Red Ames St. Louis Cardinals 8 1917 Slim Sallee New York Giants 1918 Fred Anderson Wilbur Cooper Joe Oeschger Fred Toney New York Giants Pittsburgh Pirates Philadelphia Phillies Cincinnati / New York 1919 Oscar Tuero St. Louis Cardinals 1920 Bill Sherdel St. Louis Cardinals 6 1921 Lou North St. Louis Cardinals 7 1922 Claude Jonnard New York Giants 5 1923 Claude Jonnard New York Giants 5 1924 Jakie May Cincinnati Reds 6 1925 Guy Bush Johnny Morrison Chicago Cubs Pittsburgh Pirates 1926 Chick Davies New York Giants 6 1927 Bill Sherdel St. Louis Cardinals 6 1928 Hal Haid Bill Sherdel St. Louis Cardinals 5 1929 Guy Bush Johnny Morrison Chicago Cubs Brooklyn Robins 8 1930 Hi Bell St. Louis Cardinals 8 1931 Jack Quinn Brooklyn Robins 15 1932 Jack Quinn Brooklyn Dodgers 8 1933 Phil Collins Philadelphia Phillies 6 1934 Carl Hubbell New York Giants 8 1935 Dutch Leonard Brooklyn Dodgers 8 1936 Dizzy Dean St. Louis Cardinals 11 1937 Mace Brown Cliff Melton Pittsburgh Pirates New York Giants 7 1938 Dick Coffman New York Giants 12 1939 Bob Bowman Clyde Shoun St. Louis Cardinals 9 1940 Joe Beggs Jumbo Brown Mace Brown Cincinnati Reds New York Giants Pittsburgh Pirates 7 1941 Jumbo Brown New York Giants 8 1942 Hugh Casey Brooklyn Dodgers 13 1943 Les Webber Brooklyn Dodgers 10 1944 Ace Adams New York Giants 13 1945 Ace Adams Andy Karl New York Giants Philadelphia Phillies 15 1946 Ken Raffensberger Philadelphia Phillies 6 1947 Hugh Casey Brooklyn Dodgers 18 1948 Harry Gumbert Cincinnati Reds 17 1949 Ted Wilks St. Louis Cardinals 9 1950 Jim Konstanty Philadelphia Phillies 22 1951 Ted Wilks St. Louis Cardinals 13 1952 Al Brazle St. Louis Cardinals 16 1953 Al Brazle St. Louis Cardinals 18 1954 Jim Hughes Brooklyn Dodgers 24 1955 Jack Meyer Philadelphia Phillies 16 1956 Clem Labine Brooklyn Dodgers 19 1957 Clem Labine Brooklyn Dodgers 17 1958 Roy Face Pittsburgh Pirates 20 1959 Lindy McDaniel Don McMahon St. Louis Cardinals Milwaukee Braves 15 1960 Lindy McDaniel St. Louis Cardinals 26 1961 Roy Face Stu Miller Pittsburgh Pirates San Francisco Giants 17 1962 Roy Face Pittsburgh Pirates 28 1963 Lindy McDaniel Chicago Cubs 22 1964 Hal Woodeshick Houston Colt . 45 's 23 1965 Ted Abernathy Chicago Cubs 31 1966 Phil Regan Los Angeles Dodgers 21 1967 Ted Abernathy Cincinnati Reds 28 1968 Phil Regan Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago Cubs 25 1969 Fred Gladding Houston Astros 29 1970 Wayne Granger Cincinnati Reds 35 1971 Dave Giusti Pittsburgh Pirates 30 1972 Clay Carroll Cincinnati Reds 37 1973 Mike Marshall Montreal Expos 31 Mike Marshall Los Angeles Dodgers 21 Rawly Eastwick Al Hrabosky Cincinnati Reds St. Louis Cardinals 22 1976 Rawly Eastwick Cincinnati Reds 26 1977 Rollie Fingers San Diego Padres 35 1978 Rollie Fingers San Diego Padres 37 1979 Bruce Sutter Chicago Cubs 37 1980 Bruce Sutter Chicago Cubs 28 1981 Bruce Sutter St. Louis Cardinals 25 1982 Bruce Sutter St. Louis Cardinals 36 Lee Smith Chicago Cubs 29 1984 Bruce Sutter St. Louis Cardinals 45 1985 Jeff Reardon Montreal Expos 41 1986 Todd Worrell St. Louis Cardinals 36 Steve Bedrosian Philadelphia Phillies 40 1988 John Franco Cincinnati Reds 39 1989 Mark Davis San Diego Padres 44 1990 John Franco New York Mets 33 1991 Lee Smith St. Louis Cardinals 47 1992 Lee Smith St. Louis Cardinals 43 1993 Randy Myers Chicago Cubs 53 1994 John Franco New York Mets 30 1995 Randy Myers Chicago Cubs 38 Jeff Brantley Todd Worrell Cincinnati Reds Los Angeles Dodgers 44 1997 Jeff Shaw Cincinnati Reds 42 1998 Trevor Hoffman San Diego Padres 53 1999 Ugueth Urbina Montreal Expos 41 2000 Antonio Alfonseca Florida Marlins 45 2001 Robb Nen San Francisco Giants 45 2002 John Smoltz Atlanta Braves 55 2003 Éric Gagné Los Angeles Dodgers 55 Armando Benítez Jason Isringhausen Florida Marlins St. Louis Cardinals 47 2005 Chad Cordero Washington Nationals 47 2006 Trevor Hoffman San Diego Padres 46 2007 José Valverde Arizona Diamondbacks 47 2008 José Valverde Houston Astros 44 2009 Heath Bell San Diego Padres 42 Brian Wilson San Francisco Giants 48 2011 John Axford Craig Kimbrel Milwaukee Brewers Atlanta Braves 46 2012 Craig Kimbrel Jason Motte Atlanta Braves St. Louis Cardinals 42 2013 Craig Kimbrel Atlanta Braves 50 2014 Craig Kimbrel Atlanta Braves 47 2015 Mark Melancon Pittsburgh Pirates 51 2016 Jeurys Familia New York Mets 51 2017 Greg Holland Kenley Jansen Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers 41 American Association ( edit ) Year Player Team ( s ) Saves 1882 Eddie Fusselback St. Louis Brown Stockings 1883 Bob Barr Tony Mullane Pittsburgh Alleghenys St. Louis Browns 1884 Oyster Burns Frank Mountain Hank O'Day Baltimore Orioles Columbus Buckeyes Toledo Blue Stockings 1885 Oyster Burns Baltimore Orioles 1886 Bones Ely Dave Foutz Nat Hudson Ed Morris Joe Strauss Louisville Colonels St. Louis Browns St. Louis Browns Pittsburgh Alleghenys Louisville Colonels 1887 Adonis Terry Brooklyn Grays 1888 Pop Corkhill Bob Gilks Tony Mullane Cincinnati Red Stockings Cleveland Blues Cincinnati Red Stockings 1889 Tony Mullane Cincinnati Red Stockings 5 1890 Herb Goodall Louisville Colonels 1891 Bill Daley Cinders O'Brien Boston Reds National Association ( edit ) Year Player Team ( s ) Saves 1871 Harry Wright Boston Red Stockings 1872 Al Spalding Harry Wright Baltimore Canaries Boston Red Stockings 1873 Al Spalding Boston Red Stockings 1874 Harry Wright Boston Red Stockings 1875 Al Spalding Boston Red Stockings 8 Union Association ( edit ) Year Player Team ( s ) Saves 1884 Billy Taylor St. Louis Maroons Player 's League ( edit ) Year Player Team ( s ) Saves 1890 George Hemming Hank O'Day Cleveland / Brooklyn New York Giants Federal League ( edit ) Year Player Team ( s ) Saves 1914 Russ Ford Buffalo Buffeds 6 1915 Hugh Bedient Buffalo Blues 10 Footnotes ( edit ) Recognized `` major leagues '' include the current American and National Leagues and several defunct leagues -- the American Association , the Federal League , the Players ' League , and the Union Association . References ( edit ) Baseball portal General `` Hall of Fame Pitching Register '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . `` Yearly League Leaders & Records for Saves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Inline citations Jump up ^ Horneman , Tim ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Baseball Save Rules '' . livestrong.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Jerome Holtzman , 82 , ' Dean ' of Sportswriters , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Legendary historian Holtzman passes '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly League Leaders & Records for Saves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Baseball Team and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . <Th_colspan="2"> American League season saves leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1969 : Perranoski 1970 : Perranoski 1971 : Sanders 1972 : Lyle 1973 : Hiller 1974 : Forster 1975 : Gossage 1976 : Lyle 1977 : Campbell 1978 : Gossage 1979 : Marshall 1980 : Gossage & Quisenberry 1981 : Fingers 1982 : Quisenberry 1983 : Quisenberry 1984 : Quisenberry 1985 : Quisenberry 1986 : Righetti 1987 : Henke 1988 : Eckersley 1989 : Russell 1990 : Thigpen 1991 : Harvey 1992 : Eckersley 1993 : Montgomery & Ward 1994 : Smith 1995 : Mesa 1996 : Wetteland 1997 : Myers 1998 : Gordon 1999 : Rivera 2000 : Jones & Lowe 2001 : Rivera 2002 : Guardado 2003 : Foulke 2004 : Rivera 2005 : Rodríguez & Wickman 2006 : Rodríguez 2007 : Borowski 2008 : Rodríguez 2009 : Fuentes 2010 : Soriano 2011 : Valverde 2012 : Johnson 2013 : Johnson 2014 : Rodney 2015 : Boxberger 2016 : Britton 2017 : Colomé <Th_colspan="2"> National League season saves leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1969 : Gladding 1970 : Granger 1971 : Giusti 1972 : Carroll 1973 : Marshall 1974 : Marshall 1975 : Eastwick & Hrabosky 1976 : Eastwick 1977 : Fingers 1978 : Fingers 1979 : Sutter 1980 : Sutter 1981 : Sutter 1982 : Sutter 1983 : Smith 1984 : Sutter 1985 : Reardon 1986 : Worrell 1987 : Bedrosian 1988 : Franco 1989 : Davis 1990 : Franco 1991 : Smith 1992 : Smith 1993 : Myers 1994 : Franco 1995 : Myers 1996 : Brantley & Worrell 1997 : Shaw 1998 : Hoffman 1999 : Urbina 2000 : Alfonseca 2001 : Nen 2002 : Smoltz 2003 : Gagné 2004 : Benítez & Isringhausen 2005 : Cordero 2006 : Hoffman 2007 : Valverde 2008 : Valverde 2009 : Bell 2010 : Wilson 2011 : Axford & Kimbrel 2012 : Kimbrel & Motte 2013 : Kimbrel 2014 : Kimbrel 2015 : Melancon 2016 : Familia 2017 : Holland & Jansen <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball records <Td_colspan="2"> Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_saves_leaders&oldid=803353846 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
2. American League saves leaders
3. National League saves leaders
4. Bruce Sutter's records in saves
5. Definition and criteria for a save in baseball
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-3,550,817,344,186,124,000 |
cast of nurse jackie season 7 episode 8
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Nurse Jackie - Wikipedia Nurse Jackie Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Nurse Jackie <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Medical drama Dark comedy Comedy - drama Satire Created by Liz Brixius Evan Dunsky Linda Wallem Starring Edie Falco Eve Best Merritt Wever Haaz Sleiman Paul Schulze Peter Facinelli Dominic Fumusa Anna Deavere Smith Ruby Jerins Mackenzie Aladjem Stephen Wallem Betty Gilpin Adam Ferrara Morris Chestnut Theme music composer Wendy & Lisa Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 80 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Liz Brixius Caryn Mandabach John Melfi Linda Wallem Richie Jackson Mark Hudis Christine Zander Clyde Phillips Tom Straw Producer ( s ) Brad Carpenter Michele Giordano Liz Flahive Bari Halle Allen Coulter ( pilot only ) Jerry Kupfer ( pilot only ) Location ( s ) New York City Camera setup Single camera Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Caryn Mandabach Productions Clyde Phillips Productions ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) Jackson Group Entertainment Madison Grain Elevator ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Lionsgate Television De Long Lumber Company ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Showtime Original release June 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) -- June 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 28 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> www.sho.com/sho/nurse-jackie/home Nurse Jackie is an American medical comedy - drama series . It premiered on Showtime on June 8 , 2009 . The show 's seventh and final season premiered on April 12 , 2015 . The series finale aired on June 28 , 2015 . The show stars Edie Falco as the title character Jackie Peyton , an emergency department nurse at All Saints ' Hospital in New York City . For Jackie , `` every day is a high wire act of juggling patients , doctors , fellow nurses , and her own indiscretions . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and production 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Controversy 4.3 Genre 4.4 Awards and nominations 5 Broadcast 6 Home media 7 Foreign versions 8 References 9 External links Development and production ( edit ) Nurse Jackie was created by Liz Brixius , Linda Wallem , and Evan Dunsky . Brixius and Wallem served as showrunners for the first four seasons and shared executive producer duties with Caryn Mandabach and John Melfi . Showtime ordered an initial 12 episodes . Before the premiere , Brixius told the New York Daily News that `` Guys ' stories tend to be about conquests -- getting the job , winning the Olympics , whatever . Women ( 's ) stories are n't as immediately climactic so they need to play out over the course of three months ... And every medical show out there has been about doctors . Doctors are absolutely unable to do what they have to do without nurses . We want to tell those stories . '' The June 8 , 2009 , series premiere was Showtime 's most successful ever , with 1 million viewers for the premiere and over 350,000 for the repeat broadcast . Showtime immediately picked up the series for a second season . Season Three premiered on Showtime on March 28 , 2011 . On May 23 , 2011 , Showtime ordered a fourth season . A fifth season was ordered on May 31 , 2012 , and production began in late 2012 . The season 4 finale aired on June 17 , 2012 . Season 5 premiered on April 14 , 2013 , with new showrunner and executive producer Clyde Phillips . On June 6 , 2013 , Showtime renewed the show for a sixth season , which premiered on April 13 , 2014 . On March 31 , 2014 , Showtime renewed Nurse Jackie for a seventh season , which was announced the following September as being the show 's final season . It premiered April 12 , 2015 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main character Jackie Peyton was described by Showtime as a `` strong - willed , iconoclastic New York City nurse juggling the frenzied grind of an urban hospital and an equally challenging personal life , '' noting that the character had `` an occasional weakness for Vicodin , Percocet , and Xanax to get her through the days . '' The main characters included Dr. Eleanor O'Hara ( Eve Best ) , a British doctor and Jackie 's best friend at work ; Zoey Barkow ( Merritt Wever ) , a spunky , but inexperienced , nursing student from a community college , who `` is the perfect foil for Jackie 's sharp angles '' ; Dr. Fitch Cooper ( Peter Facinelli ) , `` a likable ' golden boy ' whose calm façade hides a nervous disposition '' ; and Eddie Walzer ( Paul Schulze ) , a pharmacist with whom Jackie was having an affair at the beginning of the series . Other characters included the officious hospital administrator Mrs. Gloria Akalitus ( Anna Deavere Smith ) , Jackie 's bar owner husband Kevin ( Dominic Fumusa ) , their daughters Grace ( Ruby Jerins ) and Fiona ( Daisy Tahan season 1 -- Mackenzie Aladjem seasons 2 through 7 ) , and Thor ( Stephen Wallem ) , Jackie 's kindhearted confidant and the real - life brother of show creator / executive producer Linda Wallem . Main ( edit ) Actor Character <Th_colspan="8"> Seasons 5 6 7 Edie Falco Jackie Peyton <Td_colspan="7"> Main Eve Best Eleanor O'Hara <Td_colspan="5"> Main Guest Merritt Wever Zoey Barkow <Td_colspan="7"> Main Haaz Sleiman Mohammed de la Cruz Main <Td_colspan="6"> Paul Schulze Eddie Walzer <Td_colspan="7"> Main Peter Facinelli Fitch `` Coop '' Cooper <Td_colspan="7"> Main Dominic Fumusa Kevin Peyton Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Main Anna Deavere Smith Gloria Akalitus Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Main Ruby Jerins Grace Peyton <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Main Daisy Tahan / Mackenzie Aladjem Fiona Peyton <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Main Stephen Wallem Thor Lundgren <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Main Bobby Cannavale Miguel Cruz <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> Morris Chestnut Ike Prentiss <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main Betty Gilpin Carrie Roman <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Main Adam Ferrara Frank Verelli <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring Main Edie Falco as Jackie Peyton , RN ; a senior ER nurse Eve Best as Eleanor O'Hara , MD ; an ER surgeon , later Chief of Emergency Medicine Merritt Wever as Zoey Barkow , RN ; an ER nurse , later ER charge - nurse Haaz Sleiman as Mohammed de la Cruz , RN ; an ER nurse Paul Schulze as Eddie Walzer , PharmD. ; the ER pharmacist Peter Facinelli as Fitch `` Coop '' Cooper , MD ; an ER physician Dominic Fumusa as Kevin Peyton ; Jackie 's husband Anna Deavere Smith as Gloria Akalitus , RN ; the hospital administrator Ruby Jerins as Grace Peyton ; Jackie 's elder daughter Daisy Tahan ( season 1 ) and Mackenzie Aladjem ( season 2 -- 7 ) as Fiona Peyton ; Jackie 's younger daughter Bobby Cannavale as Miguel Cruz , MD Morris Chestnut as Ike Prentiss , MD ; a trauma surgeon and the Chief of Emergency Medicine Stephen Wallem as Thor Lundgren , RN ; an ER nurse Betty Gilpin as Carrie Roman , MD ; an ER physician Adam Ferrara as Frank Verelli ; an NYPD Sergeant Recurring cast ( edit ) Rene Ifran as Officer Ryan ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Arjun Gupta as Sam ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Lenny Jacobson as Lenny ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Michael Buscemi as God ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 7 ) Jaimie Alexander as Tunie Peyton ( season 3 ) Gbenga Akinnagbe as Kelly Slater ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Jake Cannavale as Charlie Cruz ( season 4 ) Marcy Harriell as Marta ( season 5 ) Laura Benanti as Mia Peyton ( season 6 ) Julie White as Antoinette Mills ( season 6 ) Michael Esper as Gabe ( season 6 -- 7 ) Tony Shalhoub as Bernard Prince , MD ( season 7 ) Jeremy Shamos as Johanes Karlsen ( season 7 ) Mark Feuerstein as Barry Wolfe ( season 7 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Nurse Jackie episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> June 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) August 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) June 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> March 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) June 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 28 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The premiere of Nurse Jackie was met with generally positive reviews from critics , and received a Metacritic rating of 76 out of 100 . Entertainment Weekly gave the first episode a B+ , stating `` Edie Falco brings a genial forcefulness to Nurse Jackie . '' New York magazine called the Showtime series `` smart , acrid , alternately sharp and sentimental '' and `` the best series yet in the cable channel 's ongoing meditation on the nature of addiction ... and the setting for a truly breakthrough female character . '' James Poniewozik from Time magazine ranked Nurse Jackie 's episode `` Tiny Bubbles '' ( 106 ) as 5th on his Top 10 Episodes of 2009 list . Variety and Salon struck the primary sour notes , with Variety noting , `` The series increasingly feels like all style and limited substance -- a star showcase that 's less ' triumphant return ' than ' Nice to have you back , but ... ' '' Reviews of subsequent seasons varied . The second season achieved a Metacritic rating of 75 out of 100 from 16 critics , the third season received 79 out of 100 based on 7 reviews , the fourth received 83 out of 100 out of 9 reviews , the fifth season received a 66 out of 100 based on 10 reviews , and the sixth season received a rating of 64 out of 100 based on 4 reviews . The seventh and final season did not receive enough ratings to warrant a score . Controversy ( edit ) Soon after Nurse Jackie premiered , the New York State Nurses Association decried the unethical behavior of the title character , and the detrimental impression regarding nurses that such a portrayal could have on the public , stating , `` In the first episode , Nurse Jackie is introduced as a substance abuser who trades sex with a pharmacist for prescription drugs ... She has no qualms about repeatedly violating the nursing Code of Ethics . '' Genre ( edit ) On August 29 , 2010 , at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards , in her acceptance speech for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series , Falco exclaimed `` I 'm not funny ! '' Later , while speaking to the press , she expanded upon her statement and said that she felt her performance was dramatic . Several articles have since been written addressing this question , with some writers even calling for an overhaul of the Emmy categorization process as well as a `` Comedy - Drama / Dramedy '' category for the awards . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Golden Globe Awards 2011 : Nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy 2015 : Nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( Edie Falco ) 2014 : Nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( Edie Falco ) 2011 : Nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( Edie Falco ) 2010 : Nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy ( Edie Falco ) Screen Actors Guild Awards 2013 : Nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series 2013 : Nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) 2012 : Nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) 2011 : Nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) 2010 : Nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) Primetime Emmy Awards 2015 : Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) 2014 : Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) 2014 : Won for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half - Hour ) and Animation -- `` The Lady With The Lamp '' 2013 : Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) 2013 : Won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Merritt Wever ) 2013 : Nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series ( Bobby Cannavale ) -- `` Walk of Shame '' 2013 : Nomination for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series 2013 : Won for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half - Hour ) and Animation -- `` Teachable Moments '' 2012 : Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) 2012 : Nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Merritt Wever ) 2012 : Nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series ( Bobby Cannavale ) -- `` Disneyland Sucks '' 2012 : Nomination for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series 2012 : Nomination for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half - Hour ) and Animation -- `` Handle Your Scandal '' 2011 : Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) 2011 : Nomination for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series 2010 : Nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series 2010 : Won for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Edie Falco ) 2010 : Nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series ( Eli Wallach ) -- `` Chicken Soup '' 2010 : Nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series ( Allen Coulter ) -- `` Pilot '' 2010 : Nomination for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series 2010 : Nomination for Outstanding Cinematography for a Half - Hour Series -- `` Apple Bong '' 2010 : Nomination for Outstanding Main Title Design 2010 : Won for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Broadcast ( edit ) Country TV Network ( s ) Date of Premiere Weekly Schedule Australia Network Ten Eleven Showcase September 13 , 2009 January 11 , 2011 February 16 , 2011 Mondays , 9 : 30 pm Tuesdays , 11 : 30 p.m Wednesdays , 8 : 30 pm Canada The Movie Network Movie Central June 8 , 2009 Mondays , 10 p.m. ET / 9 p.m. PT New Zealand TV3 Tuesdays , 9 : 30 pm United Kingdom BBC Two ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Sky Atlantic ( seasons 3 -- ) January 4 , 2010 July 5 , 2011 Saturdays , 10 : 40 p.m ( Season 2 ) Jan 22 , 2011 + Tuesdays , 10 : 00 pm ( Season 3 ) Home media ( edit ) Title Episodes <Th_colspan="4"> Release date Additional Region 1 Region A Region 2 Region 4 Season One 12 <Td_colspan="2"> February 23 , 2010 March 1 , 2010 June 2 , 2010 Features ( show ) Also available on Blu - ray Region B UK ( released April 18 , 2011 ) Also available as part of `` Double Dose : Season 1 & 2 '' on Region 2 UK ( released April 18 , 2011 ) Season Two 12 <Td_colspan="2"> February 22 , 2011 April 18 , 2011 May 4 , 2011 Features ( show ) Also available on Blu - ray Region B UK ( released April 18 , 2011 ) Also available as part of `` Double Dose : Season 1 & 2 '' on Region 2 UK ( released April 18 , 2011 ) Season Three 12 <Td_colspan="2"> February 21 , 2012 May 5 , 2012 September 5 , 2012 Features ( show ) Also available on Blu - ray Region B UK ( released May 5 , 2012 ) Season Four 10 <Td_colspan="2"> February 12 , 2013 February 25 , 2013 July 4 , 2013 Features ( show ) Season Five 10 <Td_colspan="2"> February 18 , 2014 April 21 , 2014 March 20 , 2014 Features ( show ) Season Six 12 <Td_colspan="2"> February 10 , 2015 November 16 , 2015 February 26 , 2015 Features ( show ) Season Seven 12 <Td_colspan="2"> October 20 , 2015 January 11 , 2016 February 18 , 2016 Features ( show ) The Complete Series 80 <Td_colspan="2"> No release April 25 , 2016 October 26 , 2016 Features ( show ) Foreign versions ( edit ) The Netherlands : Charlie : A Dutch remake of Nurse Jackie began production for Dutch TV Network , Nederland 3 . Starring Halina Reijn , Katja Schuurman , and Benja Bruijning , the show began airing on March 13 , 2013 . LGBT portal Medical portal New York City portal Nursing portal Television portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kinon , Cristina ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` Nurse Jackie star Edie Falco , Mary - Louise Parker , more strong women lift Showtime '' . New York Daily News . New York . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Brian Ford ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Futon 's First Look : Nurse Jackie ( Showtime ) '' . FutonCritic . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Final Season of ' Nurse Jackie ' and the Return of ' Penny Dreadful ' to Debut this Spring on Showtime '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Nurse Edie : First Look at Sopranos Star 's Dark , New Hospital Comedy '' . New York Post . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Krukowski , Andrew ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Showtime Orders Nurse Jackie , Grows Weeds '' . TVWeek.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Networks Draw Big Names For New 2009 Series '' . NBCWashington.com . December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Showtime Puts Nurse Jackie On Call '' . Reuters . July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Showtime Orders More Nurse Jackie '' . TV.IGN.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Showtime at TCA : Kennedys , Gigolos , Oh My ! '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie Renewed '' . Seat42f . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nurse Jackie season five canceled + renewed TV shows . TV Series Finale . Retrieved on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie Renewed For Season 5 '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Showtime Announces Premiere Dates for ' Nurse Jackie , ' ' Dexter ' ( Returning Early ) ' Ray Donovan , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Masters of Sex ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Showtime Renews ' Nurse Jackie ' For Fifth Season With Clyde Phillips As Showrunner '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Showtime 's ' Nurse Jackie ' Renewed For Season 6 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Nurse Jackie ' Ending After Season 7 , Final Episodes To Air In 2015 inquisitr.com , 10 . September 2014 ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Mickey ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Snap Judgment : Nurse Jackie '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Juergens , Brian ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Meet the gays of The United States of Tara and Nurse Jackie '' . AfterElton.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voss , Brandon ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Stephen Wallem : Nurse Jackie 's Hammer of Thor '' . Advocate.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chestnut is credited alongside the main cast in the opening credits , though he is billed as a `` special guest star '' . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie - Season 1 Reviews '' . www.metacritic.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Nurse Jackie ( 2009 ) '' . EntertainmentWeekly.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` Night Nurse : Edie Falco 's ambitious , ambiguous pill - popping healer '' . NYMag.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Time Magazine 's Top 10 episode list for 2009 . Tunedin.blogs.time.com ( December 8 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Nurse Jackie Review '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie Season 2 Reviews '' . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie Season 3 Reviews '' . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie Season 4 Reviews '' . www.metacritic.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie Season 5 Reviews '' . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie Season 6 Reviews '' . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie Season 7 Reviews '' . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Nurse Jackie , BBC Two TV reviews , news & interviews . The Arts Desk ( January 5 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Emmys : Why Comedy Nominees Are n't Funny Anymore '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ EMMYS : Do We Need A Dramedy Category ? . Deadline.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) -- TV Tonight , August 29 Jump up ^ Nurse Jackie -- -- About The Show -- SHOWTIME AUSTRALIA . Showtime.com.au . Retrieved on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nurse Jackie 's Shift Begins Monday , June 8 on The Movie Network and Movie Central . Astralmedia.com ( September 26 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie BBC 2 '' . BBC . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Nurse Jackie moves to Sky Atlantic '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Region 1 DVD sets : `` Nurse Jackie : Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 6 ( DVD + Digital ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 7 ( DVD + Digital ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Region A Blu - ray sets : `` Nurse Jackie : Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 2 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 6 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 7 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Region 2 DVD sets : `` Nurse Jackie - Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2011 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie Season 6 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie Season 7 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie : The Complete Series ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Region 4 DVD sets : `` Nurse Jackie - Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - Season 2 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - Season 3 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - Season 4 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - Season 6 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - Season 7 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . `` Nurse Jackie - The Complete Series '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie - Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk ) ) . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nurse Jackie - Season 1 - 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie - Season 2 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nurse Jackie - Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Nurse Jackie on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Showtime original programming Former 1980s debuts 33 Brompton Place Bizarre Brothers Shelley Duvall 's Faerie Tale Theatre It 's Garry Shandling 's Show OWL / TV The Paper Chase Super Dave Tall Tales & Legends Nightmare Classics Thunderbirds 2086 1990s debuts Beggars and Choosers Beverly Hills Bordello The Busy World of Richard Scarry Chris Cross Dead Man 's Gun The Hoop Life Linc 's The Outer Limits OWL / TV Poltergeist : The Legacy Ready or Not Red Shoe Diaries Rude Awakening Stargate SG - 1 Total Recall 2070 Women : Stories of Passion 2000s debuts American Candidate Barbershop : The Series Big Brother : After Dark Body Language Brotherhood Californication The Chris Isaak Show Dead Like Me Deeper Throat Dexter Elite Xtreme Combat Family Business Fat Actress Free for All Going to California Full Color Football : The History of the American Football League Huff Jeremiah Kama Sutra The L Word Lady Chatterley 's Stories Leap Years Lock ' N Load Masters of Horror Meadowlands Nurse Jackie Odyssey 5 Out of Order Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! Queer as Folk Queer Duck Resurrection Blvd . Street Time Secret Diary of a Call Girl ShoMMA ShoXC Sleeper Cell Soul Food Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union The Tudors The Underground This American Life United States of Tara Weeds 2010s debuts Beach Heat : Miami The Big C The Borgias Dave 's Old Porn The Green Room with Paul Provenza Happyish House of Lies Inside Comedy Inside NASCAR La La Land Look : The Series Masters of Sex Penny Dreadful The Real L Word Roadies Time of Death Web Therapy 60 Minutes Sports Current The Affair ( since 2014 ) Billions ( since 2016 ) Dark Net ( since 2016 ) Dice ( since 2016 ) Episodes ( since 2011 ) Gigolos ( since 2011 ) Guerrilla ( since 2017 ) The Franchise ( since 2011 ) Homeland ( since 2011 ) I 'm Dying Up Here ( since 2017 ) Inside the NFL ( since 2008 ) Polyamory : Married & Dating ( since 2012 ) Ray Donovan ( since 2013 ) Shameless ( since 2011 ) ShoBox : The New Generation ( since 2001 ) Showtime Championship Boxing ( since 1986 ) Submission ( since 2016 ) Twin Peaks ( since 2017 ) Upcoming White Famous ( 2017 ) SMILF ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurse_Jackie&oldid=802101915 '' Categories : 2000s American comedy television series 2000s American drama television series 2010s American comedy television series 2010s American drama television series 2009 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings American comedy - drama television series American medical television series American black comedy television programs Showtime ( TV network ) original programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Lionsgate Television Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York City English - language television programs Fictional nurses American LGBT - related television shows Lesbian - related television programmes Television programs about drugs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 00 : 58 . 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1. Nurse Jackie - American medical comedy-drama series
2. Edie Falco - Star of Nurse Jackie
3. Showtime - Network that aired Nurse Jackie
4. Medical drama - Genre of Nurse Jackie
5. Final season - Last season of Nurse Jackie
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what does the functionality index do to help educators
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Student information system - wikipedia Student information system Jump to : navigation , search A student information system ( SIS ) , student management system , school administration software or student administration system is a management information system for education establishments to manage student data . Student information systems provide capabilities for registering students in courses , documenting grading , transcripts , results of student tests and other assessment scores , building student schedules , tracking student attendance , and managing many other student - related data needs in a school . A SIS should not be confused with a learning management system or virtual learning environment , where course materials , assignments and assessment tests can be published electronically . Diagram showing the importance and result of well thought out Student Data Management . The SIS can include features that can be considered as an enterprise resource planning or ERP system for a corporate customer . As such , many of the issues with ERP system selection methodology , implementation , and operation of an ERP system apply too . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Upgrade or replace : pros and cons 3 Examples 4 Analysis accuracy 5 Open source systems 6 See also 7 References Functions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) These systems vary in size , scope and capability , from packages that are implemented in relatively small organizations to cover student records alone , to enterprise - wide solutions that aim to cover most aspects of running large multi-campus organizations and their online schools with significant local responsibility . Many systems can be scaled to different levels of functionality by purchasing add - on `` modules '' and can typically be configured by their home institutions to meet local needs . Since the millennium , and partly owing to `` Y2K '' , which concerned birth dates and other data core to any ERP , the majority of SIS vendors took the opportunity to design into their products new features for not only classrooms and housing , but automating or simplifying processes in relation to a student 's lifecycle . From application and Financial Aid , to career services and online education , some of the dominant SIS vendors may include in their products : Maintenance and reporting of student data Handling inquiries from prospective students Handling the admissions process Enrolling new students and enabling online scheduling Student accounts and financial aid processing ( see student financial aid ) Automatically creating class and teacher schedules Handling records of examinations , assessments , marks , grades and academic progression Maintaining records of absences and attendance Recording communications with students Maintaining discipline records Providing statistical reports Capabilities to operate multiple campuses , online and on - ground , in multiple countries and languages Housing , dorms and facilities details , assignments and tasks Communicating student details to parents or other persons authorized by the student , through a portal Special Education / Individual Education Plan ( IEP ) services Career services management for student portfolios and matching with potential employers Human resources services Accounting and budgeting services Student health records Canteen Management Transportation Management Fees Management Inventory and Assets of the school Payroll processing for the Staff in the school Regulatory reporting and reports for accrediting bodies Larger or more complex institutions typically require custom configuration or coding of the SIS , to fit their specific business processes , student services model or academic policies . Often , these customizations can involve scholarships , grants and other forms of Student financial aid . Where national or government systems exist for student finance or statistical return purposes , student information systems often provide functionality that caters to this , by way of built - in processes that are updated by SIS vendors to help meet regulatory and policy changes . Examples are the FAFSA ( Free Application for Federal Student Aid ) process in the United States , the United Kingdom 's Student Loans Company processes ( SSAR , SSAC and ATFEE file processing ) , the UCAS ( Universities and Colleges Admissions Service ) in the United Kingdom , or the HESA and HESES student statistical returns in the United Kingdom . In the United States , governmental bodies and accreditors have challenged some institutions to be increasingly accountable for a student 's financial as well as academic outcomes , commonly termed , gainful employment . In the past , universities and large school districts in particular have created their own bespoke student record systems . One such example is the Repository of Student Information ( ROSI ) system at University of Toronto . With growing complexity in the business of educational establishments , most organizations now choose to buy customizable software , and increasing numbers are buying software as a service ( SAAS ) . Most student information systems in use today are server - based , with the application residing on a central computer server , and being accessed by client applications at various places within and even outside the school . But student information systems have been moving to the web since the late 1990s and that trend is accelerating as institutions replace or upgrade older systems . As more and more colleges , universities and schools look for cloud - based SIS options , information security has risen to a surface as a concern . Universities house an array of sensitive personal information , making them potentially attractive targets for security breaches , such as those experienced by retail corporations or healthcare providers . Education - technology software vendors must be acutely aware of best practices in securing student information ( including social insurance information , financial information , etc . ) and institutions have a responsibility to seek out vendors who employ best - in - class security measures . That said , the predominant issues in today 's postsecondary education sector center upon enrollment management , student services and retention , and student academic outcomes . Selecting a SIS usually involves committees or a wide range of staff and faculty , to assess and help model how the SIS will enable the most efficient achievement of their institution 's vision for educational delivery . Upgrade or replace : pros and cons ( edit ) Unlike an upgrade to a web browser or a word processor , changes and upgrades to these systems tend to have significant impact on day - to - day operations , affecting all constituents across an institution . These systems typically touch every aspect of school operations even when only the base modules are used . For these reasons , campus leaders weigh in the balance the pros and cons of investments and disruptions that will be inevitable whether doing an upgrade , adding significant customizations or replacing the SIS altogether : Workflow : Since these programs are tightly tied to a school 's business workflow and processes , the SIS is often at the center of internal debates as to upgrading or replacing the SIS . Either way , changes to a SIS can have a significant impact on daily operations if not considered carefully prior to implementation . Data conversion : Data conversion of historic data ( transcripts , attendance , health records , etc . ) for both current and past students can also be a significant issue when considering a transition to a newer SIS . Since most schools are required to keep historical data on past students , considerations should be given to what information will be converted and what will be archived . Customized Reports : The standardization of how and where student information is stored varies broadly , as does the levels of automation and interoperability of various SIS vendors ' products . Over time , schools develop their own processes and procedures , often designed around their SIS 's particular strengths or weaknesses ( e.g. the layout of data reports and their frequency , if made time - consuming by the SIS ) . As most SISs are not perfectly compatible with the previous SIS , upgrading can be a long and tedious process . However , institutions justify the return on investment based on gains in administrative efficiency , reduced costs of owning a SIS and related systems , and academic effectiveness . Training : SIS programs , old and new , do vary in terms of the kinds of functionality , workflows , reporting capabilities and so on . Upgrading or implementing a new SIS calls for training employees to use the SIS ; this is factored into the institution 's assessment of any return on investment . Like with an ERP system , schools should consider processes similar to the ERP System Selection Methodology when selecting a SIS system . Such a process , while it may be tedious , ensures that a cross-section of future end - users of the system can suggest more efficient ways to handle data , enhance services to students and reduce or eliminate bottlenecks of creating silos of data due to the limitations of a current SIS or business process . Examples ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) All three of the public universities in Arizona , ( Arizona State University , Northern Arizona University , and University of Arizona ) including the Maricopa Community Colleges district , use solutions from Oracle , which are legacy products that have since been updated originally designed by PeopleSoft which was later acquired by Oracle . Each college chooses the modules they wish to implement and each college may choose different customization options within the Oracle PeopleSoft modules . Analysis accuracy ( edit ) In a study involving districts known for strong data use , 48 % of teachers had difficulty posing questions prompted by data , 36 % did not comprehend given data , and 52 % incorrectly interpreted data . To combat this , some SISs present data to educators in an over-the - counter data format ( embedding labels , supplemental documentation , and help system and making key package / display and content decisions ) to improve the success of educators ' data analyses when using an SIS . Open source systems ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There exist SIS systems that release their base code as open source . Do note that although all these systems are open source and can be downloaded for free , they may or may not allow you to use all the modules unless you pay . So they may release their source code in a `` community edition '' with basic forum support , and then a paid version with more support and features . Also note , these are SIS systems where you can download the source code as well as the installer files ( either right from the website or after signing up ) , as opposed to just the installer file . See also ( edit ) Education Management Information System Automate the Schools Sampoorna References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Natalie Gagliordi , `` US universities at greater risk for security breaches than retail and healthcare : BitSight , '' ZDNet , August 21 , 2014 . Accessed at http://www.zdnet.com/us-universities-at-greater-risk-for-security-breaches-than-retail-and-healthcare-bitsight-7000032843/ Jump up ^ Gary Langsdale , `` What It Takes to Keep Student Information Safe in the Digital Age , '' The EvoLLLution , October 2 , 2014 . Accessed at http://www.evolllution.com/opinions/audio-takes-student-information-safe-digital-age/ Jump up ^ `` We Built , We Bought , We Shared : The Costs of Administrative Service Systems vs. the Academic Mission ( EDUCAUSE Review ) EDUCAUSE.edu '' . www.educause.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://www.asu.edu/oasis/Version2/ Jump up ^ http://nau.edu/its/learn/louie/ Jump up ^ http://mosaic.arizona.edu/student_admin/oa Jump up ^ https://www.maricopa.edu/erp/student-information-system-sis-modernization/sis-key-events-and-timeline Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education Office of Planning , Evaluation and Policy Development ( 2009 ) . Implementing data - informed decision making in schools : Teacher access , supports and use . United States Department of Education ( ERIC Document Reproduction Service No . ED504191 ) Jump up ^ Rankin , J. ( 2013 , March 28 ) . How data Systems & reports can either fight or propagate the data analysis error epidemic , and how educator leaders can help . Presentation conducted from Technology Information Center for Administrative Leadership ( TICAL ) School Leadership Summit . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Student_information_system&oldid=807264815 '' Categories : School - administration software Educational technology Learning Educational software Information systems Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles that may contain original research from January 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español हिन्दी Nederlands Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 22 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Student information system
2. Management information system
3. School administration software
4. Student data management
5. Learning management system
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8,387,724,340,499,005,000 |
jawaharlal nehru at the stroke of midnight speech
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Tryst with destiny - Wikipedia Tryst with destiny Jawaharlal Nehru 's speech `` Tryst with Destiny '' `` Tryst with Destiny '' was a speech delivered by Jawaharlal Nehru , the first Prime Minister of independent India , to the Indian Constituent Assembly in The Parliament , on the eve of India 's Independence , towards midnight on 14 August 1947 . It spoke on the aspects that transcend India 's history . It is considered to be one of the greatest speeches of the 20th century and to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the largely non-violent Indian independence struggle against the British Empire in India . Contents 1 Speech 2 Popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Speech ( edit ) Long years ago , we made a tryst with destiny , and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge , not wholly or in full measure , but very substantially . At the stroke of the midnight hour , when the world sleeps , India will awake to life and freedom . A moment comes , which comes but rarely in history , when we step out from the old to the new , when an age ends , and when the soul of a nation , long suppressed , finds utterance . It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity . At the dawn of history India started on her unending quest , and trackless centuries are filled with her striving and the grandeur of her successes and her failures . Through good and ill fortune alike she has never lost sight of that quest or forgotten the ideals which gave her strength . We end today a period of ill fortune and India discovers herself again . The achievement we celebrate today is but a step , an opening of opportunity , to the greater triumphs and achievements that await us . Are we brave enough and wise enough to grasp this opportunity and accept the challenge of the future ? Freedom and power bring responsibility . The responsibility rests upon this Assembly , a sovereign body representing the sovereign people of India . Before the birth of freedom we have endured all the pains of labour and our hearts are heavy with the memory of this sorrow . Some of those pains continue even now . Nevertheless , the past is over and it is the future that beckons to us now . That future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant striving so that we may fulfil the pledges we have so often taken and the one we shall take today . The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer . It means the ending of poverty and ignorance , and disease and inequality of opportunity . The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye . That may be beyond us , but so long as there are tears and suffering , so long our work will not be over . And so we have to labour and to work , and work hard , to give reality to our dreams . Those dreams are for India , but they are also for the world , for all the nations and peoples are too closely knit together today for any one of them to imagine that it can live apart Peace has been said to be indivisible ; so is freedom , so is prosperity now , and so also is disaster in this One World that can no longer be split into isolated fragments . To the people of India , whose representatives we are , we make an appeal to join us with faith and confidence in this great adventure . This is no time for petty and destructive criticism , no time for ill - will or blaming others . We have to build the noble mansion of free India where all her children may dwell . The appointed day has come -- the day appointed by destiny -- and India stands forth again , after long slumber and struggle , awake , vital , free and independent . The past clings on to us still in some measure and we have to do much before we redeem the pledges we have so often taken . Yet the turning - point is past , and history begins anew for us , the history which we shall live and act and others will write about . It is a fateful moment for us in India , for all Asia and for the world . A new star rises , the star of freedom in the East , a new hope comes into being , a vision long cherished materializes . May the star never set and that hope never be betrayed ! We rejoice in that freedom , even though clouds surround us , and many of our people are sorrow - stricken and difficult problems encompass us . But freedom brings responsibilities and burdens and we have to face them in the spirit of a free and disciplined people . On this day our first thoughts go to the architect of this freedom , the Father of our Nation , who , embodying the old spirit of India , held aloft the torch of freedom and lighted up the darkness that surrounded us . We have often been unworthy followers of his and have strayed from his message , but not only we but succeeding generations will remember this message and bear the imprint in their hearts of this great son of India , magnificent in his faith and strength and courage and humility . We shall never allow that torch of freedom to be blown out , however high the wind or stormy the tempest . Our next thoughts must be of the unknown volunteers and soldiers of freedom who , without praise or reward , have served India even unto death . We think also of our brothers and sisters who have been cut off from us by political boundaries and who unhappily can not share at present in the freedom that has come . They are of us and will remain of us whatever may happen , and we shall be sharers in their good ( or ) ill fortune alike . The future beckons to us . Whither do we go and what shall be our endeavour ? To bring freedom and opportunity to the common man , to the peasants and workers of India ; to fight and end poverty and ignorance and disease ; to build up a prosperous , democratic and progressive nation , and to create social , economic and political institutions which will ensure justice and fullness of life to every man and woman . We have hard work ahead . There is no resting for any one of us till we redeem our pledge in full , till we make all the people of India what destiny intended them to be . We are citizens of a great country on the verge of bold advance , and we have to live up to that high standard . All of us , to whatever religion we may belong , are equally the children of India with equal rights , privileges and obligations . We can not encourage communalism or narrow - mindedness , for no nation can be great whose people are narrow in thought or in action . To the nations and peoples of the world we send greetings and pledge ourselves to cooperate with them in furthering peace , freedom and democracy . And to India , our much - loved motherland , the ancient , the eternal and the ever - new , we pay our reverent homage and we bind ourselves afresh to her service . JAI HIND . -- Jawaharlal Nehru , On the Granting of Indian Independence , August 14 , 1947 ( Fordham University ) Popular Culture ( edit ) The speech is referenced in the 1999 Hindi film Earth directed by Deepa Mehta . The film portrays the main characters listening to the speech on smart phones , against the backdrop of the Hindu - Muslim riots following the Partition of India . This provides an interesting juxtaposition between the realities of Partition and the optimism that followed Independence . Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi , a Hindi film by Sudhir Mishra that portrayed the political and social turbulence of the late 1960s and the ' 70s in India contains a clip of the speech and the narrative voice speaks of the souring of Nehru 's dream within two decades of Independence . In the 2000 film Hey Ram directed by Kamal Haasan , parts of the speech are heard in the background providing the audience a timeline of the happenings in the movie . The book Midnight 's Children by Salman Rushdie has a reference to this speech as does the novel Train to Pakistan by Khushwant Singh . The speech is sampled by trance artist John 00 Fleming in the album `` One Hundred Ten WKO '' during the fifth track , `` The Stroke of the Midnight Hour . '' The musical group Kobo Town uses sound clips from this speech in their song Sing Out , Shout Out from their album Independence . See also ( edit ) The light has gone out of our lives References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great speeches of the 20th century '' . The Guardian . 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ K. Moti Gokulsing ; Wimal Dissanayake ( 13 January 2009 ) . Popular Culture in a Globalised India . Routledge . pp. 28 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 02307 - 3 . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Parul . `` Citizen Journalism : In pursuit of Accountability in India '' ( PDF ) . Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism , University of Oxford . p. 9 . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bhaskar Sarkar ( 29 April 2009 ) . Mourning the Nation : Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition . Duke University Press . pp. 340 -- . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 9221 - 6 . Jump up ^ Salman Rushdie ( 7 September 2010 ) . Midnight 's Children . Random House . pp. 155 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4090 - 2848 - 2 . Jump up ^ Khushwant Singh ( February 2013 ) . Train to Pakistan . Penguin Books India . pp. 185 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 341796 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Album Review : John O'Fleming -- One. Hundred. Ten W.K.O '' . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sing Out , Shout Out by Kobo Town - Lyrics '' . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Video of Nehru 's `` Tryst with Destiny '' address Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Tryst with Destiny Nehru , Jawaharlal . `` Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence , 14 August 1947 '' . Modern History Sourcebook . Internet History Sourcebook Project . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tryst_with_Destiny&oldid=865775868 '' Categories : Indian independence movement Independent India 1947 in India Nehru administration 1947 speeches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2018 Use Indian English from October 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 02 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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1. Jawaharlal Nehru's speech "Tryst with Destiny"
2. Indian independence struggle against the British Empire
3. Essence of India's history and independence
4. Pledge to the service of India and humanity
5. Challenges and responsibilities of freedom and power
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where was guy ritchie's king arthur filmed
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King Arthur : Legend of the Sword - wikipedia King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> King Arthur : Legend of the Sword <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Guy Ritchie Produced by Akiva Goldsman Joby Harold Tory Tunnell Steve Clark - Hall Guy Ritchie Lionel Wigram Screenplay by Joby Harold Guy Ritchie Lionel Wigram Story by David Dobkin Joby Harold Starring Charlie Hunnam Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey Djimon Hounsou Aidan Gillen Jude Law Eric Bana Music by Daniel Pemberton Cinematography John Mathieson Edited by James Herbert Production companies Warner Bros. Pictures Safehouse Pictures Ritchie / Wigram Productions Village Roadshow Pictures Weed Road Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) ( United States ) May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Australia United Kingdom Language English Budget $175 million Box office $148.7 million King Arthur : Legend of the Sword is a 2017 epic fantasy film directed by Guy Ritchie and written by Ritchie , Joby Harold and Lionel Wigram , inspired by Arthurian legends . The film stars Charlie Hunnam as the eponymous character , with Jude Law , Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey , Djimon Hounsou , Aidan Gillen and Eric Bana in supporting roles . King Arthur premiered at the TCL Chinese Theater on May 8 , 2017 and was theatrically released in 2D and RealD 3D on May 12 , 2017 in the United States and May 19 , 2017 in the United Kingdom . The film was a box office bomb , grossing just $148 million worldwide against its $175 million production budget , with critics `` warning audiences to stay away '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Mordred , an iron fisted warlock , and his armies lay siege to Camelot , seeking to establish the dominance of magic - wielding mages over humankind . Uther Pendragon , king of the Britons , infiltrates Mordred 's lair and beheads him , saving Camelot . Uther 's treacherous brother Vortigern , who covets the throne , orchestrates a coup and sacrifices his wife Elsa to moat hags to become a demon knight , who kills Uther 's wife and slays him in combat . The only survivor is Uther 's son , who drifts away in a boat and ends up in Londinium , where he is found and raised by prostitutes . Arthur grows into a skilled fighter and man of the streets . Arthur and his friends confront a group of Vikings who had mistreated one of the prostitutes , forcing him to pay her restitution . Afterwards , the brothel is raided by the Blacklegs , Vortigern 's minions , and Arthur learns that the Vikings were under the king 's protection . Arthur tries to escape the city but is caught and put on a ship with hundreds of other men ; the Blacklegs have been forcing all men of Arthur 's age to try to pull a sword that has appeared near the castle from the surrounding stone . Arthur is able to remove the sword but is quickly overwhelmed by its power and passes out . Vortigern meets with him in the dungeon , revealing his true lineage . Meanwhile , a mage identifying herself as an acolyte of Merlin presents herself to Uther 's former general , Sir Bedivere . At Arthur 's planned execution , the mage uses her magic to stage a diversion while Bedivere 's men rescue Arthur . Taken to Bedivere 's hideout , Arthur initially refuses to help them . The mage persuades Bedivere to take Arthur to a realm called the `` Darklands , '' where he 's given a vision of how Uther sacrificed himself to save Arthur and entomb the sword in stone . Arthur learns Vortigern was responsible for persuading Mordred to rebel against humanity , and he returns determined to destroy Vortigen . With his friends and Bedivere 's men , Arthur stages a series of ambushes against Vortigern , culminating in an assassination attempt in Londinium . The rebels sense a trap but attack anyway , fleeing to a fighters ' school run by Arthur 's mentor George , where they are overrun by the Blacklegs . Seeing the mage held at knifepoint , Arthur unleashes Excalibur 's potential , single - handedly killing all of the soldiers . The rebels are able to escape the city except for Arthur 's injured friend Back Lack , who is killed at Vortigern 's hand . Ashamed of his failures , Arthur tries to throw away the sword , but the Lady of the Lake returns it and shows him a vision of England 's future under Vortigern 's rule . Coming to terms with his responsibility , Arthur reunites with Bedivere . When they return to the rebel hideout , however , they discover all of their allies dead , Vortigern having found them and delivered an ultimatum : if Arthur does not surrender himself , the captured mage and Back Lack 's son Blue will die . Arthur surrenders himself , but as Vortigern is about to execute his nephew , a giant snake summoned by the mage attacks and devours Vortigern 's men . While Bedivere and the others lead an attack on the castle , a desperate Vortigern sacrifices his only daughter and is transformed into the demon knight , confronting Arthur in a separate dimension . Despite his fighting skill , Arthur is beaten , and he is about to submit when he witnesses a vision of his father , convincing him to accept the sword and his character as his own . Arthur violently slays Vortigern but blesses him as he dies . In the aftermath , Arthur dissolves Vortigern 's pact with the Vikings and begins building a Round Table where his knighted friends will meet . Blue and the prostitutes arrive with the crown of Uther , which Arthur accepts , holding the sword aloft . Cast ( edit ) Charlie Hunnam as King Arthur , Uther 's son , Vortigern 's nephew and the would - be king of Britain who was raised by prostitutes . Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey as the Mage , a woman working for Merlin who supports Arthur and the resistance . Djimon Hounsou as Sir Bedivere , the leader of the resistance and a former knight of Uther . Aidan Gillen as Goosefat Bill , a skilled archer , Bedivere 's friend , former knight of Uther and member of the resistance . Jude Law as Vortigern , Uther 's brother , Elsa 's husband , Catia 's father , Arthur 's uncle and the tyrannical ruthless king of Britain . Eric Bana as Uther Pendragon , Vortigern 's brother , Arthur 's father and the king of Britain . Kingsley Ben - Adir as Sir Tristan `` Wet Stick '' , Arthur and Back Lack 's childhood friend who is later knighted by Bedivere . Craig McGinlay as Sir Percival , a member of the resistance who is later turned knighted by Bedivere . Tom Wu as Sir George , Arthur 's mentor and a skilled fighter who helps the resistance and is later knighted by Bedivere . Neil Maskell as Back Lack , Arthur and Tristan 's childhood friend and Blue 's father , who helps the resistance . Freddie Fox as Rubio , a member of the resistance who later betrays them under torture and helps Vortigern . Annabelle Wallis as Maggie , Vortigern 's maid who helps the resistance . Bleu Landau as Blue , Back Lack 's son . Mikael Persbrandt as Greybeard , a viking who has deals with Vortigern . Poppy Delevingne as Igraine , Arthur 's mother and Uther 's wife : she is killed by Vortigern in the beginning of the film . Kamil Lemieszewski , Jacqui Ainsley and Rob Knighton portrays Merlin , the Lady of the Lake and Mordred , three important characters from the Arthurian Mythology , respectively . Katie McGrath and Millie Brady portrays Vortigern 's wife , Elsa , and daughter , Catia , respectively . David Beckham appears in a cameo . Lorraine Bruce , Eline Powell and Hermione Corfield appears as the three Syrens . Michael McElhatton portrays Jack 's Eye , Arthur 's scout on the kingdom . Nicola Wren portrays Lucy , the prostitute who raises Arthur . Production ( edit ) After 2004 's King Arthur , Warner Brothers made multiple attempts to make a new film based on Arthurian legend : One was to be a remake of Excalibur , helmed by Bryan Singer , while the other was a movie to have been titled Arthur & Lancelot , which would have starred Kit Harington and Joel Kinnaman , as King Arthur and Lancelot respectively . Warner Brothers suits worried that names were not big enough , and attempted to replace both actors with more profitable ones , before eventually dropping the project all together . Warner 's next attempt to create a new King Arthur film was an attempt to create an Arthurian cinematic universe which would span six films , following different charters before their eventual team up . For this endeavour they hired director Guy Ritchie , who has himself attempted to make a King Arthur movie prior to that . According to The Guardian , the script soon became `` a strange Frankenstein 's Monster - style screenplay '' incorporating elements from several of the unproduced Arthurian scripts . Casting ( edit ) Film 's cast at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International , to promote King Arthur : Legend of the Sword . In August 2014 , Charlie Hunnam , Ritchie 's choice for the role , was cast to play King Arthur . Elizabeth Olsen was in talks for the female lead , but on 18 September , Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey landed the role instead . On 14 November , Jude Law was in talks to play the lead villain role in the film . On 11 February 2015 , Eric Bana was added to the cast to play Uther , the father of King Arthur . Mikael Persbrandt joined the film on 6 March 2015 , to play a villainous role . Although there were reports Idris Elba had been cast , he would confirm , in a Reddit AMA , this was a rumour . Filming ( edit ) Filming in Windsor Great Park was underway in February 2015 , then later in North Wales from 2 March 2015 . Later on 10 March 2015 , Ritchie tweeted a photo and confirmed the first day of shooting . In April 2015 , filming took place in Snowdonia , where locations used were Tryfan , Nant Gwynant near Beddgelert and Capel Curig . Early in July filming continued in the Shieldaig , Loch Torridon and Applecross areas of Wester Ross in the Scottish Highlands . One day of filming also took place at The Quiraing on the Isle of Skye . Filming also took place at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden . Release ( edit ) In April 2014 , Warner Bros. set the film for a July 22 , 2016 release , alongside Lights Out , but it was then moved by Warner Bros. from its original release date of July 22 , 2016 to February 17 , 2017 , alongside Maze Runner : The Death Cure . Warner Bros. moved the release date from February 17 , 2017 to March 24 , 2017 . The title was changed to King Arthur : Legend of the Sword in July 2016 . In December 2016 the release date was again moved , this time to May 12 , 2017 , possibly so as not to compete with CHiPs . Promotion ( edit ) The trailer was released on 23 July 2016 , during the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con and was attached to screenings of Mechanic : Resurrection , Do n't Breathe , Shut In , and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . It was originally planned for an IMAX release on 22 July 2016 , as evident in the Comic - Con trailer , but was cancelled due to it being postponed and only received non-IMAX presentations . The first extended TV spot was released on 22 January 2017 , and was shown on the 2017 NFC Championship Game on Fox Broadcasting Company between the Atlanta Falcons and the Green Bay Packers and the 2017 AFC Championship Game on CBS between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots . A second trailer was released on 20 February 2017 and was attached to Logan , Kong : Skull Island , Power Rangers and Ghost in the Shell . The third and final trailer was released on 1 April 2017 and was attached to The Fate of the Furious , The Lost City of Z ( which also starred Hunnam ) and Free Fire . All - in - all , Warner Bros. spent $135 million on marketing the film . The film was shown at select AMC Theatres in a special preview on 27 April 2017 , in a promotional event titled `` King for a Day . '' Demand for tickets led AMC to expand the event to 200 theatres . Home media ( edit ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword was released on DVD , Blu - ray , 3D Blu - ray and Ultra HD on 8 August 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword grossed $39.2 million in the United States and Canada and $107 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $146.2 million , against a production budget of $175 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Snatched and was initially projected to gross around $25 million from 3,702 theatres during its opening weekend . It made $1.15 million from Thursday night previews at about 3,200 theatres , but after making just $5.3 million on Friday , weekend projections were lowered to $15 million . It ended up debuting to $15.4 million , finishing third at the box office . Deadline.com noted that due to the film 's $175 million production budget , as well as at least an additional $100 million spent on marketing , the film was destined to be a box office bomb . Regarding the cost of the film , the site quoted one finance expert as saying : `` Make original IP ( intellectual property ) for a cost effective price . If it works then spend more if necessary on the sequel . King Arthur should have been done for $60 M - $80 M. Warner Bros. had no reason to spend $175 M - plus on this picture . '' Comparing its opening to cost , IndieWire called the film 's failings `` historic '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the film would likely lose about $150 million . In its second weekend the film grossed $7.2 million ( a drop of 53.5 % ) , finishing 5th at the box office . The film debuted at No. 1 in an estimated 29 countries , including Russia and Scandinavia , with openings to follow in the United Kingdom , France , South Korea , and Australia . Over its opening weekend , it made only $29.1 million worldwide , in 51 non-American countries . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 28 % based on 217 reviews and an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword piles mounds of modern action flash on an age - old tale -- and wipes out much of what made it a classic story in the first place . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating , the film has a score 41 out of 100 based 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale ; 56 % of the opening weekend filmgoers were under the age of 35 , and 59 % were men . Writing for The Guardian , Peter Bradshaw gave the film a generally positive review : `` Guy Ritchie 's cheerfully ridiculous Arthur is a gonzo monarch , a death - metal warrior - king . Ritchie 's film is at all times over the top , crashing around its digital landscapes in all manner of beserkness , sometimes whooshing along , sometimes stuck in the odd narrative doldrum . But it is often surprisingly entertaining , and whatever clunkers he has delivered in the past , Ritchie again shows that a film - maker of his craft and energy commands attention , and part of his confidence in reviving King Arthur resides here in being so unselfconscious and unconcerned about the student canon that has gone before . '' In a pan of the film for the Chicago Tribune , Michael Phillips questioned the long - term longevity of the projected series of six Arthur films from Ritchie : `` I 'm no businessman , but plans for a six - film franchise may be optimistic . Optimism is nowhere to be found in Ritchie 's movie itself . It is a grim and stupid thing , from one of the world 's most successful mediocre filmmakers , and if Shakespeare 's King Lear were blogging today , he 'd supply the blurb quote : ' Nothing will come of nothing . ' . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film one - and - a-half out of four stars , stating that despite the potential for a revisionist King Arthur story with `` ( t ) he Ritchie sense of style '' , the overall problem is the film 's lack of modulation : `` Ritchie keeps rushing us along for two hours , as if to make absolutely certain that we never have time to absorb any character or moment , much less revel in the glorious , cheeky ridiculousness of the whole thing . '' Alissa Wilkinson of Vox writes that the film is `` surprisingly good , and surprisingly political '' in relation to the British withdrawal from the European Union , and `` occasionally , it 's even pretty great '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ' poised for soft box office opening as ' Guardians ' rules '' . Los Angeles Times . 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Mark ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' King Arthur : Legend Of The Sword ' : An Edgy Script , Dulled By CGI '' . NPR . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' King Arthur 's Head Cut Off With $14.7 M Opening As ' Snatched ' Swims To $17.5 M in A ' Guardians ' - Ruled Mother 's Day Weekend '' . Deadline.com. 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , Adam . `` The fall of Camelot : how Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur became a $175 million box office bomb '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sons of Anarchy 's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie 's Choice For King Arthur '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam to Play King Arthur for Guy Ritchie '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 18 September 2014 ) . `` ' King Arthur ' Finds Guinevere With ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Actress '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Jude Law Circling Villainous Role in Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Eric Bana to Play King Arthur 's Father in ' Knights of the Round Table ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's ' King Arthur ' Adds Swedish Actor Mikael Persbrandt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Idris Elba Eyes Guy Ritchie 's ' King Arthur ' at Warner Bros . '' . Variety . 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly . `` Idris Elba Talks Luke Cage & Debunks ' King Arthur ' Casting Rumor '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillip Williams . `` Vans & signs left after filming ( C ) Phillip Williams : Geograph Britain and Ireland '' . geograph.org.uk . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 3 / 2 / 15 : Matthew McConaughey & Gugu Mbatha - Raw Start ' Free State of Jones ' , ' Kickboxer ' Wraps & More '' . ssninsider.com. 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Crump , Eryl ( 10 April 2015 ) . `` Filming of Hollywood movie King Arthur set to start in Snowdonia '' . dailypost.co.uk . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017 , ' Lights Out ' On July 22 , 2016 : WB Release Date Changes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam 's King Arthur Movie Pushed Back to March 2017 '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures Comic - Con Plans Announced ! '' . 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Has A New Release Date , And It 's Brutal '' . CinemaBlend. 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Shifts King Arthur , CHiPS & Annabelle 2 Release Dates '' . screenrant.com. 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword in IMAX '' . imax.com . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` ' King Arthur : Legend Of The Sword ' Advance Previews In Huge Demand ; AMC Ups Theater Count '' . Deadline . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword '' . Amazon.com. 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' King Arthur ' Delivers $1.15 M from Thursday Previews , ' Snatched ' Takes in $650 k '' . Box Office Mojo. 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Bomb : ' King Arthur ' Opens to Disastrous $15 M Behind ' Snatched ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ' is a Failure , and Summer Box Office Could Follow '' . IndieWire. 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Meltdown : ' King Arthur ' Could Lose $150 M After Falling on Its Sword '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moviegoers Make $40 M Pact With ' Alien : Covenant ' , 2nd Best Debut For Sci - Fi Series '' . Deadline.com. 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' King Arthur ' Stumbles Overseas With $29.1 Million '' , Seth Kelly . Variety . 14 May 2017 . Retrieved May , 14 2017 Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` ' King Arthur ' Movie Falls on Its Sword in Opening Weekend '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Review of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips . Review of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Movie Review ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King Arthur : Legend of the Sword is surprisingly good , and surprisingly political '' , Alissa Wilkinson . Vox.com. 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 External links ( edit ) Official website King Arthur : Legend of the Sword on IMDb King Arthur : Legend of the Sword at Box Office Mojo King Arthur : Legend of the Sword at Metacritic King Arthur : Legend of the Sword at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Guy Ritchie <Td_colspan="2"> The Hard Case ( 1995 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) Snatch ( 2000 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Revolver ( 2005 ) RocknRolla ( 2008 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( 2015 ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films based on Arthurian legends Live - action Army of Darkness Arthur and Merlin Avalon High The Black Knight Camelot Dragonheart Dragons of Camelot Dr. Strange ( 1978 ) Excalibur First Knight The Four Diamonds Gawain and the Green Knight Guinevere King Arthur King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Knights of the Round Table Lancelot and Guinevere Lancelot du Lac The Last Legion Merlin and the War of the Dragons Merlin : The Return Merlin : The Quest Begins Perceval le Gallois Prince Valiant ( 1954 ) Prince Valiant ( 1997 ) Siege of the Saxons The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Sword of the Valiant Young Arthur Films from Twain 's Connecticut Yankee A Connecticut Yankee ( 1931 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1921 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) A Kid in King Arthur 's Court A Knight in Camelot New Adventures of a Yankee in King Arthur 's Court Unidentified Flying Oddball Films based on Tristan and Isolde legend Fire and Sword Lovespell Tristan & Isolde Comedies King Arthur Was a Gentleman Knutzy Knights Monty Python and the Holy Grail Squareheads of the Round Table Animation Knight - mare Hare Merlin and the Dragons Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw Quest for Camelot The Sword in the Stone <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Akiva Goldsman Films directed Winter 's Tale ( 2014 ) Stephanie ( 2017 ) Films written The Client ( 1994 ) Silent Fall ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) Lost in Space ( 1998 ) Practical Magic ( 1998 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) I , Robot ( 2004 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) I Am Legend ( 2007 ) Angels & Demons ( 2008 ) Winter 's Tale ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) Rings ( 2017 ) Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Films produced Lost in Space ( 1998 ) Deep Blue Sea ( 1999 ) Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Mindhunters ( 2004 ) Constantine ( 2005 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) Poseidon ( 2006 ) I Am Legend ( 2007 ) Hancock ( 2008 ) The Losers ( 2010 ) Fair Game ( 2010 ) Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Winter 's Tale ( 2014 ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Arthur:_Legend_of_the_Sword&oldid=802425590 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American adventure films American drama films Australian films Australian drama films British films British adventure films British drama films Arthurian films Filicide in fiction Fratricide in fiction Regicide in fiction Uxoricide in fiction Films set in the Middle Ages Films shot in England Village Roadshow Pictures films Warner Bros. films Films produced by Akiva Goldsman Films directed by Guy Ritchie Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. King Arthur: Legend of the Sword - film overview
2. Plot summary of King Arthur: Legend of the Sword
3. Cast and production details of King Arthur: Legend of the Sword
4. Box office performance and critical response to King Arthur: Legend of the Sword
5. Release and promotion of King Arthur: Legend of the Sword
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-8,458,762,130,315,586,000 |
how did turkey get its name the country
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Name of Turkey - wikipedia Name of Turkey Look up Turkey in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up Türk in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The English name Turkey , now applied to the modern Republic of Turkey , is historically derived ( via Old French Turquie ) from the Medieval Latin Turchia , Turquia . It is first recorded in Middle English ( as Turkye , Torke , later Turkie , Turky ) , attested in Chaucer , ca . 1369 . The Ottoman Empire was commonly referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries . Contents 1 Etymology 1.1 Official name 1.2 Turkic sources 1.3 Chinese sources 1.4 Greek and Latin sources 1.5 Persian sources 1.6 Arabic sources 1.7 In other languages 2 See also 3 References Etymology ( edit ) The English name of Turkey ( from Medieval Latin Turchia / Turquia ) means `` land of the Turks '' . Middle English usage of Turkye is attested to in an early work by Chaucer called The Book of the Duchess ( c. 1369 ) . The phrase land of Torke is used in the 15th - century Digby Mysteries . Later usages can be found in the Dunbar poems , the 16th century Manipulus Vocabulorum ( `` Turkie , Tartaria '' ) and Francis Bacon 's Sylva Sylvarum ( Turky ) . The modern spelling `` Turkey '' dates back to at least 1719 . The Turkish name Türkiye was adopted in 1923 under the influence of European usage . Official name ( edit ) On 29 October 1923 , upon the country declaring a Republic , Turkey adopted its official name , Türkiye Cumhuriyeti , known in English as the Republic of Turkey . Turkic sources ( edit ) The first recorded use of the term `` Türk '' or `` Türük '' as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks ( Celestial Turks ) of Central Asia ( c . AD 735 ) . The Turkic self - designation Türk is attested to reference to the Göktürks in the 6th century AD . A letter by Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor Wen of Sui in 585 described him as `` the Great Turk Khan . '' Chinese sources ( edit ) An early form of the same name may be reflected in the form of `` tie - le '' ( 鐵 勒 ) or `` tu - jue '' ( 突厥 ) , name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 177 BC . Greek and Latin sources ( edit ) The Greek name , Tourkia ( Greek : Τουρκία ) was used by the Byzantine emperor and scholar Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his book De Administrando Imperio , though in his use , `` Turks '' always referred to Magyars . Similarly , the medieval Khazar Empire , a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas , was referred to as Tourkia ( Land of the Turks ) in Byzantine sources . However , the Byzantines later began using this name to define the Seljuk - controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . The medieval Greek and Latin terms did not designate the same geographic area now known as Turkey . Instead , they were mostly synonymous with Tartary , a term including Khazaria and the other khaganates of the Central Asian steppe , until the appearance of the Seljuks and the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century , reflecting the progress of the Turkic expansion . Persian sources ( edit ) By contrast , the Persian derivation Turkestan remains mostly applied to Central Asia . The name is derived from the ethnic self - designation Türk , as Turkestan is a Persian or Persianate term meaning `` abode of the Turks '' . Arabic sources ( edit ) The Arabic cognate Turkiyya ( Arabic : تركيا ) in the form Dawla al - Turkiyya ( State of the Turks ) was historically used as an official name for the medieval Mamluk Sultanate which covered Egypt , Palestine , Syria , Hejaz and Cyrenaica . In other languages ( edit ) The Icelandic word Tyrkland , and the Hungarian word Törökország , i.e. `` Turk - land '' , use native forms of derivation . See also ( edit ) Turkestan Turkic expansion Turan Turki Names of Anatolia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harper , Douglas . `` Turk '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary ( 2000 ) . `` The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : Fourth Edition - `` Turk '' `` . bartleby.com . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Michael J. Arlen ( 2006 ) . Passage to Ararat . MacMillan . p. 159 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Scharlipp , Wolfgang ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions . Verlag auf dem Ruffel. , Engelschoff . ISBN 3 - 933847 - 00 - 1 , 9783933847003 . Jump up ^ 卷 099 列傳 第 八 十 七 突厥 鐵 勒 - 新 亞 研究 所 - 典籍 資料 庫 Archived 2014 - 02 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Romilly James Heald ( 1967 ) . De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus . Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae ( New , revised ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 88402 - 021 - 5 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus , writing in his De Administrando Imperio ( ca . 950 AD ) `` Patzinakia , the Pecheneg realm , stretches west as far as the Siret River ( or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains ) , and is four days distant from Tourkia ( i.e. Hungary ) . '' Jump up ^ Günter Prinzing ; Maciej Salamon ( 1999 ) . Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950 - 1453 : Beiträge zu einer table - ronde des XIX . International Congress of Byzantine Studies , Copenhagen 1996 . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 04146 - 1 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth ( 2008 ) . History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century : The So - called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia . Cosimo , Inc. p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60520 - 134 - 4 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Öztürk , Özhan ( 2011 ) . `` Pontus : Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi '' . Ankara : Genesis Yayınları . p. 364 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 15 ... Greek term Tourkoi first used for the Khazars in 568 AD . In addition in `` De Administrando Imperio '' Hungarians call Tourkoi too once known as Sabiroi ... <Th_colspan="2"> Name of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau <Td_colspan="2"> Book Asia portal <Th_colspan="2"> Name of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Name_of_Turkey&oldid=865453091 '' Categories : History of Turkey Country name etymology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Old French - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2018 Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული Nederlands Русский Türkçe Zazaki Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 01 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Etymology of the name Turkey
2. Historical origins of the name Turkey
3. Turkic sources for the name Turkey
4. Greek and Latin sources for the name Turkey
5. Persian and Arabic sources for the name Turkey
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3,744,296,930,140,739,600 |
how many nba finals has shaq been in
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Shaquille O'Neal - wikipedia Shaquille O'Neal `` Shaquille '' redirects here . For other people called Shaquille , see Shaquille ( given name ) . `` Shaq '' redirects here . For other people called Shaq , see Shaq ( disambiguation ) . Shaquille O'Neal <Td_colspan="2"> O'Neal in 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> ( 1972 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1972 ( age 46 ) Newark , New Jersey Nationality American Listed height 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) Listed weight 330 lb ( 150 kg ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career information High school Robert G. Cole ( San Antonio , Texas ) College LSU ( 1989 -- 1992 ) NBA draft 1992 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall <Td_colspan="2"> Selected by the Orlando Magic Playing career 1992 -- 2011 Position Center Number 32 , 34 , 33 , 36 <Th_colspan="2"> Career history 1992 -- 1996 Orlando Magic 1996 -- 2004 Los Angeles Lakers 2004 -- 2008 Miami Heat 2008 -- 2009 Phoenix Suns 2009 -- 2010 Cleveland Cavaliers 2010 -- 2011 Boston Celtics <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> 4 × NBA champion ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2006 ) 3 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2000 -- 2002 ) NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2000 ) 15 × NBA All - Star ( 1993 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2007 , 2009 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2000 , 2004 , 2009 ) 8 × All - NBA First Team ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2006 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 1995 , 1999 ) 4 × All - NBA Third Team ( 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2009 ) 3 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2000 , 2001 , 2003 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 1993 ) 2 × NBA scoring champion ( 1995 , 2000 ) NBA 50th Anniversary Team No. 34 retired by Los Angeles Lakers No. 32 retired by Miami Heat College national player of the year ( 1991 ) 2 × Consensus first - team All - American ( 1991 , 1992 ) 2 × SEC Player of the Year ( 1991 , 1992 ) No. 33 retired by LSU FIBA World Championship MVP ( 1994 ) USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 1994 ) McDonald 's All - American MVP ( 1989 ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career statistics Points 28,596 ( 23.7 ppg ) Rebounds 13,099 ( 10.9 rpg ) Blocks 2,732 ( 2.3 bpg ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Stats at Basketball-Reference.com <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Basketball Hall of Fame as player <Td_colspan="2"> FIBA Hall of Fame as player <Td_colspan="2"> College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Medals ( hide ) <Th_colspan="3"> Men 's basketball <Th_colspan="3"> Representing United States <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games 1996 Atlanta Team competition <Th_colspan="3"> World Championship 1994 Canada Team competition Shaquille Rashaun O'Neal ( / ʃəˈkiːl / shə - KEEL ; born March 6 , 1972 ) , nicknamed `` Shaq '' ( / ʃæk / SHAK ) , is an American retired professional basketball player currently serving as a sports analyst on the television program Inside the NBA . He is widely considered one of the greatest players in NBA history . At 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) tall and 330 pounds ( 150 kg ) , he was one of the tallest and heaviest men ever to play in the NBA , where he played for six teams throughout his 19 - year career . Following his time at Louisiana State University , O'Neal was drafted by the Orlando Magic with the first overall pick in the 1992 NBA draft . He quickly became one of the best centers in the league , winning Rookie of the Year in 1992 -- 93 and leading his team to the 1995 NBA Finals . After four years with the Magic , O'Neal signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Lakers . They won three consecutive championships in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 . Amid tension between O'Neal and Kobe Bryant , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat in 2004 , and his fourth NBA championship followed in 2006 . Midway through the 2007 -- 2008 season he was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After a season - and - a-half with the Suns , O'Neal was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2009 -- 10 season . O'Neal played for the Boston Celtics in the 2010 -- 11 season before retiring . O'Neal's individual accolades include the 1999 -- 2000 MVP award , the 1992 -- 93 NBA Rookie of the Year award , 15 All - Star game selections , three All - Star Game MVP awards , three Finals MVP awards , two scoring titles , 14 All - NBA team selections , and three NBA All - Defensive Team selections . He is one of only three players to win NBA MVP , All - Star game MVP and Finals MVP awards in the same year ( 2000 ) ; the other players are Willis Reed in 1970 and Michael Jordan in 1996 and 1998 . He ranks 8th all - time in points scored , 6th in field goals , 15th in rebounds , and 8th in blocks . Largely due to his ability to dunk the basketball , O'Neal also ranks third all - time in field goal percentage ( 58.2 % ) . O'Neal was elected into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2016 . He was elected to the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2017 . In addition to his basketball career , O'Neal has released four rap albums , with his first , Shaq Diesel , going platinum . He has appeared in numerous films and has starred in his own reality shows , Shaq 's Big Challenge and Shaq Vs ... He hosts The Big Podcast with Shaq . He is also the general manager of Kings Guard Gaming of the NBA 2K League . Contents 1 Early life 2 College career 3 NBA career 3.1 Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 3.2 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) 3.2. 1 Championship seasons 3.2. 2 Toe surgery to departure 3.3 Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 3.3. 1 Fourth championship 3.3. 2 Surgery and Wade 's injury 3.3. 3 2007 -- 2008 season 3.4 Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 3.5 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.6 Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 4 National team career 5 Player profile 6 Media personality 7 Off the court 7.1 Education 7.2 Law enforcement 7.3 Music career 7.4 Acting 7.5 Video games 7.6 Television 7.7 Advertising 7.8 Mixed martial arts 7.9 Professional wrestling 7.10 Business ventures 8 Personal life 8.1 Marriage to Shaunie 8.2 Girlfriends 8.3 Outside of Basketball 9 NBA career statistics 9.1 Regular season 9.2 Playoffs 10 Discography 11 Filmography 11.1 Films 11.2 Television 11.3 Awards and nominations 12 Bibliography 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Early life O'Neal playing for the Cole High School varsity basketball team in 1988 -- 89 . O'Neal was born on March 6 , 1972 , in Newark , New Jersey , to Lucille O'Neal and Joe Toney , who played high school basketball ( he was an All - State guard ) and was offered a basketball scholarship to play at Seton Hall . Toney struggled with drug addiction and was imprisoned for drug possession when O'Neal was an infant . Upon his release , he did not resume a place in O'Neal's life and instead agreed to relinquish his parental rights to O'Neal's stepfather , Phillip A. Harrison , a career Army sergeant . O'Neal remained estranged from his biological father for decades ; O'Neal had not spoken with Toney or expressed an interest in establishing a relationship . On his 1994 rap album , Shaq Fu : The Return , O'Neal voiced his feelings of disdain for Toney in the song `` Biological Did n't Bother '' , dismissing him with the line `` Phil is my father . '' However , O'Neal's feelings toward Toney mellowed in the years following Harrison 's death in 2013 , and the two met for the first time in March 2016 , with O'Neal telling him , `` I do n't hate you . I had a good life . I had Phil . '' O'Neal credits the Boys and Girls Club of America in Newark with giving him a safe place to play and keeping him off the streets . `` It gave me something to do , '' he said . `` I 'd just go there to shoot . I did n't even play on a team . '' Because of his stepfather 's career in the military , the family left Newark , moving to military bases in Germany and Texas . At Robert G. Cole High School in San Antonio , Texas , O'Neal led his team to a 68 -- 1 record over two years and helped the team win the state championship during his senior year . His 791 rebounds during the 1989 season remains a state record for a player in any classification . O'Neal's tendency to make hook shots earned comparisons to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , inspiring him to wear the same jersey number as Abdul - Jabbar , 33 . However , his high school team did not have a 33 jersey , so O'Neal chose to wear 32 before college . College career After graduating from high school , O'Neal studied business at Louisiana State University . He had first met Dale Brown , LSU 's men 's basketball coach , years earlier in Europe . O'Neal's stepfather was stationed on a U.S. Army base at Wildflecken , West Germany . While playing for Brown at LSU , O'Neal was a two - time All - American , two - time SEC Player of the Year , and received the Adolph Rupp Trophy as NCAA men 's basketball player of the year in 1991 ; he was also named college player of the year by AP and UPI . O'Neal left LSU early to pursue his NBA career , but continued his education even after becoming a professional player . He was later inducted into the LSU Hall of Fame . A 900 - pound bronze statue of O'Neal is located in front of the LSU Tigers Basketball Practice Facility . NBA career Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) The Orlando Magic drafted O'Neal with the 1st overall pick in the 1992 NBA draft . During that summer , prior to moving to Orlando , he spent a significant amount of time in Los Angeles under the tutelage of Hall of Famer Magic Johnson . Given Terry Catledge eventually refused to give O'Neal the 33 jersey , he relented by going back to the 32 from his high school days . O'Neal was named the Player of the Week in his first week in the NBA , becoming the first player to do so . During his rookie season , O'Neal averaged 23.4 points on 56.2 % shooting , 13.9 rebounds , and 3.5 blocks per game for the season . He was named the 1993 NBA Rookie of the Year and became the first rookie to be voted an All - Star starter since Michael Jordan in 1985 . The Magic finished 41 -- 41 , winning 20 more games than the previous season ; however , the team ultimately missed the playoffs by virtue of a tie - breaker with the Indiana Pacers . On more than one occasion during the year , Sports Illustrated writer Jack McCallum overheard O'Neal saying , `` We 've got to get ( head coach ) Matty ( Guokas ) out of here and bring in ( assistant ) Brian ( Hill ) . '' In 1993 -- 1994 , O'Neal's second season , Hill was the coach and Guokas was reassigned to the front office . O'Neal improved his scoring average to 29.4 points ( second in the league to David Robinson ) while leading the NBA in field goal percentage at 60 % . On November 20 , 1993 , against the New Jersey Nets , O'Neal registered the first triple - double of his career , recording 24 points to go along with career highs of 28 rebounds and 15 blocks . He was voted into the All - Star game and also made the All - NBA 3rd Team . Teamed with newly drafted Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway , the Magic finished with a record of 50 -- 32 and made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history . In his first playoff series , O'Neal averaged 20.7 points and 13.3 rebounds in a losing effort as the Magic lost every game to the Indiana Pacers . O'Neal's third season in 1994 -- 95 had him leading the NBA in scoring with a 29.3 point average , while finishing second in MVP voting to David Robinson and entering his third straight All - Star Game along with Hardaway . They formed one of the league 's top duos and helped Orlando to a 57 -- 25 record and the Atlantic Division crown . The Magic won their first ever playoff series against the Boston Celtics in the 1995 NBA Playoffs . They then defeated the Chicago Bulls in the conference semifinals . After beating Reggie Miller 's Indiana Pacers , the Magic reached the NBA Finals , facing the defending NBA champion Houston Rockets . O'Neal played well in his first Finals appearance , averaging 28 points on 59.5 % shooting , 12.5 rebounds , and 6.3 assists . Despite this , the Rockets , led by future Hall - of - Famers Hakeem Olajuwon and Clyde Drexler , swept the series in four games . O'Neal was injured for a great deal of the 1995 -- 96 season , missing 28 games . He averaged 26.6 points and 11 rebounds per game , made the All - NBA 3rd Team , and played in his 4th All - Star Game . Despite O'Neal's injuries , the Magic finished with a regular season record of 60 -- 22 , second in the Eastern conference to the Chicago Bulls , who finished with an NBA record 72 wins . Orlando easily defeated the Detroit Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks in the first two rounds of the 1996 NBA Playoffs ; however , they were no match for Jordan 's Bulls , who swept them in the Eastern Conference Finals . Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) In 8 seasons with the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) , O'Neal won three consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002 and appeared in the 2004 NBA Finals . O'Neal became a free agent after the 1995 -- 96 NBA season . In the summer of 1996 , O'Neal was named to the United States Olympic basketball team , and was later part of the gold medal - winning team at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta . While the Olympic basketball team was training in Orlando , the Orlando Sentinel published a poll that asked whether the Magic should fire Hill if that were one of O'Neal's conditions for returning . 82 % answered `` no '' . O'Neal had a power struggle while playing under Hill . He said the team `` just did n't respect ( Hill ) . '' Another question in the poll asked , `` Is Shaq worth $115 million ? '' in reference to the amount of the Magic 's offer . 91.3 % of the response was `` no '' . O'Neal's Olympic teammates rode him hard over the poll . He was also upset that the Orlando media implied O'Neal was not a good role model for having a child with his longtime girlfriend with no immediate plans to marry . O'Neal compared his lack of privacy in Orlando to `` feeling like a big fish in a dried - up pond . '' O'Neal also learned that Hardaway considered himself the leader of the Magic and did not want O'Neal making more money than him . On the team 's first full day at the Olympics in Atlanta , the media announced that O'Neal would join the Los Angeles Lakers on a seven - year , $121 million contract . He insisted he did not choose Los Angeles for the money . `` I 'm tired of hearing about money , money , money , money , money '' , O'Neal said after the signing . `` I just want to play the game , drink Pepsi , wear Reebok , '' he added , referring to a couple of his product endorsements . The Lakers won 56 games during the 1996 -- 97 season . O'Neal averaged 26.2 points and 12.5 rebounds in his first season with Los Angeles ; however , he again missed over 30 games due to injury . The Lakers made the playoffs , but were eliminated in the second round by the Utah Jazz in five games . In his first playoff game for the Lakers , O'Neal scored 46 points against the Portland Trail Blazers , the most for the Lakers in a playoff game since Jerry West had 53 in 1969 . On December 17 , 1996 , O'Neal shoved Dennis Rodman of the Chicago Bulls ; Rodman 's teammates Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan restrained Rodman and prevented further conflict . The Los Angeles Daily News reported that O'Neal was willing to be suspended for fighting Rodman , and O'Neal said : `` It 's one thing to talk tough and one thing to be tough . '' The following season , O'Neal averaged 28.3 points and 11.4 rebounds . He led the league with a 58.4 field goal percentage , the first of five consecutive seasons in which he did so . The Lakers finished the season 61 -- 21 , first in the Pacific Division , and were the second seed in the western conference during the 1998 NBA Playoffs . After defeating the Portland Trail Blazers and Seattle SuperSonics in the first two rounds , the Lakers again fell to the Jazz , this time in a 4 -- 0 sweep . With the tandem of O'Neal and teenage superstar Kobe Bryant , expectations for the Lakers increased . However , personnel changes were a source of instability during the 1998 -- 99 season . Long - time Laker point guard Nick Van Exel was traded to the Denver Nuggets ; his former backcourt partner Eddie Jones was packaged with back - up center Elden Campbell for Glen Rice to satisfy a demand by O'Neal for a shooter . Coach Del Harris was fired , and former Lakers forward Kurt Rambis finished the season as head coach . The Lakers finished with a 31 -- 19 record during the lockout - shortened season . Although they made the playoffs , they were swept by the San Antonio Spurs , led by Tim Duncan and David Robinson in the second round of the Western Conference playoffs . The Spurs would go on to win their first NBA title in 1999 . Championship seasons In 1999 , prior to the 1999 -- 2000 season , the Lakers hired Phil Jackson as head coach , and the team 's fortunes soon changed . Jackson immediately challenged O'Neal , telling him `` the ( NBA 's ) MVP trophy should be named after him when he retired . '' Using Jackson 's triangle offense , O'Neal and Bryant enjoyed tremendous success , leading the Lakers to three consecutive titles ( 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 ) . O'Neal was named MVP of the NBA Finals all three times and had the highest scoring average for a center in NBA Finals history . In the November 10 , 1999 , game against the Houston Rockets , O'Neal and Charles Barkley were ejected . After O'Neal blocked a layup by Barkley , O'Neal shoved Barkley , who then threw the ball at O'Neal . O'Neal was also voted the 1999 -- 2000 regular season Most Valuable Player , one vote short of becoming the first unanimous MVP in NBA history . Fred Hickman , then of CNN , instead chose Allen Iverson , then of the Philadelphia 76ers who would go on to win MVP the next season . O'Neal also won the scoring title while finishing second in rebounds and third in blocked shots . Jackson 's influence resulted in a newfound commitment by O'Neal to defense , resulting in his first All - Defensive Team selection ( second - team ) in 2000 . In the 2001 NBA Finals against the 76ers , O'Neal fouled out in Game 3 backing over Dikembe Mutombo , the 2000 -- 2001 Defensive Player of the Year . `` I did n't think the best defensive player in the game would be flopping like that . It 's a shame that the referees buy into that '' , O'Neal said . `` I wish he 'd stand up and play me like a man instead of flopping and crying every time I back him down . A month before the 2001 -- 02 season 's training camp , O'Neal had corrective surgery for a claw toe deformity in the smallest toe of his left foot . He opted against a more involved surgery to return quicker . He was ready for the start of the 2001 -- 02 regular season , but the toe frequently bothered him . In January 2002 , he was involved in a spectacular on - court brawl in a game against the Chicago Bulls . He punched center Brad Miller after an intentional foul to prevent a basket , resulting in a melee with Miller , forward Charles Oakley , and several other players . O'Neal was suspended for three games without pay and fined $15,000 . For the season , O'Neal averaged 27.2 points and 10.7 rebounds , excellent statistics but below his career average ; he was less of a defensive force during the season . O'Neal at the White House greeting President George W. Bush with his fellow Lakers Matched up against the Sacramento Kings in the 2002 Western Conference finals , O'Neal said , `` There is only one way to beat us . It starts with c and ends with t . '' O'Neal meant `` cheat '' in reference to the alleged flopping of Kings ' center Vlade Divac . O'Neal referred to Divac as `` she '' , and said he would never exaggerate contact to draw a foul . `` I 'm a guy with no talent who has gotten this way with hard work . '' After the 2001 -- 2002 season , O'Neal told friends that he did not want another season of limping and being in virtually constant pain from his big right toe . His trademark mobility and explosion had been often absent . The corrective options ranged from reconstructive surgery on the toe to rehabilitation exercises with more shoe inserts and anti-inflammation medication . O'Neal was already wary of the long - term damage his frequent consumption of these medications might have . He did not want to rush a decision with his career potentially at risk . Toe surgery to departure O'Neal missed the first 12 games of the 2002 -- 03 season recovering from toe surgery . He was sidelined with hallux rigidus , a degenerative arthritis in his toe . He waited the whole summer until just before training camp for the surgery and explained , `` I got hurt on company time , so I 'll heal on company time . '' O'Neal debated whether to have a more invasive surgery that would have kept him out an additional three months , but he opted against the more involved procedure . The Lakers started the season with a record of 11 -- 19 . At the end of the season , the Lakers had fallen to the fifth seed and failed to reach the Finals in 2003 . For the 2003 - 04 season , the team made a concerted off - season effort to improve its roster . They sought the free - agent services of forward Karl Malone and aging guard Gary Payton , but due to salary cap restrictions , could not offer either one nearly as much money as they could have made with some other teams . O'Neal assisted in the recruitment efforts and personally persuaded both men to join the squad . Ultimately , both signed , each forgoing larger salaries in favor of a chance to win an NBA championship , which neither had accomplished in his career ( and which neither would achieve with the Lakers ) . At the beginning of the 2003 -- 04 season , O'Neal wanted a contract extension with a pay raise on his remaining three years for $30 million . The Lakers had hoped O'Neal would take less money due to his age , physical conditioning , and games missed due to injuries . During a preseason game , O'Neal had yelled at Lakers owner Jerry Buss , `` Pay me . '' There had been increasing tension between O'Neal and Bryant . The feud climaxed during training camp prior to the 2003 -- 2004 season when Bryant , in an interview with ESPN journalist Jim Gray , criticized O'Neal for being out of shape , a poor leader , and putting his salary demands over the best interest of the Lakers . The Lakers made the playoffs in 2004 and lost to the Detroit Pistons in the 2004 NBA Finals . Lakers assistant coach Tex Winter said , `` Shaq defeated himself against Detroit . He played way too passively . He had one big game ... He 's always interested in being a scorer , but he has n't had nearly enough concentration on defense and rebounding . '' After the series , O'Neal was angered by comments made by Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak regarding O'Neal's future with the club , as well as by the departure of Lakers coach Phil Jackson at the request of Buss . O'Neal made comments indicating that he felt the team 's decisions were centered on a desire to appease Bryant to the exclusion of all other concerns , and O'Neal promptly demanded a trade . Kupchak wanted the Dallas Mavericks ' Dirk Nowitzki in return but Mavericks owner Mark Cuban refused to let his 7 - footer go . However , Miami showed interest , and eventually the two clubs agreed . Winter said , `` ( O'Neal ) left because he could n't get what he wanted -- a huge pay raise . There was no way ownership could give him what he wanted . Shaq 's demands held the franchise hostage , and the way he went about it did n't please the owner too much . '' Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) O'Neal with Miami in 2007 On July 14 , 2004 , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Caron Butler , Lamar Odom , Brian Grant , and a future first - round draft choice ( who would turn into Jordan Farmar in the 2006 draft ) . O'Neal reverted from ( his Lakers jersey ) number 34 to number 32 , which he had worn while playing for the Magic . Upon signing with the Heat , O'Neal promised the fans that he would bring a championship to Miami . He claimed one of the main reasons for wanting to be traded to Miami was because of their up - and - coming star Dwyane Wade , to whom he gave the nickname `` Flash '' . With O'Neal on board , the new - look Heat surpassed expectations , claiming the best record in the Eastern Conference in 2004 -- 05 with 59 wins . He played in 73 games , his most since 2001 season , averaged 22.9 points a game along with 10.4 rebounds and 2.3 blocks . Shaq also made his 12th consecutive All - Star Team , made the All - NBA 1st Team , and won the Eastern Conference player of the Month award for his performance in March . O'Neal also narrowly lost the 2004 -- 05 MVP Award to Phoenix Suns guard Steve Nash in one of the closest votes in NBA history . Despite being hobbled by a deep thigh bruise , O'Neal led the Heat to the Eastern Conference Finals and a Game 7 against the defending champion Detroit Pistons , losing by a narrow margin . Afterwards , O'Neal and others criticized Heat head coach Stan Van Gundy for not calling enough plays for O'Neal . In August 2005 , O'Neal signed a 5 - year - extension with the Heat for $100 million . Supporters applauded O'Neal's willingness to take what amounted to a pay cut and the Heat 's decision to secure O'Neal's services for the long term . They contended that O'Neal was worth more than $20 million per year , particularly given that lesser players earned almost the same amount . In the second game of the 2005 -- 06 season , O'Neal injured his right ankle and subsequently missed the following 18 games . Upon O'Neal's return , Van Gundy resigned , citing family reasons , and Pat Riley assumed head coach responsibilities . O'Neal later referred to Van Gundy as a `` frontrunner '' and a `` master of panic . '' Many critics stated that Heat coach Riley correctly managed O'Neal during the rest of the season , limiting his minutes to a career low . Riley felt doing so would allow O'Neal to be healthier and fresher come playoff time . Although O'Neal averaged career lows ( or near - lows ) in points , rebounds , and blocks , he said in an interview `` Stats do n't matter . I care about winning , not stats . If I score 0 points and we win I 'm happy . If I score 50 , 60 points , break the records , and we lose , I 'm pissed off . ' Cause I knew I did something wrong . I 'll have a hell of a season if I win the championship and average 20 points a game . '' During the 2005 -- 06 season , the Heat recorded only a . 500 record without O'Neal in the line - up . On April 11 , 2006 , O'Neal recorded his second career triple - double against the Toronto Raptors with 15 points , 11 rebounds and a career high 10 assists . O'Neal finished the 2005 -- 06 season as the league leader in field goal percentage . Fourth championship O'Neal holding the championship ball when the NBA Champion Heat visited the White House In the 2006 NBA Playoffs , the Heat first faced the younger Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal delivered a dominating 27 point , 16 rebound and 5 blocks performance in game 1 followed by a 22 - point effort in game 2 to help Miami take a 2 - 0 lead in the series . Chicago would respond with two dominating performances at home to tie the series , but Miami would respond right back with a victory at home in game 5 . Miami returned to Chicago and closed out the series in the 6th game , highlighted by another dominating performance by O'Neal who finished with 30 points and 20 rebounds . Miami advanced to face New Jersey , who won a surprising game 1 victory before the Heat won four straight to assure a rematch with Detroit . The Pistons had no answer for Wade throughout the series , while O'Neal delivered 21 points and 12 rebounds in game 3 followed by 27 points and 12 boards in game 4 to help Miami take a 3 - 2 series lead . The Pistons would win game 5 in Detroit , and Wade would once again get injured , but the Heat held on to win game 6 with O'Neal scoring 28 points with 16 rebounds and 5 blocks to help Miami reach their first ever NBA Finals . In the Finals , the Heat were underdogs against the Dallas Mavericks led by Dirk Nowitzki , and the Mavericks won the first two games at home in dominating fashion . The Heat led by Wade and a balanced effort by O'Neal , Antoine Walker and Jason Williams would go on to win all three of the next games at home , before closing out the series in Dallas to deliver the first NBA title for the franchise and O'Neal's fourth title . With Wade carrying the offensive load , O'Neal did not need to have a dominating series , and finished with an average of 13.7 points and 10.2 rebounds for the series . Surgery and Wade 's injury In the 2006 -- 07 season , O'Neal missed 35 games after an injury to his left knee in November required surgery . After one of those missed games , a Christmas Day match - up against the Lakers , he ripped Jackson , who O'Neal had once called a second father , referring to his former coach as `` Benedict Arnold '' . Jackson had previously said , `` The only person I 've ever ( coached ) that has n't been a worker ... is probably Shaq . '' The Heat struggled during O'Neal's absence , but with his return won seven of their next eight games . Bad luck still haunted the squad , however , as Wade dislocated his left shoulder , leaving O'Neal as the focus of the team . Critics doubted that O'Neal , now in his mid-thirties , could carry the team into the playoffs . The Heat went on a winning streak that kept them in the race for a playoff spot , which they finally secured against the Cleveland Cavaliers on April 5 . In a rematch of the year before , the Heat faced the Bulls in the first round of the 2006 -- 07 NBA playoffs . The Heat struggled against the Bulls and although O'Neal put up reasonable numbers , he was not able to dominate the series . The Bulls swept the Heat , the first time in 50 years a defending NBA champion was swept in the opening round . It was the first time in 13 years that O'Neal did not advance into the second round . In the 2006 -- 07 season O'Neal reached 25,000 career points , becoming the 14th player in NBA history to accomplish that milestone . However , it was the first season in O'Neal's career that his scoring average dropped below 20 points per game . 2007 -- 2008 season O'Neal experienced a rough start for the 2007 -- 08 season , averaging career lows in points , rebounds , and blocks . His role in the offense diminished , as he attempted only 10 field goals per game , versus his career average of 17 . In addition , O'Neal was plagued by fouls , and during one stretch fouled out of five consecutive games . O'Neal's streak of 14 straight All - Star appearances ended that season . O'Neal again missed games due to injuries , and the Heat had a 15 -- game losing streak . According to O'Neal , Riley thought he was faking the injury . During a practice in February 2008 , O'Neal got into an altercation with Riley over the coach ordering a tardy Jason Williams to leave practice . The two argued face - to - face , with O'Neal poking Riley in the chest and Riley slapping his finger away . Riley soon after decided to trade O'Neal . O'Neal said his relationship with Wade was not `` all that good '' by the time he left Miami , but he did not express disappointment at Wade for failing to stand up for him . O'Neal played 33 games for the Miami Heat in the 2007 -- 08 season prior to being traded to the Phoenix Suns . O'Neal started all 33 games and averaged 14.2 points per game . Following the trade to Phoenix , O'Neal averaged 12.9 ppg while starting all 28 games with the Suns . Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Phoenix Suns acquired O'Neal in February 2008 from the league - worst Miami Heat , who had a record at the time of the trade of 9 - 37 , in exchange for Shawn Marion and Marcus Banks . O'Neal made his Suns debut on February 20 , 2008 , against his former Lakers team , scoring 15 points and grabbing 9 rebounds in the process . The Lakers won , 130 -- 124 . O'Neal was upbeat in a post-game press conference , stating : `` I will take the blame for this loss because I was n't in tune with the guys ( ... ) But give me four or five days to really get in tune and I 'll get it . '' In 28 regular - season games , O'Neal averaged 12.9 points and 10.6 rebounds , good enough to make the playoffs . One of the reasons for the trade was to limit Tim Duncan in the event of a postseason matchup between the Suns and the San Antonio Spurs , especially after the Suns ' six - game elimination by the Spurs in the 2007 NBA Playoffs . O'Neal and the Phoenix Suns did face the Spurs in the first round of the playoffs , but they were once again eliminated , in five games . O'Neal averaged 15.2 points , 9.2 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game . O'Neal preferred his new situation with the Suns over the Heat . `` I love playing for this coach and I love playing with these guys '' , O'Neal said . `` We have professionals who know what to do . No one is asking me to play with ( his former Heat teammates ) Chris Quinn or Ricky Davis . I 'm actually on a team again . '' Riley felt O'Neal was wrong for maligning his former teammates . O'Neal responded with an expletive toward Riley , whom he often referred to as the `` great Pat Riley '' while playing for the Heat . O'Neal credited the Suns training staff with prolonging his career . They connected his arthritic toe , which would not bend , to the alteration of his jump that consequently was straining his leg . The trainers had him concentrate on building his core strength , flexibility , and balance . The 2008 -- 09 season improved for O'Neal , who averaged 18 pts , 9 rebounds , and 1.6 blocks through the first half ( 41 games ) of the season , leading the Suns to a 23 -- 18 record and 2nd place in their division . He returned to the All - Star Game in 2009 and emerged as co-MVP along with ex-teammate Kobe Bryant . O'Neal with Phoenix teammate Steve Nash . On February 27 , 2009 , O'Neal scored 45 points and grabbed 11 rebounds , his 49th career 40 - point game , beating the Toronto Raptors 133 -- 113 . In a matchup against Orlando on March 3 , 2009 , O'Neal was outscored by Magic center Dwight Howard , 21 -- 19 . `` I 'm really too old to be trying to outscore 18 - year - olds '' , O'Neal said , referring to the then 23 - year - old Howard . `` It 's not really my role anymore . '' O'Neal was double - teamed most of the night . `` I like to play people one - on - one . My whole career I had to play people one - on - one . Never once had to double or ask for a double . But it 's cool '' , said O'Neal . During the game , O'Neal flopped against Howard . Magic coach Stan Van Gundy , who had coached O'Neal with the Heat , was `` very disappointed cause ( O'Neal ) knows what it 's like . Let 's stand up and play like men , and I think our guy did that tonight . '' O'Neal responded , `` Flopping is playing like that your whole career . I was trying to take the charge , trying to get a call . It probably was a flop , but flopping is the wrong use of words . Flopping would describe his coaching . '' Mark Madsen , a Lakers teammate of O'Neal's for three years , found it amusing since `` everyone in the league tries to flop on Shaq and Shaq never flops back . '' In a 2006 interview in TIME , O'Neal said if he were NBA commissioner , he would `` Make a guy have to beat a guy -- not flop and get calls and be nice to the referees and kiss ass . '' On March 6 , O'Neal talked about the upcoming game against the Rockets and Yao Ming . `` It 's not going to be man - on - man , so do n't even try that , '' says O'Neal with an incredulous laugh . `` They 're going to double and triple me like everybody else ... I rarely get to play ( Yao ) one - on - one ... But when I play him ( on defense ) , it 's just going to be me down there . So do n't try to make it a Yao versus Shaq thing , when it 's Shaq versus four other guys . '' The 2009 NBA Playoffs was also the first time since O'Neal's rookie season in 1992 -- 93 that he did not participate in the playoffs . He was named as a member of the All - NBA Third Team . The Suns notified O'Neal he might be traded to cut costs . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On June 25 , 2009 , O'Neal was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers for Sasha Pavlovic , Ben Wallace , $500,000 , and a 2010 - second round draft pick . Upon arriving in Cleveland , O'Neal said , `` My motto is very simple : Win a Ring for the King '' , referring to LeBron James . James was the leader of the team , and O'Neal deferred to him . On February 25 , 2010 , O'Neal suffered a severe right thumb injury while attempting to go up for a shot against Glen Davis of the Boston Celtics . He had surgery on the thumb on March 1 and returned to play in time for the first round of the playoffs . After defeating the Chicago Bulls in the first round , the Cavaliers went on to lose to the Boston Celtics in the second round . In September 2016 , O'Neal said : `` When I was in Cleveland , we were in first place . Big Baby ( Glen Davis ) breaks my hand and I had to sit out five weeks late in the year . I come back finally in the first round of the playoffs , and we lost to Boston in the second round . I was upset . I know for a fact if I was healthy , we would have gotten it done that year and won a ring . '' O'Neal averaged career lows in almost every major statistical category during the 2009 -- 10 season , taking on a much less significant role than in previous years . Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) O'Neal finished his career with the Boston Celtics Upon hearing Bryant comment that he had more rings than O'Neal , Wyc Grousbeck , principal owner of the Celtics , saw an opportunity to acquire O'Neal . Celtics coach Doc Rivers agreed to the signing on the condition that O'Neal would not receive preferential treatment nor could he cause any locker room problems like in Los Angeles or Miami . On August 4 , 2010 , the Celtics announced that they had signed O'Neal . The contract was for two years at the veteran minimum salary for a total contract value of $2.8 million . O'Neal wanted the larger mid-level exception contract , but the Celtics chose instead to give it to Jermaine O'Neal . The Atlanta Hawks and the Dallas Mavericks also expressed interest but had stalled on O'Neal's salary demands . He was introduced by the Celtics on August 10 , 2010 , and chose the number 36 . O'Neal said he did n't `` compete with little guys who run around dominating the ball , throwing up 30 shots a night -- like D -- Wade , Kobe . '' O'Neal added that he was only competing against Duncan : `` If Tim Duncan gets five rings , then that gives some writer the chance to say ' Duncan is the best , ' and I ca n't have that . '' Publicly , he insisted he did not care whether he started or substituted for the Celtics , but expected to be part of the second unit . Privately , he wanted to start , but kept it to himself . O'Neal missed games throughout the season due to an assortment of ailments to his right leg including knee , calf , hip , and Achilles injuries . The Celtics traded away center Kendrick Perkins in February partially due to the expectation that O'Neal would return to fill Perkins ' role . The Celtics were 33 -- 10 in games Perkins had missed during the year due to injury , and they were 19 -- 3 in games that O'Neal played over 20 minutes . After requesting a cortisone shot , O'Neal returned April 3 after missing 27 games due to his Achilles ; he played only five minutes due to a strained right calf . It was the last regular season game he would play that year . O'Neal missed the first round of the 2011 playoffs . He insisted on more cortisone shots and returned in the second round , but he was limited to 12 minutes in two games as the Heat eliminated the Celtics from the playoffs . On June 1 , 2011 , O'Neal announced his retirement via social media . On a short tape on Twitter , O'Neal tweeted , `` We did it . Nineteen years , baby . I want to thank you very much . That 's why I 'm telling you first . I 'm about to retire . Love you . Talk to you soon . '' On June 3 , 2011 , O'Neal held a press conference at his home in Orlando to officially announce his retirement . National team career While in college , O'Neal was considered for the Dream Team to fill the college spot , but it eventually went to future teammate Christian Laettner . His national team career began in the 1994 FIBA World Championship in which he was named MVP of the Tournament . While he led the Dream Team II to the gold medal with an 8 -- 0 record , O'Neal averaged 18 points and 8.5 rebounds and recorded two double - doubles . In four games , he scored more than 20 points . Before 2010 , he was the last active American player to have a gold from the FIBA World Cup . He was one of two players ( the other being Reggie Miller ) from the 1994 roster to be also named to the Dream Team III . Due to more star - power , he rotated with Hakeem Olajuwon and David Robinson and started 3 games . He averaged 9.3 points and 5.3 rebounds with 8 total blocks . Again , a perfect 8 -- 0 record landed him another gold medal at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta . O'Neal was upset that coach Lenny Wilkens played Robinson more minutes in the final game ; Wilkens previously explained to O'Neal that it would probably be Robinson 's last Olympics . After his 1996 experience , he declined to play in international competition . He was angered by being overlooked for the 1999 FIBA AmeriCup squad , saying it was a `` lack of respect '' . He forwent an opportunity to participate in the 2000 Olympics , explaining that two gold medals were enough . Shaq also chose not to play in the 2002 FIBA World Championship . He rejected an offer to play in the 2004 Olympics , and although he was initially interested in being named for 2006 -- 2008 US preliminary roster , he eventually declined the invitation . Player profile O'Neal's free throw shooting was regarded as one of his major weaknesses . O'Neal established himself as an overpowering low post presence , putting up career averages of 23.7 points on . 582 field goal accuracy , 10.9 rebounds and 2.3 blocks per game . At 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) , 330 lb ( 150 kg ; 24 st ) and U.S. shoe size 23 , he became famous for his physical stature . His physical frame gave him a power advantage over most opponents . On two occasions during his first season in the NBA his powerful dunks broke the steel backboard supports , prompting the league to increase the brace strength and stability of the backboards for the following 1993 -- 94 season . O'Neal's `` drop step '' , ( called the `` Black Tornado '' by O'Neal ) in which he posted up a defender , turned around and , using his elbows for leverage , powered past him for a very high - percentage slam dunk , proved an effective offensive weapon . In addition , O'Neal frequently used a right - handed jump hook shot to score near the basket . The ability to dunk contributed to his career field goal accuracy of . 582 , second only to Artis Gilmore as the highest field goal percentage of all time . He led the NBA in field goal percentage 10 times , breaking Wilt Chamberlain 's record of nine . Opposing teams often used up many fouls on O'Neal , reducing the playing time of their own big men . O'Neal's imposing physical presence inside the paint caused dramatic changes in many teams ' offensive and defensive strategies . O'Neal's primary weakness was his free throw shooting , with a career average of 52.7 % . He once missed all 11 of his free throw attempts in a game against the Seattle SuperSonics on December 8 , 2000 , a record . O'Neal believes his free throw woes were a mental issue , as he often shot 80 percent in practice . In hope of exploiting O'Neal's poor foul shooting , opponents often committed intentional fouls against him , a tactic known as `` Hack - a-Shaq '' . O'Neal was the third - ranked player all - time in free throws taken , having attempted 11,252 free - throws in 1,207 games up to and including the 2010 -- 11 season . On December 25 , 2008 , O'Neal missed his 5,000 th free throw , becoming the second player in NBA history to do so , along with Chamberlain . O'Neal only made one three point shot during his entire career . He made the shot during the 1995 -- 96 NBA season with the Orlando Magic . His career three point shot record is 1 for 22 ( a 4.5 % career percentage ) . O'Neal was a capable defender , named three times to the All - NBA Second Defensive Team . His presence intimidated opposing players shooting near the basket , and he averaged 2.3 blocked shots per game over the course of his career . Phil Jackson believed O'Neal underachieved in his career , saying he `` could and should have been the MVP player for 10 consecutive seasons . '' The Lakers retired his No. 34 jersey on April 2 , 2013 . On February 26 , 2016 , the Miami Heat announced that it would retire O'Neal's No. 32 jersey during the 2016 -- 17 season , making O'Neal one of just 32 athletes in American professional sports history to have their jersey retired by multiple teams . The Heat eventually retired his jersey on December 22 , 2016 , during halftime of a game against his former team , the Los Angeles Lakers . Media personality O'Neal called himself `` The Big Aristotle '' and `` Hobo Master '' for his composure and insights during interviews . Journalists and others gave O'Neal several nicknames including `` ' Shaq ' '' , `` The Diesel '' , `` Shaq Fu '' , `` The Big Daddy '' , `` Superman '' , `` The Big Agave '' , `` The Big Cactus '' , `` The Big Shaqtus '' , `` The Big Galactus '' , `` Wilt Chamberneezy '' , `` The Big Baryshnikov '' , `` The Real Deal '' , `` The Big Shamrock '' , `` The Big Leprechaun '' , `` Shaqovic '' , and `` The Big Conductor '' . Although he was a favorite interviewee of the press , O'Neal was sensitive and often went weeks without speaking . When he did not want to speak with the press , he employed an interview technique whereby , sitting in front of his cubicle , he would murmur in his low - pitched voice . During the 2000 Screen Actors Guild strike , O'Neal performed in a commercial for Disney . O'Neal was fined by the union for crossing the picket line . O'Neal's humorous and sometimes incendiary comments fueled the Los Angeles Lakers ' long - standing rivalry with the Sacramento Kings ; O'Neal frequently referred to the Sacramento team as the `` Queens . '' During the 2002 victory parade , O'Neal declared that Sacramento would never be the capital of California , after the Lakers beat the Kings in a tough seven game series en route to its third championship with O'Neal . He also received media flak for mocking Chinese people when interviewed about newcomer center Yao Ming . O'Neal told a reporter , `` you tell Yao Ming , ching chong yang , wah , ah so . '' O'Neal later said it was locker room humor and he meant no offense . Yao believed that O'Neal was joking , but he said a lot of Asians would n't see the humor . Yao joked , `` Chinese is hard to learn . I had trouble with it when I was little . '' O'Neal later admitted that he regretted how he treated Yao early in his career . During the 2005 NBA playoffs , O'Neal compared his poor play to Erick Dampier , a Dallas Mavericks center who had failed to score a single point in one of their recent games . The quip inspired countless citations and references by announcers during those playoffs , though Dampier himself offered little response to the insult . The two would meet in the 2006 NBA Finals . O'Neal was very vocal with the media , often making jabs at former Laker teammate Kobe Bryant . In the summer of 2005 , when asked about Bryant , he responded , `` I 'm sorry , who ? '' and continued to pretend that he did not know who Bryant was until well into the 2005 -- 06 season . O'Neal also appeared on television on Saturday Night Live ( he was initially picked to host the second episode of season 24 in 1998 , but had to back down due to scheduling conflicts , being replaced by Kelsey Grammer ) ; however , he did appear in two sketches during the episode ) and in 2007 hosted Shaq 's Big Challenge , a reality show on ABC in which he challenged Florida kids to lose weight and stay in shape . When the Lakers faced the Heat on January 16 , 2006 , O'Neal and Bryant made headlines by engaging in handshakes and hugs before the game , an event that was believed to signify the end of the so - called `` Bryant -- O'Neal feud '' that had festered since the center left Los Angeles . O'Neal was quoted as saying that he accepted the advice of NBA legend Bill Russell to make peace with Bryant . However , on June 22 , 2008 , O'Neal freestyled a diss rap about Bryant in a New York club . While rapping , O'Neal blamed Bryant for his divorce from his wife Shaunie and claims to have received a vasectomy , as part of a rhyme . He also taunted Bryant for not being able to win a championship without him . O'Neal led the audience to mockingly chant several times `` Kobe , tell me how my ass tastes . '' O'Neal justified his act by saying `` I was freestyling . That 's all . It was all done in fun . Nothing serious whatsoever . That is what MCs do . They freestyle when called upon . I 'm totally cool with Kobe . No issue at all . '' Although even other exponents of hip hop , such as Snoop Dogg , Nas and Cory Gunz , agreed with O'Neal , Maricopa County , Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio expressed his intention to relieve O'Neal of his Maricopa County sheriff posse badge , due to `` use of a racially derogatory word and other foul language '' . The racial quote from his song was `` it 's like a white boy trying to be more nigga than me . '' Off the court Education O'Neal left LSU for the NBA after three years . However , he promised his mother he would eventually return to his studies and complete his bachelor 's degree . He fulfilled that promise in 2000 , earning his bachelor of arts in general studies . Coach Phil Jackson let O'Neal miss a home game so he could attend graduation . At the ceremony , he told the crowd `` now I can go and get a real job '' . Subsequently , O'Neal earned an MBA online through the University of Phoenix in 2005 . In reference to his completion of his MBA degree , he stated : `` It 's just something to have on my resume for when I go back into reality . Someday I might have to put down a basketball and have a regular 9 - to - 5 like everybody else . '' Toward the end of his playing career , he began work on an Ed. D. in Human Resource Development at Barry University . His doctoral capstone topic was `` The Duality of Humor and Aggression in Leadership Styles '' . O'Neal received his degree in 2012 . O'Neal told a reporter for ABC News that he plans to further his education still by attending law school . O'Neal has also studied directing and cinematography with the New York Film Academy 's Filmmaking Conservatory . Law enforcement O'Neal maintained a high level of interest in the workings of police departments and became personally involved in law enforcement . O'Neal went through the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Reserve Academy and became a reserve officer with the Los Angeles Port Police . He appeared in a commercial for ESPN in Miami Police garb climbing a tree to rescue LSU 's costumed mascot Mike the Tiger . On March 2 , 2005 , O'Neal was given an honorary U.S. Deputy Marshal title and named the spokesman for the Safe Surfin ' Foundation ; he served an honorary role on the task force of the same name , which tracks down sexual predators who target children on the Internet . Upon his trade to Miami , O'Neal began training to become a Miami Beach reserve officer . On December 8 , 2005 , he was sworn in , but elected for a private ceremony to avoid distracting attention from the other officers . He assumed a $1 per year salary in this capacity . Shortly thereafter , in Miami , O'Neal witnessed a hate crime ( assaulting a man while calling out homophobic slurs ) and called Miami - Dade police , describing the suspect and helping police , over his cell phone , track the offender . O'Neal's actions resulted in the arrest of two suspects on charges of aggravated battery , assault , and a hate crime . In September 2006 , O'Neal took part in a raid on a home in rural Bedford County , Virginia . O'Neal had been made an `` honorary deputy '' by the local sheriff 's department . O'Neal was not qualified as a SWAT officer . In December 2016 , O'Neal was sworn in as a sheriff 's deputy in Jonesboro , Georgia as part of Clayton County , Georgia Sheriff 's Department . O'Neal holds the county record of Tallest Sheriff 's Deputy . Music career <Th_colspan="2"> Shaquille O'Neal Genres Hip hop Occupation ( s ) Rapper Years active 1993 -- 2001 ; 2017 Labels Jive , Interscope , A&M , Trauma Associated acts Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz , DJ Kayslay Beginning in 1993 , O'Neal began to compose rap music . He released five studio albums and 1 compilation album . Although his rapping abilities were criticized at the outset , one critic credited him with `` progressing as a rapper in small steps , not leaps and bounds '' . His 1993 debut album , Shaq Diesel , received platinum certification from the RIAA . O'Neal was featured alongside Michael Jackson as a guest rapper on `` 2 Bad '' , a song from Jackson 's 1995 album HIStory . He contributed three tracks , including the song `` We Genie '' , to the Kazaam soundtrack . O'Neal was also featured in Aaron Carter 's 2001 hit single `` That 's How I Beat Shaq '' . Shaq also appears on the music video for the release . Shaquille O'Neal conducted the Boston Pops Orchestra at the Boston Symphony Hall on December 20 , 2010 . In July 2017 , O'Neal released a diss track aimed at LaVar Ball , the father of NBA point guard Lonzo Ball . The three minute song was released in response to Ball claiming him and his younger son LaMelo , would beat O'Neal and his son Shareef in a game of basketball . Acting Starting with Blue Chips and Kazaam , O'Neal appeared in movies that were panned by some critics . O'Neal is one of the first African Americans to portray a major comic book superhero in a motion picture , having starred as John Henry Irons , the protagonist in the 1997 film Steel . He is preceded only by Michael Jai White , whose film Spawn was released two weeks before Steel . O'Neal appeared as himself on an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm , bedridden after Larry David 's character accidentally tripped him while stretching , and in two episodes each of My Wife and Kids and The Parkers . He appeared in cameo roles in the films , Freddy Got Fingered , Jack and Jill and Scary Movie 4 . O'Neal appeared in the 311 music video for the hit single `` You Would n't Believe '' in 2001 , in P. Diddy 's video for `` Bad Boys 4 Life '' , the video for Aaron Carter 's `` That 's How I Beat Shaq '' , and the video for Owl City 's `` Vanilla Twilight '' . O'Neal appeared in the movie CB4 in a small `` interviewing '' scene . O'Neal appeared in a SportsCenter commercial dressed in his Miami police uniform , rescuing Mike the Tiger from a tree . O'Neal reportedly wanted a role in the film X2 ( the second in the X-Men film series ) , but was ignored by the filmmakers . O'Neal appeared as Officer Fluzoo in the comedy sequel Grown Ups 2 . He voiced animated versions of himself on several occasions , including in the animated series Static Shock ( episode `` Static Shaq '' ) , in Johnny Bravo ( episode `` Back on Shaq '' ) , in Uncle Grandpa ( episode `` Perfect Kid '' ) , and in The Lego Movie . He also had a voice over role in the 2013 film , The Smurfs 2 . Video games O'Neal was featured on the covers of video games NBA Live 96 , NBA 2K6 , NBA 2K7 , NBA Showtime : NBA on NBC , NBA Hoopz , and NBA Inside Drive 2004 . O'Neal appeared in the arcade version of NBA Jam ( 1993 ) , NBA Jam ( 2003 ) and NBA Live 2004 as a current player and as a 1990s All - Star . O'Neal starred in Shaq Fu , a fighting game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis . O'Neal also appeared in Backyard Basketball in 2004 , Ready 2 Rumble Boxing : Round 2 as a playable boxer , and as an unlockable character in Delta Force : Black Hawk Down . O'Neal was also an unlockable character in UFC Undisputed 2010 . A sequel , Shaq Fu : A Legend Reborn , is set for release in 2018 . Television O'Neal and his mother , Lucille Harrison , were featured in the documentary film Apple Pie , which aired on ESPN . O'Neal had a 2005 reality series on ESPN , Shaquille , and hosted a series called Shaq 's Big Challenge on ABC . O'Neal appeared on NBA Ballers and NBA Ballers : Phenom , in the 2002 Discovery Channel special Motorcycle Mania 2 requesting an exceptionally large bike to fit his large size famed custom motorcycle builder Jesse James , in the first Idol Gives Back in 2007 , on an episode of Fear Factor , and on an episode of MTV 's Jackass , where he was lifted off the ground on Wee Man 's back . O'Neal was a wrestling fan and made appearances at many WWE events . O'Neal was pranked on the MTV show Punk 'd when a crew member accused him of stealing his parking space . After O'Neal and his wife went into a restaurant , Ashton Kutcher 's crew members let the air out of O'Neal's tires . O'Neal and the crew member then got into an altercation and after Kutcher told O'Neal he had been Punk 'd , O'Neal made an obscene gesture at the camera . O'Neal starred in a reality show called Shaq Vs. which premiered on August 18 , 2009 , on ABC . The show featured O'Neal competing against other athletes at their own sports . On July 14 , 2011 , O'Neal announced that he would join Turner Network Television ( TNT ) as an analyst on its NBA basketball games , joining Ernie Johnson , Kenny Smith , and Charles Barkley . He hosted the show Upload with Shaquille O'Neal which aired on TruTV for one season . In September 2015 whilst promoting sportswear giant Reebok in South Korea , O'Neal joined the cast in the South Korean variety television show Off to School where he went to Seo Incheon High School . The show features various celebrities attending a selected high school as students for three days . The producer of the show , Kim No Eun said , `` We 've worked hard on our guest list this season , so Chu Sung Hoon will be appearing on a cable channel for the first time . Shaquille O'Neal will be on the show as well . We succeeded in casting him after a lot of effort . O'Neal will be visiting Korea for a promotion and will be visiting the school on the last day . He will have lunch with the students . We 're even preparing a big match between Chu Sung Hoon and Shaquille O'Neal . We 're specially preparing a uniform for Shaquille O'Neal . '' Advertising O'Neal has made numerous appearances in television commercials , including several Pepsi commercials , such as one from 1995 which parodied shows like I Love Lucy ( the `` Job Switching '' episode ) , Bonanza , and Woody Woodpecker ; various 1990s Reebok commercials ; Nestlé Crunch commercials ; Gold Bond products ; The General insurance commercials ; and IcyHot commercials . Mixed martial arts O'Neal began training in mixed martial arts ( MMA ) in 2000 . At Jonathan Burke 's Gracie Gym , he trained in boxing , jiu - jitsu , Muay Thai and wrestling . At the gym , he used the nickname Diesel . O'Neal challenged kickboxer and mixed martial artist Choi Hong - man to a mixed martial arts rules bout in a YouTube video posted on June 17 , 2009 . Hong - man replied to an email asking him if he would like to fight O'Neal saying `` Yes , if there is a chance . '' Hong - man also responded to a question asking if O'Neal had a chance of winning with a simple `` No . '' On August 28 , 2010 , at UFC 118 in Boston , O'Neal reiterated his desire to fight Choi in an interview . Professional Wrestling A lifelong professional wrestling fan , O'Neal has made numerous appearances at televised events over the years for three different promotions . In 1994 , O'Neal made several appearances in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , including at the Bash at the Beach pay per view , where he presented the title belt to the winner of the WCW World Heavyweight Championship match between Hulk Hogan and Ric Flair . In July 2009 , O'Neal served as the guest host for a live broadcast of WWE 's Monday Night Raw . As part of the show , O'Neal got into a physical altercation with seven - foot tall wrestler Big Show . In September 2012 , O'Neal made a guest appearance on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling 's Impact Wrestling program , where he had a backstage segment with Hulk Hogan . In April 2016 , O'Neal participated in his first ever match , when he was a surprise celebrity entry in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 32 . O'Neal eliminated Damien Sandow , and had another confrontation with Big Show before being eliminated himself by most of the other wrestlers . In July at the 2016 ESPY Awards on the red carpet , Show and Shaq had another brief confrontation . A match was proposed for WrestleMania 33 , which Shaq accepted . In January 2017 , the two began calling each other out on social media , posting workout videos of themselves preparing for the potential match . After weeks of discussion , the match was cancelled . According to Dave Meltzer of Wrestling Observer Newsletter , the match was canceled due to monetary reasons , as both parties could not agree on a deal . Big Show later stated it was scheduling issues on Shaq 's part that caused the cancellation . Business ventures O'Neal is also an active businessman and investor . He was an active bond investor in the early 1990s but continued to wade into stocks and made investments in various companies such as General Electric , Apple , and PepsiCo . He described what has worked best for him in stock investing was where he felt a personal connection with the company . He has also been an active real estate entrepreneur . O'Neal was looking to expand his business ventures with real - estate development projects aimed at assisting Orlando home owners facing foreclosure . His plans involved buying the mortgages of those who had fallen into foreclosure and then selling the homes back to them under more affordable terms . He would make a small profit in return , but wanted to make an investment in Orlando and help out homeowners . In conjunction with Boraie Development , O'Neal has developed projects in his hometown of Newark , New Jersey including , CityPlex12 and One Riverview . O'Neal is on the advisory board for Tout Industries , a social video service startup company based in San Francisco . He received the position in return for breaking news of his NBA retirement on the service . In September 2013 , O'Neal became a minority owner of the Sacramento Kings . In June 2015 , O'Neal invested in technology startup Loyale3 Holdings Inc. , a San Francisco brokerage firm whose website and mobile app enables companies to sell a piece of their IPOs directly to small investors who put up as a little as $100 and also allows investors to regularly buy small amounts of shares in already public companies . O'Neal is an investor for eSports team NRG Esports . He has also appeared in television commercials promoting the Counter-Strike : Global Offensive league ELeague . In late 2016 O'Neal purchased the Krispy Kreme location at 295 Ponce de Leon Avenue Atlanta , GA . O'Neal is also the Global Spokesperson for the company . Personal life O'Neal at the 2009 NBA All - Star game O'Neal was raised by a Baptist mother and a Muslim stepfather . Both Robin Wright in her book Rock the Casbah as well as the Los Angeles Times have identified O'Neal as a Muslim . However , O'Neal has said , `` I 'm Muslim , I 'm Jewish , I 'm Buddhist , I 'm everybody ' cause I 'm a people person . '' Marriage to Shaunie O'Neal married Shaunie Nelson on December 26 , 2002 . The couple have four children : Shareef , Amirah , Shaqir , and Mearah . Nelson also has one son from a previous relationship , Myles . On September 4 , 2007 , O'Neal filed for divorce from Shaunie in a Miami - Dade Circuit court . Shaunie later said that the couple had gotten back together and that the divorce was withdrawn . However , on November 10 , 2009 , Shaunie filed an intent to divorce , citing irreconcilable differences . In 2015 , Shareef was seen in high school basketball highlights as a 6 - foot - 7 - inch ( 2.01 m ) freshman power forward , and had been described to have `` polar opposite playing style to his father '' due to his more athletic build and better shooting range . Shareef , later rated as a top - 30 prospect in the recruiting class of 2018 , had committed to play college basketball at the University of Arizona , but rescinded the commitment in February 2018 after Arizona head coach Sean Miller was linked to potential major violations of NCAA recruiting rules . Girlfriends O'Neal also has a daughter from a previous relationship with his ex-girlfriend Arnetta Yarbourgh , Taheara O'Neal . In summer 2010 , O'Neal began dating reality TV star Nicole `` Hoopz '' Alexander . The couple resided at O'Neal's home in Sudbury , Massachusetts , and later split in 2012 . Since 2014 has been dating Laticia Rolle , a model , originally from Gardner , Massachusetts . Outside of basketball In June 2005 when Hall of Fame center George Mikan died , O'Neal , who considered Mikan to be a major influence , extended an offer to his family to pay all of the funeral expenses , which they accepted . O'Neal is a 2009 inductee of the New Jersey Hall of Fame . O'Neal became a Freemason in 2011 , becoming a member of Widow 's Son Lodge No. 28 in Boston . O'Neal is a Prince Hall Freemason . On January 31 , 2012 , O'Neal was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald 's All - Americans . O'Neal is a fan of the National Hockey League 's New Jersey Devils , who play in his hometown of Newark , and has been seen at several games over the years . On January 11 , 2014 , O'Neal performed the ceremonial first puck and drove a Zamboni for a game between the Devils and the Florida Panthers . O'Neal is also a fan of English football club Northampton Town , and has posted videos of support to their official YouTube page . O'Neal endorsed Republican New Jersey governor Chris Christie in his 2013 reelection bid , appearing in a television advertisement . NBA career statistics See also : List of career achievements by Shaquille O'Neal <Th_colspan="6"> Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which O'Neal won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1992 -- 93 Orlando 81 81 37.9 . 562 . 000 . 592 13.9 1.9 . 7 3.5 23.4 1993 -- 94 Orlando 81 81 39.8 . 599 * . 000 . 554 13.2 2.4 . 9 2.9 29.3 1994 -- 95 Orlando 79 79 37.0 . 583 . 000 . 533 11.4 2.7 . 9 2.4 29.3 * 1995 -- 96 Orlando 54 52 36.0 . 573 . 500 . 487 11.0 2.9 . 6 2.1 26.6 1996 -- 97 L.A. Lakers 51 51 38.1 . 557 . 000 . 484 12.5 3.1 . 9 2.9 26.2 1997 -- 98 L.A. Lakers 60 57 36.3 . 584 * . 000 . 527 11.4 2.4 . 7 2.4 28.3 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 49 49 34.8 . 576 * . 000 . 540 10.7 2.3 . 7 1.7 26.3 1999 -- 00 † L.A. Lakers 79 79 40.0 . 574 * . 000 . 524 13.6 3.8 . 5 3.0 29.7 * 2000 -- 01 † L.A. Lakers 74 74 39.5 . 572 * . 000 . 513 12.7 3.7 . 6 2.8 28.7 2001 -- 02 † L.A. Lakers 67 66 36.1 . 579 * . 000 . 555 10.7 3.0 . 6 2.0 27.2 2002 -- 03 L.A. Lakers 67 66 37.8 . 574 . 000 . 622 11.1 3.1 . 6 2.4 27.5 2003 -- 04 L.A. Lakers 67 67 36.8 . 584 * . 000 . 490 11.5 2.9 . 5 2.5 21.5 2004 -- 05 Miami 73 73 34.1 . 601 * . 000 . 461 10.4 2.7 . 5 2.3 22.9 2005 -- 06 † Miami 59 58 30.6 . 600 * . 000 . 469 9.2 1.9 . 4 1.8 20.0 2006 -- 07 Miami 40 39 28.4 . 591 . 000 . 422 7.4 2.0 . 2 1.4 17.3 2007 -- 08 Miami 33 33 28.6 . 581 . 000 . 494 7.8 1.4 . 6 1.6 14.2 2007 -- 08 Phoenix 28 28 28.7 . 611 . 000 . 513 10.6 1.7 . 5 1.2 12.9 2008 -- 09 Phoenix 75 75 30.0 . 609 * . 000 . 595 8.4 1.7 . 6 1.4 17.8 2009 -- 10 Cleveland 53 53 23.4 . 566 . 000 . 496 6.7 1.5 . 3 1.2 12.0 2010 -- 11 Boston 37 36 20.3 . 667 . 000 . 557 4.8 . 7 . 4 1.1 9.2 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 1,207 1,197 34.7 . 582 . 045 . 527 10.9 2.5 . 6 2.3 23.7 <Td_colspan="2"> All - Star 12 9 22.8 . 551 . 000 . 452 8.1 1.4 1.1 1.6 16.8 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1994 Orlando 42.0 . 511 . 000 . 471 13.3 2.3 . 7 3.0 20.7 1995 Orlando 21 21 38.3 . 577 . 000 . 571 11.9 3.3 . 9 1.9 25.7 Orlando 12 12 38.3 . 606 . 000 . 393 10.0 4.6 . 8 1.3 25.8 1997 L.A. Lakers 9 9 36.2 . 514 . 000 . 610 10.6 3.2 . 6 1.9 26.9 1998 L.A. Lakers 13 13 38.5 . 612 . 000 . 503 10.2 2.9 . 5 2.6 30.5 1999 L.A. Lakers 8 8 39.4 . 510 . 000 . 466 11.6 2.3 . 9 2.9 26.6 2000 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 43.5 . 566 . 000 . 456 15.4 3.1 . 6 2.4 30.7 2001 † L.A. Lakers 16 16 42.3 . 555 . 000 . 525 15.4 3.2 . 4 2.4 30.4 2002 † L.A. Lakers 19 19 40.8 . 529 . 000 . 649 12.6 2.8 . 5 2.5 28.5 2003 L.A. Lakers 12 12 40.1 . 535 . 000 . 621 14.8 3.7 . 6 2.8 27.0 L.A. Lakers 22 22 41.7 . 593 . 000 . 429 13.2 2.5 . 3 2.8 21.5 2005 Miami 13 13 33.2 . 558 . 000 . 472 7.8 1.9 . 4 1.5 19.4 2006 † Miami 23 23 33.0 . 612 . 000 . 374 9.8 1.7 . 5 1.5 18.4 2007 Miami 30.3 . 559 . 000 . 333 8.5 1.3 . 3 1.5 18.8 2008 Phoenix 5 5 30.0 . 440 . 000 . 500 9.2 1.0 1.0 2.6 15.2 Cleveland 11 11 22.1 . 516 . 000 . 660 5.5 1.4 . 2 1.2 11.5 2011 Boston 0 6.0 . 500 . 000 . 000 . 0 . 5 . 5 . 0 1.0 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 216 214 37.5 . 563 . 000 . 504 11.6 2.7 . 5 2.1 24.3 Discography Main article : Shaquille O'Neal discography Shaq Diesel ( 1993 ) Shaq Fu : Da Return ( 1994 ) You Ca n't Stop the Reign ( 1996 ) Respect ( 1998 ) Shaquille O'Neal Presents His Superfriends , Vol. 1 ( Unreleased ) Filmography Films Year Title Role Notes 1994 Blue Chips Neon Boudeaux Kazaam Kazaam 1997 Good Burger Himself Steel John Henry Irons / Steel 1998 He Got Game Himself 2001 The Wash Norman Freddy Got Fingered Himself After the Sunset 2006 Scary Movie 4 2008 The House Bunny 2011 Jack and Jill 2013 Grown Ups 2 Officer Fluzoo The Smurfs 2 Smooth Smurf ( Voice ) 2014 The Lego Movie Himself ( Voice ) Blended Doug 2018 Show Dogs Karma ( Voice ) Uncle Drew Big Fella Television Year Title Role Notes Arliss Himself Episode : `` A Man of Our Times '' 2001 For Your Love Episode : '' The Model Client '' My Wife and Kids 2 Episodes Curb Your Enthusiasm Episode : `` Shaq '' 2002 Static Shock Episode : `` Static Shaq '' 2002 -- 04 The Parkers 2 Episodes 2003 The Bernie Mac Show Episode : `` Eye of the Tiger '' The Tracy Morgan Show Episode : `` Career Day '' Johnny Bravo ' Episode : `` Back on Shaq '' 2009 WWE Raw 2011 The Cleveland Show Episode : `` A Short Story and a Tall Tale '' 2013 Real Husbands of Hollywood Episode : `` Retreat for Couples '' Jimmy Kimmel Live ! 2 Episodes Southland Detective Earl Dayton Episode : `` The Felix Paradox '' 2014 Uncle Grandpa Himself Episode : `` The Perfect Kid '' 2015 -- 16 Fresh Off the Boat 2 Episodes 2015 Off to School Episodes 59 - 62 2017 -- 18 The Simpsons 2017 Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Guest Host , October 30 , 2017 Awards and nominations Year Nominated work Result <Th_colspan="6"> CableACE Awards Sports Theater with Shaquille O'Neal Children 's Special - 7 and Older Won <Th_colspan="6"> Golden Raspberry Awards 1995 Blue Chips Worst New Star Nominated 1998 Steel Worst Actor Nominated 2015 Blended Worst Supporting Actor Nominated Bibliography Shaq Attaq ! ( 1994 ) A Good Reason to Look Up ( 1998 ) Shaq and the Beanstalk and Other Very Tall Tales ( 1999 ) Shaq Talks Back ( 2002 ) Shaq Uncut : My Story ( 2011 ) See also National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of individual National Basketball Association scoring leaders by season List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association single - game blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders Highest - paid NBA players by season Shaq -- Kobe feud List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball career blocks leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season blocks leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders List of Freemasons References Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports ' 50 greatest NBA players of all time : Where do LeBron , Curry rank ? '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time # NBArank : Shaq comes in at No. 9 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` SLAM 500 Greatest NBA Players of All Time Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Roth , Mark ( March 3 , 2006 ) . `` Male Hollywood stars do n't stand as tall as we imagine '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark . `` Shaquille O'Neal traded to Cleveland Cavaliers for 3 players , cash '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Void filled : 15 - time All - Star Shaquille O'Neal to Celtics '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA & ABA Statistics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2016 Announcement presented by Haggar Clothing Company '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . April 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dream Team , Shaq and Kukoc headline 2017 Class of FIBA Hall of Fame Inductees . Jump up ^ `` Homepage '' . The Big Podcast with Shaq -- via podcastone.com . Jump up ^ `` Kings Guard Gaming Names Shaquille O'Neal First General Manager '' . ThePostGame. 2018 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Biography ( 1972 -- ) '' . filmreference.com . ^ Jump up to : Plaschke , Bill ( June 12 , 2002 ) . `` ' Biological Did n't Bother ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Shaq to biological father : ' I do n't hate you ' '' . The Undefeated . ESPN . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Michael ( February 13 , 2000 ) . `` Where They Gave Me A Chance '' . Parade . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Sets Bar High for Young Lives , BIG Stories Campaign '' . Army.mil . United States Army . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Key Moments In Shaquille O'neal History '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . July 11 , 2004 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMurray , Bill . Bill McMurray 's Texas High School All - Time Sports Record Book ( 6th ed . ) . Four Star Publications . ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , Brian ( August 25 , 1992 ) . `` Shaquille Shows Class In Switching To No. 32 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neal to get degree from LSU '' . The Daily Texan . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ barrystickets.com ( 2007 ) . O'Neal : LSU Hall of Fame . Retrieved on March 3 , 2007 , from http://www.barrystickets.com/lakers/lakers-players/shaquille-oneal.php . Jump up ^ Athletic Department . `` LSU Basketball Practice Facility -- LSUsports.net -- The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics '' . LSUsports.net . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luke , Chelsea. ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` College triple - double header : Kyle Collinsworth versus Shaquille O'Neal '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Carter - Williams Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` MAGIC : Magic History '' . NBA.com/magic . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( March 3 , 1997 ) . `` The Young And The Feckless '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . On more than one occasion during O'Neal's rookie season of 1992 -- 93 , I heard him say of his then coach , `` We 've got to get Matty ( Guokas ) out of here and bring in Brian . '' Jump up ^ `` Hill Is Named Coach of Magic '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 1993 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Matt Guokas , who coached the Orlando Magic to the National Basketball Association 's most improved record last season , was replaced today by an assistant , Brian Hill , and was reassigned to the front office as Orlando 's vice president of basketball development . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal 1993 -- 94 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 - 95 Season - THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE ORLANDO MAGIC '' . www.nba.com . ^ Jump up to : MacMullan , Jackie ( July 1 , 1996 ) . `` Poof ! Shaquille O'Neal is among a host of NBA free agents who could vanish from their teams '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . It asked whether the Magic should fire coach Brian Hill if that were one of O'Neal's conditions for returning . An overwhelming 82 % answered no . ^ Jump up to : Wojnarowski , Adrian ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Shaq 's legacy binds Magic , Lakers '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . The poll appeared as Shaq and the Olympic basketball team trained in town . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1997 ) . `` Shaq 's world '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . He hated the power struggle with his coach , Brian Hill . ^ Jump up to : Blinebury , Fran ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Magic are proof that wounds from star 's departure do heal '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . There were occasional gripes at coach Brian Hill . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Shaquille ( 2002 ) . Shaq Talks Back . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 98259 - 1 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . We just did n't respect him . Sometimes he went from nice to hardcore and people were looking around , like , ' This ai n't the guy we know . ' Jump up ^ O'Neal , Shaquille ( 2002 ) . Shaq Talks Back . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 98259 - 1 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . When I was in Orlando , I really felt like a big fish in a small , dried - up pond . No matter what I did , it got talked about , until I could n't really live my life . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 104 -- 5 , 108 , 110 . Jump up ^ `` NBA -- Lakers Sign O'Neal Raise Ticket Prices '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . July 18 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq signs multi-million contract with LA Lakers '' . Manila Standard . July 20 , 1996 . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( July 19 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Shaq Is Now California Dreamin ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . So is greed , Michael Douglas once argued as Gordon Gekko , though O'Neal's changing coasts and uniforms is not about money . We repeat : not about money . Jump up ^ Elliot , Stuart ( November 4 , 1993 ) . `` Sports Products Deal For Shaquille O'Neal '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . The athlete 's other product agreements include Pepsi - Cola and Reebok . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Playoff Results '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( December 19 , 1996 ) . `` O'Neal wanted to pack more offensive punch '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 -- via thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Playoff Results '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreigel , Mark ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Jackson shares thoughts on final season '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 ... Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , Barkley scuffle , are ejected '' . Associated Press . November 11 , 1999 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Phil Jackson 's tenure produced the most success and fun we 've ever seen '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers hold off Sixers , 96 -- 91 '' . Amarillo Globe - News . Associated Press . June 11 , 2001 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . The 76ers trailed from the second quarter on and missed their one and only chance to tie the game when Allen Iverson could make only one of two free throws with 2 : 06 left -- 15 seconds after O'Neal drew his sixth foul for backing over Dikembe Mutombo . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Tim ( August 14 , 2002 ) . `` O'Neal Surgery Is Likely '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . A month before last training camp he had surgery to correct a claw toe deformity in the smallest toe of his left foot . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq to be sacked '' . Sports Illustrated . January 13 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira ( January 16 , 2002 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; N.B.A. Needs To Hit Shaq Much Harder '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( June 3 , 2002 ) . `` Trading blows and barbs , big men Vlade Divac and Shaquille O'Neal have turned the Western finals into comic opera '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . There was some head - scratching before it was divined that O'Neal meant `` cheat '' and not something either X-rated or far out , like `` covenant '' or `` coronet . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Shaquille O'Neal Bio Page '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . sat out the first 12 games of the season ( Oct. 29 - Nov. 22 ) on the Injured List recovering from off - season foot surgery ^ Jump up to : O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Ventre , Mark ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` It looks like Shaq 's reshuffling Heat house '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Remember , this is the same Shaquille O'Neal who , while with the Lakers , once waited all summer to have his injured toe operated on , then did so just before training camp and explained , `` I got hurt on company time , so I 'll heal on company time . '' Jump up ^ `` 2002 -- 03 Los Angeles Lakers Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , Roland ( 2006 ) . The Show : The Inside Story of the Spectacular Los Angeles Lakers in the Words of Those Who Lived It . New York City : McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 421 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 143034 - 0 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Kobe ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` Kobe critical of Shaq 's leadership '' . Interviewed by Jim Gray . ESPN . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 2006 , p. 428 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq happy , Lakers in shock after trade '' . MSNBC.com . NBC . July 15 , 2004 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 2006 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 NBA Awards Voting '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( December 27 , 2005 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Riley , Advocating for O'Neal , Objects to the ' Sumo ' Defense '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . The criticism O'Neal and others had for Van Gundy after the Heat 's loss to Detroit in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference finals last season was that he did not call enough plays for O'Neal . Jump up ^ `` Shaq makes long - term plans in Miami '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq rips Van Gundy for flop comment '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaq Quotes Archived January 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe or Shaq : Who Has Been More Important To Their Teams Over the Years ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kraczkowski , Kevin . `` Miami Heat Player Countdown : 15 . Shaquille O'Neal '' . ( October 7 , 2013 ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heat Playoff History 2006 '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks take advantage of Shaq-less heat with blowout '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 17 , 2006 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Starting with Shaquille O'Neal's left knee , the Miami Heat are hurting . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , Wade return in Heat 's OT loss to Pacers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 24 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . O'Neal , who came off the bench after missing 35 games while recovering from knee surgery , finished with five points and five rebounds in 14 minutes . Jump up ^ `` Shaq rips Jackson as ' Benedict Arnold ' '' . NBC Sports . December 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . `` How can Benedict Arnold be reliable in what he says ? '' O'Neal said Monday after the Miami Heat 's 101 -- 85 victory over the Lakers , the Los Angeles Times reported . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , David . ( March 3 , 2007 ) . `` Scouting breakdown : Can Shaq carry the Heat ? '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 p. 206 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Shaquille ; MacMullan , Jackie ( 2011 ) . Shaq Uncut : My Story . Grand Central Publishing . pp. 210 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4555 - 0441 - 1 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Ludden , Johnny ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Suns , Heat agree to Shaq trade '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . In a move that could signify a dramatic change to their go - go - go , let - it - fly style of play , the Phoenix Suns acquired former All - Star center Shaquille O'Neal from the Miami Heat on Wednesday for Shawn Marion and Marcus Banks . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime : Shaq gets the spotlight , while Kobe gets the game '' . ESPN . com . February 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shaquille O'Neal career stats and splits NBA.com Jump up ^ Austin Burton . `` Why Shaq ? Here 's Why '' . dimemag.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Riley bothered by Shaq 's criticism of Heat players , staff '' . ESPN . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . We have professionals who know what to do . No one is asking me to play with Chris Quinn or Ricky Davis . I 'm actually on a team again . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan p. 221 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan p. 213 . Jump up ^ `` Player profile -- Shaquille O'Neal '' . yahoo.com . Jump up ^ `` Magic 's Van Gundy calls out Shaq for flopping '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . I was shocked , seriously , shocked `` , Magic coach Stan Van Gundy said of O'Neal's flopping . `` And very disappointed cause he knows what it 's like . Let 's stand up and play like men , and I think our guy did that tonight . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Shaq rips Van Gundy for flop comment '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . `` Flopping is playing like that your whole career . I was trying to take the charge , trying to get a call . It probably was a flop , but flopping is the wrong use of words . Flopping would describe his coaching '' , O'Neal said , steering the conversation back to Van Gundy . Jump up ^ Madsen , Mark ( March 7 , 2009 ) . `` What is a flop ? '' . MarkMadsen.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . So , this whole commotion about whether or not Shaq 's play against Dwight Howard was a flop is so funny because everyone in the league tries to flop on Shaq and Shaq never flops back . Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` 10 Questions for Shaquille O'Neal '' . Time . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Make a guy have to beat a guy -- not flop and get calls and be nice to the referees and kiss ass . Jump up ^ Friedman , Jason ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Clash Of The Titans '' . Rockets.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . `` It 's not going to be man - on - man , so do n't even try that , '' says O'Neal with an incredulous laugh . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Acquire 15 - Time NBA All - Star and Four - Time NBA Champion Shaquille ONeal '' . NBA.com . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. `` ABC Sports News '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 234 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' Shaquille O'Neal leaves game with ' significant thumb injury '' . Associated Press . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Game Happens Here '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi , DJ ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal : Cavaliers should have won title in 2010 '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Gary ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` Grousbeck 's faith goes right down to the core '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . `` The minute I heard Kobe ( Bryant ) say he had one more ring than Shaq , I said to Danny , ' Let 's go get Shaq , ' and it happened '' , said Grousbeck . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 243 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Celtics Sign Shaquille O'Neal '' . NBA.com/Celtics . Jump up ^ Washburn , Gary ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Shaq aboard for two years '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . All Ainge had to offer was the veteran minimum of $1.35 million , and O'Neal compromised by accepting that on a two - year deal . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Multiple Nicknames ; Dwindling Openings '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . The Dallas Mavericks had interest , but balked at O'Neal's salary demands . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Michael ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Atlanta Hawks : No Shaq ... now what ? '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Atlanta also was n't willing to pay Shaq more than the minimum and that was a sticking point for him . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` A large addition to Celtics ' sizeable history -- The Boston Globe '' . www.boston.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : MacMullan , Jackie ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Shaq ready to leave mark in Boston '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . But I do n't compete with little guards . I do n't compete with little guys who run around dominating the ball , throwing up 30 shots a night -- like D - Wade , Kobe . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : May , Peter ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Celtics Creak Toward Postseason , Hoping They Have Legs for a Run '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal starts vs. Heat '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Celtics get Shaquille O'Neal back '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal injures hip '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Payne , Greg ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Shaq says he 's 85 percent ; out another week '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Payne , Greg ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Doc Rivers : Timing of trade was off '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan p. 256 . Jump up ^ `` Amare Stoudemire back as Celts ' reserves top Knicks ' second string '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Shaquille O'Neal , who has played 5 minutes , 29 seconds since Feb. 1 , also sat out . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Report card : Shaquille O'Neal '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan p. 257 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq announces retirement on web '' . ESPN . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Olivarez - Giles , Nathan ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Shaq announces NBA retirement on Twitter , using Tout iPhone app '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Shaq moving on to the next chapter -- retirement '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ESPN ( 2 ) Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Jackie MacMullan The NBA , Sports Illustrated , March 29 , 1999 . Jump up ^ SCOTT HOWARD - COOPER and TIM KAWAKAMI O'Neal , Bryant Still Possible for Olympics , Los Angeles Times , June 13 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Chris Sheridan Weight of the world leans on U.S. team , The Seattle Times , September 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Marc Stein Team USA carousel continues , ESPN , May 29 , 2004 . Jump up ^ AP Colangelo says Shaq not ruling out Olympics , ESPN , January 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Michael Cunningham Full Summer Gives U.s. Players More Than A Workout , South Florida Sun - Sentinel , July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SUNS : Shaq on Board '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( September 13 , 1993 ) . `` New This Year In Nba : Shaq - proof Backboards '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders and Records for Field Goal Pct '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns vs. San Antonio Spurs - Recap - April 29 , 2008 '' . ESPN . April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Through the 2004 -- 2005 season . `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders and Records for Free Throw Attempts -- '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bob Baum ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Mason 's 3 - pointer gives Spurs 91 -- 90 win over Suns '' . nba.com . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Josh . ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` 5 Things Dwight Howard Does Better Than Shaquille O'Neal Ever Did With The LA Lakers '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal's retirement brings reflections on his legacy with the Lakers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Pincus ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers retire Shaquille O'Neal's jersey '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq and 31 more athletes with numbers retired by multiple teams '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Now Among Small Group Of Athletes Whose Numbers Have Been Retired By Multiple Teams '' . Shaq . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Bresnahan & Robyn Norwood ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` Bank shot could pay off for Shaq '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jack McCallum ( December 10 , 2002 ) . `` Inside the NBA -- SI 's Jack McCallum : Sizing up Shaq '' . CNNSI.com . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Geof Harris ( December 18 , 2010 ) . `` Shaq Diesel : Never Say Never Again '' . the low post news . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Mark ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal was not always the most dominating , but always the most fun '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 23 , 2000 ) . `` Admen strike back against SAG / AFTRA '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Sports stars break Hollywood strike '' . BBC News . June 22 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Tim Povtak ( November 5 , 2002 ) . `` Kings Come Out Fighting '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marc Narducci ( April 19 , 2003 ) . `` Kings Eyeing Crown , not L.A. '' The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq was more than a dominant player '' . Sacramento Bee . June 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Medina ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Top 5 Shaq moments as a Laker '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guillermo , Emil ( January 14 , 2003 ) . `` Shaq 's Apology Not Good Enough '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Perhaps we should put it in terms Shaq might understand : If a white comedian imitated Shaq by making monkey sounds while eating fried chicken and watermelon , would the point be clearer ? Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Fans in Shanghai Are Voting in the Mainstream '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Yao quickly said : `` The world is getting smaller , and I think it 's important to have a greater understanding of other cultures . I believe Shaquille O'Neal was joking , but I think that a lot of Asian people do n't understand that kind of joke . '' Jump up ^ Brown , Tim ( January 10 , 2003 ) . `` Tall tale ? Shaq says Yao comments were said in jest '' . SI.com . CNN . Associated Press . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . `` Chinese is hard to learn . I had trouble with it when I was little '' , Yao joked . Jump up ^ Wilborn , Michael ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Ca n't overestimate Yao Ming 's impact '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq : ' I 've been playing like Erick Dampier ' '' . ESPN . May 13 , 2005 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Finals 2006 '' . ESPN . 2006 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ An A-to - Z remembrance of Shaq 's career -- basketball and ( mostly ) otherwise -- Sports Illustrated , CNN Jump up ^ `` Shaq 's Big Challenge '' . Wikipedia . 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Miami vs. Los Angeles -- Recap '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Attacks Kobe : You Ruined My Marriage '' . TMZ . June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq takes a freestyle swipe at Kobe '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` Snoop Dogg , Nas , Cory Gunz See Nothing Wrong With Shaquille O'Neal's Anti-Kobe Freestyle '' . `` MTV.com . Jump up ^ `` Shaq booted from sheriff 's ' posse ' for Kobe rap '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neal to get degree from LSU '' . Associated Press . August 6 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Executive ? Shaq masters MBA '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . June 26 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times ( 2010 ) . Questions For Shaquille O'Neal -- Hoop Dreams -- Interview . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barry University ( 2010 ) . Educational Doctorate ( Ed. D . ) in Human Resource Development , Barry University . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gus Garcia - Roberts ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal , Barry University Student , Is Not Actually Doing a Dissertation '' . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal and ADSOE Faculty '' . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ page 3 of Shira Springer ( August 29 , 2010 ) . `` BIG man on campus '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Lateef Mungin ( May 5 , 2012 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal to receive doctorate degree '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Knaub , Kelly ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal earns Doctorate '' . ABC Radio News website . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal set to graduate from New York Film Academy : NBA star wants to be a director '' . Daily News . August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Going undercover - Shaq helps task force track Internet sex predators '' . SI.com . May 25 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaq sworn in as reserve police officer '' . NBCSports.com . Associated Press . December 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Second Man Arrested After Tip From Shaquille O'Neal '' . November 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Balko , Radley ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Chapter 8 : THE 2000 's - A WHOLE NEW WAR '' . Rise of the Warrior Cop : The Militarization of America 's Police Forces . PublicAffairs . pp. 288 -- 289 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 212 - 9 . Kindle Location 5188 Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer . `` Shaq is now a sheriff 's deputy in Georgia '' . ajc . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Diesel '' . allmusicguide.com . Jump up ^ `` You Ca n't Stop the Reign '' . ew.com . December 13 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Presents His Superfriends , Vol. 1 '' review allmusicguide.com Jump up ^ Shaquille O'Neal at AllMusic . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adi Joseph ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Shaq finally gets revenge on Aaron Carter '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Chips ( 1994 ) -- Film Review from '' . Film4 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kazaam Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( August 23 , 2001 ) . `` Touchy topic addressed in upcoming pix '' . Variety . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA Live Wiki -- Covers '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq to Grace Cover of NBA 2K6 '' . IGN . August 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ G. , Matt . `` Shaq Stays as Cover Athlete for NBA 2K7 '' . Planet Xbox 360 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Midway Games Signs Shaquille O'Neal for NBA Showtime : NBA on NBC '' . October 7 , 1999 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cernea , Mihail ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal Is a Playable Fighter in UFC Undisputed 2010 '' . Softpedia . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal funding Shaq Fu sequel on Indiegogo for $450 K '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal & Lucille Harrison '' . applepiemovie.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Apple Pie '' and mom on Mother 's Day `` . ESPN . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille ( TV series 2005 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq 's Big Challenge ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Ballers : Phenom Characters '' . giantbomb.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle Mania 2 ( 2004 ) '' . blockbuster.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caruso , Andrea . `` American Idol 's Ryan Seacrest Gives Back to Idol Gives Back '' . voices.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe . `` Shaquille O'Neal On Fear Factor '' . Reality TV Magazine . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass Jason `` Wee - Man '' Acuna `` . mtv.ca . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq takes out Big Show on Raw '' . wwe.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Punk 'd -- Season 5 -- Episode 8 '' . muchmusic.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaquille O'Neal on IMDb Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` O'Neal courts competition on new reality show ' Shaq Vs . ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq to star in TV sports reality series -- NBA -- ESPN '' . ESPN . July 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaq ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Life 's Moments '' . TOUT . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kang , Byeong - jin . `` NBA 스타 샤킬 오닐 , ' 학교 다녀 오 겠습니다 ' 출연 한다 '' . The Huffington Post Korea . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal and Chu Sung Hoon to Guest on `` Off to School '' `` . soompi . August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smiley , Brett ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : Shaq fist - bumps giddy students in return to high school on Korean TV show '' . foxsports . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heck , Jordan ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Shaq became high school student for Korean TV show '' . sportingnews . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hendricks , Maggie ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal : hoopster , twitter fan , MMA fighter ? '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Man Choi Accepts Shaquille O'Neal's Mixed Martial Arts Challenge -- MMA Fighting '' . Mma.fanhouse.com . October 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Takes in UFC 118 Still Wants to Fight Hong Man Choi '' . www.mmafighting.com . August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's A Portrait Of Shaquille O'Neal And Hulk Hogan In New York City On 9 / 11 '' . October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal hosts ' Monday Night Raw , ' gets physical '' . Jump up ^ `` PWTorch.com - TNA News : Impact news & notes - Shaq one - segment appearance , TV Title status , next week 's theme , more '' . www.pwtorch.com . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal entered the Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 32 '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Diot 's WWE WrestleMania 32 Review - 411MANIA '' . www.411mania.com . Jump up ^ Big show challanges Shaq Jump up ^ Bieler , Dan ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal accepts WrestleMania challenge from Big Show '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vliet , Chris ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` WWE 's Big Show talks to Deco , teases WrestleMania 33 '' . WSVN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal calls out Big Show '' . WWE . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Big Show tweets out his incredible physique as he prepares for WrestleMania '' . WWE . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerweck , Steve ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Reason why WWE canceled Shaq vs Big Show at WrestleMania 33 '' . Gerweck.net . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Show Thinks Braun Strowman Will Be One Of The All - Time Greats '' . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : TELIS DEMOS ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Shaq Attacks IPO Access , Invests in Loyal3 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlueb , Mark ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` Shaq : I can help homeowners fight off foreclosure '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` One River View at Rector '' . Emporis . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haddon , Heather ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Star Comes Home to Build in Newark Shaquille O'Neal in Real Estate Development Partnership '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Munson , John ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Shaq comes back to Newark to break ground for city 's first high - rise apartment in more than 50 years '' . The Star - Ledger . Jump up ^ `` Booker , Shaquille O'Neal and other dignitaries break ground on new high - rise apartments '' . Essex News Daily . September 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY : Urban Transit Hub Tax Credit Program : Approved Projects '' ( PDF ) . Mjeda.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 263 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal buys a stake in the Sacramento Kings '' . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , A-Rod , Rollins invest in esports team '' . Jump up ^ `` ELEAGUE have brought back Shaq 's memorable acting skills '' . May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Brianna . `` Shaquille O'Neal buys Krispy Kreme store '' . ajc . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack McCallum ( June 17 , 2002 ) . `` The Shaq Factor '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robin ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Rock the Casbah '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tim ( January 11 , 2003 ) . `` O'Neal Issues Apology '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tim ; Plaschke , Bill ( May 29 , 2002 ) . `` Shaq and Hedo Share a Moment '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alison Kugel ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal Talks Kobe Bryant , Pat Riley & NBA Politics : ' I Did It My Way ' '' . PR.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaquille O'Neal , wife splitting up Yahoo ! News , November 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Brooke , Tyler . `` Shaquille O'Neal's Son Shareef O'Neal Does Not Play Like His Dad '' . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Shaq 's son dominates as a high school freshman '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borzello , Jeff ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Arizona commit Shareef O'Neal , Shaquille 's son , opens recruitment amid probe '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Hoopz is right at home with Shaq '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kelly ( May 21 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal's girlfriend schools him on sleep apnea '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up With Shaq '' , The Boston Globe , February 3 , 2011 ( retrieved February 5 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Pride , Ann ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Game over : NBA star Shaquille O'Neal and fiancée Nicole ' Hoopz ' Alexander call it quits '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://heavy.com/entertainment/2016/08/laticia-rolle-shaquille-oneal-girlfriend-dating-married-fiancee-engaged-basketball-age-ethnicity-parents-who-is/ Jump up ^ `` Family accepts O'Neal's offer -- NBA -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . June 3 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ New Jersey to Bon Jovi : You Give Us a Good Name Yahoo ! News , February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chris Hodapp ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Freemasons For Dummies : Brother Shaquille O'Neal '' . Freemasonsfordummies.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal : Freemason '' . YouTube . February 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Show off His Freemason Ring on NBATV '' . Beginning And End . January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Proudly Shows Off Illuminati Ring and Being a Freemason ( VIDEO ) AT2W '' . Atoast2wealth.com . January 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wilkins Honored as One of 35 Greatest McDonald 's All Americans '' . NBA . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wyshynski , Greg ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Video : Shaquille O'Neal , New Jersey Devils fan -- Puck Daddy -- NHL Blog -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq drives the Zamboni in Newark '' . YouTube . January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA legend Shaquille O'Neal celebrates Northampton 's promotion '' . April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Robert F. `` Shaq backs Christie : ' I believe him ' '' . Politico . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal makes debut as late - night TV host '' . nba.com. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . External links Media related to Shaquille O'Neal at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Shaquille O'Neal at Wikiquote Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Shaquille O'Neal on IMDb Shaquille O'Neal at Louisiana State <Th_colspan="2"> Shaquille O'Neal Family Shareef O'Neal ( son ) Shaunie O'Neal ( ex-wife ) Music Studio albums Shaq Diesel Shaq Fu : Da Return You Ca n't Stop the Reign Respect Shaquille O'Neal Presents His Superfriends , Vol. 1 Compilation albums The Best of Shaquille O'Neal Singles `` ( I Know I Got ) Skillz '' `` I 'm Outstanding '' `` Shoot Pass Slam '' `` Biological Did n't Bother '' `` No Hook '' `` You Ca n't Stop the Reign '' `` Strait Playin ' '' `` Men of Steel '' `` The Way It 's Goin ' Down '' TV Shaquille Shaq 's Big Challenge Shaq Vs . Shaqtin ' a Fool Upload with Shaquille O'Neal Other Discography Hack - a-Shaq Shaq Fu Shaq -- Kobe feud <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> United States squad -- 1994 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal <Td_colspan="2"> 4 Dumars 5 Price 6 Coleman 7 Kemp 8 Smith 9 Majerle 10 Miller 11 K. Johnson 12 Wilkins 13 O'Neal ( MVP ) 14 Mourning 15 L. Johnson Coach : Nelson <Th_colspan="2"> FIBA World Cup Most Valuable Player Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1950 : Furlong 1954 : Minter 1959 : Pasos 1963 : Marques 1967 : Daneu 1970 : Belov 1974 : Kićanović 1978 : Dalipagić 1982 : Frazer 1986 : Petrović 1990 : Kukoč 1994 : O'Neal 1998 : Bodiroga 2002 : Nowitzki 2006 : Gasol 2010 : Durant 2014 : Irving <Th_colspan="2"> United States men 's basketball squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal <Td_colspan="2"> 4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach : Wilkens <Th_colspan="2"> USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney <Th_colspan="2"> 1992 NBA draft First round Shaquille O'Neal Alonzo Mourning Christian Laettner Jim Jackson LaPhonso Ellis Tom Gugliotta Walt Williams Todd Day Clarence Weatherspoon Adam Keefe Robert Horry Harold Miner Bryant Stith Malik Sealy Anthony Peeler Randy Woods Doug Christie Tracy Murray Don MacLean Hubert Davis Jon Barry Oliver Miller Lee Mayberry Latrell Sprewell Elmore Spencer Dave Johnson Byron Houston Second round Marlon Maxey P.J. Brown Sean Rooks Reggie Smith Brent Price Corey Williams Chris Smith Tony Bennett Duane Cooper Isaiah Morris Elmer Bennett Litterial Green Steve Rogers Popeye Jones Matt Geiger Predrag Danilović Henry Williams Chris King Robert Werdann Darren Morningstar Brian Davis Ron Ellis Matt Fish Tim Burroughs Matt Steigenga Curtis Blair Brett Roberts <Th_colspan="2"> NBA first overall draft picks <Td_colspan="2"> 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. 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Anderson 8 Walker 20 Payton 24 Kapono 25 Simien 32 O'Neal 33 Mourning 40 Haslem 42 Posey 49 S. Anderson 51 Doleac 55 Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Head coach Riley <Td_colspan="2"> Assistant coaches Spoelstra McAdoo Rothstein Askins Coles <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Playoffs <Th_colspan="2"> National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History <Td_colspan="2"> Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy <Th_colspan="2"> Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. 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Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden <Th_colspan="2"> NBA Rookie of the Year Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon 2018 : Simmons <Th_colspan="2"> IBM Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1984 : Johnson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Barkley 1987 : Barkley 1988 : Barkley 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Robinson 1992 : Rodman 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Robinson 1997 : Hill 1998 : K. Malone 1999 : Mutombo 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : Duncan <Th_colspan="2"> NBA season scoring leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden <Th_colspan="2"> NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson <Th_colspan="2"> Adolph Rupp Trophy winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky <Th_colspan="2"> UPI College Basketball Player of the Year Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1955 : Gola 1956 : B. Russell 1957 : Forte 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : C. Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jackson 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Allen <Th_colspan="2"> 1991 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Kenny Anderson Jim Jackson Larry Johnson Shaquille O'Neal Billy Owens Second Team Stacey Augmon Keith Jennings Christian Laettner Eric Murdock Steve Smith <Th_colspan="2"> 1992 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Jim Jackson Christian Laettner Harold Miner Alonzo Mourning Shaquille O'Neal Second Team Byron Houston Don MacLean Anthony Peeler Malik Sealy Walt Williams <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I men 's basketball season blocks leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Robinson 1988 : Blake 1989 : Mourning 1990 : Green 1991 : Bradley 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Ratliff 1994 : Livingston 1995 : Closs 1996 : Closs 1997 : Foyle 1998 : J. James 1999 : Williams 2000 : Johnson 2001 : Williams 2002 : Myrda 2003 : Okafor 2004 : Ferguson 2005 : Gai 2006 : S. James 2007 : Gladness 2008 : Varnado 2009 : Varnado 2010 : Whiteside 2011 : Mosley 2012 : Davis 2013 : Obekpa 2014 : Bachynski 2015 : Mickey 2016 : Fernandez 2017 : Thomas 2018 : Penava <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1951 : Beck 1952 : Hannon 1953 : Conlin 1954 : Quimby 1955 : Slack 1956 : Holup 1957 : Baylor 1958 : Ellis 1959 : Wright 1960 : Wright 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Silas 1964 : Pelkington 1965 : Kimball 1966 : Ware 1967 : Cunningham 1968 : Walk 1969 : Haywood 1970 : Gilmore 1971 : Gilmore 1972 : Washington 1973 : Washington 1974 : Barnes 1975 : Irving 1976 : Pellom 1977 : Mosley 1978 : K. Williams 1979 : Davis 1980 : Smith 1981 : Watson 1982 : Thompson 1983 : McDaniel 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Lane 1988 : Miller 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Bonner 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jones 1993 : Kidd 1994 : Lambert 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Mann 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Perryman 1999 : McGinnis 2000 : Phillip 2001 : Marcus 2002 : Bishop 2003 : Hunter 2004 : Millsap 2005 : Millsap 2006 : Millsap 2007 : Jones - Jennings 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Parakhouski 2011 : Faried 2012 : Anosike 2013 : Anosike 2014 : A. Williams 2015 : A. Williams 2016 : Mockevičius 2017 : Delgado 2018 : Cacok <Th_colspan="2"> Southeastern Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1965 : Lee 1966 : Lee & Riley 1967 : Widby 1968 : Maravich 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Neumann 1972 : Edwards & Parker 1973 : Grevey & Hudson 1974 : van Breda Kolff 1975 : Grevey & B. King 1976 : B. King 1977 : Grunfeld & B. King 1978 : R. King 1979 : R. King 1980 : Macy 1981 : Wilkins 1982 : Ellis 1983 : Ellis & Malone 1984 : Barkley 1985 : Walker 1986 : Walker 1987 : McKey & White 1988 : Perdue 1989 : Jackson 1990 : Jackson 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Mashburn & McCaffrey 1994 : Williamson 1995 : Williamson 1996 : Delk 1997 : Mercer 1998 : Sesay 1999 : Porter 2000 : Langhi & Swift 2001 : Prince 2002 : Dudley 2003 : Bogans & Slay 2004 : Roberts 2005 : Bass 2006 : G. Davis 2007 : Byars & Lofton 2008 : Foster 2009 : Thornton 2010 : Wall 2011 : Parsons 2012 : A. Davis 2013 : Caldwell - Pope 2014 : Wilbekin 2015 : Portis 2016 : Ulis 2017 : Monk & Thornwell 2018 : Maten & Williams <Th_colspan="2"> Southeastern Conference Athlete of the Year Male 1976 : Glance 1977 : Seivers 1978 : Givens 1979 : King 1980 : Macy 1981 : Gaines 1982 : Belue 1983 : Walker 1984 : Hoage 1985 : Clark 1986 : B. Jackson 1987 : Bennett 1988 : Perdue 1989 : D. Thomas 1990 : Kessler 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Mashburn 1994 : Williamson 1995 : Helton 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Wuerffel 1998 : Manning 1999 : Couch 2000 : Bouknight 2001 : Boeker 2002 : W. Davis 2003 : Cragg 2004 : Cragg 2005 : Lochte 2006 : Carter 2007 : Price 2008 : Tebow 2009 : Tebow 2010 : Ingram 2011 : Smith 2012 : A. Davis 2013 : Manziel 2014 : Reed 2015 : Benintendi 2016 : Lawson 2017 : Rooker 2018 : Dressel Female 1984 : Caulkins 1985 : Hauschild 1986 : Gillom 1987 : Leatherwood 1988 : Torres 1989 : Gordon 1990 : Foster 1991 : Charles 1992 : Goetze 1993 : Haislett 1994 : Haislett 1995 : Hansen 1996 : Roundtree 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Holdsclaw 1999 : Holdsclaw 2000 : Kowal 2001 : Yoder 2002 : Pickens 2003 : L. Thomas 2004 : Rice 2005 : Coventry 2006 : Augustus 2007 : Abbott 2008 : Parker 2009 : Kupets 2010 : S. Jackson 2011 : Hoffman 2012 : Pancake 2013 : Schmitt 2014 : Rogers 2015 : Haeger 2016 : Sloan 2017 : Williams <Th_colspan="2"> Orlando Magic <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1989 Based in Orlando , Florida Franchise Franchise Summer League Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Records Seasons Current season Arenas Amway Arena Amway Center General managers Williams Gabriel Weisbrod Smith Hennigan Hammond G League affiliate Lakeland Magic Personnel Owners RDV Sports , Inc . ( Rich DeVos , owner & chairman ) CEO Alex Martins President Jeff Weltman General manager John Hammond Head coach Steve Clifford Current roster Retired numbers 6 Hall of Famers Chuck Daly Patrick Ewing Shaquille O'Neal Dominique Wilkins Conference Championships ( 2 ) 1995 2009 Division Championships ( 5 ) 1995 2008 2009 Culture and lore `` Get Ready for This '' ( 2 Unlimited song ) Paul Porter Stuff the Magic Dragon Media TV Fox Sports Florida Radio WDBO Announcers David Steele Jeff Turner Dennis Neumann Richie Adubato <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Lakers <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1947 Played in Minneapolis ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Minneapolis Auditorium Minneapolis Armory Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center G League affiliate South Bay Lakers Administration Jeanie , Jim , and Johnny Buss ( majority owners ) Anschutz Entertainment Group ( minority owner ) Ed Roski Jr. ( minority owner ) Patrick Soon - Shiong ( minority owner ) Magic Johnson ( President of Basketball Operations ) Rob Pelinka ( General manager ) Luke Walton ( Head coach ) Retired numbers 8 13 22 24 25 32 33 34 42 44 52 Chick Hearn ( Microphone ) Minneapolis Lakers Hall of Famers Mikan Mikkelsen Martin Lovellette Pollard Coach Kundla NBA Championships ( 16 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1972 1980 1982 1985 1988 2000 2001 2002 2009 Western Conference Championships ( 31 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1959 1962 1963 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1980 1982 1984 1985 1988 1989 1991 2000 2001 2002 2008 2009 Rivalries Boston Celtics Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Clippers San Antonio Spurs Culture and lore Jack Kent Cooke Jerry Buss Showtime Chick Hearn Shaq -- Kobe feud Lawrence Tanter Jack Nicholson `` I Love L.A. '' Laker Girls Laker Band Dancing Barry Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies The Last Season : A Team in Search of Its Soul Media TV Spectrum SportsNet ( Los Angeles ) Radio 710 ESPN Radio 1330 ESPN Deportes Announcers Bill Macdonald Stu Lantz John Ireland Mychal Thompson <Th_colspan="2"> Miami Heat <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1988 Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Franchise Team history Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas Miami Arena American Airlines Arena G League affiliates Florida Flame Arkansas RimRockers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Sioux Falls Skyforce General managers Schaffel Wohl Pfund Riley Elisburg NBA Championships ( 3 ) 2006 2012 2013 Eastern Conference Championships ( 5 ) 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 Culture and lore Micky Arison Pat Riley Michael Baiamonte Burnie `` The Heat Is On '' ( Glenn Frey song ) Shaq The Decision The Big Three 27 in a row The Shot Retired numbers 10 23 32 33 Rivals Chicago Bulls New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 790 The Ticket Announcers Eric Reid Tony Fiorentino Jason Jackson Mike Inglis <Th_colspan="2"> Phoenix Suns <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1968 Based in Phoenix , Arizona Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft History Draft history All - time roster Players sorted by number Head coaches Seasons Records Current season Arenas Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Talking Stick Resort Arena General managers J. Colangelo B. Colangelo D'Antoni Kerr Blanks McDonough G League affiliate Northern Arizona Suns Culture & lore The Suns Gorilla The Shot ' Heard ' Round the World 07 Seconds or Less STAT The Matrix Sir Charles Nashty The Greyhound Thunder Dan Shazam Oklahoma Kid Original Sun Hawk Rivals San Antonio Spurs Ring of Honor & Retired numbers 5 6 7 9 13 24 33 34 42 44 Jerry Colangelo Cotton Fitzsimmons John MacLeod Al McCoy Joe Proski Hall of Famers Charles Barkley Jerry Colangelo Gail Goodrich Connie Hawkins Grant Hill ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Dennis Johnson Gus Johnson Jason Kidd ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Ann Meyers Steve Nash ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Shaquille O'Neal Pat Riley Charlie Scott ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Rick Welts ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Key personnel Owner Robert Sarver President Jason Rowley General manager Ryan McDonough Head coach Igor Kokoškov Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) 1976 1993 Pacific Division Championships ( 6 ) 1981 1993 1995 2005 2006 2007 Media TV FS Arizona Radio Arizona Sports Announcers Tom Leander Tom Chambers Kevin Ray Eddie Johnson Al McCoy Tim Kempton Ann Meyers Casey Jacobsen Jon Bloom <Th_colspan="2"> McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs <Td_colspan="2"> 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989 : Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. Curry 1999 : Bender 2000 : Randolph 2001 : E. Curry 2002 : Redick 2003 : James 2004 : Howard & Smith 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Budinger & Durant 2007 : Beasley 2008 : Evans 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes & Sullinger 2011 : Gilchrist & McAdoo 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Ju. Jackson & Okafor 2015 : Diallo 2016 : F. Jackson & Jo. Jackson 2017 : Porter 2018 : Little <Th_colspan="2"> NBA on TNT Related programs Inside the NBA Shaqtin ' a Fool NBA on TBS NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship commentators Related articles Ratings NBA TV NBA 07 Commentators Play - by - play Marv Albert Brian Anderson Gary Bender Tim Brando Mike Breen Kevin Calabro Skip Caray Matt Devlin Jim Durham Kevin Harlan Jim Huber Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge Brent Barry Rick Barry Hubie Brown P.J. Carlesimo Rex Chapman Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Dunleavy Sr . Mike Fratello Jack Givens Grant Hill Steve Kerr Kevin McHale Reggie Miller Doc Rivers Steve Smith John Thompson Jeff Van Gundy Dick Versace Chris Webber Sideline reporters David Aldridge Rosalyn Gold - Onwude Lewis Johnson Allie LaForce Kristen Ledlow Cheryl Miller Pam Oliver Craig Sager Marty Snider Tracy Wolfson Studio hosts Vince Cellini Marc Fein Ernie Johnson Jr . Bob Lorenz Casey Stern Matt Winer Studio analysts Charles Barkley Magic Johnson Lisa Leslie Kevin McHale Shaquille O'Neal Gary Payton Kenny Smith Reggie Theus Isiah Thomas NBA Drafts 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 All - Star Game 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 NBA Awards 2017 2018 Lore Music Christmas Day NBA outdoor games Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen <Th_colspan="2"> Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western <Th_colspan="2"> Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2016 Players Zelmo Beaty Allen Iverson Shaquille O'Neal Cumberland Posey Sheryl Swoopes Yao Ming Coaches Tom Izzo John McLendon Referees Darell Garretson Contributors Jerry Reinsdorf <Th_colspan="2"> FIBA Hall of Fame inductees <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Coaches ( 22 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Alexeyeva Canavesi Díaz - Miguel Donohue Ferrándiz A. Gomelsky E. Gomelsky Gaze Iba Ivković Kondrashin Newell Nikolić Novosel Primo Rubini Smith Soares Stirling Summitt Yow Žeravica <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Contributors ( 35 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Airaldi Rivarola Ashry Atakol Bouffard Busnel Calvo Carneiro Dos Reis Greim Hepp Jones Killian Klieger Kozlowski López Martín Naismith Otto Pitzl Popović Ramsay Samaranch Šaper Saporta Scuri Seguro de Luna Semashko Seye Moreau Stanković Steitz Stern Ueda Vitale Wahby Yoon <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Players ( 55 ) <Td_colspan="2"> A. Belov S. Belov Berkovich Cameron Chazalon Ćosić Cruz Dalipagić Daneu Delibašić Divac Donovan Edwards Epi Fasoulas Furlong Galis Gaze Gonçalves González Herrera Jean - Jacques Jordan Kićanović Korać Kukoč Maciel Marcari Marčiulionis Martín Marzorati Meneghin Meyers Miller Mujanović Olajuwon O'Neal Pasos Petrović Raga Rigaudeau Robertson Robinson Rodríguez Ronchetti Russell Sabonis Schmidt Semjonova Slavnić Timms Tkachenko Valters Voynova Zasulskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Teams ( 1 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1992 United States Olympic Team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Technical officials ( 14 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Arabadjian Bain Belošević Blanchard Dimou Hopenhaym Kassai Kostin Lazarov Pfeuti Rae Reverberi Rigas Righetto BNE : XX1361012 BNF : cb13972273t ( data ) GND : 134909666 ISNI : 0000 0000 7366 6496 LCCN : n93034386 MusicBrainz : 074d8126 - 20b8 - 47cd - b874 - 9d8457df7684 VIAF : 66658782 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaquille_O%27Neal&oldid=854764957 '' Categories : Shaquille O'Neal 1972 births Living people 20th - century American businesspeople 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American musicians 21st - century American businesspeople 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American musicians A&M Records artists African - American basketball players African - American investors American investors African - American male actors African - American male rappers African - American mixed martial artists African - American television personalities All - American college men 's basketball players American jujutsuka American male film actors American Muay Thai practitioners American municipal police officers American podcasters American real estate businesspeople American stock traders Barry University alumni Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics Basketball players from New Jersey Basketball players from Texas Boston Celtics players Businesspeople from New Jersey Businesspeople from Texas Businesspeople in technology Centers ( basketball ) Cleveland Cavaliers players East Coast hip hop musicians ESports people FIBA Hall of Fame inductees Interscope Records artists Los Angeles Lakers players LSU Tigers basketball players Male actors from Newark , New Jersey Male actors from Texas McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics Miami Heat players Military brats National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association broadcasters National Basketball Association players with retired numbers National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees New York Film Academy alumni Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Orlando Magic draft picks Orlando Magic players Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Participants in American reality television series Phoenix Suns players Rappers from New Jersey Rappers from Texas Sacramento Kings owners Sportspeople from Newark , New Jersey Sportspeople from San Antonio United States men 's national basketball team players American men 's basketball players University of Phoenix alumni American actor - athletes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with dead external links from January 2012 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with hCards Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Use mdy dates from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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1. Shaquille O'Neal's basketball career
2. NBA championships and accolades
3. College career at LSU
4. Orlando Magic and Los Angeles Lakers
5. Personal life and off-court ventures
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which of the following was the purpose of the interstate highway act
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Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 - wikipedia Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 <Td_colspan="2"> Other short titles Highway Construction Act National Interstate and Defense Highways Act Long title An act to amend and supplement the Federal Aid Road Act approved July 11 , 1916 , to authorize appropriations for continuing the construction of highways ; to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to provide additional revenue from taxes on motor fuel , tires , and trucks and buses ; and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) FAHA Nicknames Highway Revenue Act of 1956 Enacted by the 84th United States Congress Effective June 29 , 1956 <Th_colspan="2"> Citations Public law 84 - 627 Statutes at Large 70 Stat. 374 <Th_colspan="2"> Codification Titles amended 16 U.S.C. : Conservation 23 U.S.C. : Highways U.S.C. sections created 16 U.S.C. ch. 2 , subch . I § 503 23 U.S.C. ch. 1 <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative history <Td_colspan="2"> Introduced in the House as H.R. 10660 by George Fallon ( D -- MD ) on April 19 , 1956 Passed the House on April 27 , 1956 ( 388 -- 19 ) Passed the Senate on May 29 , 1956 ( 41 -- 39 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on June 22 , 1956 ; agreed to by the House on June 22 , 1956 ( adopted ) and by the Senate on June 22 , 1956 ( 89 -- 1 ) Signed into law by President Dwight Eisenhower on June 29 , 1956 The Federal - Aid Highway Act of 1956 , popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act ( Public Law 84 - 627 ) , was enacted on June 29 , 1956 , when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law . With an original authorization of $25 billion for the construction of 41,000 miles ( 66,000 km ) of the Interstate Highway System supposedly over a 10 - year period , it was the largest public works project in American history through that time . The addition of the term `` defense '' in the act 's title was for two reasons : First , some of the original cost was diverted from defense funds . Secondly , most U.S. Air Force bases have a direct link to the system . One of the stated purposes was to provide access in order to defend the United States during an attack . All of these links were in the original plans , although some , such as Wright Patterson were not connected up in the 1950s , but only somewhat later . The money for the Interstate Highway and Defense Highways was handled in a Highway Trust Fund that paid for 90 percent of highway construction costs with the states required to pay the remaining 10 percent . It was expected that the money would be generated through new taxes on fuel , automobiles , trucks , and tires . As a matter of practice , the federal portion of the cost of the Interstate Highway System has been paid for by taxes on gasoline and diesel fuel . Historical background of the Interstate Highway System ( edit ) U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower 's support of the Federal - Aid Highway Act of 1956 can be directly attributed to his experiences in 1919 as a participant in the U.S. Army 's first Transcontinental Motor Convoy across the United States on the historic Lincoln Highway , which was the first road across America . The highly publicized 1919 convoy was intended , in part , to dramatize the need for better main highways and continued federal aid . The convoy left the Ellipse south of the White House in Washington , D.C. , on July 7 , 1919 , and headed for Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . From there , it followed the Lincoln Highway to San Francisco . Bridges cracked and were rebuilt , vehicles became stuck in mud and equipment broke , but the convoy was greeted warmly by communities across the country . The convoy reached San Francisco on September 6 , 1919 . The convoy was memorable enough for a young Army officer , 28 - year - old Lieutenant Colonel Dwight David Eisenhower , to include a chapter about the trip , titled `` Through Darkest America With Truck and Tank , '' in his book At Ease : Stories I Tell to Friends ( Doubleday and Company , Inc. , 1967 ) . `` The trip had been difficult , tiring and fun , '' he said . That experience on the Lincoln Highway , plus his observations of the German autobahn network during World War II , convinced him to support construction of the Interstate System when he became president . `` The old convoy had started me thinking about good , two - lane highways , but Germany had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land . '' His `` Grand Plan '' for highways , announced in 1954 , led to the 1956 legislative breakthrough that created the Highway Trust Fund to accelerate construction of the Interstate System . Eisenhower advocated for the highways for the purpose of national defense . In the event of a ground invasion by a foreign power , the U.S. Army would need good highways to be able to transport troops across the country efficiently . Following completion of the highways the cross-country journey that took the convoy two months in 1919 was cut down to five days . Tollways ( edit ) Many limited - access toll highways that had been built prior to the Interstate Highway Act were incorporated into the Interstate system ( for example , the Ohio Turnpike carries portions of Interstate 76 , I - 80 and I - 90 ) . For major turnpikes in New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Kansas , Oklahoma , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Maine and West Virginia , tolls continue to be collected , even though the turnpikes have long since been paid for . The money collected is used for highway maintenance , turnpike improvement projects and states ' general funds . ( That is not the case in Massachusetts , where the state constitution requires the money be used for transportation . ) In addition , there are several major toll bridges and toll tunnels included in the interstate highways , including four bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area , ones linking Delaware with New Jersey , New Jersey with New York , New Jersey with Pennsylvania , the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan and , and between Indiana and Kentucky . Tolls collected on Interstate Highways remain on segments of I - 95 , I - 94 , I - 90 , I - 88 , I - 87 , I - 80 , I - 77 , I - 76 , I - 64 , I - 44 , I - 294 , I - 355 and several others . In addition , some states have built tolled express lanes within existing freeways . Toll turnpikes in the following states have been declared paid off , and those highways have become standard freeways with the removal of toll barriers : Connecticut ( I - 95 ) , Kentucky ( part of I - 65 ) , Maryland ( part of I - 95 ) , Texas ( part of I - 30 ) , Virginia ( the part of I - 95 between Richmond and Petersburg ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weingroff , Richard F. ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Federal - Aid Highway Act of 1956 , Creating the Interstate System '' . Public Roads . Federal Highway Administration . 60 ( 1 ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( September 15 , 1999 ) . `` Financing Federal - Aid Highways '' . Federal Highway Administration . FHWA - PL - 99 - 015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . The Greatest Decade 1956 -- 1966 Part 1 Essential to the National Interest at United States Department of Transportation -- Federal Highway Administration History of the Interstate Highway System at United States Department of Transportation -- Federal Highway Administration Federal Highway Act of 1956 <Th_colspan="2"> Major highway federal statutes in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Federal - Aid Highway Acts ( 1916 -- 1987 ) National Interstate and Defense Highways Act ( 1956 ) Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 ( 1982 ) Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act ( 1987 ) Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act ( 1991 ) National Highway System Designation Act ( 1995 ) Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century ( 1998 ) Safe , Accountable , Flexible , Efficient Transportation Equity Act : A Legacy for Users ( 2005 ) Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act ( 2012 ) Fixing America 's Surface Transportation Act ( 2015 ) LCCN : no2011167448 VIAF : 187415871 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956&oldid=841944594 '' Categories : 1956 in law 84th United States Congress United States federal transportation legislation Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 04 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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1. Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956
2. National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
3. Construction of the Interstate Highway System
4. Funding and financing of highway construction
5. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's support for the act
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what is the staute of liberty made of
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Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World <Td_colspan="2"> Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Statue of Liberty <Td_colspan="3"> Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas <Th_colspan="2"> National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park <Th_colspan="2"> Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Lighthouses of New York <Td_colspan="3"> Main : List of lighthouses in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point <Th_colspan="2"> Protected areas of New York <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Federal <Td_colspan="2"> National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. 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Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other ( lists ) <Td_colspan="2"> National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails <Td_colspan="2"> Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP <Th_colspan="2"> Protected areas of New York City <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Federal <Td_colspan="2"> National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State <Td_colspan="2"> State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> City parks and preserves <Td_colspan="2"> Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Park New York Botanical Garden Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly North and South Brother Islands Pelham Bay Orchard Beach Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Williamsbridge Oval Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks <Td_colspan="2"> Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons <Th_colspan="3"> World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site <Td_colspan="3"> Shared with Canada <Th_colspan="2"> Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) <Td_colspan="2"> Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City <Th_colspan="3"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks <Td_colspan="3"> Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places <Th_colspan="2"> Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Museum Mile <Th_colspan="2"> Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point GND : 4122611 - 2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=840341585 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Museums in Manhattan National Park Service National Monuments in New York City National personifications National symbols of the United States Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan Port of New York and New Jersey Richard Morris Hunt buildings Sculptures by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Tourist attractions in Manhattan World Heritage Sites in the United States National Park Service areas in New York City New Jersey Register of Historic Places Diplomatic gifts National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Allegorical sculptures in New York City Monuments and memorials in Manhattan Tourism in New York ( state ) Buildings and structures in Manhattan Lighthouses in New York City Transportation in Manhattan Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected 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1. Statue of Liberty
2. Liberty Island
3. Neoclassical sculpture
4. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi
5. Symbol of freedom
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