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LMMs-Lab 235

Which figure of speech is used in this text? Logan is a real Benedict Arnold. After promising to work on my campaign for class president, he decided to support my opponent.

closed choice

grade10

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Classify figures of speech: review

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.

The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known. Benedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British.

Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?

The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

chemistry

Solutions

Compare concentrations of solutions

A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent

In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container. Use the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter. Solution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles.

Select the organism in the same species as the great egret.

This organism is a great egret. Its scientific name is Ardea alba.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Classification and scientific names

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. Lynx lynx does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Lynx lynx are not in the same species. Tyto alba does have the same species within its genus as a great egret, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species. Ardea alba has the same scientific name as a great egret. So, these organisms are in the same species.

Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?

closed choice

grade12

language science

writing-strategies

Persuasive strategies

Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements

The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a "real person" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury

The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by emphasizing the long history of the credit union and implying its reliability.

What is the expected ratio of offspring with straight ears to offspring with curled ears? Choose the most likely ratio.

In a group of American curl cats, some individuals have curled ears and others have straight ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele for curled ears (E) is dominant over the allele for straight ears (e). This Punnett square shows a cross between two American curl cats.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types

Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. | F | f F | FF | Ff f | Ff | ff There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.

To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with straight ears or curled ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for curled ears, is dominant over the e allele, which is for straight ears. Straight ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. An American curl cat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with straight ears must have the genotype ee. There are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee. Curled ears is the dominant allele's version of the ear type trait. An American curl cat with the dominant version of the ear type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the ear type gene. So, offspring with curled ears must have the genotype EE or Ee. All 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype EE or Ee. So, the expected ratio of offspring with straight ears to offspring with curled ears is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with straight ears. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with curled ears.

What is the capital of Arizona?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the West

Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.

Which of these states is farthest west?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

Maps

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. California is farthest west.

What does the verbal irony in this text suggest? "That fits you well," Tucker remarked after Maya's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.

closed choice

grade8

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Interpret figures of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.

The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. Fits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Maya's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all.

What can Meg and Florence trade to each get what they want?

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another. Meg and Florence open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Meg nor Florence got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted: Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below. Meg's lunch Florence's lunch

closed choice

grade7

social science

economics

Basic economic principles

Trade and specialization

Look at the table and images. Meg wants broccoli. Florence wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.

What is the capital of Massachusetts?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Boston is the capital of Massachusetts.

Which country is highlighted?

closed choice

grade7

social science

geography

Oceania: geography

Identify and select countries of Oceania

This country is the Marshall Islands. Does the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes? The Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them. The United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force.

What can Riley and Ken trade to each get what they want?

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another. Riley and Ken open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Riley wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ken was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.

closed choice

grade6

social science

economics

Basic economic principles

Trade and specialization

Riley wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ken was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images. Riley has tomatoes. Ken has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.

Which would smell the most?

closed choice

grade4

natural science

physics

Materials

Compare properties of materials

Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.

Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell. Look at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture. Of the choices, the soap bar would smell the most. A bar of soap has a strong smell.

What type of rock is limestone?

Limestone is a type of rock. It can form when layers of ocean sediment are pressed together to form rock. The dark, round shapes inside this piece of limestone are fossils of marine animals.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

earth-science

Rocks and minerals

Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic

Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.

Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment. Ocean sediment is made up of mud and the shells of marine organisms. The sediment usually builds up in layers. Over time, the top layers press down on the bottom layers. Sedimentary rock can form when the bottom layers are pressed together to form rock.

Which of these states is farthest west?

closed choice

grade2

social science

geography

Geography

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest west.

Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Tessa must have started the food fight. Her friends are constantly getting detention.

closed choice

grade10

language science

writing-strategies

Developing and supporting arguments

Classify logical fallacies

A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against

The text argues that Tessa's friends are constantly getting detention, so Tessa must have started the food fight. However, Tessa's friends don't necessarily determine her actions. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Two magnets are placed as shown. Hint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

physics

Magnets

Identify magnets that attract or repel

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other. The south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.

Which greeting is correct for a letter?

closed choice

grade4

language science

punctuation

Formatting

Greetings and closings of letters

A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory

The second greeting is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Josie is capitalized because it is a proper noun.

Which animal's feet are also adapted for walking on large, floating leaves?

s live near rivers and lakes. They eat insects and snails that live on plants floating on the surface of the water. The feet of the jacana are adapted for walking on large, floating leaves. The jacana uses its feet to spread its weight out over a wide area. This helps the bird walk on the leaves without sinking into the water. Figure: African jacana.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

biology

Adaptations

Animal adaptations: feet and limbs

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.

Look at the picture of the African jacana. The African jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This can help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water. Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation. The purple gallinule has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves. The ostrich has large, heavy feet with thick toes. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The ostrich uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground.

Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?

closed choice

grade11

language science

writing-strategies

Pronouns

Identify vague pronoun references

When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Olivia or Mia. Olivia often talked with Mia about her community garden project. It was proceeding well but required a great deal of work. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Olivia's community garden project was proceeding well but required a great deal of work. She often talked with Mia about it.

What is the capital of Oklahoma?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma.

What does the idiom in this text suggest? Arianna has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter.

closed choice

grade11

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Interpret the figure of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.

The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally. The idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Arianna has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations.

What is the expected ratio of offspring with a black coat to offspring with a spotted coat? Choose the most likely ratio.

In a group of leopards, some individuals have a spotted coat and others have a black coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a black coat (a). This Punnett square shows a cross between two leopards.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types

Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. | F | f F | FF | Ff f | Ff | ff There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.

To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a black coat or a spotted coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the A allele, which is for a spotted coat, is dominant over the a allele, which is for a black coat. A black coat is the recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A leopard with the recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a black coat must have the genotype aa. There is 1 box in the Punnett square with the genotype aa. This box is highlighted below. A spotted coat is the dominant allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A leopard with the dominant version of the coat pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a spotted coat must have the genotype AA or Aa. There are 3 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype AA or Aa. These boxes are highlighted below. So, the expected ratio of offspring with a black coat to offspring with a spotted coat is 1:3. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 1 offspring with a black coat for every 3 offspring with a spotted coat.

Complete the statement. Ferrous oxide is ().

The model below represents ferrous oxide. Ferrous oxide makes up about 10% of the mantle, one of the layers beneath Earth's surface.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

chemistry

Atoms and molecules

Classify elementary substances and compounds using models

There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound rubidium bromide. In a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.

Use the model to determine whether ferrous oxide is an elementary substance or a compound. Step 1: Interpret the model. . Use the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model. You can see from the model that ferrous oxide is composed of oxygen atoms and iron atoms bonded together. Step 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound. You know from Step 1 that ferrous oxide is composed of two chemical elements: oxygen and iron. Since ferrous oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ferrous oxide is a compound.

What is the name of the colony shown?

closed choice

grade7

social science

us-history

Colonial America

Identify the Thirteen Colonies

The colony is Connecticut.

Which text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?

closed choice

grade11

language science

writing-strategies

Word usage and nuance

Explore words with new or contested usages

Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.

The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way. Elise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old. The second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old. Elise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old. Most style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect.

Select the living thing.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

biology

Classification

Identify living and nonliving things

All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.

A brick wall is not a living thing. Brick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water. A rainboot is not a living thing. Rainboots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water. The Statue of Liberty is not a living thing. The Statue of Liberty is shaped like a person. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water. A bison is a living thing. Bison grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Bison are made up of many cells.

Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.

The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them. Magnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.

Based on the table, Anansi is from which tradition?

This table shows different trickster figures from folktales and myths around the world.

closed choice

grade5

language science

writing-strategies

Visual elements

Read graphic organizers

A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.

In a table, each cell gives information related to its row and column. This table shows different trickster figures from folktales and myths around the world. Look in the Trickster figure column and find Anansi. Then, follow the row to the right to see which tradition Anansi is from. The right column tells you that Anansi is from West African traditions.

What is the volume of a kiddie pool?

Select the better estimate.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose metric units of volume

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.

The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,145 liters. 1,145 milliliters is too little.

What is the name of the colony shown?

closed choice

grade4

social science

us-history

English colonies in North America

Identify the Thirteen Colonies

The colony is Pennsylvania.

Which statement describes the helicopter's motion?

A rescue helicopter is moving directly upward at a constant speed.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Identify whether objects are accelerating

An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction. An object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is: moving in a straight line at a constant speed, or remaining motionless. If an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is: speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.

The helicopter is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. So, the helicopter has a constant velocity.

What information supports the conclusion that Tucker acquired this trait?

Read the description of a trait. Tucker knows how to do tricks with a jump rope.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement

Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.

Which soap bubble has less thermal energy?

Two soap bubbles are identical except for their temperatures.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

physics

Thermal energy

How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?

Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.

The two soap bubbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder soap bubble has less thermal energy.

Which property do these three objects have in common?

Select the best answer.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

physics

Materials

Compare properties of objects

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.

Look at each object. For each object, decide if it has that property. You can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent. A colorful object has one or more bright colors. None of the objects are colorful. A rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough. The property that all three objects have in common is rough.

What is the capital of Iowa?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Midwest

Des Moines is the capital of Iowa.

Which object has less thermal energy?

The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

physics

Heat and thermal energy

How is temperature related to thermal energy?

All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.

The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75°F glass of grape juice is colder than the 85°F glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy.

In this experiment, which were part of an experimental group?

The passage below describes an experiment. Justine and Tanner were taking a snowboarding class. During the class, their instructor said they would go faster if they applied wax to the undersides of their snowboards. After the class, Justine applied a thin layer of wax to the underside of a snowboard and rode the board straight down a hill. Then, she removed the wax and rode the snowboard straight down the hill again. Tanner timed how long each ride took. Justine repeated these rides on four other snowboards, alternating whether she first rode with or without wax. Figure: a snowboarder.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Designing experiments

Identify control and experimental groups

Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.

In this experiment, Justine and Tanner investigated whether adding wax to snowboards affects their speed. So, the snowboards with wax added were part of an experimental group. There was no wax on the snowboards with wax removed. So, they were not part of an experimental group.

Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?

closed choice

grade10

language science

writing-strategies

Pronouns

Identify vague pronoun references

When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.

The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent. The first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the registrar's office. Josh sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.

Which is a compound sentence?

closed choice

grade3

language science

grammar

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Is the sentence simple or compound?

A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.

The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but. Clare wants fortune cookies, but Alvin would rather have pie.

What is the capital of North Carolina?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina.

Would you find the word blubber on a dictionary page with the following guide words? barn - beetle

yes or no

grade3

language science

reference-skills

Reference skills

Use guide words

Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.

Put the words in alphabetical order. Since blubber is not between the guide words barn - beetle, it would not be found on that page.

What is the capital of Colorado?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the West

Denver is the capital of Colorado.

Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? carpet - chick

closed choice

grade3

language science

reference-skills

Reference skills

Use guide words

Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.

Put the words in alphabetical order. Since cellar is between the guide words carpet - chick, it would be found on that page.

Which i in column 2?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

Geography

Use a letter-number grid

A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.

The police department is in column 2.

How long is a road from one end of a city to the other?

Select the better estimate.

closed choice

grade3

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose metric units of distance

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.

The better estimate for the length of a road from one end of a city to the other is 9 kilometers. 9 centimeters is too short.

What kind of sentence is this? Don't overlook Allie when choosing the new principal.

closed choice

grade6

language science

punctuation

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?

There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!

The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period.

Which figure of speech is used in this text? Society often forgives the criminal; it never forgives the dreamer. —Oscar Wilde, The Critic as Artist

closed choice

grade11

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Classify the figure of speech: review

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.

The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. Wilde contrasts two parallel phrases, often forgives the criminal and never forgives the dreamer.

What is the capital of Illinois?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Midwest

Springfield is the capital of Illinois.

Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? Palm Desert, California, usually has more days with high air pressure than low air pressure each year.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

earth-science

Weather and climate

What's the difference between weather and climate?

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Read the text carefully. Palm Desert, California, usually has more days with high air pressure than low air pressure each year. Air pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy. This passage tells you about the usual air pressure in Palm Desert. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.

Which i in column 1?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

Geography

Use a letter-number grid

A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.

The police department is in column 1.

In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the sea cucumber?

Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California. A food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

biology

Ecological interactions

Interpret food webs II

A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.

Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber. The only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp bass to the sea cucumber.There is one path matter can take from the orca to the sea cucumber: orca->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the sea otter to the sea cucumber: sea otter->orca->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the zooplankton to the sea cucumber: zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->sea cucumber.

Which figure of speech is used in this text? The city of Seaside is currently experiencing a minor crisis. Its sanitation workers are on strike, and the garbage is piling up in the streets.

closed choice

grade10

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.

The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Minor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means small or insignificant, and a crisis is a large problem.

Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?

The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

chemistry

Solutions

Compare concentrations of solutions

A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent

In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container. Use the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter. Solution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles.

Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? been - brownie

closed choice

grade2

language science

reference-skills

Reference skills

Use guide words

Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.

Put the words in alphabetical order. Since boy is between the guide words been - brownie, it would be found on that page.

What is the capital of New Mexico?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify the 50 state capitals

Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.

Which property do these four objects have in common?

Select the best answer.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

physics

Materials

Compare properties of objects

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.

Look at each object. For each object, decide if it has that property. A slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The stuffed rabbit and the yarn pom pom are not slippery. A shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The stuffed rabbit is not shiny. A soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft. The property that all four objects have in common is soft.

Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Abby has a scar on her right elbow.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Traits and heredity

Identify inherited and acquired traits

Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.

Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.

What is the temperature of a warm swimming pool?

Select the better estimate.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Estimate temperatures

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units. 212°F | Water boils | 100°C 98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C 68°F | Room temperature | 20°C 32°F | Water freezes | 0°C

The better estimate for the temperature of a warm swimming pool is 26°C. 26°F is too cold.

Is a knife a solid or a liquid?

closed choice

grade2

natural science

physics

States of matter

Classify matter as solid or liquid

Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.

A knife is a solid. You can bend a knife. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.

Which text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?

closed choice

grade10

language science

writing-strategies

Word usage and nuance

Explore words with new or contested usages

Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.

The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea. Audrey's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair. The second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated. Audrey's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard.

Identify the question that Hector's experiment can best answer.

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below. Hector used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. Hector recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. Hector compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over. Figure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Designing experiments

Identify the experimental question

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?

Which figure of speech is used in this text? Jennifer swore she would never go back to Hillsdale, but I told her she should never say never. The city might be a very different place in ten years.

closed choice

grade10

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.

The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Never say never at first appears to be contradictory: by saying the phrase itself, you have already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often change their minds as they age and so should not rule anything out by saying never.

Which continent is highlighted?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

Geography

Identify oceans and continents

A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.

This continent is Antarctica.

Based on the text, why are okapis sometimes referred to as forest giraffes?

Read the text about okapis. When you first see an okapi, you might think it's related to a horse or a zebra. Its body and neck are horse-like, and its legs have black-and-white stripes like a zebra does. But the okapi is not related to a horse or a zebra; its closest relative is actually the giraffe. In fact, okapis are sometimes called forest giraffes, since they live mainly in the rain forests of central Africa. An okapi's relationship to a giraffe is most noticeable in its face. Like giraffes, okapis have long, thin faces topped with large, upward-pointing ears. Male okapis also have little furry horns like giraffes' horns. Additionally, both giraffes and okapis have long, dark tongues, which can grab and strip leaves from trees. And just like giraffes, okapis are plant eaters, feeding on leaves, buds, twigs, and fruit. In many ways, though, okapis are quite different from their giraffe cousins. An okapi's neck is much shorter than a giraffe's. This is useful, because a long neck would make it difficult to move through thick vegetation. Another important difference is that giraffes are social and live in herds, while okapis are shy, solitary creatures. They tend to live alone, hiding in the dense forest. Perhaps that's why most people didn't even know okapis existed until around 1900. Even though okapis tend to keep to themselves, they do have ways to communicate with each other. For example, they mark their territories by leaving scent marks with their feet. And mother okapis can communicate with their babies "silently," using sounds that are too low in pitch for people—and predators—to hear. That's a good thing, too, as these animals are in danger of dying out. They need all the protection from predators that they can get.

closed choice

grade5

language science

reading-comprehension

Informational texts: level 1

Read passages about animals

Look at the text in bold below. It tells you why okapis are sometimes referred to as forest giraffes. When you first see an okapi, you might think it's related to a horse or a zebra. Its body and neck are horse-like, and its legs have black-and-white stripes like a zebra does. But the okapi is not related to a horse or a zebra; its closest relative is actually the giraffe. In fact, okapis are sometimes called forest giraffes, since they live mainly in the rain forests of central Africa.

Is Victoria amazonica made up of one cell?

This organism is Victoria amazonica. It is a member of the plant kingdom. Victoria amazonica is commonly called the giant water lily. A single leaf can be over eight feet wide! The giant water lily grows in shallow water in the Amazon river basin.

yes or no

grade5

natural science

biology

Classification

Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms

In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes

Victoria amazonica is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells.

What does the idiom in this text suggest? Isabella submitted her suggestions to Carson; now the ball is in his court.

closed choice

grade7

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Interpret figures of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.

The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally. The idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Carson needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn.

Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? feet - fork

closed choice

grade2

language science

reference-skills

Reference skills

Use guide words

Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.

Put the words in alphabetical order. Since finger is between the guide words feet - fork, it would be found on that page.

Which figure of speech is used in this text? Grayson remarked that the new book on anti-gravity was impossible to put down.

closed choice

grade8

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Classify figures of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.

The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning. Impossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down.

Which term matches the picture?

Read the text. Organisms that can make their own energy from nonliving resources, such as the sun, are known as producers, or autotrophs. The Greek prefix auto- means "self," and the suffix troph means "nourishment." Thus, an autotroph can produce its own nourishment, as when a plant uses photosynthesis to obtain energy from the sun. Organisms that eat living or once-living things to obtain their energy are known as consumers, or heterotrophs. The Greek prefix hetero- means "different." This means that a heterotroph cannot produce energy on its own. Instead, heterotrophs consume other organisms—plants and animals—for energy.

closed choice

grade8

language science

word-study

Domain-specific vocabulary

Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures

A polar bear is a heterotroph because instead of producing its own energy, it survives by eating other organisms, like seals.

Which statement describes the Gran Sabana ecosystem?

Figure: Gran Sabana. The Gran Sabana is a savanna grassland ecosystem in southeastern Venezuela. This savanna has many flat-topped mountains called mesas.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

biology

Ecosystems

Describe ecosystems

An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there

A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Gran Sabana ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a rainy season and a dry season. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The following statement does not describe the Gran Sabana: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has cool summers and long, cold winters.

What is the capital of Ohio?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Midwest

Columbus is the capital of Ohio.

Select the organism in the same genus as the western crowned pigeon.

This organism is a western crowned pigeon. Its scientific name is Goura cristata.

closed choice

grade8

natural science

biology

Classification and scientific names

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

A western crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura cristata. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. This organism and the western crowned pigeon are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Goura cristata. Agalychnis callidryas is in the genus Agalychnis. The first word of its scientific name is Agalychnis. So, Agalychnis callidryas and Goura cristata are not in the same genus. Hystrix cristata and Goura cristata are not in the same genus. These organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Hystrix cristata and Goura cristata have the same species name within their genus, cristata. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Hystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix, and Goura cristata is in the genus Goura.

Identify the question that Trent's experiment can best answer.

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below. Trent put one two-inch steel nail into each of six test tubes. He added water to three of the test tubes and vinegar to the other three. In each test tube, he completely covered the nail with the same volume of liquid. Trent checked the nails for rust at the same time every day. He recorded how many days it took each nail to become completely covered in rust. Then, he compared the number of days it took nails to rust in water to the number of days it took nails to rust in vinegar. Figure: a new steel nail on a pile of rusty nails.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Designing experiments

Identify the experimental question

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?

What is the mass of a full box of cereal?

Select the best estimate.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

units-and-measurement

Units and measurement

Choose customary units of mass

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.

The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 23 ounces. 23 pounds and 23 tons are both too heavy.

Which closing is correct for a letter?

closed choice

grade4

language science

punctuation

Formatting

Greetings and closings of letters

A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory

The first closing is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.

Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? battery - bracelet

closed choice

grade2

language science

reference-skills

Reference skills

Use guide words

Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.

Put the words in alphabetical order. Since beard is between the guide words battery - bracelet, it would be found on that page.

Which property matches this object?

Select the better answer.

closed choice

grade2

natural science

physics

Materials

Identify properties of an object

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.

Look at the object. Think about each property. A smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The metal paper clip is smooth. A sticky object can stick to other things. The metal paper clip is not sticky.

Complete the sentence. In this chemical reaction, ozone is a ().

This passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below. Ozone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by damaging their lungs.

closed choice

grade7

natural science

chemistry

Chemical reactions

Identify reactants and products

A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances. The original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change. The substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction. So, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.

Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to ozone in this chemical reaction. Ozone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by damaging their lungs. The underlined text tells you that ozone forms when oxygen combines with carbon monoxide. Because ozone is produced by this chemical reaction, ozone is a product.

Using only these supplies, which question can Dean investigate with an experiment?

Dean and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Dean notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available: two identical toy cars a wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall a cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall

closed choice

grade6

natural science

science-and-engineering-practices

Designing experiments

Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!

Which figure of speech is used in this text? Walter is a real Benedict Arnold. After promising to work on my campaign for class president, he decided to support my opponent.

closed choice

grade6

language science

figurative-language

Literary devices

Classify figures of speech

Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.

The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known. Benedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British.

Which continent is highlighted?

closed choice

grade6

social science

geography

Physical Geography

Oceans and continents

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

This continent is Australia.

What is the capital of North Dakota?

closed choice

grade5

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify state capitals of the Midwest

Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota.

Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?

closed choice

grade11

language science

writing-strategies

Pronouns

Identify vague pronoun references

When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.

The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Josh or Scott. After Josh beat Scott in tennis, he asked for a rematch. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear. Scott asked for a rematch after Josh beat him in tennis.

Is this a sentence fragment? Before the town of Kennecott, Alaska, was deserted in the 1930s, it was home to a thriving copper mine and mill, a hospital, a school, and a skating rink.

yes or no

grade12

language science

writing-strategies

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Identify sentence fragments

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.

This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought. Before the town of Kennecott, Alaska, was deserted in the 1930 s, it was home to a thriving copper mine and mill, a hospital, a school, and a skating rink.

What is the capital of California?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify the 50 state capitals

Sacramento is the capital of California.

Which theater of the war covered the smallest amount of territory?

Almost all of the battles of the Civil War happened in three zones, or theaters. The following map shows the theaters. Use it to answer the question below.

closed choice

grade4

social science

us-history

The Civil War and Reconstruction

The Civil War: the end of the war

Look at the map. The smallest colored area is labeled the Eastern Theater. The Eastern Theater covered the smallest amount of territory.

Which of the following organisms is the primary consumer in this food web?

Below is a food web from Little Rock Lake, a freshwater lake ecosystem in Wisconsin. A food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Ecosystems

Interpret food webs I

A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.

Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers. The rotifer has an arrow pointing to it from the green algae. The green algae is a producer, so the rotifer is a primary consumer. The water flea has an arrow pointing to it from the green algae. The green algae is a producer, so the water flea is a primary consumer. The black crappie has arrows pointing to it from the water flea, the rotifer, and the shiner. None of these organisms is a produce, so the black crappie is not a primary consumer. The water mold has an arrow pointing to it from the black crappie. The black crappie is not a producer, so the water mold is not a primary consumer.

Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Two magnets are placed as shown.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

physics

Magnets

Identify magnets that attract or repel

Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other. The north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.

Which of these states is farthest west?

closed choice

grade4

social science

geography

Maps

Read a map: cardinal directions

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west.

What is the capital of Arizona?

closed choice

grade3

social science

geography

State capitals

Identify the 50 state capitals

Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.

Select the one animal that has all of the arachnid traits listed above.

Arachnids are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify arachnids: They have eight legs. They have an exoskeleton. They have no antennae. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.

closed choice

grade5

natural science

biology

Classification

Use evidence to classify animals

Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.

To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group. Arachnids have the following traits: They have eight legs. They have an exoskeleton. They have no antennae. Compare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits. A Laos giant forest scorpion has the following traits: It has eight legs. It has an exoskeleton. It has no antennae. A Laos giant forest scorpion has the traits of an arachnid. A Laos giant forest scorpion is an arachnid. An earthworm has the following traits: It has a soft, cylindrical body. It has no limbs. It is made up of segments. An earthworm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. An earthworm is a segmented worm.

What information supports the conclusion that Devon acquired this trait?

Read the description of a trait. Devon knows how to build a fire.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

biology

Genes to traits

Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement

Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.

Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Don't ever get a ride from Elizabeth. Her brother has been driving for only six months, and he's already gotten three speeding tickets.

closed choice

grade7

language science

writing-strategies

Developing and supporting arguments

Classify logical fallacies

A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against

The text argues that Elizabeth must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Elizabeth's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Elizabeth is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.

Assume all other forces on Emmet are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Emmet?

Emmet is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Emmet with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Emmet with a force of 400N.

closed choice

grade6

natural science

physics

Velocity, acceleration, and forces

Balanced and unbalanced forces

A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.

To determine if there is a net force on Emmet, look at the forces: Earth's gravity is pulling Emmet down with a force of 400 N. The diving board is pushing Emmet up with a force of 400 N. The forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Emmet.

Is grape juice a solid or a liquid?

closed choice

grade2

natural science

physics

States of matter

Classify matter as solid or liquid

Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.

Grape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space.

Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

Figure: Washington, D.C.. Washington, D.C., is located on the East Coast of the United States. December, January, and February are often cold and snowy each year. Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

earth-science

Weather and climate

Weather and climate around the world

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Read the passage carefully. Washington, D.C., is located on the East Coast of the United States. December, January, and February are often cold and snowy each year. The underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Washington, D.C. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.

Which sentence states a fact?

closed choice

grade3

language science

writing-strategies

Opinion writing

Distinguish facts from opinions

A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is "better" for camping.

The first sentence states a fact. Bottlenose dolphins can stay underwater for up to fifteen minutes. It can be proved by observing bottlenose dolphins. The second sentence states an opinion. Bottlenose dolphins are the cutest animals in the ocean. Cutest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what the cutest animals are.

Select the organism in the same genus as the mountain zebra.

This organism is a mountain zebra. Its scientific name is Equus zebra.

closed choice

grade4

natural science

biology

Scientific names

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

A mountain zebra's scientific name is Equus zebra. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus rufus and Equus zebra are not in the same genus. Cervus canadensis is in the genus Cervus. The first word of its scientific name is Cervus. So, Cervus canadensis and Equus zebra are not in the same genus. Equus quagga is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus quagga and Equus zebra are in the same genus.

Which is a sentence fragment?

closed choice

grade3

language science

writing-strategies

Sentences, fragments, and run-ons

Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?

A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.

Puts the towel back in the bathroom is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.