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4038896

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%20Creek%20Jack%20Johnson

Turkey Creek Jack Johnson

John "Turkey Creek Jack" Johnson (c. 1847 – c. 1887) was an American bookkeeper, lawyer, cattle handler and lawman. He rode with Wyatt Earp as a member of the posse during the Earp Vendetta Ride. Early life Johnson was thought to be a former bookkeeper and lawyer, coming from Missouri. Wyatt Earp believed that Johnson's real name was John Blunt, but there is no evidence to support this and Blunt was not a gunman. It is known that in 1881 he was 34 years of age. He and his brothers are alleged to have fled Missouri after being involved in a violent street clash in the mining town of Webb City, Missouri. His supposed brother, Bud Blunt, a known drunkard who had killed a man in Tip Top, Arizona in 1881, was sent to Yuma Prison. Johnson was not actually a "gunman" in the traditional sense, but was inaccurately portrayed as such in Stuart N. Lake's mostly fictional book. Earp claimed to use him as an "informer" on the Cowboys. Gunfights 1872 and 1876 Reportedly Johnson was involved in two gunfights: November 6, 1872 Newton, Kansas Town Marshal Johnson killed M.J. Fitzpatrick who in a drunken quarrel had killed Judge George Halliday. This same man named John Johnson was possibly in Tombstone according to the 1880 Census and may have ridden with Wyatt Earp, indicating "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson and John Johnson, the marshal, are likely one and the same. Johnson supposedly spent some time in Deadwood in the Dakota Territory in 1876. He is said to have participated in a gunfight in 1876, where he calmly and slowly used two pistol shots to kill two men at a distance of 30 yards after allegations of cheating were charged following a game of poker. They were both trying to kill him with multiple pistol shots – their mistake was trying to use a "quick draw" while moving towards Johnson. Their spray of shots went wild. Johnson simply turned sideways to make himself a smaller target, raised his opposite arm to use as a gun rest and took a bead on each man, killing them with one shot apiece. It is debated as to whether this actually occurred, but town historians and modern day event enactors stated publicly in August, 2013 that there were not one but two separate stories published about this gunfight in the Deadwood town newspaper in the days following its occurrence. Riding with cowboys Johnson is believed to have later spent time in Dodge City, Kansas. Little is known about exactly when he met Wyatt Earp. It could have been during Wyatt's buffalo hunting days, in Deadwood, or during the time that both were in Dodge City. He is believed to have first ventured into Arizona Territory while working in a cattle drive, alongside Sherman McMaster, "Curly Bill" Brocius, and Pony Diehl, in late 1878. Brocius and Diehl had only recently left the "Murphy-Dolan" faction, having both taken part in the Lincoln County War, opposite Billy the Kid and his "Regulators". There is no evidence that Johnson took part in that range war, nor that he knew Brocius or Diehl prior to the cattle drive. Riding with the Earp vendetta Writer John H. Flood, in his unpublished 1926 manuscript Wyatt Earp biography (for which many details came from Wyatt himself) said that Johnson was an old friend of the Earps when they came to Tombstone, and this fits with the fact of Johnson's presence on the train to protect Virgil as he left Tombstone for the last time, March 20, 1882. As a posseman in the Earp posse which protected Virgil on the train, Johnson (as "John Johnson") was co-indicted in absentia with Doc Holliday, Wyatt Earp, Warren Earp, and Sherman McMaster in the killing of Frank Stilwell in Tucson, March 20, 1882. Johnson returned with the others to Tombstone on a freight train that night, and the next day (now joined by Texas Jack Vermillion) rode out in the Earp vendetta ride of 1882, by which time he was a wanted man in the territory for the killing of Stilwell. Death After the Earp vendetta ride, Johnson escaped through Colorado, then Texas. According to the Flood manuscript, Johnson died of tuberculosis in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, in 1887, survived there by a widow. The Flood manuscript biography states that Johnson was a member of the masonic lodge in Salt Lake City, and estimated that his age at death was about 35 (this last information has been used to estimate the birthdate given above; however it is heavily suspect, as Flood's information on the death age of Vermillion is very erroneous). In popular culture Played by Lonny Chapman in Hour of the Gun starring James Garner and Jason Robards. Played by Buck Taylor as a minor character in the movie Tombstone, starring Kurt Russell and Val Kilmer. Played by Rusty Hendrickson as a background character during the vendetta ride scenes in Wyatt Earp (film) starring Kevin Costner, Dennis Quaid, and Bill Pullman. References Further reading A self-published but useful compendium of bio information on minor Tombstone characters. External links Sherman McMaster, Turkey Creek Johnson Wyatt Earp's testimony concerning "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson Earp's Vendetta Posse 1852 births 1887 deaths Johnson, Jack (gunfighter) People of the American Old West Cowboys 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis Tuberculosis deaths in Utah Arizona folklore Year of birth uncertain American vigilantes Cochise County conflict 19th-century American lawyers

4038899

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Letteri

Guglielmo Letteri

Guglielmo Letteri (11 January 1926 in Rome – 2 February 2006 in Rome) was an Italian comic book artist, best known for his work on the Tex Willer comic. References Lambiek Comiclopedia page about Guglielmo Letteri 1926 births 2006 deaths Italian comics artists

4038902

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School%20Daze%20%28soundtrack%29

School Daze (soundtrack)

School Daze: Original Soundtrack Album is the music soundtrack album to Spike Lee's 1988 film School Daze. The soundtrack peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Top R&B Albums chart. The soundtrack features the songs "Da Butt" by E.U. and "Be Alone Tonight" which features Tisha Campbell. "Da Butt" became a number-one R&B/pop hit on the Billboard R&B Singles chart and peaked at number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100. Track listing Source Credits Executive producer — Spike Lee Producers — Marcus Miller (track 1), Lenny White (track 2), Raymond Jones (track 3), Bill Lee (tracks 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10), Stevie Wonder (track 7) Charts Singles References 1988 soundtrack albums EMI Records soundtracks Musical film soundtracks Comedy film soundtracks Drama film soundtracks

4038912

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolam%20Thullal

Kolam Thullal

Kolam Thullal is a ritual dance form prevalent in south Kerala, southern India. It is customary in houses and temples of Bhagavathy, a female deity. It is performed at temple festivals and to drive away evil spirits from the "possessed" bodies. Its origins lie with the Tinta group of the Kaniyar caste. The ritual is similar to the Tovil and Kolam rituals of the Sinhalese people in Sri Lanka See also Kerala Folklore Akademi Kathakali References Dances of Kerala

4038916

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Moonlight

Thomas Moonlight

Thomas Moonlight (September 30, 1833February 7, 1899) was a United States politician and soldier. Moonlight served as Governor of Wyoming Territory from 1887 to 1889. Birth Moonlight was born in Forfarshire, Scotland. He was baptized on 30 September 1833 in St Vigeans, Angus, Scotland with birth record number 319/0040 0169. His family can be traced in Scotland back to the 1600s, and to Archibald Moonlight and his wife Margaret Elspet Andersone. Moonlight was one of 10 children. Moonlight's birth date is frequently quoted as 10 November 1833 (including on his grave marker), but his baptism records exist for 30 September 1833. Early Scottish and English record keeping relied on the church where more commonly the baptism date and not birth date was recorded. It was not until government record keeping began that formal birth dates were recorded. Early life When he was seven, records show he lived in Gallowden on a farm with about ninety acres. Moonlight lived with his family and a maid. By 1851, Moonlight no longer lived with his family, which supports evidence he left Scotland at an early age. Some think that he left Scotland alone, but family stories say he possibly left with his two cousins, George and Thomas. Moonlight is thought to have worked farms in the East until he enlisted in the army at the age of twenty. Just as Thomas achieved fame in the US, his cousin George eventually left America and achieved fame as a Pioneer and Prospector in New Zealand where the township of Moonlight is named after him. George was said to have retained his American accent all his life and took the name Captain George Fairweather Moonlight. As he had no right to the title Captain, speculation is he adopted Thomas's military achievements in the US. Several places in New Zealand were named by George (Shenandoah River, Rappahannock, Minnehaha) taking America to New Zealand. Both of his cousins are buried in Nelson, New Zealand. Life in the United States Civil War In 1853, at the age of twenty, Moonlight enlisted in the 4th U.S. Artillery Regiment (Company D). He served in Texas from 1853 to 1856, and was promoted to the rank of orderly sergeant. Moonlight settled in Leavenworth County, Kansas in 1860. When the American Civil War began in 1861, Moonlight raised a company of artillery for the 4th Kansas Infantry, but the regiment never completed organization. The recruits to the company (and another regiment) were reassigned to the 1st Kansas Battery; Moonlight briefly served as its captain. Moonlight later joined the 11th Kansas Infantry as its lieutenant colonel. The regiment became the 11th Kansas Cavalry and Moonlight its colonel. Moonlight briefly commanded the 14th Kansas Cavalry as lieutenant colonel but was later ordered to return to the 11th Kansas Cavalry. His service during the war was primarily in Kansas against bushwhackers and border guerrillas. He also pursued William C. Quantrill's raiders following the Lawrence Massacre. In 1864, he commanded the 3rd Sub-district in the District of South Kansas. During Sterling Price's Missouri Raid in 1864, Colonel Moonlight commanded the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division in the Army of the Border and was conspicuous at the Battle of Westport. Indian wars Toward the end of the war, Moonlight was in command of the District of Colorado and campaigned against Indians on the plains. On February 13, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Moonlight for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from February 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 23, 1865. In April 1865, Moonlight became the commander of the north sub-district of the Great Plains headquartered at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. On May 26, Moonlight hanged two Oglala Lakota Sioux chiefs, Two Face and Black Foot. A white woman, Lucinda Ewbanks, and her small child were discovered living in pitiful condition among the Oglala bands. They had been kidnapped by Cheyenne almost a year earlier and sold to the Oglala band of Two Face and Black Foot. Moonlight ordered the two Oglala hanged, apparently over the opposition of Mrs. Ewbanks and although warned by civilians at the fort of repercussions. George Bent and others tell the story differently. He said the two Oglala ransomed the woman from the Cheyenne and brought her into the fort as a peace gesture. Moonlight, however, arrested and hanged them, an action which Mrs. Ewbanks protested. Their bodies, and also that of a Cheyenne, were left hanging from the gallows for months in public view. On June 3, the army fearing that the 1,500 Lakota, mostly Brulé, and Arapaho living near Fort Laramie, might become hostile, decided to move them about 300 miles east to Fort Kearny in Nebraska. The Indian protested that Fort Kearny was in Pawnee territory and the Pawnee were their traditional enemies. Moreover, they feared, with reason, there would be no food for them at Fort Kearny. The army insisted and the Indians, with an escort of 138 cavalrymen under Captain William D. Fouts, departed Fort Laramie on June 11. However, on June 13, near present-day Morrill, Nebraska, some of the Indians decided to flee northward across the North Platte River. Attempting to stop them, Fouts and four soldiers were killed. Hearing of the disaster, Moonlight departed Fort Laramie with 234 cavalry to pursue the Indians. He traveled so fast that many of his men had to turn back because their horses were spent. On June 17, near present-day Harrison, Nebraska, the Lakota raided his horse herd and relieved him of most of his remaining horses. Moonlight and many of his men had to walk 60 miles back to Fort Laramie. Moonlight was severely criticized by his soldiers for being drunk and not guarding the horse herd. On July 7, Moonlight was relieved of his command and mustered out of the army. Political career Moonlight returned to his farm and became involved in Kansas politics. He was a Republican until 1870, when he switched to Democrat. He served as the Kansas Secretary of State, and also as State Senator. In 1864 Moonlight was a presidential elector, casting a ballot for the re-election of the incumbent President Abraham Lincoln. From January 8, 1883, to January 22, 1885, he served as the Adjutant General of Kansas. Moonlight was appointed governor of the Wyoming Territory by President Grover Cleveland on January 5, 1887. Moonlight served as governor until April 9, 1889. After his term as governor, he served as United States Minister to Bolivia from 1893 to 1897. He was unsuccessful in his run for governor of Kansas in 1886. Family life Moonlight married Ellen Elizabeth Murray (born in Ireland) and they had seven children. Death Moonlight died on February 7, 1899, and is buried in Mount Muncie Cemetery in Lansing, Kansas. Moonlight's wife is buried in the same cemetery. See also List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union) Notes References Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. External links Wyoming State Archives Wyoming State Historical Society 1833 births 1899 deaths United States Army soldiers Union Army colonels People of Kansas in the American Civil War American military personnel of the Indian Wars 19th-century American diplomats Secretaries of State of Kansas Kansas state senators Governors of Wyoming Territory Kansas Republicans Kansas Democrats Wyoming Democrats Scottish emigrants to the United States People from Angus, Scotland 19th-century American politicians

4038917

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panningen

Panningen

Panningen (; ) is a Dutch town with a population of 7,618 inhabitants (2020) and is the biggest village of the municipality Peel en Maas. It is centrally located between the cities of Roermond, Weert and Venlo in the north of the Dutch province Limburg. Before the 2010 municipal redivision, when Panningen became a part of the newly formed municipality of Peel en Maas, it was part of Helden. Together with Helden, Panningen forms a double core, the double core Helden-Panningen has 13,863 inhabitants (2020). Its nearest city, Venlo, lies about 13 km eastwards. The built-up area of the town is 3.38 km², and contains 4523 residences. Gallery References Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands) Peel en Maas

4038926

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagarism

Hagarism

Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World is a 1977 book about the early history of Islam by the historians Patricia Crone and Michael Cook. Drawing on archaeological evidence and contemporary documents in Arabic, Armenian, Coptic, Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic, Latin and Syriac, Crone and Cook depict an early Islam very different from the traditionally-accepted version derived from Muslim historical accounts. According to the authors, "Hagarenes" was a term which near-contemporary sources used to name an Arab movement of the 7th century CE whose conquests and resultant caliphate were inspired by Jewish messianism. Crone and Cook contend that an alliance of Arabs and Jews sought to reclaim the Promised Land from the Byzantine Empire, that the Qur'an consists of 8th-century edits of various Judeo-Christian and other Middle-Eastern sources, and that Muhammad was the herald of Umar "the redeemer", a Judaic messiah. Although the hypotheses proposed in Hagarism have been criticized, even by the authors themselves, the book has been hailed as a seminal work in its branch of Islamic historiography. The book questioned prevailing assumptions about traditional sources, proposing new interpretations that opened avenues for research and discussion. It connected the history of early Islam to other areas, from Mediterranean late antiquity to theories of acculturation. Following earlier critical work by Goldziher, Schacht, and Wansbrough, it challenged scholars to use a much wider methodology, including techniques already used in biblical studies. It is thus credited for provoking a major development of the field, even though it might be viewed more as a "what-if" experiment than as a research monograph. Synopsis Cook and Crone postulate that "Hagarism" started as a "Jewish messianic movement" to "reestablish Judaism" in the Jewish Holyland (Palestine), that its adherents were first known as muhajirun rather than Muslims, and that their hijra (migration) was to Jerusalem rather than Medina. Its members were initially both Jewish and Arab but the Arabs' increasing success impelled them to break from the Jews around the time of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in the late seventh century. They flirted with Christianity, learning a respect for Jesus as prophet and Mary as Virgin, before asserting an independent Abrahamic monotheist identity. This borrowed from the Jewish breakaway sect of Samaritanism "the idea of a scripture limited to the Pentateuch, a prophet like Moses (Muhammad), a holy book revealed like the Torah (the Quran), a sacred city (Mecca) with a nearby mountain (Jabal an-Nour) and shrine (the Kaaba) of an appropriate patriarch (Abraham), plus a caliphate modeled on an Aaronid priesthood." Methodology Hagarism begins with the premise that Western historical scholarship on the beginnings of Islam should be based on contemporary historical, archaeological and philological data, as is done for the study of Judaism and Christianity, rather than Islamic traditions and later Arabic writings. The tradition expresses dogma, and tells historically irreconcilable and anachronistic accounts of the community's past. By relying on contemporary historical, archaeological and philological evidence, stressing non-Muslim sources, the authors attempt to reconstruct and present what they argue is a more historically accurate account of Islam's origins. The term Hagarism According to the authors, Hagarenes is a term used commonly by various sources (Greek , Syriac or ) to describe the 7th-century Arab conquerors. The word was a self-designation of the early Muslim community with a double-meaning. Firstly, it is a cognate of , an Arabic term for those who partake in (exodus). Secondly, it refers to Ishmaelites: descendants of Abraham through his handmaid Hagar and their child Ishmael, in the same way as the Jews claimed descent and their ancestral faith from Abraham through his wife Sarah and their child Isaac. Muhammad would have claimed such descent for Arabs to give them a birthright to the Holy Land and to prepend a monotheist genealogy compatible with Judaism to their pagan ancestral practice (such as sacrifice and circumcision). Hagarism thus refers to this early faith movement. The designation as Muslims and Islam would only come later, after the success of conquests made the duty of hijra obsolete.() Origins The authors, interpreting 7th century Syriac, Armenian and Hebrew sources, put forward the hypothesis that Muhammad was alive during the conquest of Palestine (about two years longer than traditionally believed; the caliphate of Abu Bakr was hence a later invention). He led Jews and Hagarenes (Arabs) united under a faith loosely described as Judeo-Hagarism, as a prophet preaching the coming of a Judaic messiah who would redeem the Promised Land from the Christian Byzantines. This redeemer came in the person of Umar, as suggested by the Aramaic origins of his epithet . The , the defining idea and religious duty of Hagarenes, thus referred to the emigration from northern Arabia to Palestine (later more generally to conquered territories), not to a single exodus from Mecca to Medina (in particular, "no seventh-century source identifies the Arab era as that of the hijra"). Mecca was only a secondary sanctuary; the initial gathering of Hagarenes and Jews took place rather somewhere in north-west Arabia, north of Medina. Development After the successful conquest of the Holy Land, Hagarenes feared that being too influenced by Judaism might result in outright conversion and assimilation. In order to break with Jewish messianism, they recognised Jesus as messiah (though rejecting his crucifixion), which also served to soften the initially hostile attitude towards a growing numbers of Christian subjects. However, to form a distinct identity, not conflated with either Judaism or Christianity, ancestral practice was reframed as a distinct monotheistic Abrahamic religion. It took the Samaritan scriptural position, defined as accepting the Pentateuch while rejecting prophets. This also served to undermine the legitimacy of the Davidic monarchy, which the Samaritans rejected, as well as the sanctity of Jerusalem. Instead, Samaritans had had their holy city in Shechem and a temple on the nearby Mount Gerizim; Mecca with its nearby mountain were contrived as a parallel of these. To combine the Abrahamic, Christian, and Samaritan elements, the role of Muhammad was recast as a prophet parallel to Moses, bringing a new scriptural revelation. The Quran was expeditiously collected from earlier disparate Hagarene writings, possibly heavily edited into its complete form by al-Hajjaj (that is, in the last decade of the 7th century rather than the middle, under Uthman, as traditionally believed; see Origin according to academic historians). The political theory of early Islam was based on two sources. The first was Samaritan high-priesthood, which joins political and religious authority and legitimises it on basis of religious knowledge and genealogy. Secondly, a resurgence of Judaic influences in Babylonian Iraq, which led to the reassertion of messianism in the form of mahdism, especially in Shia Islam. The identification as Hagarenes was replaced with the Samaritan notion of Islam (understood as submission or as a covenant of peace), its adherents becoming Muslims. Consolidation in Iraq The transition to a confident, recognisably Islamic identity, with its various borrowings assimilated, occurred in the late 7th century, during the reign of Abd al-Malik. However, its evolution continued. As power was transferred from Syria to Iraq, Islam incorporated the rabbinical culture of Babylonian Judaism: religious law practised by a learned laity and based on oral traditions. In the second half of the eighth century, the early Muʿtazila, simultaneously with Karaite Judaism, rejected all oral traditions, leading to a failed attempt to base law on Greek rationalism. In response, scholars followed Shafi'i in gathering chains of authorities (isnads) to support traditions item by item. This original solution finalised the independence of Islam from Judaism. Part I of the book ends by considering the peculiar state in which the Hagarenes found themselves: their own success pushed them away from the sanctuaries of Jerusalem and Mecca to Babylonia, as finalised by the Abbasid Revolution; Umar had already lived and there was no lost land or freedom to hope for. This led Sunni religious politics into quietism under a desanctified state, contrasted only with "Sufi resignation". Wider context The remainder of the book, Parts II and III, discuss later developments and the larger context in which Islam originated: the Late Antique Near East, and relate it to theoretical themes of cultural history. This contrasts with the usual setting, focusing almost exclusively on Arabian indigenous polytheistic beliefs (jahiliyya). Reception The thesis of Hagarism is not widely accepted. Crone and Cook's work was part of revisionist history arising from several scholars associated with the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), beginning in the 1970s. They introduced methods from biblical studies as a new way of analyzing the history of the Koran and Islam, for instance, the use of contemporary texts in languages other than that used in the holy text, and incorporating evidence from archeology and linguistics. Hagarism was acknowledged as raising some interesting questions and being a fresh approach in its reconstruction of early Islamic history, but it was described by Josef van Ess as an experiment. He argued that a “refutation is perhaps unnecessary since the authors make no effort to prove it (the hypothesis of the book) in detail ... Where they are only giving a new interpretation of well-known facts, this is not decisive. But where the accepted facts are consciously put upside down, their approach is disastrous." Jack Tannous, associate professor at Princeton, called the book "brilliantly provocative" in 2011. He commented: Stephen Humphreys, professor at UCSB, wrote in his analytic review of the historiography of early Islam: David Waines, professor at Lancaster University, states: The journalist Toby Lester commented in The Atlantic that Hagarism was a notorious work, and that when it was published it "came under immediate attack, from Muslim and non-Muslim scholars alike, for its heavy reliance on hostile sources." He added that, "Crone and Cook have since backed away from some of its most radical propositions—such as, for example, that the Prophet Muhammad lived two years longer than the Muslim tradition claims he did, and that the historicity of his migration to Medina is questionable." According to Liaquat Ali Khan who claimed to have interviewed Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, both of them would have later suggested that the central thesis of the book was mistaken because the evidence they had to support the thesis was not sufficient or internally consistent enough. Patricia Crone would have suggested to him that the book was “a graduate essay" and "a hypothesis," not "a conclusive finding", but they did nothing to acknowledge it publicly as Khan wrote "that Cook and Crone have made no manifest effort to repudiate their juvenile findings in the book. The authors admitted to me that they had not done it and cater no plans to do so." Scholarly reviews John Wansbrough, who had mentored the authors, reviewed the book, specifically the first part. He begins by praising the book claiming, "the authors' erudition is extraordinary their industry everywhere evident, their prose ebullient." But, he says that "most, if not all, [of the sources] have been or can be challenged on suspicion of inauthenticity" and that "the material is upon occasion misleadingly represented ... My reservations here, and elsewhere in this first part of the book, turn upon what I take to be the authors' methodological assumptions, of which the principal must be that a vocabulary of motives can be freely extrapolated from a discrete collection of literary stereotypes composed by alien and mostly hostile observers, and thereupon employed to describe, even interpret, not merely the overt behaviour but also intellectual and spiritual development of the helpless and mostly innocent actors. Where even the sociologist fears to tread, the historian ought not with impunity be permitted to go." Robert Bertram Serjeant wrote that Hagarism is "not only bitterly anti-Islamic in tone, but anti-Arabian. Its superficial fancies are so ridiculous that at first one wonders if it is just a 'leg pull', pure 'spoof'." Eric Manheimer commented that, "The research on Hagarism is thorough, but this reviewer feels that the conclusions drawn lack balance. The weights on the scales tip too easily toward the hypercritical side, tending to distract from what might have been an excellent study in comparative religion." Oleg Grabar described Hagarism as a "brilliant, fascinating, original, arrogant, highly debatable book" and writes that "the authors' fascination with lapidary formulas led them to cheap statements or to statements which require unusual intellectual gymnastics to comprehend and which become useless, at best cute" and that "... the whole construction proposed by the authors lacks entirely in truly historical foundations" but also praised the authors for trying to "relate the Muslim phenomenon to broad theories of acculturation and historical change." The classicist Norman O. Brown wrote in Apocalypse and/or Metamorphosis (1991) that Hagarism, "illustrates in an ominous way the politics of Orientalism", and citing Grabar's review, added that, "The Western tradition of urbane condescension has degenerated into aggressive, unscrupulous even, calumny". Michael G. Morony remarked that "Despite a useful bibliography, this is a thin piece of full of glib generalizations, facile assumptions, and tiresome jargon. More argument than evidence, it suffers all the problems of intellectual history, including reification and logical traps." Fred M. Donner, reviewing Hagarism in 2006, viewed the book as a "wake-up call": despite initial repudiation, it set a milestone by pointing out that scholars need to "consider a much more varied body of source material than most were used to using, or trained to use." On the other hand, he criticized the book's indiscriminate use of non-Muslim sources and the "labyrinthine" arguments incomprehensible even to many who had strong specialist training. Follow-up work Robert G. Hoyland characterized Hagarism as evolving into a wider inter-disciplinary and literary approach, and said that additional studies would be published in the Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam (SLAEI Series) in which his book appears. Since then the "SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies" has also published a selection of authors who are continuing to produce work related to a modified form of this theory. See also Historiography of early Islam Revisionist school of Islamic studies Seeing Islam As Others Saw It – a book by Robert G. Hoyland, former student of Patricia Crone, providing an extensive collection of contemporary non-Muslim sources that give accounts of the formative period of Islam. References Further reading Coster, Marije, "Hagarism", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 236–239. External links Full text of Hagarism; The Making Of The Islamic World Crone, Cook 1977 non-fiction books Books by Michael Cook (historian) Books by Patricia Crone Books critical of Islam English-language books History books about Islam Origins of Islam

4038930

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garudan%20Thookkam

Garudan Thookkam

Garudan Thookkamis a ritual art form performed in certain Kali temples in some Central Kerala districts in south India. The people who dress up as Garuda perform the dance. After the dance performance, the hang-designate dangle from a shaft hooking the skin on his back. In some places, the ritual is performed colorfully with Garudas taken in a procession on bullock carts or boats or hand pulled carts. It will be available in Devi temple during the festival of Meena bharani and Pathamudayam in Thiruvanchoor in Kottayam district. Legend has it that even after slaying Darika, Kali remained insatiable and thirsty. At this time Vishnu sent Garuda to Kali to quench the thirst. A dancing and bleeding Garuda was taken to Kali and only after getting some drops of blood from Garuda, Kali was pacified. The ritual is performed based on this belief. Garudan Thookam is submitted as a reward for the problems solved in the abode of Goddess Kali. There is a famous Garudan Thookam at the Elamkavu Devi temple at Vadayar in Vaikkom taluk of Kottayam district. During the Aswathi, Bharani days of Meenam Month (Malayalam), more than 40 to 50 Garudan in the Thooka chadus, decorated and floated in thoni vallams (big country-boats), travel behind the Attuvela - a wooden structure constructed in the form of a three storied building which is considered as the floating temple of the Goddess Kali in the Moovattupuzha river. This is one of the best sights, with illuminated Structures. After the night long performance with the help of scores of chenda experts, the Garudans - bleeding after the Choondakuthal (Piercing of the skin on their back with a sharp metal hook) will be hung on a tall pedestal-like structure and taken thrice around the temple by the devotees. This is seen at the Pazhaveedu temple at Alappuzha district. But here the performance is done on a chariot-like structure on the road. This ritual is performed at Pallikkalkavu Bhagavathi temple (Njeezhoor, Kottayam (Dist)) on Makara Bharani day. This ritual was performed at Kottekkavu Bhagavathy temple (Ernakulam Dist) on Meenabharani. Araynkavu Devi temple Ernakulam dist (on Pooram, Meenam) and Irapuram Devi temple near perumbavoor (on Kumbha Bharani day) has the highest number of garduan thookkam in Kerala. More than 100 Garudan performers perform in these temples every year. Garudanthoookam is also performed in Polassery Bhagavathi temple in [Polassery, vaikom] in Kottayam district on meenabharani . Garudanthookam is performed in this temple in every year. See also Kathakali Dances of Kerala Hindu dance traditions

4038953

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine%20%28disambiguation%29

Guillotine (disambiguation)

A guillotine is a device for carrying out executions by decapitation. Guillotine or Guillotines may also refer to: Cutting Guillotine, a type of cigar cutter Guillotine amputation, performed without closure of the skin in an urgent setting – typically followed by a 2nd-phase amputation Guillotine cutting, the process of partitioning a material by bisecting it Guillotine (metalwork) or shear Paper cutter or paper guillotine Film Guillotine (film), a 1924 German silent drama film The Guillotines, a 2012 Chinese film Music "The Guillotine", a 2006 song by Escape The Fate "Guillotine", a 2016 song by Jon Bellion Guillotine (band), an Indian musical group Guillotine (British India album) (2007) Guillotine (Circle album) (2003) "Guillotine" (Death Grips song), a 2011 song by Death Grips Sports Guillotine (wrestling) or the twister, a spinal lock Guillotine choke, a martial arts chokehold Guillotine, a press-up where the chest, head, and neck are lowered below the plane of the hands Other uses Guillotine (character), a character from Marvel Comics Guillotine (game), a card game Guillotine (magic trick) Cloture or guillotine, a motion or process in parliamentary procedure aimed at bringing debate to a quick end See also Flying guillotine, a Chinese premodern combat weapon

4038954

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio%20Ol%C3%ADmpico%20Patria

Estadio Olímpico Patria

Estadio Olímpico Patria is a multi-purpose stadium in Sucre, Bolivia. It is currently used for football matches and is the home venue for Universitario de Sucre and Independiente Petrolero, and was used for the Copa América 1997. The stadium holds 30,700 and was opened in 1992. References Sports venues completed in 1992 Football venues in Bolivia Copa América stadiums Multi-purpose stadiums in Bolivia Estadio Olímpico Patria Sport in Sucre

4038960

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Sullivan%20%28EastEnders%29

Dan Sullivan (EastEnders)

Dan Sullivan is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Craig Fairbrass. He was first introduced to the series as a regular character from 7 June 1999 to 10 July 2000 before returning as one of the show's primary antagonists from 26 February to 16 August 2001. The character originally appeared in Albert Square as the new boyfriend of local resident Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson), but it quickly transpired that Dan had previously had a relationship with her daughter Bianca (Patsy Palmer); he soon embarked on an affair with Bianca until her mother eventually found out about it, which results in Bianca and Carol leaving the soap. Soon afterwards, Dan established an intense feud with Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden). The ensuing rivalry between Dan and Phil continued to escalate in one of the show's greatest and most memorable storylines in soap history, Who Shot Phil?, wherein Dan becomes a prime suspect after Phil gets shot on the night their ex-lover Mel Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite) married the duo's fellow nemesis Steve Owen (Martin Kemp). By then, Dan's growing conflicts with both Phil and Steve were respectively steamed from each of their own romances with Mel — whom Dan had formerly dated after his relationship with one of the pub's customers, Teresa di Marco (Leila Birch), ended with the character sparking a quarrel with her overprotective brother Gianni (Marc Bannerman). He also ends up squaring up against the Mitchell family amid the "Who Shot Phil" scenario by clashing with Phil's mother Peggy (Barbara Windsor), extorting money from his godson Jamie (Jack Ryder), and tormenting Billy (Perry Fenwick). Dan is then imprisoned after Phil and Steve frame him for the shooting, but Dan is later found not guilty in his trial. Afterwards, Dan seeks to get revenge on both Phil and Steve by kidnapping Mel and then blackmailing his two alpha male rivals into giving him £100,000 each in exchange for her safety. The storyline of Mel's kidnapping, which occurred in August 2001 and simultaneously commenced the stage where the show would start presenting four episodes a week, led to a climactic showdown between Dan and Phil on 16 August 2001 when the former forced the latter to make the exchange of the ransom money for Mel. The confrontation between them saw Phil disarm Dan and preparing to kill him, but Dan ultimately overpowered Phil with Mel's help after she gradually realized that Dan was indeed framed for Phil's shooting. In the end, Dan got his revenge and left the country with his £200,000 ransom. Storylines Dan Sullivan arrives in Walford — a fictionalized borough in East London — on 7 June 1999, appearing as the latest boyfriend of local café manager Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson). They soon move to Walford's local community, Albert Square, where the couple plan to get married after Dan learns that Carol is expecting his child. Their wedding plans surprise Carol's daughter Bianca (Patsy Palmer), as she and Dan had a fling when she was a teenager on holiday many years before. After the pair find themselves secretly reacquainted with each other, Dan and Bianca start an affair — even though she is married to local resident Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen), who ends up befriending Dan. Eventually, Carol discovers the affair and publicly exposes it in front of Ricky and their neighbors. She then disowns Bianca, breaks-up with Dan by chucking him out of her house, and later aborts their child before leaving Walford. Bianca subsequently departs the square after she and Dan are unable to resume their relationship. Shortly afterwards, Dan and Ricky begin to clash after Ricky blames Dan for ruining his life and marriage with Bianca. The hostility between them escalates when Dan begins to flirt with Ricky's sister Janine (Charlie Brooks), which promptly sparks a conflict between the siblings' father Frank (Mike Reid) and Dan himself. One such incident between them involves Frank punching Dan for making remarks on how he brought up his children. This eventually becomes too much for Ricky, who ends up leaving the square in April 2000. It is at this point where Dan has become closely acquainted with Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) — the square's local hardman who is also partly related to the Butcher family as he is Ricky's former brother-in-law and Frank's eldest stepson. Dan quickly establishes himself as Phil's best-friend as the two continue to bond over their relationship problems and business interests, with Phil even confiding to Dan about how Ricky previously married his sister Sam (Danniella Westbrook) before his marriage with Bianca emerged years afterwards. Towards the Millennium celebrations, Dan finds Phil spending his Christmas alone at The Queen Victoria public house and comforts him over his wife Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) and their son Ben leaving the county without him months ago. They soon proceed to form a business partnership when Phil sells his ownership of The Queen Vic to Dan for £5; with Phil having done so to spite his mother Peggy (Barbara Windsor) in retribution for supposedly favoring his brother Grant (Ross Kemp), who recently left the square following a botched criminal job between the brothers, more than him. Phil slowly regrets this decision after his girlfriend Lisa Shaw (Lucy Benjamin) confronts him for upsetting Peggy. However, Dan refuses to relinquish his ownership of the pub back to Peggy and later discovers that Phil is running a car lot scam with both Frank and their colleague Roy Evans (Tony Caunter). When Lisa is rushed to hospital one night, Dan offers Phil a lift to the hospital and the two begin arguing over his ownership of the pub — which Dan once again refuses to relinquish back to Peggy for £10,000. Phil lashes out in response to this, but Dan overpowers Phil and threatens to report him to the police. Phil backs down and leaves Dan outside of the hospital, where inside he finds out that Lisa has suffered a miscarriage and that their unborn baby has died. The next day, Dan learns that Phil plans to kick him out of the house and responds by reporting his motor scam to the police; Phil later changes his mind after he makes amends with Dan, and the two plan on further establishing their partnership whilst Dan hopes to cover-up his betrayal from Phil. By then, Dan has romantically bonded with Phil's barmaid and Lisa's best-friend: Mel Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite). Their growing relationship is initially contracted when Dan befriends and later dates one of the pub's regular customers, Teresa di Marco (Leila Birch), which causes her overprotective brother Gianni (Marc Bannerman) to become suspicious over his intentions. When Gianni witnesses Dan further wooing Teresa and her friends, he confronts them and warns Dan to stay away from his sister. They nearly brawl after Gianni chucks a drink at Dan for dismissing him, but Mel separates them and Teresa later ends her crush on Dan at her family's urging. Dan then continues to develop his relationship with Mel, who soon learns about him reporting Phil and his motor scam to the police. Mel subsequently confides this secrecy to Lisa, who ends up telling Phil about Dan tipping off the police about his motor scam. This causes Phil to end his friendship with Dan, and he later plots to win back his share of the pub as payback. Phil arranges a card game between him and Dan, who ends up losing after the former tricks him into refunding his £5. Outraged, Dan swears revenge on Phil. He soon learns that Mel told Phil about his tip-off and, suspecting that she conspired with Phil against him, begins stalking her — up to the point where he even threatens Mel with phone calls. This continues until Dan, while corning Mel just as she finishes one of her with her night shifts at the pub, finds himself confronted by her boyfriend Steve Owen (Martin Kemp) — who threatens to kill Dan unless he leaves the square. At first Dan ignores Steve and plans to further harass Mel, but is forced to change his mind when Steve visits him with a gun — thus making his threat clear; Dan seemingly complies to his demands and leaves the square on 7 July 2000. Six months later, Dan returns to the square in 26 February 2001 — still determined to get revenge on Phil. He plans to confirm this to Steve and, after learning that he and Mel are set to get married at the start of March 2001, sets out to visit him at his nightclub; the E20. There, he finds Phil's cousin Billy (Perry Fenwick) working as Steve's secretary and orders him to summon Steve himself. Billy initially refuses and attempts to threaten Dan by brandishing Steve's gun out of his safe, but Dan is unfazed and — after taunting Billy over how he would really feel about killing a man — easily disarms Billy, forcing him to drop his gun and discuss like "big boys". Moments later, Steve arrives and orders Billy to get out of his office. Dan then proceeds to sarcastically offer Steve his congratulations, and the two begin exchanging threats to each other when Steve reminds Dan of the last warning he gave him about leaving the square for good. Although Dan tells Steve that he is back in the square to deal with Phil and not Mel, he is dismissed at the expense of warning Steve to not be fooled by Mel as she previously did to her ex-husband Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt). Their conversation ends with Dan offering Steve a handshake, to which Steve threateningly rejects by telling Dan to get out of his office — which prompts Dan to tell Steve that he'll regret crossing him. On the day Steve and Mel get married, Dan approaches Billy at Steve's wedding reception and demands that he bring Phil for him when the latter arrives. Billy complies and tells Phil that Dan is waiting for him in Steve's office, much to Steve's frustration. Upon confronting each other, Dan tells Phil that he plans to settle his score with him and begins to taunt him just as Phil gives Dan five seconds to get out of his sight. When Phil ends up chucking wine from his glass into Dan's face, Dan threatens Phil by promising him that he'll regret it. Later on that night, Phil is shot by an unknown assailant — though not before Dan resorts to harassing him with phone calls. Following Phil's shooting, Dan becomes a prime suspect. He soon begins to target Phil's godson Jamie (Jack Ryder), threatening to inflict violence on the youngster unless he agrees to repay him the money Phil owes him. Jamie makes his effort to avoid succumbing to Dan's threats, even when Phil learns about Dan's comeback. Dan also continues to torment Mel once more, and begins clashing with Steve over their similar issues with Phil. It is soon revealed that Lisa is the culprit who shot Phil. After confronting Lisa over the shooting, Phil forgives her and decides to frame Dan — knowing that Dan is a much bigger threat to him than Lisa. He first contacts Dan's former crime boss, Ritchie Stringer (Gareth Hunt), and together the pair hatch a plan where Dan would be given the same gun that Lisa used to shoot Phil. Once the weapon is in his position, Dan later confronts Phil at the garage to extort money from him — threatening to shoot him otherwise. When Jamie ends up walking to see Phil being held at gunpoint, he attempts to disarm Dan — who fights off Jamie and ends up shooting the garage's clock from the resulting impact. Moments later, the police arrive thanks to Phil's tip-off and Dan is consequently arrested; he is later charged with attempted murder and will be put on trial for the crime in July 2001. Before the trial commences, Phil convinces Steve to work together in getting Dan imprisoned — under the guise that the pair, though archenemies, would be well-ridden of their common nemesis and Mel's tormenting ex-boyfriend once and for all. Phil also summons his lawyer Marcus Christie (Stephen Churchett) to help Jamie prepare in testifying against Dan, while also forcing Ian to help contribute to his testimony as well. Despite all their efforts, however, Dan is found not guilty by the jury in August 2001. Deducing that Phil had framed him for the shooting and that Steve had been conspiring with their shared enemy against him, Dan resolves to get revenge on his two alpha male rivals once and for all — up to the point where he wrongfully asserts that Steve is the one who shot Phil. He first blackmails Billy into giving him leverage against Phil and Steve. When he learns from Billy that Mel had a one-night stand with Phil on Christmas Night 2000 before marrying Steve months later, Dan realizes that Mel is the key to his plan and sets out to target her as a result of this. Dan soon kidnaps Mel and holds her captive in an abandoned tower block building, whereupon he alerts Phil and Steve of the situation. When he calls them again, Dan demands that Phil and Steve give him £100,000 each in exchange for Mel's safety. It soon becomes clear that Dan's plan to get revenge on Phil and Steve was to kidnap Mel, the common link between the three rivals, and then blackmail the pair into giving him £200,000 ransom in order to rescue Mel from captivity. This forces Phil and Steve to work together in getting £200,000 for Mel's safety. As they do so, Dan attempts to justify his actions to Mel by telling her what Phil and Steve have been up to; Mel gradually realizes that Dan is telling the truth about being framed for Phil's shooting when he reveals that the pair have been secretly colluding in their ownership of the Queen Vic with Phil's ex-lover Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean). It is then Dan informs Mel that Steve has been having an affair with a blonde woman named Karen to elude himself from grieving over the death of his estranged mother Barbara (Sheila Hancock), which Dan had learned from Billy when blackmailing the latter into giving him leverage against Phil and Steve. These revelations soon help Mel improve the situation despite Dan promising Phil and Steve that he will kill her unless the ransom is completed. Phil and Steve are eventually successful in getting the £200,000 ransom money, but later get into an argument when Phil secretly acquires a handgun and plans to kill Dan to protect Jamie and Peggy from him. Steve argues that he just wants to get Mel back safely and insists on doing the exchange on his own, only for Dan to then call Phil and demand that he — not Steve — make the exchange on his own. Phil complies with Dan's demand and sets off to make the exchange on his own. When he arrives, Dan puts Mel in a hiding place and then cautiously gets Phil prepared for the meet-up. He first demands Phil to leave his jacket in his car, then to open the duffel bag containing the £200,000 ransom money, and lastly insists that Phil prove he is unarmed. This forces Phil to reveal the gun he hid in his jacket, and Dan forces him to leave the gun in the car before making his way up the building. As Phil obliges, Dan gets out his own handgun and sets off to confront Phil at the elevator. He then awaits for Phil's arrival, but is caught off-guard when Phil suddenly disarms Dan and holds him at gunpoint. After forcing Dan back into the room where Mel is being held captive, Phil is unable to find her and demands to know where she is kept hidden. Dan then begins to taunt Phil over his one-night stand with Mel, which provokes him in kicking Dan to the ground. Phil then prepares to kill Dan, telling him that he will become the first person who he will have intentionally murdered in light of having never really done so before. In that moment, however, Mel intervenes by cutting off the lights. This distracts Phil, and Dan uses the opportunity to disarm him before knocking Phil unconscious. Upon realizing that Mel saved his life, Dan thanks her for saving his life and gives Mel £50,000 in gratitude. When Phil starts to regain consciousness, Dan handcuffs him to a radiator and plans to kill him. Mel, however, appeals to his better nature and urges him to be better than Phil. In response, Dan asks Mel to wait outside for him while he deals with Phil on his own. Once Phil has woken up, Dan threatens to shoot him unless he begs for mercy. Phil refuses and dares Dan to kill him. Eventually, Dan pulls the trigger — causing Phil to flinch. However, the gun is not loaded; Dan reveals that he unloaded the gun to take Mel's advice in proving that he is better than Phil, whom he saw was terrified of dying at the moment he flinched when Dan pulled the trigger. After stating they are now even, Dan gets his final revenge on Phil by gagging him and leaving him handcuffed at the radiator — bidding his archenemy a morbid and taunting farewell. Phil later frees himself and leaves the area, but by then Dan is already long gone after dropping Mel off at a rendezvous point near Walford. Earlier on when they parted ways, Dan apologizes to Mel for putting her through the situation with his revenge plan and wishes her the best of luck. Dan then leaves the country with his £150,000 ransom money — considerably richer than when he first arrived in Walford. Though he is not seen again on the square again, Dan leaves flowers on Steve's grave following the latter's death in March 2002 — at the epic climax of his feud with Phil — bearing the message "Gotcha!". In 2003, Billy is led to believe that Dan is back in the square to settle a few scores after hearing rumors of his supposed comeback — although this is off-screen. This is later revealed to be a hoax by the police to connect Phil to the alleged murder of Lisa. It soon transpires that Dan is last heard to be living in Spain, but having many brushes with the law — just like he did in the square. Consequently, Dan is one of the few soap opera villains to not get killed off nor receive any comeuppance for his crimes. Development Dan was introduced as a new love interest for the returning Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson), following her separation from her husband, Alan Jackson (Howard Antony). In 2001, it was reported by The Mirror, that Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) would be shot in a whodunnit style storyline. The possible suspects were Lisa Shaw (Lucy Benjamin), Melanie Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite), Steve Owen (Martin Kemp), Mark Fowler (Todd Carty), Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Dan. Some bookmakers refused to take bets as they were convinced that Dan would commit the crime. The bookies' favourite for Phil's shooter was Dan, with the odds 3–1. See also List of EastEnders characters (1999) List of soap opera villains References External links EastEnders characters Fictional bartenders Fictional criminals in soap operas Fictional businesspeople Fictional kidnappers Fictional con artists Fictional gangsters Male villains Television characters introduced in 1999 Male characters in television

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavittu%20Nadakam

Chavittu Nadakam

Chavittu Nadakam (Malayalam:ചവിട്ടുനാടകം) is a highly colorful Latin Christian classical art form originated in Ernakulam district, Kerala state in India. Commonly believed that Fort Kochi is the birthplace of Chavittu Nadakam. It is noted for its attractive make-up of characters, their elaborate costumes, detailed gestures and well-defined body movements presented in tune with the rhythmic playback music and complementary percussion. This art form highly resembles European opera. The most sensual blend of cultural influences can be seen in this Latin Christian dance-drama. In Chavittu Nadakam there are large number of characters all in glittering medieval dress. It is the form of traditional musical dance drama, which symbolizes the martial tradition of Kerala Latin Christians. History Chaviitu Nadakam is a Latin Christian folk art form of Kerala. It is originated in Cochin where the Latin Christian Portuguese missionaries have instituted their first mission. Chavittu Nadakam is believed to be originated after the arrival of Portuguese to the Kerala shores. The reason behind this assumption is that Chavittu Nadakam has a significant European character in its costumes and outfits. But there are historical evidences that Kerala had connections with the western world well before the arrival of Portuguese. Even though some argue that the Chavittu Nadakam is created by Portuguese as they felt cultural emptiness when they arrived at Kerala, there are no evidences supporting this view. Also the fact that Chavittu Nadakam uses language for its playback songs and dialogue, suggest that the art form is indigenous in origin. There are also claims that a Tamil named Chinnathambi Annavi as the founder of this art form in 16th century at Mattancherry. He is the author of one of the most famous plays in the art form ‘Karalman Charitham’ (the story of Emperor Charlemagne aka Charles the Great). The art form was active from Kollam to Kodungallur at its peak. There were also other writers like Vedanayakam Pillai, a native of Neyyoor, Kanyakumari. In earlier days this art form was mostly encouraged by the Tamil population and were staged in church premises. Sanjon Annavi, Vareechan Annavi, Cherrechan Annavi and Anthony Annavi were some of the playwrights of the early days. Brazeena Natakam, Ouseph Natakam, Kathrina Natakam, Santi Claus Natakam, Karlman Natakam and Jnana Sundari were some of the popular plays of early days. Chavittu Nadakam attained the style and form of the operas of Europe under the influence of Portuguese and European missionaries who propagated catholic belief in coastal regions of Kerala. The Syrian Christians of Kerala who lived in inlands didn't show any inclination for the art and thus its popularity was confined to Latin Catholic community. Performance Chavittu Nadakam is usually performed on open stages. Sometimes the interior of a church is also a venue. The performers wear glittering European costumes. The stage is set up over wooden planks. The training master is known as Annavi. The whole play is performed through musicals. Dance and instrumental music are combined in this art form. The bell and drum are two instruments used as background score. The percussion instruments Pada Thamber and Maravaladi provides the rhythm. The actors themselves sing and act. Though it used to be an open stage performance, in the recent times this is mostly played indoor. The predominant feature of this art is the artists stamping / pounding (Chavittu) the dance floor producing resonant sounds to accentuate the dramatic situations. The actors sing their lines loudly and with exaggerated gestures stamp with great force on the wooden stage. Hence literally Chavittu Nadakam means 'Stamping Drama'. Great stress is laid on the step, which goes in harmony with the songs. In these art forms there is a great importance for dance and art. Foot stamping dance, fighting and fencing are the essential part of Chavittunadakam. Royal dresses and ornamental costumes are necessary. The play is considered a success if at the end, the stage cave into the pressure of heavy stamping. Librettos The stories are mostly the heroic episodes of Bible or great Christian warriors. Historical incidents, the life and adventure of heroes like Charlemagne; stories of Alexander were the themes of Chavittu Nadakam in the 16th century. In the 18th century, spiritual themes like "Allesu-Nadakam", "Cathareena Nadakam", the victory of the Isaac, etc. were the themes. In the 19th century moral themes like "Sathyapalan"; "Njanasundhari", "Komala Chandrika", "Anjelica", "karlsman" were handled. Most popular Chavittu Nadakam plays Carelman Charitham (Charlemagne the Great) Brijeena Charitham (Life of Queen Brijeena) St. Sebastian Daveedhum Goliyathum (David and Goliath) Mahanaya Alexander (Alexander the Great) Veerayodhakkalude Anthyam (Death of Great warriors) See also Margam Kali Slama Carol Kerala Folklore Academy Thumpoly Church References External links Chavittu Nadakam Video in Youtube Chavittu Nadakam Video in WebIndia Christian Folk Arts chavittunadakam.in/ Christian folklore Culture of Kerala Arts of Kerala chavittunadakam.in

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Chaifetz

Jill Chaifetz

Jill Chaifetz (July 24, 1964 – February 2, 2006) was an American lawyer and children's rights advocate. Chaifetz grew up in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York and graduated from Swarthmore College in 1986. She earned a Juris Doctor degree from the New York University School of Law three years later. In 1992, Chaifetz founded the Legal Services Center at The Door, a New York youth development agency. Through the center, she provided legal advice to young people, including many who were in foster care or homeless. She headed Advocates for Children of New York from 1998 until her death from ovarian cancer at the age of 41. School named in memoriam The Jill Chaifetz Transfer High School in the South Bronx, New York, is named after Chaifetz. References Toosi, Nahal (February 2, 2006). Jill Chaifetz, New York children's rights advocate, dies at 41. Associated Press Saulny, Susan (February 3, 2006). Jill Chaifetz, Advocate for Students' Rights, Dies at 41. New York Times. 1964 births 2006 deaths New York (state) lawyers Deaths from ovarian cancer Swarthmore College alumni New York University School of Law alumni 20th-century American women lawyers 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American women

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan-Armin%20Eichhorn

Jan-Armin Eichhorn

Jan-Armin Eichhorn (born 8 May 1981 in Sonneberg) is a German luger who has competed since 1999. He won the bronze medal in the men's singles event at the 2007 FIL World Luge Championships in Igls, Austria. Eichhorn won a gold medal in the mixed team event at the 2004 FIL European Luge Championships in Oberhof, Germany. His best individual finish was fourth in the men's singles event at those same games. He also finished sixth in the men's singles at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. References FIL-Luge profile External links 1981 births Living people German male lugers Olympic lugers of Germany Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics People from Sonneberg Sportspeople from Thuringia 21st-century German people

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omarska%20camp

Omarska camp

The Omarska camp was a concentration camp run by Bosnian Serb forces in the mining town of Omarska, near Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, set up for Bosniak and Croat men and women during the Prijedor massacre. Functioning in the first months of the Bosnian War in 1992, it was one of 677 alleged detention centers and camps set up throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war. While nominally an "investigation center" or "assembly point" for members of the Bosniak and Croatian population, Human Rights Watch classified Omarska as a concentration camp. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, located in The Hague, found several individuals guilty of crimes against humanity perpetrated at Omarska. Murder, torture, rape, and abuse of prisoners was common. Around 6,000 Bosniaks and Croats, mainly men, were held at the camp for about five months in the spring and summer of 1992. Hundreds died of starvation, punishment, beatings, ill-treatment and executions. Overview Omarska is a predominantly Serb village in northwestern Bosnia, near the town of Prijedor. The camp in the village existed from about 25 May to about 21 August 1992, when the Bosnian Serb military and police unlawfully segregated, detained and confined some of more than 7,000 Muslims and Bosnian Croats captured in Prijedor. Bosnian Serb authorities termed it an "investigation center" and the detainees were accused of paramilitary activities. By the end of 1992, the war had resulted in the death or forced departure of most of the Bosniak and Croat population of Prijedor municipality. About 7,000 people went missing from a population of 25,000, and there are 145 mass graves and hundreds of individual graves in the extended region. There is conflicting information about how many people were killed at Omarska. According to survivors, usually about 30 and sometimes as many as 150 men were singled out and killed in the camp every night. The U.S. State Department and other governments believe that, at a minimum, hundreds of detainees, some of whose identities are unknown, did not survive; many others were killed during the evacuation of the camps in the Prijedor area. Prijedor massacre A declaration on the takeover of Prijedor by Serb forces was prepared by Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) politicians and was repeatedly read out on Radio Prijedor the day after the takeover. Four-hundred Bosnian Serb policemen were assigned to participate in the takeover, the objective of which was to seize the functions of the president of the municipality, the vice-president of the municipality, the director of the post office, the chief of the police, etc. On the night of the 29/30 April 1992, the takeover of power took place. Serb employees of the public security station and reserve police gathered in Cirkin Polje, part of the town of Prijedor. The people there were given the task of taking over power in the municipality and were broadly divided into five groups. Each group of about twenty had a leader and each was ordered to gain control of certain buildings. One group was responsible for the Assembly building, one for the main police building, one for the courts, one for the bank and the last for the post-office. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) concluded that the takeover by the Serb politicians was an illegal coup d'état, which was planned and coordinated long in advance with the ultimate aim of creating a pure Serbian municipality. These plans were never hidden and they were implemented in a coordinated action by the Serb police, army and politicians. One of the leading figures was Milomir Stakić, who came to play the dominant role in the political life of the municipality. Camp In May 1992, intensive shelling and infantry attacks on Bosniak areas in the municipality caused the Bosniak survivors to flee their homes. The majority of them surrendered or were captured by Serb forces. As the Serb forces rounded up the Bosniak and Croat residents, they forced them to march in columns bound for one or another of the prison camps that the Serb authorities had established in the municipality. On about 25 May 1992, about three weeks after the Serbs took control of the municipal government, and two days after the start of large scale military attacks on Bosniak population centers, Serb forces began taking prisoners to the Omarska camp. During the next several weeks, the Serbs continued to round up Bosniaks and Croats from Kozarac near Prijedor, and other places in the municipality and send them to the camps. Many Bosniak and Croat intellectuals and politicians were sent to Omarska. While virtually all of the prisoners were male, there were also 37 women detained in the camp, who served food and cleaned the walls of the torture rooms, and were repeatedly raped in the canteen; bodies of five of them have been exhumed. The Omarska mines complex was located about from Prijedor. The first detainees were taken to the camp at some point between 26 and 30 May. The camp buildings were almost completely full and some of the detainees had to be held in the area between the two main buildings. That area was lit up by specially installed spot-lights after the detainees arrived. Female detainees were held separately in the administrative building. According to the wartime documents of Serb authorities, there were a total of 3,334 persons held in the camp from 27 May to 16 August 1992; 3,197 were Bosniaks, 125 were Croats. Within the area of the Omarska mining complex that was used for the camp, the camp authorities generally confined the prisoners in three different buildings: the administration building, where interrogations and killings took place; the crammed hangar building; the "white house", where the inmates were tortured; and on a cement courtyard area between the buildings known as the "pista", an L-shaped strip of concrete land in between, also a scene of torture and mass killings. There was another small building, known as the "red house", where prisoners were sometimes taken in order to be summarily executed. With the arrival of the first detainees, permanent guard posts and anti-personnel landmines were set up around the camp. The conditions in the camp were horrible. In the building known as the "white house", the rooms were crowded with 45 people in a room no larger than . The faces of the detainees were distorted and bloodstained and the walls were covered with blood. From the beginning, the detainees were beaten with fists, rifle butts and wooden and metal sticks. The guards mostly hit the heart and kidneys whenever they decided to beat someone to death. In the "garage", between 150 and 160 people were "packed like sardines" and the heat was unbearable. For the first few days, the detainees were not allowed out and were given only a jerry can of water and some bread. Men would suffocate during the night and their bodies would be taken out the following morning. The room behind the restaurant was known as "Mujo’s Room". The dimensions of this room were about and the average number of people detained there was 500, most of whom were Bosniaks. The women in the camp slept in the interrogations rooms, which they would have to clean each day as the rooms were covered in blood and pieces of skin and hair. In the camp one could hear the moaning and wailing of people who were being beaten. The detainees at Omarska had one meal a day. The food was usually spoiled and the process of getting the food, eating and returning the plate usually lasted around three minutes. Meals were often accompanied by beatings. The toilets were blocked and there was human waste everywhere. British journalist Ed Vulliamy testified that when he visited the camp, the detainees were in very poor physical condition. He witnessed them eating a bowl of soup and some bread and said that he had the impression they had not eaten in a long time; they appeared terrified. According to Vulliamy, the detainees drank water from a river that was polluted with industrial waste and many suffered from constipation or dysentery. No criminal report was ever filed against persons detained in the Omarska camp, nor were the detainees apprised of any concrete charges against them. Apparently, there was no legitimate reason justifying these people’s detention. Murder, torture, rape, and abuse of prisoners was common. Detainees were kept in inhumane conditions and an atmosphere of extreme psychological and physical violence pervaded the camp. The camp guards and frequent visitors who came to the camps used all types of weapons and instruments to beat and otherwise physically abuse the detainees. In particular, Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat political and civic leaders, intellectuals, the wealthy, and other non-Serbs who were considered "extremists" or to have resisted the Bosnian Serbs were especially subjected to beatings and mistreatment which often resulted in death. In addition, the Omarska and Keraterm camps also operated in a manner designed to discriminate and subjugate the non-Serbs by inhumane acts and cruel treatment. These acts included the brutal living conditions imposed on the prisoners. There was a deliberate policy of overcrowding and lack of basic necessities of life, including inadequate food, polluted water, insufficient or non-existent medical care and unhygienic and cramped conditions. The prisoners all suffered serious psychological and physical deterioration and were in a state of constant fear. Inmates were usually killed by shooting, beating or by the cutting of throats; however, in one incident, prisoners were incinerated on a pyre of burning tires. The corpses were then transferred onto trucks by other inmates or using bulldozers. There were instances where prisoners were brought to dig the graves and did not return. The ICTY Trial Chamber in the Stakić case found on the basis of the evidence presented at trial, that "over 100" prisoners were killed at the camp in late July 1992. About 200 people from Hambarine brought to the camp in July 1992 were held in the building known as the "white House". In the early hours of 17 July, gunshots were heard that continued until dawn. Corpses were seen in front of the "white house" and camp guards were seen shooting rounds of ammunition into the bodies. A witness testified that "everyone was given an extra bullet that was shot in their heads". About 180 bodies in total were loaded onto a truck and taken away. The camp was closed immediately after a visit by foreign journalists in early August. On 6 or 7 August 1992, the detainees at Omarska were divided into groups and transported in buses to different destinations. About 1,500 people were transported on twenty buses. Death toll As part of the ethnic cleansing operations, the Omarska, Keraterm, Manjača, and Trnopolje camps helped the Crisis Committee of the Serbian District of Prijedor to reduce the non-Serb population of Prijedor from more than 50,000 in 1992 to little more than 3,000 in 1995, and even fewer subsequently. Precise calculations about the number who actually died in these camps are difficult to make. Newsweek reporter Roy Gutman claimed that US State Department officials, along with representatives of other Western governments, told him that 4,000–5,000 people, the vast majority of them non-Serbs, perished at Omarska. Journalist Bill Berkeley puts the death toll at 2,000. A member of the United Nations (UN) Commission of Experts testified during the trial of Duško Tadić at the ICTY that their number was in the thousands, but she could not be precise, despite the fact that Serbian officials confirmed there were no large scale releases of prisoners sent there. A member of the Crisis Committee, Simo Drljača, who served as chief of police for Prijedor, has stated that there were 6,000 "informative conversations" (meaning interrogations) in Omarska, Keraterm and Trnopolje, and that 1,503 non-Serbs were transferred from those three camps to Manjača, leaving 4,497 unaccounted for according to Human Rights Watch. According to the Association of Camp Detainess of Prijedor 1992, between May and August 1992, around 6,000 prisoners passed through Omarska, 700 of whom were killed. International reaction In early August 1992, Vulliamy, Independent Television News (ITN) reporter Penny Marshall, and Channel 4 News reporter Ian Williams gained access to the Omarska camp. Their reporting served as one of the catalysts of a UN effort to investigate war crimes committed in the conflict. The camp was closed less than a month after its exposure caused international uproar. 1997–2000 controversy Between 1997 and 2000, there was academic and media controversy regarding the events that took place in Omarska and Trnopolje in 1992, due to claims of false reporting and "lies". These allegations, promoted by the state-controlled Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) and the British Living Marxism (LM) paper, prompted the ITN network to accuse the LM of libel; ITN won the case in 2000, effectively forcing the paper to close down. Trials The Republika Srpska officials responsible for running the camp have since been indicted and found guilty of crimes against humanity and war crimes. Commanders of the camp, Miroslav Kvočka, Dragoljub Prcač, Milojica Kos, and Mlađo Radić, and a local taxi driver, Zoran Žigić were all found guilty of crimes against humanity. Kvočka, Prcač, Kos and Radić were sentenced to five, six, seven and 20 years respectively; Žigić was given the longest term of 25 years. Željko Mejakić was found guilty of crimes against humanity (murder, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, persecution, and other inhumane acts). He was the de facto commander of Omarska and perpetrated one instance of mistreatment. It was found that he was part of a joint criminal enterprise with the intent of promoting mistreatment and persecution of detainees in the camp. He was sentenced to 21 years of imprisonment. Momčilo Gruban was found guilty of crimes against humanity (murder, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, persecution, and other inhumane acts). He had command responsibility for crimes committed at the camp and acted as part of a joint criminal enterprise. He was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment. Duško Knežević was found guilty of crimes against humanity (murder, torture, sexual violence, persecution, and other inhumane acts). He was found to have been directly involved in the crimes carried out in the Omarska and Keraterm camps. He was also found guilty under the theory of joint criminal enterprise for furthering the Omarska and Keraterm camps’ systems of mistreatment and persecution of detainees. He was sentenced to 31 years imprisonment. On 26 February 2007, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) presented its judgment in the Bosnian Genocide Case, in which it had examined atrocities committed in detention camps, including Omarska, in relation to Article II (b) of the Genocide Convention. The Court stated in its judgment:Having carefully examined the evidence presented before it, and taken note of that presented to the ICTY, the Court considers that it has been established by fully conclusive evidence that members of the protected group were systematically victims of massive mistreatment, beatings, rape and torture causing serious bodily and mental harm during the conflict and, in particular, in the detention camps. The requirements of the material element, as defined by Article II (b) of the Convention are thus fulfilled. The Court finds, however, on the basis of evidence before it, that it has not been conclusively established that those atrocities, although they too may amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity, were committed with the specific intent (dolus specialis) to destroy the protected group, in whole or in part, required for a finding that genocide has been perpetrated. Exhumations In 2004, a mass grave located a few hundred meters from the Omarska site was unearthed containing the remains of 456 persons from the camp. "There is no doubt whatsoever that there are hundreds of bodies as yet unfound within the mine of Omarska and its vicinity" said Amor Mašović, president of the Bosnian government's Commission for Tracing Missing Persons. The International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) has been active in advocating the exhumation and identification of their bodies from mass graves around the area; with their help, a number of victims have been identified through DNA testing. Memorial controversy The Mittal Steel company purchased the Omarska mining complex and planned to resume extraction of iron ore from the site. Mittal Steel announced in Banja Luka on 1 December 2005 that the company would build and finance a memorial in the 'White House' but the project was later abandoned. Many Bosnian Serbs believe there should not be a memorial, while many Bosniaks believe that construction should be postponed until all the victims are found and only if the entire mine—which is in use—be allocated for the memorial site. By the time of the 20th anniversary of the camp's closure proposals for a physical memorial to the camp's existence had made no progress. ArcelorMittal said that it was prepared to meet the former inmates' demands but the local authorities were ultimately responsible for granting permission. The Republika Srpska authorities considered that allowing camp survivors free access to the site and the construction of a memorial as originally agreed by ArcelorMittal would undermine reconciliation. "Prijedor 92" president Mirsad Duratović, stated that the campaign for a memorial would continue. In July 2012, ahead of the start of the 2012 London Olympic Games, survivors of the camp laid claim to the ArcelorMittal Orbit tower, the tallest structure in Britain, located in the Olympic Park beside the Olympic stadium, as the 'Omarska Memorial in Exile'. The survivors allege that the Orbit is "tragically intertwined with the history of war crimes in Bosnia, as the bones of victims are mixed in with the iron ore". ArcelorMittal denied that material from Omarska had been used in the Orbit's construction. The company said that sensitive issues relating to the mine could not be addressed by ArcelorMittal on its own. Campaigners urged ArcelorMittal as the world's largest steel producer to use its considerable influence to oppose the local politics of denial and play an active role in healing fractured communities that have made the company's success possible. Susan Schuppli of the Centre for Research Architecture at Goldsmiths' College in London, observed that ArcelorMittal insistence on "not taking sides" in an area where persecution and injustice continued was not neutrality but taking a political position by default. See also Dretelj camp Gabela camp Heliodrom camp Uzamnica camp Vilina Vlas Vojno camp References Notes Footnotes External links Concentration Camps - The Horrors Of A Camp Called Omarska And The Serb Strategy, PBS The International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia charges 21 Serbs with atrocities committed inside and outside the Omarska death camp, ICTY, 13 February 1995 Who cares as judgement falls on Serb hell camp?, The Guardian, 1996 Omarska Camp, Bosnia – Broken Promises of "Never Again" by Kelly D. Askin, "Human Rights", published by American Bar Association New battle breaks out over Serb death camp, The Guardian, 2 December 2004 'We can't forget', The Guardian, 1 September 2004 Ex-foes make peace at Omarska, BBC, 21 November 2005 1992 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 disestablishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian genocide Anti-Muslim violence in Europe Serbian concentration camps in the Yugoslav Wars Bosnian War internment camps Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War

4038996

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana%20Griswold%20Van%20Rensselaer

Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer

Mariana Alley Griswold Van Rensselaer (February 21, 1851 – January 20, 1934), usually known as Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer or M. G. Van Rensselaer, was an American author focusing on architectural criticism. Early life Mariana Alley Griswold was born in New York City on February 21, 1851. She was the daughter of George Griswold and Lydia (née Alley) Griswold (1826–1908). Her younger brothers were Frank Gray Griswold (1855–1937), the stepfather of Cass Canfield, and George Griswold (1857–1917), the vice president and general manager of the Tuxedo Park Association. In 1868, she moved with her family to Dresden, Germany, where she remained for five years. Career She began writing in 1876. The first woman architectural critic, she grew in influence in the 1880s. However, her publications encompassed also art and landscape architecture criticism, fiction, and children's literature. She wrote articles in American Art Review, Century Magazine, and Garden and Forest (in which she wrote many unattributed articles) After refuting an offer to edit the American Art Review in 1881, she began writing for Century Magazine. She advocated that the public should view architectural works not as just the work of the individual firm owners, but the entire firm (particularly in reference to McKim, Mead, and White), and preferred architectural training at colleges for create intellectual and genteel architects, rather than the on-the-job training which was common at the time. Around 1890, Van Rensselaer garnered an honorary membership to the American Institute of Architects, and in 1920 to the American Society of Landscape Architects In 1910, she received the degree of D. Litt. from Columbia University, the accomplishment being an extraordinary one for a woman at that time. She was awarded the 1923 American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal. In 1915, in honor of deceased son, she donated a collection of reproductions of frescoes, vases, and other objects which illustrate the prehistoric culture of Greece to Fogg Art Museum of Harvard University. Van Rensselaer also served a number of charitable organisations, including University Settlement Women's Auxiliary (president from 1896-1898), Jacob A. Riis Neighborhood Settlement, and the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. She was president of the Public Education Association of New York from 1899-1906. Although she did vote in 1893 while living in Colorado, she later was involved with New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage for Women. Personal life In 1873, she married Schuyler Van Rensselaer (1845–1884) of the prominent Van Rensselaer family. Together, they lived in New Brunswick, New Jersey. They had one child, born in February 1875, before her husband, a mining engineer, died in 1884. George Griswold Van Rensselaer (1875–1894), who died before his twentieth birthday and was a member of Harvard University's class of 1896. Van Rensselaer died away while in New York City on January 20, 1934. She was buried next to her husband and only child at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. Works Her writings include: American Etchers (New York, 1886) Henry Hobson Richardson and his Works (1888) English Cathedrals (1892; fourth edition, 1892) Art out of Doors (1893) “The Development of American Homes” article in the book “Household Art” edited by Candace Wheeler (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1893) compiled for the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exposition). Mrs. Van Rensselaer’s article was also printed in The Forum magazine. "Fifth Avenue", The Century Magazine (1893) Examined the new development around Central Park. Should We Ask for the Suffrage? (1894) One Man Who was Content (1896) Niagara, a Description (1901) History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century (1909) Poems (1910) Wilhelm Reinhold Valentiner, The Art of the Low Countries, translated by Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer (1914) Notes References "American Country Dwellings." Parts I-III. The Century Magazine. 1886. Further reading Judith K. Major. Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer: A Landscape Critic in the Gilded Age (University of Virginia Press; 2013) 302 pages; scholarly biography External links Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1848–1907), Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer (Mariana Griswold), 1888; this cast, 1890 American people of English descent Columbia University alumni Historians from New York (state) 1851 births 1934 deaths American women historians Writers from New York City Writers from New Brunswick, New Jersey Griswold family Historians of New York City German–English translators Historians from New Jersey Van Rensselaer family

4039000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorba%20%28dog%29

Zorba (dog)

Aicama Zorba of La-Susa or Zorba (26 September 1981 – 1992) was a male Old English Mastiff who was recognized by Guinness World Records as the heaviest and longest dog in the world. Life Zorba was bred by Mrs I. Prosser on 26 September 1981. His sire and dam were Stablemate's Bruno of Kisumu (American import) and Gildasan Valentine Daisy of Aicama. He was owned by Chris Eraclides of London, England. World records Zorba initially set the record of heaviest dog in September 1987 at . In November 1989, Zorba was recorded as weighing . Zorba stood at the shoulder and was from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail. See also Giant dog breed List of individual dogs References Individual dogs 1981 animal births 1992 animal deaths Individual animals in England

4039002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow%20Be%20Thy%20Game

Shallow Be Thy Game

"Shallow Be Thy Game" is a song by Red Hot Chili Peppers and was the fourth single from their 1995 album, One Hot Minute. The single was released in Australia only. It was also the only single from the album not to have a music video made for it. The song is quite polemic in its direct assault on fundamentalist religion, which the lyrics openly mock. Live performances Despite being a single, the song was performed very rarely on the One Hot Minute tour and has not been performed since 1996 and never in the United States. Track listing CD single (1996) "Shallow Be Thy Game" (album) "Walkabout" (album) "Suck My Kiss" (live) Charts References 1996 singles Red Hot Chili Peppers songs Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin Songs critical of religion Songs written by Flea (musician) Songs written by Anthony Kiedis Songs written by Chad Smith Songs written by Dave Navarro Warner Records singles Funk metal songs Alternative metal songs

4039006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera%20caesia

Mangifera caesia

Mangifera caesia is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. Known in English as jack or white mango, among other names. It belongs to the same genus as the mango and is widely cultivated in areas of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines. It was featured in Malaysian stamp, printed in 1999 as a postage stamp in the rare fruits series. Names M. caesia is locally known as binjai (Malay language), wani (Balinese language/Dusun language), yaa-lam (Thai language), bayuno/baluno/belunok (Filipino language), mangga wani (Cebuano language/Sabah language), and gwani (Subanen language). Description These are restricted to wet lowlands at below 450m. It requires rainfall and is rarely in found forests but rather abundant in marshes and riverside areas. Grows up to tall with a dense crown of round-shaped leaves. The flowers are purple or pink, 0.7 cm long with five sepals. The fruit is a large, edible, elliptical drupe long and wide. The skin is thin and brown with darker patches, and the flesh is yellow-white, mushy, and strongly odorous with an acid-sweet or sour taste. The binjai is believed to originate from the island of Borneo, but is commonly grown elsewhere for its edible fruit. The tree is one of the most common and valuable Mangifera species in western Malaysia, where it is cultivated extensively in orchards. It is also widely grown in Bali, Sumatra, and Borneo. Reproduction This tree produces thousand of fruits, ripening three months after anthesis. The fruit matures during the rainy season, this is a deciduous, stands erect and bare before shedding large bud scales that envelops twigs and inflorescence. Propagation method It is propagated from seeds or through marcotting. Grafting on the seedling stock is also possible through inarching potted rootstocks onto twigs of mother trees. The mature tree requires abundant space, about 12m to 16m in either direction. Used in dishes The fruit of the M. caesia can be served fresh, preserved or cooked. They can be eaten dipped in chili and dark soy sauce. In Bali, it is used as an ingredient for local creamy juices, also for making spice base for chillies sambal which is eaten with river fish. it can also be used in making pickles. The wood is used for light construction. In Brunei, where it is called , the fruit is used to make a variety of or dipping sauce for ambuyat, a sago dish considered to be the country's national dish. Nutritional value Nutritional value of binjai fruit per 100 grams: Water 86.5g, Protein 1g, Fats 0.2g, Carbohydrates including fibers 11.9g, Ash 0.4g, Thiamine 0.08 mg, Beta-carotene 0.005 mg and Vitamin C 58 mg. Total Energy 200kJ/100g. As irritant The sap of M. caesia can cause skin eruptions or dermatitis. It unripe fruits' sap can also cause irritation. See also Mangifera altissima (pahutan or paho mango) References External links caesia Tropical fruit Least concern plants

4039012

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Wilhelm%20Eschmann

Ernst Wilhelm Eschmann

Ernst Wilhelm Eschmann (pseud. Leopold Dingräve, Von Severus, 1904 - 1987) was a German writer, sociologist and playwright. Bibliography Some works (1930) Der faschistische Staat in Italien (1933) Vom Sinn der Revolution (1934) Die Aussenpolitik des Faschismus (1936) Griechisches Tagebuch (1961) Im Amerika der Griechen (1970) Tessiner Episteln Dramas (1939) Ariadne (1950) Alkestis 1904 births 1987 deaths University of Münster faculty German male writers

4039013

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine%20Sa

Kristine Sa

Kristine Sa (June 6, 1982) is a Vietnamese Canadian singer and songwriter. Career Sa was born in Song Be, a small town near Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) in Vietnam. When she was six, her family moved to Canada and she grew up in Toronto. She enjoyed singing and performing since she was little, and attended a special performing arts school in ninth grade. She was in a television pilot called Wexford. When she was in high school, a friend of hers contacted Nemesis Records to look at her webpage and the CEO Minh-Dan Pham was interested in her writing. She sent in a demo cover of "Unbreak My Heart" and a self-written song and was soon signed. While she was a college student at York University, she released her debut album I Never Knew in 2002. It contains a mix of songs written and performed by Sa with what Steve Diabo of Animefringe calls "heartfelt ballads and experimental pop". It was marketed mostly through online radio stations, selling in Taiwan, Australia, and the United Kingdom. She toured in the United States, and became popular on the Internet and the anime convention circuit, including AnimeFest in Dallas in 2002, and FanimeCon in San Jose in 2003. She continued her career with her second album, Rebirth in 2004. In 2005, she released two albums under the anime project: AnimeToonz3 which has remixes of anime theme songs from Gundam Seed, Inuyasha, Cowboy Bebop, Ranma ½, Urusei Yatsura and Candy Candy. The albums are grouped in Lemon and Lime editions. Jonathan Mays of Anime News Network wrote that Sa's work on the AnimeToonz project was a "quality effort with reasonably good results." and "they should be proud of themselves for pulling the Animetoonz franchise out of the gutter and into the spotlight again.", although he critiqued some of Sa's renditions for consistency in the Inuyasha track "Every Heart" and the Cowboy Bebop track "Real Folk Blues. Her next studio album Hopeless Romantic was released in 2007. Known in the anime community for her involvement in Funimation Entertainment's US releases of Suzuka in 2005, One Piece in 2007, and Ouran High School Host Club in 2008. She has hosted and produced Vietnamese American talk-shows The Kristine Sa Show on VAN-TV, Up Close and Personal with Kristine Sa on VHN-TV, and "Heart to Heart with Kristine Sa" on SBTN. Sa has mentioned influences from women singers Jewel, Celine Dion, and Sarah McLachlan. She also is inspired by Vietnamese music, especially with its unique instruments. Personal life Her older sister is singer Tâm Đoan. Named Yen Huynh at birth, but took her step father's surname in her later years prior to signing with Nemesis. Discography Albums I Never Knew (Nemesis, 2002) Rebirth (Nemesis, 2004) AnimeToonz3: Lemon Edition (Jellybean, 2005) AnimeToonz3: Lime Edition (Jellybean, 2005) Hopeless Romantic (Nemesis, 2007) Lonely Asylum : The Demo Collection'' (independent release, 2010) References External links (archive) Canadian singer-songwriters Naturalized citizens of Canada Vietnamese emigrants to Canada Singers of Vietnamese descent York University alumni 1982 births Living people Canadian musicians of Vietnamese descent 21st-century Canadian women singers

4039019

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschmann

Eschmann

Eschmann may refer to: Ernst Wilhelm Eschmann Eschmann introducer used to facilitate tracheal intubation

4039027

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%C8%99ti

Liești

Liești is the third-largest commune of Galați County, Western Moldavia, Romania on the confluence of the Siret and Bârlad rivers, very close to Tecuci (28 km) and Galați (52 km). It is composed of two villages, Liești and Șerbănești. The latter is the southernmost part of the commune. Name The name of the commune appears to be derived from Ilie, which means Elijah, probably a local, which seems to be the brother of Șerban, the father of Șerbănești. History The first mention of the village dates from 1448, when in the prince of Moldavia, Petru II, who gives as a gift to the local nobleman Cernat Ploscarul and to his brother, Ștefu, 40 villages and fields among which appear Liești and Șerbănești. Natives Antonel Borșan (born 1970), sprint canoer Anghel Saligny (1854–1925), engineer who designed the Anghel Saligny Bridge (1895) over the Danube, the longest bridge in Europe at the time Tourist sights Liești has several Romanian Orthodox churches – St. Parascheva (c. 1886), Dormition of the Virgin (1889), and St. Nicholas (built after 1990)- the seat of the Protopopiate (archpriest's district) of Nicorești. Other attractions include the acacia forests near the village (especially in May) and the picturesque valleys of the rivers Siret and Bârlad. Education Lieşti has four schools: one which teaches until the tenth grade, and three that teach until the eighth grade. Liești also has four kindergartens and a 14,000-volume public library. Economy The village has a sugar factory (Lemarco Bucharest), but the majority of the population works in local agriculture or in siderurgy at the Siderurgical Combinate Mittal Steel from Galați. Beginning around 2000, many people from the region have gone to work in Italy or Spain, where wages are higher. Climate The climate of Liești is Humid continental (Dfb): References Communes in Galați County Localities in Western Moldavia

4039035

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Gottwald

Felix Gottwald

Felix Gottwald (born 13 January 1976 in Zell am See, Austria, now resides in Salzburg, Austria) is an Austrian Nordic combined athlete who competed from 1994 to 2007 and then returned to compete in 2009. He is , weighing . Gottwald made his Olympic debut as an 18-year-old in the 15 km individual event at the 1994 Winter Olympics, then competed in the 4 x 5 km team and 15 km individual events at the 1998 Winter Olympics. Gottwald won bronze medals in the 7.5 km sprint, 15 km individual and 4 x 5 km team Nordic combined events at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Coming into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, he had regularly ranked among the top three in the world. He won golds in the 7.5 km sprint and 4 x 5 km team competitions, and took silver in the 15 km individual. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, Gottwald won gold in the 4 x 5 km team event. He is the most decorated Nordic combined skier at the Winter Olympics with seven medals. Gottwald topped the World Cup standings in 2001, and was a member of the Austrian team that won gold at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. Eight years later, at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo, he was again part of the Austrian team that became team world champion both in the normal hill and in the large hill competition. He also has two silvers (4 x 5 km team: 2001, 15 km individual: 2003) and six bronzes (15 km individual: 2001, 2005, 7.5 km sprint: 2003, normal hill: 2011, 4 x 5 km team: 1997, 2005) from the World Championships. So he is also the most decorated Nordic combined skier at World Championships with eleven medals. Gottwald also has won twice at the Holmenkollen ski festival in the Nordic combined (2001, 2003 individual). He also won the Holmenkollen medal in 2003 (shared with Ronny Ackermann). Gottwald retired at the end of the 2006-07 World Cup. He chose to return from retirement in May 2009, in order to compete in another season, including the Olympics. Prior to that he was working for an Austrian television network as a color commentator. After the Olympic season he added another one, and with his victories in Kuusamo (27 November 2010) and Schonach (8 January 2011) he became the oldest winner of a nordic combined competition. See also Felix Gottwald Ski Jumping Stadium Notes and references Fanlisting - click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file - click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file 1976 births Austrian male Nordic combined skiers Holmenkollen medalists Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners Living people Nordic combined Grand Prix winners Nordic combined skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics Nordic combined skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics Nordic combined skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics Nordic combined skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics Nordic combined skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics FIS Nordic Combined World Cup winners Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Austria Olympic gold medalists for Austria Olympic silver medalists for Austria Olympic bronze medalists for Austria People from Zell am See Olympic medalists in Nordic combined FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in Nordic combined Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Sportspeople from Salzburg (state)

4039040

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theydon

Theydon

Theydon may refer to 3 places in Essex: Theydon Bois Theydon Bois tube station Theydon Garnon Theydon Mount

4039088

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Kahu

Project Kahu

Project Kahu was a major upgrade for the A-4K Skyhawk attack aircraft operated by the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in the mid-1980s. (The project was named after the Māori-language name for the New Zealand swamp harrier.) History In 1986, the RNZAF initiated this project to improve the capabilities of its Douglas A-4 Skyhawk fleet. The upgrade included the installation of a Westinghouse AN/APG-66 radar optimized for maritime tracking, HOTAS controls and a glass cockpit (2 large CRT screens), MIL-STD 1553B databus, Litton Industries LN-93 inertial navigation system, Ferranti 4510 wide-angle HUD, the Vinten airborne video recording system, the General Instrument ALR-66 radar warning receiver, and a Tracor ALR-39 chaff/flare dispenser. The contract covered the upgrade of all 22 of the RNZAF's Skyhawk fleet, which at the time comprised the surviving 12 (of 14) K-model aircraft of the RNZAF's original order plus the 10 G-models acquired from the Royal Australian Navy in 1984. However, only 21 were completed as one (NZ6210) was lost in 1989 before it was upgraded. Parts of the wings were reskinned and some structural elements rebuilt, and the aircraft wiring replaced. Because of advances in miniaturization, it was possible to incorporate these additional electronics items entirely within the fuselage without requiring the use of the dorsal hump. The Kahu-modified Skyhawk could be recognized by a blade-like ILS aerial antenna on the leading edge of the vertical stabilizer. The aircraft also received armament upgrades including the capability to fire AIM-9L Sidewinders, AGM-65 Mavericks and GBU-16 Paveway II laser-guided bombs. TA-4K NZ6254 was the first aircraft to be completed and undertook an extensive test programme conducted by Flight Lieutenant Steve Moore, who had recently become only the second RNZAF pilot to complete and graduate from the Empire Test Pilot School in the United Kingdom. The programme was completed in June 1991 when the final aircraft, NZ6202, was returned to the RNZAF. The cost of the project was NZ$140 million and gave the RNZAF Skyhawks the electronic “eyes and ears” of a modern fighter aircraft such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon or F/A-18 Hornet. Aftermath The RNZAF withdrew the Skyhawks from service in 2001 and they were put into storage awaiting sale. Draken International signed an agreement with the New Zealand government in 2012 to purchase eight as well as various other equipment and accessories. The remaining aircraft were donated to museums including the Air Force Museum of New Zealand, Fleet Air Arm Museum (Australia) and Museum of Transport & Technology. See also A-4AR Fightinghawk A-4SU Super Skyhawk References KiwiAircraft.com: McDonnell Douglas (T)A-4K Skyhawk External links FlightGlogalImages.com Cut-away drawings RNZAF Proboards.com Project Kahu redkiwi.weebly.com - Kahu, the A-4K Skyhawk Story. Douglas A-4 Skyhawk Royal New Zealand Air Force KAHU

4039093

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffmuttu

Duffmuttu

Duffmuttu (also: Dubhmuttu) is an art form prevalent in the Malabar region of the states of Kerala and Karnataka in south India. It derives its name from the duff, a percussion instrument made of wood and ox skin. The word duff is of Arabic origin and is also called a thappitta. Duffmuttu is performed as social entertainment and to commemorate festivals, uroos (festivals connected with mosques) and weddings. Duffmuttu can be performed at any time of the day. A duffmuttu performance usually consists of ten members who stand or sit facing each other singing songs and swaying their bodies to the tempo of the song which is set by the rhythmic beats of the duff. Duffmuttu songs are a tribute to Islamic heroes and martyrs. The lead player also leads the troupe in song while the others provide the chorus. The dancers drum the duff with their fingers or palms and while moving rhythmically often toss them over their heads. A closely related art form is the Aravana Muttu or Arabana Muttu that uses a drum called arabana that is similar to the duff. Gallery See also Aravana muttu Kuthu Ratheeb Mappila Oppana References Dances of Kerala Kerala music Mappilas ml:ദഫ് മുട്ട്

4039098

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command%20Council%20of%20the%20Armed%20Forces%20of%20the%20North

Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North

The Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North or CCFAN) was a Chadian rebel army active during the Chadian Civil War. Originally called Second Liberation Army of National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT), and was one of the original groups in rebellion against the regime of François Tombalbaye. But, when in 1971 FROLINAT's new secretary-general Abba Siddick tried to unify all the insurgent forces on the field, the second liberation army under Hissène Habré rebelled and renamed itself in 1972 CCFAN. Composed of the Toubou active in Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture, first under Goukouni Oueddei's command and later under Habré's command. It was in a bitter struggle with the First Liberation Army of the FROLINAT, loyal to Siddick, in the early 1970s. After the rift between Habré and Oueddei in 1976, Habré's followers adopted the name of Forces Armées du Nord (FAN), and Oueddei's followers adopted the name of Forces Armées Populaires (FAP). References Chad: A Country Study 1970s in Chad Rebel groups in Chad

4039099

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20restoration

Audio restoration

Audio restoration is the process of removing imperfections (such as hiss, impulse noise, crackle, wow and flutter, background noise, and mains hum) from sound recordings. Audio restoration can be performed directly on the recording medium (for example, washing a gramophone record with a cleansing solution), or on a digital representation of the recording using a computer (such as an AIFF or WAV file). Record restoration is a particular form of audio restoration that seeks to repair the sound of damaged gramophone records. Modern audio restoration techniques are usually performed by digitizing an audio source from analog media, such as lacquer recordings, optical sources and magnetic tape. Once in the digital realm, recordings can be restored and cleaned up using dedicated, standalone digital processing units such as declickers, decracklers, dehissers and dialogue noise suppressors, or using digital audio workstations (DAWs). DAWs can perform various automated techniques to remove anomalies using algorithms to accomplish broadband denoising, declicking and decrackling, as well as removing buzzes and hums. Often audio engineers and sound editors use DAWs to manually remove "pops and ticks" from recordings, and the latest spectrographic 'retouching' techniques allow for the suppression or removal of discrete unwanted sounds. DAWs are capable of removing the smallest of anomalies, often without leaving artifacts and other evidence of their removal. Although fully automated solutions exist, audio restoration is sometimes a time-consuming process that requires skilled audio engineers with specific experience in music and film recording techniques. Overview The majority of audio restoration done today is done for music sound recordings and soundtracks for motion picture and television programs. The demand for restored audio has been fueled by new media consumer technologies such as CD and DVD. Modern audio reproduction systems require that sound sources be in the best condition possible to enhance the listening experience. Media content owners have come to recognize the importance of having clean sound on their products to enhance the commercial value of their media assets. The byproduct of these restoration efforts is that many audio sources are brought into the digital world and preserved for future use. An unfortunate fact is that most of the sound recordings and motion picture soundtracks created over the past century have been lost due to improper storage and neglect. Enhancements are often done to motion picture soundtracks. For example, taking a mono or stereo soundtrack and re-mixing it to a modern 5.1 surround soundtrack. When sources from original discrete audio "stems" containing dialog, music and sound effects are used and properly restored, the enhancements can be significant and highly effective. The annual Grammy Awards presents the award for Best Historical Album in recognition of restored recordings. Recent developments Two researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Vitaliy Fadeyev and Carl Haber have been experimenting with an audio restoration method that involves taking a very high definition digital photographic image of the vintage recording medium. They use a precision optical metrology system (designed to scan silicon detectors) to form an image of the groove on a 78 rpm record. After processing the digital file, they have an audio stream that represents the variations in the groove walls, allowing them to 'play' the record virtually without using a phonograph stylus. 2D images can be made more quickly and have proved worthy of further investigation on 78 rpm discs cut laterally. A 3D method is possible, though it takes much longer for the photographic survey of the recording and it requires much more storage space for the larger digital file. 3D methods are required for non-flat media such as "hill-and-dale" recordings (an early vertical cutting method by Pathé), Edison cylinders and Dictabelt rolls. 3D imaging is required for stereo phonograph records in order to capture the full detail of both inner and outer groove walls. In the summer of 2007, the U.S. Library of Congress moved their audio, video and film restoration group to Culpeper, Virginia where the newly completed National Audio-Visual Conservation Center Packard Campus is sited. Gene DeAnna heads the Recorded Sound Section. With 3 million sound recordings and many more film and video works that include synchronized sound in the archive, the mission of the Sound Section is twofold: preserve the treasure of vintage sound recordings and increase public accessibility to the collection. One of the ways that access can be increased is through the diligent digitization of analog media. The Library has expressed interest in the Fadeyev/Haber 2D imaging method for quick digital archival of their vast collection of vinyl and shellac phonograph records. Audio restoration tasks will take place in parallel with the digitization effort. A massive multi-petabyte storage array is nearing completion; it will hold the large digital audio and moving image files. Subjective issues Audio restoration is a subjective process, and there are many strategies or perspectives that the audio engineer or sound editor can employ. The archival perspective says that audio restoration should restore the recording to its original condition, while the commercial perspective says that the recording should be both restored and enhanced to appeal most immediately with modern audiences. Notable audio restoration engineers Adrian Cosentini Michael Graves Bob Ludwig Gavin Lurssen Ward Marston Peter J. Moore James P. Nichols Joseph M. Palmaccio Christian Zwarg See also Record restoration References External links Review of several products on About.com Manual of analogue audio restoration techniques (The British Library Sound Archive) Audio engineering

4039101

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Sterling

Thomas Sterling

Thomas Sterling (February 21, 1851August 26, 1930) was an American lawyer, politician, and academic who served as a member of the United States Senate and the first dean of the University of South Dakota College of Law. A Republican, he served in the Senate from 1913 to 1925. He later served as dean and law professor at George Washington University Law School. The University of South Dakota School of Law awards "Sterling Honors" to their graduating top 10% in honor of their first dean. Early life and education Sterling, was born near Amanda, Ohio. He moved with his parents, Charles Sterling (1821–1905) and Anna Kessler (1827–1908) to McLean County, Illinois in 1854, where he attended the public schools and graduated from Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington in 1875. Career He was superintendent of schools of Bement, Illinois from 1875 to 1877. His brother John A. Sterling, became a U.S. representative from Illinois. Law Sterling studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1878, commencing his practice in Springfield, Illinois. He became the city prosecuting attorney in 1880 until 1881. In 1882 he moved to the Territory of Dakota and located in Northville, Dakota Territory. He moved to Redfield in 1886 and continued the practice of law, serving as district attorney of Spink County, South Dakota from 1886 to 1888. In 1889, he became a member of the State constitutional convention, and a year later in 1890 a member of the State senate. From 1901 to 1911 he was the first dean of the University of South Dakota College of Law at Vermillion. Politics He was elected in 1912 as a Republican to the United States Senate, was reelected in 1918, and served from March 4, 1913, to March 3, 1925. During this time, he served on the Overman Committee investigating seditious German and Bolshevik activities. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1924, losing in the Republican primary to William H. McMaster, who won the general election. During the Sixty-sixth Congress, he was the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Civil Service. In the Sixty-seventh Congress he served on the Committee on Civil Service, and on the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads during the Sixty-eighth Congress. While he served in Congress he served with William Williamson and Royal C. Johnson, two of his first graduates from the College of Law. Later career He practiced law in Washington, D.C., and served on the faculty of National University Law School, now George Washington University School of Law. He was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1925 as field secretary of the Commission for the Celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of George Washington. Death Sterling died in Washington, D.C. on August 26, 1930. He was interred in Cedar Hill Cemetery. References External links 1851 births 1930 deaths People from Fairfield County, Ohio Republican Party United States senators from South Dakota South Dakota Republicans South Dakota lawyers People from McLean County, Illinois People from Redfield, South Dakota School superintendents in Illinois Deans of law schools in the United States American university and college faculty deans

4039102

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Vandermeer

Jim Vandermeer

James Patrick Vandermeer (born February 21, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who last played for the Belfast Giants of the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL). Vandermeer previously played for the Philadelphia Flyers, Chicago Blackhawks, Calgary Flames, Phoenix Coyotes, Edmonton Oilers and the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Playing career Amateur Vandermeer capped-off a four-year career (1997–2001) with the Red Deer Rebels of the Western Hockey League (WHL) winning the Memorial Cup in 2001, while leading the WHL that season in plus/minus, with a +49. The recipient of the WHL Humanitarian of the Year award in 2001, Vandermeer served as the team's captain from 1999–2001, and amassed over 700 PIM in his four years in Red Deer. Professional On December 21, 2000, Vandermeer signed with the Philadelphia Flyers as an undrafted free agent. He made his professional AHL debut with the Philadelphia Phantoms during the 2001-02 season. On January 2, 2003, Vandermeer made his NHL debut with the Philadelphia Flyers playing against the Anaheim Ducks. On February 19, 2004, Vandermeer was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks with Colin Fraser and a 2004 second round draft pick in exchange for Alexei Zhamnov. During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Vandermeer played with the Norfolk Admirals, the AHL affiliate to the Chicago Blackhawks. Vandermeer re-signed with the Chicago Blackhawks from 2005-08. He was named one of the team's alternate captains for select games and earned over $3 million during this time. On December 18, 2007, Vandermeer was traded back to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Ben Eager. On February 20, 2008, Vandermeer was traded by the Flyers to the Calgary Flames for a third round pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. On July 1, 2008, Vandermeer signed a three-year deal worth $6.9 million as an unrestricted free agent with the Calgary Flames. On June 27, 2009, Vandermeer was traded by the Flames to the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for Brandon Prust. On April 7, 2010, Vandermeer was named Man of the Year by the Phoenix Coyotes. On June 30, 2010, Vandermeer was traded by the Coyotes to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Patrick O'Sullivan. During the 2010–11 season with the Oilers, Vandermeer was named one of the alternate captains for select games. On March 22, 2011, Vandermeer recorded his 100th career point vs the Nashville Predators with an assist on a goal by Jordan Eberle. On July 1, 2011, Vandermeer became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one-year, $1 million contract with the San Jose Sharks. On January 14, 2013, after the lockout ended, Vandermeer continued his journeyman career in signing a one-year, two-way contract with the Vancouver Canucks that paid him $600,000 at the NHL level and $275,000 at the AHL level. Vandermeer spent the majority of the shortened season with the Canucks AHL affiliate, the Chicago Wolves, and was named one of the team's alternate captains for select games. On September 6, 2013, Vandermeer signed a one-year contract in Switzerland with the Kloten Flyers of the NLA. He signed one-year contract extensions with the Kloten Flyers in November 2013, and September 2014. On February 2, 2016, Vandermeer signed with the Belfast Giants of the Elite Ice Hockey League. Vandermeer re-signed with the Giants in August 2017 for the 2017-18 season, becoming Belfast's player/assistant coach alongside head coach Adam Keefe in the process. Vandermeer remained with Belfast until the end of the 2018–19 season. Personal Born and raised in Caroline, Alberta, Vandermeer has a brother, Pete, a pro hockey player himself. Vandermeer and his wife, Stefanie, were introduced by their mutual friend Brent Seabrook in 2007. They were married on July 3, 2009 in Vancouver. NHL stars Brent Seabrook and James Wisniewski served as groomsmen. They reside in Vancouver during the offseason. They have two children, a son, born in 2013 and a daughter, born in 2014. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Awards and honours References External links 1980 births Belfast Giants players Calgary Flames players Canadian ice hockey defencemen Canadian people of Dutch descent Chicago Blackhawks players Chicago Wolves players Edmonton Oilers players Ice hockey people from Alberta EHC Kloten players Living people Memorial Cup winners Norfolk Admirals players People from Clearwater County, Alberta Philadelphia Flyers players Philadelphia Phantoms players Phoenix Coyotes players Red Deer Rebels players San Jose Sharks players Undrafted National Hockey League players Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland

4039111

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty%20Little%20Ditty

Pretty Little Ditty

"Pretty Little Ditty" is an instrumental track by the American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers, from their 1989 album Mother's Milk. Recognized as one of the best examples of the eclecticism the band experimented with in this album, the song was written by guitarist John Frusciante and bassist Flea. It is one of the few songs on the album not to feature any guitar layering; music journalist Jeff Apter defined the song "a dreamy, sweetly stoned instrumental featured deft picking and strumming from Frusciante, intertwined with blasts of trumpet from Flea". Impact and Legacy In 1999, part of the second segment of the song was sampled by rap rock band Crazy Town for their single "Butterfly", featuring additional lyrics by the members of the band. The single sold 6 million copies worldwide. The song was also sampled on the August 2020 track "Ain't It Different" by British rappers Headie One, AJ Tracey and Stormzy. References Red Hot Chili Peppers songs 1989 songs Rock instrumentals Song recordings produced by Michael Beinhorn

4039120

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybridge%20power%20stations

Ferrybridge power stations

The Ferrybridge power stations were a series of three coal-fired power stations on the River Aire near Ferrybridge in West Yorkshire, England, in operation from 1927 to 2016 on a site next to the junction of the M62 and A1(M) motorways. The first station, Ferrybridge A, was constructed in the mid-1920s and closed in 1976. Ferrybridge B was brought into operation in the 1950s and closed in the early 1990s. In 1966, Ferrybridge C power station was opened with a generating capacity of 2 GW from four 500 MW sets; constructed by the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB); on privatisation in 1989 ownership was passed to Powergen, then to Edison Mission Energy (1999), then to AEP Energy Services (American Electric Power) (2001) and to SSE plc (2004). Ferrybridge C closed in March 2016. Two of the four units were fitted with flue-gas desulphurisation (FGD) plant in 2009. In 2013 SSE indicated that the power station would not comply with the Industrial Emissions Directive, requiring the plant's closure by 2023 or earlier. It was later announced that the plant would be fully closed by March 2016. Ferrybridge Multifuel 1 is a 68 MW multi-fuel energy-from-waste plant at the site which became operational in 2015. Ferrybridge Multifuel 2 is a 70 MW multi-fuel plant built alongside the MF1 plant, which became operational in 2019. On 28 July 2019, one of Ferrybridge's cooling towers was demolished, followed by a further four on 13 October. The main boiler house, bunker bay and two chimney stacks were demolished on 22 August 2021. The final three cooling towers were demolished on 17 March 2022. Ferrybridge A (1917–1976) Land at Ferrybridge was purchased by the Yorkshire Electric Power Company in 1917. Plans for a power station were prepared and submitted to the Board of Trade in March 1918. Because of a system change the following year with the Electricity (Supply) Act 1919, the plans were put on hold. The plans were resubmitted to the Electricity Commissioners in January 1920. The plans were finally granted permission in November 1921, but delayed by a supply area reshuffle. A site was chosen with good access to coal, water, and good transport links including water transport. Construction of Ferrybridge A power station began in 1926 and the station began operating in 1927. The initial station covered of the site. The main buildings contained the boilers, turbines, and offices and workshops, and a smaller building housed the electrical switchgear. Transport facilities included sidings connected to the Dearne Valley line with equipment for handling wagons up to 20 t, and a river wharf for transport by barge. Wagon unloading was by a side tipper, into an automated weigher and then conveyors, and barge unloading was by a crane into the weighing machine. The cooling water intakes were upstream of the wharves, initially with two filtered intakes with a minimum capacity (low water) of of water per hour. The power generating equipment included eight per hour water boiling capacity water tube boilers arranged in pairs, sharing air draught and chimneys ( height). The boilers were designed to produce superheated steam at at The turbine/generator section had two 3,000 rpm three stage reaction turbines driving alternators rated at 19 MW continuous. The alternators produced 50 Hz 3 phase AC at 11 kV, which was stepped up to 33 kV by two sets of three single phase transformers rated at 25 MW per set. The station passed into the ownership of the British Electricity Authority on the nationalisation of the UK's power industry, with the Electricity Act 1947. This company in turn became the Central Electricity Authority in 1954. The annual electricity output of the A station was: The station closed on 25 October 1976, at which point it had a generating capacity of 125 MW. Ferrybridge A's boiler room and turbine hall still stand today. The buildings are now used as offices and workshops, by the RWE npower Technical Support Group, who are responsible for the maintenance and repairs of power station plant from around the country. Ferrybridge B (1957–1992) Ferrybridge B Power Station was constructed in the 1950s. It generated electricity using three 100 megawatt (MW) generating sets, which were commissioned between 1957 and 1959. The station originally had a total generating capacity of 300 MW, but by the 1990s this was recorded as 285 MW. Ferrybridge B was one of the CEGB's twenty steam power stations with the highest thermal efficiency; in 1963–4 the thermal efficiency was 32.34 per cent, 31.98 per cent in 1964–5, and 31.96 per cent in 1965–6. The annual electricity output of Ferrybridge B was: After the UK's electric supply industry was privatised in 1990, the station was operated by PowerGen. The station closed in 1992 and has since been completely demolished. In 2006 LaFarge began construction of a plasterboard factory adjacent to the Ferrybridge C power station on the site of the former Ferrybridge B station to use the Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum) produced by FGD. Ferrybridge C (1966–2016) CEGB period (1966–1989) The power station was originally built for and operated by the Central Electricity Generating Board. Construction and commissioning Work began on Ferrybridge C in 1961. The architects were the Building Design Partnership. There were two chimneys and the eight cooling towers were arranged in a lozenge pattern on side of the building. On 1 November 1965, three of the cooling towers collapsed due to vibrations from Kármán turbulence in winds. Although the structures had been built to withstand higher wind speeds, the design only considered average wind speeds over one minute and neglected shorter gusts. Furthermore, the grouped shape of the cooling towers meant that westerly winds were funnelled into the towers themselves, creating a vortex. Three out of the original eight cooling towers were destroyed and the remaining five were severely damaged. The destroyed towers were rebuilt to a higher specification and the five surviving towers were strengthened to tolerate adverse weather conditions. Commission of Ferrybridge C began in 1966: one unit was brought on line, feeding electricity into the National Grid, on 27 February 1966. Units 2, 3 and 4 were all commissioned by the end of 1967. Following the cooling tower accident, it was planned that the station would not be opened for some time after the scheduled date. However it was possible to connect one of the remaining towers to the now complete Unit 1. The reconstruction of the destroyed towers began in April 1966 and had been completed by 1968. Specification Ferrybridge C Power Station had four 500 MW generating sets, (known as units 1–4). There were four boilers rated at 435 kg/s, steam conditions were 158.58 bar at 566/566 °C reheat. In addition to the main generating sets the plant originally had four gas turbines with a combined capacity of 68 MW. Two were retired in the late 1990s reducing capacity to 34 MW. These units are used to start the plant in the absence of an external power supply. The generating capacity, electricity output and thermal efficiency were as shown in the table. Coal supply was by rail transport (initially 4m. tons a year in 1,000-ton Merry-go-round trains at the rate of 17 a day) and road transport and barge (initially 1m. tons on the Aire and Calder Navigation). Barge transport ended in the late 1990s. Rail transport comprised a branch off the adjacent Swinton and Milford Junction line. Facilities include a west-facing junction on the Swinton line, two coal discharge lines (No. 1 track and No. 2 track), gross- and tare-weight weighbridges, a hopper house, together with an oil siding. The automatic unloading equipment for the coal trains was built by Rhymney Engineering, a Powell Duffryn company. It used ultrasonic detection, capable of dealing with up to 99 wagons in a train (though initially trains had 35 hopper wagons), to control the door-opening gear to empty 5 wagons at a time into the bunkers. The plant's two chimneys were high. The eight cooling towers were built to a height of , which none no longer remain at the site, since the final demolition of the cooling towers took place on 17 March 2022. Post-privatisation (1989–2016) Ownership passed to Powergen (1989) after the privatisation of the Central Electricity Generating Board. In 1998, during the 1990s "dash for gas", Powergen closed Unit 4. In 1999 the power station, along with Fiddlers Ferry in Cheshire, was sold to Edison Mission Energy. Both stations were then sold on to AEP Energy Services Ltd (American Electric Power) in 2001, before both were sold again to SSE plc in July 2004 for £136 million. In 2005, SSE took the decision to fit Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) to the plant, installing equipment to scrub half of Ferrybridge's output; the decision was required to partially meet the specifications of the Large Combustion Plant Directive (LCPD). In 2008 the boilers were fitted with Boosted Over Fire Air in order to reduce the NOx emissions. In 2009 FGD was commissioned on Units 3 and 4. The installation of FGD allowed SSE to sign a five-year agreement with UK Coal for 3.5 million tonnes of higher-sulphur coal. In December 2013, SSE announced that Ferrybridge would opt out from (not comply with) the EU Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU); this would require the plant to close by the end of 2023, or on completing 17,500 hours of operation after 1 January 2016. The units without FGD (1 and 2) were closed on 28 March 2014, having completed the 20,000 operating hours permitted under the LCPD. Ferrybridge C fire, 31 July 2014 On 31 July 2014 a serious fire broke out in Ferrybridge Unit C. The fire was understood to have started in the fourth generating unit, with the no.3 unit also affected. Neither unit was operational at the time of the fire, due to maintenance. At its height some 75 firefighters tackled 100 ft (30m) high flames, after the blaze broke out at about 14:00 BST. A plant used to remove sulphur dioxide from gases produced from the power station caught fire. The black smoke coming from the coal-fired power station affected nearby roads, including the M62, with drivers and householders advised to keep windows shut. No injuries were recorded as the site was quiet due to the summer shutdown. The fire resulted in a partial collapse of the structure. As the fire was in the absorber tower, it destroyed Unit 4's FGD capability. Unit 3, which had received minor damage, returned to service on 29 October 2014 . Unit 4 resumed service on 15 December 2014, although without its FGD it could only run by burning very low sulphur coal and in tandem with Unit 3. The very low sulphur coal ran out in March 2015 and therefore Unit 4 was shut, leaving only Unit 3 in operation for the final year of generation. Closure After the fire, only Unit 3 remained in full operation causing energy output to decrease and leading to a rise in the cost of running it. In May 2015 SSE confirmed that the plant would close in early 2016, after estimating that it would lose £100 million over the next five years. Electricity generation ceased around midday on 23 March 2016, with SSE stating that the official closure date would be 31 March. Demolition Cooling Tower six stood high and was the first to be demolished, using explosives on 28 July 2019. A further four cooling towers were demolished on 13 October 2019, leaving three standing. The main boiler house, bunker bay and two high chimney stacks were demolished on 22 August 2021. All were demolished at the same time because when a controlled demolition takes place there has to be an exclusion zone for safety. There is a housing development near the power station and during the COVID-19 restrictions, Keltbray and SSE were not allowed to evacuate the houses while social distancing guidelines required households to be 2 metres (6ft) apart. Once the restrictions were lifted they were able to carry out the demolition, and chose to demolish the three structures at the same time so that only one evacuation was necessary. The final three cooling towers, at first intended to be kept for a future gas-fired power station, were demolished on 17 March 2022 and the site was offered for sale. The power station demolition was completed in October 2022. Ferrybridge D (not built) In 2018, SSE had plans to redevelop the site for a gas-fired power station, to be named Ferrybridge D, and build a 9km gas pipeline to connect it to the gas transmission system. Parts of 'C' station – including three of the original cooling towers, the electricity switch house and the substation – were going to be retained for its use. The plans were not taken forward, and in April 2020 the application to reserve capacity on the gas transmission network was cancelled. Ferrybridge Multifuel (2011–present) In October 2011, SSE was granted Section 36 planning permission to construct a 68 MW waste-to-energy plant at its Ferrybridge site. The 68 MW plant was designed to burn mixed fuel including biomass, general waste and waste wood. The plant became operational during 2015. In late 2013 consultations began for a second multifuel plant "Ferrybridge Multifuel 2" (FM2). The plant was initially specified to be similar in scale to the first plant, and to have a capacity of up to 90 MW. It occupied part of the course at Ferrybridge Golf Club, and in 2013 SSE undertook to provide a replacement nine-hole course and clubhouse nearby. Construction of MF2 began in 2016, was completed late 2019, and it was commissioned in December of that year. A rail unloading terminal was built between the two plants to allow both to be rail served. Both plants were built by Multifuel Energy Limited, a 50:50 joint venture between SSE and Wheelabrator, a division of American company Waste Management. , generated power was purchased by SSE. SSE sold its share of the joint venture to First Sentier Investors in January 2021, as part of a programme of disposal of non-core assets. Ferrybridge Carbon Capture Plant On 30 November 2011, the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, Chris Huhne, officially opened a carbon capture pilot plant at Ferrybridge Power Station. The carbon capture plant was constructed in partnership with Doosan Power Systems, Vattenfall and the Technology Strategy Board. The plant had a capacity of 100 tonnes of CO2 per day, equivalent to 0.005 GW of power. The capture method used amine chemistry (see Amine gas treating). The CO2 was not stored, because the pilot plant was designed only to test the carbon capture element of the carbon capture and storage process. At the time of construction it was the largest carbon capture plant in the UK. See also Listed buildings in Knottingley and Ferrybridge Aire valley power stations References Footnotes Literature Ferrybridge A , In three parts, via www.gracesguide.co.uk Ferrybridge B Ferrybridge C External links official site. documentary. Buildings and structures in the City of Wakefield Power stations in Yorkshire and the Humber Former power stations in England Coal-fired power stations in England Former coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom Knottingley

4039125

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibial

Tibial

Tibial may refer to: Tibia bone Tibial nerve Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Anterior tibial vein Posterior tibial vein

4039128

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy%20Fong%20Foods

Huy Fong Foods

Huy Fong Foods is an American hot sauce company based in Irwindale, California. It was founded by David Tran, a Vietnamese-born immigrant, beginning in 1980 on Spring Street in Los Angeles's Chinatown. It has grown to one of the leaders in the Asian hot sauce market with its sriracha sauce, popularly referred to as "rooster sauce" or "cock sauce" due to the image of a rooster on the label. Products The company's most popular product is its sriracha sauce. The primary ingredients are peppers, garlic, and sugar. It was originally made with Serrano peppers and is now made with red Jalapeño peppers, reducing the overall pungency. It is currently Huy Fong Foods' best-known and best-selling item, easily recognized by its bright red color and its packaging: a clear plastic bottle with a green cap, text in five languages (Vietnamese, English, Chinese, French, and Spanish) and the rooster logo. One nickname for the product is "rooster sauce”, for the logo on the bottles. In contrast to similar hot sauces made by other manufacturers, Huy Fong's sriracha sauce does not contain fish extract, making it suitable for most vegetarians, although the presence of garlic may make it unsuitable for members of Buddhism and some Hindu denominations. Huy Fong also makes sambal oelek and chili garlic sauces. History Founding and early history Huy Fong Foods was founded by David Tran (born 1945), a Vietnamese businessman and a former Major in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. Tran, in a cargo boat, arrived in Boston in the spring of 1979 as a part of the migration of the Vietnamese boat people following the Vietnam War. Shortly after arriving in Boston, Tran called up his brother-in-law in Los Angeles, and decided to move there after learning that there were red peppers. After arriving in Los Angeles, Tran established his own hot sauce company which he named after the Huy Fong freighter. The rooster symbol that is a part of the Sriracha branding came from the fact that Tran was born in the Year of the Rooster on the Chinese zodiac. He incorporated Huy Fong Foods, Inc. in February 1980, within a month of arriving in Los Angeles. He had previously made hot sauce with his family while working as a cook in the South Vietnamese army. He began selling hot sauces to local Asian restaurants out of a van, making $2,300 in his first month in business. Tran considers Huy Fong Foods to be a family business. His son William Tran is the company president and daughter Yassie Tran-Holliday is vice president. Production In 1987, Huy Fong Foods relocated to a building in Rosemead, California that once housed toymaker Wham-O. In 2010, the company opened a factory in Irwindale, California on 23 acres, a facility having of office space, of production space, and of warehouse space, which is now the site of manufacture of all three of the brands sauces. These sauces are produced on machinery that has been specially modified by David Tran, who taught himself machining and welding skills. Since 2014, the Irwindale factory has been open to visitors, and has become a tourist attraction. The chili odor that emanated from the Irwindale factory upset the community's residents and the City of Irwindale filed a lawsuit against Huy Fong Foods in October 2013, claiming that the odor was a public nuisance. Initially, a Los Angeles Superior Court judge refused the city's bid to shut down the factory but a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge ordered the factory to essentially shut down on November 27, 2013, prohibiting all activities that could cause odors. Irwindale dropped the lawsuit on May 29, 2014, after intervention by the office of Governor Jerry Brown. In Huy Fong Foods' production at these facilities, the company begins with purchase of chilis grown in Ventura, Los Angeles, and Kern counties and production of a mash from these; most of each year's chili mash is produced in just two months, during the autumn harvest. Earlier, the company used serrano chilis but found them difficult to harvest. The product made from the natural mash is processed such that the final product contains no artificial ingredients. Between 1988 and 2016, Huy Fong Foods had a partnership with Underwood Ranches, which produced red jalapeños used in sriracha. By 2006, Underwood produced 90% of the peppers used by Huy Fong. Huy Fong Foods' relationship with Underwood and the Ranches ended in 2016 after—as alleged by a lawyer for Underwood—Huy Fong Foods' David Tran "attempted... to hire away Underwood’s COO in order to form a new chile-growing concern", which the lawyer described as breaking trust between the supplier and manufacturer. After a failure by Underwood to return an overpayment in 2016, Huy Fong Foods' sued Underwood Ranches. Underwood then countersued for breach of contract. The countersuit won and Huy Fong Foods was ordered to pay $23.3 million in compensation for damages. The company has never advertised its products, relying instead on word of mouth. Production and sales of the sauces are sizeable; in 2001, the company was estimated to have sold 6,000 tons of chili products, with sales of approximately US$12 million. In 2010 the company produced 20 million bottles of sauce in a year. As of 2012 it had grown to sales of more than US$60 million a year. In 2019, the company had a 10% marketshare of the $1.55 billion hot sauce market in the United States. The company generated over $150 million in revenue as of 2022. The company has warned customers about counterfeit versions of its sauces. In June 2022, Huy Fong Foods announced that they would be pausing production of its popular Sriracha Hot Chili Sauce, due to a “severe shortage” of chili peppers. Awards and recognition In December 2009, Bon Appétit magazine named its Sriracha sauce Ingredient of the Year for 2010. References Further reading Alt URL. Nakamura, Eric. "The Famous Hot Sauce Factory Tour!" (1997). Giant Robot, no. 9, pp. 32–33. External links Huy Fong Foods website. Hot sauces Brand name condiments Companies based in Los Angeles County, California Vietnamese cuisine Irwindale, California Rosemead, California Privately held companies based in California 1980 establishments in California Food and drink companies established in 1980 Condiment companies of the United States Food and drink companies based in California Family-owned companies of the United States

4039133

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomaston%20High%20School

Thomaston High School

Thomaston High School is a public school for grades 7 through 12 in Thomaston, Connecticut. The school has an enrollment of about 350 students. Athletics Accomplishments The Thomaston High School boys' cross country team has won the Berkshire League Title 8 times (1972, 1973, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008). They have won Connecticut Class S State Championship title 5 times (1973, 2000, 2005, 2006, 2007). The team has recorded wins at multiple state invitationals such as the Windham, Coginchaug, and Nonnewaug invites while going undefeated several seasons. The team has also accomplished a new Berkshire League Record with 59 straight wins. The girls' cross country team has recorded multiple 10–0 seasons, with their latest in 2011. The girls' team has begun having its own success in the Berkshire League, winning five straight league titles (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011). In 2010, they won their first Class S State Championship and, at the State Open a week later, qualified for the New England Championship in Thetford, Vermont, where they completed their season with an 8th-place finish. The girls' team repeated this feat in 2011, winning the Class S State Championship over Immaculate High School while simultaneously qualifying for the New England Championship in North Scituate, Rhode Island, where they finished 13th. Controversy The school was in the news in 1998 when it expelled a student caught smoking marijuana off school grounds. The case raised issues concerning the extent that schools can police students' lives. The expulsion was appealed to Connecticut State Supreme Court, which ruled that students could be expelled if their off site behavior "markedly interrupts or severely impedes the day-to-day operation of the school." The student was reinstated and filed a lawsuit against Thomaston after graduation. References External links Schools in Litchfield County, Connecticut Thomaston, Connecticut Public high schools in Connecticut

4039144

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20Dust

Gold Dust

Gold dust is fine particles of gold. Gold dust may also refer to: Animal Gold Dust (elephant) (1873–1898), male Asian elephant that was kept in the National Zoo in the late 19th century Gold dust day gecko, a subspecies of geckos which lives in northern Madagascar and on the Comoros Gold dust disease, also known as velvet disease, a fish disease caused by the dinoflagellate parasites Plant Aurinia saxatilis, an ornamental plant native to Asia and Europe Aucuba japonica, the gold dust plant, an ornamental shrub native to China, Korea, and Japan Chrysothrix candelaris, the gold dust lichen, a yellow fungus that commonly grows on tree bark Gold Dust, a cultivar of the rosemary plant Music Record labels and production companies Gold Dust Media, a record label which joined Studio !K7 in 2008 Gold Dust Records, a record label formed by Goldie Lookin Chain Goldust Productions, a music production company Albums Gold Dust (Tori Amos album), a 2012 studio album by Tori Amos Gold Dust (Sandy Denny album), a 1998 live album by Sandy Denny Gold Dust (Jonathan Jeremiah album), 2012 album by Jonathan Jeremiah with The Metropole Orkest Gold Dust (The Dirty Youth album), a 2015 studio album by The Dirty Youth Songs "Gold Dust" (DJ Fresh song), a 2008/2010 song by DJ Fresh "Gold Dust" (Galantis Song), a 2016 song from Swedish DJ duo, Galantis from their debut album Pharmacy "Gold Dust" (Sandi Thom song) a 2010 song from Scottish singer, Sandi Thom from her album Merchants and Thieves "Gold Dust", a 2013 song by John Newman from Tribute "Golddust", a 2016 song by Danny Brown from Atrocity Exhibition People Goldust (Dustin Runnels, born 1969), American wrestler also known as Dustin Rhodes Gold Dust Trio, a group of promoters who controlled the world of professional wrestling during the 1920s Gold Dust Twins, Goldie and Dustie, the mascots of Fairbank's Gold Dust washing powder Other Gold Dust (magazine), a UK literary biannual Golddust, Tennessee Gold Dust washing powder, early all-purpose cleaning product See also

4039146

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuthu%20Ratheeb

Kuthu Ratheeb

Rifai Raatheeb is a ritual performed by a section of Ahmed ar-Rifa'i. Rifai is a name that originates from Sufi saint Ahmed-Al-Kabeer who was born in the Wasit region in Baghdad, Iraq in 1118. Shaikh Rifai committed himself to memorise the Quran at age seven. Ritual He founded the Rifai Sufi Order. Rifai Ratheeb, which is performed at ritual festivals and homes. The ritual is performed to defeat incurable diseases and to fulfill the aspirations of the faithful. It is the pilgrimage of Shaykh Ahmad Rifai. However, no authentic source confirms this origin. The ritual involves piercing the body without pain, immunity to snake and fire and riding of wild animals. Piercing affects the tongue, the ear and the stomach. Knives and steel tools are used. Hymns known as Byths or Ratheebs are sung. (More than twenty such byths are used) The followers of the ritual believe that even though injuries are inflicted on the bodies of the performers by weapons, these do not cause pain or damage the body. They believe that since the ritual is performed by devotees who have received ijazath (permission) from their sheikh, it will not cause injuries. While followers of the ritual portray Rifai Ratib as folk art, revivalist as well as reformist movements in maintain that this ritual is effective References Rituals Mappilas

4039151

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger%20Hal

Ranger Hal

Ranger Hal is a children's television program that originated in Washington, DC, on WTOP-TV Channel 9 (now WUSA), a station owned by The Washington Post newspaper. It aired from 1957 to 1969 in a weekday and Saturday morning timeslot. It was hosted by Hal Shaw (1925–1999), a local television personality who created and produced the show. The title character, Ranger Hal, is a fictional US Forest Service Ranger who was assigned to a national forest. He befriended various local animals (represented by puppets) including Oswald (or Ossie) the Rabbit, Dr. Fox, and Eager Beaver. Shaw voiced all the characters, but a staff of puppeteers animated them. Some of the puppeteers went on to greater fame, including Barry Levinson and Max Robinson. After the initial success of the show on WTOP, The Washington Post replicated the concept at their Jacksonville, Florida affiliate, WJXT Channel 4. The Ranger Hal Show ran from 1958 through 1969, starring Henry Baran (the stage name of Henry Baranek, 1927–1979). Running in a similar timeslot, it was popular with adults as well as children, and maintained good viewing numbers for nearly its entire run. When the original show ended in 1969, Hal Shaw was promoted to WTOP management. In 1977, he suffered from a brain aneurysm that left him permanently disabled. In 1985, the Forest Service made him an honorary Ranger. He retired to his farm near Great Falls, Virginia, where he died from cancer in 1999. External links Fan site Ranger Hal, DC Fan site Ranger Hal, Jacksonville Local children's television programming in the United States 1950s American children's television series 1960s American children's television series 1957 American television series debuts 1969 American television series endings American television shows featuring puppetry

4039156

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles

1989 French Open – Women's singles

Arantxa Sánchez Vicario defeated the two-time defending champion Steffi Graf in the final, 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 7–5 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1989 French Open. This ended Graf's winning streak of major singles titles at five. Graf served for the championship at 5–3 in the third set, but lost the game to love and won only three more points in the match from that point. Sánchez Vicario was just 17 years old at the time, and it was the first of her three French Open titles (followed by 1994 and 1998). This tournament marked the major debut for future world No. 1 Monica Seles, who reached the semifinals before losing to Graf. It was also the first French Open since 1978 not to feature Martina Navratilova or Chris Evert. Seeds Qualifying Draw Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 References External links 1989 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation Women's Singles French Open by year – Women's singles French Open - Women's Singles 1989 in women's tennis 1989 in French women's sport

4039164

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyroid

Cricothyroid

Cricothyroid may refer to: Cricothyroid muscle Cricothyroid ligament

4039168

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal

Intercostal

Intercostal means "between the ribs". It can refer to: Intercostal muscle Highest intercostal vein Intercostal arteries Intercostal space

4039170

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Welsh

Robin Welsh

Robin Welsh (20 October 1869 – 21 October 1934) was a Scottish sportsman who represented the Royal Caledonian Curling Club as a curler in the Winter Olympics, represented Scotland in tennis and played international rugby union for Scotland. Rugby Union career Amateur career He played for Watsonians. Provincial career He played for Edinburgh District. He also played for Cities District. International career He was capped four times for Scotland between 1895 and 1896. Referee career He was an international referee. He refereed the England versus Ireland match in 1902; the Wales versus England match in 1903; and the Ireland versus England match in 1905. He refereed in the Scottish Unofficial Championship. Administrative career He was President of the Scottish Rugby Union for the period 1925 to 1926. Curling career He was part of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club team which won the first Olympic Gold medal in curling at the inaugural Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France, in 1924. See also Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics References External links 1869 births 1934 deaths Scottish male curlers British male curlers Olympic curlers of Great Britain Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain Olympic medalists in curling Curlers at the 1924 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics Scottish Olympic medallists Scottish rugby union players Rugby union players from Edinburgh Rugby union wings Scotland international rugby union players Curlers from Edinburgh Scottish rugby union referees Watsonians RFC players Scottish male tennis players British male tennis players Scottish Unofficial Championship referees Edinburgh District (rugby union) players Cities District players Presidents of the Scottish Rugby Union

4039176

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1zava

Sázava

Sázava () is the name of a river in Bohemia, Czech Republic, and a number of localities named after the river: Sázava (river) Sázava (town), a town in the Central Bohemian Region Sázava Monastery in Sázava Sázava (Ústí nad Orlicí District), a municipality and village in the Pardubice Region Sázava (Žďár nad Sázavou District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region Sázava, a village and administrative part of Davle in the Central Bohemian Region Sázava, a village and administrative part of Nový Rychnov in the Vysočina Region See also Procopius of Sázava, Czech saint

4039177

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judges%20of%20the%20African%20Court%20on%20Human%20and%20Peoples%27%20Rights

Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights

The first Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights were elected on January 22, 2006 at the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union, held in Khartoum, Sudan. The judges, hailing from 11 of the 53 member states of the African Union, are from varying backgrounds of judicial experience and knowledge of international and human rights law. Each judge serves for a six-year term, and can be re-elected once. The President and Vice-President are elected to two-year terms and can only be re-elected once. Dr. Gerard Niyungeko (President) Modibo Tounty Guindo (Vice-President) Dr. Fatsah Ouguergouz Jean Emile Somda Sophia A.B. Akuffo Kellelo Justina Mafoso-Guni Hamdi Faraj Fanoush Jean Mutsinzi El Hadj Guissé Bernard Ngoepe George W. Kanyeihamba References External links African Union Website Project on International Courts and Tribunals Coalition for an Effective African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights African Union-related lists African

4039179

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%20Tesla%20electric%20car%20hoax

Nikola Tesla electric car hoax

The Nikola Tesla electric car hoax is an anecdote that refers to a supposed Nikola Tesla invention described by Peter Savo, who claimed to be a nephew of Tesla, to Derek Ahers in 1967. Savo said that Tesla took him to Buffalo, New York in 1931 and showed him a modified Pierce-Arrow car. Tesla, according to the story, had removed the gasoline engine from the car and replaced it with a brushless AC electric motor. The motor was said to have been run by a "cosmic energy power receiver" consisting of a box measuring about 25 inches long by 10 inches wide by 6 inches high, containing 12 radio vacuum tubes and connected to a antenna. The car was said to have been driven for about 50 miles at speeds of up to 90 mph during an eight-day period. The story has received some debate because the car's propulsion system is said to have been invented by Tesla. No physical evidence has ever been produced confirming that the car actually existed. Tesla did not have a nephew by the name of Peter Savo, and Tesla's grand-nephew William Terbo considers the Tesla electric car story to be a fabrication. A number of web pages exist that perpetuate this tale. The continuous recycling of reactive power is not one of them for lack of verifiable evidence to prove otherwise. Yet, if it were powered (for the most part) by the reuse of reactive power, then this would require a thorough review of these anecdotes to determine if an extremely high Quality Factor is responsible for significantly offsetting power losses. Until any conclusive evidence is found, all we can do is engage in endless speculation as a form of mild entertainment. Aside from these exceptions, every other account of this purported demonstration automobile is based upon the Peter Savo story plus literary embellishment. References Further reading More Insight into the Tesla Car Essentia Volume 2 Winter 1981: Exemplar - Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla's amazing "black box" Cold Electricity or Cosmic Rays of Tesla's 1931 Pierce Arrow Top Secret Project ExtraOrdinary Technology: Volume 1 Number 2 Simulating Tesla's Pierce Arrow EV Demonstration of 1931 Aluminum-Air (Primary) Battery Development - Toward an Electric Car – Mirrored copy External links Interesting Facts About Nikola Tesla Electric vehicles Nikola Tesla Nonexistent people used in hoaxes Hoaxes in science Hoaxes in the United States 1960s hoaxes

4039187

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence%20Jackson

Laurence Jackson

Laurence Jackson (16 September 1900 in Carnwath, South Lanarkshire – 27 July 1984 in Biggar, South Lanarkshire) was a Scottish curler. He was part of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club team that won the first Olympic Gold medal in curling at the inaugural Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France, in 1924. He was the son of fellow gold-medalist Willie Jackson. See also Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics References External links 1900 births 1984 deaths Scottish male curlers British male curlers Olympic curlers of Great Britain Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain Olympic medalists in curling Curlers at the 1924 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics Scottish Olympic medallists

4039195

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemira%20GrowHow

Kemira GrowHow

Kemira GrowHow is a fertilizer producer headquartered in Helsinki, Finland. Its products are sold in over 100 countries but it has market stronghold in Northern Europe. Most of the revenue (55%) comes from Western Europe, particularly from the UK and Ireland (18%). Kemira Growhow was a division of Kemira, which was originally a fertilizer producer owned by state of Finland. Kemira's operations were started in year 1920, and Kemira Growhow was separated from the rest of Kemira in 2004. In 2004, Kemira Growhow had 2,700 employees, a revenue of 1,220.9 million euros, with profit 47.8 million euros. On 24 May 2007 Yara International, a Norwegian rival, bought 30.05% of the company from the Finnish State and offered to buy the rest, valuing the company at 671.8 million euros. After the EU approval, Yara completed the acquisition and in March 2008 "Kemira GrowHow" became Yara subsidiary "Yara Suomi" and started re branding its products to Yara. External links Kemira GrowHow is now CF Fertilisers Fertilizer companies of Finland Chemical companies of Finland Manufacturing companies based in Helsinki

4039200

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Elliott%20Dark

Alice Elliott Dark

Alice Elliott Dark is a short story writer, novelist, and essayist. She is the author of two story collections, Naked to the Waist and In the Gloaming, and two novels Think of England and Fellowship Point, which was published by Scribner/Marysue Rucci Books in July 2022. Early life and education She was born Alice Elliott Kirby in Philadelphia and grew up in Bryn Mawr where she attended the Shipley School. After that, she attended Kenyon College and the University of Pennsylvania, where she earned a BA in Chinese studies. She started out as a poet and earned an MFA from Antioch, producing a chapbook, This Is My Gun, Clyde, as her thesis. Novels Dark's novel Fellowship Point (Scribner/Marysue Rucci Books) was published to critical acclaim on July 5, 2022. The novelis set primarily on Fellowship Point, a pristine coastal Maine peninsula. It tells the story of how a lifelong friendship between two women in their eighties, Agnes Lee and Polly Wister, is tested when Agnes suggests they dissolve the joint ownership of the point by the two of them and one other shareholder and donate it to a land trust to protect it from development. Her first novel, Think of England, was published by Simon & Schuster in 2002. Short stories and awards The short story "In the Gloaming" was first published in The New Yorker in 1993 and was selected by John Updike for inclusion in the Best American Short Stories of the Century. Prior to that, it was included in The Best American Short Stories 1994, as selected by Tobias Wolff. In the Gloaming was made into an HBO film starring Glenn Close and directed by Christopher Reeve. Dark's short story "Watch the Animals," first published in Harper's Magazine, was subsequently awarded an O. Henry Award in 2000. She has also published stories in Doubletake, Five Points, Ploughshares, A Public Space, and Redbook. Her essays and reviews have appeared in publications such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Harper's Bazaar, and she is a frequent contributor of essays on a wide range of subjects to several anthologies. Current life Dark is the recipient of an NEA grant and has taught at the Writer's Voice in New York City, Bard College, Manhattanville College, Barnard College, and Rutgers University. She lives in New Jersey with her husband, Larry Dark, formerly the Series Editor for Prize Stories: The O. Henry Awards and currently Director of The Story Prize, an annual book award for short story collections. She also has a son Asher Dark. She is an associate professor at Rutgers University-Newark. References External links Web site Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Kenyon College alumni University of Pennsylvania alumni Postmodern writers Writers from Philadelphia American women short story writers 20th-century American short story writers American women poets Bard College faculty Manhattanville College faculty Barnard College faculty Rutgers University faculty 20th-century American poets 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American short story writers 21st-century American women writers 21st-century American essayists American women essayists People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania Antioch College alumni 20th-century American essayists American women academics

4039203

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne%20Shelly

Adrienne Shelly

Adrienne Levine (June 24, 1966 – November 1, 2006), better known by the stage name Adrienne Shelly (sometimes credited as Adrienne Shelley), was an American actress, film director and screenwriter. She became known for roles in independent films such as Hal Hartley's The Unbelievable Truth (1989) and Trust (1990). She wrote, co-starred in, and directed the 2007 posthumously-released film Waitress which later became a Broadway show. Shelly's death in 2006 was initially determined by police to be suicide; her husband's insistence on a re-evaluation brought her killer to justice. Shelly's husband established the Adrienne Shelly Foundation, which awards scholarships, production grants, finishing funds, and living stipends to artists. In her honor, the Women Film Critics Circle gives an annual Adrienne Shelly Award to the film that it finds "most passionately opposes violence against women." Early life Shelly was born Adrienne Levine in Queens to Sheldon Levine and Elaine Langbaum. She had two brothers and was raised on Long Island. She began performing when she was about 10 at Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Training Center. Shelly made her professional debut in a summer stock production of the musical Annie while a student at Jericho High School in Jericho, New York. She went on to Boston University, majoring in film production, but dropped out after her junior year and moved to Manhattan. Career Shelly's breakthrough came when she was cast by independent filmmaker Hal Hartley as the lead in The Unbelievable Truth (1989) and Trust (1990). Trust was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival, where Hartley's script tied for the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award. Shelly guest-starred in a number of television series including Law & Order, Oz and Homicide: Life on the Street, and played major roles in over two dozen off-Broadway plays, often at Manhattan's Workhouse Theater. In 2005 she appeared in the film Factotum starring Matt Dillon. During the 1990s, Shelly segued toward a career behind the camera. She wrote and directed 1999's I'll Take You There, in which she appeared alongside Ally Sheedy. She won a U.S. Comedy Arts Festival Film Discovery Jury Award in 2000 for direction of the film, and Prize of the City of Setúbal: Special Mention, at the Festróia (Tróia International Film Festival) held in Setúbal, Portugal, for best director. Her final work was writing, directing, co-set- and costume-designing, and acting in the film Waitress, starring Keri Russell and Nathan Fillion, which premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. Shelly's daughter, Sophie, has a cameo at the end of the film. Personal life Shelly, who took her professional surname from her late father's given name, was married to Andy Ostroy, the chairman and CEO of the marketing firm Belardi/Ostroy. They met in 2001 on Match.com, were married in 2002, and had a daughter, Sophie (born 2003), who was two years old at the time of her mother's death. Shelly had written the film Waitress during the time she was pregnant with her daughter, Sophie. Shelly described herself as an "optimistic agnostic." Death and investigation Shelly was found dead at approximately 5:45 p.m on November 1, 2006. Her husband, Andy Ostroy, discovered her body in the Abingdon Square apartment in Manhattan's West Village that she used as an office. Ostroy had dropped her off at 9:30 a.m. He became concerned that Shelly had not been in contact during the day and asked the doorman to accompany him to the apartment. They found her body hanging from a shower rod in the bathtub with a bed sheet around her neck. Although the door was unlocked and money was missing from her wallet, the NYPD believed Shelly had taken her own life. An autopsy found she had died as a result of neck compression. Ostroy insisted that his wife was happy in her personal and professional life, and would never have committed suicide leaving her two-and-a-half-year-old daughter motherless. His protests over the following days prompted further examination of the bathroom, which revealed a sneaker print in gypsum dust on the toilet beside where her body had been found. The print was matched to other shoe prints in the building where construction work had been done the day of Shelly's death. Diego Pillco, a 19-year-old construction worker from Ecuador, was arrested on November 6, and confessed on tape to attacking Shelly and staging the fake suicide. Pillco's original version claimed that when Shelly demanded the construction noise be kept down, he threw a hammer at her. Afraid she might make a complaint that could result in his deportation, since he had immigrated into the United States illegally, he followed her back to her apartment. Pillco said Shelly slapped him when he grabbed her at her apartment door and he retaliated by punching her in the face, knocking her to the ground where she hit her head and fell unconscious. Believing he had killed her, he then hanged her to make it appear a suicide. This version of events was not supported by the lack of head trauma and the presence of neck compression as the cause of death. Pillco gave a different account during trial in 2008. He said he was returning to work after lunch when he noticed Shelly returning to her apartment in the elevator, and decided to follow and rob her. He said he waited on the landing of Shelly's apartment as she entered and left the door open, and intended to steal from her purse. When Shelly caught him and threatened to call police, he grabbed the phone and covered her mouth to quiet her screaming. After rendering Shelly unconscious, Pillco bound a bed sheet around her neck and strangled her. He then dragged her to the bathroom where he hung her body from the shower rod to make her death look like suicide. The second version was consistent with the lack of dust on Shelly's shoes which she was not wearing when found, and was apparently a confession to murder. Prosecutors thought if charged with murder Pillco might return to his original account and a jury trial could find him guilty of a lesser charge. The medical examiner determined that Shelly was still alive when hanged. Pillco pleaded guilty to first-degree manslaughter and was sentenced to 25 years in prison without parole. Since he is an illegal immigrant, he is scheduled to be deported to Ecuador upon release. At Pillco's sentencing on March 13, 2008, Shelly's husband and family members said that they would never forgive him. Andy Ostroy said of Pillco "...you are nothing more than a cold-blooded killer" and that he hoped he would "rot in jail." Ostroy said that "Adrienne was the kindest, warmest, most loving, generous person I knew. She was incredibly smart, funny and talented, a bright light with an infectious laugh and huge smile that radiated inner and outer beauty... she was my best friend, and the person with whom I was supposed to grow old." Lawsuit According to an acquaintance, Pillco said after eight months he still owed a debt on the $12,000 he had paid to be smuggled into the US, and he lived in the basement of a building owned by his employer. One of Shelly's neighbors told reporters that Pillco's stare had made the neighbor feel uncomfortable when she walked past him. Shelly's husband sued contractor Bradford General Contractors, which had hired Pillco. The complaint alleged that Shelly would still be alive if the contracting firm had not hired him. Ostroy also sought to hold the owners and management of the building liable for Shelly's murder. According to a New York Post article, among other allegations, the complaint stated that Pillco was an undocumented immigrant...' as were his co-workers, and that "it was in Bradford General Contractors' interest not to have 'police and immigration officials [called] to the job site' because that would have ground their work to a halt." On July 7, 2011, the lawsuit was dismissed by Judge Louis York. The court determined that Ostroy had not established legal grounds to hold the contractor liable, writing "While this court sympathizes with [Ostroy's] loss, plaintiffs have not presented sufficient legal grounds upon which to hold Bradford ... liable for Pillco's vicious crime," and that there was likewise insufficient evidence presented to find that either the building's management agents or its owners "had reason to believe that Pillco was a dangerous person who should not have been allowed to work at the premises" in order to find them vicariously liable. Ostroy was said to be considering an appeal. Legacy Following his wife's death, Ostroy established the Adrienne Shelly Foundation, a nonprofit organization that awards scholarships, production grants, finishing funds, and living stipends through its partnerships with academic and filmmaking institutions NYU, Columbia University, Women in Film, IFP, AFI, Sundance Institute, Tribeca Film Institute, and the Nantucket Film Festival. One of its grant recipients, Cynthia Wade, won an Academy Award in 2008 for Freeheld, a short-subject documentary that the Foundation had helped fund. The foundation gave an early short film grant to Chloé Zhao, who eight years later became the second woman in history to win the Academy Award for Best Director. As part of its annual awards, the Women Film Critics Circle gives the Adrienne Shelly Award to the film that "most passionately opposes violence against women." On February 16, 2007, the NBC crime drama series Law & Order broadcast a season 17 episode titled, "Melting Pot", which was a loose dramatization of Shelly's murder. Shelly herself had guest starred on the show in the 2000 episode "High & Low". The plot of "Melting Pot" contains an alteration of the events wherein the murder is committed by the employer of the undocumented construction worker in an attempt to protect his lucrative business. Shelly's film Waitress was accepted into the 2007 Sundance Film Festival before her murder. The film, starring Keri Russell, Nathan Fillion, Cheryl Hines, Jeremy Sisto, Andy Griffith, and Shelly herself, was bought during the festival by Fox Searchlight Pictures for an amount between $4 million and $5 million (news accounts on the actual amount vary), and the film realized a final box-office draw of more than $19 million. Waitress maintains a 90% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Waitress and its cast have together won five film awards and received other nominations in various categories, including an Audience award for a feature film at the Newport Beach Film Festival, where cast member Nathan Fillion received a Feature Film award for his role in the film; the Jury Prize at the Sarasota Film Festival for narrative feature; the Wyatt Award by the Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards; and nominations for a Humanitas Prize and an Independent Spirit Award for best screenplay. Ostroy produced Serious Moonlight, a film written by Shelly and directed by Hines. The film stars Meg Ryan, Timothy Hutton, Kristen Bell, and Justin Long. It premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2009 and was released later that year in December. Ostroy spearheaded the establishment of a memorial to his wife. On August 3, 2009, the Adrienne Shelly Garden was dedicated on the Southeast side of Abingdon Square Park at 8th Avenue and West 12th Street. It faces 15 Abingdon Square, the building where Shelly died. The musical Waitress, based on the motion picture written by Shelly, opened on August 1, 2015, at the American Repertory Theater at Harvard University. It was directed by Diane Paulus and featured a book by Jessie Nelson and music and lyrics by Sara Bareilles. It starred Jessie Mueller, winner of a Tony Award for her portrayal of Carole King in the musical Beautiful. After a sold-out limited engagement, the show moved to Broadway, starting in previews March 25, 2016, and officially opening April 24, 2016. The production closed on January 5, 2020, after 33 previews and 1,544 performances. Shelly's murder and police investigation is dramatized in season 4, episode 2 of the Investigation Discovery television series, The Perfect Murder. She is portrayed by actress Emily Stokes. Ostroy directed a documentary about Shelly's life, titled Adrienne in which he meets and has a conversation with Diego Pillco in prison. It premiered on December 1, 2021, on HBO. Filmography References External links The Adrienne Shelly Foundation Jones, Malcolm; "Murder Victim Was A Great Actress"; Newsweek; November 10, 2006. Beyond Belief (TCM Movie Morlocks) 1966 births 2006 deaths 2006 murders in the United States 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from New York City American agnostics American film actresses American people of Russian-Jewish descent American women film directors American women screenwriters American writers of Russian descent Boston University College of Communication alumni Deaths by strangulation in the United States Film directors from New York City Jewish American actresses Jewish American writers Jewish agnostics Murdered American Jews People from Greenwich Village People from Jericho, New York People murdered in New York City Screenwriters from New York (state) Writers from Queens, New York 20th-century American women writers 20th-century American writers American television actresses Deaths by hanging 20th-century American screenwriters

4039207

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Murray%20%28curler%29

Thomas Murray (curler)

Thomas Blackwood "Tom" Murray (3 October 1877 in Biggar, South Lanarkshire – 3 June 1944) was a Scottish curler. He was part of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club team which won the first Olympic gold medal in curling at the inaugural Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France, in 1924. See also Curling at the 1924 Winter Olympics References External links 1877 births 1944 deaths Scottish male curlers British male curlers Olympic curlers of Great Britain Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain Olympic medalists in curling Curlers at the 1924 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics Scottish Olympic medallists

4039228

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Daniel%20T.%20Griffin%20%28DE-54%29

USS Daniel T. Griffin (DE-54)

USS Daniel T. Griffin (DE-54/APD-38), a of the United States Navy, was named in honor of Ordnanceman Daniel T. Griffin (1911–1941), who was killed in action during the Japanese attack on the Hawaiian Islands. Namesake Daniel Thornburg Griffin was born on 25 March 1911 in Allendale, Illinois. He enlisted in the Navy on 6 October 1930 and served continuously until his death in his PBY Catalina during the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Aviation Machinist's Mate First Class Griffin was cited by Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, for his prompt and efficient action and his utter disregard of personal danger in the defense of Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay. He was first buried in Hawaii in December 1941 and was reinterred in Colorado Springs in October 1947. Construction and commissioning Daniel T. Griffin was launched on 25 February 1943 by the Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard, Hingham, Massachusetts, sponsored by Mrs. D. T. Griffin, and commissioned on 9 June. Service history After a voyage escorting a convoy to Casablanca, French Morocco, between 15 August and 24 September 1943 Daniel T. Griffin took up convoy duty between New York and Northern Ireland, making eight transatlantic voyages between 13 October 1943 and 23 September 1944. She arrived at Staten Island, New York on 22 October for conversion to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport. She was reclassified APD-38 on 23 October 1944. Sailing from Norfolk on 13 January 1945 Daniel T. Griffin arrived at Pearl Harbor on 6 February to serve with Underwater Demolition Teams. She cleared on 14 February on convoy duty to Ulithi and Kossol Passage, then arrived at San Pedro Bay, Leyte, on 5 March for invasion rehearsals off Hononhan Island. On 19 March she got underway for Kerama Retto, arriving on the 26th. During the assault on Okinawa, she screened ships at Kerama Retto and swept mines, delivered explosives to the Okinawa beaches, and then acted as rescue ship until 18 May. On 6 April she fought off several suicide attacks destroying at least two enemy planes. When the destroyer was hit Daniel T. Griffin protected her against further attack assisted in putting out her fires, and escorted her into Kerama Retto. Daniel T. Griffin served on local escort duty at Saipan between 20 May and 19 June 1945, then escorted a convoy back to Okinawa, and another from Okinawa to Ulithi. On 11 July she arrived in San Pedro Bay, Leyte, for varied duty in the Philippines until 22 September when she sailed with occupation troops to Kure, Japan, landing her passengers from 6 to 11 October. Returning to Manila on 16 October she redeployed troops in the Philippines until 2 December when she sailed for the United States. She called briefly at San Diego, arrived at Norfolk on 11 January 1946 and Green Cove Springs, Florida, on 4 March. She was placed out of commission in reserve there on 30 May 1946. Virgilio Uribe (APD-29) Daniel T. Griffin was transferred to Chile on 15 November 1966, and renamed Luis Virgilio Uribe (APD-29). She was decommissioned and broken up for scrap in 1995. Awards Daniel T. Griffin received one battle star for World War II service. References External links Buckley-class destroyer escorts Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports Ships built in Hingham, Massachusetts 1943 ships World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States Buckley-class destroyer escorts of the Chilean Navy

4039233

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387%20in%20English%20football

1986–87 in English football

The 1986–87 season was the 107th season of competitive football in England. Diary of the season 1 July 1986 – After one season at Everton, Gary Lineker departs to Barcelona of Spain in a £2.75 million deal, where he will play alongside former Manchester United striker Mark Hughes in a side managed by Terry Venables. Ian Rush agrees a £3.2 million transfer to Juventus of Italy in a record fee for a British player, but will remain at Liverpool on loan for a season. 2 July 1986 – Rangers sign Norwich City goalkeeper Chris Woods for £600,000. 3 July 1986 – Coventry City sign striker Keith Houchen from Scunthorpe United for £60,000. 7 July 1986 – Two big First Division clubs buy young players from smaller clubs as they prepare to build for the future. Everton sign 20-year-old winger Neil Adams from Stoke City for £150,000, while Tottenham Hotspur sign 21-year-old defender Mitchell Thomas from Luton Town for £233,000. 18 July 1986 – Sir Stanley Rous, chairman of The Football Association from 1934 to 1961, dies aged 91. 25 July 1986 – Ipswich Town, relegated to the Second Division at the end of last season, sell England international defender Terry Butcher to Rangers, managed by former Liverpool midfielder Graeme Souness, in a £700,000 deal – a record for a Scottish club. 29 July 1986 – Middlesbrough are wound up in the High Court due to debts in excess of £1million, but have yet to be expelled from the Football League and may yet be included in the first round draw for the Football League Cup. 30 July 1986 – Wolverhampton Wanderers win a High Court appeal against their winding-up order, enabling them to compete in the Fourth Division campaign – the first time they have played at this level. Meanwhile, Middlesbrough are also reprieved, but the bailiffs have locked them out of Ayresome Park and they are expected to play at least one home game at Hartlepool United's ground. 31 July 1986 – Liverpool pay £200,000 for Sunderland defender Barry Venison. 1 August 1986 – Aston Villa sign midfielder Neale Cooper from Aberdeen for £350,000. 5 August 1986 – Wolverhampton Wanderers are saved from bankruptcy after Wolverhampton Council and the Asda supermarket chain agree to pay off the club's £3million debts. 7 August 1986 – David Seaman, goalkeeper at relegated Birmingham City, opts to remain in the First Division and signs for Queens Park Rangers for £225,000. 8 August 1986 – Rival gangs of Manchester United and West Ham United hooligans are involved in violence on a Sealink ferry bound for Amsterdam, resulting in dozens of arrests, sparking fears that the ongoing ban on English football clubs in European competition could be extended to friendlies between English and foreign clubs. 11 August 1986 – Sheffield Wednesday pay £200,000 for 18-year-old Barnsley striker David Hirst. 16 August 1986 – The first Merseyside derby of the season finishes honours even, in the 1986 FA Charity Shield at Wembley Stadium. 20 August 1986 – Tottenham Hotspur sign Dundee United and Scotland defender Richard Gough for £700,000. 21 August 1986 – Everton pay a club record £1million to sign the 24-year-old Norwich City defender Dave Watson. 22 August 1986 – The Football League confirms that the First Division will decrease to 21 clubs for the 1987–88 season, while the Second Division will expand to 23 clubs, and that in 1988–89 the First Division will have 20 clubs and the Second Division will have 24. 23 August 1986 – On the first day of the First Division season, Wimbledon's first match in the top division ends in a 3–1 defeat to Manchester City. Southampton record the biggest win of the day, 5–1 against Queens Park Rangers. Champions Liverpool beat Newcastle United 2–0, and Arsenal beat Manchester United 1–0.Colin Clarke scores a hat-trick for Southampton on his debut in a 5-1 home win over QPR. 25 August 1986 – Manchester United lose 3–2 at home to West Ham, with Frank McAvennie scoring twice for the visitors. 27 August 1986 – Luton Town ban away fans from the club's Kenilworth Road ground. 30 August 1986 – Tottenham go top of the First Division on goal difference with a 1–0 home win over Manchester City. They are level on point with Liverpool, who beat Arsenal 2–1 at Anfield, and West Ham, who are held to a goalless draw at Oxford. Manchester United are still looking for their first point of the season after losing 1–0 at home to Charlton. 31 August 1986 – Tottenham Hotspur finish August as First Division leaders under new manager David Pleat, level on points with Liverpool and West Ham United, while the bottom two places in the league are occupied by Manchester United and Aston Villa, who have yet to gain a point this season. Birmingham City and Hull City occupy the top two places in the Second Division, while the next three places are occupied by Oldham Athletic, Crystal Palace and Blackburn Rovers. 2 September 1986 – Wimbledon, Football League members for just 10 seasons, go top of the league with a 1–0 away win over Charlton Athletic. Oldham go top of the Second Division with a 1–0 win over Ipswich at Portman Road. 4 September 1986 – Watford sign Everton midfielder Kevin Richardson for £225,000. 6 September 1986 – Manchester United, bottom of the table, claim their first point of the First Division campaign with a 1–1 draw at Leicester. Liverpool beat West Ham 5–2 at Upton Park. Wimbledon stay on top with a 1–0 win at Watford. A high-scoring game in the Second Division sees Blackburn climb into second place with a 6–1 win over Sunderland at Ewood Park. 9 September 1986 – England under-21s draw 1–1 with Sweden, with Arsenal defender Tony Adams scoring their only goal. 13 September 1986 – Bryan Robson makes his first league appearance since April when he returns from a shoulder injury to help Manchester United record their first league win of the season at the fifth attempt as they beat Southampton 5–1 at Old Trafford and climb off the bottom of the First Division. Nottingham Forest go top with a 6–0 home win over Aston Villa. 14 September 1986 – Aston Villa sack manager Graham Turner after just over two years at the helm. 16 September 1986 – Gordon Hill, the 32-year-old former Manchester United and England winger, becomes a high-profile new signing for Conference side Northwich Victoria, managed by former United striker Stuart Pearson. 20 September 1986 – Leeds United hooligans overturn and immolate a fish and chip van at Odsal Stadium, the temporary home of Bradford City. Nottingham Forest score six for the second League match in succession when they thrash Chelsea 6–2 at Stamford Bridge. Nigel Clough and Garry Birtles both scores hat-trick. Newly promoted Norwich go second with a 4–1 win at Aston Villa. A nine-goal thriller at Leeds Road sees Huddersfield beat Oldham 5–4 in the Second Division. 21 September 1986 – The pressure mounts on Manchester United manager Ron Atkinson after a 3–1 defeat to Everton at Goodison Park, with his side still second from bottom with one win and four points from their first seven league games. 22 September 1986 – Luton Town are banned from this season's League Cup for refusing to lift their ban on away fans. Meanwhile, Aston Villa appoint Billy McNeill as manager from Manchester City, who replace him with Jimmy Frizzell. 23 September 1986 – Liverpool defeat Fulham 10–0 in the first leg of their second round tie in the League Cup. 24 September 1986 – When Nottingham Forest play Brighton & Hove Albion in a second round League Cup match, Forest defender Stuart Pearce's brother Ray was one of the linesmen. Pearce had no idea that his brother was officiating until he saw him at the start of the match. 27 September 1986 – Aston Villa's first league match under Billy McNeill ends in a 3–3 draw with Liverpool at Anfield after the hosts come from behind twice to equalise. Nottingham Forest remain top with a 1–0 win over Arsenal at the City Ground. 28 September 1986 – Manchester United's dismal start to the season continues as they lose 1–0 at home to Chelsea in the league at Old Trafford – their sixth defeat from their opening eight games. After Kerry Dixon gives Chelsea an early lead, the home side have two penalties saved by goalkeeper Tony Godden. 30 September 1986 – Nottingham Forest are First Division leaders at the end of September, two points ahead of surprise contenders Norwich City and four ahead of Liverpool and Coventry City. Aston Villa still occupy bottom place and Manchester United are second from bottom with just four points so far this campaign. In the Second Division, Oldham Athletic and Portsmouth lead the way, followed by Crystal Palace, Leeds United and Sheffield United. 3 October 1986 – Tottenham Hotspur sign Belgian striker Nico Claesen from Standard Liège for £600,000. 4 October 1986 – Sheffield Wednesday go fourth in the First Division with a 6–1 home win over Oxford. An all-London clash at Selhurst Park sees Crystal Palace go top of the Second Division with a 2–1 win over Millwall. 6 October 1986 – Luton Town lose an appeal against their expulsion from the League Cup. 11 October 1986 – Newly promoted Norwich City top the league after a 0–0 away draw with Luton Town. Nottingham Forest fall into second after a 3–1 defeat to East Midlands rivals Leicester at Filbert Street. West Ham go fourth with a 5–3 home win over Chelsea. Portsmouth go top of the Second Division with a 2–0 win over Birmingham at Fratton Park. 14 October 1986 – Manchester United sign 18-year-old Irish midfielder Liam O'Brien from Shamrock Rovers for £60,000. 15 October 1986 – England open their 1988 European Championship qualifying campaign with a 3–0 win over Northern Ireland at Wembley. 16 October 1986 – QPR put defender Terry Fenwick on the transfer list at his own request. Legendary former Everton goalkeeper Ted Sagar dies aged 76. 18 October 1986 – Nottingham Forest return to the top of the First Division with a 1–0 home win over QPR. Norwich surrender the top position in the league with a 1–1 draw at home to West Ham. Liverpool keep up the pressure on the leading pair with a 4–0 home win over Oxford. 21 October 1986 – Out of favour Manchester United defender John Gidman joins neighbours City on a free transfer. 23 October 1986 – Norwich City sign 22-year-old goalkeeper Bryan Gunn for £150,000 from Aberdeen. 25 October 1986 – Mike Newell, a former Liverpool trainee, scores a hat-trick in Luton Town's 4–1 league win over the double winners at Kenilworth Road.Colin Clarke scores his second hat-trick for Southampton in a 3–2 away win over Leicester. Nottingham Forest remain top despite losing 2–1 to Oxford at the Manor Ground due to both Norwich and Liverpool losing, while Everton go third with a 3–2 home win over Watford. 26 October 1986 – The only competitive action of the day is the Manchester derby at Maine Road, which ends in a 1–1 draw. City climb off the bottom of the table on goal difference at the expense of Newcastle, while United are a lowly 19th after 12 games. 29 October 1986 – In the third round of the League Cup, Fourth Division club Cardiff City upset First Division Chelsea while Second Division Ipswich Town are knocked out by Fourth Division team Cambridge United. 31 October 1986 – October ends with Nottingham Forest back on top of the First Division, one point ahead of Norwich City and two ahead of Everton and Arsenal. Manchester United and Aston Villa have both climbed out of the bottom two, ahead of Newcastle United, Manchester City and Chelsea. Portsmouth are now leaders of the Second Division, a point ahead of Oldham Athletic. Leeds United, Plymouth Argyle and Sunderland occupy the playoff places. 1 November 1986 – Paul Walsh scores a hat-trick for Liverpool in their 6–2 home league win over Norwich City. Nottingham Forest remain top of the table with a 3–2 home win over Sheffield Wednesday. Arsenal go second with a 2–0 away win over Charlton. Manchester United, whose next fixture is a League Cup third round replay at Southampton, are held to a 1–1 draw at home to Coventry and remain fourth from bottom. Wimbledon's return to form continues with a 2–1 win over Tottenham at White Hart Lane. 4 November 1986 – Southampton beat Manchester United 4–1 in the League Cup third round replay clash at The Dell, with 18-year-old striker Matt Le Tissier scoring his first two goals for the club. The result increases speculation that United manager Ron Atkinson's dismissal is imminent. 6 November 1986 – Ron Atkinson is sacked after five years as manager of Manchester United, who are second from bottom in the First Division and were eliminated from the League Cup 4–1 by Southampton two days ago. Aberdeen's Alex Ferguson is appointed as the new manager. Out of favour West Ham United striker Paul Goddard joins Newcastle United for £450,000. 8 November 1986 – Manchester United lose 2–0 to Oxford United in their first game under the management of Alex Ferguson. Liverpool move to the top of the First Division after a 3–1 win at Queens Park Rangers, leading on goals scored after Nottingham Forest lose 1–0 at Coventry. 11 November 1986 – England under-21s begin their European Championship qualifying campaign with a 1–1 draw with Yugoslavia at London Road, Peterborough. Their only goal comes from Brighton & Hove Albion striker Terry Connor on his debut at this level. 12 November 1986 – England beat Yugoslavia 2–0 at Wembley in their second World Cup qualifier. 13 November 1986 – Crystal Palace sign Leicester City striker Mark Bright for £75,000. 15 November 1986 – The FA Cup first round sees non-league sides Caernarfon Town and Telford United both beat Football League opposition, while several ties between non-league and Football League opposition end in draws. No such luck though for non-league Fareham town, who lose 7–2 to Third Division promotion contenders AFC Bournemouth at Dean Court. On the league scene, Arsenal go top of the First Division with a 4–0 win at Southampton. Luton climb into fourth place and are just two points off the top of the table after beating Nottingham Forest 4–2 at Kenilworth Road. West Ham keep up their title challenge with a 1–0 win over Wimbledon at Plough Lane. A Second Division promotion crunch game at Elland Road sees Oldham go top of the table with a 2–0 win over Leeds. 16 November 1986 – Liverpool blow their chance to return to the top of the First Division after being held to a 1–1 draw at home to Sheffield Wednesday. 20 November 1986 – Wimbledon sign 21-year-old midfielder Vinnie Jones from Conference side Wealdstone for £10,000. 21 November 1986 – Wolverhampton Wanderers continue their rebuilding process and bid for promotion from the Fourth Division by signing midfielder Andy Thompson and striker Steve Bull from neighbours West Bromwich Albion for £35,000 each. 22 November 1986 – Arsenal remain top of the First Division with a 3–0 home win over Manchester City. Nottingham Forest keep up the pressure in second place with a 3–2 home win over Wimbledon. Chelsea, title contenders last season, fall into second from bottom place with a 3–1 home defeat to bottom club Newcastle. Leicester's relegation fears deepen with a 5–1 defeat to Watford at Vicarage Road. A John Sivebaek goal gives Alex Ferguson his first win as Manchester United manager as they beat QPR 1–0 at Old Trafford and climb out of the bottom four. Tottenham get back on track with a 4–2 away win over Oxford. 23 November 1986 – The Merseyside derby at Goodison Park ends in a goalless draw. 26 November 1986 – Jan Molby scores a hat-trick of penalties in Liverpool's 3–1 League Cup quarter-final win over Coventry City at Anfield. 29 November 1986 – Vinnie Jones scores his first goal for Wimbledon in a 1–0 victory over Manchester United at Plough Lane. Arsenal remain top with a 4–0 away win over Aston Villa. Nottingham Forest keep up the pressure with a 3–2 away win over Tottenham. Everton keep up the pace with the leaders by beating Manchester City 3–1 at Maine Road. 30 November 1986 – Arsenal finish November as First Division leaders, while fifth placed Luton Town are putting up an unlikely title challenge. Nottingham Forest, Everton, Liverpool and Norwich City are also all within five points of the leaders. Newcastle United are bottom, with Chelsea also struggling in the relegation zone. Oldham Athletic and Portsmouth continue to lead the way in the Second Division, with Plymouth Argyle and Leeds United still occupying the play-off zone, joined by Derby County. The only action of the day sees Newcastle beat West Ham 4–0 on Tyneside to climb from 22nd to 18th in the First Division. 3 December 1986 – Former Southampton and Republic of Ireland winger Austin Hayes dies of lung cancer at the age of 28, three weeks after the illness was diagnosed. He had recently returned from a short spell playing in Sweden, and since leaving Southampton in 1981 had also played for Millwall and Northampton Town. 6 December 1986 – The top three clubs in the First Division – Arsenal, Nottingham Forest and Everton – all record victories. Liverpool's hopes of retaining the title are hit by a 2–0 defeat at Watford. The pressure mounts on Chelsea manager John Hollins after watching his side lose 4–0 at home to Wimbledon. 7 December 1986 – A six-goal thriller at Old Trafford sees Manchester United and Tottenham draw 3–3. 9 December 1986 – Liverpool play Celtic in an unofficial 'British Championship' match in the United Arab Emirates. After the match finished 1–1 after 90 minutes, Liverpool won 4–2 on penalties to win the first Dubai Super Cup. 13 December 1986 – Aston Villa come from 3–1 down in the final minutes to draw 3–3 with Manchester United in a First Division clash at Villa Park. Leaders Arsenal draw 1–1 with Norwich at Carrow Road. Everton's title hopes are hit by a 1–0 away defeat to Luton, who climb into fourth place. Manchester City's survival hopes are given a boost with a 3–1 home win over West Ham. 14 December 1986 – 18 months after the stadium fire that killed 56 spectators, Bradford City return to a revamped Valley Parade. In the First Division, Leicester climb out of the bottom four with a 2–0 home win over Oxford. Chelsea are now bottom after losing 3–0 at Liverpool, whose hopes of retaining the title are given a major boost. 20 December 1986 – Arsenal go five points clear at the top with a 3–0 home win over Luton Town. Manchester United's revival under Alex Ferguson continues with a 2–0 home win over Leicester. Nottingham Forest's title hopes are hit when they drop two points in a goalless draw at home with Southampton. Portsmouth go top of the Second Division by beating Barnsley 2–1 at home, although Oldham are two points behind them with two games in hand. 21 December 1986 – Tottenham Hotspur sell defender Graham Roberts to Rangers for £450,000. Oldham return to the top of the Second Division with a 2–1 home win over Bradford. Promotion contenders Leeds suffer a 7–2 defeat to Stoke City at the Victoria Ground. Derby County go third and boost their hopes of a second successive promotion by beating Grimsby 4–0 at the Baseball Ground. 22 December 1986 – Graeme Souness continues to buy English-based players for Rangers by making a £120,000 move for Doncaster Rovers striker Neil Woods. 23 December 1986 – Tottenham Hotspur sign midfielder Steve Hodge from Aston Villa for £650,000. 26 December 1986 – Manchester United beat Liverpool 1–0 at Anfield. It is United's first away win of the season. Leaders Arsenal drop points in a 1–1 draw at Leicester, but Nottingham Forest fail to take advantage as they lose 2–1 at Norwich. Everton boost their title hopes with a 4–0 win at Newcastle. Tottenham climb into fifth place with a 4–0 home win over West Ham. In the Second Division, Bradford's first game back at Valley Parade ends in a 1–0 home defeat to Derby County. Portsmouth return to the top of the Second Division with a 3–2 win over Plymouth at Home Park, as Oldham surrender their lead of the table after being held to a 2–2 draw by Grimsby at Blundell Park. 27 December 1986 – A day after beating Liverpool 1–0 at Anfield, Manchester United lose 1–0 at home to Norwich. Arsenal remain in pole position with a 1–0 home win over Southampton. Tottenham's erratic league form continues as they lose 4–3 at Coventry. West Ham fall into the bottom half of the table with a 3–2 home defeat to Wimbledon. Chelsea halt their dismal form with a 4–1 home win over Aston Villa. In the Second Division, Stoke City keep up the pressure on the pace-setters with a 5–2 win over Sheffield United. A relegation crunch game sees Huddersfield beat Bradford by the same scoreline at Leeds Road. Derby go top of the table with a 3–2 home win over Barnsley. 28 December 1986 – Charlton climb off the top of the First Division and jump up five places to 17th with a 5–0 home win over Manchester City. Everton cut Arsenal's lead at the top to four points by beating Leicester 5–1 at Goodison Park. Nottingham Forest drop more points in the title race with a 2–2 draw at home to Luton. 31 December 1986 – The year draws to a close with Arsenal leading the league by four points from Everton. Leicester City are bottom of the table, but are within three points of six other teams. The race for First Division football next season is headed by Portsmouth, while Derby County have moved into second. 1 January 1987 – 1987 begins in style on the Football League scene. Arsenal remain four points ahead at the top of the First Division with a 3–1 home win over Wimbledon, as Everton keep up the pressure with a 3–0 home win over Aston Villa. Manchester United's upswing continues with a 4–1 home win over Newcastle. West Ham climb back into the top half of the table by beating Leicester 4–1 at Upton Park. Chelsea continue their recent revival with a 3–1 win over QPR in a West London derby clash at Stamford Bridge. 3 January 1987 – Steve Moran scores a hat-trick in Leicester's 6–1 home win over Sheffield Wednesday which lifts the East Midlands side off the bottom of the First Division. Newcastle, who lose 2–1 at home to Coventry, now prop up the table. Everton keep up the pressure on Arsenal with a 1–0 win over QPR at Loftus Road. 4 January 1987 – Arsenal beat Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 at White Hart Lane in the North London derby to go four points ahead at the top of the league. 6 January 1987 – Ian Snodin joins Everton for £840,000 from Leeds United. 10 January 1987 – Manchester United beat Manchester City 1–0 in the FA Cup third round at Old Trafford. 11 January 1987 – Nottingham Forest are surprisingly beaten 2–1 by Crystal Palace in the FA Cup third round. 13 January 1987 – Winger Peter Barnes becomes the second Manchester United player to transfer to neighbours City this season when he completes his £30,000 return to the club where he started his career more than a decade ago. 17 January 1987 – Everton and Liverpool both keep up the pressure on leaders Arsenal. Howard Kendall's men beat Sheffield Wednesday 2–0 at Goodison Park, while Kenny Dalglish's defending champions beat Manchester City 1–0 at Maine Road. In the Second Division, Bradford boost their survival bid with a 4–0 home win over Millwall, whose promotion hopes take a major blow as a result. 18 January 1987 – Chelsea sign 23-year-old defender Steve Clarke from St Mirren for £400,000. The gap at the top of the First Division remains at two points when Arsenal draw 0–0 at home to Coventry. 19 January 1987 – Portsmouth striker Micky Quinn is found guilty on a double charge of driving while disqualified and receives a 21-day prison sentence. 20 January 1987 – The country's biggest anti-hooliganism police operation sees 26 suspected football hooligans arrested in raids in the West Midlands and Southern England. 23 January 1987 – Liverpool's £250,000 move for West Bromwich Albion defender Derek Statham falls through after the player fails a fitness test. 24 January 1987 – Arsenal lose 2–0 away to Manchester United, their first League defeat since September, giving Everton the chance to go top of the First Division if they win tomorrow. Other key games include West Ham's 3–1 win over Coventry at Highfield Road, Watford winning by the same scoreline at Oxford, and Tottenham's 3–0 home win over Aston Villa. 25 January 1987 – Everton miss the chance to go top of the First Division by losing 1–0 at Nottingham Forest. 27 January 1987 – Liverpool sign Oxford United striker John Aldridge, 28, for a fee of £750,000 as player-manager Kenny Dalglish ends his search for a new striker ready to take over from Ian Rush, who will leave for Juventus at the end of the season. 28 January 1987 – Luton Town knock holders Liverpool out of the FA Cup with a comprehensive 3–0 victory in the third round second replay at Kenilworth Road. 30 January 1987 – Out-of-favour Arsenal defender Tommy Caton leaves the club after three years and signs for Oxford United in a £100,000 deal. 31 January 1987 – In the FA Cup fourth round, Coventry City win 1–0 away to Manchester United, while Arsenal put six goals past Plymouth Argyle at Highbury. The Gunners remain top of the First Division as the month ends, with Everton and Liverpool their nearest contenders and Nottingham Forest occupying fourth place. Aston Villa have slipped back into the relegation zone, joining Leicester City and Newcastle United. Portsmouth are still top of the Second Division with Derby County in second place. The play-off places are occupied by Oldham Athletic, Ipswich Town and Plymouth Argyle. 5 February 1987 – Watford winger Nigel Callaghan moves to Derby County in a £140,000 deal. 6 February 1987 – UEFA confirms that the ban on English clubs in European competition that arose from the Heysel disaster will continue for at least another season. 7 February 1987 – Everton go top of the First Division with a 3–1 home win over Coventry. Leicester climb out of the bottom four with a 3–1 home win over Wimbledon. 14 February 1987 – In a thrilling game between one side challenging for the title and the other battling to avoid relegation, Liverpool beat Leicester City 4–3 at Anfield, Ian Rush scoring a hat-trick. 18 February 1987 – Gary Lineker scores all four goals as England beat Spain 4–2 in a friendly in Madrid. England under-21s beat Spain 2-1 in a friendly in Burgos, with goals from 19-year-old Arsenal midfielder David Rocastle and 21-year-old West Ham United striker Tony Cottee. 19 February 1987 – Billy McNeill boosts Aston Villa's battle against relegation by paying Everton £300,000 for striker Warren Aspinall. 21 February 1987 – Wigan Athletic, currently in the Third Division and in only their ninth season as Football League members, reach the FA Cup quarter-finals for the first time in their history by beating Hull City 3–0 in the fifth round at Springfield Park. Liverpool miss the chance to go level on points at the top of the First Division when they are held to a 2–2 draw at Aston Villa. 22 February 1987 – Title-chasing Everton are knocked out of the FA Cup 3–1 in the fifth round by Wimbledon. 24 February 1987 – Liverpool sign midfielder Nigel Spackman from Chelsea for £400,000. 28 February 1987 – Everton finish February as First Division leaders, but only lead on goal difference over second-placed Liverpool. Arsenal are a point behind with a game in hand. Portsmouth, Derby County, Oldham Athletic, Plymouth Argyle and Ipswich Town continue to lead the way in the Second Division. 1 March 1987 – Plans for a merger between West London rivals Fulham and Queens Park Rangers are scrapped after the Football League vetoed the proposal. Former Arsenal winger Liam Brady returns to England in a £150,000 move to West Ham United from Ascoli of Italy. The Football League Cup semi-final tie between Tottenham and Arsenal goes to a replay after Arsenal win 2–1 at White Hart Lane, following a 1–0 defeat at Highbury in the first leg. 3 March 1987 – England winger John Barnes is put on the transfer list by Watford. Liverpool and Manchester United are among the teams expected to make a bid for the 23-year-old, who first signed for Watford in 1981. 4 March 1987 – Arsenal reach the League Cup Final after a 2–1 replay victory over neighbours Tottenham Hotspur. In the league, Aston Villa miss the chance to climb out of the bottom four after Wimbledon hold them to a goalless draw at Villa Park. A clash between the top two clubs in the Second Division at the Baseball Ground sees Derby hold visitors Portsmouth to a goalless draw. 6 March 1987 – Everton sign striker Wayne Clarke from Birmingham City for £300,000. Oldham go second in the Second Division with a 4–0 home win over Reading. 7 March 1987 – Charlton Athletic boost their First Division survival hopes and climb out of the bottom four with a 2–1 home win over London rivals West Ham, who drop to 14th. Chelsea continue their climb to mid-table security with a 1–0 home win over Arsenal, denting the title hopes of George Graham's side. A relegation crunch match at The Dell sees Southampton beat Leicester 4–0. Bryan Robson scores once and Nicky Reid scores an own goal as Manchester United win the Manchester derby 2–0 at Old Trafford. Liverpool go top of the table with a 2–0 home win over Luton Town, although Everton can make a quick return to the top of goal difference if they win tomorrow. Tottenham home in on the top three with a 1–0 home win over QPR. Newcastle stay bottom of the table but boost their survival hopes with a 2–1 home win over an Aston Villa side who are now second from bottom. 8 March 1987 – Everton squander the chance to return to the top of the table with a 2–1 defeat at Watford. 11 March 1987 – Blackburn Rovers pay Dundee £30,000 for defender Colin Hendry. Leaders Liverpool beat Arsenal 1–0 at Highbury. 12 March 1987 – Oxford United pay a club record £600,000 for Brighton & Hove Albion striker Dean Saunders in a bid to avoid relegation. 14 March 1987 – Coventry City progress to the FA Cup semi-finals for the first time in their history thanks to a 3–0 away win over Sheffield Wednesday in the quarter-finals. On the same day, Arsenal's hopes of a unique domestic treble are ended with a 3–1 defeat at home to Watford. On the First Division scene, Liverpool win 3–1 at Oxford. Luton Town climb back up to fourth win a 2–1 home win over Manchester United. A Second Division rampage at Selhurst Park sees Crystal Palace beat Birmingham City 6–0. 15 March 1987 – Tottenham Hotspur move closer to a record eighth FA Cup triumph as they eliminate Wimbledon 2–0 at Plough Lane. Wigan Athletic's dreams are ended with a 2–0 home defeat by Leeds United. For the first time in the history of the FA Cup, all four quarter-final ties have been won by the away team. 17 March 1987 – Crystal Palace, chasing promotion in the Second Division, sign midfielder Alan Pardew for £7,000 from Conference side Yeovil Town. 19 March 1987 – 22-year-old striker Paul Stewart leaves Third Division strugglers Blackpool to sign for Manchester City in a £200,000 deal. 21 March 1987 – Everton keep their title hopes alive with a 2–1 home win over Charlton Athletic. The latest relegation crunch thriller sees Southampton beat Aston Villa 5–0 at The Dell. Down in the Second Division, Plymouth boost their hopes of reaching the First Division for the first time by beating Grimsby 5–0 at Home Park. 22 March 1987 – A First Division clash at White Hart Lane adds heat to the title race as Tottenham beat Liverpool 1–0. Liverpool are still six points ahead of their nearest rivals Everton, who have two games in hand and a superior goal difference, while Tottenham are 14 points off the top but have five games in hand. 24 March 1987 – Charlton Athletic and Oxford United share the points in a goalless draw at Selhurst Park and stay clear of the bottom four. Southampton move closer to safety with a 3–0 home win over Luton Town. West Ham's downturn continues with a 2–0 home defeat to Sheffield Wednesday. Wimbledon move closer to securing a top-half finish to their first season in the First Division by beating Coventry City 2–1. 25 March 1987 – Aston Villa drop two more points in their survival battle as they draw 1–1 at home to Watford. Leicester climb out of the bottom four with a 4–1 home win over QPR. Newcastle remain bottom after drawing 1–1 at home to Tottenham. 26 March 1987 – Arsenal pay Leicester City £850,000 for 24-year-old striker Alan Smith, and then loan him back to Leicester until the end of the season. 28 March 1987 – Liverpool's title bid is hit with a shock 2–1 home defeat against Wimbledon. Everton gain a crucial 1–0 victory over Arsenal at Highbury, boosting their title hopes and leaving the home side's title hopes looking slim. Manchester City crash to the bottom of the table with a 4–0 defeat against Leicester City at Filbert Street, which is a major boost for the home side's survival hopes. Aston Villa boost their own survival bid with a 1–0 home win over Coventry City. Luton Town go third with a 3–1 home win over Tottenham. Newcastle climb off the bottom of the table with a 2–0 home win over Southampton. Portsmouth go top of the Second Division with a 3–1 home win over Sunderland. 29 March 1987 – Second Division Blackburn Rovers lift the Full Members' Cup by beating First Division Charlton Athletic 1–0 at Wembley with a goal from Colin Hendry in their first Wembley final for 27 years. 31 March 1987 – Liverpool end March as First Division leaders, but only by a three-point margin over an Everton side who have two games in hand. Arsenal's challenge has faded after a run of six League matches without scoring, but Luton Town continue to defy the odds by occupying third place. Manchester City, Newcastle United and Charlton Athletic are tied on points at the bottom of the table. Portsmouth and Derby County remain at the top of the Second Division, while Oldham Athletic, Ipswich Town and Plymouth Argyle are still in the play-off zone. 1 April 1987 – England keep up their 100% record in the European Championship qualifiers with a 2–0 win over Northern Ireland at Windsor Park in their third qualifying game. 2 April 1987 – Former Aston Villa and Wales midfielder Trevor Hockey dies of a heart attack at the age of 43 after collapsing during a charity football match in West Yorkshire. 4 April 1987 – First Division strugglers Aston Villa and Manchester City draw 0–0 at Villa Park. Newcastle's survival hopes are given a fresh boost as they beat Leicester City 2–0 at home. A seven-goal thriller at Selhurst Park sees Charlton beat Watford 4–3 to boost their survival bid. Tottenham keep their title hopes alive with a 3–0 home win over Norwich City. Everton go top of the league with a 2–1 win at Chelsea. Peter Davenport scores twice in a 3–2 home win for Manchester United over Oxford United. Derby County return to the top of the Second Division with a 2–0 win over Ipswich Town at Portman Road, while Portsmouth drop down to second with a 1–0 defeat at Bradford. 5 April 1987 – Arsenal win the League Cup, beating Liverpool 2–1 in the final at Wembley. Charlie Nicholas scores both of Arsenal's goals, which gives them their first League Cup triumph ever and their first major trophy for eight years. Ian Rush scores on the losing side for the first time in his Liverpool career. 6 April 1987 – In the only league action of the day, QPR beat Watford 3–0 at Vicarage Road. 7 April 1987 – A midweek London derby sees Charlton Athletic and Chelsea draw 0–0 at Selhurst Park. Tottenham remain in the hunt for the title with a 1–0 away win over Sheffield Wednesday. Southampton and Wimbledon draw 2–2 at The Dell. 8 April 1987 – Newcastle United climb out of the top bottom four with a 4–1 home win over Norwich City. Arsenal's title hopes are virtually ended when they are beaten 3–1 by West Ham at Upton Park. Second Division leaders Derby County moved closer to ending their seven-year exile from the First Division by beating Huddersfield 2–0 at the Baseball Ground. 9 April 1987 – Fourth Division side Halifax Town become the first Football League members to be run by their local council as part of a rescue package to save the club from bankruptcy. 11 April 1987 – Tottenham Hotspur reach their eighth FA Cup final by beating Watford 4–1 in the Villa Park semi-final. Charlton Athletic's survival chances are hit by a 2–1 defeat to Arsenal at Highbury. Everton remain in pole position in the title race by beating West Ham 4–0 at Goodison Park. Manchester City's survival hopes are hit hard when they lose 4–2 at home to Southampton. A similar blow befalls Liverpool's title hopes as they lose 2–1 to Norwich at Carrow Road. Derby County remain top of the Second Division despite drawing 0–0 at home to local rivals Stoke City, although Portsmouth are a point behind with a game in hand. 12 April 1987 – Coventry City reach their first cup final by beating Leeds United 3–2 at Hillsborough in the semi-final of the FA Cup. A midlands derby at St Andrew's sees West Bromwich Albion beat Birmingham City 1–0. 14 April 1987 – Newcastle United take another step towards First Division survival with a 1–0 win over Arsenal at Highbury. Nottingham Forest go sixth with a 3–2 away win over Sheffield Wednesday. Watford climb into the top half of the table by beating Chelsea 3–1 at Vicarage Road. West Ham's clash with Manchester United at Upton Park ends in a goalless draw. 15 April 1987 – Tottenham's title hopes are left hanging by a thread after they are held to a 1–1 draw by Manchester City at Maine Road, while the lost two points are a major blow to the hosts in their battle for survival. 16 April 1987 – Lawrie McMenemy resigns as manager of Second Division strugglers Sunderland, and is succeeded by Bob Stokoe, who was manager at Sunderland when they won the FA Cup in 1973. 18 April 1987 – Everton move closer to winning the First Division title with a 1–0 away win over Aston Villa, who are six points adrift of the relegation playoff place and seven points adrift of automatic survival with five games remaining. Liverpool keep up their title bid with a 3–0 home win over Nottingham Forest, as do Tottenham with a 1–0 home win over Charlton Athletic. Luton Town's excellent season continues with a 2–0 home win over Coventry keeping them in fourth place. Newcastle move closer to survival with a 2–1 home win over Manchester United. Leicester City keep clear of the bottom four with a 1–0 home win over West Ham. Portsmouth go top of the Second Division on goal difference ahead of Derby County, who have a game in hand, by drawing 2–2 with Reading at Elm Park. 20 April 1987 – Without kicking a ball, Everton take a huge step towards the league title as their last realistic title rivals Liverpool and Tottenham are both beaten. Tottenham lose 2–1 to London rivals West Ham at Upton Park, and Liverpool go down 1–0 to a Peter Davenport goal for Manchester United at Old Trafford. A relegation crunch game at Selhurst Park sees Charlton boost their survival hopes by winning 3–0 against Aston Villa, whose survival hopes are left hanging by a thread. Things are looking even more grim for Manchester City, who lose 3–2 at Sheffield Wednesday and now need at least eight points from their last four games to stand any chance of survival. 25 April 1987 – A major twist occurs at both ends of the First Division, with victories for Liverpool and Tottenham keeping their title hopes alive, while comprehensive victories for the bottom two of Aston Villa and Manchester City keeps the survival hopes of both clubs alive. Derby County beat Sheffield United 1–0 at Bramall Lane and now need just one point to secure automatic promotion, as do Portsmouth after a 2–0 win over Grimsby Town at Blundell Park. 28 April 1987 – England under-21s suffer a major blow to their European Championship qualification hopes when they draw 0–0 with Turkey in Izmir. 29 April 1987 – England's 100% record in the European Championship qualifiers ends in the fourth game when they can only manage a goalless draw with Turkey in Izmir. 30 April 1987 – Scarborough seal the Conference title to become the first team to win automatic promotion to the Football League following last summer's abolition of the re-election system. In the First Division, Everton hold three-point lead over Liverpool with game in hand, and are eight points clear of third-placed Tottenham Hotspur. Derby County have overhauled Portsmouth at the top of the Second Division, while Oldham Athletic are the only other team still able to achieve automatic promotion. 2 May 1987 – Aston Villa are left needing at least four points from their final two games after losing 2–1 to Arsenal at Highbury. Charlton's survival hopes take a hit when they lose 1–0 at home to Luton Town. Leicester City are still in danger of going down after losing 3–1 at Chelsea. Liverpool's title hopes are now fading fast after they are beaten 1–0 by FA Cup finalists Coventry City at Highfield Road. Everton are forced to wait for the title after being held to a goalless draw at home to a Manchester City side whose survival challenge is still alive. A dead rubber match at Hillsborough sees Sheffield Wednesday beat QPR 7–1. Derby County seal promotion to the First Division by beating Leeds United 2–1 at the Baseball Ground. Portsmouth beat Millwall 2–0 at Fratton Park, leaving them needing just a point from their final two league games to secure automatic promotion. 4 May 1987 – Everton secure the First Division title with a 1–0 win over Norwich City at Carrow Road, despite Liverpool beating Watford 1–0 at Anfield and Tottenham beating Manchester United 4–0 at White Hart Lane. Aston Villa's relegation is confirmed as they lose 2–1 at home to Sheffield Wednesday, but Manchester City keep their survival hopes alive with a 1–0 home win over Nottingham Forest. Charlton move into the relegation playoff place by beating Newcastle 3–0 on Tyneside, with Leicester dropping into the bottom three after being held to a 1–1 draw at home by local rivals Coventry. Portsmouth are forced to wait for promotion to the First Division after losing 1–0 away to a Crystal Palace side who keep their playoff hopes alive in the process. Brighton's 2–0 defeat at Bradford condemns them to relegation to the Third Division. 5 May 1987 – Oxford United secure First Division survival with a 3–2 away win over Luton Town. Wimbledon are guaranteed a top 10 finish after beating Chelsea 2–1 at Plough Lane. Oldham's 2–0 defeat to Shrewsbury Town at Gay Meadow sends Portsmouth back into the First Division after a 28-year exile. 8 May 1987 – Relegated Aston Villa sack Billy McNeill after eight months as manager. 9 May 1987 – Ian Rush completes his Liverpool career before signing for Juventus by scoring in a 3–3 draw at Chelsea. Norwich achieve the highest final position in their history when a 2–1 away win over Arsenal sees them finish fifth. Luton Town also achieve their highest-ever finish, securing seventh place in the final table despite a 3–1 defeat at Everton. Manchester City go down after a 2–0 defeat at West Ham, as do a Leicester side who could only manage a goalless draw at Oxford. Charlton are thrown a First Division lifeline when a 2–1 home win over QPR ensures that they occupy the relegation playoff place in the final table. Derby County are crowned champions of the Second Division, while Grimsby Town are relegated and Sunderland finish in the relegation playoff place. 11 May 1987 – Champions Everton finish their League campaign by beating third-placed Tottenham Hotspur 1–0. 16 May 1987 – Coventry City win the first major trophy of their history with a 3–2 victory after extra time over Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup final. A thrilling game had seen Clive Allen put Tottenham Hotspur ahead in the second minute with his 49th goal of the season, only for Dave Bennett to equalise in the ninth minute. Gary Mabbutt restored Tottenham's lead after 40 minutes, but Keith Houchen's 64th-minute equaliser for Coventry City forced extra time. The winning goal came in the 96th minute, when Gary Mabbutt scored an own goal. 17 May 1987 – Sunderland are relegated to the Third Division for the first time in their history after being defeated on away goals in the Second Division relegation/Third Division promotion play-off semi-final by Gillingham, who will take on Swindon Town later this month to battle for a Second Division place. Bolton go into the Fourth Division for the first time after suffering a similar humiliation at the hands of Aldershot. More than 16,300 fans watch Wolves go through to the final where they will face Aldershot in a two-legged challenge for promotion to the Third Division. 18 May 1987 – Graham Taylor resigns after 11 years as Watford manager to succeed Billy McNeill at relegated Aston Villa. During his time at Watford, Taylor took the club from the Fourth Division to the First, finishing league runners-up in their first top flight season and reaching the FA Cup final in their second. Southampton give a free transfer to their longest serving player Nick Holmes, the last remaining player from their 1976 FA Cup winning side. 19 May 1987 – Mel Machin is named as the new manager of relegated Manchester City, with his predecessor Jimmy Frizzell remaining at the club as his assistant. Aston Villa begin rebuilding following relegation with the sale of defender Tony Dorigo to Chelsea for £450,000. 22 May 1987 – Gillingham take a further step towards reaching the Second Division for the first time in their history by beating Swindon Town 1–0 at Priestfield in the first leg of the Third Division playoff final. Aldershot gain a 2–0 advantage over Wolves at home in the Fourth Division contest. 23 May 1987 – Charlton Athletic beat Leeds United 1–0 in the first leg of the playoff final for a place in the First Division next season. 24 May 1987 – Mansfield Town lift the Freight Rover Trophy by beating Bristol City on penalties after a 1–1 draw at Wembley. 25 May 1987 – More than 31,000 fans watch Leeds United beat Charlton Athletic 1–0 in the second leg of the contest for a place in next season's First Division, forcing a replay at a neutral venue. The same outcome materialises in the contest for a place in the Second Division, as Swindon are now level with Gillingham after winning the second leg of their contest 2–1 at the County Ground. Almost 20,000 fans pack the Molineux to watch Aldershot beat Wolves to win promotion to the Third Division. 26 May 1987 – Arsenal sign Wimbledon defender Nigel Winterburn for £405,000. 29 May 1987 – Charlton Athletic stay in the First Division after Peter Shirtliff scores twice in extra time to beat Leeds United 2–1 in the play-off final replay at St Andrew's. Swindon Town secure a second successive promotion by winning a replay of the Third Division final 2–0 against Gillingham at the neutral venue of Selhurst Park. 3 June 1987 – Sheffield Wednesday sign midfielder Steve McCall from Ipswich Town for £300,000. 7 June 1987 – England's under-21s commence the Toulon Tournament with a first round 2–0 win over Morocco, with goals from Newcastle United's Paul Gascoigne and Manchester City's Paul Simpson. 9 June 1987 – Orient revert to their original name of Leyton Orient. England under-21s draw 0–0 with the USSR in their second Toulon Tournament group game. 10 June 1987 – Liverpool sign John Barnes from Watford for £800,000. 11 June 1987 – England under-21s reach the next stage of the Toulon Tournament despite losing 2–0 to France. 13 June 1987 – England under-21s progress from the second stage of the Toulon Tournament by being Turkey on penalties after a goalless draw. 15 June 1987 – Despite guiding Luton Town to their best ever finish of seventh in the First Division in his only season as manager, John Moore resigns to be succeeded by his assistant, the former Fulham manager Ray Harford. 18 June 1987 – Queens Park Rangers sign defender Paul Parker from Fulham for £300,000. 19 June 1987 – Tottenham tie up two deals in one day: England U21 Chris Fairclough signs from Nottingham Forest while Gary Mabbutt – a Manchester United transfer target – signs a "new long-term contract". 21 June 1987 – Glenn Hoddle leaves Tottenham Hotspur in a £750,000 move to AS Monaco. 24 June 1987 – England goalkeeper Peter Shilton leaves Southampton for newly promoted Derby County in a deal reported to be worth up to £1million – the highest fee for a goalkeeper in British football. 25 June 1987 – Chelsea boost their attack with a £335,000 move for Ipswich Town and Northern Ireland striker Kevin Wilson. 30 June 1987 – Liverpool break the British transfer fee record by paying £1.9 million for Newcastle United and England forward Peter Beardsley. National team FA Cup Coventry City and Tottenham Hotspur contested the final. Coventry were in the final for the first time, whereas Tottenham had won all seven of their previous appearances and were looking to set a new record of eight FA Cup victories, having equalled Aston Villa's record of seven FA Cup victories in 1982. But a 3–2 win after extra time gave Coventry the first major trophy in their history. Spurs had opened the scoring through Gary Mabbutt, who later scored an own goal, and their other goal came from top scorer Clive Allen, who found the net 49 times all competitions during a season where Spurs challenged to win all three domestic trophies but in the end failed to win any of them. The ban on English clubs in Europe prevented them from qualifying for the European Cup Winners' Cup of 1987–88. League Cup George Graham's return to Arsenal as manager was a success as he guided the North Londoners to glory in the League Cup after an eight-year trophy drought. Arsenal's run included a semi-final tussle with their arch-rivals Tottenham Hotspur which they eventually won with a 2–1 replay victory at White Hart Lane. The final against Liverpool was the first time the Merseysiders had lost a game in which Ian Rush had scored. The Welshman gave the Merseysiders a first half lead only for Charlie Nicholas to bag two goals, the first a scrambled effort from a free-kick, and in the second half a low deflected shot past Bruce Grobbelaar after a cross by Perry Groves. Football League First Division Despite the pre-season departure of Gary Lineker and the loss of several players for significant periods through injury (including Paul Bracewell for the entire season), Everton won their second league title in three seasons with a nine-point lead over Merseyside rivals Liverpool, who were also on the losing side in the League Cup to Arsenal. Tottenham Hotspur challenged for all three domestic honours, but ended the season with nothing: they finished third in the league, lost to Arsenal in the semi-finals of the League Cup, and suffered a shock defeat to Coventry City in the FA Cup final. Fourth placed Arsenal led the league for much of the winter but compensated for a subsequent collapse in league form by lifting the League Cup for the first time, ending their eight-year trophy drought. Fifth place went to newly promoted Norwich City, who performed well and along with Everton were the hardest team in the division to beat all season. Wimbledon's first season in the First Division and their tenth in the Football League was a great success, as they briefly topped the table early in the season and finished sixth. Luton Town achieved the best season of their history by finishing seventh. The pressure was on Ron Atkinson after Manchester United's failed title challenge the previous season, and after a heavy defeat at Southampton in a League Cup replay early in November, Atkinson was gone and his job was given to Alex Ferguson, who had achieved great success north of the border at Aberdeen. Despite not buying any new players during the season, Ferguson was able to steer United to a secure 11th-place finish in the final table, six months after they had been in the relegation places. A mere five years after lifting the European Cup, Aston Villa finished bottom of the First Division and were relegated. They went down along with Manchester City and Leicester City, but Charlton Athletic kept their First Division status after triumphing over Second Division opposition in the new playoffs. Chelsea and West Ham United struggled at the wrong end of the First Division a season after being title contenders, but managed to avoid relegation. The end of the 1986–87 season saw extensive activity by First Division clubs in the transfer market. Liverpool were faced with a future without Ian Rush following his move to Juventus, but used the windfall to sign Peter Beardsley from Newcastle United for a national record fee of £1.9million, and pay nearly £1million for Watford and England winger John Barnes. The Reds had also prepared for life without Rush with a mid-season move for Oxford United striker John Aldridge. Midfield star Glenn Hoddle, 29, who had spent all of his career at Tottenham, became the latest player to leave the English First Division for another nation when he signed for AS Monaco. Arsenal strengthened their ranks by paying £850,000 for Leicester City striker Alan Smith. Alex Ferguson paid Celtic £850,000 for prolific striker Brian McClair, who was originally valued at £2million, and bolstered his defence with a £250,000 move for Arsenal and England defender Viv Anderson. Second Division play-offs Second Division Derby County's revival continued with a second successive promotion and the Second Division title. They were joined by a Portsmouth side whose last taste of First Division action was in the late 1950s. The first team to miss out on automatic promotion from 3rd place under the new play-off system was Oldham Athletic, seeking top-flight football for the first time since 1923, who then lost to 4th-place Leeds United on a last-minute aggregate-equalizer and deciding away goal. Billy Bremner enjoyed a good first full season as manager of the Leeds United side he had once captained as a player, taking them to the FA Cup semi-finals as well as the playoffs, where only a defeat to Charlton Athletic in the final prevented them from reclaiming the First Division place they had last held in 1982. Charlton, 20th-place finishers in Division 1, had ended 5th-place Ipswich Town's hopes of an immediate return to the First Division in the semi-finals. Financially troubled Grimsby Town were unsurprisingly relegated to the Third Division, but it was perhaps more surprising to see Brighton lose their Second Division status after the three secure finishes that had followed the loss of their First Division status in 1983 – the year where they had almost won the FA Cup. The final relegation place went to Sunderland, who fell into the Third Division for the first time in their history after failing in the playoffs. Third Division play-offs Third Division Former West Ham United player Harry Redknapp managed AFC Bournemouth to the Third Division title and secured them a place in the Second Division for the very first time, while Middlesbrough thrived under new ownership after almost going out of business and their impressive young team were promoted straight back to the Second Division as runners-up in the Third. The final promotion place went to Swindon Town, whose success in the playoffs gave them a second consecutive promotion. Newport County's mounting debts and the gradual breakup of the team that had almost reached the Second Division in 1983 culminated in inevitable relegation to the Fourth Division, with Darlington and Carlisle United following them down. The fourth and final relegation place went to Bolton Wanderers, the second illustrious Football League side this season to reach its lowest ebb as victims of the new playoffs. Fourth Division play-offs Fourth Division Northampton Town's excellent season brought them 103 goals, 99 points, the Fourth Division title and a place in the Third Division. A season after having to apply to stay in the Football League, Preston North End enjoyed a fantastic turnaround in fortunes and won promotion from the Fourth Division as runners-up under new manager John McGrath. The last automatic promotion place went to Southend United, while Aldershot triumphed in the playoffs at the expense of their illustrious rivals Wolverhampton Wanderers. Lincoln City became the first team to suffer automatic relegation from the Football League, as a result of failing to win their final game of the season while Burnley (league champions as recently as 1960) won their last game and Torquay United drew their last game with an injury-time goal after an injured player was bitten by a police dog. Top goalscorers First Division Clive Allen (Tottenham Hotspur) – 33 goals Second Division Micky Quinn (Portsmouth) – 22 goals Third Division Andy Jones (Port Vale) – 27 goals Fourth Division Richard Hill (Northampton Town) – 28 goals Non-league football The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were: Star players Tottenham Hotspur striker Clive Allen, who scored 49 goals in all competitions, was voted both PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year – although his prolific goalscoring was not enough to win any trophies for Spurs who had been in the hunt for all three domestic prizes throughout the season. 20-year-old Arsenal defender Tony Adams was voted PFA Young Player of the Year for contributing to his side's good progress in the league as well as their League Cup triumph. Winger Martin Hayes, 22, was Arsenal's top scorer with 26 goals in all competitions. 21-year-old Nigel Clough was Nottingham Forest's joint top league goalscorer with 14 First Division goals. Micky Quinn scored 24 league goals to help Portsmouth win promotion to the First Division, despite missing three games in February while he served a prison sentence for disqualified driving. Star managers Howard Kendall was voted Manager of the Year for guiding Everton to their second league title in three seasons. In the First Division, Ken Brown guided Norwich City to a top-five finish just one year after winning promotion back to the top flight. Dave Bassett helped Wimbledon achieve a strong sixth-place finish in their first season as a top division club, and only their tenth in the Football League. George Graham ended Arsenal's eight-year trophy drought by bringing them silverware in the shape of the League Cup. Coventry City's John Sillett brought his club their first-ever major trophy by guiding them to victory over favourites Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup final. In the Second Division, Arthur Cox helped Derby County win the Second Division championship one year after they had won promotion from the Third Division. Portsmouth's Alan Ball guided his side to the Second Division runners-up spot and helped them win promotion after a long absence from the top flight. Joe Royle continued to take Oldham Athletic from strength to strength in the Second Division and they only just missed out on promotion. In the Third Division, Harry Redknapp guided AFC Bournemouth to championship glory and brought them Second Division football for the first time. Bruce Rioch rescued Middlesbrough from financial oblivion to secure the second promotion place to the Second Division. Lou Macari secured Swindon Town's second successive promotion, this time as playoff winners in the Third Division. In the Fourth Division, Graham Carr built a strong Northampton Town side which ran away with the championship. Neil Warnock led Scarborough to the Conference title. They came the first club to gain automatic promotion to the league. Famous debutants 30 August 1986 – Matthew Le Tissier, 17-year-old attacking midfielder, makes his debut for Southampton in their 4–3 defeat by Norwich City at Carrow Road in the First Division. 30 November 1986 – Paul Ince, 19-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for West Ham United in their 4–0 defeat by Newcastle United at St James' Park in the First Division. 20 December 1986 – Gary Ablett, 21-year-old defender, makes his debut for Liverpool in a goalless away draw with Charlton Athletic in the First Division. 14 February 1987 – Michael Thomas, 19-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Arsenal in their 1–1 draw with Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough in the First Division. Deaths 9 July 1986 – Tommy Barnett, 77, played as an inside forward for Watford from 1928 to 1939, scoring 144 goals in 395 league appearances. 18 July 1986 – Sir Stanley Rous, 91, was Football Association Secretary from 1934 to 1962 and president of FIFA from 1961 to 1974. 28 August 1986 – Cyril Trailor, 67, Welsh born former Tottenham Hotspur and Orient wing-half, played 50 Football League games between 1938 and 1950. 1 September 1986 – Ivor Guy, 60, played more than 400 games for Bristol City as a full-back between 1945 and 1957. 17 September 1986 – Albert Titley, 74, played four league games for Port Vale in the 1930s, having failed to break into the first team at West Bromwich Albion. 21 September 1986 – Jamie Baker, 9, was mascot for Everton in their fixture against Manchester United, and died hours later from leukaemia. 29 September 1986 – Billy Bottrill, 83, played 326 league games and scored 112 goals between 1922 and 1934 as a forward for a host of clubs, peaking in the early 1930s when his goals helped Wolverhampton Wanderers win promotion to the First Division. 1 October 1986 – John Potts, 82, kept goal in a total of 329 league appearances during the interwar years for Leeds United and Port Vale. 2 October 1986 – Bernard Radford, 78, was a prolific goalscorer for Nelson near the end of their Football League membership in the late 1920s, and also turned out for Sheffield United and Northampton Town before dropping into amateur football in his mid twenties. 14 October 1986 – Barry Salvage, 38, a former QPR and Fulham midfielder, died of a heart attack after collapsing at Eastbourne during a charity run. 16 October 1986 – Ted Sagar, 76, was a goalkeeper for Everton from 1929 until 1954. His teammates included Dixie Dean and Tommy Lawton. 31 October 1986 – Bob Hardisty, 64, played six league games for Darlington in the early postwar years, and later played for non-league Bishop Auckland. He appeared six times for the Great Britain national football team in 1948, 1952 and 1956, having spent most of his playing career as an amateur. He was signed by Manchester United as an emergency squad member in the aftermath of the Munich air disaster, but never played a first team game, although he was retained by Matt Busby as a member of the coaching staff. November (undated) – Jimmy Cunliffe, 74, scored 73 goals in 1974 league games for Everton in the six seasons preceding the outbreak of World War II, and was capped once for England. 7 November 1986 – Charlie McGillivray, 74, played eight league games for Manchester United when they were a Second Division side in the first half of the 1930s. He spent most of his playing career in his native Scotland. 19 November 1986 – Jackie Arthur, 68, played more than 200 games for Stockport County, Chester and Rochdale between 1938 and 1953 in a career which was disrupted by the war. He also had two spells with Everton but did not play a first team game for them. 26 November 1986 – Fred Obrey, 74, played at centre-half for Port Vale Tranmere Rovers in the 1930s before the war halted his professional career. 1 December 1986 – Reg Attwell, 66, began his career as a wing-half with West Ham United before joining Burnley in 1946 and making more than 250 appearances for the club in the next eight years before completing his career at Bradford City. 3 December 1986 – Austin Hayes, 28, died of lung cancer just three weeks after the illness was diagnosed. He had been on the losing side for Southampton against Nottingham Forest in the 1979 League Cup final and was capped by the Republic of Ireland in the same year. He later turned out for Millwall and Northampton Town, and just before his death had a brief spell playing in Sweden. 31 December 1986 – Jack Bailey, 65, served Bristol City as a full-back between 1944 and 1958, making more than 350 appearances. 16 January 1987 – Jimmy Wilson, 62, scored 12 goals in 49 league games as an inside-forward and wing-half for Watford in the 1950s. 27 January 1987 – Roy Brien, 56, made his only Football League appearance in April 1954 as a half-back for Port Vale in the Third Division South. 8 March 1987 – Eddie O'Hara, 60, spent most of his career in his native Ireland but played six First Division games for Birmingham City in the early postwar years and had two spells with Hereford United when they were still a non-league club. 12 March 1987 – Arthur Briggs, 86, played for Hull City, Swindon Town and Tranmere Rovers as a centre-half during the interwar years. 13 March 1987 – Jack Haines, 66, scored twice for England in a 6–0 win over Switzerland in his only senior game for the country in 1948. His Football League career spanned from 1946 to 1956 and took in 91 goals for Swansea Town, Leicester City, West Bromwich Albion, Bradford Park Avenue, Rochdale and Chester. He also played for several non-league clubs. 13 March 1987 – Jim Kelso, 76, played in England and his native Scotland for clubs including Dumbarton, Port Vale and Cardiff City before his career was cut short by the Second World War. 2 April 1987 – Trevor Hockey, 43, died of a heart attack while participating in a five-a-side football tournament for charity. He was a former Welsh international footballer who also played for clubs including Bradford City and Aston Villa. 5 April 1987 – Jack Howe, 71, was capped three times for England in the late 1940s and played 276 league games between 1934 and 1951 in a career which began at Hartlepool United, took him to Derby County (where he collected an FA Cup winner's medal) and finished at Huddersfield Town before continuing playing at non-league level until the late 1950s. 6 April 1987 – George Payne, 65, kept goal 467 times for Tranmere Rovers between 1946 and 1961 and also played non-league football for Northwich Victoria in the 1960s. 9 April 1987 – Bert Flatley, 67, was an inside-forward who make his league debut in 1938 for York City before transferring to Port Vale a year later, only for his career to be disrupted by the outbreak of war after just two games. His only further taste of league action came in the early 1950s, when he made eight appearances for Workington in their first two seasons as a Football League club. 19 April 1987 – Stan Richards, 70, was capped once at senior level for Wales and scored well over 200 goals for Cardiff City, Swansea Town and Barry Town between 1946 and 1955. 22 April 1987 – Bill Hayes, 71, Irish born defender, played 184 league games for Huddersfield Town during two spells between 1934 and 1950 before completing his career at Burnley. 22 June 1987 – William Price, 83, was a winger for Port Vale in the late 1930s. References

4039241

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts%20of%20Kerala

Arts of Kerala

The Indian state Kerala is well known for its diverse forms of performing arts. The various communities in Kerala contribute to its rich and colourful culture.The most important traditional art forms of Kerala are Kathakali, Kalaripayattu, Koodiyattam, Theyyam, Mohiniyattam, Thullal, Padayani, Pulikali, Thiruvathirakali, Chakyarkoothu,kalaripayattu etc. Performing arts of Kerala Kerala Hindu Arts Ayyappan Vilakku Shastham Paatu Kathakali Chakyar Koothu Nangiar Koothu Mohiniyattam Thirayattam Padayani Thiyyattu Koodiyattam Kerala Natanam Panchavadyam Thullal Tholpavakoothu Ottamthullal Garudan Thookkam Kolam Thullal Kakkarissi Nadakam Poorakkali Mudiyett Kummattikali Kuthiyottam Thiriyuzhichil Kalaripayattu Mangalamkali Marathukali Malayikuthu Mukkanchathan Charadupinnikkali Kothammuriyattam Sopanam Thacholikali Sarpam Thullal Pulluvan Paattu Poothan and Thira Yakshagana in Kasaragod Kanyarkali in northern Palakkad district Purattu Nadakam in Palakkad district Pavakoothu Kaalakali Thiruvathira Krishnanattam Koodiyattam Vadyakala Villadicham pattu Theyyam Onapottan Pettathullal Kerala Muslim arts Oppana Mappila Paattu Kolkali Duff Muttu Arabana muttu Muttum Viliyum Vattapattu Kerala Christian arts Margam Kali Chavittu Nadakam Parichamuttukali Slama Carol Othiyattam Ayanippattu Poovirukkam Others Kadhaprasangam Nadodi Nrittham Puli Kali Fine arts of Kerala Murals of Kerala Arts promotion bodies Kerala Kalamandalam Kerala Lalitakala Academy Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Thrissur Kerala Folklore Academy Guru Gopinath Nadana Gramam See also Culture of Kerala Music of Kerala Triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam References Culture of Kerala

4039243

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Theobald%20Van%20Laer

Alexander Theobald Van Laer

Alexander Theobald Van Laer (1857–1920) was an American painter, born at Auburn, New York. He studied at the Art Students League of New York and in the Netherlands under George Poggenbeek. He often exhibited with Adelaide Deming and Emily Vanderpoel. Examples of his landscapes include: February Snow (Brooklyn Museum) Connecticut Hillside (National Gallery, Washington, D.C.) On the Brandywine (Herron Art Institute, Indianapolis). External links Biographical Notes, a collection of biographical information and images of 50 American artists, containing information about the artist on page 48. References 1857 births 1920 deaths 19th-century American painters American male painters 20th-century American painters 20th-century American male artists Art Students League of New York alumni American people of Dutch descent Artists from Auburn, New York Painters from New York City Members of the Salmagundi Club 19th-century American male artists

4039253

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Brampton%20Times

The Brampton Times

The Brampton Times is a newspaper that was published in Brampton, Ontario, Canada until the early 1990s, when The Brampton Guardian’s free distribution eroded the Times subscription base. Judi McLeod worked for the Times as a city-hall reporter; her 1983 firing by the paper was controversial. The Ontario Federation of Labour protested on McLeod's behalf against what they called political intervention. References Defunct newspapers published in Ontario Mass media in Brampton Publications with year of establishment missing Publications with year of disestablishment missing

4039254

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo%20Garcelon

Alonzo Garcelon

Alonzo Garcelon (May 6, 1813 – December 8, 1906) was the 36th governor of Maine, and a surgeon general of Maine during the American Civil War. Early life and education Garcelon was born in Lewiston (in modern-day Maine, then a part of Massachusetts), to French Huguenot parents. Garcelon attended Monmouth Academy, Waterville Academy, and New Castle Academy. Garcelon taught school during the winter terms to help pay for his tuition. In 1836 Garcelon graduated from Bowdoin College, and in 1839 he graduated from the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati, Ohio, and then returned to Lewiston to practice. Garcelon co-founded the Lewiston Journal in 1847. He served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1853–54, 1857–58, and in the Maine Senate from 1855-56. Garcelon donated to Bates College to Lewiston in 1855 and served as an instructor and trustee at the College. His son, Alonzo Marston Garcelon, graduated from Bates in 1872 and went on to serve as Mayor of Lewiston from 1883 to 1884. He was elected as a Delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1856. Garcelon's medical partner, Dr. Edward H. Hill, founded Central Maine Medical Center. Civil War During the Civil War, Garcelon served in the Union Army as a Maine surgeon general. During the impeachment of Andrew Johnson after the War, Garcelon became disgusted with the Republican Party and their policy of "Radical Reconstruction" and became a Democrat. In 1871 he was elected mayor of Lewiston, and in 1879 he was elected Governor of Maine by the legislature, serving one term until 1880. During his term as governor, Garcelon oversaw the "Greenback" controversy, when he investigated alleged voter fraud and determined that the Democrats and not the Republicans had won a majority in the legislature. Senator James Blaine came to Augusta with a hundred armed men to protest the results, and Garcelon called out the state militia. Civil war was narrowly averted, thanks to the peaceful intervention of militia leader Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain. In 1883 Garcelon's son was elected mayor of Lewiston. Garcelon died in Medford, Massachusetts, and was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Lewiston, Maine. Legacy and honors Garcelon Field at Bates College is named after Dr. Garcelon, as is the Alonzo Garcelon Society, which provides scholarships to Bates for local students. In 2008 the Garcelon family announced the donation of a large collection of Garcelon family manuscripts to the Bates College Special Collections Library. See also List of Bates College people List of governors of Maine References "Bio of Alonzo A. Gercelon, M.D." Representative Men of Maine: A Collection of Biographical Sketches,(Portland, ME: The Lakeside Press, 1893). (link) External links Greenback Controversy Garcelon bio Alonzo Garcelon Society 1813 births 1906 deaths Bates College people University and college founders Governors of Maine Maine state senators Members of the Maine House of Representatives Mayors of Lewiston, Maine Union Army generals Union Army surgeons People of Maine in the American Civil War Bowdoin College alumni Bates College faculty Maine Republicans American people of French descent Physicians from Maine University of Cincinnati alumni Democratic Party governors of Maine Maine Democrats 19th-century American politicians Maine Whigs Maine Free Soilers

4039266

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles

1988 French Open – Women's singles

Defending champion Steffi Graf defeated Natasha Zvereva in the final, 6–0, 6–0 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1988 French Open. It was her second French Open title and third major title overall. The final was the shortest major final of the Open Era; the official duration of the match was 34 minutes, but only 32 minutes of play took place due to a rain break. It remains the only "double bagel" major final of the Open Era. The win marked Graf's second step towards completing the first, and so far only Golden Slam in the history of pedestrian tennis. Graf won the title without dropping a set and losing only 20 games during the tournament. Graf recorded a total of six "bagel" (6–0) sets during her seven matches. The final was the first major final since the 1981 French Open not to feature either Martina Navratilova or Chris Evert. Seeds Qualifying Draw Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 References External links 1988 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation Women's Singles French Open by year – Women's singles French Open - Women's Singles 1988 in women's tennis 1988 in French women's sport

4039271

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie%20Johnson%20%28English%20actress%29

Katie Johnson (English actress)

Bessie Kate Johnson (18 November 1878 – 4 May 1957) was an English actress who appeared on stage from 1894 and on screen from the 1930s to the 1950s.<ref name=BFISCREENONLINE>http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/557746/index.html</>Johnson on the British Film Institute website</ref> Biography In 1908 she married the actor Frank Goodenough Bayly (1873 – 28 November 1923, Newcastle upon Tyne). The couple had two children, William Frank Goodenough Bayly (1910-1973) and Johnson Goodenough Bayly (1915-1980). She first appeared in a film at age 53, in 1932, but never received critical acclaim for her performances until 1955, when she starred, aged 76, in the Ealing Studios comedy The Ladykillers as Mrs Louisa Wilberforce. The role earned her a British Film Academy award for best British actress. She died less than two years afterwards having only appeared in a single further film. She also appeared in the BBC science fiction serial The Quatermass Experiment (1953) and played a spy in I See a Dark Stranger (1946). Selected filmography After Office Hours (1932) – Miss Wilesden A Glimpse of Paradise (1934) – Mrs. Fielding Laburnum Grove (1936) – Mrs. Radfern Dusty Ermine (1936) – Emily Kent Farewell Again (1937) – Mother of soldier in hospital (uncredited) The Last Adventures (1937) – (uncredited) Sunset in Vienna (1937) – Woman in Café (uncredited) The Dark Stairway (1938) – (uncredited) Marigold (1938) – Santa Dunlop Gaslight (1940) – Alice Barlow's Maid (uncredited) Two for Danger (1940) – (uncredited) Freedom Radio (1941) – Granny Schmidt Jeannie (1941) – Mathilda The Black Sheep of Whitehall (1942) – Train Passenger (uncredited) Talk About Jacqueline (1942) – Ethel Tawny Pipit (1944) – Miss Pyman He Snoops to Conquer (1944) – Ma – George's Landlady (uncredited) Love Letters (1945) – Nurse (uncredited) The Years Between (1946) – Old Man's Wife I See a Dark Stranger (1946) – Old Lady on Train Meet Me at Dawn (1947) – Henriette – Mme. Vermomel's Housekeeper Code of Scotland Yard (1947) – Music Box Seller. (uncredited) Death of an Angel (1952) – Sarah Oddy I Believe in You (1952) – Miss Mackiln Lady in the Fog (1952) – 'Mary Stuart' – Old Inmate at Murder Scene The Large Rope (1953) – Grandmother Three Steps in the Dark (1953) – Mrs. Riddle The Rainbow Jacket (1954) – (uncredited) The Delavine Affair (1954) – Mrs. Bissett Out of the Clouds (1955) – Passenger (uncredited) John and Julie (1955) – Old Lady The Ladykillers (1955) – Mrs. Wilberforce (The Old Lady) How to Murder a Rich Uncle (1957) – Alice (final film role) – (released posthumously, in June 1957) Additional sources Film academy awards, The Times, February 13, 1956, pg. 5 Obituary, The Times, May 9, 1957, pg. 12 Will, The Times, July 29, 1957, pg. 10 References External links Performances listed in Theatre Archive University of Bristol 1878 births 1957 deaths 19th-century English actresses 20th-century English actresses Actresses from Kent Actresses from Sussex Best British Actress BAFTA Award winners English film actresses English stage actresses English television actresses People from Clayton, West Sussex People from Elham, Kent

4039289

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston%2C%20Moray

Kingston, Moray

Kingston on Spey is a small coastal village in Moray, Scotland. It is situated immediately north of Garmouth at the western side of the mouth of the River Spey on the coast of the Moray Firth. Kingston was founded in 1784 and was named after Kingston upon Hull, in East Yorkshire. History Kingston's past includes a large shipbuilding industry started in the 18th century. This utilised the enormous amount of timber from the local surrounding forests. In 1829, some of the village homes were lost in the great flood, the "Muckle Spate". Nature Because of the dolphins, salmon, otters, osprey, seals and numerous waterfowl and other birds to be seen in the area, Kingston attracts birdwatchers and other nature enthusiasts. In addition to the Speyside Way, there are footpaths along the Lein, Burnside, the Browlands towards the village of Garmouth, the Spey Viaduct, and the local stone beaches. The Garmouth & Kingston Golf Club is located between the two villages. Notable people Isabel Turner (1936–2021), Canadian politician, was born in Kingston See also Garmouth railway station - a station that once served the area. Villages in Moray River Spey

4039291

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipple%27s%20index

Whipple's index

Whipple's index (or index of concentration), invented by American demographer George Chandler Whipple (1866–1924), is a method to measure the tendency for individuals to inaccurately report their actual age or date of birth. Respondents to a census or other survey sometimes report their age or date of birth as a round number (typically ending in 0 and 5), or to be more culturally favorable, for example, so that they appear younger or to have been born on a date considered luckier than their actual date of birth. The process of reporting a rounded or “lucky” age is known as age-heaping. Calculation The index score is obtained by summing the number of persons in the age range 23 and 62 inclusive, who report ages ending in 0 and 5, dividing that sum by the total population between ages 23 and 62 years inclusive, and multiplying the result by 5. Restated as a percentage, index scores range between 100 (no preference for ages ending in 0 and 5) and 500 (all people reporting ages ending in 0 and 5). The UN recommends a standard for measuring the age heaping using Whipple's Index as follows: Applicability Although Whipple's index has been widely applied to test for age heaping, it assumes that the heaping is most likely to occur in 5 and 10 year intervals or some other fixed interval based on digit preference or rounding. While other measures of age heaping, such as Myers' Blended Index, can be applied to find preferences for any terminal digit, the patterns of heaping may be complex. For example, it has been shown that among Han Chinese, age heaping occurs on a 12-year cycle, consistent with preferred animal years of the Chinese calendar. Whether this heaping represents actual fertility behavior (e.g., bearing children in favorable animal years) or selective memory or reporting of year of birth has not been determined. Although the heaping is not severe among Han, and it does not seem to be associated with age exaggeration, it is systematic and is higher among illiterate populations. On the other hand, among Turkic Muslim populations in China (Uyghurs and Kazakhs in Xinjiang Province) there is severe heaping at ages ending in 0 and 5; it is much higher among illiterate populations and appears to be correlated with age exaggeration. These traditionally Muslim nationalities do not use the Chinese calendar. This finding suggests that use of Whipple's Index or other measures of age heaping that focus on specific digits or on decimal intervals of the age spikes may not be appropriate for all populations. In the case of China's 1990 census reported above, among Han heaping was found at ages 38, 50, 62, 74, and so on — ages that corresponded with being born in the Year of the Dragon. But among Turkic Muslims, heaping was found at ages 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, and so on and increased in magnitude with age. ABCC Index ABCC Index is another age heaping index that is used in a research and is based on the Whipple's Index. This method was developed by A’Hearn, Baten, and Crayen. Who examined a close relationship between age heaping and a number of human capital indicators from the U.S. census sample namely, the race, gender, high and low educational status. Results proved a statistically significant relationship. Further, same experiment was conduct on the data from 17 different European countries starting from the Middle Ages up until 19th century. The outcome has also depicted a positive correlation between age heaping and literacy. Moreover, another study that took into consideration Latin America from the 17th to 20th century also illustrated the higher tendency to age heaping among illiterate population. Data Selection When applying ABCC index it is important to check the quality of the data and examine the institutional framework as well as the data selection process. One of the major rules is to consider only people above 23 and below 62, in order to prevent distortions effects. The justification is that the age awareness increases when the minimal age requirements applies (e.g. marriage registration, military conscripts, voting) whereas, older people often tend to overstate their age. Moreover, it is important to note that there are different forms of age heaping, e.g. to two or to twelve. Heaping to two is more common among adults, teenagers and children. Application The method is often used to explore inequality of numeracy for certain populations or regions. ABCC index helps to measure differences in human capital for further analysis. For instance, to evaluate the gap between numeracy levels of the upper and the lower segments of a sample population, taken from different countries (e.g. 26 regions of France, 25 states of the USA). This inequality of human capital might in turn exerts in further studies a negative or positive relationship on subsequent economic development of selected countries. References External links Age Validation of Han Chinese Centenarians (an example of Whipple's Index misapplied) Concentration indicators Population Sampling (statistics)

4039299

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bramptonian

The Bramptonian

The Bramptonian was a short-lived Brampton, Ontario newspaper created 1984. The husband and wife team John and Judi McLeod founded the newspaper to rival The Brampton Times. A free weekly with initial distribution of 40,000, it first published in late March 1984. The Audit Bureau of Circulation says the paid circulation of the Times was 6000 in September 1983, down from 7700 a year before. It was staffed by three former Times employees and "a handful of journalism students." Pre-history of the paper A reporter since age 20, the 38-year-old Judi McLeod was a municipal affairs reporter for two years, before being transferred to the family section. McLeod suggests this was due to pressure from unhappy politicians. Judi McLeod received a Western Ontario Newspaper Award for her political coverage. Publisher Victor Mlodecki and Judi disputed the transferral; her husband backed her, as the paper's managing editor. Both were soon fired, after she continued to write political stories. John McLeod had separately raised ire by cancelling a meeting between newspaper staff and Ontario Premier William Davis, MPP for Brampton, and writing an editorial urging Davis not to become involved in municipal elections. The McLeods sued The Brampton Times for wrongful dismissal. They wrote at The Toronto Sun the next year, for a few months before the new paper's first publishing. The first issue of was published a year to the day after the dismal, they told the Globe this was coincidental. "We're not there out of revenge or to get back at the politicians who ran us out of town. We're there to put out a decent, independent community newspaper." References External links John & Judi McLeod, Brampton newspaper index of Guardian articles. Mass media in Brampton Publications established in 1984 Weekly newspapers published in Ontario Defunct newspapers published in Ontario 1984 establishments in Ontario

4039306

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoa%20Bay

Algoa Bay

Algoa Bay is a maritime bay in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. It is located in the east coast, east of the Cape of Good Hope. Algoa Bay is bounded in the west by Cape Recife and in the east by Cape Padrone. The bay is up to deep. The harbour city of Port Elizabeth is situated adjacent to the bay, as is the Port of Ngqura deep water port facility. History The Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to reach Algoa Bay in 1488, where he planted a wooden cross on a small island now called St Croix or Santa Cruz island. He gave the bay a name meaning "Bay of the Rock", which was changed in Portugal to Bahia de Lagoa or Bay of the Lagoon, and which eventually became Algoa Bay. Joshua Slocum talks about Algoa Bay in his book 'Sailing Alone Around the World' (this is not an historical account): Nautical charts of the bay caution mariners that "projectiles and badly corroded mustard gas containers have been found in the area between Cape St Francis and Bird Island out to depths of . Trawlers should exercise the greatest caution." The chemical weapons were dumped in the bay in the aftermath of World War II. During that conflict, Port Elizabeth was used as a research, manufacturing and storage site for mustard gas ordered by the British Air Ministry. Geography Nelson Mandela Bay The metropolitan municipality of Nelson Mandela Bay, which includes Gqeberha, Bluewater Bay, St Georges Strand and Coega, is located on the western shore of Algoa Bay. Islands The bay contains six named islands in two groups of three that according to BirdLife International “are of considerable importance as they are the only islands along a stretch of coastline between Cape Agulhas and Inhaca Island in Mozambique." The combined surface area of these islands is said to be . Close inshore, near the new Ngquru harbour development at Coega, on the north-eastern outskirts of Port Elizabeth, is the St Croix group, consisting of a main island of that name and two lesser islets, Jahleel Island just off the Ngqurha breakwater and Brenton Island on the seaward side. The second group consists of Bird, Seal and Stag Islands. All six islands and their adjacent waters are declared nature reserves and form part of the Addo Elephant National Park. The islands are closed to the public. Worthy of mention as an obstacle to navigation is Despatch Rock, due east of the Port Elizabeth suburb of Summerstrand. The rock, which is submerged at high tide, is marked with a light. Further south, about southwest of Cape Recife, the western starting point of the bay is Thunderbolt Reef. Though not in the bay, this hazard to navigation has claimed many ships carelessly entering or leaving. Thunderbolt Reef is submerged save for spring low tides and the surf crashing on it can be observed from the mainland. St. Croix group St. Croix Island at is from the nearest land and rises to . The BirdLife fact sheet states the island is only above sea level. It adds that the island is rocky and “supports minimal vegetation”. The island runs along a northwest, southeast axis and is about wide at its broadest – along the west coast. Its highest point is halfway along the north coast. Brenton Island () is equally sparsely vegetated and is less than in elevation, and is roughly in size with a northwest-southeast orientation. It is to sea from the nearest point on the mainland and south of St. Croix. Jahleel, at less than in height, is just over from the closest beach and less than that from Ngquru’s long eastern breakwater. Jahleel is about the same size as Brenton and has a north-south axis. It is west of St. Croix. Bird Island group Vasco da Gama named this group of islands Ilhéus Chãos (low or flat islands). In 1755, the East Indiaman Doddington was wrecked here while underway from Dover to India. Most of the passengers and crew perished, but a few managed to make it to the islands where they were marooned for seven months until one of their number, a carpenter, was able to make a boat for them. The survivors subsisted primarily on fish, birds and eggs until they were able to reach land. The ship was carrying a significant quantity of gold and silver, some of which was illegally salvaged in more recent times. Bird Island was named by the survivors as they left the island in their boat. Bird Island (), Seal Island and Stag Island lie in close proximity some east of the St Croix group or due east of Port Elizabeth and from the nearest landfall at Woody Cape – part of the Addo Elephant National Park. Bird Island has a lighthouse, erected in 1898 after a series of shipwrecks in the vicinity of the island. Doddington Rock, West rock and East Reef lie just South-West of the group of islands. At , Bird Island is the largest of the Algoa Bay islands – according to BirdLife. It is relatively flat and rises to . Seal Island is in size and lies north of Bird Island. Stag Island is even smaller at and is north-west of Bird Island. "Much of the island group is covered by sparse growth of mixed vegetation dominated by the fleshy herb Mesembryanthemum (fig marigold/icicle plants). Tetragonia (duneweed) and Chenopodium (goosefoot) form localised thickets that provide cover for some seabirds," the fact sheet says. Bathymetry Ecology Bird and wildlife The BirdLife fact sheet adds that 14 species of seabirds, several species of shorebirds and 33 species of terrestrial birds have been recorded on the islands. Eight seabird species were known to breed on the islands in 2007. “These are the only islands off southern mainland Africa where Sterna dougallii (Roseate Tern) breeds regularly.” The islands are also home to 43% of the global population of the African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), the majority of which are on St Croix. St Croix also holds a locally significant breeding population of Cape cormorant (Phalacrocorax capensis). Bird Island is one of only six breeding sites in the world for the Cape gannet (Morus capensis). “Larus dominicanus (the Kelp Gull) and Haematopus moquini (the African Oystercatcher) are found throughout the Algoa Bay complex. The island group is also known to hold large numbers of Sterna vittata (Antarctic Tern), which in winter roost on the island in their thousands (regularly holding between 10% and 20% of the estimated total Afrotropical non-breeding population).” The island is also home to Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus). Raggy Charters, the a licensed boat-based whale and dolphin watching tour in Algoa Bay can offer guests close-up encounters with the wildlife in the bay. Species which can be seen on the cruises are humpback whales, southern right whales, Bryde's whales, bottlenose dolphins, common dolphins, humpback dolphins, African penguins, African black oystercatchers, Cape gannets, Cape fur seals, Cape cormorants, white-breasted cormorants, various shark species and various pelagic birds including terns, skuas, petrels, shearwaters and albatrosses. Conservation issues The St. Croix group and a maritime zone around each island became South Africa’s island marine reserve in 1981 and were administered as part of the then-Woody Cape Nature Reserve. Up to then, the islands had fallen under the control of the Guano Islands section of the Division of Sea Fisheries. The Eastern Cape Nature Conservation service, which subsequently became the Directorate of Nature Conservation of the Eastern Cape Province, managed the islands after April 1992 according to BirdLife. The Woody Cape reserve was subsequently incorporated into the Addo National Elephant Park, which boasts that it is home to Africa’s “big seven” – the elephant, lion, leopard, rhinoceros, buffalo and the whale and great white shark that inhabit the bay. Conservationists are wary of the Ngqura development which in time, in addition to a deep water port will include a heavy-industry complex. Mooted occupants include an aluminium smelter and an oil refinery. They see the development as posing, according to BirdLife: The NGO notes that the population of the African penguin in the bay has been increasing steadily during the last century. “There are only a few growing colonies in the world, and it is thought that these birds may be relocating here from colonies that are in decline in the Western Cape or farther afield. Certain factors are known to affect seabirds throughout their ranges. Competition with commercial fisheries, especially purse-seining for surface-shoaling fish such as anchovy (Engraulis capensis) and pilchard (Sardinops sagax), has been implicated as one of the most significant factors causing seabird population declines." The organisation has recommended that marine reserves with a radius of 25 km be created around important breeding islands, and that commercial fishing be banned or restricted in these zones. The fact sheet continues: An unpredictable threat, which is difficult to control, is chronic pollution by crude oil or other pollutants which spill into the ocean when tankers break open, wash their tanks, dump cargo or pump bilge. The African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is particularly susceptible to these events, and a single oil disaster has the ability to severely affect populations. It is believed that the breeding sites in Algoa Bay, at the eastern extremity of the species' range, are at highest risk as they are closest to the major oil-shipping routes. See also References External links Algoa Bay Nature Reserve Bays of South Africa Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality Maritime history of South Africa

4039307

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricoarytenoid%20muscle

Cricoarytenoid muscle

Cricoarytenoid muscles are muscles that connect the cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage. More specifically, it can refer to: Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle Muscles of the head and neck

4039309

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock-up%20period

Lock-up period

A lock-up period, also known as a lock in, lock out, or locked up period, is a predetermined amount of time following an initial public offering where large shareholders, such as company executives and investors representing considerable ownership, are restricted from selling their shares. Generally, a lock-up period is a condition of exercising an employee stock option. Depending on the company, the IPO lock-up period typically lasts between 90–180 days before these shareholders are allowed the right, but not the obligation, to exercise the option. Lockups are designed to prevent insiders from liquidating assets too quickly after a company goes public. When employees and pre-IPO investors initially get their shares or options, they sign a contract with the company that typically prohibits trades for the first 90–180 days after a future IPO. When the company is ready to go public, the underwriting bank then reaffirms the existing agreements in new contracts. This helps to ensure the market will not disproportionately increase the supply, which drives prices downward. While lockups used to be simple—usually lasting 180 days for everyone—they have become increasingly complex. Usually employees and early investors want shorter lockups (so they can cash out sooner) while the underwriting banks want longer ones (to keep insiders from flooding the market and sinking the share price). The company is often somewhere in the middle—wanting to keep employees and investors happy but not wanting it to look like insiders don’t have faith in it. References Stock market Investment

4039322

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles

1987 French Open – Women's singles

Steffi Graf defeated Martina Navratilova in the final, 6–4, 4–6, 8–6 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1987 French Open. It was her first major title, and the first of an eventual 22 such titles. Chris Evert was the two-time defending champion, but was defeated by Navratilova in the semifinals in a rematch of the previous three years' finals. This tournament marked the major debut for future world No. 1 and French Open champion Arantxa Sánchez Vicario. Seeds Qualifying Draw Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 References External links 1987 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation Women's Singles French Open by year – Women's singles French Open - Women's Singles 1987 in women's tennis 1987 in French women's sport

4039330

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane%20symmetry

Plane symmetry

A plane symmetry is a symmetry of a pattern in the Euclidean plane: that is, a transformation of the plane that carries any direction lines to lines and preserves many different distances. If one has a pattern in the plane, the set of plane symmetries that preserve the pattern forms a group. The groups that arise in this way are plane symmetry groups and are of considerable mathematical interest. A symmetry plane is a three-dimensional object's symmetry axe. There are several kinds of plane symmetry groups: Reflection groups. These are plane symmetry groups that are generated by reflections, possibly limited to reflections in lines through the origin. Rotation groups. These groups consist of rotations around a point. Translation groups. Symmetries of geometrical figures. Some of these are reflection groups, e.g., the group of symmetries of the square or the rectangle. The symmetry group of a swastika or any similar figure without an axis of symmetry is a rotation group. Notes Euclidean geometry

4039334

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Goyette

Susan Goyette

Susan (Sue) Goyette (born 4 April 1964 in Sherbrooke, Quebec) is a Canadian poet and novelist. Biography Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Goyette grew up in Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, on Montreal's south shore. Her first poetry book, The True Names of Birds (1998), was nominated for the 1999 Governor General's Award, the Pat Lowther Award and the Gerald Lampert Award. Goyette's first novel, Lures (2002), was nominated for the 2003 Thomas Head Raddall Award. She has also written another poetry collection, Undone (2004), and won the 2008 CBC Literary Award in poetry for the poem "Outskirts". The poetry collection of the same name, Outskirts, won the Atlantic Poetry Prize in 2012. Goyette's fourth poetry collection, Ocean, was published in 2013 by Gaspereau Press. Her fifth poetry collection, The Brief Reincarnation of a Girl, was published in 2015 by Gaspereau Press. Goyette's collection Ocean is the recipient of the 2015 Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia Masterworks Arts Award, which recognizes the excellence of a particular work of art or design from any media and carries a cash value of $25,000. Goyette has been a member of the faculty of The Maritime Writers' Workshop, The Banff Wired Studio, and The Sage Hill Writing Experience. Goyette was a judge for the 2017 Griffin Poetry Prize. Personal life She presently lives in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and teaches at Dalhousie University. In April 2020, she was named the city's eighth poet laureate. Her stepson, Colin Munro, currently lives in the United Kingdom, where he performs as a drag queen under the name Crystal, and was a competitor in the first season of RuPaul's Drag Race UK. Awards and honours Her 2020 poetry collection Anthesis was shortlisted for the ReLit Award for poetry in 2021, and Georgette LeBlanc's French translation of Goyette's Ocean won the Governor General's Award for English to French translation at the 2020 Governor General's Awards. Bibliography The True Names of Birds (Brick, 1998) Lures (Harper Flamingo, 2002) Undone (Brick, 2004) First Writes (Banff Centre, 2005) (anthology edited with Kelley Aitken and Barbara Scott) Outskirts (Brick Books, 2011) Ocean (Gaspereau Press, 2013) (shortlisted for the 2014 Griffin Poetry Prize) The Best Canadian Poetry In English, 2013 (Tightrope Books, 2013) (anthology guest editor) The Brief Reincarnation of a Girl (Gaspereau Press, 2015) Penelope (Gaspereau Press, 2017) Anthesis (2020) References 1964 births Canadian women novelists Canadian women poets Living people People from Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville Writers from Sherbrooke 20th-century Canadian poets 21st-century Canadian poets 21st-century Canadian novelists 20th-century Canadian women writers 21st-century Canadian women writers Poets Laureate of Halifax, Nova Scotia

4039338

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Namias

Jerome Namias

Jerome Namias (March 19, 1910 – February 10, 1997) was an American meteorologist, whose research included El Niño. Biography Jerome "Jerry" Namias was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the second son of Joseph Namias, an optometrist, and Sadie Jacobs Namias. He was raised in Fall River, Massachusetts. On graduation from high school, Namias was offered a four-year scholarship to Wesleyan University in Connecticut; however, because of his father's illness and the Great Depression, Namias decided to stay home and try to find a job to help his family out." He took correspondence courses, which allowed him to obtain employment in meteorology-related areas. Later he studied at the University of Michigan for one year, then joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1936 as research assistant. In the 1930s he studied the phenomena of the Dust Bowl. In 1941 he received his Master's degree from MIT. From 1941 to 1971 he was Chief of the Extended Forecast Division of the U.S. Weather Bureau (now the National Weather Service). In the 1940s he developed the 5-day-forecast, and month and season forecasts in the 1960s. Further, he was responsible for forecasting for the Allies during World War II in Northern Africa. Namias helped to develop the system of passenger flight weather forecasting, and researched the interaction between the oceans and atmosphere. He was involved in the research of the El Niño phenomena in the Pacific Ocean and its relevance to the world climate. In 1971 he joined the Scripps Institution and established the first Experimental Climate Research Center. His prognosis of warm weather during the Arab oil embargo of 1973 greatly aided domestic policy response. Education Namias attended public schools in Fall River, graduating from Durfee High School in 1928. He was offered a four-year scholarship to Wesleyan University, but due to the looming recession and his father's ill health, Jerome elected to remain home at that time. Shortly thereafter, he became infected with tuberculosis and was confined to his residence for several years. During that time he took several correspondence courses, including courses in meteorology, from Clark University. Although he never received an undergraduate degree, he eventually received a Master's degree in Science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1941). He also later received honorary Ph.D's from University of Rhode Island (1972) and from Clark University (1984). While working at the National Weather Service in Washington D.C., Namias entered into correspondence with the head of the newly established meteorology department at MIT, Carl-Gustaf Rossby. At Rossby's urging, Namias enrolled as an undergraduate student at MIT in 1932. However, in 1934 he left MIT to work in the nascent forecasting bureau of Trans-World Airlines in Newark and then in Kansas City, where he stayed until 1934. That job was canceled in 1934 when TWA lost a government airmail contract, and Namias "was happy to return to part-time work at MIT and Blue Hill Observatory, even though he had to learn to live on student pay once again." In 1934 Namias had determined to obtain a college degree, and had enrolled in the University of Minnesota, which had lower tuition than MIT. However, he had serious health problems (pleural effusion) during that year, and he returned to Fall River, to continue his self-education. While in Fall River he published a seminal paper on atmospheric inversions (1936), which again impressed Dr Rossby, who offered Namias a graduate assistantship at MIT, beginning with the 1936 Fall term. He continued working and studying at MIT, receiving an M.S. degree in 1941. The University of Rhode Island granted Namias an honorary D.Sc., in 1972; Clark University followed with a similar bestowal in 1984. Career in meteorology After recovering from tuberculosis in the early 1930s, Namias sought employment in the field of meteorology. One petition, to H. H. Clayton at the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, resulted in a job offer. Namias was hired after a face-to-face interview which included an exercise in extracting predictions from meteorological data, and he was sent to the weather bureau in Washington, D.C. He was put to work compiling world weather records and solar weather studies. In the NWS library, Namias discovered the scientific reports issued by Carl G. Rossby's new department of meteorology at MIT. He wrote Rossby, questioning some of the papers' assertions. Rossby, surprisingly, soon responded, acknowledging that part of Namias's assertions were indeed correct, and inviting Namias to come visit him. Rossby had major influence on Namias. He arranged a job for Namias, taking and analyzing data from the research aircraft instruments used by the department at the East Boston Airport. Sometimes, Namias's work entailed fourteen-hour days, which included tracking balloon runs with the help of a theodolite to determine wind directions and speeds at various altitudes. In 1934 Rossby suggested that Namias take a job in the rapidly expanding airline industry, with its desire to establish meteorological departments. He began working for Trans World Airlines, first at Newark and then at Kansas City, forecasting for transcontinental flights. However, TWA had to temporarily downsize after losing a lucrative government airmail contract, and Namias was unemployed. By this time he was known as an expert forecaster. He gave advice to Auguste Piccard in connection with Piccard's record-setting high-altitude balloon flights. He assisted helped out at the national gliding and soaring contest in New York, where Dupont made a distance record for the United States by using Namias's forecast of a strong frontal passage to glide all the way to Boston. In 1936 Namias returned to work and study at MIT, working with and under Dr Rossby. Rossby had just begun working on his theory of long waves on the westerlies and was trying to convince people of its validity. One of the main difficulties in applying Rossby's ideas involved the lack of data aloft, particularly over the oceans. At Rossby's suggestion, Namias constructed a trial upper-level map by judicial extrapolations, estimating quantitatively the flow patterns aloft over the North Atlantic, as well as the United States. Namias was later one of the unnamed contributors to Rossby's 1939 seminal paper. While at MIT, Namias was a proponent of isentropic analyses. A 1938 paper on the subject resulted in his receiving the first Clarence Leroy Meisinger Award of the American Meteorological Society in 1938. He was also part of an MIT team devoted to developing reliable methods for long-range weather forecasts (up to a week out). The group's work caught the attention of the US military as World War II began unfolding, and in 1941 Namias was asked to take a one-year leave of absence from MIT to head the forecasting effort in Washington, D.C. The one-year leave of absence stretched on, while Namias supervised a seminal sea-level mapping effort, taught future military pilots and civilian forecasters at several training centers, and made extended predictions for several large-scale military offensives. He received a citation from Navy Secretary Frank Knox for his sea-state forecasts for the North African invasion. Namias also made forecasts for favorable periods for the transfer of disabled vessels to other ports for repair; estimates of the likely course of incendiary balloons from Japan; favorable and unfavorable conditions for the possible invasion of Japan; and certain aspects of the meteorology for bombing raids. Dr Rossby returned to Sweden after the war to found the International Institute of Meteorology, and invited Namias to Stockholm. He used his time there to investigate variations in upper airflow patterns. He and colleague Phil Clapp issued a 1949 paper describing asymmetric variations in the upper-level winds, and in 1950 he issued a notable study of the index cycle. By 1953 Namias felt enough confidence in his five-day prediction procedures to begin extending them to thirty days. He also began issuing advisory statements about hurricane probabilities a month in advance. This led to his receipt of the 1955 Award for Extraordinary Scientific Achievement, the highest accolade given by the American Meteorological Society. In 1955 Namias also received the Rockefeller Public Service Award, which made it possible for him to spend a year studying at his choice of locale. He used this stipend to return to Stockholm. He documented his studies in papers explaining the influence of land and snow on atmospheric movements. A 1955 paper explored the possibility that the soil moisture in the Great Plains of the United States played an important role in the Great Plains drought by varying the heat input to the overlying atmosphere. Namias was invited to speak at the 1957 Rancho Santa Fe CalCOFI (California Cooperative Fisheries) conference of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He gave a standard talk about anomalous mid-altitude events, and then sat back to listen to the other speakers. A remarkable oceanic warming (now called El Niño) had recently occurred over the eastern Pacific. Southern fish were being caught in northern waters; unusual typhoons were observed; the atmosphere and ocean were not acting normally. This drastic switch in normally-observed weather caught Namias's attention, and he thereafter began to draw on the influence of the ocean surface in his weather studies. However, it was several years later before he could devote himself to unraveling the phenomenon. His mentor Rossby and his best friend and brother-in-law Harry Wexler were gone, both from heart failure, and he also had a heart attack in 1963. In 1964 he was involved in an automobile accident in Boston. Growing tired of all the budget battles, he submitted his retirement from the Weather Service in 1964. Namias left NWS, but moved to Scripps to continue his investigations. In 1981 Namias received the Sverdrup Gold Medal of the American Meteorological Society for his pioneering efforts on air-sea interactions. Personal Namias married Edith Paipert in 1938. They had one child, Judith. He was survived by his wife, daughter and grandchildren when he died in La Jolla, California due to complications of a stroke which left him partially paralyzed and unable to speak or write (1989), and of pneumonia (1997). During his long and intense career, Namias never learned to drive a car. He was always driven by fellow workers, students or family members. Awards and honors Namias received many honors and awards, including election into the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He won the Gold Medal of the U.S. Department of Commerce for distinguished achievement. He published more than 200 papers and worked in the field of meteorology until 1989. An endowed chair was established in his name at Scripps Institution of Oceanography to honor his legacy; the chair is currently held by Professor Ian Eisenman. 1938 Meisinger Award, American Meteorological Society 1943 Citation from Navy Secretary Frank Knox for weather forecasts in connection with the invasion of North Africa 1950 Meritorious Service Award, U.S. Department of Commerce 1955 Award for Extraordinary Scientific Accomplishment, American Meteorological Society 1955 Rockefeller Public Service Award 1965 Gold Medal Award, U.S. Department of Commerce 1972 Rossby fellow, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1977 Visiting scholar, Rockefeller Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy 1978 Headliner Award (Science), San Diego Press Club 1981 Sverdrup Gold Medal, American Meteorological Society 1984 Compass Distinguished Achievement Award, Marine Technology Society 1984 Associates Award for Research, University of California, San Diego 1985 Department of Commerce Certificate of Appreciation Societies American Academy of Arts and Sciences (fellow) American Association for the Advancement of Science (fellow) American Geophysical Union (fellow) American Meteorological Society (fellow), councilor 1940-42, 1950–53, 1960–63, and 1970–73 Board of Editors, Geofísica Internacional, Mexico Explorers Club (fellow) Mexican Geophysical Union National Academy of Sciences National Weather Association Royal Meteorological Society of Great Britain Sigma Xi Washington Academy of Sciences (fellow) References External links MIT-side of Namias Portrait from his biography, at Experimental Climate Prediction Center (SIO) American meteorologists Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty 1910 births 1997 deaths People from Bridgeport, Connecticut People from Fall River, Massachusetts Wesleyan University people Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal recipients University of Michigan alumni Department of Commerce Gold Medal Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Fellows of the American Geophysical Union National Weather Service people Sverdrup Gold Medal Award Recipients

4039342

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschines%20of%20Sphettus

Aeschines of Sphettus

Aeschines of Sphettus (, c. 425 BC – c. 350 BC) or Aeschines Socraticus (), son of Lysanias, of the deme Sphettus of Athens, was a philosopher who in his youth was a follower of Socrates. Historians call him Aeschines Socraticus—"the Socratic Aeschines"—to distinguish him from the more historically influential Athenian orator also named Aeschines. His name is sometimes but now rarely written as Aischines or Æschines. Aeschines and Socrates According to Plato, Aeschines of Sphettus was present at the trial and execution of Socrates. We know that after Socrates' death, Aeschines went on to write philosophical dialogues, just as Plato did, in which Socrates was main speaker. Though Aeschines' dialogues have survived only as fragments and quotations by later writers, he was renowned in antiquity for his accurate portrayal of Socratic conversations. According to John Burnet, Aeschines' style of presenting Socratic dialogue was closer to Plato's than Xenophon's. (Some modern scholars believe that Xenophon's writings are inspired almost entirely by Plato's and/or by the influence of other Socratics such as Antisthenes and Hermogenes. On the other hand, there is no good reason to think that Aeschines' writings were not based almost entirely on his own personal recollections of Socrates.) Socratic dialogues According to Diogenes Laërtius, Aeschines wrote seven Socratic dialogues: Alcibiades (not to be confused with either Platonic dialogue of the same name) Aspasia Axiochus (not to be confused with the dialogue of the same name erroneously included in the Platonic corpus) Callias Miltiades Rhinon Telauges Of these, we have the most information about the Alcibiades and the Aspasia, and only a little about the others. The Suda, a Byzantine encyclopedia compiled a dozen centuries later, ascribes to Aeschines several other works called "headless" or "Prefaceless" (akephaloi): Phaidon, Polyainos, Drakon, Eryxias, On Excellence, The Erasistratoi, and The Skythikoi. Few modern scholars believe these other works were written by Aeschines. The 2nd century AD sophist Publius Aelius Aristides quotes from the Alicibiades at length, preserving for us the largest surviving chunk of Aeschines' written work. Just before World War I, Arthur Hunt recovered from Oxyrhynchus a papyrus (#1608) containing a long, fragmentary passage from this dialogue that had been lost since ancient times. In the dialogue, Socrates converses with a young, ambitious Alcibiades about Themistocles and argues that Alcibiades is unprepared for a career in politics since he has failed to "care for himself" in such a way as to avoid thinking that he knows more than what he actually knows on matters of the most importance. Socrates seems to argue for the view that success is directly proportional to knowledge (though knowledge may not be sufficient for complete success), as opposed to being dependent merely on fortune or divine dispensation, independent of knowledge. Socrates' arguments cause the usually cocky Alcibiades to weep in shame and despair—a result also attested to by Plato in the Symposium. Socrates claims that it is only through loving Alcibiades that he can improve him (by cultivating in him a desire to pursue knowledge?), since Socrates has no knowledge of his own to teach. Our major sources for the Aspasia are Athenaeus, Plutarch, and Cicero. In the dialogue, Socrates recommends that Callias send his son Hipponicus to Aspasia to learn politics. In the dialogue, Socrates argues, among other things, that women are capable of exactly the same military and political "virtues" as are men, which Socrates proves by referring Callias to the examples of Aspasia herself (who famously advised Pericles), Thargelia of Miletus (a courtesan who supposedly persuaded many Greeks to ally themselves with Xerxes who in turn gave Thargelia part of Thessaly to rule), and the legendary Persian warrior-queen Rhodogyne. (The doctrine is likewise found in Plato's Meno and Republic, and so is confirmed as genuinely Socratic.) A certain Xenophon is also mentioned in the dialogue—Socrates says that Aspasia exhorted this Xenophon and his wife to cultivate knowledge of self as a means to virtue—but this Xenophon may not be the same Xenophon who is more familiar to us as a historian and another author of Socratic memoirs. In the Telauges, Socrates converses with the Pythagorean ascetic Telauges (a companion of Hermogenes who was Callias' half-brother and a follower of Socrates) and Crito's young son Critobulus. In the dialogue, Socrates criticizes Telauges for his extreme asceticism and Critobulus for his ostentatiousness, apparently in an attempt to argue for a moderate position. The Axiochus—named after Axiochus, the uncle of Alcibiades—criticized Alcibiades for being a drunkard and a womanizer. Evidently, it was, like the Alcibiades, one of the many works that the Socratics published to clear Socrates of any blame for Alcibiades' corruption. In the Callias, there is a discussion of the "correct use" of wealth; it is argued that how one holds up under poverty is a better measure of virtue than how well one makes use of wealth. In the dialogue, Prodicus is criticized for having taught Theramenes. The setting of the Miltiades is the stoa of Zeus Eleutherios. The dialogue is between Socrates, Euripides, Hagnon (stepfather of Theramenes), and Miltiades son of Stesagoras. This Miltiades is not to be confused with Miltiades the Younger, but is probably a close relative of his. The dialogue contains an encomium to Miltiades for having had an exemplary training and education in his youth, perhaps in contrast to the kind of education offered by sophists like Protagoras. Anecdotes Diogenes Laërtius, in his brief Life of Aeschines, reports that Aeschines, having fallen into dire financial straits, went to the court of Dionysius the Younger in Syracuse and then returned to Athens after Dionysius was deposed by Dion. (If this is true, Aeschines must have lived at least until 356, which would mean that he probably died of old age in Athens, as he was likely not less than 18 at the time of Socrates' trial in 399.) He is also said to have practised rhetoric, writing speeches for litigants. Athenaeus quotes a passage from a lost prosecution speech, ghosted by Lysias, Against Aeschines, in which Aeschines' adversary chastises him for incurring a debt while working as a perfume vendor and not paying it back, a turn of events that is surprising—the speaker alleges—given that Aeschines was a student of Socrates and that both of them spoke so much of virtue and justice. Among other charges, Aeschines is basically characterized as a sophist in the speech. (We gather that the litigation in question was one brought by Aeschines himself against his lender for reasons that are not made clear in Athenaeus' quotation.) Diogenes Laërtius claims that, contrary to Plato's Crito, it was Aeschines rather than Crito who urged Socrates after his trial to flee Athens rather than face his sentence; Diogenes says that Plato puts the arguments into Crito's mouth because Plato disliked Aeschines due to his association with Aristippus. But Diogenes' source for this is Idomeneus of Lampsacus, a notorious scandalmonger. From Hegesander of Delphi (2nd century CE)—via Athenaeus—we hear of the scandal that Plato stole away Aeschines' only student Xenocrates. But Hegesander is notoriously unreliable, and the story is entirely uncorroborated. There is no other evidence of Aeschines' having a "philosophy" of his own to teach or any followers of his own. Scholarship The extant fragments and quotations concerning Aeschines were collected by the German scholar Heinrich Dittmar. That collection has been superseded by the Italian scholar Gabriele Giannantoni's work on Socratic writings. English translations are hard to find. G. C. Field has a translation of some of the Alcibiades fragments, paraphrases the other Alcibiades fragments, and a translation of Cicero's excerpt of Aspasia. More recently, David Johnson has published a translation of all the extant passages from the Alcibiades. Charles Kahn provides a good, up-to-date account of Aeschines' writings, with many references to current secondary literature on the topic. Kahn believes that Aeschines' writings, and in general all Socratic dialogues of the time, constitute literature and cannot be an ultimately reliable source of historical information. Kahn's treatment might profitably be contrasted with A.E. Taylor's position that both Plato and Aeschines preserve a faithful historical legacy in their portrayals of Socrates. References Further reading 4th-century BC philosophers Classical Greek philosophers Pupils of Socrates 420s BC births 350s BC deaths

4039346

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Becker

Sandy Becker

George Sanford Becker (February 19, 1922 – April 9, 1996), who was known professionally as Sandy Becker, was an American television announcer, actor, and comedian who hosted several popular children's programs in New York City. The best known of these was The Sandy Becker Show, which ran from 1955 to 1968 on WABD-TV and WNEW-TV, channel 5. Radio actor and announcer Sandy Becker was born and raised in New York City. He held local radio announcing jobs before first reaching public attention in 1947 on radio as the title character of the series Young Doctor Malone. Originally a pre-med student at New York University in the 1930s, Becker played the character on the radio for a decade, after having been the show's announcer. Becker was invited to take the role to television in 1958, but declined, in order to pursue his own television projects. Children's TV host After Dr. Malone, Becker started working for WABD (later WNEW) TV channel 5 in New York City and began hosting a program featuring Bugs Bunny cartoons, The Looney Tunes Show, on weeknights from 1955 to 1958. A second Friday night program called Bugs Bunny Theater ran from 1956 to 1957. Becker also did also announcing, such as for Wildroot Cream-Oil ads in the television series The Adventures of Robin Hood. He also did radio spots for Crisco. In the middle of those activities, Becker found his true calling, spun off in large part from his knack for entertaining his own three children, with his vocal and comic versatility and mimicry. This led him to his morning show, beginning in 1955. He soon added a noontime program, Sandy Becker's Funhouse, briefly in 1955. He also hosted the first year of the syndicated children's Sunday TV show Wonderama, from its six-hour premiere in September 1955, until 1956. The Sandy Becker Show Becker would also host a weekday afternoon and evening children's wraparound program, The Sandy Becker Show, which had him playing comedic characters, performing puppet skits, engaging his viewers in informational segments and contests, and interviewing guest performers and personalities in-between the reruns of movie and TV cartoons. The show was seen weekday afternoons and evenings from Monday, March 30, 1961, to Friday, February 16, 1968. It also ran on Saturday evenings, from March 27, 1961, to September 4, 1965. Becker's propensity for doing comic voices brought him much work in animation. His best-known work there was perhaps Mr. Wizard on King Leonardo and His Short Subjects — "Drizzle, drazzle, druzzle, drome / Time for this one to come home" — who was always indulging, then rescuing Tooter Turtle from his outlandish wishes. Becker also provided the voices for Sergeant Okie Homa and Ruffled Feathers on Go Go Gophers. The former character sounded similar to John Wayne, while the latter simply exploded into babbling gibberish whenever he explained his latest idea to stop the coyote adversaries. On his morning and (later) afternoon children's programs, Becker created such characters as double-talking disc jockey Hambone, the addled, but brilliant Big Professor (who claimed to know the answer to every question in the world), rumpled Hispanic kid's show host K. Lastima, incompetent mad scientist Dr. Gesundheit, and — showing a flair for silent comedy — simple-minded Norton Nork, whose routines of earnest bumbling were joined only by musical accompaniment and a droll Becker narration that ended, invariably, with, "That's my boy, Norton Nork — you've done it again!" He also had a real bird in a cage called "Chipper". Another aspect of Becker's humor was derived from his interaction with his (often ethnically stereotyped) hand puppets, which included; "Marvin Mouse", "Googie", the German-accented "Geeba Geeba", the English "Sir Clive Clyde", "Wowee the Indian", the space creature "Sputnik", the Latino "K. Lastima" (the name taken from the Spanish phrase "¡Qué lástima!" {"What a pity"}), and the Irish "Danny Moran". Becker's show was so popular in the New York area, that when he began using a version of the "Hambone" song from an old 78 rpm record by Red Saunders, which was recorded in 1952, Okeh Records re-released the song on a 45 rpm record; it reached survey position #22 on local rock radio station WMCA in March 1963. For the morning show's own theme music, Sandy came to use Guy Warren's "That Happy Feeling" as recorded in 1962 by Bert Kaempfert. (The evening show used "Afrikaan Beat" also by Kaempfert.) Becker also created the puppet "Henry Headline", who delivered lighter news to the children who watched. Becker was quoted in an early 1960s interview in 'Long Island Press", as saying it was better to introduce children to news listening on a lighter note; "the impact of a major news story might be lost to them, or it might even frighten them. They'll learn about wars and international crises soon enough. I try to keep the news as light as possible. Occasionally I'll use an item that has historical value." In spite of this view — or perhaps because of it — Becker is warmly remembered for the manner in which he handled one of America's deepest tragedies on the air. On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Becker went on the air and, quite movingly, attempted to explain to his young viewers what had happened. Later years and death Most of Becker's programs were not preserved. Because they aired live and were not kinescoped or videotaped; they live on only in the memories of those who watched them. However, some clips have surfaced on the Internet. After Metromedia cancelled the last of this TV shows in June 1968, Becker joined WNEW-AM as a DJ, hosting the 4:00pm to 8:00pm time slot. He spent much of his later years as a children's television consultant, helping other children's shows create puppets and characters. He became known as a mentor to new generations of children's hosts. He also did voice overs for cartoons. "I never treated them as though they were in swaddling clothes," Becker said many years later of his young viewers. "Most kid shows regard young viewers as babies. I wanted to treat them as their parents might if they were on TV." In April 1996, seven weeks past his 74th birthday, Becker died following a heart attack at his home in the Long Island hamlet of Remsenburg. Personal life In 1942, when he was 20 years old, Sandy Becker was working as an announcer at North Carolina AM radio station WBT in Charlotte. He met Charlotte native Ruth Venable when she visited the station and married her on July 20. The following year, Becker returned with his wife to New York where they became the parents of Joyce, Curtis, and Annelle. He was survived by his second wife, Cherie, whom he married in 1980, and his three children. References External links Tribute site 1922 births 1996 deaths 20th-century American male actors American male radio actors American male voice actors American children's television presenters Male actors from New York City Radio and television announcers Radio personalities from New York City Television personalities from New York City

4039348

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Tilt

Glen Tilt

Glen Tilt (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Teilt) is a glen in the extreme north of Perthshire, Scotland. Beginning at the confines of Aberdeenshire, it follows a South-westerly direction excepting for the last 4 miles, when it runs due south to Blair Atholl. It is watered throughout by the Tilt, which enters the Garry after a course of 14 miles, and receives on its right the Tarf, which forms some beautiful falls just above the confluence, and on the left the Fender, which has some fine falls also. The attempt of George Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl to close the glen to the public was successfully contested by the Scottish Rights of Way Society in 1847. The massive mountain of Beinn a' Ghlò and its three Munros Càrn nan Gabhar (1129 m), Bràigh Coire Chruinn-bhalgain (1070 m) and Càrn Liath (975) dominate the glen's eastern lower half. Marble of good quality is occasionally quarried in the glen, and the rock formation has long attracted the attention of geologists. One of the earliest was James Hutton, who visited the glen in 1785 and found boulders with granite penetrating metamorphic schists in a way which indicated that the granite had been molten at the time. This showed to him that granite formed from cooling of molten rock, contradicting the ideas of Neptunism of that time that theorised that rocks were formed by precipitation out of water. Hutton concluded that the granite must be younger than the schists. This was one of the findings that led him to develop his theory of Plutonism and the concept of an immensely long geologic time scale with "no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end." Sir John Clerk of Eldin visited the site and produced geological drawings of the area, immediately upstream of the old Dail-An-Eas Bridge which has since collapsed but the abutments remain as a listed building. A chronicle written by Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie in the 1570s describes a banquet prepared by the Earl of Atholl for James V to impress a Papal ambassador. This event seems to have taken place in 1532 in a temporary wooden lodge built like a castle in Glen Tilt. The lodging was burnt at the end of the event. Mary, Queen of Scots visited Glen Tilt in August 1564, and wrote a letter from the "Lunkartis in Glentilth" to her ally Colin Campbell of Glenorchy. References External links Walking Scotland - Old Bridge of Tilt - Glen Tilt - Gows Bridge Pitlochry Walks - GLEN TILT Image Bank - Glen Tilt valley sides Tour Glen Tilt, Tour Scotland. Tilt Landforms of Aberdeenshire Valleys of Perth and Kinross

4039349

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griboyedov%20Canal

Griboyedov Canal

The Griboyedov Canal or Kanal Griboyedova () is a canal in Saint Petersburg, constructed in 1739 along the existing Krivusha river. In 1764–90, the canal was deepened and the banks were reinforced and covered with granite. The Griboyedov Canal starts from the Moyka River near the Field of Mars. It flows into the Fontanka River. Its length is , with a width of . Before 1923, it was called the Catherine Canal, after the Empress Catherine the Great, during whose rule it was deepened. The Communist authorities renamed it after the Russian playwright and diplomat, Alexandr Griboyedov. The streets or embankments running along the canal are known as Naberezhnaya Kanala Griboyedova. Bridges There are 21 bridges across the canal: Tripartite Bridge Novo-Konyushenny Bridge Italian Bridge Kazansky Bridge Bank Bridge Flour Bridge Stone Bridge Demidov Bridge Hay Bridge Kokushkin Bridge Voznesensky Bridge Podyachensky Bridge Bridge of Four Lions Kharlamov Bridge Novo-Nikolsky Bridge Krasnogvardeysky Bridge Pikalov Bridge Mogilyovsky Bridge Alarchin Bridge Kolomensky Bridge Malo-Kalinkin Bridge Cultural references Griboedov Canal appears on the cover of the 2011 contemporary classical album, Troika. The canal is a key location in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel, Crime and Punishment. Like most locations in the novel, the canal is rarely identified by its proper name; in fact, on most occasions Dostoyevsky refers to it as a kanava, a word which in English is closer to the word "ditch." In a footnote to the Penguin Deluxe Classics edition of the book, translator Oliver Ready describes the canal as a "filthy and polluted place" which is nevertheless "the topographical center of the book." The novel's protagonist, Raskolnikov, repeatedly crosses over the canal, and tentatively plans on disposing of stolen property there. The apartment building where he commits his crimes "faced the Ditch on one side and [Srednyaya Podyacheskay]a Street on the other." Gallery References Canals of Saint Petersburg Canals opened in 1739 1739 establishments in the Russian Empire

4039353

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhasoba

Mhasoba

Mhasoba, pronounced "MUH-SO-BAA", is a horned buffalo deity of pastoral tribes in Western and Southern India. In Maharashtra, many Gawlis (tribes making their living cow-herding and by selling milk and milk products) have been worshipping this deity for hundreds of years. Rosalind O'Hanlon, Professor at the University of Oxford stated that Mhasoba is traditionally very popular in the Maratha caste. She quotes about the devotion of the Marathas in the 19th century to Mhasoba as follows: Mhasoba is also worshiped by the Bhonsles. There is a shrine of Mhasoba at the Purandar Fort and there is also a beautiful water reservoir nearby that is named after him i.e. 'Mhasoba Taki'. Mhasoba's shrines are not Brahminical and there is nothing written about him in Sanskrit literature. He is considered a "kshetrapal" i.e. guardian deity worshiped by farmers. He is also considered a "guardian brother of the seven river goddesses termed as Sati-Asara" Mhasoba is sometime connected with Shiva, who may have been a pre-Vedic deity adopted by Hindu culture. In the Mhasoba cult of Maharashtra, Mhasoba (Mahisha/Mahesha, which is another name for Shiva/Shankar) is worshipped with his wife Jogubai (Durga). References External links www.shrimhasobamaharaj.org www.aghori.it Regional Hindu gods Forms of Shiva

4039356

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1zava%20%28town%29

Sázava (town)

Sázava (, ) is a town in Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,700 inhabitants. Administrative parts Villages of Bělokozly, Černé Budy, Čeřenice and Dojetřice are administrative parts of Sázava. Geography Sázava is located about northeast of Benešov and southeast of Prague. It lies is a hilly landscape, the eastern part of the municipal territory belongs to the Benešov Uplands and the western part belongs to the Vlašim Uplands. Most of the built-up area is situated around bends of the Sázava River. History The settlement was founded around the Sázava Monastery, established in 1032 and destroyed in the Hussite Wars, in 1421. The first written mention of the village near the monastery called Černé Budy, which is the oldest part of the town, is from 1053. The municipal name of Sázava is modern. Economy The eastern side of the town, on the left bank of the Sázava River, is largely industrial in character. It includes the Kavalierglass, Inc. glass manufacturer plant. It was established in 1837 by Franz Kavalier, however, the original smelter has not been preserved. Transport The town is located on the railway line from Prague to Ledeč nad Sázavou and is served by four train stations. Sights The main landmark is the Sázava Monastery. Today it is managed by the National Heritage Institute and open to the public. In popular culture Sázava has appeared under the name Sasau as one of the accessible towns in the 2018 video game Kingdom Come: Deliverance. Notable people Frank Toepfer (1845–1902), Czech-American machinist, engineer and businessman Otomar Korbelář (1899–1976), actor George Voskovec (1905–1981), Czech-American actor and writer References External links Cities and towns in the Czech Republic Populated places in Benešov District

4039368

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron%20%28disambiguation%29

Positron (disambiguation)

A positron is an elementary particle of antimatter. Positron may also refer to: Positron (video game), the 1983 video game published by Micro Power Positron! Records, a Chicago-based independent record label Positron Corporation, an American nuclear medicine healthcare company "Positron", a 1993 trance track by Cygnus X Positron, a bicycle shifting system from Shimano See also Positron emission, the radioactive decay Positronic brain, the fictional device conceived by Isaac Asimov

4039372

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVS

ITVS

ITVS (Independent Television Service) is a service in the United States which funds and presents documentaries on public television through distribution by PBS and American Public Television, new media projects on the Internet, and the weekly series Independent Lens on PBS. Aside from Independent Lens, ITVS funded and produced films for more than 40 television hours per year on the PBS series POV, Frontline, American Masters and American Experience. Some ITVS programs are produced along with organizations like Latino Public Broadcasting and KQED. Besides Independent Lens, ITVS series include Indie Lens Storycast on YouTube and Women of the World with Women and Girls Lead Global. Prior series include Global Voices (on World) and FutureStates. ITVS is funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), and is based in San Francisco. ITVS has funded more than 1,400 films, with an eye on diversity and underrepresented audiences and filmmakers. The organization champions inclusion on the screen and behind the camera: Nearly 70% of ITVS funds go to diverse producers, 50% to women. History ITVS was established through legislation by the United States Congress in 1988, “to expand the diversity and innovativeness of programming available to public broadcasting,” and began funding new programming via production licensing agreements in 1990. From 2005-2010, it expanded its reach through the creation of the Global Perspectives Project, which facilitated the international exchange of documentary films made by independent producers. In 2017, ITVS was named the recipient of a Peabody Institutional Award for its contributions to storytelling in television; the Peabody board of jurors cited "an accomplished range of work as rich as any broadcaster or funder," and in the same year the organization learned it was to receive the 2017 Emmy Governors Award chosen by the Television Academy Board of Governors, awarded during the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony on Saturday, September 9, 2017. ITVS has discovered and nurtured prominent filmmakers, including one of the first films by Oscar-winning director Barry Jenkins, who made a film. In 2015, ITVS created a new digital journalism initiative Notable works Among the prominent films funded by ITVS: I Am Not Your Negro (Oscar-nominated film by Raoul Peck) Meet the Patels (Ravi and Geeta Patel) TOWER (Keith Maitland) Newtown (Kim A. Snyder) The Force (Pete Nicks) Dolores (Peter Bratt) Best of Enemies (By Oscar-winner Morgan Neville, Robert Gordon) Have You Heard From Johannesburg (Primetime Emmy Award winner by Connie Field) A Lion in the House (Primetime Emmy Award winner by Julia Reichert, Steven Bognar) Brother to Brother (ITVS-funded drama by Rodney Evans, starring then-unknown Anthony Mackie) Independent Lens Since 1999, ITVS has produced Independent Lens, a weekly television series airing on PBS presenting documentary films made by independent filmmakers. For the first three seasons Independent Lens aired 10 episodes each fall season. In 2002, PBS announced that in 2003 the series would relaunch and expand to 29 primetime episodes a year. In 2017, ITVS announced Indie Lens Storycast, a free subscription-based docuseries channel on YouTube, co-produced with PBS Digital Studios. Storycast launched in September of that year with docuseries Iron Maidens and The F Word. In addition, ITVS produces Indie Lens Pop-Up, formerly Community Cinema, an in-person series that brings people together for film screenings and community-driven conversations, featuring documentaries seen on Independent Lens. Awards 32 ITVS films have won Peabody Awards, including How to Survive a Plague by David France; Marco Williams and Whitney Dow’s Two Towns of Jasper; Leslee Udwin’s India’s Daughter; and The Invisible War by Kirby Dick and Amy Ziering. ITVS-Supported Peabody Winners Between the Folds Bhutto Billy Strayhorn: Lush Life Brakeless Chisholm '72: Unbought & Unbossed ’’Coming Out Under Fire’’ Craft in America Deej Dolores Don't Tell Anyone (No Le Digas a Nadie) Flag Wars The Gate of Heavenly Peace A Healthy Baby Girl The House I Live In How to Survive a Plague India's Daughter The Invisible War The Judge King Corn Latino Americans The Lord Is Not on Trial Here Today Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart Mapping Stem Cell Research: Terra Incognita Maya Angelou: And Still I Rise Minding the Gap The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers My Perestroika Newtown The Order of Myths Park Avenue: Money, Power & the American Dream’’Solar MamasReel Injun A Room NearbySisters in LawStill Life with Animated DogsSummer PastureTravisTwo Towns of JasperWho Killed Chea Vichea?TrappedITVS-Supported News & Documentary Emmy WinnersAbacus: Small Enough to JailForever PureTOWERThe Armor of Light Thank You for Playing In Football We Trust (T)error Best of EnemiesPromises School Prayer: A Community at WarBilly Strayhorn: Lush LifeBe Good, Smile Pretty The Invisible WarLast Train HomeOperation Homecoming: Writing the Wartime ExperienceThe WoodmansArt & Copy The HomestretchMedoraMade in L.A.Where Soldiers Come FromBlinkA Lion's TrailDetropiaThe Trials of Muhammad AliGirls Like Us Operation Homecoming: Writing the Wartime ExperienceWhen I Walk The InterruptersNobody's BusinessOutlawed in PakistanThe English SurgeonFenceline: A Company Town DividedITVS-Supported Primetime Emmy Winners Have You Heard From Johannesburg A Lion In The House'' References External links Official ITVS site Independent Television Service (ITVS) on IMDb Independent Lens | PBS Independent Lens on IMDb FutureStates FUTURESTATES on IMDb Public television in the United States Peabody Award winners

4039373

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaqua

Gonaqua

The Gonaqua (or Gonaguas, meaning "borderers") were a Xhosa ethnic group, descendants of a very old union between the Khoikhoi and the Xhosa. This union predates the arrival of Europeans in South Africa. The Gonaqua have been regarded as outcasts by the Bantus. They were targets during the Second Frontier War, but received protection from the British. Sources "Gonaqua, n." Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2020. Accessed 1 March 2020. Ethnic groups in South Africa

4039380

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20processor

Media processor

A media processor, mostly used as an image/video processor, is a microprocessor-based system-on-a-chip which is designed to deal with digital streaming data in real-time (e.g. display refresh) rates. These devices can also be considered a class of digital signal processors (DSPs). Unlike graphics processing units (GPUs), which are used for computer displays, media processors are targeted at digital televisions and set-top boxes. The streaming digital media classes include: uncompressed video compressed digital video - e.g. MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 digital audio- e.g. PCM, AAC Such SOCs are composed of: a microprocessor optimized to deal with these media datatypes a memory interface streaming media interfaces specialized functional units to help deal with the various digital media codecs The microprocessor might have these optimizations: vector processing or SIMD functional units to efficiently deal with these media datatypes DSP-like features Previous to media processors, these streaming media datatypes were processed using fixed-function, hardwired ASICs, which could not be updated in the field. This was a big disadvantage when any of the media standards were changed. Since media processors are software programmed devices, the processing done on them could be updated with new software releases. This allowed new generations of systems to be created without hardware redesign. For set-top boxes this even allows for the possibility of in-the-field upgrade by downloading of new software through cable or satellite networks. Companies that pioneered the idea of media processors (and created the marketing term of media processor) included: MicroUnity MediaProcessor - Cancelled in 1996 before introduction IBM Mfast - Described at the Microprocessor Forum in 1995, planned to ship in mid-1997 but was cancelled before introduction Equator Semiconductor BSP line - their processors are used in Hitachi televisions, company acquired by Pixelworks Chromatic Research MPact line - their products were used on some PC graphics cards in the mid-1990s, company acquired by ATI Technologies Philips TriMedia line - used in Philips, Dell, Sony, etc. consumer electronics, Philips Semiconductors split off from Philips and became NXP Semiconductors in 2006 Consumer electronics companies have successfully dominated this market by designing their own media processors and integrating them into their video products. Companies such as Philips, Samsung, Matsushita, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi have their own in-house media processor devices. Newer generations of such devices now use various forms of multiprocessing—multiple CPUs or DSPs, in order to deal with the vastly increased computational needs when dealing with high-definition television signals. External links http://www.microunity.com http://www.equator.com best lga 1155 cpu http://www.philips.com http://www.nxp.com Central processing unit Coprocessors Digital electronics Digital signal processing Digital signal processors

4039391

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles

1986 French Open – Women's singles

Defending champion Chris Evert defeated Martina Navratilova in the final, 2–6, 6–3, 6–3 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1986 French Open. It was her seventh French Open singles title and her 18th and final major singles title overall, an Open Era record. It also marked the 13th consecutive year in which Evert won a major, another Open Era record. The final between Evert and Navratilova was their third successive final at the French Open. Seeds The seeded players are listed below. Chris Evert is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated. Qualifying Draw Finals Earlier rounds Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 See also Evert–Navratilova rivalry References External links 1986 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation Women's Singles French Open by year – Women's singles French Open - Women's Singles 1986 in women's tennis 1986 in French women's sport

4039401

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo%20Keeper%20%281983%20video%20game%29

Zoo Keeper (1983 video game)

Zoo Keeper is an arcade game created by Taito America and released in 1983. The player controls Zeke, a zookeeper, attempting to rescue his girlfriend Zelda from a zoo where the animals have escaped from their cages. The majority of the game takes place on a screen where the player builds a wall to keep animals in the zoo—jumping them to avoid contact. Platforming segments are interspersed every few levels. The game was available as a conversion kit for Taito's Qix. Gameplay Zoo Keeper has three different types of stages. In the zoo stage, Zeke must run around the edges of the screen to build up the zoo's outer wall and keep the animals from escaping as they try to break through it from inside. Each of these stages is timed, with items appearing periodically that can be picked up for bonus points. One item is always a net; if Zeke picks this up, he can use it for a few seconds to capture animals and put them back in the cage at the center of the screen. Multiple nets appear in later zoo stages. When time runs out, the player earns bonus points for every animal that is not outside the wall perimeter. Points are also earned for jumping over animals. After every second zoo stage, the player enters a stage in which the goal is to maneuver Zeke from the bottom of the screen to a platform at top center, where Zelda is tied to a tree. All platforms except the top one scroll across the screen, some carrying bonus items; the player scores points for moving from one level to another (up or down), grabbing items, and touching Zelda to rescue her. At the same time, a monkey throws down coconuts that bounce among the platforms and must be avoided. After every platform stage except the first, the player enters a bonus stage with several escalators and a cage in front of each one. Zeke must cross the screen to get to each escalator, jumping over both the animals running toward him and the cage itself. Zelda waits for him at the top of the last escalator; if he reaches her, the player earns an extra life. The first bonus stage has two escalators, the second one has three, and all subsequent bonus stages have four. If Zeke touches an animal without holding a net, is hit by a coconut, or falls off the bottom edge of the screen, one life is lost and the player must replay the current stage from the beginning. Any built-up walls on the zoo stages will remain in place from one life to the next. Development The initial design, from Keith Egging, was for a game about a crab that interacted with eggs and tadpoles that emerged from the eggs. The game evolved based on programmer John Morgan's ideas. He described how the art was created: Zoo Keeper was not ported to contemporary home systems, but programmer Christopher H. Omarzu partially implemented an Atari 2600 version which was cancelled in 1984. Legacy Zoo Keeper was re-released in the 2005 Taito Legends collection for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. The game's main character, Zeke, later appeared in a family-friendly version of Taito's mechanical game Ice Cold Beer called Zeke's Peak. In this game, Zeke is a mountain climber instead of a zookeeper. References External links Zoo Keeper at Arcade History Keeper of the Zoo, one player's quest for a world record 1983 video games Arcade video games Arcade-only video games Platform games Video games developed in the United States Taito arcade games

4039409

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela%20Meuli

Daniela Meuli

Daniela Meuli (born 6 November 1981) is a Swiss snowboarder. Meuli is World Champion 2005 in parallel slalom. In the World Cup in Parallel Giant Slalom, she ranked 1st for 2003/2004, 2004/2005 and the current season (as of 11 February 2006). She also competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2006 Winter Olympics, winning a gold medal at the latter. References External links Daniela-Meuli.ch 1981 births Living people Swiss female snowboarders Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland Olympic medalists in snowboarding Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Universiade medalists in snowboarding Universiade bronze medalists for Switzerland Competitors at the 2007 Winter Universiade 21st-century Swiss women

4039413

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widget%20%28beer%29

Widget (beer)

A widget is a device placed in a container of beer to manage the characteristics of the beer's head. The original widget was patented in Ireland by Guinness. The "floating widget" is found in cans of beer as a hollow plastic sphere, approximately in diameter (similar in appearance to a table tennis ball, but smaller) with two small holes and a seam. The "rocket widget" is found in bottles, in length with the small hole at the bottom. Background Draught Guinness, as it is known today, was first produced in 1959. With Guinness keen to produce draught beer packaged for consumers to drink at home, Bottled Draught Guinness was formulated in 1978 and launched into the Irish market in 1979. It was never actively marketed internationally as it required an "initiator" device, which looked rather like a syringe, to make it work. Method Some canned beers are pressurized by adding liquid nitrogen, which vaporises and expands in volume after the can is sealed, forcing gas and beer into the widget's hollow interior through a tiny hole—the less beer the better for subsequent head quality. In addition, some nitrogen dissolves in the beer which also contains dissolved carbon dioxide. Oxygen is generally excluded as its presence can cause flavour deterioration. The presence of dissolved nitrogen allows smaller bubbles to be formed, which increases the creaminess of the head. This is because the smaller bubbles need a higher internal pressure to balance the greater surface tension, which is inversely proportional to the radius of the bubbles. Achieving this higher pressure would not be possible with just dissolved carbon dioxide, as the greater solubility of this gas compared to nitrogen would create an unacceptably large head. When the can is opened, the pressure in the can quickly drops, causing the pressurised gas and beer inside the widget to jet out from the hole. This agitation on the surrounding beer causes a chain reaction of bubble formation throughout the beer. The result, when the can is then poured out, is a surging mixture in the glass of very small gas bubbles and liquid. This is the case with certain types of draught beer such as draught stouts. In the case of these draught beers, which before dispensing also contain a mixture of dissolved nitrogen and carbon dioxide, the agitation is caused by forcing the beer under pressure through small holes in a restrictor in the tap. The surging mixture gradually settles to produce a very creamy head. Development In 1969 two Guinness brewers at Guinness's St James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, Tony Carey and Sammy Hildebrand, developed a system for producing draught type Guinness from cans or bottles through the discharge of gas from an internal compartment. It was patented in British Patent No 1266351, filed 27 January 1969, with a complete specification published 8 March 1972. Development work on a can system under Project ACORN (Advanced Cans Of Rich Nectar) focused on an arrangement whereby a false lid underneath the main lid formed the gas chamber (see diagram below right). Technical difficulties led to this approach being put on hold, and Guinness instead concentrated on bottles using external initiators. Subsequently, Guinness allowed this patent to lapse and it was not until Ernest Saunders centralised the company's research and development in 1984 that work restarted on this invention, under the direction of Alan Forage. The design of an internal compartment that could be readily inserted during the canning process was devised by Alan Forage and William Byrne, and work started on the widget during the period 1984–85. The plan was to introduce a plastic capsule into the can, pressurise it during the filling process and then allow it to release this pressure in a controlled manner when the can was opened. This would be sufficient to initiate the product and give it the characteristic creamy head. However, Tony Carey observed that this resulted in beer being forced into the widget during pressurisation, which reduced the quality of the head. He suggested overcoming this by rapidly inverting the can after the lid was seamed on. This extra innovation proved successful. The first samples sent to Dublin were labelled "Project Dynamite", which caused some delay before customs and excise would release the samples. Because of this the name was changed to Oaktree in recognition of the earlier ACORN project. Another name that changed was "inserts"; the operators called them "widgets" almost immediately after they arrived on site, a name that has now stuck with the industry. The development of ideas continued and more than one hundred alternatives were considered. The blow-moulded widget was to be pierced with a laser and a blower was then necessary to blow away the plume created by the laser burning through the polypropylene. This was abandoned and instead it was decided to gas-exchange air for nitrogen on the filler, and produce the inserts with a hole in place using straightforward and cheaper injection-moulding techniques. Commissioning began January 1988, with a national launch date of March 1989. This first-generation widget was a plastic disc held in place by friction in the bottom of the can. This method worked fine if the beer was served cold; when served warm the can would overflow when opened. The floating widget, which Guinness calls the "Smoothifier", was launched in 1997 and does not have this problem. The diagrams on the left show the development sequences for canned and bottled draught Guinness from 1969 to 1988. The idea for the widget soon became popular. John Smith's started to include widgets in their cans in 1994 and many beer brands in the UK now use widgets, often alongside regular carbonated products. Although patented by Guinness, the widget was actually invented by John Lunn, MD of Mclennons of Birmingham, who went on to invent a second for Whitbread and Heineken, so that Whitbread could launch Draught Boddingtons in a can and Murphy's. Lunn then later invented a third widget, the floating one, with two one-way valves, which is the widget that all brewers use now. Technology from Ball Corp. uses a widget affixed to the bottom of a can that’s also charged with nitrogen during canning. Beer glass widget The term widget glass can be used to refer to a laser-engraved pattern at the bottom of a beer glass which aids the release of carbon dioxide bubbles. The pattern of the etching can be anything from a simple circular or chequered design to a logo or text. The widget in the base of a beer glass works by creating a nucleation point, allowing the CO2 to be released from the liquid which comes into contact with it, thus assisting in maintaining head on the beer. This has become increasingly popular with Fosters, Estrella and others using them in public houses in the UK. References Bibliography Carey & Hildebrand, Improved method of and means for dispensing carbonated liquids from containers, UK Patent 1266351, published 8 March 1972—the original invention behind the modern widget. Forage, et al., "". United States Patent 4,832,968. 23 May 1989. Beer vessels and serving Industrial gases

4039422

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checker%20Superba

Checker Superba

The Checker Superba was an automobile produced by Checker Motors Company of Kalamazoo, Michigan, between 1959 and 1963. The Superba used the Checker taxi cab bodies and were produced in two trim lines, standard and Custom, both in two body styles, a four-door sedan and a five-door station wagon. On the exterior of the Superba, the grille was composed of an arched center section, flanked two-chrome wings; engine compartment ventilation was through 24 rectangular sections located in the center of the grille. Parking lights were placed on two solid panels flanking the ventilation spaces and housed in round star-like housings. When the Checker Marathon was introduced in the fall of 1959 it was only marketed in New York and the states of New England. In February of 1960 the Checker was introduced nationally. In 1962, the Superba received its only exterior change, a more sculptured front bumper raised up several inches. Additionally front fenders sculpturing was raised three inches. Larger rear wheel openings were increased on the rear fenders. The Starburst grille was replaced with a full-width egg-crate grille. Otherwise the car's appearance was exactly as it was when introduced in 1959. Total production of the Superba in its first year was (1,050 units) was very limited compared to even the weakest full-line United States automaker at the time, Studebaker. References External links Superba 1960s cars Cars introduced in 1961 Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Cars of the United States

4039424

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20Earth%20%282006%20TV%20series%29

Planet Earth (2006 TV series)

Planet Earth is a 2006 British television series produced by the BBC Natural History Unit. Five years in the making, it was the most expensive nature documentary series ever commissioned by the BBC and also the first to be filmed in high definition. The series received multiple awards, including four Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, and an award from the Royal Television Society. Planet Earth premiered on 5 March 2006 in the United Kingdom on BBC One, and by June 2007 had been shown in 130 countries. The original version was narrated by David Attenborough, whilst some international versions used alternative narrators. The series has eleven episodes, each of which features a global overview of a different biome or habitat on Earth. At the end of each fifty-minute episode, a ten-minute featurette takes a behind-the-scenes look at the challenges of filming the series. Ten years later, the BBC announced a six-part sequel had been commissioned, titled Planet Earth II, the first television series produced by the BBC in ultra-high-definition (4K). David Attenborough returned as narrator and presenter. A second sequel, Planet Earth III is currently announced and planned to air in 2022. Background In 2001 the BBC broadcast The Blue Planet, a series on the natural history of the world's oceans. It received critical acclaim, high viewing figures, audience appreciation ratings, and many awards. It also became a hugely profitable global brand, eventually being sold to 150 countries worldwide. Feedback showed that audiences particularly liked the epic scale, the scenes of new and unusual species and the cinematic quality of the series. Programme commissioners were keen for a follow-up, so Alastair Fothergill decided that the Natural History Unit should repeat the formula with a series looking at the whole planet. The idea for Planet Earth was born, and the series was commissioned by Lorraine Heggessey, then Controller of BBC One, in January 2002. A feature film version of Planet Earth was commissioned alongside the television series, repeating the successful model established with The Blue Planet and its companion film, Deep Blue. Earth was released around the world from 2007 to 2009. There was also another accompanying television series, Planet Earth: The Future, which looked at the environmental problems facing some of the species and habitats featured in the main series in more detail. Broadcast Planet Earth premiered on BBC One on 5 March 2006 in the United Kingdom. On the same day or in the subsequent weeks or months, the series also began airing in several other countries. International broadcasters carrying Planet Earth include Australia on ABC and GEM, Canada on CBC and CTV, New Zealand on Prime, the Philippines on GMA Network and GMA News TV, the U.S. on Discovery Channel, Velocity, Science, Animal Planet, Destination America and BBC America. British television The episodes are each an hour in length, comprising the main programme and a 10-minute featurette called Planet Earth Diaries, which details the filming of a particular event. In the UK, Planet Earth was split into two parts, broadcast in spring and autumn 2006. The first five episodes premiered on BBC One at 9:00 pm on Sundays, beginning on 5 March 2006. The programmes were repeated the following Saturday in an early evening slot on BBC Two. Along with its 2005 dramatisation of Bleak House, the BBC selected Planet Earth for its trial of high-definition broadcasts. The opening episode was its first-ever scheduled programme in the format, shown 27 May 2006 on the BBC HD channel. The first episode in the autumn series, Great Plains, received its first public showing at the Edinburgh International Television Festival on 26 August 2006. It was shown on a giant screen in Conference Square. The remaining episodes were broadcast from 5 November 2006 in the same primetime BBC One slot, following a further repeat run of the spring programmes on BBC Four. The autumn episodes were broadcast simultaneously on BBC HD and were repeated on BBC Four the following week. Besides being BBC One's featured One to Watch programme of the day, Planet Earth was heavily trailed on the BBC's television and radio channels both before and during its run. The music that was featured in the BBC trailers for the series is the track "Hoppípolla" from the album Takk... by Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós. Following the advertisements, interest was so widespread that the single was re-released. In the United States, the series was promoted using "The Time Has Come" from trailer music company Epic Score, composed by Gabriel Shadid and Tobias Marberger. The Australian trailers initially used Jupiter: The Bringer of Jollity from Gustav Holst's orchestral suite The Planets, but later reverted to "Hoppípolla". International The BBC pre-sold the series to several overseas broadcasters, including the Discovery Channel for the United States, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, China Central Television, WDR for Germany, Discovery Channel for India, Prime Television for New Zealand, and C1R for Russian broadcasts. The series was eventually sold to 130 countries. On 25 March 2007, the series began its run on American television on the Discovery network, premiering on the Discovery Channel and Discovery HD Theater. There were a number of revisions to the original British programme. Actress and conservationist Sigourney Weaver was brought in to replace David Attenborough as narrator, as it was thought her familiarity to American audiences would attract more viewers. The Discovery programmes also used a slightly different script to the British original. The series was broadcast on Sundays in one 3-hour block followed by four 2-hour blocks. The Planet Earth Diaries segments were not shown immediately after each episode, but collectively in Planet Earth: The Filmmakers' Story, a two-hour special which was broadcast after the series had finished its initial network run. Edited versions were later broadcast on The Science Channel, Animal Planet, and Planet Green. In Canada, the series did not air on the Canadian Discovery Channel, as it is owned by CTV and the Canadian rights were exclusively sold to the CBC. Episodes Planet Earth: The Future The latter episodes were supplemented by Planet Earth: The Future, a series of three 60-minute films that highlight the conservation issues surrounding some of the featured species and environments. The programmes are narrated by Simon Poland and the series producer was Fergus Beeley. The series began transmission on BBC Four after the ninth episode, "Shallow Seas". Feature film Alongside the commissioning of the television series, BBC Worldwide and GreenLight Media secured financing for a US$15 million film version of Planet Earth. This followed the earlier success of Deep Blue, the BBC's 2003 theatrical nature documentary which used re-edited footage from The Blue Planet. The film was co-directed by Alastair Fothergill and Mark Linfield and produced by Alix Tidmarsh and Sophokles Tasioulis. Only 30% of the footage shown in Earth is new, with the remainder being reworked from the television series to suit the narrative of the film. David Attenborough was replaced as narrator by high-profile actors: Patrick Stewart for the UK market and James Earl Jones for the United States. Earth had its worldwide premiere in September 2007 at the San Sebastián International Film Festival in San Sebastián, Spain, in Basque Country. Lionsgate released the film in several international markets over the following year. In the United States, it became the first film to be released by Disneynature, the Walt Disney Company's new nature documentary arm. When released on Earth Day 2009 it set the record for the highest opening weekend gross for a nature documentary, and went on to become the third highest grossing documentary of all time. It has grossed more than $108 million worldwide; in the nature documentary genre, only March of the Penguins has achieved greater box-office success. Reception Critical reception Planet Earth received widespread critical acclaim. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the miniseries has an approval rating of 95% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 9/10. The critical consensus reads "Planet Earth weaves innovative camera techniques and patient observation to deliver viewers an astounding glimpse of the world's perils and wonders, capturing jaw-dropping scenery and animals on both an epic and intimate scale." Time magazine's James Poniewozik named it one of the Top 10 New TV Series of 2007, ranking it at No. 4. In 2019, Planet Earth and its sequel were ranked 72nd on The Guardian'''s list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century. AccoladesPlanet Earth: From Pole to Pole won the Science and Natural History award at the Royal Television Society Programme Awards in 2007. The RTS also awarded it a Judge's Award and a Photography Award at its Craft and Design Awards. The series picked up two awards from the Broadcasting Press Guild for Best Documentary Series and Innovation in Broadcasting, and won Best Documentary Series at the 2007 Broadcast Awards. At the 2007 BAFTA Television Awards, Planet Earth was nominated in the Specialist Factual and Pioneer Audience Award categories, but lost out to Nuremberg: Goering's Last Stand and Life on Mars respectively. It received three nominations at the BAFTA Television Craft Awards later the same year. George Fenton's original score won him Soundtrack Composer of the Year at the 2007 Classical BRIT Awards. Planet Earth was also nominated for the NTA for Most popular Factual program but lost to Top Gear (Supernanny and Bad Lad's Army: Officer Class were also nominated).Planet Earth was recognised by the American television industry, collecting the award for Nonfiction Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards in September 2007 and winning a further three prizes in technical categories at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards. It also collected two awards from the Television Critics Association in Los Angeles in July 2007 and a Peabody Award in April 2008. The series was also fêted at wildlife film festivals around the globe, collected multiple prizes at the Wildscreen Festival 2006, the International Wildlife Film Festival 2007 and the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival 2007. Awards and nominations Audience response The credentials of the filmmakers, the size of the production, a high-profile marketing campaign and a primetime BBC One timeslot all resulted in Planet Earth attracting large audiences when it debuted in the UK in March 2006. The first episode, "From Pole to Pole", was watched by more people than any natural history programme since Attenborough and Fothergill's previous series, The Blue Planet, in 2001. The first five episodes drew an average audience of 11.4 million viewers, including the early evening repeats, outperforming even The Blue Planet. When the series returned to British screens after a six-month break, it remained popular but viewing figures did not reach the same levels. The final six episodes attracted an average audience of 6.8 million viewers, appreciably lower than the spring episodes, but still higher than BBC One's average for the timeslot. The BBC's 2007 Annual Report revealed that the series "received the highest audience appreciation score of any British programme on TV this year". In the United States, Planet Earth drew equally impressive ratings when it premiered on Discovery and Discovery HD Theater on 25 March 2007. The first three episodes (screened back to back) averaged 5.72 million viewers with a peak of 6.07 million viewers, giving the network its third highest audience ever. It was also the most watched Discovery programme since The Flight That Fought Back in 2005. Sequel In February 2016, the BBC announced a six-part sequel had been commissioned, titled Planet Earth II, for release in late 2016, with Sir David Attenborough returning as narrator and presenter. As with the 2006 series, the trailer features the track 'Hoppipolla' by Icelandic group Sigur Ros. Merchandise The popularity of the television series around the world translated into strong sales of associated Planet Earth merchandise. In the United States, it became the fastest and bestselling documentary DVD in Discovery Channel's history, and the high-definition (HD) discs generated US$3.2 million in sales in just two months. By the end of 2007, U.S. sales had topped 3 million units, making it the highest-grossing HD title and one of the top ten DVD titles of the year. In addition, the brand was licensed to other companies to produce children's books, calendars, a board game, jigsaws, stationery, cards, and more. DVD A five-disc DVD box set of the complete series (BBCDVD1883) was released in the UK for Regions 2 and 4 (PAL) on 27 November 2006 by 2 entertain. It is presented in 5.1-channel Dolby Digital surround sound and 16:9 widescreen video. The bonus features include Planet Earth Diaries (presented immediately after each episode as for the original TV broadcast) and Planet Earth: The Future. In the United States, two versions of the same five-disc set were released as a Region 1 (NTSC) DVD on 24 April 2007. The BBC Warner release retained David Attenborough's narration from the original British television broadcasts, but the Discovery Channel edition used the alternative Sigourney Weaver voice-over. Even in the United States the Attenborough version was much the better for sales. HD DVD and Blu-ray Except for a small amount of extremely hard-to-obtain footage, Planet Earth was filmed entirely in high-definition, and consequently became one of the first television series to take advantage of the new HD disc formats. The series was released in both Blu-ray and HD DVD formats as a five-disc Region B box set on 12 November 2007. On the fifth disc, the bonus features from the standard-definition DVD set were replaced by two episodes from the BBC's Natural World series, "Desert Lions" and "Snow Leopard: Beyond the Myth", both also presented in high-definition. In the United States, the series was released as a four-disc set in both high-definition formats, the Blu-ray version on single-layer BD-25 discs and the HD DVD set on dual-layer HD DVD-30 discs. The first U.S. high-definition releases omitted the extra disc of bonus features from the standard-definition boxed set, though these extras were included with new material in a special-edition Blu-ray released in 2011. Books Four official tie-in volumes were published by BBC Books in 2006 and 2007:Planet Earth: As You've Never Seen It Before, written by Alastair Fothergill with a foreword by David Attenborough, was published in hardback on 5 October 2006 (). The paperback title Planet Earth: The Future was also published on 5 October 2006 (). It was edited by Fergus Beeley and Rosamund Kidman Cox with a foreword by Jonathon Porritt. A second paperback volume revealed some of the tales from the field during filming expeditions. Planet Earth: The Making of an Epic Series was written by David Nicholson-Lord and published on 9 March 2006 (). A collection of still images from the series was published in a hardcover volume as Planet Earth: The Photographs on 7 October 2007 (). Soundtrack album On 20 November 2006, a two-disc soundtrack CD was released with a compilation of the incidental music specially commissioned for Planet Earth. The award-winning score was composed by George Fenton and performed by the BBC Concert Orchestra and has been performed during "Planet Earth Live" events in the United States and the United Kingdom. See alsoPlanet Earth IIThe Blue PlanetBlue Planet IIFrozen PlanetFrozen Planet II 9° NorthOur PlanetReferences Further reading Alastair Fothergill discusses Planet Earth in The Times. Text at Universal Library discussing the Planet Earth series and the technological background. External linksPlanet Earth'' at BBC Earth Discovery Channel website Planet Earth on the Eden website 2006 British television series debuts 2006 British television series endings 2000s British documentary television series Discovery Channel original programming BBC high definition shows BBC television documentaries Peabody Award-winning television programs Nature educational television series Television series by BBC Studios Planet Earth (franchise) Television Academy Honors winners

4039435

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C5%99ejov

Ondřejov

Ondřejov may refer to places in the Czech Republic: Ondřejov (Pelhřimov District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region Ondřejov (Prague-East District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region Ondřejov Observatory, an observatory in the municipality Ondřejov, a village and part of Perštejn in the Ústí nad Labem Region Ondřejov, a village and part of Pláně in the Plzeň Region Ondřejov, a village and part of Rýmařov in the Moravian-Silesian Region

4039440

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20facilitation

Social facilitation

Social facilitation is a social phenomenon in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance. That is, people do better on tasks when they are with other people rather than when they are doing the task alone. Situations that elicit social facilitation include coaction, performing for an audience, and appears to depend on task complexity. Norman Triplett's early investigations describes social facilitation to occur during instances of coaction, which is performing a task in the presence of other people performing a similar task, while not necessarily engaging in direct interactions with each other. Triplett first observed this in cyclists, finding that cyclists rode at faster speeds when competing against other cyclists compared to when cycling alone. Social facilitation has also been known to occur when performing a task in front of an audience, or during periods of observation, sometimes referred to as audience effects. For instance, during exercise Meumann (1904) found that when being watched, individuals could lift heavier weights compared to when they were not being watched. Research on the effects of coaction and audience effects on social facilitation have been mixed. In an attempt to discover why these types of situations do not always trigger social facilitation, Robert Zajonc (1965) theorized that perhaps task complexity, or how simple versus complex a task is, could influence whether or not social facilitation occurs. Zajonc predicted that simple tasks would result in social facilitation within group settings, whereas more complicated tasks would not. According to Zajonc, some tasks are easier to learn and perform than others because they require dominant responses. Dominant responses are behavioral responses at the top of an organism's behavioral repertoire, making them more readily available, or 'dominant', above all other responses. Tasks that elicit dominant responses are typically simpler, less effortful, and easier to perform compared to tasks eliciting non-dominant responses. Non-dominant responses are harder to carry out. In sum, simple tasks require dominant responses whereas complex tasks require non-dominant responses. When performing tasks in groups then, simple tasks will be associated with social facilitation. However, complex tasks will not because the presence of others becomes distracting when attempting to elicit non-dominant responses that require more effort to use. Later research develops the idea of coaction, audience effects, and task complexity. For instance, the Yerkes-Dodson law, when applied to social facilitation, states that "the mere presence of other people will enhance the performance in speed and accuracy of well-practiced tasks, but will degrade in the performance of less familiar tasks." Compared to their performance when alone, when in the presence of others they tend to perform better on simple or well-rehearsed tasks and worse on complex or new ones. The audience effect attempts to explain psychologically why the presence of an audience leads to people performing tasks better in some cases and worse in others. This idea was further explored when some studies showed that the presence of a passive audience facilitated the better performance of a simple task, while other studies showed that the presence of a passive audience inhibited the performance of a more difficult task or one that was not well practiced, possibly due to psychological pressure or stress. (See Yerkes–Dodson law.) Many factors contribute to social facilitation, and many theories have been proposed to try to explain the phenomena. History Social facilitation can be defined as a tendency for individuals to perform differently when in the mere presence of others. Specifically, individuals perform better on simpler or well-rehearsed tasks and perform worse on complex or new ones. In relation to this, there are three main empirical relationships which are the activation, evaluation, and attention theories. The activation theory describes how we are physiologically aroused and how that affects our functioning. The evaluation theory relates to the systematic assessment of the worth or merit of some object. The attention theory takes into account possession in the mind including focalization and concentration of consciousness. In 1897, Triplett studied the effect on performance of having an audience. Triplett's experiment had a simple design; a cyclist's performance when alone was compared with a cyclist's performance when racing against another cyclist. He found that the cyclist was slowest when he was only racing the clock and not another cyclist. He attributed these results to a competitive instinct which releases energy that was not available when pedaling alone. Triplett's study started off a revolution of studies attempting to examine the theory that people's performance is influenced by the presence of others. In 1898, while studying the competitive nature of children, he found that children were much faster at completing their given activity (winding string) while they were competing, which caused him to wonder whether or not simply having another individual there would have the same effect. To determine this, Triplett studied the race time of cyclists and found that cyclists had faster race times when in the presence of other cyclists. He theorized that the faster times were because the presence of others made individuals more competitive, and further research led Triplett to theorize that the presence of others increases individuals' performances in other noncompetitive situations as well. In 1924, Floyd Allport, coined the term social facilitation. Allport conducted studies in which participants sat either alone or with other participants and did a variety of tasks such as word association tasks and multiplication assessments. He found that people performed better when in a group setting than when alone for the majority of tasks. However, at this time, social facilitation simply meant an "increase in response merely from the sight or sound of others making the same movement." Hazel Markus of the University of Michigan conducted an experiment to test the hypothesis that the mere presence of others can influence an individual's performance. A task that lacked a rubric structure and was likely to cause the subject to be apprehensive of how they would be evaluated was used. Performance times on the task of dressing and undressing in familiar and unfamiliar clothing were compared with subjects working alone, working in the presence of a passive inattentive person, and working in the presence of an attentive spectator. Compared to the alone condition, both social conditions (audience and incidental audience) enhanced performance on the well-learned aspects of the task of dressing and undressing with the subject's own familiar clothing and hindered the subject's performance on the more complex aspects of the task of dressing and undressing using unfamiliar clothing. It was concluded that the presence of others is a sufficient condition for social facilitation and social interference effects. Therefore, the presence of an audience causes an individual to do better on a simple task or worse on a more complicated task. In a 2010 study, donation rates increased with the presence of observers, and neuroimaging revealed that the presence of observers significantly affected activation in the ventral striatum before the choice of whether or not to donate. In Raefeli's meta-analysis of the social facilitation phenomenon in 2002, three conclusions are made. Firstly, the presence of others heightens an individual's physiological arousal only if the individual is performing a complex task. Moreover, the mere presence of others increases the speed of simple task performance and decrease the speed of complex task performance. Lastly, social facilitation effects are surprisingly unrelated to the performer's evaluation apprehension. A study was done in 2014 that compared the performance of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to typically developing (TD) individuals on a task with the presence of another. The experiment conducted tested the hypothesis that an individual with ASD, will respond to the presence of experimenters, thus altering the results of the experiment. Major theoretical approaches The major three approaches to social facilitation are the activation, evaluation, and attention theories. The activation theory describes how our arousal relates to social facilitation. The evaluation theory discusses how being assessed by an audience affects to social facilitation. The attention theory takes into account the effect of distractions in the environment on social facilitation. Activation theory In 1956, Robert Zajonc was trying to figure out why some studies showed people's performance being hindered by the presence of others rather than being made more accurate. He designed an experiment that would examine the performance of someone doing a simple vs. complex task in front of others. He found that, when people were performing a simple task in the presence of others, they could complete it with greater accuracy than when they were alone. This was something most psychologists were aware of at this time. However, what Zajonc found that was revolutionary in this time period was that, when people attempt to perform tasks which are more complex or with which they are not familiar, they complete it with less accuracy when in the presence of others than when they alone. Thus, social inhibition was born. In 1965, Robert Zajonc developed the stern activation theory, by proposing his generalized drive hypothesis for social facilitation. Zajonc's generalized drive hypothesis was the first theory that addressed why the presence of others increased performance sometimes yet decreased it at other times. He argued that the presence of others serves as a source of arousal, and heightened arousal increases the likelihood of an organism to do better on well-learned or habitual responses. For this reason, arousal improves performance on simple, or well-learned tasks, but impairs performance on complex, or not well-learned tasks. Zajonc's reasoning was based on the Yerkes-Dodson law, which holds that performance works like an inverse "U" function. This means that an individual's optimal drive is higher for simpler, or well-practiced tasks, and that the same individual's optimal drive is lower for more complex, or less-practiced tasks. The presence of other people further arouses us and increases our drive level, and so an individual's performance will be enhanced if a task is simple (because of the high levels of energy) but diminished if the task is complex. He tested his theories by having people complete word association tasks alone and again in the presence of others, and found that the tasks were done much faster while in the presence of others. Other activation theories include the alertness hypothesis, the monitoring hypothesis, and the challenge and threat hypothesis. Alertness hypothesis The alertness hypothesis says that people are uncertain of how observers will act while in the presence of others, so they become more alert (because the performer will be uncertain about how the observers will act in the situation). It is this heightened alertness which causes them to perform better on tasks. Monitoring hypothesis The monitoring hypothesis posits that social facilitation effects do not occur when the performer is familiar with the observers or the situation. This is because, in those cases, the performer knows how the observer will respond or how the situation will take place. Therefore, in such situations the performer's arousal will not increase. So, if the person is unfamiliar with the observers or the situation, he/she will experience uncertainty and arousal will increase, but not if he/she is familiar with them. Challenge and threat hypotheses The challenge and threat hypothesis states that people perform worse on complex tasks and better on simple tasks when in the presence of others because of the type of cardio-vascular response to the task. When performing a simple task in the presence of others, people show a normal cardiovascular response. However, when performing a complex task in the presence of others, the cardiovascular response is similar to that of a person in a threatening position. The normal cardiovascular response serves to improve performance, but the threat-like cardiovascular response serves to impede performance. Evaluation approach In 1968, Henchy and Glass proposed the evaluation approach to social facilitation. Their evaluation apprehension hypothesis states that it is not the mere presence of others that increases individual activation/arousal, but rather the fear of being evaluated by an audience. They studied the reactivity of male high school and college students, where their responses were based on the strength they developed through prior training, and found that the groups who felt their performance was being evaluated had more dominant responses than the groups who were simply in the presence of an audience without being evaluated, or those that were alone. Evaluation Apprehension Theory In 1972, Nickolas Cottrell came up with Evaluation Apprehension Theory. This theory also explains the evaluative pressure as the source of increased productivity in presence of others rather than the arousal response identified by Zajonc. The theory assumes that people learn from experience that the source of most reward and punishments are other people they interact with. Therefore, people associate social situations with evaluation and hence, feel apprehensive in presence of other people. The evaluation apprehension improves performance on simple tasks but is debilitating in more complex and difficult tasks. Self-presentation Theory Self-presentation theory is another evaluation approach to social facilitation. The theory posits that social facilitation is a product of people's motivation to maintain positive self image or face in presence of others. This motivation leads people to behave in ways to form good impressions and therefore results in social facilitation in evaluative situations. In situations that were non evaluative or less evaluative, social facilitation effects were often eliminated. In addition, when individuals were more confident, they performed better in evaluative situations in presence of others as compared to working alone. Learned drive hypothesis A further extension of the evaluation approach is the learned drive hypothesis, which was developed by Cottrell, Wack, Sekerak, and Rittle, and states that activation only increases when actors feel that the audience is capable of evaluating their performance. In other words, it implies that the cause of evaluation apprehension comes from a learned audience. They studied how a participant performed on well-learned tasks while in the presence of an audience focused on another event, and in the presence of an audience focused on the tasks being performed. They found that participants performing in the latter group, with the audience that was focused on what the participants were doing, largely gave dominant responses. Weiss and Miller furthered developed the evaluation approach by hypothesizing that activation only increases when the actors fear a negative evaluation. This theory suggests that activation increases when the audience or other competitors cause negative feelings, such as anxiety, in the actor. However, Good's development of evaluation apprehension takes the opposite approach, where he hypothesizes that activation increases when actors expect a positive evaluation. Because of the conflicting theories under the evaluation approach, there has been controversy over its reliability. A meta-analysis done by Bond found that even when individuals are in the presence of a non-visible or non-evaluative audience, activation still occurs for an increase in dominant responses. Social Orientation Theory Social orientation theory of social facilitation suggests that people differ in their orientation toward social situations and that these individual differences predicts who will show social facilitation or impairment in performance. The theory states that individuals with positive orientation are more likely to display social facilitation effects whereas individuals with negative orientation are likely to experience impairment in performance. Those with positive orientation are individuals who are self confident and who react positively to challenges. The theory states that these individuals find "safety in numbers". On the other hand, individuals with negative orientation are defined by characteristics such as low self esteem, inhibited and feeling threatened by presence of other people. Attention approach In the 1980s, explanations shifted from activation theories to attention theories, which imply that withdrawal from some things is necessary in order to deal effectively with others. Attention theories that explain social facilitation include the distraction-conflict hypothesis, the overload hypothesis, the feedback-loop model, and the capacity model. Distraction-conflict Theory In his distraction-conflict theory, Robert Baron proposed that the level of performance on a task is predicted by the amount of distractions in the environment surrounding the task. The theory states distraction can be a source of social facilitation on simple tasks, as it can cause attentional conflict that can increase motivation which increases the drive proposed by Zajonc. On more complex and difficult tasks, however, the increase in drive is not enough to counteract the detrimental effects of distraction and therefore results in impaired performance. Distraction as the source of social facilitation is demonstrated in Stroop task, a color and word association task. In Stroop task, participants are shown a color name word, printed in different color and the participants job is to provide the color of the word that the word is printed in. The reaction time is slower and more errors arise when the word and color of the word does not match. However, when the task is completed with other people, these errors decrease. In these situations the presence of others may help by narrowing the focus of attention. Overload hypothesis The overload hypothesis works according to the distraction-conflict hypothesis, saying that distracters do not lead to increased arousal, but rather to cognitive overload (when an individual is bombarded with excessive information in their working memory), and while in cognitive overload, individuals will do worse on complex tasks and better on more simple tasks. Performance increases on simple tasks because the performers focus their attention on the new stimuli, instead of the irrelevant stimuli that is characteristic of simple tasks. Performance decreases on complex tasks because the performers focus on the distracters, but also need to focus on the relevant stimuli that are characteristic of complex tasks, and they cannot handle all of the information they are being presented with. Feedback-loop model The feedback-loop model postulates that when people feel they are being observed, they focus attention on themselves. While in this state, individuals become aware of the differences between their actual behavior and anticipated behavior. So, by feedback-loop model, people do better in the presence of others because of this increased awareness about their behavior. Capacity model The capacity model of social facilitation focuses on the role of types of information processing on performance in front of an audience, rather than the performance on different type of tasks (simple or complex) in front of an audience. The capacity model suggests that for tasks that require automatic information processing, the presence of others does not cause problems because the short-term memory is not required for automatic information processing, so performance quality increases. However, for tasks that require controlled information processing, the presence of others does impede the level of performance because the short-term memory is necessary to both focus attention on the audience, as well as the task at hand. Self-presentation approach The self-presentation approach to social facilitation has two main theories: one regarding arousal or drive, and one without. The first theory argues that in the presence of an audience, individuals become concerned with self-presentation. The possible embarrassment that occurs with negative evaluation leads to activation of arousal, or increased drive which will cause more dominant effects. The second theory argues that it is not an issue of arousal, but rather of simple responses, because the individual wants to appear competent in the presence of others. If the task is easy, the individual will want to make him/herself appear even more competent by doing exceptionally well on the task. However, if the task is difficult, they will fear that they will present themselves as incompetent, which will in turn make them embarrassed, and further impede their performance. However, there has not been significant research done or evidence supporting the self-presentation approach. The main study looking at this approach was done by Bond in 1982, but it did not include independent measures of self-presentation, so it was not able to conclusively prove the validity of this approach. Major empirical findings Age In 1898, Norman Triplett pioneered research on social facilitation by studying the competitive nature of children. In this study, each child was given a string and was told to wind it. He found that children performed much better while they were competing with one another, and further research led Triplett to theorize that the presence of others increases individuals' performances in other noncompetitive situations as well. In 1973, Chapman ran an experiment and found that levels of laughter among 7–8 year-old children were highest when two children listened to funny material together (coaction condition). Furthermore, levels of laughter were higher when one child listened to funny material in the presence of another child (audience condition) than when one child listened to the funny material alone (alone condition). These results indicate that laughter is also socially facilitated. Prejudice Prejudice is often considered as easily learned and performed response. Therefore, following the logic of Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation, prejudice then, is also likely to be socially facilitated. That is, individuals may be more likely to express prejudicial views in presence of others than in private. Gender In 1994, De Castro demonstrated that social facilitation affects food intake by extending the time spent eating a meal. His results also showed that the presence of family and friends, in comparison with the presence of mere companions, increases food intake to a greater degree, possibly due to the "release of inhibitory restraints on intake" that occurs when people feel more comfortable around people they are familiar with. Furthermore, males ate 36% more food when with other people than when alone, and females ate 40% more food when with other people than when alone. De Castro attributes this to the time-extension model of social facilitation, as the time spent at a meal increased when the meal was a social occasion. These results suggest that the presence of other people at a meal increases intake by extending the time spent at the meal, probably as a result of social interaction, and that family and friends have an even larger effect, probably by producing relaxation and a consequent disinhibition of restraint on intake. Furthermore, these results also suggest that social facilitation has very similar effects on both men and women. Performance In 1920, when asked to write out as many words as possible in response to a given word, 93% of participants produced more words in the presence of another person than alone. However, when this study was replicated with individuals who stuttered when they spoke, 80% of the participants produced more words when alone rather than in the presence of another person. Lee Edward Travis conducted a study to find what kind of effect an audience has on an individual. Travis used an eye–hand coordination test (holding a flexible pointer on a revolving target) for his study. Twenty freshmen males, one sophomore male, and one junior male were used as the subjects. The small audience consisted of four to eight upper classmen and graduate students and was an equal number of men and women. Each observer practiced in the presence of the experimenter, and their learning curve was plotted each day. When the subject attained his maximum efficiency, the passive audience was brought in. Some of the subjects showed superior coordination when the audience was present. In June 1980, Forgas et al. conducted a field study of audience effects, looking at the performance of expert and novice squash players when observed by no audience, a male audience, and a female audience. Contrary to Zajonc's drive-arousal theory, it was found that the effect of an audience on performance did not differ significantly between novice and expert players. This indicates that the other factors, such as cognitive variables and players' interpretation of the audience's presence, also influence players' reactions to the presence of an audience in a natural setting. In 1982, people playing pool were being surreptitiously watched in order to identify skilled and unskilled players. Skilled players made at least two-thirds of their shots whereas unskilled players missed at least two-thirds of their shots. When the observer moved closer to the pool table and continued to watch, skilled players' performance improved by 14% and the unskilled players' performance dropped by more than 30%. In 2007, Rosenbloom et al. studied archival data from Jerusalem in 2004 and found that the presence of an additional person in the car during a driving license test decreased the likelihood that the testee would pass the driving test. Although the nature of the study made it impossible to distinguish one explanation of social facilitation from another, the findings generally support the basic premise of social facilitation theory. In 2008, college students were given a list of words and told to copy them as quickly as they could. The "easy task" was to write out one list with their dominant hand and the "hard task" was to write out another list with their nondominant hand. While completing the task, they were in the presence of an image of their favorite television personality (displayed on a computer screen) or an image of another character from the same show. When given the easy task, they wrote more words in the presence of their favorite character and when given the hard task, the favorite character inhibited their performance. As shown, while the college students were given tasks, their favorite television characters are perceived as "real" in a social facilitation paradigm which gives evidence as to how social facilitation can affect performance. In 2008, Hill, Hanton, Matthews, and Fleming studied sub-optimal performance in sports, also known as the phenomenon of "choking". They determined that when individuals were worried about negative evaluations by the audience, and performing tasks that they were not familiar with, they often would perform at a lower level than when they did without an audience. In 2011, Anderson-Hanley, Snyder, Nimon, and Arciero found that older adults riding "cybercycles", virtual-reality enhanced stationary bikes with interactive competitions, exercised at higher rates than adults riding stationary bikes. In 2012, Murayama and Elliot conducted a meta-analysis where they found that the effects on performance commonly attributed to competition are actually due to performance goals. Competition prompts either performance-approach goals, which are what facilitate performance improvements, or performance-avoidance goals, which undermine performance. Animals Social facilitation in animals is when the performance of a behaviour by an animal increases the probability of other animals also engaging in that behaviour or increasing the intensity of the behaviour. In 1969, Zajonc, Heingartner, and Herman demonstrated that social facilitation occurs not only in humans, but also in species with limited or no cognitive processing. They observed that it takes a cockroach a longer time to complete a complex maze in the presence of other cockroaches than when alone. They also observed that in a simple, straight runway, a cockroach reaches the end of the runway faster in the presence of other cockroaches than when alone. This experiment lends support to the theory that physiological arousal resulting from the presence of others leads to similar social facilitation effects in animals as well. In 2009, Dindo, Whiten, and de Waal studied the effect of social facilitation in capuchin monkeys. The monkeys in this study were required to complete a new foraging task, either alone or in a social group. While both sets of monkeys completed the task, those in the social group completed it three times faster than those monkeys that were alone. This increase in speed was attributed to "observational learning and synchronization of behavior between group mates." Electronic performance monitoring Researchers have used electronic performance monitoring (EPM) to examine the effects of social facilitation. This trend had previously been limited to face-to-face or group settings, but electronic performance monitoring establishes the impact of social facilitation in a virtual sense. EPM is the utilization of information technologies (e.g. computer networks) to track, evaluate, analyze, and report information regarding an employee's performance. Many businesses have adopted this method in which workers activity is automatically monitored throughout the workday. This topic is of substantial interest to those in the field of social psychology due to underlying mechanism at work; namely, the phenomenon of social facilitation. One study found that EPM did enhance productivity, but only in ways that are consistent with the effects of social facilitation. Employees working on a data entry task were monitored while working alone, with others, or as part of a cohesive group. Results indicated that EPM improved the performance of highly skilled workers, but interfered with the performance of those who were less skilled. Moreover, with the exception of those working in a cohesive group, monitoring was found to increase workers' feelings of stress and anxiety. On the other hand, participants responded more favorably to performance monitoring when they believed that they could turn off the monitoring and that only their job-related activities were being evaluated. Also, EPM was viewed more positively when workers were given the opportunity to participate in decisions regarding the use of the system. Results support that the effect of social facilitation is not just limited to the physical presence of others, but also extends to presence in a virtual sense as well. In 2009, Thompson, Sebastienelli and Murray conducted an experiment to determine the effect of electronic monitoring on students who used web-based training to learn new online search skills. They found that participants who were explicitly told that their training was being monitored performed markedly worse on a post-training skills test than participants who were unaware that their training was being monitored. These findings adhere to the basic premise of social facilitation and reveal that the heightened awareness of evaluation on complex tasks significantly hinders performance. In educational settings Groups are formed in a variety of educational settings around the world. Some examples include a group of physics students completing a laboratory exercise, a team of touch rugby players, a set of high school prefects, a group of students formed to brainstorm ideas for energy saving techniques, and study groups. Some groups enhance members' motivation and help students stay focused on their academic goals. However, a study group may inhibit the acquisition of new information, concepts, and skills, as the presence of others can be distracting. These distractions can interfere during the early phases of learning, both in overt and covert practicing. In a study in which participants had to learn a list of words, they were too embarrassed to rehearse the material out aloud and as a consequence of this group pressure, their performance suffered. Zajonc suggested that the student study alone, preferably in an isolated cubicle, and arrange to write examinations surrounded by many other students, on stage, and in the presence of a large audience. The results of the examination would be beyond the student's wildest expectations, assuming that the material had been thoroughly learned beforehand. Contributing factors Contributing factors to the audience effect could include what kind of crowd is present, such as a supportive crowd (e.g., the crowd at a team's home ground) or a hostile crowd (e.g., the crowd when a team is playing an away game). Also, the proximity of the crowd or the size of the crowd could influence the result of the audience effect. More factors such as nature of the task, coping skills with potential negative effects of audience, and even the playing venue (home or away) could be things to consider when examining the audience effect. Social facilitation is a widespread phenomenon in society. Many public tasks demonstrate the effects, both the costs and benefits, of social facilitation. From taking exams in a high school or college environment to performing in sporting events, people may perform better or fall short depending on the task's complexity. In many experiments, people display signs of social facilitation even in everyday tasks, such as driving. This effect can even be seen in animals, as displayed by Zajonc, Heingarter, and Herman's study on cockroaches. Business can also use social facilitation to their advantage, specifically in online auctions, which takes into the account the emergence of instant messaging and communication availability technologies. The interaction between buyers and sellers in traditional, face-to-face markets creates phenomena such as social facilitation, where the presence of others impacts behaviour and performance. In the study involving Java-based Internet Dutch auction, the findings indicated that social facilitation does indeed occur and participants improve their results and stay longer in the auction under conditions of higher virtual presence. Participants also indicate a preference for auction arrangements with higher degrees of virtual presence. Controversies Social facilitation's definition and explanations are not without controversy. Social psychologists first debate whether social facilitation in humans can be through mere presence, or whether it must be through evaluation. It was concluded that although the influence of the mere presence of others can be easily concealed by many other complex social factors, it is one of the variables that contributes to the power of others to influence an individual's performance. One of the greatest controversies surrounding social facilitation is its origination. Psychologists continue to debate whether social facilitation is adopted through the innate biology of humans and animals, or through social learning, either from interaction with society or from individual interaction with other people, and not society in general. Further research and expansion of experiments and theories may begin to resolve, or further complicate, these issues. In light of certain weaknesses and inadequacies of drive theory explanation, social facilitation is argued to be in need for a more cognitive approach. A more cognitive model constructed in an expectancy theory framework is shown as a plausible alternative explanation for employee performance and the effects of social facilitation. While there is not much evidence presented by this controversy it is recommended that direction of future research should test this model. Furthermore, there is difficulty in determining which social facilitation approach is the most accurate. The biggest conflict comes between the activation (or mere presence) and evaluation approaches, with the activation approach stating that the mere presence of an audience leads to social facilitation, and the evaluation approach stating that it is the fear of being judged by a capable audience that leads to social facilitation. Despite the two clearly conflicting schools of thought, researchers have not been able to conclusively prove which one is correct. See also Ringelmann effect Social inhibition References Behaviorism Cognitive biases Social influence Interpersonal relationships Observation Majority–minority relations

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Potsdam

University of Potsdam

The University of Potsdam is a public university in Potsdam, capital of the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It is mainly situated across three campuses in the city. Some faculty buildings are part of the New Palace of Sanssouci which is known for its UNESCO World Heritage status. The University of Potsdam is Brandenburg's largest university and the fourth largest in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area. More than 8,000 people are working in scholarship and science. In 2009 the University of Potsdam became a winner in the "Excellence in Teaching" initiative of the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft (Business innovation agency for the German science system). History The University of Potsdam was formed in 1991 by the amalgamation of the Karl Liebknecht College of Education and the Brandenburg State College, as well as several other smaller institutions. As the university in large part emerged from the College of Education, emphasis today is still placed on teacher training. Historical buildings Some parts of the university are located in historical buildings that have been named as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The university library and the Institute of History can be found in a part of the commons in the park of Sanssouci, at the New Palace, as can the Institute of Mathematics in the former stables. The other campuses, Babelsberg and Golm, are also of historical interest. The oldest buildings of the Golm campus were built in the 1930s to house the Luftwaffe's intelligence department. After World War II the College of Law of the East German Ministry for State Security moved in. The current Faculty of Law is located in Babelsberg/Griebnitzsee in the former presidial and administrative buildings of the German Red Cross (1939/40). Other lecture halls and buildings were built in the 1950s directly behind the Schloss Babelsberg for the Academy of Justice and the East German state. Campuses Being today the largest university in the state of Brandenburg, the University of Potsdam mainly stretches across three campuses on the city's outskirts: New Palace New Palace, Sanssouci (Am Neuen Palais): Faculties of Philosophy, Institutes of Mathematics and Sports. The university's main campus, which includes the Auditorium Maximum, is situated in the immediate proximity of Park Sanssouci. The Communs – the prestigious annexes of the New Palace are home to some of the institutes of the Faculty of Arts. The eighteenth century baroque buildings, which disguise their former purpose as the Palace's offices and service rooms with staircases, porticos, cupolas, and rich ornamentation, are currently home to the university's presidential office and administration. The Institutes of Sports Science and Sports Medicine as well as the Institute for Mathematics can be found on the Campus Am Neuen Palais. Golm Golm: Faculties of Humanities, Mathematics and Science. Most institutes of the Faculty of Science as well as the Human Sciences Faculty are located in Potsdam-Golm, forming one of the largest science parks in the region. Three Max Planck Institutes and two Fraunhofer Institutes as well as the start-up center GO:IN have already settled here. Babelsberg Potsdam-Babelsberg/Griebnitzsee: Faculties of Law, Economics and Social Studies, Institutes of Computer Science, the Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering. Campus Griebnitzsee is situated along the city border with Berlin, not far from the famous Babelsberg film studios, and houses the Law Faculty and the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences. The Institute of Computer Sciences is also located here and benefits greatly from its proximity to the Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering, a completely privately funded co-institute of the University of Potsdam. Other small institutes and departments exist in the City of Potsdam. The Botanischer Garten Potsdam is the university's botanical garden. Academic profile At the beginning of the winter semester of the 2020/2021 academic year, roughly 22,000 young people were studying at the University of Potsdam. The University is placing particular emphasis by establishing four university research focuses. Constantly increasing third-party funding volume testifies to the quality of the research conducted at the University today. The University of Potsdam also has successful, productive cooperative agreements with more than 30 non-university research institutions in the region. With interdisciplinary research agenda, the area of excellence links the departments of Psychology, Linguistics, and Sports and Health Science. UP offers more than 150 degree programs in various fields, offered in German as well as other languages, notably French and English. Faculties As is common in Germany, the University of Potsdam's teaching and research programmes are carried out along the lines of faculties. The university contains the following faculties: Digital Engineering Faculty The Digital Engineering Faculty, jointly established by the University of Potsdam and the Hasso Plattner Institute (HPI), is the first privately funded department of a German public university. Faculty of Law The Law Faculty's curriculum offers the basic and required courses necessary to become a fully qualified lawyer. This training includes civil law, criminal law, and public law. At Potsdam, the areas of concentration in research and teaching comprise the fundamentals of law, civil judicature, business law, international law, public administration as well as business, tax, and environmental criminal law. All these areas offer ample opportunity for specialized study. Additional events for training and continuing education for practitioners in the municipal realm are offered by the Institute for Local Government Studies and in international relations by the Human Rights Centre. Furthermore, a German-French law program exists in cooperation with University Paris Ouest-Nanterre/La Défense. Faculty of Philosophy In recent years, the University of Potsdam's Philosophical Faculty has redefined itself in the spirit of cross-disciplinary cultural studies. Research and teaching at the Institutes for Religious Studies, Jewish Studies, Jewish Theology, Philosophy, History, Classical Philology, German Studies, English and American Studies, Romance Studies, Slavic Studies as well as Art and Media are devoted to a broad understanding of culture that is defined by including all aspects of human life. Drawing from the broad range of faculty specialties, the thematic concentrations of "Cultures in/of Mobility," "Forms of Life and the Know How of Living" as well as "Region and Identity in Europe" were created. This emphasis in regard to content encourages interdisciplinary cooperation, but it also incorporates perspectives that are outside the Philosophical Faculty's traditional subject canon. The Focus Area Unsettled Cultures, for example, investigates among others the history and cultural practice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and thereby combines different areas of study, such as theology, literature, ethics, medicine, and cosmology. In the spirit of research-based teaching, new academic programs such as Mobility Studies are being developed to complement the already existing interdisciplinary Master's programs in Jewish Studies, Communications Linguistics, Military Studies, European Media Studies as well as others. Furthermore, the faculty highly values the intensive support of young scholars. The graduate colleges, graduate schools, and externally funded projects under the auspices of the Philosophical Faculty offer young scholars the opportunity for interdisciplinary and international cooperation. Faculty of Human Science With the Cognitive Sciences and the Educational Sciences, the Faculty of Human Sciences includes two of the interdisciplinary focus areas of the University of Potsdam that operate beyond faculty boundaries. The Cognitive Sciences' excellence is based predominantly on the Collaborative Research Centre "Information Structure: The Linguistic Means for Structuring Utterances, Sentences and Texts." Empirical research is currently being expanded in the educational sciences, and it is closely linked to teaching. In the education and training of aspiring teachers in all faculties, the Faculty of Human Sciences occupies a central role. The "Area of Excellence Cognitive Sciences" and the "Focus Area Educational Sciences" are divided into further research clusters and teaching units. Instruction in the departments of psychology, linguistics, sports, and health science is organized into educational science and teacher training. The research emphases are language, action and behavior, health, professional and popular sports, school and classroom as well as teaching across the life span. In the future, the existing potentials in the area of health sciences and prevention will be developed into another focus area. The research area in health is currently already well connected with the support systems for professional sports. The Faculty of Human Sciences mediates between theory and real life in a variety of ways. It is a service provider for the city of Potsdam and the federal state of Brandenburg. It maintains several consultation centers for psychotherapy and speech therapy as well as a university clinic. The university clinic is currently licensed as an examination center of the German Olympic Sports Confederation. Ultimately, a regional health network will be developed in cooperation with other service providers. Furthermore, the faculty is actively striving for more quality in training students by establishing national and international Master's and graduate programs and by developing a system of quality assurance in teaching. Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences With business administration and economics, political and administrative sciences, and sociology as fields of study, the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences has continuously renewed itself and created its own unique and independent brand label. Research and teaching are closely intertwined. The faculty is considered one of the most important German institutes for research, training, and consulting in the areas of policy research and administrative sciences. Another concentration in the field of innovation and technology is currently being developed. Following a multi-theoretical approach, researchers are investigating the interactive relationship between politics, economy, and institutions at different levels and in different fields of activity. The interdisciplinary approach allows for a study of the interplay between the economy, public and private institutions, and policy-making. Problems of governance between state, economy, and civil society are just as much a concern as problems of governance within the very differentiated public sector. Political and administrative scientists, sociologists, and economists are working on collaborative projects. The interplay of different research approaches and methods creates empirical and theoretical knowledge that transmits a complex and differentiated picture of socioeconomic, cultural, and political developmental processes in modern societies—domestically as well as internationally. The Faculty is very engaged in linking research and teaching to practice. Therefore, the outcomes of research in the areas start-up, consulting, and innovation directly benefit the faculty's Institute for Start-up and Innovation (BIEM CEIP), a central service institution for aspiring entrepreneurs. The Institute for Local Government Studies (KWI) conducts collaborative research with the Law Faculty in examining issues faced by municipalities in the new Länder and offers continuing education to its elected officials. Furthermore, the faculty's Potsdam Center for Public Policy and Management (PCPM) ensures active national and international knowledge transfer with its research and consulting projects as well as opportunities for academically-focused continuing education. The German Center for Higher Education Development considers the Master’s and Ph.D. programs offered through the PCPM to be among the very best in Europe. Among these are the EAPAA-accredited international postgraduate Program in Public Policy and Management for public sector professionals in English language with the (MPM) Master of Public Management and its three streams: Public Policy and Administration (PPA), Global Public Policy (GPP) and GeoGovernance (GG), the German-French Master of European Governance and Administration (MEGA) and the Executive Master of Public Management (EMPM) Program with the Hertie School of Governance. Faculty of Health Sciences The Faculty of Health Sciences is a newly found joint faculty of the University of Potsdam, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (still under development). Faculty of Mathematics and Science Under its roof, the Faculty of Science at the University of Potsdam contains the Institutes for Biochemistry and Biology, Chemistry, Nutrition Sciences, Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Computer Sciences, Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy as well as the University of Potsdam Botanical Garden. Especially the study programs in Geoecology, Geoscience, Nutrition Science, Polymer Science, and Software Systems Engineering are in high demand. The faculty has been strong in gaining external funding and has established future-oriented concentrations and productive core areas in research and teaching. Five of the university's eight focus areas are part of the Faculty of Science: Earth Sciences, Functional Soft Matter, Functional Ecology and Evolution, Complex Systems, and Plant Genomics/Systems Biology. The faculty's own concentrations, such as teacher training in mathematics and natural sciences, sensibly complement the focus areas by supporting their interconnectedness and contribute to their continuous advancement and renewal. The close cooperation between the natural sciences and extramural research institutions in the Berlin-Brandenburg region, already intended in the University of Potsdam's founding concept, was praised very early on by the German Council of Science and Humanities. The collaboration with several institutes of the Max Planck Society, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, the Helmholtz Association, the Leibniz Association, and the Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering exemplify this extensive networking. Currently, there are more than 40 joint professorships with these institutions. Studies and Students The university is the largest institution of higher education in the state of Brandenburg. It has repeatedly received the “Excellence in Teaching” Award from the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany. The University of Potsdam offers 170 degree programs. It is not considered a “Volluniversität”, i.e. a university offering courses in all traditional disciplines, since it does not comprise institutions for degrees in Medicine and Engineering. It also offers English-language Master’s degree programs and courses. In addition, the university provides seminars, workshops and Executive Master’s degree programs to career entrants and managerial staff. Students in Brandenburg are not charged for tuition. There is, however, a small administrative fee for each semester, which includes a public transport ticket for Berlin and Brandenburg for six months and amounted to EUR 304.16 in 2020. Degree Programs The University of Potsdam confers the following academic degrees for its undergraduate and graduate programs: Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) First State Examination in Law or Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) Master of Arts (M.A.) Master of Education (M.Ed.) Master of Science (M.Sc.) Master of Business Administration (MBA) Master of Public Management (MPM) Master of European Governance and Administration Master of Laws (LL.M.) Magister Legum (LL.M.) Overview of Degree Programs To view the lists, click on “show” on the right-hand side. Facts and Figures In the winter semester 2020/2021, 21,006 students were enrolled at the University of Potsdam. International students make up 14% of the student body. 5,522 new students took up their studies at the Potsdam alma mater in the winter semester 2020/2021. Distribution of Students in the Faculties (winter semester 2019/2020) Law Faculty: 2,695 Faculty Of Arts: 5,340 Faculty Of Human Sciences: 3,783 Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences: 3,622 Faculty Of Science: 5,048 Digital Engineering Faculty: 741 Faculty of Health Sciences: 0 (still under development) Student Representation The students are represented directly by the Student Parliament, the General Students’ Committee (AStA) and the Departmental Student Representative Committees. Student life More than 60 student organizations are registered as associations at the university. They enable students to pursue political or cultural interests, organize social projects, such as a student-run crisis hotline, and establish contacts beyond their degree program. The University Athletic Department offers up to 200 different courses for a small fee. This also includes unusual sports like historical sword fighting. There are dining halls on every campus run by the Potsdam Association for Student Affairs with main courses starting at EUR 1.50. The Association for Student Affairs also provides accommodation for 2,855 students in the city of Potsdam. The “Nil” club on the Am Neuen Palais campus has been run by students since 1999. In Potsdam’s city center, students also manage the Student Cultural Center “KuZe” and the “Pub à la Pub” bar. Notable research centres and institutes Within faculties, teaching and research activities may be further decentralised through departments, graduate schools or institutes. For example, PCPM, Potsdam Center for Policy and Management, which has earned the University of Potsdam a reputation as one of the leading competence centers for Governance and the Public Sector. A recent reputation study by the German Association for Political Science has declared the University of Potsdam one of the three most important German universities and research institutions in the area of policy research and administrative sciences. The Center for Higher Education Development considers the Master’s and Ph.D. programs offered here to be among the very best in Europe. Among these are the EAPAA-accredited international postgraduate Program in Public Policy and Management for public sector professionals in English language with the (MPM) Master of Public Management and its three streams: Public Policy and Administration (PPA), Global Public Policy (GPP) and GeoGovernance (GG), the German-French Master of European Governance and AdministrationEuropean Governance and Administration (MEGA) and the Executive Master of Public Management (EMPM) Program with the Hertie School of Governance. BIEM-CEIP, Institute for Start-ups, Entrepreneurship and Innovation KWI, Institute for Local Government Studies The Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering is the first, and currently the only university institute that is completely privately financed. Hasso Plattner, co-founder and advisory board chairman of the software company SAP, created the opportunity for a unique academic elite-education in IT systems technology. Meeting the demands of the industry, about a dozen professors and more than fifty additional visiting professors and lecturers are currently training about 450 highly talented young people in the Bachelor and Master's programs to become IT systems engineers. The Hasso Plattner Institute of Design integrates product design, engineering, and business management education, in cooperation with Stanford University. While it is located in Stanford University, it is a joint project and a degree with respective content is also offered through the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam. The Abraham Geiger College is the first rabbinical seminary in Central Europe after 1945. When the Nazis closed the Higher Institute for Jewish Studies (Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums) in Berlin in 1942, it meant the end of an era that had begun with Abraham Geiger. In 1836 Geiger had called for the founding of a Jewish theological department at a German university that would be dedicated to Jewish tradition in the spirit of academic freedom. Today, the Abraham Geiger College provides education for rabbis and cantors for Jewish communities in Central and Eastern Europe. Besides vocational training, participants go through a regular university program of study that is integrated into the extensive curriculum of the School of Jewish Theology at the University of Potsdam and that must be completed with a B.A. for cantors and an M.A. for rabbis. After completing the degree and contingent upon agreement of supervisors and mentors, the rabbinical college then recommends candidates for ordination into the Jewish clergy. The Moses Mendelssohn Center for European-Jewish Studies focuses on the history, religion, and culture of Jews and Judaism in European countries. A special accent is placed on the history of relations between Jews and their non-Jewish environment. On the one hand, research is concerned with the problems of social integration and acculturation faced by Jews, and on the other hand it focuses on comparative social historical questions related to living conditions and to geographical as well as social mobility. Further areas of research include hostility towards Jews as well as historical and contemporary antisemitism. Much attention is also given to sociocultural and intellectual-historical aspects, such as literature, art, religion, philosophy, and music. The Moses Mendelssohn Center owns an extensive and publicly accessible specialized library that currently holds around 50,000 volumes. The Potsdam Graduate School, which sees its primary task in the promotion of already accredited doctoral candidates and post-doctorals as well as in the continuous optimization of doctoral conditions and quality management. The Potsdam Graduate School stands for transparency within doctoral procedures and the intensification and improvement of doctoral supervision. Supportive institutions The Language Centre offers students of all faculties the chance to learn many languages at various levels of proficiency, and holds a collegial certificate of international accreditation from UNIcert. The Career Service supports students and graduates during the transition phase from study into practice. Sports center Computing center AStA – Students' union executive committee International Relations Office Studentenwerk Potsdam University Library Tuition fees and scholarships Tuition fees at University of Potsdam vary, depending on nationality and programme of study. For German and EU/EEA students there is currently no tuition fee, however, several additional fees such as for the students union as well as mandatory public transportation tickets for students have to be paid. For non-EU/EEA students tuition fees may apply. For both EU/EEA students as well as non-EU/EEA students a variety of financial assistance and scholarships is available. The University of Potsdam does not provide scholarships directly. Among others, the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst – DAAD) offers a very extensive scholarship programme. Students or post-graduates can apply for a wide variety of scholarships, but the conditions and opportunities vary according to the country of origin and field of study. Other scholarship providers also have varying prerequisites regarding country of origin, field of study, prior academic performance, the duration of the scholarship, etc. The prerequisites and the weighting of the various criteria for stipends are determined by the individual profiles of the foundation providing for the scholarships. For example, one’s previous marks or grades are weighted differently by the various foundations. For some foundations, previous marks are weighted as the main criteria, and the social situation of the applicant is given significantly less weight. For other scholarships, good marks are important in order to receive a scholarship, but this does not mean that an applicant qualifies for one. Many foundations give significant weight to financial need, engagement in the civil society, or a developed personal profile. Willingness to participate in the respective foundation's programme is also important to some foundations. Information is available at University of Potsdam for students wishing to apply. Rankings The University of Potsdam was ranked #30 in the World in the Times Higher Education Young University Rankings 2021. It was also ranked #41 in the world in Nature's Top 175 Young Universities Ranking. The university has a particularly strong linguistics programme, ranked #51-100 in the QS World University Rankings for Linguistics. The Digital Engineering faculty, which is led by the Hasso Plattner Institute, runs Germany's top-ranked computer science-related study programme according to the CHE 2019/2020 ranking, which is Germany's largest academic ranking. International partnerships A cooperation among the universities in Berlin (Humboldt University of Berlin, Technical University of Berlin, Free University of Berlin) and University of Potsdam exists, which allows students of these universities to take courses at the respective partner universities, in accordance with their curriculum. The University of Potsdam is well connected: it has found scientific partners of international standing with the Potsdam-Institute for Climate Impact Research and the German Institute for Human Nutrition – both institutes of the Leibniz Association – as well as the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam – German Research Centre for Geosciences. Close cooperation and joint professorships also exist with the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, and many other research institutions. Last but not least, the university collaborates with both institutes of the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft in the Science Park Potsdam-Golm, a research campus that is growing in significance far beyond Germany's borders. Similarly, the Hasso Plattner Institute of University of Potsdam in cooperation with Stanford University offers a design school based in Stanford University, the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design. While it is located at Stanford University, various partnerships as well as a degree is offered through University of Potsdam. The university offers a number of German courses, organizes intercultural training workshops, and matches up tandem-partners who want to learn one another's language. Selected study programs, in particular several Master programs, may also be completed in English. International partnerships offer opportunities to spend one semester or a full year at one of many partner universities. Jewish studies in Israel, sports management in Australia, language and politics in Moscow, or an excursion to Montana to visit the geographical center of the earth – the choice among about 300 partnerships is great. From a regular course of study or an internship to a double degree or Ph.D. studies – everything is possible. Potsdam is a popular choices both for the Erasmus and Tempus as well as for the Fulbright program and the international programs of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Several exchange programs and partnerships exist. An institution at Potsdam's Law Faculty that is unique in Germany is the German-French law program, which is operated in cooperation with the partner University Paris Ouest-Nanterre/La Défense. At the University of Potsdam students can participate not just in an exchange program, but they also have the opportunity in their first two years in the standard German law program to complete an additional, self-contained program of study in French law. This French part of the program is taught by French visiting scholars from the partner university and is conducted in French. International doctoral studies University of Potsdam offers international students the completion of a doctoral thesis. Doctoral students in Germany generally pursue their doctorates in the context of individual research projects, rather than in structured programmes as in many other countries. Upon completion of a dissertation project, one receives a doctoral degree for individual scholarly achievements. The prerequisite for doctoral studies is an above average graduate degree, Master's of Arts, Master's of Science, Diploma, Staatsexamen or another equivalent degree. The doctoral examination board (Promotionsausschuss) of your institute of interest, or the Dean of the Law Faculty respectively, is responsible for determining questions of equivalency. Writing a dissertation should take no longer than three years. After submitting a dissertation and receiving a positive assessment, doctoral students are required to take part in a disputation. Voltaire Prize The Voltaire Prize for Tolerance, International Understanding and Respect for Differences has been awarded by the university since 2017. It is awarded "for the scientific examination of the topics of international understanding, tolerance and respect for differences and which honors scientists who are committed to freedom in research and education and advocate freedom of expression". , the prize is worth €5,000, and sponsored by the Friede Springer Foundation. The university aligns itself with Voltaire's and La Mettrie's contribution to the Age of Enlightenment. Recipients of the prize include: 2017: Hilal Alkan, Turkish political scientist 2018: Gladys Tzul Tzul, Guatemalan sociologist 2019: Ahmad Milad Karimi, Afghan philosopher 2020: Gábor Polyák, Hungarian media scientist 2021: Elisabeth Kaneza, Rwandan political scientist and legal scholar See also Universities and research institutions in Berlin Notes References Görtemaker, Manfred (ed.), Die Universität Potsdam: Geschichte – Bauten – Umgebung, Berlin, 2001 External links University Educational institutions established in 1991 1991 establishments in Germany Universities and colleges in Brandenburg

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles

1985 French Open – Women's singles

Chris Evert defeated the defending champion Martina Navratilova in a rematch of the previous year's final, 6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–5 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1985 French Open. It was her sixth French Open singles title and her 17th major singles title overall. Seeds The seeded players are listed below. Chris Evert is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated. Martina Navratilova (finals) Chris Evert (champion) Hana Mandlíková (quarterfinals) Manuela Maleeva (quarterfinals) Helena Suková (second round) Zina Garrison (second round) Claudia Kohde-Kilsch (semifinals) Carling Bassett (fourth round) Catarina Lindqvist (second round) Bonnie Gadusek (fourth round) Steffi Graf (fourth round) Barbara Potter (first round) Kathy Rinaldi (third round) Gabriela Sabatini (semifinals) Andrea Temesvári (first round) Pam Casale (second round) Qualifying Draw Key Q = Qualifier WC = Wild card LL = Lucky loser r = Retired Finals Earlier rounds Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 See also Evert–Navratilova rivalry References External links 1985 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation Women's Singles French Open by year – Women's singles French Open - Women's Singles 1985 in women's tennis 1985 in French women's sport

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazkiyah

Tazkiyah

Tazkiyah () is an Arabic-Islamic term alluding to "tazkiyat al-nafs" meaning "sanctification" or "purification of the self". This refers to the process of transforming the nafs (carnal self or desires) from its deplorable state of self-centrality through various spiritual stages towards the level of purity and submission to the Will of Allah. Its basis is in learning the shari'ah and deeds from the known authentic sunnah and applying it in your own deeds through life resulting in spiritual awareness of Allah (being constantly aware that He is with us by His knowledge and knows all that we do, along with being in constant remembrance or dhikr of Him in your thoughts and actions) being the highest level of Ihsan. The person who purifies himself/herself is called a Zaki (). Tazkiyah, along with the related concepts of tarbiyah – self-development and ta'lim – training and education, does not limit itself to the conscious learning process: it is rather the task of giving form to the act of righteous living itself: treating every moment of life with remembering one's position in front of Allah. Etymology Tazkiyah originally meant pruning the plant – to remove what is harmful for its growth. When the term is applied to the human personality, it means to beautify it and to remove from it all evil traces and spiritual diseases that are obstacles in experiencing Allah. In Islam, the ultimate objective of religion and shariah (Islamic law) and the real purpose of raising prophets from among mankind was performing and teaching tazkiyah. Literally the term encompasses two meanings: one is to cleanse and purify from adulterants, while the other is to improve and develop towards the height of perfection. Technically it conveys the sense of checking oneself from erroneous tendencies and beliefs and turning them to the path of virtue and piety (fear of God's displeasure) and developing it to attain the stage of perfection. The word zakat (alms tax) comes from the same Arabic verbal root, since zakat purifies an individual's wealth by recognition of Allah's right over a portion of it. It finds its origin in the Quranic command to: "Take sadaqah (charity) from their property in order to purify and sanctify them" (At-Taubah: 103). Other similarly used words to the term are Islah-i qalb (reform of the heart), Ihsan (beautification), taharat (purification), Ikhlas (purity), qalb-is-salim (pure/safe/undamaged heart) and lastly, tasawuf (Sufism), which is basically an ideology rather than a term, mostly misinterpreted as the idea of sanctification in Islam. In scripture In Quran The word Tazkiyah has been used in many places of the Qur'an. It has been used 18 times in 15 verses of 11 Surahs; in Ayat 129, 151, 174 of Surah Al-Baqarah, in 77 and 164 verse of sura Al-Imran, the verse of Nisa 49, Surah Taubah, verse 103, Sura taha's 76 ayat, in second verse of Sura Al-Jumm'ah, 3 and 7 ayat of Sura Abasa, in verse 21 of Surah al-A'la, verse 9 of Surah Shams and in the verse 18 of Surah al-Layl. In Hadith The word tazkiyah is also found in a few hadith, with also of a meaning as purify and santify. Importance The soul is created devoid of traits except for spirituality love of Allah. As one progresses through life he develops malakat related to his lifestyle. The soul becomes accustomed to repeated behavior, which then determines actions. Noble faculties manifest moral and wise behavior, while evil faculties manifest immorality. These faculties determine the fate in the akhira. Moral virtues bring eternal happiness and well-being (falaḥ), while moral corruption leads to everlasting wretchedness. Man must purge blameworthy traits (akhlāq madhmūma) before he can integrate ethical and moral virtues. According to the ulema, obtainment of falaḥ in this life and the next is directly connected to tazkiah. This is based on the Quranic verses: 91:7 وَنَفْسٍ وَمَا سَوَّاهَا Wanafsin wamā sawwāhā Consider the human self, and how it is formed in accordance with what it is meant to be 91:8 فَأَلْهَمَهَا فُجُورَهَا وَتَقْوَاهَا Faalhamahā fujūrahā wataqwāhā And how it is imbued with moral failings as well as with consciousness of God! 91:9 قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَن زَكَّاهَا Qad aflaḥa man zakkāhā To a happy state shall indeed attain he who causes this [self] to grow in purity 91:10 وَقَدْ خَابَ مَن دَسَّاهَا Waqad khāba man dassāhā And truly lost is he who buries it [in darkness]. This illustrates that Allah created the human soul with both evil and good inclinations, and endowed man with the ability to distinguish between the two: eternal falaḥ is achieved by choosing good in the struggle instead of evil and striving to make it prevail. Similarly, Allah says in sura as-shu'ara : "On that Day, neither wealth nor children will be of any benefit, only he [will be happy] who comes before Allah with a sound heart free of evil." Thus, the only people who will be saved from punishment on the Day of Judgment are those possessing qulub salīma (sound hearts: بِقَلْبٍ سَلِيمٍ). The phrase "salīm" (sound) is related to the word "aslama" because "Islam" is moving towards that state of soundness. Anas Karzoon offered the following definition of tazkiah al-nafs, "It is the purification of the soul from inclination towards evils and sins, and the development of its fitrah towards goodness, which leads to its uprightness and its reaching ihsaan." Attempts to obey God's commands are successful only when one is purified; then the soul can receive God's unlimited grace. The hadith of the Prophet Muhammad: ("my religion is based on cleanliness"), does not refer to outward cleanliness alone; it also alludes to the soul's inner purity. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi narrates in his "Tarikh" on the authority of Jabir that the Prophet returned from one of his campaigns and told his companions: "You have come forth in the best way of coming forth: you have come from the smaller jihad to the greater jihad." They said: "And what is the greater jihad?" He replied: "The striving (mujahadat) of Allah's servants against their idle desires." When some Sufi masters were asked about the meaning of Islam, they answered: "[It is] slaughtering the soul by the swords of opposition [to it]." The famous Sufi master Mawlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi has argued that the constant struggle against nafs is jihad al-akbar (the greatest war). To attain perfection, it is necessary to struggle against lusts and immoral tendencies, and prepare the soul to receive God's grace. If man travels the path of purification, God will aid and guide him. As the Qur'an maintains in sura al-Ankabut: 29:69 وَالَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا فِينَا لَنَهْدِيَنَّهُمْ سُبُلَنَا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَمَعَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ Waallathēna jahadū fēna lanahdiyannahum subulanā wainna Allaha lama'a almuḥsinēna But as for those who struggle hard in Our cause, We shall certainly guide them onto paths leading unto Us: for, behold, God is indeed with the doers of good. Process The initial awakening to purification refers to recognition that the spiritual search is more important and meaningful than our previously valued worldly goods and ambitions. The process of tazkiyat al-nafs starts with "Verily deeds are according to intentions" and ends with the station of perfect character, Ihsan, "Worship Him as though you see Him", the reference being to the first hadith in Sahih Bukhari and the oft referred hadith famously known as the hadith of Gibril in Sahih Muslim. Ihsan is the highest level of iman that the seeker can develop through his quest for reality. This is referred to as al-yaqin al-haqiqi; the reality of certainty and knowing that it brings true understanding and leads to al-iman ash-shuhudi, the true faith of witnessing the signs of Allah's Oneness everywhere. The only higher level of realization is maqam al-ihsan. At this station of perfection, the seeker realizes that Allah is observing him every moment. Saudi cleric Khalid Bin Abdullah al-Musleh listed seven obstacles in the way of Tazkiyah in his book "Islahul Qulub" (reforming the hearts): Shirk Rejecting Sunnah and following Bid'ah Obeying the instinct and ego (nafs) Doubt Negligence (ghaflah) Ha also listed 8 ways to maintain Tazkiyah: Reading Quran Loving Allah Doing dhikr Tawbah and Istighfar Supplicate (dua) for hidayah and purify Remembering afterlife (Akhirah) Reading the biographies of the salafs Company of good, honest and pious people. Maintaining the Nafs It must be remembered that tazkiah is not a hal (temporary state), which is something that descends from Allah into a seeker's heart, without him being able to repel it when it comes, or to attract it when it goes, by his own effort. The maqām and hal are deeply related and often it is very difficult to distinguish between them. To ascertain their relationship Professor A.J. Arberry, in his Sufism has shown the distinction as follows: "the maqām is a stage of spiritual attainment on the pilgrim's progress to God, which is the result of the mystic's personal efforts and endeavor, whereas the hal is a spiritual mood depending not upon the mystic but upon God." The Muslim philosopher Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin al-Qushayri (b. 986 Nishapur, Iran d. 1074) summarized the difference between the two concepts in his Ar-Risāla-fi-'ilm-at-taşawwuf, where he maintained that, "states are gifts, the stations are earnings." Tazkiah is a continuous process of purification to maintain spiritual health. Similar to the process of maintaining physical health, any lapse in the regimen can cause one to lose their previous gains, and thus caution must always be used to not deviate from the path. Regarding this, it has been related that Imam Muhammad al-Busayri asked Shaykh Abul-Hasan 'Ali ibn Ja'far al-Kharqani (d. 1033) about the major seventeen negative psychological traits or mawāni’ (impediments) which the sālik must avoid in his struggle towards purification. If the sālik does not rigorously abstain from these aspects, his efforts will be wasted. Known as al-Akhlaqu 'dh-Dhamimah (the ruinous traits), they are also referred to as the Tree of Bad Manners: Stages of nafs (inner-self) There are three principal stations of nafs or human consciousness that are specifically mentioned in the Qur'an. They are stages in the process of development, refinement and mastery of the nafs. nafs-al-ammārah: unruly animal self or soul that dictates evil. nafs-al-lawwāmah: struggling moral self or self-reproaching soul. nafs al-mutma'inna: satisfied soul or the composed God realized self. The animal nafs (nafs-al-ammārah) The Sufi's journey begins with the challenge of freeing oneself from the influence of shaytan and the nafs-al-ammara. Al-Kashani defines it as follows: the commanding soul is that which leans towards the bodily nature (al-tabī'a al-badaniyya) and commands one to sensual pleasures and lusts and pulls the heart (qalb) in a downward direction. It is the resting place of evil and the source of blameworthy morals and bad actions. In its primitive stage the nafs incites us to commit evil: this is the nafs as the lower self or the base instincts. In the eponymous sura of the Qur'an, the prophet Yusef says "Yet I claim not that my nafs was innocent: Verily the nafs of man incites to evil." Here he is explaining the circumstances in which he came to be falsely imprisoned for the supposed seduction of Zuleikā, the wife of Pharaoh's minister. .... The reproachful nafs (nafs-al-lawwama) If the soul undertakes this struggle it then becomes nafs-al-lawwama (reproachful soul): This is the stage where "the conscience is awakened and the self accuses one for listening to one's selfish mind. The original reference to this state is in sura Qiyama: 75:2 وَلَا أُقْسِمُ بِالنَّفْسِ اللَّوَّامَةِ Walā oqsimu bialnnafsi al-lawwāmati I call to witness the regretful self (the accusing voice of man's own conscience) The sense of the Arabic word lawwama is that of resisting wrongdoing and asking God's forgiveness after we become conscious of wrongdoing. At this stage, we begin to understand the negative effects of our habitual self-centered approach to the world, even though we do not yet have the ability to change. Our misdeeds now begin to become repellent to us. We enter a cycle of erring, regretting our mistakes, and then erring again. Tree of good manners Akhlaq-i-Hamidah - good character As-Sidq - truthfulness Tree of bad manners al-ghadab – anger: considered the worst of all the negative traits. It may easily be said that anger is the source from which the others flow. The Prophet states in a hadith: "Anger (ghadab) blemishes one's belief." Controlling anger is called kāzm. al-hiqd – malice or having ill-will toward others; grows from lusting for what someone else has. You must replace hiqd with kindness and look upon your brother with love. There is a tradition that says "give gifts to one another, for gifts take away malice." al hasad – jealousy or envy; a person inflicted with this disease wants others to lose blessings bestowed on them by Allah. al-'ujb – vanity or having pride because of an action, possession, quality or relationship. al-bukhl – stinginess: The cause of bukhl is love of the world, if you did not love it, then giving it up would be easy. To cure the disease of miserliness, one must force oneself to be generous, even if such generosity is artificial; this must be continued until generosity becomes second nature. al-tama – Greed - excessive desire for more than one needs or deserves. Having no limit to what one hoards of possessions! Seeking to fulfill worldly pleasures through forbidden means is called tama’. The opposite of tama’ is called tafwiz, which means striving to obtain permissible and beneficial things and expecting that Allah will let you have them. al-jubn – cowardice: the necessary amount of anger (ghadab) or treating harshly is called bravery (shajā'at). Anger which is less than the necessary amount is called cowardice (junb). Imam Shafi says, "a person who acts cowardly in a situation which demands bravery resembles an ass." A coward would not be able to show ghayrat for his wife or relatives when the situation requires it. He would not be able to protect them and thus will suffer oppression (zulm) and depreciation (ziliat). al-batalah – indolence or Sloth (deadly sin): batalah is inactivity resulting from a dislike of work. al-riya’ – ostentation or showing off: riya’ means to present something in a manner opposite to its true nature. In short, it means pretension, i.e., a person's performing deeds for the next world to impress the idea on others that he is really a pious person with earnest desire of the akhirah while in fact he wants to attain worldly desires. al-hirsh – attachment and love for the material world, such as desiring wealth and a long life. al-'azamah – superiority or claiming greatness: the cure is to humble oneself before Allah. al-ghabawah wa 'l-kasalah – heedlessness and laziness; "the heart needs nourishment, and heedlessness starves the spiritual heart." al-hamm – anxiety: this develops from heedlessness. The seeker must first understand that Allah is al-Razzaq (the Provider), and submit and be content with the will of Allah. al-ghamm – depression: passion (hawā) conduces to anguish (ghamm) whenever reason is allowed to represent itself as grievous or painful the loss of the suitable or desirable and is, therefore, a "rational affection" that can cause the soul untold suffering and perturbation. al-manhiyat – Eight Hundred Forbidden Acts ghaflah – neglect and forgetfulness of God, indifference: those guilty of ghaflah, the ghāfilün, are those who "know only a surface appearance of the life of this world, and are heedless of the hereafter" (30:7). kibr – arrogance or regarding one's self to be superior to others. The Prophet states in a hadith: "A person who has an atom's weight of conceit in his heart will not enter Paradise." The opposite of arrogance is tawādu’, which is a feeling of equality. hubb ul-dunya – love of the material world: Materialism. The Prophet has said that "love of the world is the root of all evil." If this ailment is treated and cured, all other maladies flowing from it will also disappear. The sālik must purify himself from these bad traits and rid his heart of the underlying ailments that are at their source. Outward adherence to the five pillars of Islam is not sufficient: he must be perfect in behavior. This requires a program of self-evaluation, purification, seclusion and establishing a practice of remembrance and contemplation under the guidance of an authorized Shaykh of Spiritual Discipline (shaykh at-tarbiyyah). In this way the seeker is able to achieve a state in which his heart is ready to receive Divine Inspiration and observe Divine Realities. The nafs at peace (nafs-i-mutma'inna) The Qur'an explains how one can achieve the state of the satisfied soul in sura Ar-Ra'd: "Those who believe, and whose hearts find their rest in the remembrance of God – for, verily, in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find satisfaction (tatmainnu alquloobu)." Once the seeker can successfully transcend the reproachful soul, the process of transformation concludes with nafs-al-mutma'inna (soul at peace). However, for some Sufis orders the final stage is nafs-as-safiya wa kamila (soul restful and perfected in Allah's presence). The term is conceptually synonymous with Tasawwuf, Islah al-Batini etc. Another closely related but not identical concept is tazkiah-al-qalb, or cleansing of the heart, which is also a necessary spiritual discipline for travelers on the Sufi path. The aim is the erasure of everything that stands in the way of purifying Allah's love (Ishq). The aim of tazkiah and moral development is to attain falah or happiness, thus realizing the nafs al-mutma'inna. This is the ideal stage of mind for Sufis. On this level one is firm in one's faith and leaves bad manners behind. The soul becomes tranquil, at peace. At this stage Sufis have relieved themselves of all materialism and worldly problems and are satisfied with the will of God. Man's most consummate felicity is reflecting Divine attributes. Tranquillization of the soul means an individual's knowledge is founded on such firm belief that no vicissitudes of distress, comfort, pain or pleasure can alter his trust in Allah and his expecting only good from Him. Instead, he remains pleased with Allah and satisfied with His decrees. Similarly, the foundations of deeds are laid in such firm character that no temptations, in adversity, prosperity, fear or hope, removes him from the shar'iah, so he fulfills the demands made by Allah and thus becomes His desirable servant. According to Qatada ibn al-Nu'man, the nafs al-mutma'inna is, "the soul of the believer, made calm by what Allah has promised. Its owner is at complete rest and content with his knowledge of Allah's Names and Attributes..." In sura Fajr of the Quran, Allah addresses the peaceful soul in the following words: 89:27 يَا أَيَّتُهَا النَّفْسُ الْمُطْمَئِنَّةُ Yā ayyatuhā alnnafsu almutmainnatu O thou human being that hast attained to inner peace! 89:28 ارْجِعِي إِلَى رَبِّكِ رَاضِيَةً مَّرْضِيَّةً Irji'aī ilā rabbiki radiyatan mardiyyatan Return thou unto thy Sustainer, well-pleased [and] pleasing [Him]: 89:29 فَادْخُلِي فِي عِبَادِي Fāodkhulī fī 'aibādī Enter, then, together with My [other true] servants 89:30 وَادْخُلِي جَنَّتِي Wāodkhulī jannatī Yea, enter thou My paradise!" Sufi views Maqamat of Tazkiah The level of human perfection is determined by discipline and effort. Man stands between two extremes, the lowest is below beasts and the highest surpasses the angels. Movement between these extremes is discussed by `ilm al-akhlaq or the science of ethics. Traditional Muslim philosophers believed that without ethics and purification (tazkiah), mastery over other sciences is not only devoid of value, but obstructs insight. That is why the Sufi saint Bayazid al-Bustami has said that, 'knowledge is the thickest of veils', which prevents man from seeing reality (haqiqah). Sufi Brotherhoods (ṭarīqa pl. ṭuruq) have traditionally been considered training workshops where fundamental elements of tazkiah and its practical applications are taught. Sufis see themselves as seekers (murīdūn) and wayfarers (sālikūn) on the path to God. For proper training, murīdūn are urged to put themselves under the guidance of a master (murshid). The search for God (irāda, ṭalab) and the wayfaring (sulūk) on the path (ṭarīq) involve a gradual inner and ethical transformation through various stages. Although some have considerably more, most orders adopted seven maqāmāt (maqam pl. maqamat, a station on the voyage towards spiritual transformation). Although some of these stations are ascetical in nature, their primary functions are ethical, psychological and educational: they are designed as a means for combating the lower-self (mujāhadat al-nafs) and as a tool for its training and education (riyāḍat al-nafs). In one of the earliest authoritative texts of Sufism, the Kitāb al-luma’, Abu Nasr al-Sarraj al-Tusi (d. 988), mentions seven maqāmāt that have become famous in later movements, they include: Repentance (tawbah): Begins with nur-e-ma'rifat (light of Divine Recognition) in the heart that realizes sin is spiritual poison. This induces regret and a yearning to compensate for past shortcomings and determination to avoid them in the future. Tawbah means regaining one's essential purity after every spiritual defilement. Maintaining this psychological state requires certain essential elements. The first is self-examination (muhasabah) and the other is introversion or meditation (muraqabah). Abstention (wara): Pious self-restraint: the highest level of wara' is to eschew anything that might distract one, even briefly, from the consciousness of Allah. Some Sufis define wara as conviction of the truth of Islamic tenets, being straightforward in belief and acts, steadfast in observing Islamic commandments, and careful in one's relations with God. Asceticism (zuhd): Doing without what you do not need and making do with little. It is the emptiness of the heart that doesn't know any other commitment than what is in relation to God, or coldness of the heart and dislike of the soul in relation to the world. Such renowned Sufi leaders as Sufyan al-Thawri regarded zuhd as the action of the heart dedicated to Allah's approval and pleasure and closed to worldly ambitions. Poverty (faqr): Poverty, both material and spiritual. This means denial of the nafs demands for pleasure and power, and dedication to the service of others instead of self-promotion. A dervish is also known as a fakir, literally a poor person. Poverty means lack of attachment to possessions and a heart that is empty of all except the desire for Allah. Patience (ṣabr): Essential characteristic for the mystic, sabr literally means enduring, bearing, and resisting pain and difficulty. There are three types: sabr alal amal (consistent in practicing righteous deeds); sabr fil amal (patience in performing a righteous deed); sabr anil amal (patience in abstaining from haram). In many Quranic verses Allah praises the patient ones, declares His love for them, or mentions the ranks He has bestowed on them: "And Surely God is with the patient ones." (2:153) Confidence (tawakkul): At this stage we realize everything we have comes from Allah. We rely on Allah instead of this world. There are three fundamental principles (arkan) of tawakkul: ma'rifat, halat and a'mal. The condition for achieving tawakkul is sincere acknowledgement of tauheed. Contentment (riḍā’): Submission to qaḍā (fate), showing no rancor or rebellion against misfortune, and accepting all manifestations of Destiny without complaint. According to Dhul-Nun al-Misri, rida means preferring God's wishes over one's own in advance, accepting his Decree without complaint, based on the realization that whatever God wills and does is good. The state where pain is not felt is called riḍā-e-tab'i (natural): when riḍā’ prevails with pain it is riḍā-e-aqli (intellectual). The first state is a physical condition and is not incumbent. The second is an intellectual condition, which is required: results from muhabbat (love for Allah ). Sufi sheikhs such as 'Alā' al-Dawlah Simnāni have described the maqāmāt in terms of the 'seven prophets' of one's inner being, with each prophet corresponding to one of man's inner states and also virtues. Others like Khwājah 'Abdallah Ansāri have gone into great detail in dividing the stages of tazkiah into a hundred stations. Nonetheless, through all these descriptions the main features of the stations marking the journey towards Allah are the same. One of the finest accounts of maqāmāt in Sufism is the Forty Stations (Maqāmāt-i Arba'in), written by the eleventh century murshid Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr. Māmulāt of Tazkiah In order to combat and train the lower-self, Sufis practice fasting (ṣawm), food and drink deprivation (jūʿ'), wakefulness at night for the recitation of Quranic passages (qiyām al-layl), periods of seclusion (khalawāt), roaming uninhabited places in states of poverty and deprivation, and lengthy meditations (murāqaba, jam' al-hamm). The effortful path of self-denial and transformation through gradual maqāmāt is interwoven with effortless mystical experiences (aḥwāl). The Persian murshid Abu al-Najib al-Suhrawardi further described this process by saying that it is only through constancy in action for God ('aml li- allāh), remembrance (dhikr allāh), recitation from the Quran, prayers and meditation (muraqabah) that a mystic can hope to obtain his objective, which is ubudiyyah – perfect obedience to Allah. Another practice that is often associated with Sufism is the spiritual concert, or "listening," samā', in which poetic recitations, music and dances are performed by the participants, sometimes in states of ecstasy and elation. Most Sufi ṭuruq have established graded programs in which initially every new seeker (murīdūn) is educated in the ritual known as zikr-al-lisani (zikr with the tongue) and is finally taught zikr-al-qalbi, which is practiced from the onset. More About Ahwal Excerpt from book reviews provided by "Der Nimatullahi Sufi-Orden", "Spiritual Poverty in Sufism Spiritual Poverty is a cornerstone of classical Sufi practice. The term faqir (poor man or woman) is often used as a synonym for Sufi and darvish among the Sufis. The first essay in this book documents the development of the meaning of spiritual poverty in Sufism, followed by two essays which explore diverse definitions of the terms darvish and Sufi in Islamic mystical texts. Chapters 4 and 5 constitute the only comprehensive study in English of the various gradations of mystical states (ahwal) and the hierarchical levels of spiritual stations (maqamat) by the Sufis. The final chapters focus on the concept of the 'Eternal Now' (waqt) and discuss the significance of breath in the spiritual method of the Sufis." 'Al-Ghunya li-Talibi Tariq al-Haqq – 2', in 'Concerning contentment [rida].', says "Should contentment [rida] be classed as one of the spiritual states [ahwal], or as one of the spiritual stations [maqamat]?", and in another place later, same work, "But its final stage [nihaya] is one of the spiritual states [ahwal]..." These quotes are without going into detail, such as to answer the question presented. The webpage entitled 'SUFISM', says, The Sufi path contains many stages (Maqamat) and states (Ahwal). It begins with repentance when the seeker joins the order and prepares himself for initiation.... He passes through a number of spiritual stations and states clearly defined by Sufi teaching. These are the Sufi stations:... Linked to these stations are specific moods or emotions (ahwal) such as fear and hope, sadness and joy, yearning and intimacy... SUFI ESOTERIC TERMINOLOGY: Ahwal – mystical states. With a translation of Ahwal: Qasida Burda verses 35–36 Wa-'alaykum as-Salam wa-rahmatullah wa-barakatuh: What is the meaning of "muqtahim[i]" in the line of the Burda Shareef which states: "Li kulli hawlin min ahwal muqtahimi"? Also, what is the translation of "Abara fee qawli laa minhu wa la n'ami"? They are verses 35–36: Nabiyyuna al-aamiru al-naahi fa-la ahadun abarra fi qawli "la" minhu wa-la "na'ami." Huwa al-Habibu al-ladhi turja shafa'atuhu, li-kulli hawlin min al-ahwali muqtahimi! Translation Our Prophet who commands and forbids, so that none is more just than him in saying "no" or "yes": He is the Beloved whose intercession is dearly hoped, for each disaster of the disasters that shall befall!" As can be seen, in the last line starting with 'hawlin', the corresponding translation starts with 'disaster', then, 'of the disasters', whereas the initial text, "min al-ahwali"; thereof, it is shown basic lughatul Arabiya [Arabic language], the word tense of 'hawlin' to 'al-ahwali'. Article on Qaṣīda al-Burda (Arabic: قصيدة البردة, "Poem of the Mantle") Quote provided is on direct subject of illustrating the breadth of translations of Ahwal; therewith, the quote is inserted without involvement in unanimity of agreement of approval of the entirety of the content of Qasida Burda. Further on meanings of Ahwal, in answering, "Question: Does a non-verbal pronouncement of divorce count as a pronouncement of divorce? i.e. The man "says" it "aloud" in his mind (without moving lips, vocal cords, mouth)? Answer: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Assalamu Alaykum. Allama Muhammad Qudri Basha in his al-Ahwal al-Shaksiyya mentions: A divorce is effected by a verbal pronouncement and by a formally written letter. (Al-Fawaid al-Aliyya ala al-Ahkam al-Shariyya fi al-Ahwal al-Shakhsiyya, Article 222, Maktaba Arafa). A formally written letter is one that is written to a third person. This will count as a divorce whether one intends it or not." It is indicative that al-Ahwal is used in places, places, spread. The purpose of including this in this article addendum is for broadness sake. Salafi views Although highly critical of numerous Sufi practices, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab states: "We do not negate the way of the Sufis and the purification of the inner self (i.e., tazkiah) from the vices of those sins connected to the heart and the limbs as long as the individual firmly adheres to the rules of Shari‘ah and the correct and observed way. However, we will not take it on ourselves to allegorically interpret (ta’wil) his speech and his actions. We only place our reliance on, seek help from, beseech aid from and place our confidence in all our dealings in Allah Most High. He is enough for us, the best trustee, the best mawla and the best helper." See also Islah Istighfar Taharat Tasawwuf Tawbah Notes References J.M. Cowan (1994), The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic John Esposito (2003), The Oxford Dictionary of Islam Jean-Louis Michon (1999), The Autobiography of a Moroccan Soufi: Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (1747–1809) M. Masud (1996), Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas Imam Ali, Nahjul Balagha: Sermons, Letters & Sayings of Imam Ali Muhammad Al-Munajjid - Prophet's Methods Of Correcting People's Mistakes - (English) Anas Karzoon (1997), Manhaj al-Islaami fi Tazkiyah al-Nafs Ahmad Farid, The Purification of the Soul: Compiled from the Works of Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali, Ibn al-Qayyim and Al-Ghazali. S.D. Goitein (1964), Jews and Arabs Annemarie Schimmel (1975), Mystical Dimension of Islam G. Böwering (1980), The Mystical Vision of Existence in Early Islam C. Ernst (1984), Words of Ecstasy in Sufism J.S. Trimingham (1982), The Sufi Orders in Islam L. Lewisohn (ed.) (1999), The Heritage of Sufism, 3 vols. A. Knysh, Islamic Mysticism. A Short History (2000) Khalid bin Abdullah al-Musleh (2004), Reform of the hearts Khondokar Abdullah Zahangir (2007), Rahe Belayet (The way to friendship of Allah) Shaykh Imran ibn Adam, Tasawwuf and Tazkiyah The meaning and origin of Akhlaq The Path of the Wayfarer Arabic words and phrases Islamic terminology Sufi philosophy Quranic words and phrases Hadith articles by importance

4039472

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20Food%20%28TV%20series%29

Soul Food (TV series)

Soul Food: The Series is an American drama series that aired Wednesday nights on Showtime from June 28, 2000, to May 26, 2004. Developed for television by Felicia D. Henderson, the series was an adaptation of George Tillman's 1997 drama film, Soul Food, which was based on his childhood experiences growing up in Wisconsin. Having aired for five seasons and 74 episodes, it was the first hit drama that featured an African-American cast in U.S. primetime television. Premise Soul Food follows the triumphs, struggles, and rivalries of the Josephs, a tight-knit African-American family living in Chicago, Illinois. The series picks up six months after the events in the 1997 film, starting with the birth of Bird and Lem's son Jeremiah, as the family tries to hold together after the death of the Joseph sisters' mother Josephine (Irma P. Hall, reprising her role in flashback sequences), usually referred to as Mama, Mother Joe, or Big Mama. Episodes Cast Rockmond Dunbar as Kenny Chadway Darrin Dewitt Henson as Lem Van Adams Aaron Meeks as Ahmad Chadway Nicole Ari Parker as Teri Joseph Malinda Williams as Tracy "Bird" Joseph Van Adams Vanessa Estelle Williams as Maxine Joseph Chadway Boris Kodjoe as Damon Carter (recurring season 1; regular seasons 2–4; guest season 5) Response Soul Food was one of the first long-running and successful dramatic series on television to feature a predominantly African-American cast. Short-lived series such as Under One Roof and City of Angels featured predominantly black casts but never gained recognition due to lack of ratings and viewership. The show dealt in topics of politics, homosexuality, racial discrimination, and certain forms of abuse (drug, domestic, and sexual). Because it aired on Showtime, there was use of mild profanity and partial nudity. Several episodes even served as launching pads for upcoming new music artists. Many known performers such as Gerald Levert, Montell Jordan, India Arie, Sunshine Anderson and Common have made guest appearances as well. Popularity The show received five NAACP Image Awards nominations for Outstanding Drama Series and won three consecutive times in 2002, 2003, and 2004. Also, a three-book series was launched in 2002. The Soul Food cast was interviewed by comedian Mo'Nique about fan reaction to the series. The cast considered that fans of the show would approach them at different places, including the airport, and would talk to them about storylines that they enjoyed or disliked. Nicole Ari Parker commented on studio executives telling the cast and crew that they were not marketable overseas; yet, after the show ended, the series garnered a fanbase in France. Syndication In 2004, BET acquired the rights to air reruns of the series (in the United States). The episodes have been edited to allow for commercials, and to meet FCC content standards for basic cable networks. BET aired syndicated reruns of Soul Food for a long time, until it shifted the series to its sister network, BET J (now known as BET Her). On March 15, 2010, the principal cast members (except for Rockmond Dunbar), appeared together on the BET late-night talk show The Mo'Nique Show. TV One began airing reruns of the series in January 2012. Syndication rights are currently held by Aspire, which began airing reruns of the series in January 2016. Home releases On June 24, 2003, Showtime Entertainment/Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of Soul Food: The Series on DVD, just two weeks after the series wrapped its fourth season. After a long delay, the remaining four seasons were released in 2007 and 2008 by Paramount Pictures and CBS Home Entertainment (because of CBS acquiring the pre-2006 Viacom, including Showtime Networks). While season one (billed as "the complete first season") runs in its uncut, complete form, the remaining other seasons did not, primarily due to music licensing issues, and some episodes being edited from their original versions, primarily due to expensive costing issues while trying to go back to their original, unedited versions. International rights to the series are held by Fox, which has yet to release DVD sets in other territories. ^ The 20-episode DVD release of "Season 3" actually contains the 10 episodes in Season 3 and the 10 episodes in Season 4. Awards and nominations References External links 2000s American drama television series 2000 American television series debuts 2004 American television series endings Showtime (TV network) original programming Serial drama television series Live action television shows based on films Television series by CBS Studios Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Chicago Television shows filmed in Toronto English-language television shows 2000s American black television series American black television series

4039474

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20%28disambiguation%29

Sleep (disambiguation)

Human sleep and animal sleep (non-human) are a form of rest. Sleep or sleeping may also refer to: People with the name Sleep (rapper) (born 1976), American underground hip hop artist Colin Sleep (born 1944), Australian footballer Norman Sleep (born 1945), American geophysicist Peter Sleep (born 1957), Australian cricketer Wayne Sleep (born 1948), British dancer, director, and choreographer Arts, entertainment, and media Films Sleep (1964 film), a 1964 film by Andy Warhol Sleep (2013 film), a 2013 film directed by Juha Lilja Music Groups Sleep (band), American doom metal band Team Sleep, American ambient rock group Albums Sleep (album), a 2015 album by Max Richter Sleep, a 2001 EP by Strata Classical compositions "Sleep" (Eric Whitacre song), a 2000 choral piece "Sleep", a 1912 song by Ivor Gurney "Sleep", a 1922 composition by Peter Warlock "Sleep", a 2006 song by Richard Causton "Sleep", a 2010 song by Ronald Corp Søvnen (The Sleep), a 1905 cantata by Carl Nielsen Songs "Sleep" (1920s song), by Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians, 1923 "Sleep" (Marion song), 1995 "Sleep" (Texas song), 2006 "Sleep", by the 3rd and the Mortal from In This Room, 1997 "Sleep (I've Been Slipping)", by Code Orange Kids from Love Is Love/Return to Dust, 2012 "Sleep", by Conjure One from Conjure One, 2002 "Sleep", by Copeland from In Motion, 2005 "Sleep", by Cult of Luna from Cult of Luna, 2001 "Sleep", by The Dandy Warhols from Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia, 2000 "Sleep", by Donovan from Cosmic Wheels, 1973 "Sleep", by Godspeed You! Black Emperor from Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven, 2000 "Sleep", by Imogen Heap from IMegaphone, 1998 "Sleep", by Johnny Orlando from Teenage Fever, 2019 "Sleep", by Lagwagon from Hoss, 1995 "Sleep", by Lazlo Bane from 11 Transistor, 1997 "Sleep", by Les Paul, 1953 (Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians song cover) "Sleep", by Midnight Oil from Red Sails in the Sunset, 1984 "Sleep", by My Chemical Romance from The Black Parade, 2006 "Sleep", by Nada Surf from High/Low, 1996 "Sleep", by Phish from Farmhouse, 2000 "Sleep", by Poets of the Fall from Signs of Life, 2005 "Sleep", by Savatage from Edge of Thorns, 1993 "Sleep", by Stabbing Westward from Wither Blister Burn & Peel, 1996 "Sleep", by Story of the Year from In the Wake of Determination, 2005 "Sleep", by Transit from Young New England, 2013 "Sleep", by Underground Lovers from Underground Lovers, 1990 "Sleep", by Wuthering Heights from The Shadow Cabinet, 2006 "Sleep Song", by Rooney from Calling the World, 2007 "Sleep Song", by Raffi from Good Luck Boy, 1975 "Sleepin'", by Diana Ross from Last Time I Saw Him, 1973 "Sleepin'", by Relient K from Air for Free, 2016 "Sleeping" (The Band song), 1970 "Sleeping" (Rick Astley song), 2001 "The Sleep", by Pantera from Cowboys from Hell, 1990 Paintings Sleep, a 1937 painting by Salvador Dalí The Sleep (Baba), by Corneliu Baba Periodicals Sleep (journal), a medical journal covering research on sleep SLEEP, the official publication of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies (also known as the Sleep Research Society) Computing and technology Sleep (command), a command that delays program execution for a specified period of time Sleep (system call), an operating system call to suspend the execution of a program for specified period of time Sleep mode, in which a computer becomes inactive Sleep programming language, a scripting language executed on the Java platform Science Rheum (also known as "sleepies"), mucus formed in the eyes during sleep To "sleep with someone", implies a person having sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual activity with another person Transient paresthesia, the sensation produced by an extremity which has "fallen asleep" See also Asleep (disambiguation) The Big Sleep (disambiguation)

4039477

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile%20van%20Marcke

Émile van Marcke

Émile van Marcke, born Charles Émile van Marcke de Lummen (15 August 1827, Sèvres – 24 December 1890, Hyeres), was a French cattle painter. Biography He studied under Troyon at Barbizon. He received the cross of the Legion of Honor in 1872 and a gold medal at the Paris exhibition. He is represented at the Louvre and other museums of France, and at the Metropolitan Museum in New York, The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida, and in other public and private collections in the United States. Typical of his work is the public domain image Summer Pastoral, Bresle Valley on this page reproduced courtesy of the Morton Collection. This gem-like work offers the favorite themes of van Marcke in a microcosm; it incorporates cattle, water, reflections, dramatic cloudscapes and a feeling of life and motion and verdant nature. Nature is idyllic and animals emblematic of that harmony. References External links 1827 births 1891 deaths People from Sèvres 19th-century French painters French male painters Animal artists French landscape painters 19th-century French male artists

4039503

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Steenwinckel

Hans van Steenwinckel

Hans van Steenwinckel may refer to: Hans van Steenwinckel the Elder (c. 1545–1601), Flemish architect and sculptor Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger (1587–1639), Danish architect and sculptor, son of the Elder Hans van Steenwinckel the Youngest (1638–1700), Danish architect and sculptor, son of the Younger See also van Steenwinckel, surname

4039511

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Waterfront%2C%20Portland%2C%20Oregon

South Waterfront, Portland, Oregon

The South Waterfront is a high-rise district under construction on former brownfield industrial land in the South Portland neighborhood south of downtown Portland, Oregon, U.S. It is one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in the United States. It is connected to downtown Portland by the Portland Streetcar and MAX Orange Line (at South Waterfront/SW Moody Station), and to the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) main campus atop Marquam Hill by the Portland Aerial Tram, as well as roads to Interstate 5 and Oregon Route 43. Description and history The South Waterfront is part of the Portland Development Commission's North Macadam Urban Renewal District. The first phase of the South Waterfront is the $1.9 billion "River Blocks" development. Construction began in early 2004. The full build-out of the district envisions many residential (primarily condominiums) and medical research towers ranging in height from 6 stories to 35+ stories. As of August 2010, nine towers have been completed in the district: the 16-story OHSU Center for Health & Healing, the twin condominium towers known as the Meriwether, at 21 and 24 stories, the 31-story John Ross Tower condominium, the 22-story Atwater Place condominium tower, the 31-story apartments The Ardea, the 22-story Riva on the Park, the 30-story Mirabella Portland, the Matisse, and Gray's Landing. The Mirabella is the district's first senior living community. A linear park called South Waterfront Greenway, running along the west bank of the Willamette River, is partially completed. The district currently has its own park between the Riva on the Park and OHSU. The Gibbs Street Pedestrian Bridge, which opened in July 2012, connects the South Waterfront District with Lair Hill over I-5. The Tilikum Crossing, Bridge of the People, a new TriMet bridge for the MAX Orange Line that carries only pedestrians, bicyclists and public transit vehicles between the South Waterfront and Hosford-Abernethy, opened on September 12, 2015. In addition to residences, the district contains restaurants, grocery, retail, and service businesses, with more in the planning stages. Construction of three new OHSU buildings in the district is scheduled to begin in 2016, and the university has earmarked $500 million for the work, which is expected to take about two years. Together with the existing OHSU Center for Health & Healing, the new facilities will be part of the Knight Cancer Institute, which also has facilities outside the South Waterfront. The largest of the buildings will be for patient medical care, another will be for research and administration, and the third will provide housing for patients and their families. See also Zidell Yards References External links PDC: North Macadam Urban Renewal District "Homer's Odyssey: The city and its largest employer are hoping Homer Williams can deliver on the most ambitious economic-development deal in Portland history." - Willamette Week, July 30, 2003. Neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States South Portland, Portland, Oregon Transit-oriented developments in the United States

4039512

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C5%99ejov%20%28Prague-East%20District%29

Ondřejov (Prague-East District)

Ondřejov () is a municipality and village in Prague-East District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants. The historic centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone. Administrative parts The villages of Třemblat and Turkovice are administrative parts of Ondřejov. History The first written mention of Ondřejov is from 1352. The parish church is dated from around the first quarter of the 14th century. In the early modern period it was discovered that there were large amounts of silver ore in the municipality, prompting one of the village's main exports to be crafts such as pottery. Demographics Sights The Church of Saints Simon and Jude was originally a Romanesque building, baroque modified in 1668. The adjacent Baroque building of the rectory is from 1778–1780 In 1898–1906 the industrialist Josef Jan Frič built the astronomical observatory in the village, which he gave to the Charles University in 1928. Today the Ondřejov Observatory is operated by the Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Its part is also the Vojtěch Šafařík Astronomical Museum. References External links Villages in Prague-East District

4039518

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixanne

Pixanne

Pixanne was a children's television program, created and hosted by singer-actress Jane Norman, that ran from 1960 to 1969 on WCAU-TV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was then syndicated nationally, and ran for another seven years. During the show's run, Norman also wrote and performed in special, holiday-themed shows featuring Pixanne and her Enchanted Forest friends. Pixanne also became the first local children's television show to be filmed at major world events, including at the World's Fair in New York and at Expo '67 in Canada. Beginning The show began when Norman, a onetime child prodigy who had been playing and composing music since she was 3 years of age, contacted one of her professors from Temple University, where Norman was majoring in Early Childhood Education and minoring in Radio, TV and Theatre. In addition to being a member of Temple's faculty, her professor was also working at what was then WFIL and later became WPVI-TV. Norman, who had taught kindergarten at the Shoemaker School in Cheltenham Township after graduating from Temple, pitched a possible children's program featuring a Peter Pan-like character to her former professor. Knowing there were no openings available at WFIL, he suggested that she approach the management of the then-CBS-owned-and-operated station WCAU-TV. Norman walked in with no appointment, described the show to the program director, and, within three weeks, was on the air with her new show, which quickly achieved a loyal following of children and their parents. Features Norman appeared on the show as a "pixie" with a green outfit, tights and a hat with a feather. She worked out a method of "flying" using a similar apparatus to that which Mary Martin had used as Peter Pan, but with only one wire supporting her instead of the several that had harnessed Martin on stage. Producers of Norman's show, in fact, actually hired theatrical flight specialist Peter Foy, who had designed the "flying" technology for Martin and other Broadway actresses, in order to build Norman's rigging for television. When interviewed about the experience later in life, Norman recalled that perfecting the technique was quite painful, but proved so effective as to be maintained for the entire run of the program. Taped before a live audience of children on Friday evenings, beginning at 7:30 p.m., the show aired on Saturday mornings at 8:00 a.m. The show became so popular that admission to the set was by ticket only. Each show opened with Norman "flying" onto and off the set, which was designed to appear to young viewers as an enchanted forest with a stepping-stone path meandering through the forest's flowers, Spanish moss-draped trees and toadstools. The supporting cast of puppets included Oggie Owl, Fliffy Butterfly, Herkimer, Tearesa, Galumpagus, Dandy Lion, and the puppets of Addis Williams. Pixanne had at least two alter-egos as well — one was a witch called Windy, whom Norman also acted out. Guest appearances included singer Tiny Tim. Songs Norman sang on the show included "Swinging on a Star," "If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake," "I've Gotta Crow" from the 1954 musical Peter Pan, "Look at That Face" from the musical The Roar of the Greasepaint - The Smell of the Crowd, and "Beautiful Things" from the 1967 movie Doctor Dolittle. The show's background music included Maurice Ravel's Le Tombeau de Couperin and a selection from Carl Orff's Music for Children, the theme of Pixanne's daily cartoon introduction with her march with a magical flag. On the show, Norman also introduced adventure films and made children's crafts, such as puppets and hats. Initially broadcast in black and white, the program began airing in color, six days every week, beginning at 9:00 a.m. on Monday, November 21, 1966. Norman also wrote and performed in special, holiday-themed shows that featured Pixanne and her Enchanted Forest friends, including "Pixanne's Christmas Fantasy," which aired at 5:30 p.m. on WCAU on December 23, 1967. Skits involved Pixanne's time travel back to Philadelphia during colonial times, where she visited a toymaker's shop with antique dolls and toy soldiers, a blacksmith's shop where horses were being shoed, a tailor's shop where period clothing was being sewn, and the shops of a butcher, baker and candlestick maker. Pixanne also became the first local children's television show to be filmed at major world events, including at the World's Fair in New York and at Expo '67 in Canada, and gave children the opportunity to watch segments about the Ice Capades and the Moscow Circus, both of which were filmed on location while the groups were on tour on the East Coast Pixanne received ratings of 10-12 and a 62% share of audience near the end of its run. Cancellation and syndication When WCAU management changed in 1969, the new management took Pixanne off the air, despite it still being the television network's second most popular daytime program (second only to the nationally syndicated soap opera, As the World Turns) and despite the protests of millions of viewers. The show's cancellation resulted in a negative letter writing campaign, directed at the television station, by parents of children who still regularly watched the program. Sensitive to the emotions of the children who were saddened by the loss of her television show, Norman wrote and sang a new song for the final episode of the series, "I'll Always Love You, No Matter Where I Go." The show quickly returned when it came back in syndication. Relocating to New York, it found a new home there with WNEW-TV as the flagship station, and was watched by children across the United States, including on television stations in: California, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. The show then finally went off the air in 1976. Civic affairs and public service activities In 1974, Norman, in character as Pixanne, became a goodwill ambassador for Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. After signing a contract with Earl Clark to promote Dutch Wonderland and other family-friendly or historical sites throughout the county and boost county tourism, "Pixanne" became an official spokesperson for Dutch Wonderland, playing a key role in the theme park's annual Memorial Day re-opening ceremonies that year. She also toured the United States, speaking about county attractions and tourism issues on local news and talk show programs in Boston, Chicago and other towns and major metropolitan areas. She then continued her ambassador work in subsequent years. Norman's later career Jane Norman went on to produce family-oriented network television shows, including The National Kids’ Quiz, which Michael Landon moderated on NBC. She also wrote a 1981 book with Dr. Myron Harris, The Private Life of the American Teenager, and appeared on more than 95 radio and television talk shows to promote it. The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia inducted Norman into their Hall of Fame 2005. Norman died at her home in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania on May 13, 2017, at the age of eighty-three. References External links Jane Norman's official website Clip of program on YouTube Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia website 1960s American children's television series 1960 American television series debuts 1969 American television series endings Local children's television programming in the United States Television in Philadelphia American television shows featuring puppetry

4039529

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacculus

Sacculus

Sacculus may refer to: Saccule, a bed of sensory cells in the inner ear Sacculus (entomology), a sensory organ in the antenna of certain insects Sacculus, a sac of peptidoglycan that has been purified from a gram-negative bacterium Sacculus, the Latin word for money bag

4039530

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20Denalane

Joy Denalane

Joy Maureen Denalane (born 11 June 1973) is a German singer-songwriter, known for her mixture of soul, R&B, and African folk music with lyrics in German and English. Early life Denalane was born in Berlin-Schöneberg to a South African father and a German mother, but grew up in the Berlin district of Kreuzberg. At the age of 16, she left home and focused on her music, joining the reggae and soul bands Culture Roots and Family Affair. At 19 she was signed to a major pop music label, but she and her management could not agree on what her music and image should be like and Denalane soon asked to be released. Afterwards, she moved to Stuttgart, where she met DJ Thomilla and Tiefschwarz (two already well-known producers active in the Kolchose), with whom she wrote and produced the club hit "Music". Career 1999–2005: Debut and Mamani Around the same time, Denalane came in first contact with hip hop group Freundeskreis, who searched for a female counterpart to lead singer Max Herre's voice on their track "Mit Dir" then. However, the duet was released as a single in July 1999 and made the top 10 in Germany, the top 30 in Austria, and the top 15 in Switzerland—pushed by the fact Denalane and Herre had become a couple. Afterwards Denalane joined the FK Allstars, which also consisted of Afrob, Gentleman, Sekou, and Brooke Russell, among others, and went on tour with them for more than two years. Later on she signed a contract with Four Music (founded by Die Fantastischen Vier) and began working on her debut album Mamani, which was released in June 2002 and debuted at number eight on the German Albums Chart. Inspired by African roots, the album was primarily produced by husband Max Herre. In total Mamani spawned six singles, including the lead single "Sag's Mir", the socially critical track "Im Ghetto von Soweto" (featuring her uncle, South African flugelhorn legend Hugh Masekela), and "Kinderlied", a song dedicated to her oldest son Isaiah. In 2003, Denalane went on a solo tour and finished collaborations with Youssou N'Dour, ASD, and Till Brönner. She also performed in New York City and Philadelphia for the first time and eventually received a Comet for Best Hip-Hop/R&B National and three ECHO nominations, including Best Female Artist. Soon after she released a live edition of Mamani on CD and DVD, which was recorded during a special performance at Berlin's Tränenpalast and involved a set of previously unreleased remakes. In summer 2005 Denalane contributed vocals to the German version of Common's 2005 single "Go!". 2006–2015: Born and Raised and Maureen In April 2006, Denalane and Herre founded their own label, Nesola. Simultaneously Denalane prepared the release of her second album, Born & Raised, her first record in English. Pre-programmed in Germany, the album was entirely recorded in Philadelphia and features appearances by American rappers Lupe Fiasco, Raekwon, and Governor. While its lead single "Let Go" reached a moderately successful number 40 on the German Singles Chart, the critically acclaimed Born & Raised (released in August 2006) debuted at number two (behind Christina Aguilera's Back to Basics) on the national albums chart, making it Denalane's highest chart entry to date. Further singles from the album, "Heaven or Hell" and "Sometimes Love", failed to chart within the top one hundred. In early 2007, Denalane released the single "Change" (featuring Lupe Fiasco) in the United Kingdom, which failed to chart; however, it was featured in the 2008 blockbuster film, Taken, starring Liam Neeson. In 2008, Denalane worked with Tweet, Dwele and Bilal on the project The Dresden Soul Symphony in Dresden, Germany. They performed classic soul cuts like "Let's Stay Together", "Natural Woman", "It's a Man's Man's Man's World", "Ain't Nothing Like a Real Thing", etc. with the MDR Symphony Orchestra. An album, The Dresden Soul Symphony, and DVD were later released on 24 October 2008. Denalane's third studio Maureen, titled after her middle name, was released May 2011. Her first German-language studio album since Mamani (2002), it received a positive response from critics and reached number eight on the German Albums Chart. Elsewhere the album peaked at number thirty-six in Austria and number eleven on the Swiss Albums Chart, becoming both her highest and lowest-charting album yet, respectively. Spawning four singles, an English language version of Maureen was released in March 2012. In August 2014, Denalane became a judge on the debut season of the RTL reality program, Rising Star along with Sasha, Gentleman, and Anastacia. 2016–present: Gleisdreieck and Let Yourself Be Loved In 2017, Denalane released her fourth studio album, Gleisdreieck, her third German-language album. On 4 September 2020, Denalane released her fifth studio album, Let Yourself Be Loved, via Motown Records. It is her second English-language album. Discography Studio albums Mamani (2002) Born & Raised (2006) Maureen (2011) Gleisdreieck (2017) Let Yourself Be Loved (2020) Live albums Mamani Live (2004) The Dresden Soul Symphony (2008) References External links JoyDenalane.com – official website 1973 births Living people People from Berlin Musicians from Berlin German people of South African descent English-language singers from Germany German singer-songwriters German soul singers 20th-century German women singers 21st-century German women singers

4039531

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388%20in%20English%20football

1987–88 in English football

The 1987–88 season was the 108th season of competitive football in England. Diary of the season 3 July 1987 – Chelsea sign defender Tony Dorigo from Aston Villa for £475,000. 6 July 1987 – Nottingham Forest's Dutch midfielder Johnny Metgod signs for Tottenham Hotspur in a £250,000 deal. 7 July 1987 – England goalkeeper Peter Shilton moves to Derby County from Southampton for £90,000. 9 July 1987 – Manchester United sign Arsenal defender Viv Anderson for £250,000. Former Queens Park Rangers and England forward Gerry Francis, 36, is appointed player-manager of Third Division side Bristol Rovers as successor to Bobby Gould who moved to Wimbledon last month. 15 July 1987 – Ray Harford, first-team coach, is promoted to the manager's seat at Luton Town following the resignation of John Moore. Coventry City more than double their record transfer outlay with a £750,000 move for Chelsea striker David Speedie. 17 July 1987 – Portsmouth prepare for their return to the First Division with a £60,000 move for Wrexham midfielder Barry Horne. 21 July 1987 – Tottenham Hotspur and England midfielder Glenn Hoddle moves to AS Monaco for £800,000 on a three-year contract. Manchester United get a £300,000 insurance payout from The Football Association following the injury enforced retirement of 29-year-old goalkeeper Gary Bailey. 22 July 1987 – Scunthorpe United announce that they will leave the Old Showground at the end of the season and move to a new stadium in the town's suburbs - the first relocation of a Football League club since Southend United moved to Roots Hall in 1955. 24 July 1987 – Manchester City are reported to have made an approach for out of favour Liverpool midfielder John Wark. Watford sign prolific Reading striker Trevor Senior for £325,000. 29 July 1987 – Wimbledon sign defenders Terry Phelan from Swansea City for £100,000 and Eric Young from Brighton & Hove Albion for £70,000. Chelsea striker Kerry Dixon withdraws his transfer request. 30 July 1987 – Manchester United complete the signing of striker Brian McClair after a tribunal orders them to pay £850,000 for the striker, originally valued at £2million by Celtic. 1 August 1987 – Everton defeat Coventry City 1–0 in the FA Charity Shield at Wembley Stadium, with Wayne Clarke scoring the only goal of the game. 3 August 1987 – The Today newspaper cancels its sponsorship of the Football League after just one year, and less than two weeks before the new season is due to begin. 6 August 1987 – Peter Beardsley becomes the most expensive player to move between British clubs when he joins Liverpool in a £1.9 million deal from Newcastle United. Britain's first million-pound player, Trevor Francis, returns to Britain when Graeme Souness signs him for Rangers in a £70,000 deal from Atalanta of Italy. 7 August 1987 – Portsmouth midfielder Mick Kennedy is fined £5,000 for claiming in a national newspaper that he was "the hardest man in football and proud of my reputation". 8 August 1987 – The Football League begins its centenary celebrations by hosting a match against a Rest of the World XI at Wembley. Diego Maradona and Gary Lineker are in side beaten by a Football League XI. 11 August 1987 – Former Leeds United and England manager Don Revie, 60, announces that he is suffering from motor neurone disease, which was diagnosed in May this year. 12 August 1987 – Barclays Bank become the Football League's new sponsors in a three-year deal worth in the region of £5million, while Portsmouth prepare for their first top division campaign since the 1950s by paying Leeds United £285,000 for striker Ian Baird. 15 August 1987 – The Football League season begins. In the First Division, Queens Park Rangers record the biggest win of the day by beating West Ham United 3–0. Champions Everton beat Norwich City 1–0, and Liverpool win 2–1 away to Arsenal. Scarborough, new members after their promotion to the Fourth Division from the GM Vauxhall Conference, hold fallen giants Wolverhampton Wanderers to a 2–2 draw, but crowd trouble results in 56 arrests. 18 August 1987 – Newly promoted First Division side Derby County pay a club record £760,000 for Southampton defender Mark Wright. UEFA announce that if the ban on English clubs in Europe is lifted in time for the 1988–89 UEFA Cup, there will only be two slots available for clubs in England due to their UEFA coefficient falling. 22 August 1987 – Brian McClair scores his first goal for Manchester United in their 2–0 home league win over Watford. In the first top flight South Coast derby, newly promoted Portsmouth draw 2–2 with Southampton at Fratton Park. 24 August 1987 – Striker Terry Gibson ends his unsuccessful 18-month spell at Manchester United and joins Wimbledon for £200,000. 25 August 1987 – Luton Town lift their ban on away fans and are allowed to compete in the League Cup, from which they were banned last season. 31 August 1987 – Manchester United finish August as First Division leaders, two points ahead of Queens Park Rangers and Nottingham Forest. At the bottom of the table, Charlton Athletic, Sheffield Wednesday and Luton Town remain without a League win so far this season. In the Second Division, Plymouth Argyle and Barnsley lead the way on goal difference, but fancied Aston Villa are fourth from bottom. 3 September 1987 – Ten months after being sacked by Manchester United, Ron Atkinson returns to football for a second spell as manager of West Bromwich Albion. 4 September 1987 – Arsenal striker Charlie Nicholas hands in a transfer request after manager George Graham dropped him in favour of Perry Groves as strike-partner to new signing Alan Smith. 5 September 1987 – Gillingham score a club record 10–0 victory over Chesterfield, a week after defeating Southend 8–1. 9 September 1987 – 25 Liverpool fans are extradited to Belgium on manslaughter charges in connection to the Heysel Stadium disaster, in which 39 spectators (most of them Italian) were crushed to death at the 1985 European Cup Final. Oxford United's £400,000 bid for Derby County winger Nigel Callaghan is accepted, but the player turns down the chance to move – less than a year after he joined the East Midlands club for barely a third of that amount. 12 September 1987 – Brazilian international striker Mirandinha gets his first goals for Newcastle, scoring twice in a 2–2 draw at Old Trafford against Manchester United. 16 September 1987 – Manager Bryan Hamilton brings Mike Newell to Leicester City from Luton Town for £350,000. 18 September 1987 – Defender David Bardsley moves between First Division strugglers Watford and Oxford United for £265,000. Charlton Athletic sign Wales striker Andy Jones from Third Division side Port Vale. 20 September 1987 – Everton sign Scotland midfielder Ian Wilson from Leicester City for £300,000. Liverpool defender Steve Nicol scores a hat-trick in a 4–1 away league win over Newcastle United. 23 September 1987 – Terry Venables, former manager of Crystal Palace and Queens Park Rangers, is sacked after three years as manager of Spanish giants FC Barcelona. 28 September 1987 – Tommy Docherty is appointed manager of GM Vauxhall Conference side Altrincham. 29 September 1987 – John Aldridge reaches the 10-goal margin in the league for Liverpool after just seven games, scoring a hat-trick in their 4–0 home win over Derby County. 30 September 1987 – Queens Park Rangers, without a top division league title to their name, finish the month as leaders of the First Division, three points ahead of Liverpool, who have two games in hand. Charlton Athletic are bottom, with four points from eight matches. Bradford City top the Second Division, with Hull City second. Crystal Palace and newly promoted Middlesbrough and Swindon Town occupy the play-off places. 2 October 1987 – Tottenham Hotspur sell defender Richard Gough to Rangers for £1.5million – a record fee for a British defender. 10 October 1987 – Everton's Graeme Sharp and Adrian Heath bag braces as Chelsea are beaten 4–1 at Goodison Park. Elsewhere, Paul Wilkinson scores the only goal of the game as Nottingham Forest beat Derby County in the first East Midlands derby of the season. 12 October 1987 – More than three years after leaving Fulham, Malcolm Macdonald makes a management comeback with Second Division strugglers Huddersfield Town. 14 October 1987 – England beat Turkey 8–0 in a European Championship qualifier at Wembley, repeating the scoreline achieved in a 1986 World Cup qualifier in Istanbul in November 1984. 15 October 1987 – Newcastle United sign 18-year-old striker Michael O'Neill from Coleraine of Northern Ireland for £55,000. 16 October 1987 – Sheffield Wednesday sign defender Nigel Pearson from Shrewsbury Town for £250,000. 17 October 1987 – Liverpool move to the top of the First Division by thrashing previous leaders Queens Park Rangers 4–0 at Anfield. 19 October 1987 – Liverpool sign Oxford United and Republic of Ireland winger Ray Houghton for £825,000. 23 October 1987 – David Pleat resigns after 15 months as manager of Tottenham Hotspur, following allegations that he was involved in kerb crawling. 27 October 1987 – Tottenham Hotspur appoint Terry Venables as their new manager. 28 October 1987 – Everton knock Liverpool out of the League Cup with a 1–0 win at Anfield in the third round. 31 October 1987 – Arsenal and Queens Park Rangers share leadership of the First Division, but Liverpool, just one point behind, have three games in hand. Charlton Athletic remain bottom of the table, and are joined by Watford and Norwich City in the relegation zone. Bradford City now have a six-point lead at the top of the Second Division, their nearest rivals being Middlesbrough and Hull City. Aston Villa now stand fourth, with Ipswich Town and Birmingham City close behind. 1 November 1987 – Liverpool move back to the top of the First Division table by beating Everton 2–0 in the Merseyside derby. 31-year-old England midfielder Ray Wilkins returns to Britain after more than three years away when he signs for Rangers in a £250,000 move from Paris St Germain. 7 November 1987 – Second Division promotion chasers Manchester City beat struggling Huddersfield Town 10–1 at Maine Road. Three players - Paul Stewart, David White and Tony Adcock - score hat-tricks. 10 November 1987 – 21-year-old Walsall striker David Kelly scores a hat-trick on his debut for the Republic of Ireland in their 5–0 win over Israel in Dublin. 11 November 1987 – England seal European Championship qualification with a 4–1 win over Yugoslavia in Belgrade. A Gary McKay goal gives Scotland a 1–0 win in Bulgaria, a result that allows the Republic of Ireland, managed by former 1966 World Cup winner Jack Charlton, to qualify for their first major tournament. 19 November 1987 – Liverpool reject an offer from Bayern Munich for Danish midfielder Jan Molby. Aston Villa boost their Second Division promotion quest with a £150,000 move for Crystal Palace midfielder Andy Gray. 20 November 1987 – Elton John agrees to sell Watford to Robert Maxwell's British Printing and Communication Corporation for £2million. 26 November 1987 – The takeover of Watford falls through after the High Court vetoes it due to Robert Maxwell already being the owner of Derby County. 30 November 1987 – Liverpool lead the First Division by five points from Arsenal. Charlton Athletic, Norwich City and Watford continue to occupy the relegation places. Middlesbrough and Bradford City are level at the top of the Second Division on 43 points. Aston Villa, Hull City and Crystal Palace occupy the play-off places. 7 December 1987 – Queens Park Rangers sign striker Mark Falco from Rangers for £350,000. 7 December 1987 – Everton and Rangers draw 2–2 in the Dubai Champions Cup, with the Scottish club winning on penalties. 9 December 1987 – Eight football hooligans, all either Manchester United or West Ham United supporters, receive prison sentences totalling 51 years at Chelmsford Crown Court after being found guilty of public order offences on a Sealink ferry bound for Amsterdam on 8 August 1986. Meanwhile, Chelsea look to the future with the acquisition of Jersey-born defender Graeme Le Saux, 19. 13 December 1987 – Nigel Clough scores a hat-trick in less than five minutes as Nottingham Forest beat Queens Park Rangers 4–0 in the First Division game at the City Ground. 16 December 1987 – Manchester United pay £900,000 for Norwich City central defender Steve Bruce, with his old club using £580,000 of the transfer to sign Robert Fleck from Rangers. 26 December 1987 – Boxing Day sees Nottingham Forest win 2–0 at Highbury to overtake Arsenal into second place, while in a London derby Wimbledon beat West Ham 2–1, and David Pleat's tenure as Leicester manager starts with defeat to AFC Bournemouth. 29 December 1987 – Queens Park Rangers defender Terry Fenwick completes a £550,000 transfer to Tottenham Hotspur. 31 December 1987 – The year draws to a close with Liverpool holding a commanding ten-point lead over second-placed Nottingham Forest. Watford have slipped to the foot of the table, level on points with Charlton Athletic. Portsmouth occupy the final automatic relegation place. Graeme Souness signs Aston Villa midfielder Mark Walters for Rangers for £550,000 in the latest of several moves for English players. In the Second Division, Middlesbrough lead with a one-point margin over Bradford City. A four-point margin separates their nearest six challengers – Aston Villa, Crystal Palace, Millwall, Hull City, Manchester City and Ipswich Town. 1 January 1988 – Out of favour Arsenal striker Charlie Nicholas returns to his native Scotland in a £500,000 move to Aberdeen. Billy Bonds of West Ham United, the oldest Football League player at 41, is awarded an MBE. 4 January 1988 – John Wark returns to Ipswich Town from Liverpool in a £100,000 deal. 11 January 1988 – Dave Bassett is sacked after just six months in charge of Watford, who are currently bottom of the First Division. He is succeeded by Aston Villa assistant manager Steve Harrison. 16 January 1988 – John Aldridge becomes the first player to reach the 20-goal margin in the First Division when he scores in Liverpool's 2–0 home win over Arsenal. 20 January 1988 – Oxford United, winners of the 1986 League Cup, reach the semi-finals of this season's competition with a surprise 2–0 win over Manchester United in the quarter-finals. 22 January 1988 – Manchester City boost their Second Division promotion challenge with a £175,000 move for Northampton Town striker Trevor Morley. 24 January 1988 – Arsenal pay Stoke City £400,000 for 23-year-old right-back Lee Dixon. 26 January 1988 – Aston Villa boost their Second Division promotion challenge with the £200,000 acquisition of highly rated Crewe Alexandra midfielder David Platt, 21. 30 January 1988 – FA Cup holders Coventry City are knocked out by Watford in the fourth round. Last year's defeated finalists Tottenham Hotspur are also eliminated, losing 2–1 at Third Division Port Vale. 31 January 1988 – Liverpool remain top of the First Division as January draws to a close, now 16 points ahead of second-placed Manchester United. Charlton Athletic, Watford and Oxford United make up the bottom three. Aston Villa have crept to the top of the Second Division, while Crystal Palace have risen to second place. Middlesbrough, Millwall and Blackburn Rovers occupy the play-off zone, while Bradford City have slid from second to sixth place in the space of a few weeks. Leicester City, relegated from the First Division last season, are now in the Second Division relegation play-off places. 3 February 1988 – Former Tottenham Hotspur manager Keith Burkinshaw is sacked by Sporting Lisbon of Portugal. 4 February 1988 – Tommy Docherty is sacked after just over four months in charge of GM Vauxhall Conference side Altrincham. 5 February 1988 – A UEFA referendum decides that all English clubs will be banned from European competition for a fourth successive season. Derby County sign midfielder Ted McMinn from Seville of Spain for £300,000. 12 February 1988 – 18 of the 25 Liverpool fans charged with manslaughter in connection with the Heysel disaster return home after being cleared of the charges. 16 February 1988 – Liverpool sell striker Paul Walsh to Tottenham Hotspur for £500,000. 20 February 1988 – Shrewsbury Town striker Jim Melrose, on loan from Leeds United, suffers a broken cheekbone in a clash with Swindon Town midfielder Chris Kamara at the end of Shrewsbury's 2–1 win over Swindon in the Second Division at Gay Meadow. In a heavyweight clash in the FA Cup fifth round, Arsenal beat Manchester United 2–1 at Highbury. 21 February 1988 – Liverpool avenge their League Cup defeat earlier in the season by beating Everton 1–0 in the FA Cup fifth round at Goodison Park. 25 February 1988 – Tottenham Hotspur sign goalkeeper Bobby Mimms from Everton for £325,000. Swindon Town fine midfielder Chris Kamara £1,000 and ban him from playing for a month following the incident with Jim Melrose. 28 February 1988 – Luton Town reach the League Cup final with a 3–1 aggregate win over Oxford United. 29 February 1988 – February draws to a close with Liverpool still top of the league having stretched their unbeaten start to the season to 27 games, and with a 14-point lead over Manchester United with two games in hand. The Second Division promotion race sees Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers level at the top of the table, with Millwall, Middlesbrough and Bradford City occupying the play-off places. 3 March 1988 – Norwich City sign defender Andy Linighan from Oldham Athletic for £300,000. 4 March 1988 – After seven months at Portsmouth, Ian Baird returns to Leeds United for £120,000. 12 March 1988 – Luton Town edge closer to a remarkable cup double by defeating Portsmouth 3–1 in the FA Cup quarter-final at Kenilworth Road, while Wimbledon's hopes of a first-ever cup final appearance move closer to reality with a 2–1 win over Watford. Arsenal blow their hopes of a cup double by losing 2–1 at home to Nottingham Forest. Maurice Evans resigns as manager of struggling Oxford United. 13 March 1988 – Liverpool move closer to a unique second double by thrashing Manchester City 4–0 in the FA Cup quarter-final at Maine Road. 18 March 1988 – West Ham United sign Fulham striker Leroy Rosenior for £275,000. 20 March 1988 – Liverpool's unbeaten start to the league season is ended when they lose 1–0 in their 30th match to neighbours Everton. 22 March 1988 – John Hollins resigns as Chelsea manager and is replaced by his assistant Bobby Campbell. 23 March 1988 – Arsenal sign winger Brian Marwood from Sheffield Wednesday for £600,000, while Trevor Francis ends his brief spell with Glasgow Rangers to join Queens Park Rangers on a free transfer. 24 March 1988 – Nottingham Forest pay Preston North End £150,000 for 18-year-old striker Nigel Jemson. Liverpool defender Mark Lawrenson retires from playing after an injury at the age of 30 and is appointed manager of Oxford United. 25 March 1988 – Chelsea sign goalkeeper Kevin Hitchcock from Mansfield Town for £250,000. 27 March 1988 – Luton Town's hopes of a cup treble are ended when they are beaten 4–1 by Second Division strugglers Reading in the Full Members' Cup final at Wembley. 31 March 1988 – Liverpool finish March with a 14-point margin over second-placed Manchester United at the top of the First Division. At the bottom, Watford are eight points from safety with eight matches left, and Oxford United and Portsmouth are also struggling in the relegation zone. Aston Villa remain top of the Second Division with a two-point margin over Blackburn Rovers, with the play-off places being occupied by Middlesbrough, Millwall and Bradford City. Leeds United, Crystal Palace and Stoke City remain in strong contention for promotion as well. 2 April 1988 – Brian McClair scores a hat-trick to bring his league tally for the season to 19 goals in Manchester United's 4–1 home win over Derby County. 4 April 1988 – Manchester United draw 3–3 with Liverpool at Anfield after being 3–1 down, but remain eleven points behind the Merseysiders in the League table. 9 April 1988 – Liverpool move closer to an unprecedented second double by beating Nottingham Forest 2–1 in the FA Cup semi-final at Hillsborough. Wimbledon end Luton Town's cup double hopes with a 2–1 win at White Hart Lane to reach the final for the first time. In the league, 17-year-old Alan Shearer becomes the youngest hat-trick scorer in the First Division in Southampton's 4–2 home win over Arsenal. 13 April 1988 – Hull City sack manager Brian Horton. Liverpool and Nottingham Forest do battle for the third time in twelve days, and just as four days ago, the Merseysiders come out on top, as they win 5–0. 16–17 April 1988 – The Football League programme is put on hold for a week as the Football League Centenary Tournament is staged at Wembley Stadium between 16 clubs on the 100th anniversary of the league's foundation. Nottingham Forest are the winners of the two-day event. 18 April 1988 – Torquay United winger Lee Sharpe, who turns 17 next month, agrees to sign for Manchester United at the end of the season in a £30,000 deal. Hearts striker John Robertson agrees to join Newcastle United for a club record £750,000 at the end of the season. The Football Association suspends Chris Kamara for the rest of the season. 23 April 1988 – Liverpool's 1–0 win over Tottenham Hotspur confirms the Reds as League champions. Watford are relegated thanks to Charlton Athletic's 2–0 win over Newcastle United. 24 April 1988 – Holders Arsenal are beaten 3–2 by Luton Town in a dramatic League Cup final at Wembley. It is Luton's first-ever major trophy. 30 April 1988 – Oxford United are relegated after defeat against Newcastle United. Portsmouth are favourites for the last automatic relegation place, trailing West Ham United by four points with two matches left. The promotion issues in the Second Division have yet to be confirmed, with just four points separating the top five clubs – Millwall, Aston Villa, Bradford City, Middlesbrough and Blackburn Rovers. Derby County goalkeeper Peter Shilton, 38, sets a new Football League appearance record when he makes his 825th league appearance since his debut 21 years ago in his side's 1–1 draw at Watford. 1 May 1988 – Sunderland win promotion back to the Second Division at the first attempt with a 1–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park. 2 May 1988 – Portsmouth lose 2–1 at home to Newcastle United and are relegated from the First Division after just one season. Millwall, meanwhile, clinch the Second Division title with a 1–0 win over Hull City at Boothferry Park and reach the First Division for the first time in their history. 7 May 1988 – On the final full day of the First Division season, Charlton Athletic stay up with a 1–1 draw at Chelsea, a result that sends their opponents into the relegation play-offs. 9 May 1988 – Liverpool finish their League campaign with a 1–1 draw against Luton Town. John Aldridge finishes the season as the First Division's top scorer with 27 league strikes for Liverpool, and 30 in all competitions. Brian McClair of Manchester United, the division's next highest scorer, scores twice against Wimbledon to take his league tally to 24. 10 May 1988 – Tottenham Hotspur sell striker Clive Allen to Bordeaux of France for £1 million. 75-year-old Portsmouth chairman John Deacon sells the club to Jim Gregory for £2million. 11 May 1988 – Aberdeen goalkeeper Jim Leighton links up with his former manager Alex Ferguson by signing for Manchester United in a £500,000 deal. 14 May 1988 – Wimbledon pull off a major upset by beating Liverpool 1–0 in the FA Cup final. They have been First Division members for just two seasons and have only been a Football League side for the last eleven years. Lawrie Sanchez is Wimbledon's goalscoring hero, while Liverpool have a goal from Peter Beardsley disallowed and a penalty from John Aldridge saved by Wimbledon goalkeeper and captain Dave Beasant. 20 May 1988 – Kevin Clarke, 30, is sentenced to three years in prison after being found guilty of being the ring leader of a notorious gang of Oxford United hooligans who were involved in running battles with rivals fans, often in busy shopping areas. 22 May 1988 – Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles is given a free transfer by Tottenham Hotspur after 10 years at the club. 26 May 1988 – Aston Villa prepare for their First Division comeback by signing Derek Mountfield from Everton for £425,000 and Chris Price from Blackburn Rovers for £150,000. 28 May 1988 – Middlesbrough are promoted to the First Division, taking the place of Chelsea, whom they beat 2–1 on aggregate in the play-off final. 29 May 1988 – Wolverhampton Wanderers lift the Associate Members' Cup with a 2–0 win over Burnley in front of more than 80,000 fans at Wembley. 1 June 1988 – Sheffield Wednesday sell striker Lee Chapman to Niort of France for £350,000. 6 June 1988 – Arthur Albiston, Manchester United's longest serving player, links up with former United boss Ron Atkinson at West Bromwich Albion on a free transfer after 15 years at Old Trafford. 8 June 1988 – Dave Beasant completes a £750,000 transfer from Wimbledon to Newcastle United, making him the costliest goalkeeper in English football. 10 June 1988 – Tottenham Hotspur sign Paul Stewart from Manchester City for £1.5 million – a record fee for a Second Division player. 12 June 1988 – England's European Championship campaign begins with a 1–0 defeat to the Republic of Ireland. 15 June 1988 – England's chances of progressing to the semi-finals of the European Championships are ended by a 3–1 defeat to the Netherlands. Everton sign Bradford City midfielder Stuart McCall for £850,000. 17 June 1988 – Newcastle United bolster their attack with a £500,000 move for Bradford City striker John Hendrie. 18 June 1988 – England's final group match at the European Championship Finals ends in a third defeat, 3–1 to the USSR. 23 June 1988 – Eighteen Scarborough hooligans receive prison sentences of up to 12 months for their part in clashes with Wolverhampton Wanderers fans at the club's very first Football League game in August. 24 June 1988 – Watford striker Luther Blissett agrees to stay with the club for at least one more season despite their relegation to the Second Division. 29 June 1988 – Millwall prepare for their first season as a top division club by re-signing defender Neil Ruddock from Tottenham Hotspur for £300,000. National team England were eliminated from Euro 88, held in West Germany, after losing all three group matches. The tournament was eventually won by the Netherlands. In spite of continued calls from the tabloids for a new manager, the FA kept faith in Bobby Robson once more. FA Cup Wimbledon caused one of the biggest footballing upsets of the 20th century by defeating champions Liverpool 1–0 in the FA Cup final. Wimbledon had only been league members for 11 years and First Division members for two years, while Liverpool had just wrapped up their 17th league championship. Lawrie Sanchez headed the only goal from a Dennis Wise free-kick in the first half of the final, while Dave Beasant became the first player to save a penalty in an FA Cup final (saving from John Aldridge, who had scored all 11 other penalties he had taken that season) and the first goalkeeper to captain an FA Cup-winning side. League Cup Ray Harford's Luton Town achieved a shock 3–2 win over Arsenal in the League Cup final to win their first-ever major trophy. Harford had only been promoted to the manager's seat from assistant manager a year earlier as successor to John Moore. Football League First Division Liverpool won their 17th First Division title with just two league defeats all season and enjoying a record 29-match unbeaten start to the league season, which had seen them looking uncatchable since before Christmas. They finished nine points ahead of their nearest rivals Manchester United, who made impressive progress in their first full season under the management of Alex Ferguson. Nottingham Forest enjoyed their best season for four years as they finished third, while Everton and QPR completed the top five and Arsenal finished sixth, suffering a shock defeat to Luton Town in the League Cup final. Seventh-placed Wimbledon, in their second season in the First Division and their 11th in the league, beat Liverpool 1–0 in the FA Cup final to deny the Merseysiders a unique second double. Oxford United's three-year stay in the First Division came to an end with relegation in bottom place, while Watford failed miserably in the aftermath of Graham Taylor's departure and went down after six years among the elite. Portsmouth's first top flight season since the 1950s ended in relegation, while Chelsea went down after losing to Middlesbrough in the play-offs. Unusually, the division was composed of an odd number of clubs this season. This meant that each week, one club would not play a game. Second Division play-offs Second Division A tight Second Division promotion race ended with Millwall as champions and promoted to the First Division for the first time in their history. Aston Villa were promoted on goals scored ahead of Middlesbrough, who triumphed in the play-offs to secure a second successive promotion a mere two years after they had almost gone out of business. Bradford City, another club faced with closure a few years earlier, also qualified for the play-offs, as did Blackburn Rovers. Huddersfield Town's catastrophic season ended in relegation after a mere six wins and 28 points. They were joined by Reading, who gained some consolation by winning the Full Members' Cup. Sheffield United went down in the play-offs, while West Bromwich Albion and Birmingham City narrowly avoided their second relegation in three seasons. Third Division play-offs Third Division Sunderland sealed the Third Division title by a comfortable margin in their first season at this level to secure an instant return to the Second Division. Runners-up Brighton also secured an instant return to the Second Division, while the third promotion place was taken by play-off winners Walsall. Doncaster Rovers and York City propped up the Third Division to suffer relegation after four seasons at this level, while debt-ridden Grimsby Town suffered a second successive relegation. Rotherham United went down in the play-offs. Newly promoted Aldershot narrowly survived their first season at this level for over a decade. Scunthorpe United left the Old Showground and moved into Glanford Park, thus becoming the first English club in more than 30 years to move to a new stadium. Fourth Division play-offs Fourth Division Wolverhampton Wanderers clinched the Fourth Division title, the Associate Members' Cup and promotion to the Third Division at the end of a thrilling season where striker Steve Bull found the net 52 times in all competitions. They were joined in promotion by Cardiff City and Swansea City as well as another fallen giant, Bolton Wanderers, who enjoyed their first successful season for a decade. Debt-ridden Newport County moved closer to oblivion, losing their league status with just 25 points to suffer a second successive relegation and find themselves being forced into non-league football a mere five years after being on the brink of the Second Division and seven years after playing in the quarter finals of the European Cup Winners' Cup. Their relegation would prove the beginning of the end for this incarnation of the club, who folded before the end of the following season and were subsequently forced to reform for the 1989–90 season. Top goalscorers First Division John Aldridge (Liverpool) – 26 goals Second Division David Currie (Barnsley) – 28 goals Third Division David Crown (Southend United) – 26 goals Fourth Division Steve Bull (Wolverhampton Wanderers) – 34 goals Non-league football The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were: Star players Liverpool's high scoring winger John Barnes was voted both PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year in his first season at Anfield. Newcastle United's midfielder Paul Gascoigne was voted PFA Young Player of the Year before being transferred to Tottenham Hotspur. Brian McClair scored 25 First Division goals for runners-up Manchester United in his first season at Old Trafford following his move from Celtic. Liverpool striker John Aldridge was top scorer in the league and collected a championship medal in his first full season at the club, but missed the penalty in the FA Cup final that cost his side the chance of a unique second double. West Ham United striker Tony Cottee had another high scoring season before being transferred to Everton. Steve Bull scored 52 goals in all competitions (37 in the league) for Fourth Division champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. Young midfielder David Platt had an excellent first season for Aston Villa, establishing himself as a competent goalscorer as well as gaining promotion to the First Division. Star managers Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish added the league title to his managerial CV to bring his total of championships to two in three seasons and Liverpool's all-time total to 17. Alex Ferguson's efforts in rebuilding Manchester United saw them finish second in the league just 18 months after they had looked in danger of relegation. Bobby Gould guided Wimbledon to a shock victory over Liverpool in the FA Cup final. Ray Harford earned Luton Town the first major trophy of their history by guiding them to victory over Arsenal in the League Cup final. Graham Taylor's first season at Aston Villa ended in promotion to the First Division at the expense of his old club Watford. John Docherty brought First Division football to Millwall for the first time in their history. Bruce Rioch took Middlesbrough to the First Division just two years after financial problems almost put the club out of business. Denis Smith began Sunderland's revival by guiding them to the Third Division title. Graham Turner guided Wolverhampton Wanderers to Fourth Division title glory which made them the first club to win all four divisions of the Football League. Phil Neal ensured that Bolton Wanderers bounced back quickly from their recent sharp decline by taking them to runners-up spot in the Fourth Division. Famous debutants 26 September 1987: Rod Wallace, 17-year-old striker, makes his debut for Southampton as a substitute in the First Division 2–1 defeat by Newcastle United at St James' Park. 7 November 1987: Michael O'Neill, 18-year-old Northern Irish striker and A-Level student, makes his debut for Newcastle United in 4–0 defeat by Luton Town in the First Division at Kenilworth Road. 26 March 1988: Alan Shearer, 17-year-old striker, makes his debut for Southampton scoring a hat trick v Arsenal. 7 May 1988: Kevin Campbell, 18-year-old striker, makes his debut for Arsenal in 2–1 win over Everton in First Division at Goodison Park. 9 May 1988: Lee Martin, 20-year-old defender, makes his debut for Manchester United in 2–1 First Division win over Wimbledon at Old Trafford. Retirements January 1988: Mark Lawrenson, 30-year-old Liverpool and Republic of Ireland defender, retires from playing due an Achilles injury. May 1988: Craig Johnston, 27-year-old Liverpool midfielder, retires from playing to care for his seriously ill sister in Australia. Deaths 18 September 1987: Fred Chadwick, 74, was top scorer for Ipswich Town in their first season as a Football League team (1938–39). Manchester-born Chadwick also played for Newport County and Bristol Rovers as a centre-forward. 16 October 1987: Lady Blanche Cobbold, 89, served Ipswich Town as the only female vice president of a Football League club, of which her son Patrick was chairman. She was widowed in World War II and regularly attended the club's matches for nearly 50 years until 1985. 19 October 1987: Ernie Toseland, 82, played 368 league games as an outside-right for Manchester City between 1928 and 1938, scoring 61 goals and winning a league title and FA Cup. After leaving Maine Road he signed for Sheffield Wednesday, but his playing career was cut short by the outbreak of war the following year. 23 October 1987: Jimmy Mullen, 64, spent his entire playing career at Wolverhampton Wanderers, winning three league titles and an FA Cup between his debut in 1937 and retirement in 1960. Tyneside-born Mullen, who played as a winger, scored 98 goals in 445 league games for Wolves, and was also capped 12 times at senior level for England, scoring six goals. 1 November 1987: Tom Parker, 89, won a solitary England cap in 1925 and played more than 500 league games in a professional career which stretched from 1919 to 1933 and was divided with seven years each at Southampton and then Arsenal. He later managed Norwich City (twice) and Southampton. He later returned to Southampton as a scout, holding the position of chief scout until he retired in his 78th year. 7 January 1988: Arthur Atkins, 62, played 97 league games for Birmingham City between 1948 and 1954 before completing his career with 16 games in two seasons at Shrewsbury Town. 21 January 1988: George Kidd, 78, who was born in Dundee, Scotland, made 134 league appearances as a forward for Charlton Athletic, Gillingham and Luton Town between 1931 and 1936. 27 January 1988: Cyril Bridge, 78, played 155 league games at left-back for Bristol City in the 1930s. 28 February 1988: Norman Brunskill, 75, played 237 league games at wing-half for Oldham Athletic, Birmingham City and Barnsley between 1932 and 1947. 4 March 1988: Bobby Etheridge, 52, played 259 league games and scored 42 goals as a wing-half for Bristol City between 1956 and 1964. 13 March 1988: Ray Warren, 69, spent his entire 20-year playing career at Bristol Rovers, making 450 appearances for the West Country club between 1936 and 1956, scoring 28 goals from defence. 1 April 1988: Tom Williamson, 87, who was born in Scotland and died in Norwich, played 253 times in the English league for Blackburn Rovers, Stoke City and Norwich City between 1922 and 1933. 13 April 1988: Martin McDonnell, 63, played 412 league games between 1946 and 1960 for Everton, Southport, Birmingham City, Coventry City, Derby County and Crewe Alexandra. 13 May 1988: Elfed Evans, 61, played 122 league games as a forward for Cardiff City, Torquay United, West Bromwich, Wrexham and Southport between 1949 and 1957. 24 July 1988: John Harris, 71, played 326 league games in defence for Chelsea between 1946 and 1956, including their league title triumph in 1955. He then became manager of Chester, before managing Sheffield United, taking the South Yorkshire club to promotion to the First Division in 1971 and remaining in charge for another two years, preserving their status among the elite. After retiring from football, he worked as a lay preacher. References