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http://teachers.egfi-k12.org/category/lessons/ | 2013-05-18T11:23:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382360/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00036-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.939327 | 590 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__201166470 | en | Kids love exploring the world around them, and Earth Day offers a great way to introduce them to environmental science and engineering. The following sampler includes activities, lessons, and resources that promote green engineering and science learning.
In this activity, teams of students in grades 5 to 7 learn about environmental, civil, and sanitation engineering by designing and building model landfills that hold the most garbage, minimize costs, and prevent trash and contaminated “rainwater” from polluting the nearby “city.” Teams test their landfills, and graph and compare designs for capacity, cost, and performance.
In this activity, students in grades 5 to 12 learn about accuracy, precision, and simple machines by working in teams to design and build a robotic basketball “player” that can nail a free-throw shot three times in a row.
Tags: accuracy, basketball, biomechanical engineering, biomechanics, catapult, Class Activities, Engineering, lever, Mathematics, percentages, Physics, precision, projectile, Robotics, simple machines, Sports Engineering, statistics
In this activity, teams of students in grades 6 to 8 will learn about the engineering design process and how a one-way valve works by creating heart valves from tape, plastic tubing, and other materials.
Students in grades 1 to 6 follow the engineering design process to build and test a catapult that launches projectiles, such as marshmallow “pumpkins.” They then make changes to improve their launcher’s aim and distance it can hurl the projectile.
Students in grades 3 – 12 explore how the development of seismographs has helped save lives worldwide by working in teams to design their own seismograph from everyday items, test its ability to record a simulated classroom earthquake, evaluate their results, and report to the class.
In this lesson, students in grades 8 to 10 experience civil and environmental engineering by planning a housing development while also protecting the native species that live there. They conduct research, draw plans, make brochures, and give presentations, with each four-member team having a project manager, civil engineer, environmental engineer, and graphic designer.
In this activity, teams of middle school students explore the engineering design process and materials used to package food by designing and testing a package for a snack. The goal is for students to understand the basic engineering involved in designing food packaging.
In this service-learning activity, teams of students in grades 10-12 learn the basic principles of fluid dynamics by designing and testing a prototype system to pipe water from a storage tank to a Tippy Tap hand-washing station similar to inexpensive homemade devices used extensively in the developing world.
Tags: Agricultural Engineering, Bernoulli, Class Activities, developing nation, energy conservation, Environmental Engineering, fluid dynamics, Grades 9-12, Lesson Plan, pipe systems, pipes, pressure, sanitation, service learning, velocity, Water | physics |
https://codemash.org/session-details/?id=537155 | 2023-11-30T13:59:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100227.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130130218-20231130160218-00454.warc.gz | 0.943615 | 109 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__13711867 | en | Presented by: Andrew Potozniak
What does it take to build a structure that can withstand a simulated earthquake with common house-hold items? During this session, kids will use their creativity and problem-solving skills to build structures to see how severe of an earthquake they can withstand on a shake-table. Kids will investigate and discuss what designs survived the shake-table the longest and why. Then they will revise their designs with the goal of building more resilient structures. Will you engineer the best structure to withstand an earthquake? | physics |
http://vo3.dtalj.com.cn/en/products/flow-measurement/default.htm | 2020-05-27T11:28:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347394074.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527110649-20200527140649-00402.warc.gz | 0.904434 | 220 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__76455313 | en | |Variable Area Flowmeters|
|Differential pressure flowmeter|
KROHNE has unique expertise when it comes to flow measurement. And we don’t just demonstrate our ability with standard applications but also with applications that are demanding, requiring custom solutions. For us, customer orientation starts as early as research and development.
Many of our products which are considered today’s industrial standards, were developed in cooperation with our customers. Today, users around the world benefit from KROHNE innovation: Electromagnetic flowmeters with ceramic liners for highly corrosive media in chlorine chemistry. Mass flowmeters with just one straight tube – ideal for highly viscous media and low flow speeds. Ultrasonic flowmeters for custody transfer, working according to the time-offlight method. Vortex measuring devices with integrated pressure and temperature compensation. And variable area flowmeters: they established KROHNE’s business in 1921, today we can’t imagine KROHNE without them, if a local display is to ensure the redundancy and the certainty of the system. | physics |
https://septian.wordpress.com/2010/05/16/state-of-the-union-01-adios/ | 2018-04-24T14:34:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946721.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424135408-20180424155408-00302.warc.gz | 0.975968 | 145 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__123562775 | en | Last Friday we had our weekly group meeting at NCC. After we finished our meeting, my boss asked me whether I was overwhelmed with work and that I needed some rest. Well, I had planned to ask for one-week break, actually, so it was like a match made in heaven (seriously, I admire my boss). So I’ll be in Jakarta for one week, starting from tomorrow. For now, the papers, the data, and the report must wait. Hopefully I’ll be refreshed and be able to continue my works full steam ahead (my youngest sister will be having her final exams next week, so, yeah, helping her in high school physics and chemistry would be refreshing). | physics |
http://www.ryanwyatt.net/Ideas/Planetarium/soter_planetDefinition.html | 2017-11-22T21:46:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806676.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122213945-20171122233945-00333.warc.gz | 0.927322 | 761 | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__216583194 | en | Last modified: 30 September 2006
I rant about people defending Pluto’s planethood elsewhere on this site, but I’d like to address one of the flaws of the new definiton…
In “Definition of a Planet in the Solar System” (Resolution 5 of the XXVIth General Assembly), the International Astronomical Union (IAU) resolved that: “A planet is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.”
Obviuosly, the weak part of this definition is (c), with the highly unsatisfying phrase, “cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.” I don’t see this as a fatal flaw, however, and there’s already a reasonable proposal to fix it. In what follows, I’m basically just re-iterating arguments presented by Steve Soter, whose Steve “What Is a Planet?” article describes things in much greater detail.
In the simplest argument, Soter defines a quantity μ to be the ratio of the mass of the object to the aggregate mass of all the other bodies that share its orbital zone. (For you sticklers out there, “two bodies share an orbital zone if their orbits cross a common radial distance from the primary, and their non-resonant periods differ by less than an order of magnitude.”) What’s nice about μ is that solar system objects neatly divide into “planets” (with values of mu between 5,000 and 2,000,000) and “dwarf planets” (with values less than one). I reproduce his Figure 3 below:
Note the neat dividing line between “planets” and “dwarf planets.” (And this is in logarithmic space, so the differences are huge!)
A more complicated argument relies on a quantity Λ defined by Stern and Levison 2002 (“Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes” in IAU Highlights of Astronomy 12, pp. 205-213):
Λ = kM2/P
Where M represents the scattering object’s mass and P its orbital period; k is “approximately constant.” Basically, Λ represents the time it will take for stuff to scatter out of an object’s orbit compared to the age of the Universe (to complicate things a bit, Λ is proportional to the latter quantity and inversely proportional to the former). Basically, an object with Λ > 1 will have scattered most stuff out of its orbit. Now check out Figure 1 from Soter’s paper:
The separation between the “planets” and “dwarf planets” remains significant and easy to distinguish. (And again, this is in logarithmic space.)
If nothing else, Soter’s paper shows that one can define planet rigorously and quantitatively, and thus, it seems reasonable to believe that at IAU definition can be fixed. Critics claim that this is a dynamicist’s approach, but since “planets” started out as “wanderers” in the night sky, doesn’t a dynamical definition make sense?
Email Ryan if you have any questions, comments, concerns, or gripes about this page.
Home · Facts · Ideas · Opinions · Artwork | physics |
http://andrewseybold.com/static/public/commentary/commentary195.html | 2023-12-07T13:06:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100674.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207121942-20231207151942-00188.warc.gz | 0.97564 | 2,048 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__275798934 | en | Radio in Space and Interference IssuesTuesday, August 19, 2008
On August 19, 2008, at exactly 8:35 am Pacific Daylight Time, on the roof of one of the physics buildings at UC Santa Barbara, a group of ham radio operators and a Boy Scout troop from the area made a radio call into space. This call was answered by Dr. Gregory Chamitoff PhD (KD5PKZ) who is one of the astronauts currently stationed on the International Space Station (ISS). The radio session lasted for ten minutes, which is as long as the ISS was passing over the Santa Barbara area. Many of the space station astronauts, as well as space shuttle astronauts, have been ham radio operators and they spend time talking from their ships in space to schools and Scout troops across the United States.
The most amazing thing about this type of contact is that it is being accomplished with off-the-shelf ham radio equipment operating in the 2M (144 MHz) band. That is not to say that the system is not sophisticated, it is made up of a PC with an orbit prediction program and tracking interface that controls a rotor which, in turn, controls the azimuth and elevation of the antenna so it precisely tracks the path of the ISS. The transmit power necessary to make this happen is about 150 Watts. All of the equipment was been placed on the roof of the building and tested ahead of time to make sure it was working properly. There was also a back-up station that uses a smaller antenna in case there was a problem with the main system.
The Scouts were able to ask questions of the astronaut with the licensed amateur radio operators handling the actual transmissions. This was a great opportunity for the Scouts to find out about what amateur radio can do, and both the evening before and right after the contact, the amateur radio operators of the Santa Barbara Amateur Radio Club were working with the Scouts so they can qualify for their radio merit badges. The contact was videotaped and was streamed live (before this Commentary was published) but it will also be available online at N6KTH.com after the event for anyone who might want to listen in.
In addition to the ISS communications, the amateur radio community has several orbiting satellites and uses them to communicate with others around the world. There are also a number of hams who routinely bounce radio signals off the moon and the signals are reflected back to another part of the world. All of this is done without any public funds or assistance, it is self funded by the ham radio community.
I am sure this was a thrilling once-in-a-lifetime experience for the Scouts, and for the hams on the ground as well. I was following the progress while the club was putting this all together and started thinking about the fact that, like the true radio technicians, the amateur radio community is aging and neither of these groups is attracting many young people who are interested in the inner workings of radio systems or learning to design systems, repair them and troubleshoot them when there is a need.
Hopefully, this type of activity will interest one or two Scouts in communications and they will enter the field in one capacity or another. I still work on two-way amateur repeater systems and we have a system that runs from San Diego up to Sacramento. It is made up of a series of high mountaintop radios that are all tied together with radio links, and I often talk to hams who are mobile in San Diego or San Jose or elsewhere when I am sitting in my office with a handheld radio not much bigger than a cell phone.
Today, with cellular service and the Internet, this does not seem like such a big deal, but putting this system together and having it sound as though the person you are talking to is simply across the room is still something that challenges our engineering skills and ability to design systems that work over such distances. In times past, amateur radio operators have contributed greatly to the advancement of commercial communications technologies.
Another thought I had concerned the issue of interoperability for first responders. One of the solutions many communities use are amateur radio volunteers who are called out during a major incident and who set up ham radio stations to move traffic from one location to another. Since they set up their systems to work on the same channel, they are effective, and while most of the traffic they handle is fairly routine in nature to free up emergency channels for priority traffic, there have been times when hams have been able to help coordinate activities quickly because they were all on one channel and could relay the communications to the command personnel quickly. In some areas such as Santa Barbara, the local first responder community welcomes the assistance of the ham radio community and helps train them for on-the-scene emergency situations. Yet in other parts of the country, the ham community is considered to be a bunch of people who only want to play with their radios and don’t contribute.
In any event, it is great to see what is happening with the space station and the Boy Scouts and to see the ham radio club working with the Scouts to help them earn another merit badge. We need more young people in the wireless communications industry—people who are trained how to use their heads, figure out radio problems and find solutions. As we become more wireless, and as wireless proliferates into every aspect of our lives, the chances of interference or poor performance for a number of other reasons will challenge even the best-trained minds.
I have related the story before about the tower I have outside of San Jose and the fact that we had a customer who complained about a bad interference problem that was blocking its receiver on a fairly regular basis. We spent several days at the site with all of our test equipment, spectrum analyzers and the like, trying to find the problem. The only way to find the source of these types of interference is to be methodical and to go over each variable several times. After a few days, we finally traced the source to a rusted bolt on one of the towers. It was acting as a mixer for two of the transmitters on the site and when they both were on the air the bolt generated a third frequency, which was on the customer’s receive channel. Cleaning the rust off the bolt solved the problem.
Today’s cellular systems are on the air 24/7 making some of these problems even harder to find, and some of the networks change the frequencies used at a given site from time to time making troubleshooting problems of interference even more difficult. It is possible to have a legal transmitter that still causes interference to another system because of the proximity to that system. This is one of the reasons T-Mobile has filed comments regarding the AWS 2 and 3 Spectrum. It understands that there could, in fact, be some interference created that would degrade the T-Mobile system.
The same is true for the TV White Space debate. Today, there are two-way radio systems that make use of the white space between TV transmitters in various cities, but they are licensed by the FCC as are the TV stations. Thus, if there are interference problems, both parties know who the other party is and they can work together on resolving the problems.
The most classic case of interference is the reason that Nextel (Sprint) is paying to reband the 800-MHz spectrum. The problem resulted in the way in which Nextel made use of the spectrum. Originally, all of the licensed users of that band had single or trunked radio systems using high-level sites and fairly high-powered mobile units. When Nextel began converting these high-level systems into a low-level cellular-type network, the others users on adjacent channels were being interfered with when they were near a Nextel cell site. Many of these licensees were first responders, since the Nextel, business and first responder channels were intermingled on the same band.
The issue was becoming life threatening to the first responders and a compromise was worked out that would shift all of the Nextel channels into one portion of the band and the first responders into another. But Nextel was interfering with some of the 850-MHz cell sites as well and the companies that owned those sites had to spend a lot of money buying devices to help minimize the problems.
Interference is only going to get worse. Many of the muni-Wi-Fi systems were brought to their knees because of the number of private access points they had to contend with. In Anaheim, the cable company sent out cable modems that were also wireless access points and even if they were not in use, they were hardwired to a single channel (6) and put out a beacon every once in a while that created havoc on the EarthLink muni-Wi-Fi system.
As we move forward, we will experience several types of interference. The first is from other licensed and unlicensed operators on adjacent channels, and the second is from devices on the same network. As we add more macro, pico, nano and femto cells, there will be more and more issues at cell edges and with hand-offs. If a femto cell is inside a house and does not see the wide-area network, there will not be a problem. However, if the femto cell does see the wide-area network, the edge-of-cell issues will be exacerbated. 3G CDMA systems tend to reuse the same carrier channels while GSM, which is channelized, can assign different channels to different cell sites.
We will need more people who understand the nuances of interference and how to solve the problems that are going to become more prevalent as we continue to add more systems to our spectrum. I hope the hams who have provided so much expertise in the world of radio can attract more younger people who want to learn about wireless, which is part physics and part black magic. The communications with the space station is one way to help younger people become excited about the world of wireless and what it is all about.
Andrew M. Seybold | physics |
http://www.drinkstrade.com.au/157?Article=mumm-creates-champagne-designed-to-be-drunk-in-space | 2019-01-22T05:49:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583829665.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122054634-20190122080634-00087.warc.gz | 0.921358 | 590 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__83007367 | en | Mumm creates Champagne for space travellers
Maison Mumm is preparing to officially launch Mumm Grand Cordon Stellar: an innovation that allows astronauts and other space travellers to enjoy champagne in zero gravity.
The product is the result of a three-year partnership with Spade, an agency specialised in space design.
Spade founder Octave de Gaulle explained: "For the last 40 years, space travel has been shaped by engineers rather than designers. Instead of seeing zero gravity as a problem to be solved, we look at it as a design possibility.
"The big design challenge for Mumm Grand Cordon Stellar was actually getting the liquid out of the bottle."
The high-tech bottle design uses the champagne's gas to expel the liquid into a ring-shaped frame, where it is concentrated into a droplet of bubbles. It can then be passed to someone and released into the air, where it floats until gathered up in a specially designed glass.
"By rising to this new challenge, Mumm defies gravity and once again pushes the limits of innovation," said Louis de Fautereau, Global Brand Director of Mumm. "This revolutionary bottle illustrates the Maison's status as an icon of the avant-garde."
The company notes that the unique conditions of zero gravity mean Mumm Grand Cordon takes on new and unsuspected taste characteristics too. The sensations begin as soon as the wine leaves the bottle, appearing as an effervescent ball of foam. The novelty continues when the champagne enters the mouth, where the foam transforms itself into a liquid.
"It's a very surprising feeling," explained Mumm's Cellar Master Didier Mariotti. "Because of zero gravity, the liquid instantly coats the entire inside of the mouth, magnifying the taste sensations. There's less fizziness and more roundness and generosity, enabling the wine to express itself fully."
Mumm's iconic new glass design is part of the Mumm Grand Cordon Stellar experience. It features a tapering stem - adorned with a red sash in homage to Mumm Grand Cordon - crowned by a slightly concave cup five centimeters in diameter. Surface tension makes the floating droplet adhere to the glass, allowing it to be raised to the lips. The design also enables glasses to be clinked together in a toast, a vital part of recreating the familiar champagne ritual in far-off corners of space.
For Maison Mumm, this was a key factor in bringing Mumm Grand Cordon Stellar into being. In the context of nascent space tourism and future expeditions to Mars, creating ways to help astronauts feel more human has become a vital priority.
Mumm Grand Cordon Stellar will soon be served to participants in the zero gravity flights organized by Air Zero G, while discussions are in progress to supply it to future space missions and commercial space flights. | physics |
https://www.borishaeussler.space/megamorph | 2023-11-30T06:43:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00335.warc.gz | 0.923698 | 2,711 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__100590526 | en | MegaMorph - Short version
The MegaMorph (Measuring Galaxy Morphology) project has developed novel approaches to aid the decomposition of galaxy images into their constituent physical components.
MegaMorph is based on Galfit and Galapagos, two well established pieces of software. Both codes, however, have been changed in order to facilitate multi-wavelength data simultaneously, enabling the fitting of fainter galaxies in a physically meaningful way. The effect of this are two-fold:
1) It allows to reliably fit galaxy light profiles both more accurately, more physically meaningful and for more galaxies than other current software, due to less catastrophic failures due to low signal-to-noise imaging. We have developed and tested the software mainly on GAMA data, but have successfully run it on multiple other datasets. It seems to work great and it will help to understand galaxy evolution better than anyone previously had.
2) As colour information is 'used' by the software, it allows more accurate separation of different galaxy components (e.g. generally blue disks from generally red bulges).
We provide public codes for Bulge-Disk-Decomposition of large numbers of galaxies. Many science questions are waiting to be answered.
The Team& Funding
The MegaMorph team mainly consists of myself, Steven Bamford (both Nottingham at the time), Marina Vika and Alex Rojas (both at Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar then). Over time, we have gathered valuable ‘associates’ that had big influence on our work, e.g. Marco Barden (the author of original Galapagos), Lee Kelvin (the author of SIGMA, a similar pipeline used in GAMA), Chien Peng (the author of the original Galfit), Benedetta Vulcani, Rebecca Kennedy and others. (Most of these on a cheesy photo on the right)
MegaMorph also has strong links with the GAMA project.
The project was primarily funded by a grant from the Qatar National Research Foundation, which provided two postdocs dedicated to tackling the problem, one at Nottingham and another at CMU-Q. Steven Bamford is supported by an STFC Advanced Fellowship. We have also received some funding from Amazon Web Services.
Image from DSS
The Problem & Idea
It is becoming clear that the striking difference between ellipticals and spiral galaxies is actually a result of variation in the relative prominence of their more fundamental spheroid and disk components. Our understanding of galaxies would therefore be greatly improved by considering these physical components separately. However, measuring the properties of the individual components within a galaxy is considerably more difficult than measuring its overall properties as done by profile fitting codes in their previous versions.
Previous fitting routines only used a small fraction of the available data (e.g. one band of a multi-band survey). Several independent fits on each band do not overcome this problem, simultaneous usage of all band and multi-component fitting is required. More, current 1-band-1-component fitting result are dependent on the chosen wavelength for the fit (as can be imagined from the upper figure on the left) due to the mixing of the light of 2 separate galaxy components with different colours and which dominate different regions of the galaxy image, e.g. a red bulge in the center and a blue disk in the outskirts (clearly visible in the lower image). The choice of different bands leads to different measured properties, and, ultimately, different conclusions.
Reliable Bulge-Disk-decomposition on one-band data, as carried out by several groups, is challenging because of parameter degeneracies and multiple minima in likelihood space. Additional colour information could eliminate some of these minima and make the fit more stable and physically meaningful, e.g. by effectively allowing the code to fit a red stellar population in the red bands and extrapolating to blue bands and vice versa (although this is not what our code actually does in practice).
The MegaMorph project was tackling this problem by utilizing the full set of multi-colour information available for each galaxy and so potentially is able to separate different stellar populations within a galaxy and derive physically-meaningful structural parameters.
The starting point
We use both Galapagos (Galaxy Analysis Large Areas: Parameter Assessment by Galfiting Objects from SExtractor; Barden et al, 2012) and Galfit3 (Peng et al., 2010), two pieces of established and well tested software, which we adapted to perform robust, physically meaningful galaxy bulge-disk decompositions using data from many wavelength bands simultaneously, while retaining backwards compatibility wherever possible.
Galapagos (Barden et al. 2011), is a wrapping script which, after an initial setup by the user, runs the entire fitting process without further user interaction:
Galapagos applies SExtractor (Bertin & Arnouts 1996) for object detection.
Using an intelligent method, Galapagos automatically decides which neighbouring galaxies have to be fit simultaneously and which neighbours can be masked out. It automatically creates mask images used by Galfit in the fitting process.
Dealing with galaxies in order of decreasing brightness, Galapagos:
writes out a Galfit start file & runs Galfit
reads in the fitting result and uses this for deblending purposes in the further process of the code
Both Galapagos and Galfit have been thoroughly tested by several independent groups (including myself). We carried out extensive tests of Galapagos ourselves, using both real and simulated data. We find that Galapagos in general returns very good results except for a small systematic offset that can be seen for the faintest galaxies with very high Sérsic indices that are most sensitive to uncertainties in the sky estimation. We were able to show the independence of galaxy parameters from both distance and magnitude of neighbouring objects as measured in simulated data. Whereas other fitting methods are sensitive to neighbours, Galapagos and Galfit are not.
Carnegie-Mellon-University in Doha, Qatar
What we did - Single Sérsic fits
The MegaMorph project has added many additional features to Galfit and Galapagos. We have:
adapted both Galfit and Galapagos to be able to use multi-wavelength data simultaneously.
tested these new versions on both simulated data (following Haeussler et al., 2007), real survey data (GAMA, Driver et al., 2011), and artificially redshifted real galaxies (using Ferengi).
sped up the code in critical places and nearly halved the CPU time needed to run on real data.
have importantly enabled Galapagos to use variable PSFs, depending on objects position. This is important for ground-based and large-scale surveys.
added a selected target list to the code in order to save fitting time if a user is only interested in a subset of the objects in the FOV.
We have successfully run the codes on one region of the GAMA survey with several 10s of thousands of galaxies observed in 9 bands. 3 of the fits are shown on the left. In this run, only the magnitude varies (with complete freedom) from band to band, the other parameters are constrained to some sensible/physical polynomial. As one can see, the fitting magnitudes (red triangels in the left column) are in better agreement with photometric data (blue squares and stars) than single-band fits (yellow crosses), and the galaxy sizes recovered in each band provide a much smoother and more sensible variation than single-band values (white line vs yellow crosses in the right column). The degree of the polynomial used is user specified, the code offers full flexibility on each parameter individually. In fact, we usually run the fitting process with size and Sérsic index being polynomials of second order as a function of wavelength. These results have been published in Häußler et al. (2013, MNRAS, 430, 330) and have been used in Vulcani et al. (2014, MNRAS, 441, 1340) and Kennedy et al. (2015, MNRAS, 454, 806). The multi-wavelength Galfit version will be presented in Bamford et al. (in prep).
As a different approach (Vika et al., 2012, MNRAS, 435, 623), we have successfully redshifted a sample of ~160 local galaxies to redshifts out to z=0.25 and have fit all these images with both the original and the multi-wavelength version of Galfit in order to understand observational biases introduced by reduced image resolution and cosmological dimming at higher redshifts on measured galay properties in real data.
What we did - 2-component fits
We have further introduced a second fitting component, effectively moving from single Sérsic profile fitting to full Bulge-Disk-Decomposition. We find that multi-wavelength data and fitting is able to overcome many of the degeneracy problems that current, 1-band, B/D compositions have, due to its power of using the full colour information of a galaxy image on a pixel to pixel basis. In the future, an accurate best-model-selection has to be implemented and employed to automatically choose which fit resembles the galaxies profile more accurately. This is work in progress.
We are currently writing up the results from Bulge-Disk fitting and can show that the multi-band codes can separate two different galaxy components better than single-band approaches (Haeussler, 2016, in prep). The results of the tests will be published in an upcoming paper, but have already been used in Kennedy et al. (submitted). On the artificially redshifted sample, we have already shown that the multi-band fitting significantly improves accuracy and stability of Bulge-Disk decompositions (Vika et al., 2014, MNRAS, 444, 3603).
To control the computational intensity of the task, we have tried to use efficient algorithms and tools to optimally use the full CPU available. We are still trying to speed up the actual code in places, and have adapted it to work on high-performance computer facilities (at least in parts) either on local HPC machines available to the user or e.g. Amazon Web Services.
Testing has been done and demonstration papers have been or will soon be published. We have published the codes and we invite everyone to use them on their dataset with their own setups.
Bonus: Non-Parametric Components and MCMC
Galaxies are complex structures and, beyond the general distinction between spheroids and disks, they display a range of higher level features that make it difficult for computational methods to extract meaningful information. To overcome this problem, we have introduced non-parametric components into the fit to account for the rich variety of galaxy features which ‘distract’ conventional model-fitting methods.
Finally, we have made it possible to fully sample the parameters’ posterior probability space with the aims of (a) assuring the robustness of the approach, (b) quantifying parameter confidence intervals and degeneracies, and (c) performing reliable model selection. For this, we have used a MCMC/MultiNest approach.
Newest development: Running on IFU data
Finally, we have recently developed a way to run this method on IFU data (Johnston et al, 2017). One can see IFU data as a spectrum at each position, or as a series of many many images of the same objects at different wavelengths, the latter one being exactly what GalfitM needs. Due to CPU time constraints, it is impossible to run GalfitM on the IFU data directly, it would simply take too long. Evelyn Johnston has developed a way to make this idea work nontheless. The method works very well and will be published soon (code, too, once it has a name) for everyone to use on their own data.
From tests and comparison with other analyses, this method works very well and enables the separation of the spectra of a galaxy's disk and bulge, making an independent analysis of their chemical abundances, stellar population ages, metallicities, etc. feasible. The code still takes quite a long time per galaxy to cover the full wavelength range, so it would need another wrapper script to fully automate it on large samples of galaxies, but on an individual bases, the separation works very well. The top plot on the right shows the brightness of a galaxy in black, the decomposed bulge and disc spectra in red and blue respectively, and purple is the combination of the 2. From these spectra, it is possible to derive ages and metallicities of the bulge and disk (lower left plot, bulge in red, disk in blue). The right plot shows the radial trend as derived on the smooth and noiseless bulge and disk models. A comparison with a pixel-by-pixel analysis (lower middle plot) shows the same radial trend, but with much higher noise levels. | physics |
https://clarknow.clarku.edu/2013/12/03/clark-university-scientists-report-first-satellite-based-quantifications-of-antarctic-ice-sheet-surface-melt/ | 2023-12-01T19:22:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100304.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201183432-20231201213432-00312.warc.gz | 0.915554 | 786 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__204286322 | en | For the first time, scientists are able to use satellite observations to quantify the amount of melt occurring across the surface of the Antarctic ice sheet, according to a paper recently published in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. Clark University Ph.D. student (and NASA Earth and Space Science Fellow) Luke D. Trusel, of the Graduate School of Geography, is the paper’s lead author.
In “Satellite-based estimates of Antarctic surface meltwater fluxes” (funded by NASA’s Cryospheric Sciences Program), Trusel and co-authors – including Karen E. Frey, associate professor of geography at Clark – report on novel research results that hold important implications in understanding the strength and variability of melt across the Antarctic ice sheet, its drivers, and its resulting consequences. In particular, the new satellite observations highlight important cryosphere-climate interactions and processes leading to melt on the Antarctic Peninsula, a climatically sensitive region recently characterized by significant warming and large-scale ice shelf collapses.
For the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula, our new satellite results document persistent and intense melting that is among the highest melting occurring in Antarctica today,” Trusel writes. “These observations contribute to a growing understanding of the importance of föhn winds in this region, which flow downslope from the nearby Antarctic Peninsula mountains. We are able to quantify the resulting intense melt and find that the pattern of melt observed on Larsen C nearly mirrors observations of thinning, while also suggesting that existing melt ponds and streams on this ice shelf are likely to spread.”
“Continued monitoring of atmospheric, oceanic, and glaciological conditions across these ice shelves is imperative to assessing their future stability, and ultimately Antarctic contributions to sea level,” Trusel stresses.
Today, most Antarctic surface melt refreezes in place and thus does not directly add to rising sea level, according to the report. However, surface melting on Antarctic ice shelves (the floating, marine portions of the continental ice sheet) has been linked to multiple ice shelf collapses on the Antarctic Peninsula over the last several decades.
A notable example is the disintegration of the Larsen B ice shelf in 2002, where the Rhode Island-sized ice shelf broke up and capsized into the ocean over the course of several weeks. The establishment and drainage of meltwater ponds on the surface of this ice shelf is thought to have played an integral role its ultimate demise. Importantly, this event reduced back-stresses on the glaciers once flowing into the ice shelf and resulted in their pronounced acceleration and direct contribution to sea level rise. In addition to its role in ice shelf stability via melt ponds, surface melt observations offer an important record of climate and atmospheric variability across Antarctica, the authors note.
Recent studies have shown that atmospheric warming and associated melt may be resulting in changes to outlet glaciers in Antarctica. Furthermore, as the surrounding ocean also impacts Antarctica, it is necessary to quantify surface melt in order to decipher the relative influence of oceanic versus atmospheric factors in driving observed changes such as ice shelf thinning and outlet glacier change.
Along with Trusel and Frey, co-authors of “Satellite-based estimates of Antarctic surface meltwater fluxes” include: Sarah B. Das, associate scientist of geology and geophysics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Peter Kuipers Munneke, research scientist in the Ice and Climate research group at the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University; and Michiel R. van den Broeke, professor of polar meteorology at Utrecht University.
Related articles: Geographer Karen Frey receives Arctic science research grants Ph.D. student completes Antarctic research; passes Clark Mountains Clark scientist to lead NASA research on sea ice in Arctic | physics |
https://nsaidslist.com/applied-physics-a/ | 2024-04-17T08:44:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817146.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417075330-20240417105330-00038.warc.gz | 0.894826 | 1,400 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__92901869 | en | Table of Contents
- Applied Physics: Exploring the Practical Applications of Physics
- The Significance of Applied Physics
- Applications of Applied Physics
- 1. Electronics and Semiconductors
- 2. Renewable Energy
- 3. Medical Imaging
- 4. Materials Science
- 5. Quantum Computing
- 1. What is the difference between theoretical physics and applied physics?
- 2. How does applied physics contribute to technological advancements?
- 3. What are some examples of applied physics in everyday life?
- 4. How does applied physics contribute to renewable energy?
- 5. What is the future of applied physics?
Physics, often considered the fundamental science, is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions. While theoretical physics delves into the fundamental laws and principles governing the universe, applied physics focuses on the practical applications of these principles in various fields. Applied physics plays a crucial role in advancing technology, improving our understanding of the natural world, and solving real-world problems. In this article, we will explore the fascinating world of applied physics, its significance, and some notable examples of its applications.
The Significance of Applied Physics
Applied physics bridges the gap between theoretical physics and engineering, bringing scientific knowledge into practical use. It involves the application of physical principles to develop new technologies, improve existing systems, and solve complex problems. The significance of applied physics can be seen in various aspects of our daily lives:
- Technological Advancements: Applied physics has been instrumental in driving technological advancements across various industries. From the development of semiconductors and lasers to the creation of advanced medical imaging techniques, applied physics has revolutionized the way we live and work.
- Energy Solutions: The quest for sustainable and efficient energy sources heavily relies on applied physics. Researchers and engineers use principles of thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics to develop renewable energy technologies, such as solar cells and wind turbines.
- Medical Innovations: Applied physics plays a crucial role in medical diagnostics, imaging, and treatment. Techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and laser surgery are all based on the principles of physics.
- Transportation and Communication: The development of advanced transportation systems, such as high-speed trains and electric vehicles, relies on applied physics. Similarly, the field of telecommunications heavily relies on the principles of electromagnetism and optics.
Applications of Applied Physics
Applied physics finds applications in a wide range of fields, contributing to advancements and innovations. Let’s explore some notable examples:
1. Electronics and Semiconductors
Applied physics has been instrumental in the development of modern electronics and semiconductors. The miniaturization of electronic components, such as transistors, has led to the exponential growth of computing power. The principles of quantum mechanics and solid-state physics are applied to design and fabricate integrated circuits, enabling the creation of powerful computers, smartphones, and other electronic devices.
2. Renewable Energy
Applied physics plays a crucial role in the development of renewable energy technologies. Solar cells, for example, convert sunlight into electricity using the principles of photovoltaics. Wind turbines harness the kinetic energy of wind to generate electricity. Applied physics helps optimize the efficiency of these technologies and improve their cost-effectiveness, paving the way for a sustainable energy future.
3. Medical Imaging
Medical imaging techniques, such as X-rays, MRI, and ultrasound, rely on the principles of applied physics. X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to create images of bones and tissues, aiding in the diagnosis of fractures and diseases. MRI utilizes strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of internal body structures. Ultrasound imaging uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize organs and tissues. These techniques have revolutionized medical diagnostics, enabling early detection and accurate diagnosis of various conditions.
4. Materials Science
Applied physics plays a crucial role in materials science, which involves the study of the properties and behavior of different materials. By understanding the underlying physics, scientists and engineers can develop new materials with enhanced properties for various applications. For example, the development of superconducting materials with zero electrical resistance has led to advancements in energy transmission and magnetic resonance imaging.
5. Quantum Computing
Quantum computing, a rapidly evolving field, relies on the principles of quantum mechanics and applied physics. Unlike classical computers that use bits to represent information, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits. These qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing for parallel processing and potentially solving complex problems much faster than classical computers. Applied physics is crucial in developing and understanding the hardware and algorithms required for quantum computing.
1. What is the difference between theoretical physics and applied physics?
Theoretical physics focuses on developing mathematical models and theories to explain the fundamental laws and principles of the universe. It aims to understand the nature of reality at a fundamental level. On the other hand, applied physics involves the practical application of these principles to solve real-world problems and develop new technologies.
2. How does applied physics contribute to technological advancements?
Applied physics drives technological advancements by applying scientific knowledge to develop new technologies, improve existing systems, and solve complex problems. It plays a crucial role in various fields, including electronics, renewable energy, medical diagnostics, transportation, and telecommunications.
3. What are some examples of applied physics in everyday life?
Applied physics is present in numerous aspects of our daily lives. Some examples include the use of GPS navigation systems, the development of energy-efficient lighting, the creation of advanced medical imaging techniques, and the design of high-speed trains.
4. How does applied physics contribute to renewable energy?
Applied physics plays a vital role in the development of renewable energy technologies. It helps optimize the efficiency of solar cells, wind turbines, and other renewable energy systems. By understanding the underlying physics, researchers can improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of these technologies, paving the way for a sustainable energy future.
5. What is the future of applied physics?
The future of applied physics is promising, with numerous exciting developments on the horizon. Quantum computing, nanotechnology, and advanced materials are some areas where applied physics is expected to make significant contributions. As technology continues to advance, applied physics will play a crucial role in shaping our future.
Applied physics bridges the gap between theoretical physics and engineering, bringing scientific knowledge into practical use. It plays a crucial role in driving technological advancements, solving real-world problems, and improving our understanding of the natural world. From electronics and renewable energy to medical imaging and materials science, applied physics finds applications in various fields. By harnessing the principles of physics, researchers and engineers can develop innovative technologies that shape our present and future. | physics |
https://www.mikescarpets.com.au/carpet-flooring-for-soundproofing-and-noise-reduction/ | 2023-12-01T03:18:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201021234-20231201051234-00600.warc.gz | 0.917771 | 4,199 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__81427479 | en | Carpet Flooring For Soundproofing And Noise ReductionAdmin
Importance Of Soundproofing And Noise Reduction in Homes And Buildings:
It’s important to find ways to reduce the amount of noise we’re exposed to daily.
Too much noise can lead to stress, anxiety, and even hearing loss. That’s why more and more people are soundproofing their homes and workplaces.
But what exactly is soundproofing, and how does it work? Let’s take a closer look.
What is Soundproofing?
- Soundproofing is the process of using materials to block out unwanted noise.
- This can be done in a number of ways, but the most common methods involve adding insulation or using sound-dampening materials.
- Soundproofing differs from noise cancellation, which uses electronics to cancel out noise.
- There are many reasons why you should soundproof your home or office. If you live in an occupied city, you should soundproof your bedroom so that you can get a good night’s sleep.
- You may work from home and need to create a quiet space so that you can concentrate on your work.
- Whatever the reason, soundproofing can help reduce the amount of noise you’re exposed to and make your environment more peaceful.
How To Soundproof?
- There are many different ways to soundproof a room, and the best method will depend on the type of room you’re working with and the level of noise reduction you need.
- If you’re in pursuit of a quick and easy solution, adding insulation to your walls is an excellent place to start.
- You can also use sound-dampening materials like rugs, curtains, or furniture covers to help absorb noise.
How Does Carpet Flooring Help Reduce Noise Transmission And Improve Acoustics?
When most people think of carpets, they think of comfort and style, and they don’t necessarily think of how carpets can improve the acoustics of a room and reduce noise transmission.
But it’s true! In addition to being cosy and stylish, carpet flooring can create a more pleasant living environment by reducing noise levels.
Here’s a closer look at how carpet flooring can help reduce noise transmission and improve acoustics:
How Carpet Flooring Reduces Noise Transmission?
- Carpet flooring is an effective sound barrier because it absorbs noise rather than reflecting it.
- This is due to the fact that the carpet is made up of multiple layers of material, including a backing, padding, and the pile (or face) of the carpet.
- These layers work together to absorb sound waves and prevent them from bouncing back off the floor and into the room.
- In contrast, hard surface floorings like wood or tile reflect sound waves, making a room feel echo-y and unpleasant.
- In contrast, hard surface floorings like wood or tile reflect sound waves, which can make a room feel echo-y and unpleasant.
- In addition to absorbing sound waves, the carpet’s layers also help dampen footsteps and other impact noises.
- This is especially beneficial in homes with young children or pets who tend to make a lot of noise running around or playing.
- The padding, in particular, helps to absorb impact noises so they don’t echo through the house and disturb other family members or neighbours.
How Carpet Flooring Improves Acoustics
- Carpet flooring not only reduces noise transmission but also improves the overall acoustics of a room.
- This is due to the fact that carpet absorbs background noise like HVAC systems or outside traffic, which can otherwise make it difficult to hear conversation or watch television.
- In contrast, hard surface flooring amplifies background noise, making focusing on your actions more challenging.
- Carpet flooring creates a more peaceful living environment by absorbing background noise and improving the acoustics of a room.
Difference Between Soundproofing And Noise Reduction And How They Relate to Carpet Flooring?
If you’re in the market for new flooring and have been researching soundproofing and noise reduction, you may wonder what the difference between them is and how they relate to carpet flooring.
Soundproofing vs Noise Reduction
- Soundproofing refers to techniques used to reduce or eliminate unwanted noise from entering or leaving a room.
- It is usually done by installing special materials that absorb sound waves, such as acoustic foam, insulation panels, and sound barriers.
- On the other hand, noise reduction refers to techniques used to reduce or block out existing noises in space.
- This can be done through various methods like dampening materials (such as carpet pads), acoustic tile ceiling tiles, and sound-absorbing curtains.
Carpet Flooring And Sound Absorption
- Carpet flooring is an effective solution for both soundproofing and noise reduction. The fibres of the carpet are able to absorb outside sounds from entering a space due to their thickness and density.
- Additionally, they are able to reduce echoes within a room by absorbing any excess noise created within it.
- Carpet also helps reduce footstep noises if installed with an appropriate cushion pad underneath it, providing additional cushion and noise absorption.
- When selecting a carpet for your home or office space, consider its density rating – this will determine how well it absorbs or reduces sound waves.
- Also, ensure that your carpet is installed correctly – gaps in installation can lead to leaks, resulting in increased noise levels in your space.
Carpet Pile and Thickness: How it Affects Sound Absorption and Reduction
Carpet is one of the most popular flooring options because of its versatility, durability, and comfort.
Did you know that the carpet’s pile and thickness can actually impact sound absorption and reduction? That’s right—carpet can effectively reduce sound levels in your home or office.
The Impact of Pile on Sound Absorption and Reduction
- The pile of a carpet refers to the length of the fibres used in its construction. If a carpet has a high pile, it means that it has longer fibres.
- The longer fibres are better at absorbing sound than short fibres because they create more surface area for sound waves to hit before being reflected back into the room.
- Low-pile carpets usually provide less noise reduction than high-pile carpets, but they are still effective at reducing sound levels.
The Impact of Thickness on Sound Absorption and Reduction
- When attempting to reduce the sound levels in a room, one of the most important considerations is the thickness of the carpeting.
- Thicker carpets are generally more effective at absorbing sound because they provide more material for sound waves to hit and be broken down into quiet vibrations.
- With thin carpets, sound waves have less surface area to bounce off, so they reverberate back into the room with little disruption.
- While other factors also play an important role in how much sound is absorbed, such as pile height and fibre type, carpet thickness remains one of the primary variables determining a carpet’s effectiveness at reducing noise levels.
Carpet Padding Matters Too!
- It is important to note that carpet padding can also make a difference when it comes to reducing noise levels in your home or office space.
- Carpet padding creates an air pocket between the carpet and the subfloor, which helps absorb even more sound than just having a carpet alone would do.
- Using a thicker pad with more material for sound waves to hit before bouncing back into the room is best.
The Role of Carpet Padding in Soundproofing And Noise Reduction
Regarding soundproofing, carpet padding is often overlooked but can be surprisingly effective.
When combined with other noise reduction practices, carpet padding can help reduce unwanted noise and improve the overall sound quality of your home.
Let’s look deeper at how carpet padding works and how it can help make your home quieter.
Carpet Padding Basics
- Carpet padding is a layer of material that is placed between the floor and the carpet itself.
- It’s usually made from foam or rubber and helps to provide cushioning for the carpet and extra insulation against sound.
- This is because the padding acts as an additional barrier between the floor and the carpet, which helps absorb some of the sound waves travelling through your home.
How Does it Work?
The key to understanding how carpet padding works lies in its ability to absorb sound waves. When sound waves hit the padding surface, they are absorbed by the material rather than bouncing off or reverberating throughout your room.
1.Helps to Reduce the Impact of Noise
- One of the primary benefits of using carpet padding for soundproofing is that it helps to reduce impact noise.
- Impact noise is created when something hits a hard surface, such as when someone walks across a hardwood floor.
- Carpet padding can help absorb some of the impact noise, making a room feel quieter and more peaceful.
2.Helps to Reduce Airborne Noise
- Another benefit of using carpet padding for soundproofing is that it helps to reduce airborne noise.
- Sound waves make their way through the atmosphere, only to be reflected back by hard surfaces like doors and windows – leaving an audible sound such as bang of the door by air: that we call airborne noise.
- Carpet padding can help to absorb some of the airborne noise, which can make a room feel more peaceful and serene.
3.Helps Keep A Room Cooler
- Using carpet padding for soundproofing can help to keep a room cooler.
- This is because carpet padding acts as an insulator, which means it helps to keep heat in and cold out.
- This can be especially beneficial in the summer months when you want to keep your home cool without using air conditioning.
4.Adds Extra Comfort Underfoot
- Soundproofing adds extra comfort underfoot.
- The carpet padding provides a layer of cushioning between you and the floor, making standing or walking on hard floors more comfortable.
- Additionally, carpet padding reduces fatigue if you stand or walk on hard floors for long periods.
5.Helps Protect Your Flooring
- The best benefit of using carpet padding for soundproofing is that it helps protect your flooring.
- The carpet padding acts as a buffer between your flooring and furniture, helping to prevent scratches and scuffs.
- Moreover, the carpet padding can help to protect your flooring from water damage, which spills or leaks can cause.
How To Choose The Right Type of Carpet For Maximum Soundproofing?
With so many different types of carpets available on the market these days—from shag to frieze—it can be difficult to choose the one that’s right for your space.
Let’s explore how to pick out the best type of carpet for maximum soundproofing and noise reduction.
1.Choose Thick Carpets with High Pile Heights
- One of the key factors in choosing a carpet for soundproofing is its thickness. The thicker the carpet, the better it will absorb sound waves as they enter your home or office.
- Additionally, carpets with higher pile heights are generally more effective at dampening sound than those with lower pile heights, so opt for thicker carpets whenever possible.
2.Consider Utilising Multipurpose Carpets
- Multipurpose carpets are a great option if you’re looking to reduce noise levels while still achieving a stylish aesthetic in your space.
- These carpets are explicitly designed to provide both cushioning and insulation from noise and come in a variety of colours, patterns, and textures to suit any interior design style.
- They generally have low-to-medium pile heights that make them ideal for regular use without sacrificing performance when it comes to reducing noise levels.
3.Look For Quality Materials
- The materials used to make your carpet can play an important role in its ability to reduce sound levels as well. For example, carpets made from wool tend to offer superior sound absorption due to their natural properties.
- In comparison, synthetic fibres such as nylon or polyester are generally less effective at reducing noise levels since they don’t absorb as much energy from sound waves entering your space.
- Quality materials also tend to last longer than cheaper alternatives, so be sure to keep this in mind when making your selection!
The Importance of Professional Installation
Professional installation is often overlooked. However, professional installation can make all the difference in achieving optimal soundproofing and noise reduction.
Let’s explore why professional installation is so important for soundproofing and noise reduction.
1.Acoustics and Insulation
- When it comes to soundproofing, acoustics and insulation are key elements.
- Good acoustics help absorb sound waves, while insulation helps reduce vibrations.
- Professional installation ensures these elements are correctly installed to reduce unwanted sounds and vibrations more effectively.
- Additionally, a professional installer knows which materials to use for optimal performance in various environments.
- This helps ensure you get the best results from your soundproofing project while saving time and money on effective materials or techniques.
2.Durability And Quality Control
- You can be sure that the job will be done right the first time, saving you time and money by avoiding any costly mistakes or repairs down the road.
- A good installer also considers all of the factors involved in getting your desired level of soundproofing—room layout, airflow dynamics, window placement, etc.—to ensure seamless integration between your existing space and your new soundproofed area.
- Also, an experienced installer knows which products have been tested for quality control and how to install them for maximum durability properly.
Tips For Maintaining Your Carpet Flooring
- Vacuum Regularly
The best path to keep your carpets clean is to vacuum them regularly. At a minimum, you should vacuum your carpets once a week. If you have pets or children, you may need to vacuum more often.
- Spot Clean Spills Immediately
When something is spilled on your carpet, it’s important to spot-clean it as soon as possible. The longer a spill sits, the harder it will be to remove.
- Use A Carpet Cleaner
A carpet cleaner can be a great way to eliminate tough stains and dirt from your carpets. Carpet cleaners can be rented or purchased from most home improvement stores.
- Hire A Professional Carpet Cleaner
If your carpets are extremely dirty or stained, you may want to hire a professional carpet cleaner. Professional carpet cleaners have powerful equipment that can clean your carpets much more thoroughly than you could with a rental machine or store-bought cleaner.
- Protect Your Carpets
You can protect your carpets from dirt and stains by placing rugs or mats in entryways and high-traffic areas. Additionally, asking people to remove their shoes before walking on your carpets would be best.
- Use Rug Pads
Rug pads can help extend the life of your carpets by protecting them from wear and tear. Rug pads also prevent slipping, which is especially important in homes with young children or elderly residents.
- Use Doormats
Placing doormats at all of the entrances to your home is a great way to help reduce the amount of dirt and debris that gets tracked onto your carpets. Be sure to place the doormats on both sides of each door so that people can wipe their feet before coming in and after going out.
- Keep Pets Off The Carpet
Keeping pets off your home’s carpeted areas is best if you have pets. Pets can track in dirt and other debris from outside, leading to stains and other problems. Additionally, pet nails can damage carpet fibres, so it’s best to keep them off if possible.
- Avoid Walking on The Carpet
It’s important not to walk on wet carpets, as this can cause damage. Walking on wet carpets can cause the fibres to become matted down, which makes them more difficult to clean and more likely to stain. If you must walk on a wet carpet, be sure to wear shoes that won’t damage the fibres.
- Protect High-Traffic Areas
Areas of your home that see a lot of foot traffic, such as entryways and hallways, can benefit from being protected with mats or rugs, and this will help reduce the amount of dirt and debris tracked onto the carpeting.
- Rotate Furniture Periodically
Another way to protect your carpets is to rotate furniture around periodically so that different areas of the carpeting don’t get worn down too quickly from heavy pieces of furniture being placed in the same spot all the time.
Additional Soundproofing Techniques That Can Be Used With Carpet Flooring
Before we dive into the carpet’s role in soundproofing, let’s take a quick look at the fundamentals of soundproofing:
- Soundproofing aims to reduce the amount of noise that passes through walls, floors, and ceilings.
- To do this, you need materials that absorb or block sound waves. This includes materials like foam pads, rubber mats, acoustic panels, and even curtains.
- All these materials work together to absorb or deflect sound waves so that they don’t penetrate into other rooms or spaces.
Carpet Flooring as a Soundproof Solution
- Carpet flooring is ideal for improving their home’s acoustics because it absorbs sound waves rather than reflecting them back into the room.
- That means less noise will pass through walls and floors when the carpet is installed in your home.
- Additionally, adding a layer of underlayment beneath your carpet helps reduce noise even further by providing additional cushioning and absorbing any excess vibrations from footsteps or furniture moving across the floor.
- Installing an underlayment beneath the carpet is one of the easiest ways to soundproof a room.
- This will help absorb some sound waves and prevent them from being reflected off the hard surface underneath.
- The underlayment should be made of dense rubber or foam, which will help absorb as much noise as possible.
- Additionally, look for an underlayment that has been treated with a flame retardant for added safety.
Soundproof Wall Panels
- In addition to carpet flooring, you can also use wall panels to help soundproof your room.
- Several different types of panels are available on the market today, ranging from lightweight foam panels to heavy-duty acoustic tiles.
- Be sure to find panels that are designed explicitly for soundproofing; otherwise, they won’t do much good.
- Additionally, consider installing insulation inside your walls if you have space between them and the exterior walls of your home or building.
- This will help reduce noise levels even further by blocking out any external sounds from entering the room.
Soundproof Doors & Windows
- Another effective way to reduce noise levels is by installing sound-dampening doors and windows in your home or office space.
- These special doors and windows are designed with multiple layers of material that block out sound waves while still allowing light into the room.
- Also, ensure there aren’t any gaps around these doors and windows; otherwise, they won’t be nearly as effective at blocking out noise levels.
- If necessary, you may need to install weather stripping around these openings for extra protection against outside noises coming in through cracks or crevices in the door frames or window frames.
Carpet Flooring: Perfect Soundproofing Flooring
Carpet flooring can effectively reduce noise levels when combined with other soundproofing techniques such as underlayment, wall panels, doors, and windows.
It’s important to invest in high-quality materials that are designed explicitly for sound-dampening purposes for them to work effectively. | physics |
https://uwimages.com.au/collections/underwater-photography-snootretra-lsd | 2023-12-11T06:04:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00721.warc.gz | 0.929299 | 103 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__47700512 | en | Embrace light. Admire it. Love it. But above all, know light. Know it for all you are worth, and you will know the key to photography.
The Light Shaping Device is made for your underwater flash.
The Light Shaping Device (LSD) works like a projector which takes light from your flash and pilot light to create a beam with a sharp image at the focus distance. The LSD uses elements like a lens, mask and a diffuser to generate the light beam. | physics |
https://acbazaar.com/how-does-an-air-conditioner-work/ | 2024-04-22T17:06:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818312.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422144517-20240422174517-00606.warc.gz | 0.866842 | 619 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__141745741 | en | Air conditioners (AC) are essential appliances that help us stay comfortable during hot summer months. They work by removing heat and humidity from indoor spaces, creating a cool and pleasant environment. In this article, we will explore the basic principles behind how an air conditioner works.
Components of an Air Conditioner
An air conditioner consists of four main components: the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Each component plays a vital role in the cooling process.
- Compressor – The compressor is the heart of an air conditioner. It is responsible for compressing the refrigerant gas, raising its temperature and pressure.
- Condenser – The high-pressure refrigerant gas leaves the compressor and enters the condenser. The condenser’s job is to dissipate heat from the refrigerant and convert it into a high-pressure liquid.
- Expansion Valve – After leaving the condenser, the high-pressure liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve. This valve reduces the pressure on the refrigerant, causing it to expand rapidly.
- Evaporator – The expanded refrigerant, now in a low-pressure, cool state, enters the evaporator. Here, it absorbs heat from the indoor air and evaporates into a low-pressure gas.
The Refrigeration Cycle
The air conditioning process follows a continuous refrigeration cycle, consisting of four main steps: compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation.
Step 1: Compression – The compressor compresses the low-pressure refrigerant gas, increasing its temperature and pressure.
Step 2: Condensation – The high-pressure refrigerant gas flows into the condenser, where it releases heat to the surrounding environment and transforms into a high-pressure liquid.
Step 3: Expansion – The high-pressure liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, which reduces its pressure. As a result, the refrigerant expands rapidly, causing its temperature to drop.
Step 4: Evaporation – The low-pressure, cool refrigerant gas enters the evaporator. It absorbs heat from the indoor air, cooling it down, and then evaporates back into a low-pressure gas.
Air Conditioning Process
An air conditioner can operate in two modes: cooling mode and dehumidification mode.
- Cooling Mode – In cooling mode, the air conditioner extracts heat from the indoor air and releases it outside, creating a cooler environment indoors.
- Dehumidification Mode – During dehumidification mode, the air conditioner removes excess moisture from the indoor air. It cools the air to condense the moisture, which is then drained away.
Air conditioners work by removing heat and humidity from indoor spaces, allowing us to enjoy cool and comfortable environments. By understanding the components and the refrigeration cycle of an air conditioner, we can appreciate the technology behind this essential appliance. Whether it’s cooling a room or reducing humidity, air conditioners play a significant role in our daily lives. | physics |
https://simplis-x-ray.com/test-article/ | 2024-02-25T19:48:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00029.warc.gz | 0.933307 | 1,567 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__70861630 | en | One of the grand quests in neuroscience is to build a precise map of the brain, charting all its neurons and the connections between them. Such a wiring diagram, called a connectome, promises to help shed light on how a collection of cells can together give rise to thoughts, memories, behaviors and myriad other functions.
Now, researchers at Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) have demonstrated that a new x-ray microscopy technique could help accelerate efforts to map neural circuits and ultimately the brain itself.
Reporting in Nature Neuroscience on Sept. 14, the team describes how x-ray holographic nano-tomography (XNH) can be used to image relatively large volumes of mouse brain and fruit fly nervous tissue at high resolutions.
Combined with artificial intelligence-driven image analysis, they reconstructed dense neural circuits in 3D, comprehensively cataloging neurons and even tracing individual neurons from muscles to the central nervous system in fruit flies.
“We think this is going to open new avenues for understanding the brain, both in how it’s organized and the circuitry that underlies its function,” said co-corresponding author Wei-Chung Allen Lee, HMS assistant professor of neurology at Boston Children’s. “This type of knowledge can give us foundational insights into neurological disorders, diseases that affect the structure of the brain and much more.”
For biological questions like neural circuit discovery, x-ray microscopy holds several advantages over current approaches based on electron microscopy (EM), according to the authors.
“We think XNH can bring a lot of value to neuroscience, because we can now access much larger volumes in shorter times,” said co-corresponding author Alexandra Pacureanu, a scientist at the ESRF. “This is the beginning of a new approach for efforts to map neural circuits.”
Studying the connectome is a monumental challenge. The human brain, for example, contains some 100 billion neurons with 100 trillion neural connections, roughly the number of stars within 1,000 galaxies.
In animal models, scientists have made remarkable progress, such as imaging an entire fruit fly brain, primarily by taking serial slices of a brain, each a thousand times thinner than a human hair, imaging the slices with EM and stitching the images together for analysis.
The costs of this method can be prohibitive in terms of time and resources, requiring large numbers of EM images, which have a narrow field of view, and an intense effort to reconstruct even small neural circuits. There is a need for new imaging modalities to accelerate such efforts, the study authors said.
To do so, Lee’s lab, which studies the organization and function of neural circuits, collaborated with Pacureanu, who specializes in x-ray microscopy and neuroimaging. Spearheaded by co-first authors Aaron Kuan, research fellow in neurobiology at HMS, and Jasper Phelps, graduate student in the Harvard Program in Neuroscience, the team focused on applying XNH to neural tissue.Daylen
The technique works analogously to a CT scan, which uses a rotating x-ray to create serial cross-sectional images of a body. In contrast, XNH exposes a rotating tissue sample to high-energy x-rays at the ESRF’s synchrotron, which accelerates electrons to near-light speed around an 844-meter ring.
Unlike standard x-ray imaging, which relies on differences in x-ray attenuation as the beam passes through a tissue, XNH creates images based on variations of subtle phase shifts of the beam induced by the sample. This latter approach increases sensitivity and, combined with imaging in cryogenic conditions, helps preserve and protect the specimen from being damaged by x-ray energy.
Images generated by XNH must be interpreted to identify which structures are neurons. The team tackled this by applying deep learning, an artificial intelligence technique increasingly used for applications such as face or object recognition.
As proof of principle, the researchers scanned millimeter-sized volumes of mouse and fruit fly neural tissue and reconstructed 3D images, achieving resolutions around 87 nanometers. This was enough to comprehensively visualize neurons and trace individual neurites, the projections from neurons that form the wiring of neural circuits.
Importantly, these reconstructions took a few days to achieve, compared to the months to years it can take to reconstruct similar volumes using serial EM sections.
Form to function
In the mouse brain, the team looked at an area of the cortex involved in integrating sensory stimuli and perceptual decision making. Previous EM studies have noted interesting structural characteristics of so-called pyramidal neurons in this area, but have been limited to sample sizes of around 20 neurons per dataset due to limitations in field of view.
Using XNH, the researchers scanned over 3,200 cells in this area. Combined with aligned EM data, the team characterized the structure and connectivity of hundreds of pyramidal neurons, which revealed distinct structural properties — such as strong and spatially compressed inhibitory inputs on certain neurite areas — that suggest unique and previously undescribed functional properties.
“Being able to visualize neurons helps us to understand the organizational principles of the brain and how different circuits or networks can perform computations that are required for behavior,” said Lee, who is an investigator at the Kirby Neurobiology Center at Boston Children’s. “We can then do further experiments to link structural data with functional experiments to try to address this question directly.”
They also imaged the neurons contained within a fruit fly leg, a structure difficult to section and study with EM. With XNH, they were able to map all of the motor neurons extending from the fly equivalent of a spinal cord into a leg, as well as the sensory neurons that relay signals to the central nervous system.
“This technique has been applied to neural tissue before, but never with this level of quality and resolution,” said Pacureanu, who is a former a visiting scientist in the Department of Neurobiology in the Blavatnik Institute at HMS. “We’ve shown that we can achieve sufficient resolution to trace neurites and move studies toward the direction of connectomes.”
The researchers are now working to improve and further optimize XNH for imaging biological tissue.
The current resolution achieved by the technique is not yet high enough to visualize synapses, which currently requires aligned EM data to study. However, the physical limits of the technique are far from being reached, the authors said, and efforts to push the resolution will be aided by a next-generation x-ray source recently operational at the ESRF.
“X-ray microscopy has particular strengths and one of our goals is to apply it to larger networks of neural connections at higher resolutions,” Lee said. “The hope is we could someday help address questions like can we understand neural circuits that underlie complex behaviors like decision making? Can we get inspiration for more efficient computer algorithms and artificial intelligence? Can we reverse engineer the algorithms of the brain?”
Additional authors on the study include Logan Thomas, Tri Nguyen, Julie Han, Chiao-Lin Chen, Anthony Azevedo, John Tuthill, Jan Funke and Peter Cloetens.
The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant R01NS108410), the Edward R. and Anne G. Lefler Center for the Study of Neurodegenerative Disorders and the Goldenson Family and the European Research Council (grant 852455). | physics |
http://www.nattress.com/Products/BigBox/ExtraTouches/GEarthquaker.htm | 2021-12-06T11:20:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363292.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206103243-20211206133243-00060.warc.gz | 0.877024 | 418 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__117902526 | en | G Earthquaker is a physics based simulation designed to shake or quake the screen. The image is attached by a spring to a randomly vibrating point. By varying the parameters of the spring, it is possible to simulate the chaos of an earthquake or make your beautiful footage look like a wobbly handheld home movie. There are two modes: the shake mode just shakes the screen, but this can cause the edges of the screen to become visible; quake mode compensates for this by scaling the screen as it moves, producing some lovely distortions.
To help work with the effect, the diagnostics mode shows the randomly vibrating point and the centre of the image as coloured dots.
Selects wether Shake or Quake mode is to be used.
0 to 100
The overall amount of the effect - keyframe this parameter to bring the effect in or out.
1 to 10
The strength of the randomly vibrating point that drives the spring simulation system, not unlike the Richter scale.
0.5 to 10
The mass of the screen - increasing mass will slow the movement of the screen, but also give it greater inertia.
0 to 1
The spring constant of the simulation - increasing the spring constant will make the spring stronger and springier - decreasing it will make the spring looser and pull less on the screen.
0 to 10
This is the "natural length" of the spring. This can be increased to allow the screen to move around further.
0 to 1
Friction acts like a viscous force that retards the motion of the screen. A friction of zero will send the screen in to chaos as there will be nothing stopping the spring stretching and the screen moving. Increasing the friction will dampen the movement.
This turns on the coloured dots that show the randomly vibrating dot (green), and the centre point of the screen (red). | physics |
https://jak.nu/swedish-lapland/esrange/ | 2024-02-25T16:29:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474617.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225135334-20240225165334-00761.warc.gz | 0.973315 | 169 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__44012933 | en | Esrange is located in the very north of Sweden, above the Arctic Circle and has access to a vast, unpopulated impact and recovery area.
Esrange was built in 1964 by ESRO, the European Space Research Organisation, which later became European Space Agency by merging with ELDO, the European Launcher Development Organisation. The first rocket launch from Esrange occurred on 19 November 1966.In 1972, ownership was transferred to the newly started Swedish Space Corporation.
The facility has been operational since 1966 and is presently used by the international scientific community for launching sounding rockets for microgravity and atmospheric research as well as high altitude balloons for astronomy, atmospheric research and drop tests of space and aerial vehicles.
Esrange also accommodates one of the world’s largest civilian satellite ground stations and acts as a hub in our satellite station network. | physics |
http://smmirror.com/articles/News/27-Magnitude-Earthquake-Strikes-Near-Malibu-Saturday-Morning/40840 | 2016-10-22T07:02:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718840.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00166-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.933495 | 102 | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-44__0__89959789 | en | 2.7 Magnitude Earthquake Strikes Near Malibu Saturday Morning
Posted Aug. 9, 2014, 9:06 am
A magnitude 2.7 earthquake struck this morning near Agoura and Malibu, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.
The temblor struck at 6:10 a.m. The epicenter was five miles south of Agoura and four miles northwest of Malibu, according to the USGS.
There were no immediate reports of injuries or damage. | physics |
http://www.readingwatchmen.com/2012/03/watchmen-chapter-iii-page-20.html | 2017-05-23T12:52:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607636.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523122457-20170523142457-00485.warc.gz | 0.914872 | 208 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-22__0__183039079 | en | Panel 1: The red star in the sky is the planet Mars.
Gila Flats Test Base is the place of Dr. Manhattan’s origin – as we discover in the next chapter.
The Latin phrase on the sign, Per Dolorem ad Astra, means roughly –Through Sadness To The Stars. This would be a literal commentary on Dr. Manhattan’s current situation.
Panel 4: This scene will be repeated – both at this point in time and, as a mirror image, at a point before Jon Osterman became Dr. Manhattan.
Panel 5: Dr. Manhattan can see things at a quantum molecular level. The phrase above the photographs in the broken frame reads: “At play amidst the Strangeness and Charm.” A quark is a type of subatomic particle and a major constituent of matter. There are six types of quarks which are coupled into three pairs. One of these pairs is the charm-strange pair, signified by this phrase. | physics |
https://www.taizhengmachine.com/what-is-silicone-rubber-cable.html | 2023-10-02T17:58:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511002.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002164819-20231002194819-00196.warc.gz | 0.895735 | 1,202 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__234654539 | en | Views: 10 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2023-09-07 Origin: Site
Silicone rubber cables are vital in various industries, providing reliable and durable electrical connections. Whether you are involved in manufacturing, construction, or any other field that requires electrical power transmission, understanding the properties and benefits of silicone rubber cables is essential. In this blog post, we will delve into silicone rubber cables, exploring their unique properties and importance in industrial applications.
Silicone rubber cables are insulated with a particular type of rubber called silicone. This type of rubber is derived from silicon, a chemical element found abundantly in the Earth's crust. Silicone rubber is composed of silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, giving it unique properties that make it highly suitable for various industrial applications.
Silicone rubber cables are designed to provide excellent electrical conductivity, high-temperature resistance, and flexibility. These cables are commonly used in harsh environments where conventional cables may fail to perform. They are renowned for their capacity to withstand extreme temperatures, spanning from -50°C to +300°C, without compromising their functionality.
Silicone rubber cables offer several fundamental properties, making them a preferred choice in various industries. Let's explore some of these properties in detail:
One of the most notable properties of silicone rubber cables is their exceptional resistance to high temperatures. Unlike traditional cables, which may melt or become brittle under extreme heat, silicone rubber cables retain flexibility and functionality even in intense thermal conditions.
This high-temperature resistance is crucial in the automotive, aerospace, and energy industries, where cables are exposed to extreme heat from engines, machinery, or electrical systems. Silicone rubber cables can withstand such conditions without deteriorating, ensuring uninterrupted power transmission and reducing the risk of electrical failures.
Flexibility is another significant property of silicone rubber cables. Unlike rigid cables that may be challenging to install or maneuver in tight spaces, silicone rubber cables can be easily bent, twisted, and routed without compromising performance. This flexibility facilitates quick and hassle-free installation, saving both time and effort.
Additionally, the flexibility of silicone rubber cables allows them to withstand vibrations and mechanical stresses, making them suitable for applications where movement or constant motion is involved. This property is especially crucial in robotics, automation, or machinery industries, where cables may be subjected to constant movement without compromising their electrical integrity.
Silicone rubber cables offer excellent electrical properties, including low dielectric loss and high insulation resistance. This means they provide efficient power transmission while minimizing energy losses and ensuring safe electrical connections.
Moreover, silicone rubber cables have high insulation resistance, which reduces the risk of short circuits or electrical leakage. This property is particularly significant in industries where safety is paramount, such as medical equipment, power generation, or hazardous environments.
Silicone rubber cables exhibit exceptional resistance to various chemicals, solvents, oils, and acids. This property makes them highly suitable for applications that involve exposure to harsh chemical environments. Whether in chemical plants, laboratories, or industrial processes, silicone rubber cables can withstand the corrosive effects of chemicals without deteriorating or compromising their electrical properties.
Silicone rubber cables possess excellent weather resistance, making them suitable for outdoor applications. They can withstand harsh weather conditions, such as extreme temperatures, UV radiation, rain, or humidity, without losing functionality or electrical performance. This property makes them ideal for outdoor lighting, solar power systems, or telecommunications infrastructure.
In addition to their high-temperature resistance, silicone rubber cables are known for their flame-retardant properties. They can self-extinguish when exposed to flames, thereby preventing the spread of fire and reducing potential damage to property or harm to individuals. This feature is particularly critical in industries where fire safety is essential, such as transportation, building construction, or mining.
Due to their unique properties, silicone rubber cables have applications across various industries and sectors. Some of the critical applications include:
In the automotive industry, silicone rubber cables are widely used for wiring harnesses, battery cables, spark plug wires, and sensor cables. Their high-temperature resistance and flexibility make them suitable for the demanding conditions under the hood, ensuring reliable electrical connections and optimal performance.
Silicone rubber cables are vital in the aerospace and aviation sectors and are utilized in avionics systems, aircraft engines, and lighting systems. Their ability to withstand extreme temperatures, mechanical stresses, and harsh environments makes them an ideal choice for these critical applications.
Silicone rubber cables are widely used in renewable energy systems, including solar power plants and wind farms. Their weather resistance, high-temperature tolerance, and excellent electrical properties make them well-suited for transmitting power generated by solar panels or wind turbines.
In the medical industry, silicone rubber cables are commonly employed in medical devices, diagnostic equipment, and surgical instruments. Their biocompatibility, flexibility, and chemical resistance make them safe and reliable for use in medical environments.
Silicone rubber cables find extensive use in industrial automation systems, robotics, and machinery. Their flexibility, high-temperature resistance, and excellent electrical properties enable seamless transmission of power and signals in highly dynamic and demanding environments.
Silicone rubber cables offer a wide range of properties that make them indispensable in various industries. Their exceptional high temperature, flexibility, excellent electrical properties, and chemical and weather resistance enable reliable and durable electrical connections in demanding applications. Silicone rubber cables can provide the reliability and performance you need, whether in the automotive, aerospace, renewable energy, medical, or industrial automation industry.
To explore the world of silicone rubber cables further and choose the suitable cable for your specific application, consider consulting with a reliable industrial silicone plastic cable wire extruder. They can guide you in selecting the suitable cable type, size, and insulation material to meet your requirements and ensure optimal performance. With silicone rubber cables, you can have peace of mind knowing that your electrical connections are secure, efficient, and built to withstand the most challenging conditions. | physics |
https://glennlabs.princeton.edu/people/josh-shaevitz-phd | 2024-03-04T07:47:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476432.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304065639-20240304095639-00721.warc.gz | 0.9327 | 178 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__2545664 | en | Dr. Shaevitz received his B.A. in Physics from Columbia University and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Physics from Stanford University. As a Miller Research Fellow at UC Berkeley, he studied the movement of microorganisms using novel forms of microscopy. The Shaevitz lab at Princeton focuses on precision measurements in biology using tractable model systems to probe the emergence of cellular- and population-level order in prokaryotes and the origins of stereotyped behaviors in animals. Dr. Shaevitz has received awards from the National Science Foundation, the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Human Frontier Science Program, and the Sloan Foundation. In 2009, he received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from the White House Office of Science and Technology.
Shaevitz Lab: https://shaevitzlab.princeton.edu/ | physics |
https://www.e-mj.com/departments/processing-solutions/listening-to-sag-mill-noise-pays-off-for-pueblo-viejo/ | 2020-04-08T12:07:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00541.warc.gz | 0.929102 | 649 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__79151778 | en | SmartEar technology from Metso Process Technology & Innovation is designed to measure a grinding mill’s performance by analyzing its acoustic emissions. SmartEar helps to prevent damage to mill liners caused by the impact of the balls, and provides an estimate of the ball fill level when used in conjunction with SmartSAG, a dynamic model that performs online estimations for the key parameters of a SAG mill. The SmartEar system includes microphones, a signal transducer, transmission system, and software to process the information. The transduced signal can be transmitted in several ways such as direct transmission through cables, optical fiber, or wirelessly.
The system’s software processes the signal in terms of audible intensity (dB) and frequencies (Hz), and uses three pre-configured filters to monitor the charge of the mill, liner impacts, and abnormal events. SmartEar can operate as a stand-alone system or can interface with any control system.
A paper presented at the 12th Mill Operators’ Conference, sponsored by AusIMM and held in early September at Townsville, Queensland, Australia, described how the Pueblo Viejo gold mine in the Dominican Republic has included SmartEar in its effort to actively improve its mill control strategies since start-up. One of these initiatives was to install an acoustic monitoring system on the SAG mill. After SmartEar was installed in January 2013, data from the system was used to optimize the mill’s performance by minimizing any interval in which the mill is either running too quietly or too loudly.
A mill running ‘too quietly’, according to authors D. La Rosa, D. Shuen, M. Wortley and R. Sales, is an indication that the charge in the mill is too high for efficient breakage or that the mill speed is too low and grinding media are not striking the toe of the charge. Conversely, when the acoustic emissions from the mill are high, this can indicate that the balls are striking above the toe of the charge, resulting in inefficient grinding and excessive liner and lifter wear. Adjusting mill operating conditions to keep acoustic emissions in the ‘sweet spot’ between these limits results in more efficient grinding.
The SmartEar outputs used to measure mill conditions include an impact counter, which measures steel-on-steel impacts on the mill shell. The impact counter uses both frequency and time domain analysis to determine the number of ball impacts per minute. This method of analysis excludes parts of the sound signal not associated with steel-on-steel impacts and gives an accurate measure of this critical control parameter.
After the acoustic system was installed, Pueblo Viejo collected data to determine the upper and lower limits for the impact count variable. The live data are available to the mill operators and used as a key-operating variable to control the mill.
According to the authors, through continuous improvement and the use of advanced technologies like SmartEar, Pueblo Viejo—a joint venture between Barrick (60%) and Goldcorp (40%)—is improving the control and operation of its SAG mill, resulting in reduced liner wear, more efficient mill performance and optimized energy consumption. | physics |
https://www.nanosciences-spm-uhv.com/pub4/ | 2023-09-25T12:34:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925115505-20230925145505-00551.warc.gz | 0.908683 | 382 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__183133082 | en | The inverse catalyst ‘cerium oxide (ceria) on copper’ has attracted much interest in recent time because of its promising catalytic activity in the water–gas-shift reaction and the hydrogenation of CO2. For such reactions it is important to study the redox behaviour of this system, in particular with respect to the reduction by H2. Here, we investigate the high-temperature O2 oxidation and H2 reduction of ceria nanoparticles (NPs) and a Cu(111) support by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). After oxidation at 550 °C, the ceria NPs and the Cu(111) support are fully oxidized, with the copper oxide exhibiting a new oxide structure as verified by LEED and STM. We show that a high H2 dosage in the kilo Langmuir range is needed to entirely reduce the copper support at 550 °C. A work function (WF) difference of △ϕrCeria/Cu–Cu ≈ −0.6 eV between the ceria NPs and the metallic Cu(111) support is measured, with the Cu(111) surface showing no signatures of separated and confined surface regions composed by an alloy of Cu and Ce. After oxidation, the WF difference is close to zero (△ϕCeria/Cu–Cu ≈ −0.1…0 eV), which probably is due to a WF change of both, ceria and copper.
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DOI : 10.1088/1361-648X/ac26f9
Authors : Ali El Barraj, Baptiste Chatelain and Clemens Barth | physics |
http://chrometech.net/blog/types-electroless-nickel-plating | 2024-04-14T17:52:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816893.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414161724-20240414191724-00710.warc.gz | 0.919069 | 664 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__136235713 | en | Types of Electroless Nickel Plating
In many instances, plating is applied with the aid of an electrical current. However, Electroless Nickel plating is used to deposit nickel without the use of an electric current. The coating is deposited by an autocatalytic chemical reduction of nickel ions. Electroless nickel comes in three different types. Low-Phosporous, Mid-Phosporous, and High Phosphorus baths are commercially used. Some baths will run other components in it, like silicon, Teflon, and boron to add other characteristics to the coating. Electroless nickel is a uniform deposit anywhere the solution meets the base material. Areas can be masked off if needed but can be challenging to make it watertight and adds cost.
Low Phosphorus Electroless Nickel
Developed in the 1980s. Deposits contain 2 to 4 percent phosphorus. The coatings offer improved hardness and wear characteristics, higher temperature resistance, improved solderability and increased corrosion resistance in alkaline environments. The baths typically are run at a lower temperature and higher pH than the other baths. The deposits are microcrystalline and possess high as – plated hardness of 60 HRC. This coating is used in applications requiring excellent wear resistance (without heat treatment).
Mid Phosphorous (Phos) Electroless Nickel
This contains 6 – 9 percent phosphorus. It is the most commercially used electroless nickel. The nickel deposits as a bright and semi-bright finish. Hardness can range from 42 – 47 HRC as deposited. The deposit can be heat treated at temperatures of 500° - 700° F to achieve deposits of 58 – 62 HRC. The deposit does lose corrosion resistance from this. Heat treatment or baking can also improve adhesion of the deposit.
High Phosphorous (Phos) Electroless Nickel
High phos electroless nickel offers the highest corrosion resistance of all the EN deposits. Very good for protection from highly corrosive acidic environments. The deposit is non-magnetic and is 42 – 45 HRC as deposited. The deposit can be heat treated at 500° - 700° F to achieve deposits of 58 – 62 HRC. The deposit loses some corrosion resistance but ends up close to mid phos EN corrosion resistance, but with extra hardness.
A wide range of thickness can be put on. Ranging from .0001” thick to .008” thickness. Many times, the deposit even in .003” - .004” thickness can be plated to size with no grinding afterward. Areas can be masked off but usually, it is more cost-effective to plate the entire part.
Baking can improve hardness, adhesion and prevent hydrogen embrittlement. The temperature ranges and time vary depending on what is being accomplished. Inert gas ovens can keep the deposits from tarnishing during this operation if appearance matters. This is a more costly oven to use because of longer cycles from gas purging and cool down. ChromeTech has both types of ovens to service its customers. Contact us with any questions.
Contact us to explore whether low-phos, mid-phos, or high-phos may be the best coating/plating for your use. | physics |
http://geoffreyrobinson.blogspot.com/2006/04/global-warming-should-produce-less.html | 2018-02-20T11:29:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812938.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220110011-20180220130011-00539.warc.gz | 0.937405 | 199 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__226406290 | en | Wednesday, April 12, 2006
Global Warming Should Produce Less Intense Storms
If the models are correct, global warming reduces the temperature differences between the poles and the equator. When you have less difference in temperature, you have less excitation of extratropical storms, not more. And, in fact, model runs support this conclusion. Alarmists have drawn some support for increased claims of tropical storminess from a casual claim by Sir John Houghton of the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that a warmer world would have more evaporation, with latent heat providing more energy for disturbances. The problem with this is that the ability of evaporation to drive tropical storms relies not only on temperature but humidity as well, and calls for drier, less humid air. Claims for starkly higher temperatures are based upon there being more humidity, not less--hardly a case for more storminess with global warming. | physics |
http://www.plctechnologies.co.za/vsd | 2018-01-19T19:31:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888113.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119184632-20180119204632-00476.warc.gz | 0.954285 | 267 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__90544115 | en | A variable speed drive is a piece of equipment that regulates the speed and rotational force, or torque output, of an electric motor. More than 65 percent of industrial electrical energy is consumed by motors. In many cases, motors are controlled by means of a valve that regulates the flow of fuel or a vane that controls the airflow while the speed of the motor itself remains unchanged. These and other methods, such as using two-speed motors or controlling them by switching on or off, are inefficient from an energy point of view. One of the main reasons why drives save energy is because they can change the speed of an electrical motor by controlling the power that is fed into the machine.
Using a drive with a 30 kilowatt (kW) motor running 5,000 hours a year to control the air flow in a ventilation system brings an annual saving of 76,500 kW hours of electricity compared with regulating the flow rate by adjusting a damper. The saving is 51,000 kW hours per year compared with modulating the fans on or off and 52,500 kW hours versus the use of a two-speed motor. The energy savings achieved can result in the investment to install drives being recovered in as little as a few months. For many pump and fan applications expenditure is often recouped in less than a year. | physics |
https://blog.frissonic.net/2011/01/28/ | 2023-10-04T07:29:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511361.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004052258-20231004082258-00554.warc.gz | 0.931999 | 635 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__178225686 | en | Today marks the 25th anniversary of the space shuttle Challenger’s final ascent into the heavens. With her, she took Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, Judy Resnik, Dick Scobee, Ronald McNair, Michael Smith and Ellison Onizuka on their final flight. 73 seconds into the launch, an O-ring on one of the solid rocket boosters failed, causing an explosion that destroyed the shuttle.
To those who have served in the space program, I thank you. To those who have lost loved ones to the space program disasters, I thank you for sharing your family, your friend, with us who have so much to gain from the furthering of science and education.
These 7 died in a tragic accident that sure, probably could have been avoided. But in their memory, children from around the country–probably from around the world–have taken up the mantle and have made their career choices early on. Astronauts. Scientists. Doctors. Discoverers. Some of the children who sat in classrooms 25 years ago are the pioneers into new fields of study that weren’t even around in the mid-80s. It’s possible–probable–that those children derived part of their fire and desire from “the seven.”
In honor of the fallen, I choose to remember the shuttle program with this offering from the band Rush, who were privilegdged enough to be in attendance at the first launch. Read the words. Feel them. This was the inaugural flight into a whole new era of education and understanding of space.
Here are the lyrics.
Lit up with anticipation
We arrive at the launching site
The sky is still dark, nearing dawn
On the Florida coastline
Circling choppers slash the night
With roving searchlight beams
This magic day when super-science
Mingles with the bright stuff of dreams
Floodlit in the hazy distance
The star of this unearthly show
Venting vapours, like the breath
Of a sleeping white dragon
Crackling speakers, voices tense
Resume the final count
All systems check, T minus nine
As the sun and the drama start to mount
The air is charged
A humid, motionless mass
The crowds and the cameras
The cars full of spectators pass
Excitement so thick you could cut it with a knife
Technology…high, on the leading edge of life
The earth beneath us starts to tremble
With the spreading of a low black cloud
A thunderous roar shakes the air
Like the whole world exploding
Scorching blast of golden fire
As it slowly leaves the ground
Tears away with a mighty force
The air is shattered by the awesome sound
Like a pillar of cloud
The smoke lingers high in the air
With the eyes of the world
Again, a million thank yous to “the seven.” And to EVERYONE who stands up for education, science, and the determination to learn from the past and look to the future. | physics |
http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE | 2014-10-20T09:44:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507442420.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005722-00331-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.766252 | 320 | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-42__0__197606296 | en | तरल गतिकी तथा ताप विचरण में प्रयुक्त होने वाली एक विमाहीन संख्या।
The Weber number is a dimensionless number in fluid mechanics that is often useful in analysing fluid flows where there is an interface between two different fluids, especially for multiphase flows with strongly curved surfaces. It can be thought of as a measure of the relative importance of the fluid's inertia compared to its surface tension. The quantity is useful in analyzing thin film flows and the formation of droplets and bubbles.
It is named after Moritz Weber (1871–1951) and may be written as:
- is the density of the fluid.
- is its velocity.
- is its characteristic length, typically the droplet diameter.
- is the surface tension.
The modified Weber number,
equals the ratio of the kinetic energy on impact to the surface energy,
- Weast, R. Lide, D. Astle, M. Beyer, W. (1989-1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 70th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc.. F-373,376. | physics |
https://www.taleamayo.com/ | 2020-04-09T23:05:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00334.warc.gz | 0.904233 | 125 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__73113878 | en | a bit about me:
Welcome! I am a nationally recognized computational mathematician, with expertise in the development and application of numerical hydrodynamic models. I specialize in coastal ocean modeling, with special interests in tides, waves, and hurricane storm surges, flood risk analysis, wave energy, coastal erosion, and data assimilation methods for state and parameter estimation of dynamical systems. I am currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering and a member of the National Center for Integrated Coastal Research at the University of Central Florida. I will be moving to the Mathematics Department at Emory University this fall. | physics |
https://www.gofulldiy.com/how-to-remove-the-ballast-cover-from-a-fluorescent-light-fixture/ | 2023-10-03T18:31:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00579.warc.gz | 0.894247 | 1,739 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__73717799 | en | If you’ve ever tried to change a fluorescent light bulb or retrofit an old fixture with new LED tubes, you’ve likely encountered the dreaded ballast cover.
These covers can be tricky to remove, leaving many people scratching their heads and wondering where to begin.
But fear not because, in this article, we’ll walk you through the step-by-step process of removing a ballast cover from a fluorescent light fixture, so you can get back to illuminating your space in no time.
So, whether you’re a seasoned DIYer or a first-time fixer-upper, read on to learn how to conquer this pesky problem once and for all!
Lighting fixtures with fluorescent bulbs are more energy-efficient than fixtures with incandescent bulbs.
Sometimes, a ballast, a special transformer inside the fixture, is needed to be replaced. Light fixtures‘ ballasts can vary depending on their age.
What Is a Ballast?
Typically, ballast is a small, enclosed device that regulates the amount of current flowing through the light and provides enough voltage to start it.
A ballast converts electricity into electricity used to regulate the current in the light bulb, stabilizing its output. To put it differently, this is what maintains the light’s illumination.
It is necessary to have a ballast for a fluorescent light to work, as, without it, the current will increase as it passes through, causing damage to the lamp.
A typical ballast lasts about 20 years, so you won’t have to worry about replacing them very often.
It is possible, however, for ballast lifespans to decrease dramatically because of cold environments and faulty bulbs.
Different ballasts are available; their specifications will tell you how many lamps they can control at once and what kind of lamp they work with.
Changing The Ballast On A Fluorescent Light Fixture
There is a possibility that old fluorescent fixtures use magnetic ballasts that could malfunction. The magnetic ballasts tend to make noise when the lights are on, and when they malfunction, they can drip a black, sticky substance into the fixture.
If your lights flicker or go out-and you are confident they aren’t caused by bad tubes or sockets-it’s time to replace the ballasts.
Modern fixtures or fixtures that have been updated typically have electronic ballasts. This type has greater energy efficiency and is quieter than traditional magnetic ballasts. In addition, electronic ballasts are less likely to malfunction than gas ballasts.
If you replace the ballast, be sure the voltage rating and wiring configuration match the originals. Whenever possible, use electronic ballasts.
Also, compare the cost of the ballast with that of a completely new fixture; sometimes, it is more economical to replace the entire fixture rather than the ballast.
Before You Begin
The power to the circuit containing the light fixture in your home should be turned off by switching off the appropriate breaker in the service panel (breaker box). You can unplug the fixture if it has a cord and plugs.
Putting off the light switch controlling the fixture will not cut off the fixture’s power. Whenever you are going to power on a light fixture, you need to turn off the circuit breaker controlling the circuit.
Things You’ll Need
- Replacement ballast
- Wire connectors (wire nuts)
- Nut driver or socket wrench
- Wire strippers
- Smartphone or digital camera (optional)
- Wire cutter
- Non-contact voltage tester
1. Remove the Cover
Be sure to remove the diffuser cover from the fixture before you remove the lens. Several fixtures have a clear plastic lens around the outside.
You will need to grab the cover by the outer edge and lift it away from the fixture and down. Check if locking clasps allow the lens to swing down if the fixture has a lens within a framed lid.
2. Remove the Fluorescent Tubes
Make sure the fluorescent tubes (light bulbs) are removed. Hold the bulb in one hand and twist it 90 degrees until you see the metal contacts on both ends.
The contacts will slide out of the socket by gently pulling one end down. Ensure that the bulb is taken out of the fixture. Once all tubes have been processed, repeat the same process for the remaining tubes.
Now is a good time to inspect the sockets at each end of the light fixture that holds the tubes. In the event that they are loose or broken, it is important to tighten or replace them.
3. Remove the Cover Plate
Fixtures typically have a wiring cover plate located in the center. Tabs on either side of the cover are designed to catch in slots on the fixture.
Squeeze the sides of the cover inward to slide the tabs out and pull it down. By doing so, the wiring and ballast will be exposed.
4. Disconnect the Ballast Wires
Find the black wire and white wire that connect to the ballast. There are wires connected to the power source. Check each wire for voltage using a non-contact voltage tester before touching any wires or wire connections.
Test results should indicate that wires do not contain voltage. Additionally, four or more wires may connect the ballast to the fixture’s bulb sockets. For reference, snap a photo of the ballast and wiring when installing the new ballast.
Using a wire cutter, remove the wire connectors on all ballast wires and separate them, or, if necessary, cut the wires very close to the ballast.
5. Remove the Ballast
You can remove the mounting nuts or bolts of the ballast with a nut driver or socket wrench by holding it with one hand (to prevent it from falling).
You will need to remove the ballast from the fixture. Find a suitable replacement ballast in the hardware store if you already have one.
6. Prepare the Wires
Wire strippers can strip insulation from the ends of each fixture wire if you had to cut the wires earlier or if the wires are damaged.
7. Mount the New Ballast
Attach the ballast to the fixture with the mounting nuts or bolts provided. Using wire connectors, connect the ballast wire to the fixture wires so they match the original wiring.
Reinstalling the wiring cover plate, the light bulbs and the fixture lens is important. Restore power by switching on the circuit breaker, and ensuring the fixture operates properly.
8. Dispose of the Old Ballast
As per local authority recommendations, properly dispose of old ballast.
Old fluorescent light ballasts (made before 1979) likely contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a substance classified by the EPA as hazardous to the environment.
These ballasts should be disposed of carefully as hazardous waste if they leak. It is recommended not to come into contact with the tar-like substance inside ballasts.
For safe disposal of old ballasts, take them to your nearest hazardous waste facility or contact the local authority.
Buying A New Ballast
Make sure you bring the old ballast with you to the store. Be sure to compare the wiring diagrams, voltage, and current of the new and old ballasts before installing the new one.
- It’s a good idea to clean the fixtures now.
- Give the light at least a minute to come on.
- A lamp that doesn’t mean completely light usually indicates cold lamps or low ambient temperatures, defective lamps, or starters, a reverse-connected 120V ballast, bad lamp holders, or defective ballasts.
- Grounding is also important for some fixtures.
Congratulations, you’ve now learned how to remove a ballast cover from a fluorescent light fixture!
By following the steps outlined in this article, you’ll be able to successfully remove the cover and access the ballast, whether you’re looking to replace a light bulb, install new LED tubes, or make other modifications to your lighting setup.
Remember to always take proper safety precautions when working with electrical components, and if you’re unsure about any aspect of the process, don’t hesitate to seek the advice of a professional.
With a little bit of know-how and the right tools, you’ll be able to tackle any lighting project with confidence and ease. | physics |
http://www.inelcohunter.co.uk/info-poscap | 2013-06-19T21:58:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708808740/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125328-00020-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.84844 | 351 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__165150670 | en | POSCAP solid electrolytic chip capacitors
technical information and product catalogue
POSCAP is a Solid Electrolytic Chip Capacitor.
The Anode is sintered Tantalum and the Cathode is a highly conductive polymer formed on the original method.
POSCAP has a Lowest ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) level and excellent performance for high frequency though low profile and high capacitance. In addition, it has high reliability and high heat resistance. Therefore, POSCAP is an ideal chip capacitor especially for digital, high frequency devices.
is a leading innovative company.
They pride themselves on being at the forefront of capacitor technology and are constantly striving to deliver better and superior products.
- Lead free
Terminal plating is Palladium and Gold. It's completely lead free
- Low profile chip capacitor
- Low impedance and low ESR at high frequency
- High ripple current capability
- Long Life 105°C*2,000Hrs *
- Excellent noise-absorbent characteristics
- Excellent temperature characteristics up to .55°C
- The rush current is guaranteed for 20A
- Superior to Ta-Cap in safety
*A part of the model is excluded.
- DC/DC Converter
- Personal Computers
- VCR, Camcorder, Digital Still Camera
- Portable Communications Devices and Base Station
- PDA (Portable terminals, etc.)
- Navigation System
- HD Drive, MO Drive, DVD Drive
Not sure what you need?
For more information on products available, samples or any other electronic components,
please call our sales team on +44 (0) 844 875 1585 or contact us here | physics |
https://www.mistycannashop.com/product/isodiol-proprietary-blends-cbdnanoultra/ | 2024-03-03T19:53:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00785.warc.gz | 0.933482 | 204 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__134684744 | en | NanoCBD suspended in water (10mg/mL)
Isodiol Proprietary Blends CBD Nano Ultra
CBD Nano Ultra is a water-based concentrate that can easily be added to any water-soluble product such as water and beverages. Through advanced physics and chemistry, Isodiol uses ion-sized nutrients (the size that can move through cells’ membranes) and cleverly encases them with water molecules. Due to this incredible technology, people have reported faster response times with great results. Nano-materials are tiny particles measured in nanometers, or billionths of a meter.
Due to their incredibly small size, nano-particles ingested in food and water are fundamentally different and can move throughout the body in advanced ways. Experts on nanotechnology are virtually unanimous that nanoscale materials have the potential for health effects that are uniquely different from the same substances comprised of larger-sized molecules. Nano-materials are already being added to foods, supplements, and cosmetics. | physics |
http://awpl.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/editorinchief.htm | 2019-01-18T05:41:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659890.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118045835-20190118071835-00158.warc.gz | 0.946729 | 455 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__219863199 | en | Christophe Fumeaux (M’03–SM’09–F'19) received the Diploma and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the ETH Zurich, Switzerland, in 1992 and 1997, respectively. From 1998 to 2000, he was a Postdoctoral Researcher with the School of Optics, University of Central Florida, Orlando. In 2000, he joined the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology as a Scientific Staff Member. From 2001 to 2008, he was a Research Associate and Group Leader with the Laboratory for Electromagnetic Fields and Microwave Electronics at ETH Zurich. Since 2008, he has been with The University of Adelaide, where he is currently a Professor with the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. His current main research interests concern antenna engineering, THz technology and the application of RF design principles to optical micro/nano-structures.
Prof. Fumeaux was the recipient of the ETH Medal for his doctoral dissertation. From 2011 to 2015, he was a Future Fellow of the Australian Research Council. He was the recipient of the 2018 Edward E. Altshuler Prize, the 2014 IEEE Sensors Journal and the 2004 ACES Journal best paper awards. He also received best conference paper awards at the 2012 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC 2012) and the 17th Colloque International sur la Compatibilité Electromagnétique (CEM 2014). Several of his students have received student awards with joint papers, including IMS 2006 & 2007, iWAT 2014, AMS 2014, IEEE Australia Council 2014, NEMO 2015, ICEAA 2015 & 2016, ASA 2017, APCAP 2018 and RADIO 2018. He was the recipient of the University of Adelaide Stephen Cole the Elder Award for Excellence in Higher Degree by Research Supervisory Practice in 2018. He served as an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques from 2010 to 2013. From 2013 to 2016 he served as Senior Associate Editor and later Associate Editor-in-Chief for the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. Since March 2017, he is serving as Editor-in-Chief for the IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. | physics |
https://flyaway.info/this-space-plane-could-fly-you-from-london-to-new-york-in-only-1-hour/ | 2022-01-27T02:48:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305052.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127012750-20220127042750-00062.warc.gz | 0.976817 | 407 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__70290482 | en | At the UK Space Conference in Wales on Tuesday, CEO of UK Space Agency, Graham Turnock, spoke about a plane capable of flying at Mach 5.4. That speed would allow passengers to travel from the UK to Australia in as little as four hours. (A direct route is still in the making and will likely take about 20 hours.)
The plane would be powered by a hypersonic engine. In addition to previously-unconquered speeds, this engine would be powered by a combination of hydrogen and oxygen, making it much more environmentally friendly and cheaper than current airplane engines, according to Stuff.
The team is already testing the engine on the ground and hopes to have a space plane in the air for test flights by the mid-2020s. If the project remains on track, commercial flights could begin in the 2030s.
Humans have not had commercial supersonic flight since the Concorde completed its last flight in 2003. It took less than three hours for regular service between New York and London onboard the Concorde.
But this new plane would take that to the extreme. It would be a hypersonic aircraft, capable of traveling five times the speed of sound. Hypersonic air travel is difficult to execute because often the engine will overheat. This speed is routinely achieved by fighter jets, but they have complex cooling systems, far beyond what a typical commercial aircraft would carry.
The Synergetic Air Breathing Rocket Engine (Sabre, as this model is being called) would make hypersonic travel an option for the commercial passenger. It could also switch to “rocket mode” and travel at Mach 25, launching passengers into space.
The UK is not the only agency working on a super-fast new plane model. Boeing is also working on a hypersonic jet that would debut in the 2030s. NASA’s supersonic jets could be taking passengers from New York to Los Angeles in as little as three hours, as early as 2021. | physics |
https://guzintamath.com/textsavvy/ratio-tables/ | 2024-02-28T21:54:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00237.warc.gz | 0.934649 | 361 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__28060324 | en | Click on the image at right to get the lesson app with instructor notes. Or you can install right from here by clicking the logo below:
In this lesson, students will learn about equivalent ratios, rates, and unit rates. They will use equivalent ratios to fill in missing numbers in tables and how to multiply and divide to determine equivalent ratios. The language “For every ___, there are ___” is used here to describe ratios. This language reinforces the idea that ratios are not necessarily descriptions of “fixed” amounts, but of amounts that can change together multiplicatively. Students will learn that rates are just ratios where the terms are given in different units. They will also briefly look at how a double number line can be used to model and find rates and unit rates. Finally, students will learn about kinetic energy, the energy of a body in motion, and the formula for calculating the kinetic energy of an object in motion, which relies on the velocity of the object.
Module 1 Video
This video connects with the opening context in Ratio Names on identifying ratios and extends that lesson to include recording and reading ratios in tables and beginning to determine equivalent ratios.
The key concept for this lesson is that, if two values are in a ratio relationship, that means that if one value is multiplied or divided by a number, the other value is multiplied or divided by the same number.
The language “For every ___, there are ___” is important to convey this meaning of ratios.
Module 2 Video (1 of 2)
This video introduces speed as a mathematical rate. To know the speed, one must know both the distance an object travels and the time it takes. The speed of the object is a ratio of distance to time, which is a rate. | physics |
http://www.eigerdesign.com/option-oscilloscope-kit.html | 2022-12-06T11:45:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711077.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206092907-20221206122907-00495.warc.gz | 0.713752 | 383 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__128042400 | en | J-Testr NextGen Oscilloscope Option
• Fully integrated 'Cleverscope' Ethernet oscilloscope
• 2-Channel 14 Bit 100MSa/s (100MHz analogue BW) measurement inputs
• Signal generator and external trigger connections
• Seamlessly integrates to the J-Testr NextGen test system
• Includes Mini Matrix functions to route NextGen 10 Oscilloscope lines.
• 1% DC accuracy
• Time accuracy +/50 ppm over any >1 ms interval
• Low jitter (1 ps RMS) sampling clock for 70 dB spurious free dynamic range.
• Dual hardware triggers and external trigger
• Up to 8M sample storage per channel
• Access to multiple measurement parameters via software functions (non-visual)
• Time domain and frequency domain measurements
• Self-calibration to ensure DC performance specifications
• Extremely ease to install and remove
• Provided with DLL and Drivers
The J-Testr NextGen 'Cleverscope' oscilloscope option provides the J-Testr NextGen Midi (standard in Max) systems with a fully integrated 14 Bit 100MSa/s (100MHz analogue BW) oscilloscope, signal generator, external trigger function and mini switch matrix. This option allows users to measure more complex signals and gain access to measurement results such as voltage DC, RMS, max, min, pk-pk, period, pulse length, duty cycle and frequency information such as fundamental frequency, fundamental peak amplitude. All measurement functions are available via a DLL software interface.
The oscilloscope's two analogue channels, external trigger and signal generator output are routed via a mini switch matrix, situated immediately above the oscilloscope, that allows the J-Testr NextGen ten oscilloscope line to be routed to the oscilloscope as required. | physics |
http://essentialchemicalindustry.org/metals/magnesium.html | 2017-03-27T04:51:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189403.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00169-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.939555 | 1,285 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__193190233 | en | Magnesium is the lightest structural metal used today, some 30% lighter than aluminium, and is generally used in alloys. Pure magnesium burns vigorously once molten, but magnesium alloys have higher melting points and are widely used in the automotive and aircraft industries.
Uses of magnesium
Magnesium is the third most used metal in construction (after iron and aluminium).
Magnesium alloys, typically containing over 90% magnesium, have a very low density, comparatively high strength and excellent machinability. They contain one or more of the elements aluminium, zinc, manganese or silicon in various amounts, depending on how the alloy is to be processed. Car components such as steering wheel cores, gearbox casings, dashboard structures and radiator supports are often made from high pressure die cast magnesium alloys.
Magnesium alloys are also used as sacrificial anodes. When connected to a less reactive metal, the magnesium becomes the anode of an electrical cell, and corrodes in preference to the other metal. This is used to protect the hulls of steel ships and the under-water structure of oil platforms and pipelines from corrosion.
Zirconium and rare earth elements are added in some alloys to make the alloy stronger. This group of alloys is normally sand-cast into parts such as helicopter gearboxes and jet engine auxiliary gearboxes.
Pure magnesium can be used itself as an alloying additive, for example in the aluminium industry. Indeed, about half of magnesium produced today is used as an additive to aluminium. An example is in the ring-pull system of a drinks can; the aluminium at the top of the can has magnesium added to it, making it stronger but less ductile, enabling the ring to tear open.
A very important use of magnesium is in the manufacture of titanium.
Perhaps one of the best known but smallest uses of magnesium is in distress flares, fireworks and other incendiary devices. They contain very small pieces of magnesium which can be ignited.
Annual production of magnesium
These figures are for primary production from the ore and do not include secondary production from recycled materials.
China produces about 75% of the world's magnesium but, until 1993, manufacture in China was negligible (ca 5%). Although it has rich deposits of appropriate ores, it was the rapid economic growth that led to increased demand for products using magnesium alloys. Since then the industry has developed at a staggering rate resulting in the shut-down of plants in many countries that were unable to compete. Furthermore, the manufacturing processes use very large amounts of energy, and for this reason production in many countries is uneconomic. Magnesium is not now produced in Western Europe.
Manufacture of magnesium
Magnesium is found in solution in sea-water (about 1.3 kg m-3 magnesium) and in natural brines. It is also found extensively in the ores magnesite (MgCO3) and dolomite (MgCO3.CaCO3).
Magnesium is principally produced by two methods:
Before the expansion of production in China, electrolysis was the more common method of production in countries where electrical energy is produced relatively cheaply. Most Chinese plants, however, use an updated version of the thermal reduction process originally developed in Canada in the 1940s to boost production during World War II (the 'Pidgeon Process').
(a) Thermal reduction process
Dolomite ore is crushed and heated in a kiln to produce a mixture of magnesium and calcium oxides, a process known as calcining:
The next step is reduction of the magnesium oxide. The reducing agent is ferrosilicon (an alloy of iron and silicon) which is made by heating sand with coke and scrap iron, and typically contains about 80% silicon.
The oxides are mixed with crushed ferrosilicon, and made into briquettes for loading into the reactor. Alumina may also be added to reduce the melting point of the slag. The reaction is carried out at 1500 - 1800 K under very low pressure, close to vacuum. Under these conditions the magnesium is produced as a vapour which is condensed by cooling to about 1100 K in steel-lined condensers, and then removed and cast into ingots:
The forward reaction is endothermic and the position of equilibrium is in favour of magnesium oxide. However, by removing the magnesium vapour as it is produced, the reactiongoes to completion. The silica combines with calcium oxide to form the molten slag, calcium silicate:
The process gives magnesium with up to 99.99% purity, slightly higher than from the electrolytic processes.
Outside China, the electrolytic process is usually the preferred choice.
The process involves two stages:
(i) Production of pure magnesium chloride from sea water or brine
Where sea-water is the raw material, it is treated with dolomite which has been converted to mixed oxides by heating to a high temperature. Magnesium hydroxide precipitates, while calcium hydroxide remains in solution. Magnesium hydroxide is filtered off and on heating readily forms the pure the oxide.
Figure 1 Illustrating the production of magnesium chloride from magnesium oxide.
Several reactions occur:
Where magnesium chloride-rich brines are the source of magnesium, the solution is treated for removal of various impurities and the remaining magnesium chloride solution concentrated by evaporation in several stages.
The last stage of dehydration has to be carried out in the presence of hydrogen chloride gas to avoid hydrolysis of the magnesium chloride:
A new process is under development using magnesite. Small pieces of the ore are converted directly to molten magnesium chloride by heating with chlorine in an electric furnace in the presence of carbon monoxide.
The resulting anhydrous magnesium chloride is fed continuously into electrolytic cells (Figure 2) which are hot enough to melt it.
On electrolysis, magnesium and chlorine are produced:
Figure 2 Illustrating the electrolysis of magnesium chloride.
The molten metal is removed and cast into ingots. The chlorine gas is recycled to the chlorination furnace.
Only about 3% of the total magnesium used annually is from recycling, an estimated 23 000 tonnes.
Date last amended: 18th March 2013 | physics |
https://matrixtechnochem.com/Pocketsize-Waterproof-Multifunction-Meter-CX105.html | 2018-12-19T09:45:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831933.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219090209-20181219112134-00009.warc.gz | 0.821574 | 182 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__202218804 | en | Oxygen concentration measurement
* 1 point calibration (in 100% O2 saturation).
* Oxygen measurement in % or in mg/l.
* Possibility of introducing a correction connected with the salinity of the sample.
* Galvanic oxygen sensor of good quality.
* Separate head for temperature measurements enables measurements up to 150 °C with 3 cm
* probe without cable, 200 °C with 12 cm probe without cable, 400 °C with every probe equipped with cable;
* Accuracy of the temperature measurement depends on the kind of the chosen probe.
* Used for field work.
* Good accuracy and minimised size.
* Fully waterproof housing, floats if dropped in the water.
* Powered by 3 x LR44 batteries
* Long-lasting work on one battery set.
* Automatic switch-off function to protect the batteries against discharging | physics |
https://brickfact.com/sets/lego-city-speed-record-car-60178 | 2023-12-02T18:16:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100448.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202172159-20231202202159-00738.warc.gz | 0.855771 | 136 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__277318151 | en | Take the wheel and wait for the green light with the powerful LEGO® City 60178 Speed Record Car! This fast rocket car toy for 5-12 year old boys and girls features an opening cockpit, iconic flame elements and a large rear wing. Includes a stunt driver minifigure.
- Includes a driver minifigure.
- Features a streamlined car with opening cockpit, flame elements and large rear wing.
- Close the cockpit to make sure there’s no air drag while you race.
- Speed Record Car measures over 2” (6cm) high, 8” (20cm) long and 3” (8cm) wide. | physics |
https://discover-newyork.com/thoughtworks-holding-public/2020-01-10-non-investing-differentiator-transfer-function-examples.php | 2022-08-08T10:34:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00723.warc.gz | 0.924466 | 1,044 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__8795618 | en | In our previous article about the Integrator op-amp , we have seen that the implementation of a reactive component significantly changes the electrical behavior of OPAMPs in comparison to fully-based resistive designs.
Indeed, the presence of a capacitor in the feedback loop constitutes the main aspect of integrators, which perform electrically the mathematical operation of integration. When the position of the capacitor is inversed, that is to say, that the feedback branch becomes resistive and the input branch reactive, a new configuration commonly known as a differentiator emerges.
The goal of the first section will be to present the general function of the differentiator op-amp and we will of course also demonstrate and explain its output formula. Such as we have seen for the integrator, the ideal differentiator configuration that we focus on in the first section presents limitations that can be overcome with an alternative design.
A differentiator is an inverting op-amp configuration in which a capacitor is present in the input branch such as shown in Figure 1 below:. We remind, as we properly explained in the integrator tutorial , that in the DC regime, a capacitor is equivalent to an open circuit while in the high-frequency regime it tends to be a short circuit as the frequency increases. If we project this observation to the circuit shown in Figure 1 , two different configurations can explain the behavior of the differentiator in low and high-frequency regimes:.
In both cases, the differentiator can be reduced to an inverting op-amp and when the input signal frequency is very low the capacitor tends to block it. On the other hand, when the input signal frequency is high, it is directly supplied to the inverting op-amp input without any intermediary impedance. In other words, slow variations present in the input signal are not being amplified by this configuration, fast variations are however amplified and affect the output signal.
We can highlight that in the second Figure, the output signal is in phase opposition with the input signal. Therefore, the output relation of the differentiator is given by Equation 1 below:. Using the complex notation , Equation 1 can be simplified to Equation 2 , which also gives the transfer function T:. These formulas clearly highlight the fact that the differentiator configuration performs the differentiation operation between the input and output.
From this information, the Bode plots of the ideal differentiator are given in the following Figure 4 :. A major gain limitation arises from the ideal configuration. In practice, when the frequency of the input increases too much, a saturation will start to appear which limits the differentiation operation:.
An improvement that can be made to the differentiator is to place a series resistor in the input branch. This configuration is referred to as a pseudo-differentiator SR for series resistor. From these observations, the asymptotic gain Bode plot is given in Figure 7 below, which is typical of a high-pass filter:. We can conclude by saying that the pseudo-differentiator SR is a good approximation of the ideal differentiator up to the cutoff frequency of the circuit determined by the value of R 1 and the capacitor C.
Another possible modification that can be applied to the ideal differentiator is to place a capacitor in parallel with the resistor in the feedback loop. The circuit presented in Figure 8 will be referred to as pseudo-differentiator PC for parallel capacitor. This is due to the high gain of the ideal Op Amp. When the output is at a level of a few volts, the differential input can be at a level of some tens of microvolts. Hence, V is very close to zero. Replacing I1 and I2 in equation 2 and eliminating V, we can write this equation:.
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Home About me Contact. I am curious. Why would you make R1 zero?
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Being an ideal Op Amp, we can consider that the non-inverting input is at the same potential as the inverting input, so V = 0V. This is due to the high gain of. Electronics Tutorial about the Op-amp Differentiator Amplifier circuit which Differentiates the input signal for improved noise rejection. This closed-loop configuration produces a non-inverting amplifier circuit with very good stability, a very high input impedance, Rin approaching infinity, as no. | physics |
http://spbdealers.ru/radio-carbondating-5414.html | 2019-08-18T07:33:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313715.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818062817-20190818084817-00232.warc.gz | 0.950576 | 568 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__77903059 | en | fastlove speed dating harrogate - Radio carbondating
Carbon-14 is most abundant in atmospheric carbon dioxide because it is constantly being produced by collisions between nitrogen atoms and cosmic rays at the upper limits of the atmosphere.The rate at which C atoms, half of them will decay in 5730 years.Since this rate is slow relative to the movement of carbon through food chains (from plants to animals to bacteria) all carbon in biomass at earth's surface contains atmospheric levels of C is present at atmospheric levels, the molecule must derive from a recent plant product.
Ninety-nine percent of these also contain six neutrons.
The 6 proton + 6 neutron atoms are said to have a mass of 12 and are referred to as "carbon-12." The nuclei of the remaining one percent of carbon atoms contain not six but either seven or eight neutrons in addition to the standard six protons.
They have masses of 13 and 14 respectively and are referred to as "carbon-13" and "carbon-14." If two atoms have equal numbers of protons but differing numbers of neutrons, one is said to be an "isotope" of the other.
According to independent laboratory testing via radio-carbondating, log BC012b has been buried since 770 A. It was about 450 years old when it fell and became buried, which means it began growing around 320 A. We have 8 slabs from this Cypress tree, ranging from 2" to 19" wide X 3' to 11.08' long, all 2.25" thick.
Their dimensions (all 2.25" thick): slab BC012b-01 is 6" to 10" x 48", slab BC012b-02 is 4" to 15" x 115", slab BC012b-03 is 10" to 19" x 133", slab BC012b-04 is 12" to 18" x 133", slab BC012b-05 is 6" to 17" x 133", slab BC012b-06 is 6" to 13" x 133", slab BC012b-07 is 6" to 10" x 96", slab BC012b-08 is 2" to 5" x 36".
-14 is continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen-14 in the Earth’s atmosphere; the neutrons required for this reaction are produced by cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere.
Along with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, carbon is a building block of biochemical molecules ranging from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to active substances such as hormones.
Carbon-13 and carbon-14 are thus isotopes of carbon-12.
Isotopes participate in the same chemical reactions but often at differing rates. | physics |
https://tyari.pk/book/11th-class-physics-book-pdf/ | 2024-04-25T08:32:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297290384.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425063334-20240425093334-00554.warc.gz | 0.948288 | 1,453 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__24948340 | en | Physics book for class 11 Punjab board pdf Download and You can Also Read Online. This Physics textbook is For 1st-year Students of FSC and ICS (in English). This Book Only For those who don’t have access to the hard copy and Only for Personal Use Only.
Online Physics Book 11th Class Pdf BOOK View:
Download 11th Class Physics book
PDF Size: 14.4 MB
Physics Full Book Pdf:
Physics 11th class Book by PTBB
What is inside the book, and how to study effectively with a PDF?
The physics 11th class book is a precious learning source for both the Fsc pre-medical and pre-engineering students. The reason we claim it to be an asset is its content design and authors. One of its co-authors is an acclaimed Pakistani physicist with Sitara- e-Imtiaz. A total of 10 authors have designed this book, and each of them is a professional physicist.
One more thing that may make the book look appealing for the new students is the book’s outlook. Unlike the chemistry 11th class book by PTBB, the physics 11th class book is quite colorful, with tidbits and additional information on either side of the pages. It has images to clarify the difficult concepts not to feel confused while confronting a new concept.
What is inside the book?
The book is a bundle of information. It has 11 chapters. It has many different and amazing features that are designed according to the new curriculum design.
- It has appendices to understand the different difficult and new concepts and symbols. There are three appendices at the end of the chapter.
- It comes with a glossary to explain the different concepts and their definitions.
- A summary of each chapter is available at the end of the unit. To clarify the learned concepts.
Chapter number 1; measurements.
Physics is all about the impact, relationship, and properties of physical quantities. If you remember, physical quantities are those that can be measured. So, without learning the rules of measurement, no one can become a physicist. So, the start of the Fsc Physics is from the concepts of measurements.
It may appear as a straightforward chapter, and only scientific measurements would come as a slight challenge, but actually, it is one of the most significant chapters. All you have to do is concentrate and ask the teachers to show you the tools for measurements.
Chapter number 2: vectors and equilibrium.
Now here you go. The real physic starts from here. Students will learn the importance of directions, vector quantities, and the concept of equilibrium in physics. The former is essential to understand the impact of various direction-dependent quantities, and the latter is about the vital issue of creating ideal situations with equilibrium.
Chapter number 3: Motion and force.
If you are a fan of newton, this is the chapter to focus on how newton’s theories and laws created the world we have today. It has the relationship of force, the dissipation of force, and how it makes things move. It is a complex chapter but is not a dry one.
Chapter number 4: Work and energy.
Now, force is the basis of work, power, and energy, so it is imperative to include these three concepts in the physics 11th grade by PTBB. This chapter is divided into three sections, the first two are about work and power, and then the last is about energy expenditure and conservation.
Chapter number 5: circular motion.
Motion is not linear, and circular or projectile motion is also contributing a lot to the real world. This chapter is essential if someone wants to fly an airplane or understand different objects’ movement naturally moving in circular motions.
Chapter number 6: Fluid dynamics.
The movement of fluids is different than the solids. This is not a difficult chapter, as all you have to study is the old concepts of solid movements. It is rather an exciting chapter.
Chapter number 7: oscillation.
If you remember the chapter waves from matric, then this one is a piece of cake for you. You will be introduced to the movement and effects of a simple pendulum while moving to and fro. Concepts like resonance, movements of springs will also be explained in this chapter.
Chapter number: waves.
Both the 7th and 8th chapters are similar in concepts. However, the waves are exclusively designed to understand waves’ various properties and feature only, including different types of waves.
Chapter number 9: physical optics.
Are you intrigued by the flow of lights and the use of lenses? This chapter is all about different lenses and mirrors how you can do magic in the real world and write that in mathematical forms.
Chapter number 10: Optical instruments.
The 9th chapter is the base of this one. After you have successfully understood what lenses are and their features. You can easily understand the application of those functions. This chapter is essential to inspire the students that the physical concepts are the basis of instrumental science. They will learn about microscopes and telescopes.
Chapter number 11: Heat and thermodynamics.
How the heat, the most prominent type of energy works, and flows in the real world. What tools and motors can be made through their properties? This will be an exciting chapter for those who aspire to be an engineer in the future.
How to study 11th class physics E-book in PDF effectively?
Are you worried that the PDF mode of studying a book will not be effective, and you may lose some important marks? Every other student will be worried, so worrying is normal. However, if you are not trying to tackle this situation, you may be a loser.
Follow these simple tips to secure good grades in physics 11th grade by studying the PDF effectively.
- Always keep the internet off. You will only feel distracted when the internet would be on, and there would be a continuous thrush of messages.
- Try to use the features like the screenshot and screen recording more often.
- Edit the screenshots mark the difficult concepts.
- Share the edited images and videos with your teachers and peers.
- Use Quora to find answers to different questions.
- Watch videos on physical concepts in leisure time.
- Make sure to keep a pen and pencil with you while you study.
- Do not forget to practice the numerical as often as possible.
- Revise the book three or four times before appearing in the exams.
The 11th class physics is not a difficult book, and the new curriculum is beyond amazing. It has all the new concepts that a 21st-century learner must learn. The layout is fantastic to engage the students. Learning through PDF is concerned, so it can only become effective when the learners decide to learn with a strategy.
Note: You can download the 11th Class Physics Full Book PDF (FSC or ICS 1st year Student From Above Download Link or Directly from pctb.punjab.gov.pk. | physics |
http://sone.org.uk/tank-urges-australia-reconsider-nuclear/ | 2023-11-28T16:52:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099892.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128151412-20231128181412-00626.warc.gz | 0.944643 | 414 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__80740932 | en | The barriers to nuclear power in Australia should be removed to enable it to be considered as an option for energy production, with small modular reactors (SMRs) particularly suitable for powering mines and towns in the country ’s more remote areas, a think tank has said.
In a submission to the government’s energy white paper, the Energy Policy Institute of Australia said there are significant technological advances in safe nuclear power generation.
In particular, factory-produced, SMRs are faster to install and are less capital-intensive than larger, traditional nuclear power plants. “SMRs are considered suitable for powering mines and towns in remote locations in many parts of Australia,” the submission said.
The institute also called on “all discriminatory and market-distorting measures” to be eliminated.
“Such measures include, on the one hand, arbitrary renewable targets and, on the other, the banning of fracking processes in oil and gas production and the prohibition of uranium mining and nuclear power production.”
Nuclear power is used in over 30 countries, the submission said. It produces almost zero emissions and is “fully dispatchable”, in contrast with renewables which rely on natural forces and tend to be intermittent.
The institute urged the government to broaden the powers of the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (Arpansa) as an independent regulator.
Australia’s government has insisted it has no intention of introducing nuclear power to Australia despite releasing a paper that states the technology continues to be an option for “future reliable energy”.
A December 2013 issues paper released by the Department of Industry, which will inform the upcoming energy white paper, said that the need for low-carbon fuels means that nuclear is an option that can be “readily dispatched into the market”.
Australia does not have any commercial nuclear plants, but its known uranium resources are the world’s largest. It is the world’s third-ranking uranium producer, behind Kazakhstan and Canada. | physics |
https://www.abovebeyondconcepts.com.au/index.cfm?catname=rhino-stop-car-park-barrier&module=storetigerv2&bit=products&category_code=27782&order_by=price | 2022-08-08T18:37:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00112.warc.gz | 0.964958 | 246 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__17384312 | en | A Full-scale crash test has been performed to evaluate RHINO-STOP™ to the 30kN impact load described in AS1170.1 for light traffic areas. An initial impact was performed with a 1,500kg vehicle travelling at 2m/s. This produced a peak horizontal impact force of 31.8kN satisfying the loading requirement of AS/NZS 1170.1. The measured deflection at the post was just 91mm. A second impact was performed with the vehicle speed increased to 4m/s. This produced a peak horizontal impact force of 61.2kN, more than twice the prescribed loading requirement of AS/NZS 1170.1. The measured deflection at the post was 240mm. For both impacts, the barrier configuration comprised of a four (4) metre w-beam guardrail support by three (3) posts spaced at 2m centres. The test vehicle impacted the RHINO-STOP™ barrier over a 1.5m width area to the right hand section of the barrier. This was to ensure that maximum loading was applied to the end post with minimal support. Following both tests, there was no observed damage to the ground fixing bolts. | physics |
https://www.carneyallseasons.com/blog/air-conditioning/why-air-conditioner-ice-is-a-threat-to-the-system/ | 2023-10-04T06:32:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511361.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004052258-20231004082258-00637.warc.gz | 0.95343 | 375 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__212870669 | en | As you start to rely on your air conditioner for comfort more and more often this summer season, you may notice ice starting to form on the inside part of the unit. You may think, at first, that this is a sign that the air conditioner is operating as intended. It’s supposed to generate cool air, after all. However, air conditioner ice is actually a pretty serious sign that needs to be dealt with as soon as possible. Let’s take a look at why it happens, and what it can do to your system.
The air conditioner in your home cools it by using an evaporator coil, which evaporates refrigerant to siphon thermal energy from the air. The temperature around the coil is always dropping, and condensation forms on it during operation. The flow of warm air from the ducts ensures that the temperature around the coil remains above freezing. If the air flow is ever blocked, though, the temperature around the coil will drop below freezing and the condensate will form ice.
While frozen, an evaporator coil will be unable to siphon thermal energy from the air in the ducts. This will cause the output of your air conditioner to drop significantly. The weight of the ice can eventually become so heavy that it permanently warps the evaporator coil, requiring that you have a new one installed. The ice can also spread down the refrigerant line to other parts of the air conditioner, where it will cause them to malfunction and break down, as well. All of this can be prevented, providing you call for repairs as soon as you notice ice forming on the air conditioner.
Carney Plumbing, Heating & Cooling offers a full range of air conditioner services throughout Ambler, PA. Call today for an appointment. | physics |
https://kleurenpunctuur.nl/eng/colorpuncture/kirlian-photography.html | 2024-04-21T04:34:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817729.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421040323-20240421070323-00899.warc.gz | 0.9173 | 235 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__83007226 | en | One photo tells us more than thousands of words....
Energy Emission Analysis (EEA) is a method based on the theory of the meridian system and this is made visible on photographic paper in black and white.
By using the Kirlian effect the discharges of the surface charge distribution density of the fingertips and toes can be made visible. This radiation can be interpreted via a topographical map developed by Peter Mandel.
This organ topography points out exactly which of the organs and body systems are out of balance, often even before complaints appear. This makes the technique very valuable as a preventative means of analysis.
The patterns and phenomena on the photo are unique for every individual. The imaging technique permits the simultaneous representation of the tips of the fingers and toes of both hands and feet on one sheet of photographic paper. This allows an immediate survey of the polarities of above/below, right/left, right hand/ left foot and left hand/right foot.
The photo can be used as way of analysis in color therapy, light therapy and other methods of energy healing. It is a wonderful way of keeping record of the energetic healing process. | physics |
https://www.tjautoclub.com/tinted-windows-protect-you-from-ultraviolet-radiation/ | 2023-10-03T06:23:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511055.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003060619-20231003090619-00316.warc.gz | 0.949647 | 565 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__26229700 | en | A lot of people wear sunglasses, and it’s not just because it makes them look cool.
I mean, they do make you look cool, but that’s not why they wear sunglasses. And it’s probably not why you wear sunglasses either. In fact, you probably wear sunglasses for the same reason (among many) that you wear sunscreen: to block out harmful ultraviolet rays.
Or, more specifically, to block out dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
For the same reason(s) that people wear sunglasses, though, many people also Tech Teinte their car windows. Indeed, if you tint your car windows you can not only keep your car a little bit cooler in terms of temperature but also a little bit cooler in terms of style—and also protect yourself from ultraviolet radiation.
WHAT IS ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION?
Ultraviolet Radiation, of course, is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (aka, “light”) that beams from the sun, through space, and all the way to Earth. Often called “UV” rays, these are on the wavelength shorter than visible light, which means we cannot see them.
Ultraviolet light breaks down into three classifications: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA would be the longest of the three, then, with a measurement of 320-400 nanometers. A single nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. UVA actually divides into two wave ranges: UVA I, at 340-400 nm and UVA II, at 320-340 nma. UVB has only one wave range—290-320 nm, while UVC is the smallest and is generally absorbed back into the atmosphere, never reaching us on Earth.
While UVC does not make it all the way to the planet, UVA and UBV can not only penetrate our atmosphere but they can actually cause damage to the skin and eyes. In fact, UVB and UVA exposure has been directly associated with cancer cases. Unfortunately, they have also been found to suppress the immune system which, of course, reduces your ability to fight disease.
ULTRAVIOLET RADAIATION AND THE SKIN
UVB is the fundamental cause of skin reddening and sunburn. However, it is the key to getting a good tan (so this is the type of light used in tanning beds, to mimic what comes from the sun). This ultraviolet classification damages the superficial epidermal layers and eventually leads to the development of skin cancer. It is most prominent (in the US) between 10am and 4pm and from the months April to October, though any overexposure throughout the day and year can damage the skin. | physics |
http://whitwell-services.co.uk/air-ground-source.html | 2019-03-19T04:29:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201885.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319032352-20190319054352-00080.warc.gz | 0.956271 | 148 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__203871660 | en | Ground and air source heat pumps work by obtaining naturally occurring heat from the environment and transferring it into buildings.
To absorb heat from the ground a water-based mixture is pumped round pipes or a borehole placed in the ground. The heat obtained is then concentrated by the heat pump prior to being transferred to the heating system of the building. Only a small amount of electricity is required to run the system.
Air source pumps work on the same principle as ground source pumps by removing heat from the air instead of the ground.
These systems are increasingly being installed in new builds and also retro fitted to existing properties, saving the user a substantial amount of money in fuel, and allowing to claim government grants and payback schemes (RHI) | physics |
https://superdealbook.com/schaums-outline-of-mathematics-for-physics-students-schaums-outlines/ | 2023-01-27T07:43:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494974.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127065356-20230127095356-00355.warc.gz | 0.937813 | 140 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__22344722 | en | The ideal review for your physics course
More than 40 million students have trusted Schaums Outlines for their expert knowledge and helpful solved problems. Written by renowned experts in their respective fields, Schaums Outlines cover everything from math to science, nursing to language. The main feature for all these books is the solved problems. Step-by-step, authors walk readers through coming up with solutions to exercises in their topic of choice.
- A quick, easy-to-follow guide to mathematical topics required for important concept development in physics
- More than 1,500 fully-solved problems presented from both the physics and mathematics point-of-view
- Hundreds more practice problems | physics |
https://khabri.news/world/earthquake-of-magnitude-6-1-shakes-afghanistan-pakistan-155-people-killed/ | 2022-07-07T13:01:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104692018.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707124050-20220707154050-00397.warc.gz | 0.967786 | 224 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__202912928 | en | KABUL: Afghanistan‘s state-run news agency is reporting that at least 155 people have been killed in an earthquake in the country’s eastern Paktika province.
Information remained scarce otherwise on the magnitude 6 earthquake that struck.
The Bakhtar news agency separately reported rescuers were arriving by helicopter.
Meanwhile, according to the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), the epicentre of the quake was 44km southwest of Khost in Afghanistan at a depth of 50.8km and its exact time was 1:54 am (local time).
The tremors were felt in Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore and other parts of Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa provinces. No loss of life or property has been reported so far.
Pakistan lies in an active seismic zone and is often visited by quakes of various magnitude. This is the second earthquake in a week after a 5.2 magnitude quake shook parts of the country on June 17.
A deadly earthquake hit the country in 2005 which killed more than 74,000 people. | physics |
https://cscheid.net/2012/02/16/hcl-color-space-blues.html | 2024-04-18T10:06:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817206.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418093630-20240418123630-00485.warc.gz | 0.916741 | 985 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__193143638 | en | I’ve been playing around with the HCL color space. HCL, if you’ve never heard of it before, is a color space that tries to combine the advantages of perceptual uniformity of Luv, and the simplicity of specification of HSV and HSL. HCL is an improvement over HSV and HSL, but it is not exactly ideal: there is a nasty discontinuity at some bits of the transformation! I have been trying to find a way around this, but I’m stumped. Let me explain, and maybe you can help me.
The transformation from RGB to HCL is somewhat complicated, and involves two intermediate color spaces, CIEXYZ and CIELUV. Going from RGB to XYZ is a simple matrix transformation: $(x,y,z) = M . (r,g,b)$. For arcane reasons, there are many possible matrices: the one most relevant nowadays is the sRGB/D65 matrix. This is a linear transformation designed to make a “brightness” coordinate, Y, while encoding the rest of the space in the other coordinates by roughly mapping them to “red” and “blue” stimuli.
To go from XYZ to CIELUV, things are a bit more complicated: this is the bit that tries to match the physiology of a typical human vision system, which is much better at telling shades of yellow and green apart than it is at telling shades of blue apart.
The full transformation behaves nonlinearly, and tries to make the euclidean distance in CIELUV correspond roughly to perceptual differences. In this space, L encodes the lightness of the color, or how bright it is, and uv encodes the chromaticity portion: the particular tint or shade of the color.
Finally, HCL is then obtained by simply transforming the UV coordinates of Luv to polar coordinates. The phase is interpreted as hue, and the length of the vector as “saturation” (specifically, it’s then called chroma).
The goal of HCL is to be perceptually uniform along its axis, and so the thing to notice is how the apparent brightness of the colors all appear roughly the same for any given slider setting; and while moving along the horizontal axis changes the hue of the color, it doesn’t change the perceived lightness or saturation. Compare this with the HSV colorspace.
So you can play with these color spaces, I’ve written a few little demos of the color spaces using Lux. The sliders control the axes which resemble brightness, and the image then shows a slice of the resulting parameter space. You will need WebGL and Chrome for these to work (sorry!). Pay attention to the boundary of the gamut.
One of the great conveniences of HSV is that no matter what you do in HSV, you will end up somewhere inside the (0,0,0)-(1,1,1) cube of valid RGB colors. That means nothing too strange happens.
On the other hand, if you play a bit with the LUV and HCL colorspaces in low luminances, you will see a discontinuity in the conversion. Although it happens outside the RGB gamut, it is still quite annoying: some paths through HCL are cut off in RGB. The issue happens when clamping the values from outside of the gamut back into (0,0,0)-(1,1,1). This is what I would like to solve: is there a simple way to create a (clamped) conversion from HCL to RGB that is continuous and reasonable?
The procedure that is used in the R package for colorspace management is the one I’m currently using in the demo above: after converting from HCL to a value, we find the closest point to the raw conversion that is inside the RGB cube.
Here’s a different approach that is continuous: instead of converting the color $c$, we instead search for the closest color in HCL space $c’$, which converts to a value inside the RGB gamut. Now the problem is: how do we actually find such a transformation efficiently? It’s easy to see that if $c$ goes outside the RGB gamut, then $c’$ will be on the boundary of the gamut. So this is “merely” a two-dimensional search problem. Except that the boundary of HCL or CIELUV in RGB space is complicated. So we’re looking for the minimum of a function constrained to a complicated 2D surface, and I don’t think there’s any simple algorithm to do this.Or is there? | physics |
https://davetrott.com/2016/10/08/hale-200-inch-model/ | 2024-04-14T17:52:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816893.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414161724-20240414191724-00379.warc.gz | 0.898284 | 135 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__36884442 | en | I recently finished making a model of the Hale 200 inch telescope on Mount Palomar. Here is a video https://youtu.be/xCQCpob6erU .
In this image it’s the one on the left. Also shown is a wonderful Barry Crist model of the 100 inch on Mount Wilson. I also made working 1:64 models of the Yerkes 40 inch Alvan Clark refractor and the Hubble Space Telescope. These are all at the same 1:64 scale. The three models I made are all of aluminum and are fully functional small telescopes. More details about making the Hale model is here: Making the Hale Model | physics |
https://www.stephenzacks.com/2022/12/li-hu-of-open-architecture-for.html | 2023-12-10T14:18:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102469.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210123756-20231210153756-00538.warc.gz | 0.943944 | 234 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__15814275 | en | OPEN Architecture’s Li Hu speaks about the office’s recent cultural projects in China, Architect's Newspaper, Dec. 21, 2022.
Stephen Zacks: Can you tell me about your approach to design and place?
Li Hu: I find myself working more and more intuitively. Intuition is fundamentally important in design. Often there’s something invisible you need to capture, some kind of energy. Maybe energy is also not quite the right word. In Chinese philosophy, there is the word chi. Chi is invisible energy.
In physics, the world is made of energy instead of matter. There’s energy behind everything. In every place, in every work, particularly public cultural work, the question is how to discover those invisible energies and synthesize them in a piece of architecture. Architecture not as object but as a kind of magnetism or device that synthesizes and expresses these energies, and in turn starts to give its own energy and influence—that’s something we’re trying to achieve. Buildings that can touch you, move people in a deeper way, touch the soul, touch your feelings. | physics |
https://www.ukattraction.com/north-west-england-attractions/jodrell-bank/ | 2024-02-21T16:14:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473518.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221134259-20240221164259-00211.warc.gz | 0.907493 | 565 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__26563848 | en | Jodrell Bank serves as a nexus between the world of cutting-edge scientific research and public education in astronomy and space science.
Established in the late 1940s, this iconic observatory has carved a unique space for itself as both a global leader in radio astronomy and a tourist attraction.
The Lovell Telescope
Dominating the landscape at Jodrell Bank is the Lovell Telescope, one of the world’s largest and most powerful steerable radio telescopes.
Named after Sir Bernard Lovell, the telescope is a marvel of engineering and has been instrumental in pioneering work on pulsars, quasars, and cosmic microwave background radiation.
Visitors are often awe-struck by its massive dish, which spans 76 metres in diameter.
The Discovery Centre
The Discovery Centre at Jodrell Bank provides an interactive gateway into the complex world of astronomy.
The centre features an array of displays that unravel the complexities of space, from the inception of the cosmos to recent breakthroughs in the quest for alien life.
With a keen focus on educational engagement, the centre provides an assortment of workshops and educational sessions tailored for individuals across all age groups.
The Galaxy Garden
But Jodrell Bank isn’t just about telescopes and technology; it also offers a unique horticultural experience with its Galaxy Garden.
This themed garden is designed to represent various cosmic phenomena and objects, offering a different and imaginative perspective on astronomy.
It serves as a tranquil place for contemplation and leisurely walks, while also being educational.
A Calendar of Cosmic Exploration
Jodrell Bank is a hub of activity throughout the year, offering regular events such as stargazing nights, scientific lectures, and telescope viewings.
These events are usually helmed by experts in the field, offering the general public a chance to interact with leading scientists and researchers.
Understanding the diverse needs of its visitors, Jodrell Bank has ensured that the site is wheelchair-friendly and offers facilities like cafes and gift shops.
Visitors can easily spend a whole day exploring the various facets of the observatory without worrying about amenities.
Jodrell Bank is a multifaceted attraction that marries advanced scientific research with public education and engagement.
Its comprehensive approach to making astronomy accessible to all makes it an indispensable part of Cheshire’s landscape of attractions.
Whether you’re an astronomy enthusiast, a student of science, or simply curious about the cosmos, Jodrell Bank offers an enlightening and engaging experience, making it a must-visit destination in Cheshire.
Address – Bomish Lane, Cheshire, Macclesfield, SK11 9DW
Telephone – 01477 571766
Website – https://www.jodrellbank.net | physics |
https://www.daphnechudesgin.com/portfolio-collections/my-portfolio/void | 2023-12-09T19:07:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100942.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209170619-20231209200619-00756.warc.gz | 0.892285 | 335 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__231873819 | en | Create Your First Project
Start adding your projects to your portfolio. Click on "Manage Projects" to get started
In a void, projection mapping uses a 3D illusion to create space, thereby developing six interconnected chapters discussing the perspective of space. The viewers interact with the installation using their hands as if from a god’s perspective, manipulating the miniature universe.
The first video was produced in collaboration with animator Yu Chen Wei, using the familiar image of a room to represent “space”, and presenting the process of this room being built from nothing.
Chapter 1 <Shell>
This chapter shows the shell outside of the space. The interaction allows viewers to tear away the shell and observe the world inside it. A section of a speech on the holographic principle was also mixed into the soundtrack for this work.
Chapter 2 <Light and shadow>
Light and shadow are indispensable elements for humans to perceive three-dimensional space. The viewer uses hand movements to control the angle of light and observe the pattern of interaction between light, shadow and space.
Chapter 3 <Lines and Surfaces>
The interaction allows the viewer to manipulate the process, from lines and surfaces to a three-dimensional space.
Chapter 4 <Cubes>
In this chapter, the interaction between the viewer and the work causes deformations in the structure of the space, which highlights the relationship between the cube and the space.
This part was also created by the animator Yu Chen Wei. The room collapses and fades into nothingness which echoes the opening. Everything in the world originates from an unverifiable void and finally returns to nothing. | physics |
https://www.stokestgregory.org/clock-back-in-action/ | 2023-03-23T20:54:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945183.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323194025-20230323224025-00742.warc.gz | 0.971226 | 288 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__121360998 | en | I am very pleased to be able to report that after a gruelling day’s work yesterday, the parish clock is back in action and, remarkably, keeping good time almost from the off. (There have been some unrelated issues with the chiming, but these should be resolved soon.)
Below you can see a photo of the broken suspension spring which was the source of the trouble. The top part is sandwiched in a block of brass held secure in the clock frame, while the bottom part is bolted to the top of the pendulum rod. As the pendulum swings in its one second beat, the spring flexes. This arrangement, which is common to nearly all pendulum clocks, avoids any friction in the pendulum but puts high demands on the steel of the spring, which gradually work-hardens with the continual flexing. Amazingly it turns out that the broken spring still had some of the original paint on it, suggesting that it dates from 1897 when the clock was new. This means that it is 126 years old and has flexed around 66 million times. Let’s hope the new one can do as well.
It may interest you to know that the escapement in our clock is the same double three-legged gravity escapement designed initially for the Big Ben clock, and that the recent restoration of that clock was undertaken by Cumbria Clocks who also maintain ours. | physics |
https://ayearofoctobers.com/the-smallening-world/2014/11/24/sevilla-part-two | 2019-09-16T04:15:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572484.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916035549-20190916061549-00423.warc.gz | 0.928659 | 210 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__122422396 | en | sevilla part two
On our second day in Seville we first passed by the Seville Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral (and cathedral, period) in the world. We then visited the Metropol Parasol, an immense wooden structure by Berlin architect Jürgen Mayer H. The building mushrooms over a large public plaza with an indoor market below. We took an elevator (not free) up to the roof which contained a restaurant, event space, and walkways that snaked over the roof surface offering incredible views of Seville and beyond.
On our drive back to Portugal, we spotted some strange towers on the horizon and decided to investigate. They turned out to be the solar power towers of Abengoa Solar's Solucar Complex, a series of solar power generation plants. The towers are surrounded by thousands of heliostats (sun-tracking mirrors) that direct the sun's rays to the top of the towers to superheat compressed water. The water is converted to steam, driving a turbine and generating electricity. | physics |
http://newsnetone.com/2017/01/naidu-will-give-14-times-nobel-prize-value-to-andhra-scientist/ | 2019-05-27T11:11:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262369.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527105804-20190527131804-00486.warc.gz | 0.947912 | 375 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__139188777 | en | Andhra Pradesh chief minister Chandrababu Naidu announced a Rs 100-crore reward for the first Nobel laureate to emerge from his state (January 4). The money is 14 times the Nobel Prize value! He said this while inaugurating the Children’s Science Congress. The catch is that you would have to grow up to be an ‘Andhra scientist’. Scientists are unimpressed, it seems.
Naidu made the reward offer – worth about 14 times the 2016 Nobel Prize value – while inaugurating the Children’s Science Congress on the sidelines of the Indian Science Congress.
“I am announcing a prize. If an Andhra scientist gets a Nobel Prize, we are going to give Rs 100 crore as reward. (From now on) you should develop curiosity to achieve it and work very hard towards that end,” Naidu said as large numbers of school students clapped.
None of the eight Indian or Indian-origin Nobel laureates so far is from Andhra Pradesh.
The chief minister asked Japanese Nobel laureate in physics Takaaki Kajita, present on the dais with him, to give his advice to the students to achieve the honour, to which the Japanese physicist said “hard work”.
But scientists who heard or learnt about Naidu’s offer said it appears to be driven by a mistaken assumption.
“Money is not what motivates people to do science,” said Suvrat Raju, a physicist at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Bangalore, a unit of the Mumbai-based Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
Instead of gifting such a sum to an individual, the money could be better used to improve infrastructure for science or improve scientific temperament in the country, Raju said. | physics |
https://en.hps.huji.ac.il/people/orly-shenker | 2018-05-23T22:30:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865830.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523215608-20180523235608-00563.warc.gz | 0.961987 | 462 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__47425659 | en | My active research is in two fields. One is the foundations of physics, with special interest in statistical mechanics and in the explanation of the time directedness of processes, in the framework of both classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Most of my publications are in this field, including my book (with Meir Hemmo) The Road to Maxwell's Demon (Cambridge University Press 2012), which offers a new conceptual foundation for statistical mechanics. These foundations include a new notion of probability in physics, which leads to rejecting the popular “typicality” approach. Our conceptual framework has led to a better understanding of the role of the observer in classical physics: although an observer seems to be essential to the notions of macrostates and of probability, in the book and elsewhere we show how the theory can be made completely physical. Our analysis of statistical mechanics has led to the radical conclusion that Maxwell’s Demon, which is a perpetuum mobile, is compatible with the foundations of physics, and therefore cannot be ruled out. We even believe that we are surrounded by Maxwellian Demons, and in this sense we offer a radical revision of the Second Law of thermodynamics.
One result of the conceptual framework that we developed is an improved understanding of the relations between physics and the so-called special sciences, that include thermodynamics – the original target, biology – as a paradigmatic special science, and psychology. My second active research concerns the latter, as it is studied in the philosophy of mind. In this framework I defend the idea that the mental is physical – an idea that, perhaps surprisingly, is held by only few, in both philosophy and science. I believe that insights gained from the investigation of the foundations of physics shed light on traditional problems in philosophy, associated with the philosophy of mind. My major project in this field is defending strong reductive type physicalism as a coherent and viable approach. On the way to this aim I defend physicalism against two major attacks: one is by varieties of non-reductive physicalism, including multiple realizability and metaphysical grounding of the mental by the physical, and the other is by conceivability arguments. I claim that the so-called hard problem can be met by strong type physicalism, and so can the problem of freedom in a physical world. | physics |
https://www.bishoplynch.org/list-detail?pk=135453&fromId=251200 | 2022-12-01T17:48:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201153700-20221201183700-00385.warc.gz | 0.918228 | 182 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__131221969 | en | Inquiring minds want to know, and at BL there’s no shortage of stimulating science curriculum. Friar students can choose from 17 science courses like honors biology and advanced physics to astronomy and forensics. Plus, with BL’s Advanced Placement (AP) science courses, students can get a step ahead in their scientific pursuits.
BL takes great pride in educating the next generation of scientists, doctors and researchers by providing top-notch instruction and hands-on experiences. Students plant vegetables and herbs in the courtyard; dissect angiosperm, pigs and squid; view constellations at night on the football field; and many more enhanced learning opportunities.
Bishop Lynch students have even had access to a scanning electron microscope on loan from Hitachi. It’s one of six $75,000 microscopes traveling around the country to promote careers in science. | physics |
https://greengoat.com.au/products/viewProduct/649 | 2021-12-08T19:19:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363520.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208175210-20211208205210-00633.warc.gz | 0.870315 | 175 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__100005209 | en | Space Pinball by I'm Toy
Enjoy all the fun of a traditional Pinball machine with this lightweight wooden toy.
Delightfully handcrafted in rubber wood, this toy has an impressively responsive flipper action to move the ball quickly around the board. Fire the ball from the rocket launcher, aim for the ball bouncer, spinning wheel, bell or cymbals to get the highest points!
This toy is one that children & adults just can't leave alone, fun for all the family.
Made in Thailand from sustainable rubber wood & finished with non-toxic child safe paints and lacquers.
Size: 51cm x 31cm x 7cm.
Warning: Choking Hazard - Small Parts.
Not suitable for children under 3 years of age.
Quantity available: 0 | physics |
https://lumigram.com/en/design/302-8548-luminous-tablecloth-fiber-optic-fabric-tablecloth.html | 2022-07-02T21:25:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104204514.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702192528-20220702222528-00023.warc.gz | 0.817466 | 113 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__212816854 | en | Luminous Tablecloth (fiber optic fabric tablecloth)
Luminous Tablecloth made of fiber optic fabric, with assorted cotton borders.
The Fiber Optic Fabric emits a colored light along the full length of the fibers, producing a stunning luminous effect.
Unlike other light sources like Neon, LEDs or Electroluminescence, the light coming from the fiber optic fabric is subtle and mysterious, producing a beautiful and dazzling luminous effect in dark or shadowed areas...
The table cloth can be handwashed with natural soap. | physics |
https://michaelruark.blog/2022/11/19/7-billion-year-old-stardust/ | 2023-05-28T13:30:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528114832-20230528144832-00769.warc.gz | 0.936188 | 1,054 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__68546165 | en | Microscopic grains of dead stars are the oldest known material on the planet — older than the moon, Earth and the solar system itself. By examining chemical clues in a meteorite’s mineral dust, researchers have determined the most ancient grains are 7 billion years old — about half as old as the universe. Rocks don’t get much more classic than this.
The researchers studied minerals in the Murchison meteorite, a large space rock that disintegrated in 1969 above cow pastures in Murchison, Australia. Dairy farmers collected the fragments and sold kilograms of the meteorite to museums and universities.
This paper shows that scientific collections “include materials that have existed, in essentially their current form, for the better part of the life of the universe,” said Gregory Herzog, an expert in extraterrestrial chemistry at Rutgers University who was not a part of the research team.
“We’ve used this really old sample, the oldest solid samples available to science, to try to learn something about the history of our galaxy,” said Philipp Heck, a meteorite expert at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Heck and an international team of cosmochemists published the new study Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Heck met an Australian professor who, as a student, dug through cow manure to hunt for meteorite fragments. “Pre-solar grains don’t care about” dung, Heck said. “They’re tough.” Years later, scientists have taken advantage of that toughness. They mashed part of the Murchison meteorite into powder and bathed the powder in acid. The chemical attack destroyed everything but the stardust grains, which are made of an exceptionally hard mineral called silicon carbide.
Silicon carbide is so strong manufacturers use a synthetic version in bulletproof armor. Though natural silicon carbide is rare on Earth, stars make the mineral during their dying gasps.
At the end of their lives, stars swell and release hot gas. When that cools, silicon carbide and other solid materials condense out of the gas. Tarry organic goo, newly formed alongside the grains, clumped the matter together into a form Heck likened to granola clusters. As clusters, they may have been able to better weather the supernova shock waves when the stars explode. Eventually, those clumps entered our solar neighborhood and became part of the rock that crashed into Australia.
While the space granola floated through the cosmos, it was bombarded with cosmic rays. Every so often, a direct hit from a cosmic ray shattered an atom within the silicon carbide, turning silicon into other elements like neon and helium.
“These hits are pretty constant over time, so we can just count the products from those hits and determine how long they were flying in space,” Heck said. The study authors measured the amount of neon in the grains using an instrument called a mass spectrometer at ETH Zurich, a technology university in Switzerland. That spectrometer is the only one on the planet sensitive enough to detect the trace amounts of neon gas trapped in the stardust, he said.
“This is hard, hard work,” said Neyda Abreu, a planetary scientist at Pennsylvania State University at DuBois. Abreu, who was not involved with this study, added: “You’re counting a signature that’s incredibly tiny, of a gas.”
Of the 40 grains the researchers examined, the most ancient, at 7 billion years old, are 2.5 billion years older than Earth. The majority were 4.6 billion to 4.9 billion years old — not as extreme but still hundreds of millions of years older than the solar system.
The unusual concentration of grains of about the same age suggests a “baby boom” of stars, Heck said. Some astronomical studies of starlight suggest a surge in star formation in the galaxy about 7 billion or so years ago. As these boomer stars reached the end of their 2-billion-year lifetimes, the stardust they sloughed off could be responsible for the spike that Heck detected.
Studying matter like these grains can complement observations of stellar radiation as a way to “understand large-scale processes” in our galaxy, Abreu said. She anticipates more revelations in the future, she said, from missions like OSIRIS-REx, a NASA spacecraft scheduled to deliver pieces of the asteroid Bennu to Utah in 2023.
For now, meteorites are “the only way that we have access to these materials,” Abreu said. A fallen grain, as part of our galactic history, is the closest thing to a sample return from a star.
Thank you for a well researched, post. The eclectic topic mixture of these posts are amazing!! The scientific narrative flows easily and is balanced.
I am sometimes in awe and ( foolishly) think that these posts are prepared and written by professor of science and history ?? | physics |
http://twisty.typepad.com/twisty/2003/06/college_week_br.html | 2017-04-26T23:23:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121752.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00367-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.905111 | 338 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__122985313 | en | Bradley explained this little trick to me at lunch yesterday. Truth be told, I’m not that much of a beer-from-the-can girl, as I much prefer vino or a cute, little cocktail. However, it is never bad to have a fun, little party trick up your sleeve that you can use to dazzle and amaze friends.
What You Need:
- Can of Beer: Any Size. Any Kind.
- Can Opener (I don’t mean the electric or the turn-y kind. I’m referring to the one you would use to pierce triangle-shaped holes in large cans. For example, my mom used to use one to open the industrial-size cans of Juicy Juice at Brownie troop meetings.)
What You Do:
- Flip over the can of beer so that the flip-top side is down.
- Use the can opener to poke a small hole on the bottom (i.e. wrong side) of the can.
- Suck out all the air through the hole you just poked.
- Flip the can back over so it is right-side-up again.
- Put the can approximately 4 inches from your mouth.
- Flip the top and aim for your mouth. (This is very important.)
- The entire contents of the beer can should shoot right into beer-guzzling gullet.
Why This Works:
You’re creating a vacuum. By sucking out the air, then opening the other side, you are essentially creating a “beer cannon.”
* Names have been changed. | physics |
https://www.remingtonindustries.com/magnet-wire/magnet-wire-200c-44-awg-polyamideimide-5-spool-sizes/ | 2023-09-27T10:58:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510297.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927103312-20230927133312-00895.warc.gz | 0.829872 | 433 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__306445767 | en | ↑ End Headings for tabs
This raw copper wire is drawn to meet specific size requirements based on the National Electrical Manufacturer's Association (NEMA) standards, and coated in a thin layer of insulation, to create Magnet Wire.
This particular magnet wire is coated in a thin layer of polyester insulation, with a Polyamideimide overcoat. This insulation not only protects the wire from wear and tear, but is designed to protect the wire from short circuiting.
The high temperature properties of this wire make it perfect for a variety of thermal overload applications. Some of the many applications this wire is found in include:
- Wound coils
Magnet wire is also often used in science projects and education, thanks to its wide range of properties.
Have a niche project for your magnet wire? Consider our custom wire services. Our team can create the perfect custom wire for you. If a variety of sizes are needed, browse wire at 200°C – Polyamideimide in 14-44 AWG.
↑ Stop "Description" content here
- Wire Type: Enameled Copper Wire
- Diameter: 0.0022"
- Color: Natural
- Insulation: Polyester w/ Polyamideimide Overcoat
- NEMA Description: MW-35-C
- Build: Single Min-Nom
- Temperature Rating: 200°C (392°F)
↑ Stop your "Specifications" content here
- 2 oz / 9975' (44S200P.125)
- 4 oz / 19950' (44S200P.25)
- 8 oz / 38899' (44S200P.5)
- 1.0 lb / 79798' (44S200P)
- 2.5 lbs / 199495' (44S2002.5)
- 5.0 lbs / 398990' (44S200)
- 10 lbs / 797980' (44S20010)
↑ Stop your "Sizes" content here | physics |
http://theorphys.phys.msu.ru/en/staff/kazakov.html | 2022-09-30T15:47:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335491.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930145518-20220930175518-00015.warc.gz | 0.912388 | 1,330 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__36482760 | en | Born 1 July 1974 in Moscow, Russia.
Graduated from the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University with an excellence degree in 1997.
PhD in physics in 2000. PhD thesis title: Gauge dependence of effective action in quantum gravity.
Combustion researcher at Post Doc. position at the Physics Faculty of Uppsala University, Sweden, 2001.
Invited Researcher at the Laboratory of Combustion and Detonation, Poitiers University, France (2007-present).
Associate Professor at the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University (2005-present).
Renormalization of gauge theories.
Research fields of interest
Combustion: nonlinear development of the Darrieus-Landau instability of premixed flames, nonlinear flame stabilization and steady flame propagation, asymptotic methods, small gas expansion limit, non-perturbative description of curved flames, flame propagation in gravitational field, propagation of diffusion flames in counterflows.
Quantum Field theory & Gravitation: Quantum fluctuations, Flicker noise, low-energy quantum gravity, correspondence between classical and quantum theories, the gauge dependence problem, post-Newtonian classical and quantum corrections, gravitational potentials, black holes, renormalization of gravity models, modeling of the measurement process.
Current research and future plans
Since all laboratory flames are characterized by large thermal expansion of gases, their dynamics in the regime of saturated nonlinearity can be investigated only non-perturbatively. The first consistent non-perturbative approach to the steady flame propagation was developed in [13,14]. Specifically, an integral representation for the rotational component of the burnt gas velocity near the flame front, along with a nonlinear dispersion relation for the potential component were derived and combined in an exact equation relating fuel velocity at the flame front and the flame front position. Together with the evolution equation (which determines the local burning rate), the new equation thus describes flame propagation entirely in terms of quantities defined on the flame front. This approach, now known as the on-shell description of flames, has been extended to the unsteady case in [10,11] and successfully applied to various problems such as stability of confined V-flames , anchored flames in high-velocity streams , flame propagation in curved channels , and horizontal flame propagation . All these problems are inaccessible for the classical analysis based on explicit solving of the bulk flow equations. The new method also provides a convenient framework for carrying out an asymptotic analysis of the weak gas-expansion case. It is planned to apply this method to open Bunsen and V-flames, vertical flame propagation, flame acceleration in open tubes.
Electromagnetic fluctuations and Flicker (1/f)- noise:
Investigation of quantum properties of the Coulomb field shows that the power spectrum of quantum fluctuations produced by a free electron exhibits an inverse frequency dependence in a wide range of frequencies - from zero up to 108 Hz, which covers the whole measured band where flicker noise has been observed. On the basis of this result, a new model of flicker noise in conductors was suggested in [8,9], and used to explain the measured flicker-noise spectra in various metals. This model naturally resolves the long-standing controversy about 1/f-noise – apparent absence of the low-frequency cutoff and finiteness of the total noise power having the 1/f-spectrum: according to , these two seemingly contradictory observational facts are reconciled by the new theory which states that the true flicker-noise spectrum is an odd function of frequency, hence is integrable. It also explains the huge discrepancies between the old empirical Hooge’s formula and the more recent observations of flicker noise in high-temperature superconductors: the 10-orders-of-magnitude discrepancies arise because of incorrect (inverse) scaling of the Hooge’s law with the sample volume. The new theory predicts a much slower decrease of the noise intensity for increasing sample size, which depends on the value of the frequency exponent. As was shown in , the noise levels in high-temperature superconductors, predicted by the new theory, agree with the observations within the error of calculations.
Quantum gravity and measurement:
Gauge dependence of the radiative gravitational corrections to observable quantities continues to spoil attempts to go beyond the scattering matrix approach in investigating quantum gravity effects. An explicit incorporation of the measuring apparatus into the effective field formalism might help resolve this problem, since the quantum contribution of the apparatus-graviton interaction to the effective apparatus action is of the same order of magnitude as that of the graviton-graviton interaction. However, it was shown in [15,16,22] that the inclusion of classical scalar field or classical point particle as a measuring apparatus does not resolve the problem. It is planned to continue this research intended on constructing a more realistic model of the measurement process.
Infrared singularities in QED:
Despite the effective field formalism is generally plagued by the gauge dependence problem, it is a viable and very important means in quantum electrodynamics where gauge independence of observables has been proved long ago. Employing it allows one to reveal a very important aspect of the infrared singularities in radiative corrections, which is hidden in the conventional treatment within the S-matrix formalism. Namely, it was demonstrated in [2,3] that these singularities signify an essential irreversibility of the free charge evolution. It turns out that the presence of IR-singularities precludes preparation of localized charged particle states over large time intervals. That is, there exists a lower bound on the particle position variance, which grows with the lapse of time from the moment of initial state preparation to the measurement instant. In vacuum, this is due to interaction of the charge with virtual photons, whereas at finite temperatures the effect is greatly amplified by real photons, so that it becomes observable in principle, e.g., in a properly arranged two-slit experiment. The irreversibility can be also quantified using the notion of quantum entropy whose asymptotic growth with time was determined in . Generalizations, applications and experimental verifications of this result are under way. | physics |
https://prismaneconsulting.com/sub-practices/advanced-materials | 2024-04-21T09:20:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817729.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421071342-20240421101342-00600.warc.gz | 0.850028 | 625 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__199873327 | en | Advanced materials are future materials promising significantreturn on investments to manufacturing firms. The Technology Strategy Board(TSB) defines advanced materials as: ‘materials designed for targetedproperties. Investment in research and development of advanced materialsrelates to enhancing the properties of traditional materials (viz. metals,polymers, ceramics, glasses and composites) to obtain superior performance fora targeted application.
Advanced materials can be broadly classified into the followingtypes:
Structural materials- The major classes include metals, metallicalloys and metal matrix composites (MMC); polymers and polymer matrixcomposites (PMC); ceramics and ceramic matrix composites (CMC); together withconcretes, glasses and natural materials, e.g. wood
Functional materials- These materials generally exhibit somenon-structural properties; such as electronic, magnetic or optical properties,and are incorporated into associated functional devices and systems; forexample, microelectronics, photonics and electrical machines. Materials underthis field are classified under plastic electronics, superconductors, magneticmaterials, electronic materials for use in extreme environments (e.g. SiC),compound semiconductors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and opticalmaterials.
Multifunctional materials- These materials represent a diverse andmultidisciplinary area, with links to functional, structural and biomaterials.These materials have high value application in aerospace, transportation;healthcare; packaging; energy; construction; security; consumer products anddefense industries. In addition, there are strong environmental, energy-relatedand sustainability drivers, increasingly being underpinned by legislation. Twoexamples of applications to illustrate this field are: damage tolerant,self-diagnostic and self-healing materials; and fully-integratedstructural/power generating materials.
Biomaterials- Biomaterials can be defined either as materialsapplied to a biological system or materials derived from a biological source.Applications in biological system include implants, tissue scaffolds andsensors. An application of biologically sourced material, biopolymers offersthe prospect of a renewable source for new materials with low carbon footprint.Biomass-generated polymers include celluloses, starches, chitosan and proteins.
Nanomaterials- Nanomaterials cross function advanced materialsconsidered to be a subset of each of the above categories, operating at thenanoscale (less than 100nm dimension). An improved understanding of materialsat the nanoscale, and the ability to control their structure provides potentialto develop a range of products with novel characteristics, functions andapplications. Classes of nanomaterials include thin films and surface coatings(1-D); nanotubes, wires and fibers (2-D); and nanoparticles, quantum dots andnanocrystalline materials (3-D).
Prismane consulting helps companies identify opportunities withinadvanced materials industry and guides them in market entry and marketpenetration strategies for their specific products. | physics |
https://oauth.withings.com/developer-guide/v3/withings-solutions/research-apis/ | 2024-04-21T03:11:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817699.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421005612-20240421035612-00389.warc.gz | 0.848267 | 192 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__179853494 | en | The Advanced Research API gives access to the device's sensors raw data and therefore exposes advanced information about your users, which opens a world of possibilities:
3-axis Accelerometer: Withings trackers are mounted with a MEMS accelerometer that samples at 25hz by default (up to 100Hz).
PPG Sensor: Withings devices use optical methods to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed. Depending on the Withings device, you will have access to a PPG sensor with either three LEDS (green, red and infrared) or just one LED (Green).
Withings advanced research API is only compatible with the Withings ScanWatch at the moment.
Interested in using Withings Advanced Research API?
Get in touch using the following form and let's discuss your use case:
Start your integration
Ready to integrate Withings Advanced Research API to your solutions? Follow our guide : | physics |
https://blog.lib.uiowa.edu/eng/explore-engineering-the-winter-olympics-at-our-new-exhibit/ | 2023-10-05T00:24:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511424.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004220037-20231005010037-00579.warc.gz | 0.934864 | 1,102 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__39118881 | en | Guest Blogger: James M. Cox
Snow, Ice and Fiberglass
The 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea are here! The games started on February 9, 2018 and will run through February 25, 2018. There are 102 Gold Medal Events across 15 sports! The sports are classified as “winter sports” because they require snow or ice. Most of the sports use equipment that is made from fiberglass. The three substances snow, ice, and fiberglass make the Winter Olympics possible!
We have a new Winter Olympics Exhibit Case in the Lichtenberger Engineering Library. Stop in and check it out!
The first of the key ingredients for the Winter Olympics is the snow. Natural snow forms when moisture combines with low temperatures to form ice crystals. These crystals begin to stick together and become heavy enough to fall to the ground. However, for ski slopes all across the world and during the Olympics, nature sometimes does not produce enough snow. Japanese nuclear physicist Ukichiro Nakaya, produced the first artificial snowflakes on March 12, 1936 by growing ice crystals on rabbit hair.1 Modern engineering has developed the snow gun. There are two methods for how the snow gun operates. Option 1: high pressure water systems creating water droplets that freeze in the air, and a powerful fan. Option 2: water and air under high pressure forcing the ice crystals into the sky. This process produces snice (snow-ice) because it is harder in texture than natural snow and becomes icy easier.2 Since PyeongChang, is situated in the mountains, the locale is ideal for both natural or artificial snow!
Ice is the other surface on which many of the sports occur during the Winter Olympics. Ice has a low coefficient of friction between ice and steel, creating the ability for ice skaters and the sliding sports (bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton) to generate high speeds.3 The temperature at which the ice is frozen creates different qualities for each sport. Colder temperatures create harder and faster ice, for sports such as hockey and the sliding sports, but is more brittle and likely to break on impact. Softer ice is produced at a higher temperature for figure skating, and has more grip and is less likely to shatter.4 For Curling, water is sprayed on the ice surface to create tiny bumps of ice over which the stones slide. This is called pebbling. Pebbling reduces the amount of surface friction between the stones and the ice, allowing the stones to glide more easily.5 The surface of an ice rink consists of 8 to 10 layers of ice! Ice and the science behind it leads to ideal surfaces on which the athletes compete.
The final, and perhaps unexpected, element in the Winter Olympics is fiberglass. Skis, snowboards, bobsleds, luge sleds, composite hockey sticks, and curling brushes all are constructed using fiberglass. Fiberglass, also known as glass fiber reinforced plastic, is a glass fabric that is soaked in a resin and then set in a mold to create the desired shape. Fiberglass is both strong and lightweight making it ideal for sports. The fibers to make the fabric are created by melting glass marbles and pulling the melted glass into filaments that are 1/10,000 of an inch to 5/10,000 of an inch in diameter.6 These glass strands are 2-3 times as strong as alloy steel! These strands are then twisted into yarn and woven into a fabric. This glass fabric is strong but it does not hold its shape, so it must be soaked in resin and then cured before it will be ready for an athlete to use. Fiberglass plays an important role in the Winter Olympics due to its use in many sports.
The event surfaces and equipment used make the Winter Olympics successful for athletes and enjoyable for spectators. Snow, ice, and fiberglass are the three key substances for the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang!
Check this video out if you want to see more engineering and technology in action at the 2018 Winter Olympics!
Sit back, watch the Olympics and be sure to cheer for your country as the athletes go for the gold!
And ski, luge, skate or curl your way into the library to check out the new exhibit case!
Ivar Olovsson, Snow, Ice, and Other Wonders of Water: A tribute to the Hydrogen Bond (Hackensack: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 2016), 10. Engineering Library QC926.32 .O46 2016
Olovsson, Snow, Ice, and Other Wonders of Water, 16-17. Engineering Library QC926.32 .O46 2016
Mark Denny, Gliding for Gold: The Physics of Winter Sports (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), 21. Engineering Library QC73 .D46 2011
Denny, Gliding for Gold, 23.
Learn to Curl : Curling Basics. Cedar Rapids Curling Club
Forbes Aird, Fiberglass & Other Composite Materials: A Guide to High Performance Non-Metallic Materials for Race Cars, Street Rods, Body Shops, Boats, and Aircraft (New York: Penguin Group Inc., 2006), 9. Engineering Library TA455 .P55 2006 | physics |
https://techgadgetsstore.com/product/logitech-g-x56-black-hotas-rgb-throttle-and-stick-simulation-controller/ | 2020-11-29T22:47:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141203418.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129214615-20201130004615-00375.warc.gz | 0.892498 | 457 | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__144462611 | en | Logitech G X56 Black HOTAS RGB Throttle and Stick Simulation Controller
Logitech G X56 HOTAS Controller
Enhance the experience of VR gaming and the re-emerging space simulation genre with the advanced X56 HOTAS. It provides complete control featuring analog thumb sticks, RGB lighting, 16-bit aileron and elevator axis, 189 programmable controls, and an updated stealthy black and gray finish.
SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM
In modern space sims with more dynamic spacecraft physics, control is more complex. And, much different than in traditional atmosphere-based flight simulations. 6DoF is the six degrees of freedom—pitch, roll, yaw, backwards, forwards, up, down, left and right—that all need to be accounted for. X56 features unique, purpose-built mini analog sticks at the thumbs providing four more axes of control plus double as buttons.
Whether you’re in the heat of a dog fight or about to drop the landing gear in the space station, X56 supplies the heroic environment you need for the best experience. Edit the full-spectrum RGB lighting to your liking with feature-rich software.
Not only is an advanced HOTAS like X56 mirroring what you see on screen in the latest games, the controls are also confidently positioned in your hands. For these reasons, plus the immense number and sensitivity of controls, X56 is ideal for head-mounted display (HMD) and VR gaming. Put on a headset and grab onto X56 for endless adventure.
The combination of contact-free Hall effect sensors within the 16-bit aileron and elevator axis, and the adjustable spring tensioning system gives X56 an unprecedented level of sensitivity and control at the stick. Four springs of differing tensions are included for an extra layer of customization. Even opt for no spring at all.
The innovative twin throttles are ideal for dual-engine spacecraft and aircraft, and even more ideal for battle situations when your primary engine is disabled and you’re down to just one. Adjust the friction required to move each throttle and if your craft of choice is single-engine, the throttle lock effectively converts the twin throttles into a single unit. | physics |
https://www.cyber-lightbox.com/ | 2021-11-27T19:53:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358233.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127193525-20211127223525-00524.warc.gz | 0.945549 | 500 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__68116377 | en | Transformers are very important electrical component that helps transfer loads of electricity from one place to another via electromagnetic induction. The name of the device itself means that it transforms electric current transferring from one source to another modifying the voltage and current and maintaining the frequency all throughout the sourcing of the power.
How does it work?
Keep in mind that transformers do not generate electrical power but only transfers them from one AC circuit to another. This is done via magnetic coupling. In electricity generation and supply, the ability to convert voltages alternating them from low voltages to higher voltages is important because this helps in avoiding generation and distribution loses. We have voltage transformers that helps maintain this pace and make the conversion as smooth as possible.
Utilizing this very important law, transforms are able to convert electrical energy from one value to another by linking together two or more electrical circuits using a common oscillating magnetic circuit produced by the transformer itself.
Single Phase voltage transformer
Consisting of two electrical coils of wire – “Primary Winding” and the “Secondary Winding” also known as secondary transformers, single phase voltage transformers help connect the two currents by wrapping them in a core formed from a closed magnetic iron circuit. They are not totally closely wrapped but are connected via electromagnetic field formed and induced by passing electricity from the circuit from the receiving side.
Primary vs Secondary Windings
Coils are turned around a core but are separated to distinguish which side is the receiving end and which is the delivering end. Usually, the Primary winding is the receiving end and the Secondary winding is the delivering side to the circuit where it distributes the circuit. The purpose of the secondary transformers is to take the modified current and deliver the current to the intended end. The primary winding usually has the higher voltage compared to the secondary.
How the transformer does the job
Alternating current in the core can be modified to increase the voltage of the secondary voltage in comparison to the primary. It could also decrease the voltage alternately. Usually stepping down the voltage is done when it is being distributed to residential areas where lower voltage is needed. When it is time to distribute loads to different areas in a large scale cable grid, the step-up transformers can help do the job. There is also a condition that exist where no changes in the voltage is made and it is rather called Impedance transformer used for isolating adjoining electrical circuits. | physics |
http://controltechnology.co.za/product/galvanically-isolated-dc-signal-converter/ | 2021-05-09T15:49:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989006.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509153220-20210509183220-00172.warc.gz | 0.706515 | 176 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__18331076 | en | - 3 wire potentiometer
- Bipolar DC Analogue Voltage or Current
- Bipolar 10V or 4-20 mA DC
Converts a wide range of incoming bi-polar process DC signals into a standardized Galvanically isolated bipolar 10V or 4-20mA low impedance output signal.
It also provides a dual +15v 0 -15v stabilized dc power supply rated at 50mA for powering up external transducers.
Front adjustable Min and Span trimpots allow the output to be scaled.
The unit is powered from either 230v or 110v AC and is din rail mountable
Input terminals provide selection of the following standard input ranges Other input ranges can be specified when ordering.
- 4-20mA DC
- 0-50mV DC
- 0-5V DC
- 0-10V DC | physics |
https://surotaal.com/services/harmonium/ | 2024-04-22T23:22:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818374.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422211055-20240423001055-00317.warc.gz | 0.983247 | 243 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__74736493 | en | A harmonium, also called a “melodeon”, “reed organ” or “pump organ”, is a keyboard instrument that is a lot like an organ. It makes sound by blowing air through reeds, which are tuned to different pitches to make musical notes.
- In a foot-pumped harmonium, the player presses two pedals with his or her feet, one at a time. This is joined to a mechanism which operates a bellows, sending air to the reeds. In this way, both of the player’s hands are free to play the keyboard. This type was invented in 1842 by Alexandre Debain of Paris, although similar instruments have been made in other places around the same time.
- In a hand-pumped harmonium, the player pushes and pulls a handle back and forth with one hand, which is joined to the bellows that blows the air. Because of this, he or she can only use one hand to play the keys as the other has to keep pumping the bellows. Some players can pump enough air with one hand, and then play the keys with both hands, when necessary. | physics |
http://edu.dailymirror.lk/home/schoolnews/421/AL-Science-Practicals-Exhibition-at-Bandaranayake-Central | 2019-07-23T05:55:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528869.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723043719-20190723065719-00163.warc.gz | 0.933301 | 213 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__89576258 | en | The Science Society of Bandaranayake Central College, Veyangoda, held an exhibition based on Practicals of the GCE Advanced Level Biology, Chemistry and Physics syllabuses, on June 21, 22, at the College premises. The exhibition was under the patronage of the school Principal S.A.L.B. Sirimanna and led by Head of the A/L section, Deputy Principal P.L. Samson. The exhibition was declared open by Gampaha Rathnavali Balika Vidyalaya Principal H.A.H. Jayawardana, and the Gampaha Zonal Education Office Director of Science, Thushari Wijithasena. R.K.A. Thilak is Sectional Head of the A/L Science Section. Samanthi Abeygunawardhana is the Teacher-in-Charge of the Science Society, while Geesara Weerakkody and G. Vibhash Rajarathne are President and Secretary of the Society, respectively. | physics |
https://expertseoinfo.com/global-magnetic-plastics-market-share-price-trends-growth-analysis-report-forecast-2023-2028/ | 2023-12-11T10:08:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103810.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211080606-20231211110606-00837.warc.gz | 0.922836 | 714 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__275589430 | en | According to the report by Expert Market Research (EMR), the Global Magnetic Plastics Market Share is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.70% between 2023 and 2028. Aided by the growing application of magnetic plastics in myriad industries and the escalating demand for technologically advanced materials, the market is expected to grow significantly by 2028.
Magnetic plastics, also known as plastic magnets, are a type of composite material possessing magnetic capabilities while offering the advantage of plastic mouldability. These are often employed in various applications including sensors, data storage, electric motors, and magnetic shields due to their lightweight, corrosion resistance, and easy manufacturability.
The driving force behind the global magnetic plastics market growth is the proliferating demand for technologically advanced materials. As industries continue to innovate and improve their products, there has been a significant inclination towards materials like magnetic plastics, which offer excellent functional advantages over traditional materials. Furthermore, the rising trend of miniaturisation in electronics and the need for lightweight components in the automotive industry have contributed to the increasing popularity of magnetic plastics.
Get a Free Sample Report with Table of Contents – https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/magnetic-plastics-market/requestsample
Magnetic plastics find broad applications in several industries, a fact that plays a significant role in propelling the magnetic plastics market demand. In the electronics industry, these plastics are used in data storage devices and sensors due to their ability to retain magnetism. The automotive industry employs magnetic plastics in electric motors and sensors for better performance and weight reduction. In the medical industry, magnetic plastics find usage in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment and as a contrast agent in MRI scans.
Further, the soaring demand for sustainable alternatives in the manufacturing sector has resulted in an increased focus on magnetic plastics, boosting the magnetic plastics market expansion. As the push for environmental sustainability grows stronger, these plastics, due to their recyclability and lower environmental impact compared to traditional magnetic materials, have emerged as a preferred choice. This trend is expected to significantly contribute to the market expansion.
Lastly, the global magnetic plastics market is set for considerable growth, driven by increasing demand for advanced materials, their broad industry applications, and the rising emphasis on sustainable alternatives.
The market can be divided based on type, end use, and region.
Market Breakup by Type
Market Breakup by End Use
- Food Packaging
- Electric and Electronics
- Healthcare and Medical
Market Breakup by Region
- North America
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East and Africa
The EMR report looks into the market shares, plant turnarounds, capacities, investments, and acquisitions and mergers, among other major developments, of the global magnetic plastics companies. Some of the major key players explored in the report by Expert Market Research are as follows:
- Thyssenkrupp AG
- Ingeniería Magnetica Aplicada SLU
- Sura Magnets AB
- Bomatec AG
- Evitron Sp. z o.o.
- Kolektor Magnet Technology GmbH
- Eclipse Magnetics
- MS-Schramberg GmbH & Co. KG
Acquire unparalleled access to critical industry insights with our comprehensive market research reports, meticulously prepared by a team of seasoned experts. These reports are designed to equip decision-makers with an in-depth understanding of prevailing market trends, competitive landscapes, and growth opportunities. | physics |
https://sciencehouse.wordpress.com/2007/11/ | 2023-03-26T18:17:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946445.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326173112-20230326203112-00170.warc.gz | 0.911397 | 505 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__222127598 | en | I have recently published two papers applying ideas from the kinetic theory of plasmas and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics to coupled oscillators. The first is Hildebrand, Buice and Chow, PRL 98:054101 and the second is Buice and Chow, PRE 76:031118. The main concern of both papers is understanding the dynamics of large but not infinite networks of oscillators. Generally, coupled oscillators are studied either in the small network limit where explicit calculations can be performed or in the infinite size “mean field” limit where fluctuations can be ignored. However, many networks are in between, i.e. large enough to be complicated but not so large that the effects of individual oscillators are not felt. This is the regime we were interested in and where the ideas of kinetic theory are useful.
In a nutshell, kinetic theory strives to explain macroscopic phenomenon of a many body system in terms of (the moments of the distribution function governing) the microscopic dynamics of the constituent particles (oscillators). In the coupled oscillator case, we actually have a macroscopic theory and what we want to understand is how the microscopic dynamics gave rise to that theory. For example, in the Kuramoto model of coupled oscillators, there is a phase transition from asynchrony to synchrony if the coupling strength is sufficiently strong. In the infinite oscillator limit where fluctuations can be ignored, an order parameter measuring the synchrony in the network can be shown to bifurcate from zero at a critical coupling strength. However, for a finite number of oscillators, the order parameter fluctuates and there is no longer a sharp transition from asynchrony to synchrony but rather a crossover. We show in the first paper that a moment expansion analogous to the BBGKY hierarchy can be derived for the coupled oscillator system and using a Leonard-Balescu-like approximation the variance of the order parameter can be computed explicitly.
The second paper shows that the moment hierarchy can be equivalently expressed in terms of a generating functional of the oscillator density (i.e. a density of the density if you like). Once expressed in this form, diagrammatic methods of field theory can be used to do perturbative expansions. In particular, we perform a one-loop expansion to show marginal modes in the mean field theory are stabilized by finite-size fluctuations. This problem of marginal modes had been a puzzle in the field for a number of years. | physics |
https://www.greenplan.co.za/case-studies/rock-bed/ | 2024-04-21T10:31:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817765.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421101951-20240421131951-00644.warc.gz | 0.946398 | 788 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__73342116 | en | Have you ever wondered if it is possible to cool or heat your building by some means other than conventional air-conditioning units? Have you ever wished for a system that uses less electricity? – for a system that is simple to build and operate and suited to regions with low technology capabilities? Well, there is at least one alternative that can be considered, although it is not suitable in all locations: a packed bed heating or cooling system.
Packed beds: an alternative means for heating and cooling
What is a packed bed? It sounds more complicated than it is. A packed bed (sometimes called a rock bed) is in essence a pile of loose particles like broken rock or bricks (Figure 1), and it functions as an energy ‘battery’. It ‘stores’ the environmental/ambient temperatures instead of ‘producing’ temperatures like an air-conditioner does. This is achieved by blowing hot or cold air from the environment through the pile of rock or whatever material you use. It may not allow you to discard your air-conditioner completely, but it would allow for a reduction in electricity usage in many locations.
What are the advantages and disadvantages? How does it work?
The advantage of packed beds is that, in storing energy at ambient temperatures instead of artificially heating or cooling, less energy is used. The disadvantage is that the system is completely dependent on ambient temperatures: if there is a heatwave for several days or weeks, it will not be able to provide cooling. The limitation with this system is that it needs a climate where the day and night temperatures vary sufficiently. If the night temperature does not cool significantly, then this system will not function well (or at all). Packed beds function best in regions with a large temperature difference (about 8 to 10 °C or more) between day and night. An example of a suitable day-night temperature profile is shown in Figure 2.
How does a packed bed work? A packed bed used for cooling a building is “charged” with cold air at night when the external ambient temperature around the building is low (Figure 2). Then, during the day when the temperature rises and the building needs cooling, the low temperature ‘stored’ in the packed bed can be used to cool air for the building until the packed bed is discharged by reversing the air flow direction.
Packed beds can be used for heating a building at night if it is possible to charge them with hot air during the day. Sunshine during the day can be used to increase the charging temperature significantly above the ambient temperature.
What do I need to know to build one?
Because the system effectiveness depends on the ambient temperature range, in addition to the particle size and the material properties, there are no one-size-fits-all designs. Every design needs to be customised to some extent. Ideally, the system should be designed and built as a part of the building structure to reduce costs – retrofitting is likely to be expensive. Care should be taken to ensure that fungi spores and other potential health hazards do not get blown into the building.
Is it worth it?
Financial payback periods in South Africa are likely to be between five to fifteen years in regions where the weather is suited to the use of packed beds, provided that expensive retrofitting is not required. Apart from the financial considerations, there is the advantage of reduced dependence on the power grid - the system only requires a small fan to operate, which could be driven from a photovoltaic solar system. The maintenance is basic and low-tech, well-suited to rural areas and developing regions. The construction materials can usually be sourced very easily, unless you live in a region of the world where there is no rock. And there is the cherry on top of being able to show off a relatively novel system to your friends! | physics |
https://ysdwps.com/news/Crowbar-driver-circuit.html | 2022-09-28T03:03:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335059.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928020513-20220928050513-00196.warc.gz | 0.920273 | 1,489 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__214959704 | en | What is the Crowbar driver circuit?
Crowbar driver circuit
Crowbar circuit is an overvoltage protection circuit. The design idea of this circuit is to short-circuit the power supply
when the voltage exceeds a predetermined value, and hard the voltage of the power supply through short-circuit
Student's pull down. At this time, the over-current protection equipment such as the fuse on the power supply path works to cut off the power supply to prevent damage to the power supply. This mechanism tells us that the circuit is going to
The power supply can withstand a short short circuit without damage, otherwise although the protection of back-end equipment but at the expense of the power supply equipment.
Crowbar is a Crowbar, and the first thing I thought of when I first saw the word was a lever, thinking that this circuit was using some kind of lever principle. But then I found this electricity
The name of the road has nothing to do with leverage. A Crowbar circuit is essentially a Crowbar (or other thick, conductive stick) thrown into a power lead
Short circuit it out. That's an uncultured name!
Components such as thyristors are commonly used in Crowbar circuits. The device is not normally turned on, but can pass through a voltage or current at the control terminal
The signal turns it on. When the thyristor is turned on, the conduction pressure drop is about 1-2V. Crowbar circuits generally do not short-circuit the power supply with triodes or feTs, because when the power supply
Shorted, it cannot provide the base current needed to keep the transistor on. The SCR does not need to control the signal once it is turned on.
Basic Crowbar driver circuit
The diagram below shows a typical Crowbar circuit.
When the supply voltage exceeds the voltage regulator of the diode, D1 turns on. When the supply voltage exceeds the voltage regulator diode plus the thyristor on voltage, the thyristor on
Start, and lower the supply voltage to 1-2V. The SCR does not turn off until the current flowing through it decreases to near zero. Capacitors in a circuit are used to ensure that interference does not misstart
If the power supply's ability to output current is unlimited, soon the Crowbar circuit will burn out, so the power supply's output current must be limited, the easiest way to do this is to install a protection
The fuse or power supply itself is of the current limiting type.
A disadvantage of this circuit is that it is difficult to accurately control the opening voltage, after all, there are only a fixed number of regulated voltage diodes, and the discrete comparison of regulated voltage diodes
Large (2-5 %), also affected by temperature. SCR open voltage dispersion is also quite large. Therefore, when the power supply voltage is relatively low, we need to improve the above circuit to make it control
The voltage is more accurate.
Precise Crowbar driver circuit
The opening voltage of the following circuit is much more accurate.
The 1TL431 is an inexpensive voltage source chip that can output between 2.5 and 36V. It can solve the problem of discreteness and voltage stability of regulated diode
It's also much better than a regulated diode.
Triode T2 is used to solve the problem of large discrete starting voltage of SCR. When Vbe is greater than 0.6V, the triode turns on the SCR. Due to the amplification of the triode
Small changes in source voltage can produce large voltage changes at the SCR control terminal. Although the triode is also affected by temperature, the entire circuit is more stable than the original opening voltage
The circuit is much smaller.
The TL431's reference voltage is 2.5V, so the output voltage of the TL431 in the above circuit is 5V, and the Crowbar circuit has an on voltage between 5.6-6.0V. This circuit can
There is still some room for improvement in the circuit above. When the inflow current at the control end of the SCR is only a little higher than the trigger opening current, the inside of the thyristor starts with only one
Part of the thyristor is open, and it will take some time for the thyristor to fully open. During this time a large amount of current passes through parts of the thyristor, which can easily damage the thyristor
Tube. There is an indicator in the thyristor chip manual called maximum DI/DT, and the thyristor is safe only when the rate of change of the current flowing through the thyristor is less than the maximum specified by this indicator
All of the. Typically, A 12A thyristor has A maximum di/dt of 100 A/µs.
The power input of the load usually has a large capacitor, and when the Crowbar circuit is working, this large capacitor will pour a large amount of current into the thyristor. Especially large volume
The ceramic capacitor produces a considerable di/ DT pulse One way to protect the thyristor from high current shocks is to connect an inductor in series to limit the DI /dt. The required
The inductance of can be calculated as follows:
L = U/(di/dt)
In the circuit above, the opening voltage is about 6V and the thyristor's on-voltage drop is about 1V, so U= 6V- 1V= 5V. Suppose the thyristor can withstand di/dt
100A/µs, the inductance should not be less than 50 nH. Also, make sure the inductor can withstand enough current to at least avoid blowing a fuse.
Another CROWbar circuit based on TL431
The TL431's chip manual gives a reference circuit as follows.
When the voltage at the TL431's reference input is below 2.5V, the current flowing through the TL431 does not exceed 400 µA, so the voltage drop across R3 is small. As the supply voltage increases the TL431
When the voltage at the reference input exceeds 2.5V, TL431 turns on, and the voltage drop on R3 increases until the thyristor turns on.
The operating voltage of this circuit is more accurate. But you have to use a bidirectional thyristor, ordinary unidirectional thyristors don't work.
Improved Crowbar circuit based on TL431
The above circuit can also be modified to further eliminate the effect of temperature on the thyristor.
ON Semiconductor has a dedicated chip, THE MC3423, which controls the voltage more accurately and ensures that the thyristor quickly turns ON. Use a simple resistor voltage divider circuit
To set the opening voltage between 4.5V and 40V.
Compared with the previous circuit, this circuit has the disadvantage of higher power consumption and higher opening voltage | physics |
http://notjustforelementary.blogspot.com/2011/08/bubble-math.html | 2019-03-27T00:52:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912207146.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190327000624-20190327022624-00183.warc.gz | 0.96057 | 190 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__153774891 | en | I did this lesson a couple of years ago with my 7th and 8th grade students to go over properties of a circle. They had a lot of fun with the activity and it was much more interactive than just doing practice problems off a worksheet.
Students blow bubbles onto large construction paper. When the bubble lands and pops it leaves a circular ring, which the student quickly traces before it dries.
We learned that the lesson works better if students use multiple types of wands, otherwise the bubbles turn out to be pretty similar in size.
Once student traces a set number of circles (we did 10) they then find the radius, diameter, circumference, and area for their bubble imprints. To give a greater variety of numbers, students were asked to choose different units of measure throughout their poster: centimeters, millimeters, and inches.
*Would also be a good lesson to use for finding original volume of the bubble. | physics |
http://www.strutpatent.com/patent/07328668/hybrid-vee-hull-wing-in-ground-effect-vessel | 2015-05-25T07:15:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928423.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00284-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.926866 | 5,542 | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-22__0__67423004 | en | An improved planing hull which incorporates a vee-bow (1) with outboard chines (2) designed to trap air and water between said chines. As the chines (2) extend aft they become wider and deeper (3) in the water. The vee-bow (1) ensures comfort in a seaway by deflecting waves down and outward and prohibits the bow from being buried in a wave. The outboard chines (2) can house engines and waterjets while providing buoyancy aft to match the displacement of the machinery. The chines (2) can be designed to cancel each other's wake, reducing drag and increasing lift on the hull. The resulting vessel can have much greater beam and interior accommodation with the same displacement as a typical planing boat. The hybrid hull has improved wave handling, significantly improved transverse stability, a smoother ride, and notably less draft over convention vee-hull boats.
Roger Gamble Doughty Guerard
Section: Performing Operations; Transporting
Classification: Ships Or Other Waterborne Vessels; Related Equipment
This patent claims benefit of the provisional patent 60/416,708 filed on Oct. 7, 2002 filed by Roger G. D. Guerard.
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to hybrid vee-hull planing boats incorporating wing-in-ground effect chines, sponsons, or external appendages.
2. Description of Prior Art
Conventional vee-hull planing boats are designed to cut through waves without pounding or slamming but sacrifice speed and transverse stability for comfort. The fineness of the forward vee-section of the hull determines the smoothness of the ride. A narrow vee-section sinks deeper into the water to support the same amount of weight as a wider flatter vee-section. Narrow vee-hulls inherently have increased wetted surface, which ultimately results in increased drag in the water. To balance this effect conventional vee-hulls have a narrow vee-section forward transitioning into a wide flat vee-section aft. Flattening the vee-shape makes conventional vee-hulls more transversely stable and increases attainable high-end speed of the vessel. A narrow forward section helps soften the impact of waves providing a smoother ride when compared to vessels with fuller or blunt forward hull sections.
Conventional planing vee-hulls may have chines. The motion of conventional vee-hulls tends to be transversely tender when planing, as previously stated. A person walking from one side of the boat to the other side causes the vessel to lean from side to side as well. To remedy this the outboard chines are frequently designed into the hull. The chines are narrow, run parallel to the waterline, and are above the centerline vee-section of the hull.
Weight distribution and interior accommodation are challenges in any vessel. The center of gravity of the boat must be located directly over the center of buoyancy of the hull at its designed waterline. If the two centers are not located in the same plane, the boat will trim and list until they are. If there is more weight to one side then the boat will list, lean to that side. If there is more weight aft the boat will trim aft, sit lower in the water by the stern.
To achieve balance, conventional hulls have engines forward from the stern of the vessel. This encroaches on interior space and compromises the comfort of the vessel due to noise and heat from the engine. Also, lines must be run to the engine for cooling, intake air, and exhaust. Exhaust lines become quite hot requiring bulky insulation. An insulated housing is typically fashioned around the engine itself to deaden engine noise and contain heat. The housing significantly reduces the available space for personal accommodation. This type of engine mounting also requires a propeller shaft to run from the engine aft, normally under the boat or inside the hull to a stern drive propeller. If the shaft is under the boat, it is subject to damage should the boat run aground or hit debris in the water. The shaft configuration below the hull produces significant drag lowering the speed of the vessel and increasing operating cost. Both configurations require bearing supports along the shaft length to ensure it turns freely and does not vibrate. Propeller shafts turn at high speeds so vibrations in propeller shafts and shaft alignment with the engine are critical concerns.
Stern drive boats have engines directly coupled to the stern drive through the transom. This keeps the machinery in one location. Engines still encroach on deck space, but noise concerns are less since aft cockpits are normally open spaces and intake air is easily obtainable. To counter the concentration of weight aft, fuel and water tanks are located forward. The distribution of weight must be maintained about the vessel's center of buoyancy or the vessel will trim with her bow up or down. Close inspection of stern drive boats show that they trim aft and sit lower in the water by the stern. If the boat has her bow up, the fine forward entry of the vee-hull is not in the water so the boat will pound in a seaway and it is much more difficult for the driver to see. If the bow trims down then the boat will have a tendency to bury her bow in a seaway. This is critical since full fuel tanks represent significant weight. As the fuel tanks empty the center of weight moves, strongly impacting vessel characteristics and safety. Trim tabs are added to compensate for this design flaw. Trim tabs are attached to a vessel's transom and can be angled to deflect water. When a boat is traveling, trim tabs are adjusted as required to compensate for changing weight distribution.
As boating has matured there are many more boaters on the water and the potential for accidents has dramatically increased. Several accidents have occurred in planing boats when the operator applied full throttle from a dead stop or slow speed. Thrust applied by the propellers is below the hull and induces a strong moment that causes a boat's bow to rise dramatically for a short period of time. When the stern of a boat digs down into the water the bow rises and the driver is temporarily unable to see over the bow. Ski boats and speedboats racing from a start are prime examples of this kind of hazard but the phenomenon is common to all planing boats.
Objects and Advantages
The primary embodiment of this patent is a planing boat hull having a conventional vee-hull forward with enhanced outboard chines. The outboard chines may appear to be conventional when the boat sits at rest in the water, or is not planing. The chines typically originate at the bow above the waterline transitioning as they go aft, ultimately extending below the center vee-hull. The outboard chines also become wider as the chines transition aft. When planing, the proposed boat rides on the outboard chines, lifting the center vee-hull out of the water thereby reducing wetted surface and drag, while enhancing transverse stability. Air trapped between the two chines and the water creates a wing-in-ground effect of buffered air adding lifting forces on the hull and further reducing drag at planing speeds. This lifting force on the hull is augmented by water, which impacts the curved/cupped after sections of the vee-bottom of the hull and is deflected down. A ram air effect is also induced by the changing width of the outboard chines as they transition aft. The distance between the chines is greater in the bow creating a funnel for air. A large volume of air is trapped under the bow of the boat as it planes. This volume of air must remain constant as it goes under the boat. The result of the narrowing gap between the chines, as the chines transition aft, is to create a buffered layer of accelerated air. The buffered layer of accelerated air acts to increase the lift on the boat reducing the hull drag in the water. The present invention has a forward center vee-section of the hull to ensure the boat will not slam or pound in a seaway and additional lift generated by buffered air under the hull ensures a measurably smoother and faster ride. Existing vee-hulls have a higher wetted surface, while planing, creating more drag and providing less lift at speed. Conventional vee-hulls are also notably less transversely stable, and have a rougher ride. In the preferred embodiment of the proposed hybrid boat the centerline vee-hull can become shallower as it transitions aft to further enhance the wing-in-ground effect. An example of this is shown in the 32-foot hull referenced in FIG. 1 through FIG. 7. Another example of the embodiment of this hybrid hull is shown in a 55-foot boat referenced in FIG. 8 through FIG. 10. The 55-foot boat shows engines and water jets installed in the outboard chines. The 55-foot boat does not have the centerline vee-hull elevated as it transitions aft from amidships but the 32-foot boat does.
Fuel and water tanks can be fitted below the deck centered over the vessels design center of buoyancy. Tanks placed in this location will not effect the trim of the vessel regardless of how full or empty the tanks are. The added advantage is that no interior space need be compromised to achieve this placement and safety is further enhanced over conventional vessels. A balance must be made between required buoyancy, outboard chine draft, and outboard chine width. Adjusting these variables allows for fuel and water tanks to be placed over the center of buoyancy. The 32-foot boat design example embodying this patent has 2,200 pounds of fuel when fully loaded. The total displacement of the vessel is 7,500 pounds when fully loaded. Fuel weight represents 30% of the vessel weight when fully loaded. If the fuel were not located over the center of buoyancy the change in fore and aft trim of the boat with fuel consumption would be dramatic. In the 32-foot boat design the center of buoyancy of the hull moves aft 5 inches from full load to light ship draft. This requires the center of the fuel in the fuel tanks to move aft when fuel is consumed. Since the outboard chines get deeper and wider as the chines transition aft a single fuel tank spanning the width of the vessel is easily designed with the proper characteristics.
The outboard chines of the proposed hull can be designed with enough width and depth for the engines and drive systems to be mounted inside them. Interior accommodation need not be encroached upon with the proposed design. The proposed design is ideal for placing water jets in the outboard chines since water jets require a flat surface for water intake. Whether stern drives or water jets are used the lowered aft chines provide buoyancy in the stem where it is needed to offset the machinery weight. Trim tabs are not required to ensure proper trim of the proposed design over a range of drafts and speeds. This enhances the safety and efficiency of the proposed boat hull.
In smaller boats where outboard motors are used the motors can be set inboard of the chines of the proposed hull. The propellers can be safely above the bottom of the boat and have unobstructed water flow. The propellers are protected in a grounding situation since they are above the outboard chines. Also, the propellers always have clean unobstructed water flow, as mentioned, resulting in enhanced performance over hulls which have a small center section of the hull cut away for the propeller to be protected in a grounding situation.
Inherent in this proposed design is the ability to maintain level pitch under acceleration, which dramatically improves safety. Conventional planing hulls initially assume a “bow up” position when the vessel transitions between displacement speed and planing speed. High thrust applied by the propeller deep in the water and far aft creates a moment, which causes conventional boats to raise their bow, usually blocking the sight of the helmsman. The proposed design eliminates this as the energy provided is being countered by increased water velocity to the lower chines at a similar elevation and the forward portion of the vee-hull acts like a cantilevered beam keeping the bow down.
The hull can be optimized for speed and comfort by changing the centerline vee and the outboard chines. The centerline vee section of the hull acts as a shock absorber deflecting waves. The wider the centerline vee section the more buoyancy it provides resulting in a stiffer bumpier ride. Maximizing the depth of the centerline vee also reduces speed but makes the ride smoother. A step can be added to the centerline vee to introduce turbulent flow in the water behind the step enhancing the water and air mixture trapped between the two outboard chines. Adding a step only helps at higher speeds provided the centerline vee is immersed forward of the step. The outboard chines can be made deeper providing a more cushioned but slower ride. The can also be made shallower providing a faster but bouncier ride. The width of the outboard chines is also critical in producing a wake at speed.
The wake produced by the outboard chines and the centerline vee can be optimized to cancel each other at speed ranges just as a bulbous bow does on a ship. Preliminary test shows that it is possible to reduce the wake of the hull configuration by adjusting the after sections of the centerline vee along with the width and depth of the outboard chines. The inboard wake produced by the outboard chines can be canceled by the centerline vee or by each other. The result is to produce a faster more efficient hull over a given range of speeds.
All of the properties of the hybrid vee-hull combine to make it faster and significantly more comfortable boat when compared to existing designs. At low speeds this hull does have increased drag over a flat-bottomed boat but also has much greater transverse stability. At high speeds the increased transverse stability keeps the boat from healing during sharp turns and ensures proper tracking of the hull.
In summary, the primary objects and advantages of the hybrid vee-hull in the present invention are:
a) A centerline vee-section forward to cut through seas reducing hull slamming loads and providing directional stability coupled with outboard chines.
b) Outboard chines extending below the centerline vee-section aft wide enough to provide lift at speed.
c) The outboard chines may be narrower forward increasing in width as the chines transition aft. This creates a funnel or ram air effect adding to lift on the boat.
d) Water bouncing off the cupped after sections of the centerline vee-hull is pushed back down which creates additional lift on the hull.
e) The outboard chines provide additional transverse stability over conventional hulls.
f) Air trapped between the outboard chines and the water creates a wing-in-ground effect where buffered air raises the boat out of the water thereby reducing drag.
g) Design improves weight distribution by adding buoyancy aft where machinery weights are ideally concentrated.
h) Design produces improved pitch stability at all ranges of acceleration. Thrust from the propellers is above the bottom of the outboard chines so the induced pitching moment when accelerating is minimized due to the shorter moment arm distance to the water surface and the large inherent buoyant force aft.
i) Design significantly improves the safety of the vessel as a result of improved stability and visibility by the helmsman in all conditions.
j) Design can house water jets, and in larger vessels primary engines. Both reduce the intrusion of propulsion systems into the personal accommodation spaces and increase the versatility of interior design space.
k) Design results in an extremely shallow hull draft utilizing water jets housed in the outboard chines. This hull can travel over shallow shoals conventional boats would not manage.
l) Design protects propellers during grounding.
m) Design can have increased beam for the same displacement when compared to a typical vee-hull because the outboard chines support the vessel. The added beam allows for increased interior and aft deck space. It also enhances the wing-in-ground effect by providing a larger surface providing lift.
n) Design provides enhanced tracking during turns and reduces healing as a result of the outboard chines.
o) Design can be optimized to produce less wake at speed through “wake canceling” providing less drag over conventional hulls.
Further objects and advantages achieved with the advent of this invention will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and ensuing description.
FIG. 1 includes a body plan drawing typical in naval architecture for describing a hybrid-vee hull accompanied by a rendering from a bow perspective.
FIG. 2 is a profile view of the hybrid-vee hull showing a deep-vee bow and outboard chines. The deep-vee bow becomes shallower as it transitions aft while the outboard chines become significantly deeper as they transition aft.
FIG. 3 is a view of the hull bottom illustrating a notable increase in width of the outboard chines as they transition aft.
FIG. 4 shows the planing area of the hybrid vee-hull and the open space between the outboard chines that traps air and water to generate lift on the hull.
FIG. 5 illustrates the distribution of buoyancy along the length of a hybrid vee-hull designed to match the distribution of machinery weight concentrated in the aft portion of the vessel.
FIGS. 6 and 7 are isometric views of a hybrid vee-hull containing reference numerals identifying each part of the hull.
FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 show a hybrid vee-hull with the primary engines housed inside the outboard chines and mounted to waterjets through the boats transom.
REFERENCE NUMERALS IN DRAWINGS
The primary components are listed below:
Centerline Vee-Hull Port
Centerline Vee-Hull Stbd
Outboard Chine Inner Side Port
Outboard Chine Inner Side Stbd
Outboard Chine Bottom Port
Outboard Chine Bottom Stbd
DESCRIPTION OF PATENT ART
An example of a 32-foot Sport-fisherman vessel is provided. The body plan shown in FIG. 1 illustrates the outboard chines' transition below the centerline vee-section of the hull. The transition of the chines from above the centerline vee-hull forward to below the centerline vee-hull aft is made clearer in FIG. 2 showing the profile of the vessel. Note that the centerline vee-hull is at its deepest point forward of amidships, the middle of the boat, and transitions to a much shallower depth at the transom. This transition may be required to ensure proper buoyancy distribution as well as enhancing the wing-in-ground effect created by air trapped between the outboard chines. Alternately the centerline vee-hull may remain at a fixed depth with the outboard chines extending below the centerline vee-hull in the aft sections.
The notable increase in width of the outboard chines as they transition aft, shown in plan view of hull bottom (FIG. 3 and in FIG. 4), coupled with the increased depth in the water provide increased transverse stability over conventional vee-hull vessels. Note that the chines can have a flat bottom or an angled bottom, either inboard or outboard. The example shown is angled deeper as the chine moves inboard. The inboard angle of the chine increases the wing in ground effect during planing without impairing the vessel during turns. The opposite angle, an outboard angle, will provide a similar effect but in higher performance vessels this can create some difficulty in turning at speed. In high performance hulls, turning can be improved by adding to the deeper portion of the chine a small second upward angle or an arc. This will allow water to flow under or around the chine more easily and prevent “hobby horsing” of the hull in turns.
FIG. 4 shows the flow of water and air trapped between the outboard chines. Because the outboard chines increase in width as they transition aft, the open volume between the outboard chines decreases. Air and water passing between the chines must be compressed or accelerated as a result of the reduced open volume. The result is to increase lift on the hull, which reduces drag.
The combined advantages of increased stability, lift on the hull, and accelerated fluid flow between the outboard chines, dramatically increase the attainable speed of the hull and comfort for the passengers. The hybrid vee-hull design represents a significant advance in the technology of planing vessels.
The distribution of underwater volume shown in these figures is accommodated by machinery weight and the weight of the hull itself. A profile view with general arrangements of the 32-ft sport-fisherman is shown in FIG. 5. The graph above the hull represents the distribution of underwater volume of the hull. The large amount of underwater volume aft offsets the weight of the engines, fuel, and outfitted hull.
FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 show a 32-foot Sport-fisherman representing a preferred embodiment of the proposed hull design. The hull is typically made of components that are symmetric about the hull centerline, port (left) and starboard (right).
A description of one side of the vessel is provided for the sake of simplicity. The hybrid vee-hull consist of a centerline vee hull, item 1. The centerline vee-hull, item 1, attaches to an outboard chine inner side, item 2. The outboard chine inner side extends down below the centerline vee-hull as it transitions aft. The outboard chine inner side, item 2, attaches to an outboard chine bottom, item 3. The outboard chine bottom is narrow in the bow but becomes wider as it transitions aft. The outboard chine bottom, item 3, attaches to the side of the vessel, item 4 freeboard. The transom of the vessel, item 5, is the aftmost part of the boat and is connected to all of the other items, 1-4. All of the parts connect to make a watertight hull.
The sport-fisherman in FIG. 8 illustrates an installation with the primary engines fitted into the outboard chines. Water jet propulsion is directly coupled to the primary engines. Note that the outboard chines extend below the centerline vee-hull. The centerline vee-hull remains at its lowest elevation as it extends aft. This is different from the 32-ft Sport-fisherman because of the increased weight of the engines and hull requires more underwater volume, buoyancy, aft to support them.
The aft view shown in FIG. 9 illustrates the width of the outboard chine aft and shows a properly sized primary engine fitted inside the outboard chine. The wing-in-ground effect characteristics remain but the centerline vee-hull is not elevated as it goes aft as already noted. The ability of this vessel to maneuver in a seaway is enhanced by the centerline vee-hull maintaining a small amount of vee shape. The outboard chines still account for greatest portion of volume aft and the vessel has increased transverse stability as a result.
The plan view shown in FIG. 10 further illustrates the width of the outboard chines and the primary engine placement. The aft deck of the vessel houses the engines without encroaching on interior space. The design allows the vessel to have a greater beam, width, than would normally be practical from a sea-keeping perspective. The added width increases available interior space and provides more living space while improving the vessel's stability and ability to smoothly cut through offshore seas. Weight of the engines is kept low in the hull adding to overall vessel stability and the centerline vee-hull ensures slamming or pounding in waves is kept to a minimum. Compared to a similar sized vessel the proposed hybrid hull has improved performance as described in this patent, shallower draft, increased interior space, and improved comfort both in ride, and insulation from the engines with respect to sound and heat. Direct comparison with a typical existing vessel shows the embodied hybrid vee-hull has notably reduced draft and increased beam wile maintaining similar displacement:
COMPARISON OF AN EXISTING VESSEL WITH THE
Bertram 54 Convertible
Hybrid Vee-hull 55
The difference in draft and beam are notable. The ramifications of the differences are significant. The Hybrid Vee-hull is capable of traveling in significantly less water and has dramatically increased interior space. The shallower draft greatly increases the range of the vessel. The hybrid vee-hull is also capably of traveling faster and more comfortably with the same power. The added beam of the hybrid vee-hull provides significantly more transverse stability, which reduces motions and dramatically increases the safety of the vessel.
The hybrid vee-hull has significant improvements over conventional vee-hulls in stability, performance, and accommodation. The hybrid vee-hull has significantly improved transverse stability inherent in the added width of the outboard chines and increased possible width of the hull. Increased lift on the hull provides a smoother ride and greater obtainable speed as a result of the wing-in-ground effect, which is augmented by the shape of the outboard chines. The centerline vee-hull ensures good motions in a seaway. Maintaining proper fore and aft balance, regardless of fuel level, is designed into the hull by adjusting the width and depth of the chines coupled with the centerline vee-hull, taking into account engine weight and placement. During rapid acceleration the hybrid vee-hull tends to remain level adding safety by not restricting the drivers view which is not true of conventional planing hulls. The outboard chines can be designed to cancel their wake further reducing drag on the hull and increasing speed. Additional items such as trim tabs are not required to achieve proper balance representing a savings in cost and reducing the complexity of the vessel. Inboard engines can be fit into the hybrid vee-hull outboard chines and can be adjacent to stern drives consolidating machinery space while preserving interior and accommodation space. Also, interior space can be increased while providing improved performance. Other advantages may present themselves once the design begins production. | physics |
https://www.futuretro.co.uk/product/dna/ | 2022-05-21T13:34:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539101.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521112022-20220521142022-00598.warc.gz | 0.939367 | 125 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__210761213 | en | The light that is projected upwards from the base of the sculpture is diffused across the surface of the acrylic pieces. There are large circular mirrors at the top and bottom of the DNA column that creates an infinite reflection of the illuminated double helix formation.
The light source can be controlled from the LCD control panel that is located on the front of the base. The control panel enables the programming and selection of colours, sequences, brightness and the sound response function. The control panel also has an Ethernet connection and built-in web server to enable computer programming of the light sculpture, allowing the selection and mixing of millions of colours. | physics |
https://www.thestarplace.com/blogs/view/2153 | 2022-05-17T07:48:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517018.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517063528-20220517093528-00504.warc.gz | 0.929468 | 669 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__142007122 | en | Optical fiber communication not only has great advantages in technology, but also has 光纖線 great cooperation ability in economy, so it will be more and more important in the communication society. Optical fiber communication has progressed rapidly in just a few decades, and more than 80% of the world's telecommunications businesses have been transmitted on optical fiber communication networks. This is inseparable from its incomparable superiority. Optical fiber communication is a communication method in which light waves are used as information carriers and optical fibers are used as transmission media. Compared with the previous electrical communication, the main difference between optical fiber communication is that it has many advantages, and at the same time, some shortcomings are also being improved.
1. The advantages of optical fiber communication
1. The promised frequency band is very wide, and the transmission capacity is large: the frequency of optical fiber is 8-9 orders of magnitude higher than that of current cable applications. Because the optical fiber is very thin and the outer diameter is only 125μm, one optical cable can accommodate hundreds of optical fibers. ×12=144 ribbon optical cables have already been completed. Such methods increase the transmission capacity of the route hundreds of times. As far as a single optical fiber is concerned, adopting wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) or optical frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the most effective way to increase the transmission capacity of optical fiber communication systems. On the other hand, reducing the spectral line width of the light source and adopting an external modulation method are also effective methods to increase the transmission capacity.
2. Low consumption and long relay interval: The attenuation per kilometer of optical fiber is more than one order of magnitude lower than the attenuation per kilometer of the communication coaxial cable with the largest capacity at present. The advantages of large transmission capacity, low transmission error rate, and long relay interval make the optical fiber communication system not only suitable for short-distance backbone networks, but also suitable for access network applications. This is also the main reason for reducing the system cost per kilometer of voice channels. reason.
3. Small size and light weight: at the same time conducive to construction and transportation. The core diameter of the optical fiber frequently used today is only a few microns, and the diameter of the current optical fiber with the cladding is 125 μm, which is slightly thicker than a hair strand. Such an optical fiber, 500m long is nothing more than 0.05kg. It is very convenient to accept this kind of thin and light optical cable, whether it is transportation or laying lines.
4. Good loss of density performance: The light waves transmitted in the optical fiber are confined to the fiber core and cladding adjacent to the transmission, and rarely go outside the optical fiber. Even in the position where the tortuous radius is small, the leaked optical power is also very strong. Moreover, the outer covering of the current optical fiber is covered with a metal moisture-proof layer and a rubber sheath, which are opaque. Therefore, there is almost no light leaking to the outside of the optical cable. What's more, long-distance and long-distance optical cables and relay optical cables are generally buried underground, so the security performance of optical fibers is good.
Related articles recommended | physics |
http://earlychildhoodscribbles.blogspot.com/2013/02/exploring-machines-in-preschool.html | 2020-07-13T21:22:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657146845.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713194203-20200713224203-00331.warc.gz | 0.971671 | 996 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__189679383 | en | What is a force?
We read the book And Everyone Shouted Pull, by Claire Llewellyn. This is a great book to teach about forces. The book follows a group of animals as they take their goods to the market. They push and pull their wagon to get it to the market.
After we read the book, I set out materials for the students to explore. While they were exploring the materials, I encouraged them to use our new words; force, push, and pull.
Another fun activity to go along with force is balloon rockets. You can read about them at discoverexplorelearn.com.
After learning about force, we moved on to simple machines. The first machine we learned about was wheels and axels.
Wheels and Axels
We read the book Wheels and Axels in Action, by Gillian Gosman. I love this series for teaching about simple machines. The books are short and simple, but yet still full of great vocabulary, pictures, and explanations. I read a few sections word for word, but mostly summarized in a way my preschoolers would understand. After reading the book, I set out cars, pipe cleaners in beads, and other items in our classroom that had wheels and axels for the students to explore.
We read the book Screws in Action, by Gillian Gosman. The book uses lots of everyday items, such as water bottle lids, to explain how screws help to hold things together. After reading the book, we went on a screw hunt around our school. We found screws everywhere!
We weren't able to read this book, because it wasn't in at our local library. But we still talked about inclined planes. We used blocks from our block center to make inclined planes for our cars. We experimented with putting the planes at different angles to see what would make the cars go faster or slower.
Levers in Action
We read the book Levers in Action, by Gillian Gosman. Did you know scissors are two levers held together by a screw? While we read the book, I could tell my students had a harder time understanding how a lever worked. But when we did the activity after, they started understanding levers.
To make levers, I hot glued two small popsicle sticks together to make them wider. Then I hot glued a marker lid to the bottom. I made some with the lid in the middle and others had the lid more towards one side. I did this so the students could experiment to see which one made a pom pom go farther.
For the activity, I grouped my students in pairs and gave one the lever with the fulcrum (lid) in the middle and the other student had a lever with the fulcrum towards one side. They worked together to see which lever would make the pom pom fly the farthest. My students loved this activity! We still have the levers in our block center over a month later!
The library didn't have this book available either, and we ran out of time in our unit. So we didn't explore wedges this year. But if you have any great ideas please share them!
We ran out of time to do pulleys as well. So please share any ideas you have, I'm hoping to fit more into our unit next year.
Building Our Own Machines
After exploring force and the different types of simple machines, the students designed their own machines. First, they decided what they wanted their machine to do. Then, I had them draw a "blue print" of their machine. I prompted them with questions like "If the machine is going to . . . then what shape does it need to be?", "How is the machine going to . . .", "What button do I push to get it to . . . ".
After everyone had designed their machines, we started making a model of their machine. I had asked the parents ahead of time to donate materials. (boxes, soda bottles, buttons, things from their junk drawers, etc.) The students helped pick out the items for their machine and my teacher's assistant and I hot glued their machines together. They turned out really great. It did take a lot of time though, so next year I think I'm going to have them work in groups of three so their are less machines to put together.
This machine shoots out balls. You put a ball in the hole in the front and it shoots it out the tube on the side.
This machine reads books to you. It's "face" is the shape of a heart and her name is Heartla.
This machine gives you bubble gum! Yum!
That's our unit on machines! I'm glad to say I'm no longer intimidated by teaching about machines. I'd dare say it may be one of my favorite units now! | physics |
https://fluidinside.com/technology | 2019-03-19T21:53:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202131.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319203912-20190319225912-00418.warc.gz | 0.89752 | 518 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__197049994 | en | FLUID BRAIN SCIENCE
Fluid is based on extensive scientific research and engineered to enhance your helmet’s ability to protect your brain by mimicking Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) - your brain’s natural protection.
Fluid acts as a second layer to CSF by independently and simultaneously managing the linear and rotational forces that scientific research has shown to cause concussions.
FLUID = TOTAL BRAIN PROTECTION
Fluid incorporates a matrix of pods oriented around the head and attached to the helmet interior. Each Pod comprises a flexible membrane filled with a compressible foam disk saturated with a low shear fluid.
At the moment of impact, the foam compresses to provide added low linear impact protection. Simultaneously, low shear fluid is dispersed throughout the pod creating a slip plane that permits motion of the helmet relative to the head to provide rotational force protection.
FLUID INSIDE™ HELMET INTEGRATION
Each Fluid Inside™ integration is composed of a matrix of Pods arranged inside the helmet and optimally tuned to meet the needs of each sport-specific helmet application.
ROTATIONAL AND LINEAR IMPACTS EXPLAINED
Most helmets are designed to protect against skull fractures and intracranial hemorrhaging from impacts associated with high linear forces.
Head and brain injuries such as concussions and subdural hematomas are the result of simultaneous rotational and linear accelerations acting on brain soft tissue.
Impact management materials currently used in helmets manage either rotational or linear energy (not both) and exceed the shear force properties of Jell-O like brain tissue.
High Energy Linear Absorption
Low Energy Linear Absorption
Rotational Energy Absorption
FLUID BRAIN SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
In order to mitigate brain injuries, all types of rotational and linear acceleration forces need to be managed independently and simultaneously. Other important variables to assess include the shape and duration of the acceleration curves, as well as stresses and strains on the brain tissue.
Fluid Total Brain Protection
FLUID IMPACT PERFORMANCE
The standardized testing of Fluid Inside™ applied to ski and bike helmets has shown to significantly reduce the impact severity of rotational and linear impacts by up to 39% and 22% respectively when compared to conventional ski and bike helmets.
*Helmets tested in accordance with proposed CE-1077/1078. Peak force reduction correlated with maximal principle strain (MPS). | physics |
https://w4rner.github.io/cmsc-239-project-2/ | 2022-12-03T04:47:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710924.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203043643-20221203073643-00211.warc.gz | 0.94692 | 691 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__271978308 | en | For musicians like one of data vis specialists cerulean, sounds are a wonderful tool, which can be combined and crafted to form pieces of music. But we often take for granted the science behind the sounds. Let's explore!
Sound can be thought of as oscillations in air density over time. Such oscillations can be described by waves which have the following two parameters: 1). Frequency: the number of oscillations occurring in one second. 2). Amplitude: the height of the wave. In music, different notes correspond to different frequencies, and loudness corresponds to amplitude. Explore the effect of changing these two parameters on this wave!
When two waves intersect in space, their values add linearly. Create two waves traveling towards each other and watch them combine when they meet!
Let's consider a chord in music. It is the addition of many notes, and therefore many sounds. Build your own 'musical chord' 'by selecting combinations of the following 6 waves!
Now let's imagine cerulean recorded a song and wants a Bass Boost. In terms of waves, this means raising the amplitude of the lowest frequency waves (in this case, the 4th from the left has a frequency of 0.5Hz). But how can they figure out from a combined wave like the one shown, what the individual waves forming it are like?
cerulean's mathematical magicians Jack & Patrick to the rescue! They know some math - specifically the Fourier Transform. Fear not cerulean: this it the only formula you'll have to see!
The exponential term is known as Euler's formula, which relates to the Unit Circle. To explore how a wave is related to the Unit Circle, we have included an example of a sine wave, which plots the y co-ordinate as you move around the Unit Circle. Move the point along the wave using the slider!
Where there are peaks in the dots, this identifies the Frequency of the component waves. Check out the bass frequencies to the left! You can also play with the slider to see how the chosen Number of Samples affects the Transform.
Know a little math and want to dig deeper? Here's a starter: Euler's formula exhibits a similar periodicity when mapped over time with the rate it travels around the circle given by f. We then have that, over a period of time, the product of the wave function mapped onto a circle and of Euler's formula is greatest when the two make the same number of rotations about the circle over a period of time, i.e. when they have the same frequency. It also happens that when the two are out of sync, their product is relatively small. Below we can see what happens when we sample a period of time and calculate the Fourier transform of the complicated sum of waves we had above. For our sum of six waves, we have six distinct peaks! The axis of the transform is not directly in terms of frequency, but rather in terms of the period times the frequency, Tk. One simply needs to divide by our period of 200*pi to determine the frequency. Further, the number of frequencies the Fourier Transform can detect is limited to the half the number of samples we take.
Now we know a little math behind the music, let's get back to the studio to record some new ceruleansounds! Math Rock anyone? | physics |
https://emperordye.com/news/what-is-the-theory-of-dye-color-development-69.html | 2021-04-20T19:50:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039490226.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420183658-20210420213658-00017.warc.gz | 0.927552 | 681 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__9900561 | en | Understand dye information, exhibition information
A substance's selective absorption of different light will show various colors, and the color of the substance is the complementary color of the light wave it absorbs. The same is true for dyes. The color of dyes is also the complement of the color of the light waves they absorb, and it is a reflection of people's vision on the light absorption characteristics of dyes.
In the molecular structure of the dye, there are chromophore groups in the range of 380 ~ 780nm wavelength. In addition, there are also chromophore groups that promote the chromophore group, such as -NH2, -NR2 and so on.
The chromophore and the chromophore assist in a synergistic manner, which enables the dye to selectively absorb light waves. When certain groups in the structure generate color that is conducive to the development of the dye, the absorption of the light wave by the dye proceeds in the direction of increasing the wavelength. The color development theory calls this effect, which increases the absorption wavelength, a dark effect.
This theory is of great help in the research and development of dark dyes. For example, the dark effect on nylon and vinegar fabrics is not ideal, and generally only light and medium colors can be dyed.
In the traditional process, acid and disperse dyes are used for dyeing. In order to obtain a deep color, only the amount of dye is increased, the effect is not obvious, and the amount of dye waste is large. It has been reported abroad that the use of triazole disperse dyes to dye nylon fibers has a deepening effect, and the dyed fabric has a higher washfastness and sun fastness. The main method is to replace the hydrogen atom on the triazole ring with a thiomethyl group (CH3S-) in the dye structure, so that the absorption of the light wave by this dye moves to the long wave direction, thereby generating a dark effect. Under the premise of this, a deeper dyeing effect can be achieved than the original dye.
1. Surface coloration and reflection theory
This is a method currently widely used to evaluate the color depth of dyed fabrics. Generally, the K / S value (KabelKamunk function value) is calculated at the maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) of the reflection or projection spectrum of a colored object, and the relative depth of color is represented by this value. Under the guidance of theory, through the finishing technology of the fabric after dyeing, the microscopic result of the surface of the dyed fabric is changed, so that it has a certain diffuse reflection of light waves, so as to obtain a dark effect.
2. Dye diffusion theory
Dyeing theory believes that the key to making a dyed object darker is to increase the dye uptake of the fabric. Dyeing rate refers to the ratio of the amount of dye applied to the fabric to the amount of dye put into the dye bath. Because this kind of evaluation method to obtain the dark effect is very clear and the reflection result is obvious, it is always one of the first considerations in the dyeing process in the dyeing process. Some dark research and dark-dark dyeing mostly start from improving the dyeing rate of the fabric, which has guiding significance for actual production. | physics |
https://www.greenschoolsgreenfuture.org/product/blocking-blanket/ | 2021-05-13T19:36:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991943.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513173321-20210513203321-00302.warc.gz | 0.891076 | 173 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__173790555 | en | Most Effective EMF Blocking Blanket
Whether at home or on the go, the DefenderShield® EMF Protection & Anti-Radiation Blanket can help you stay comfy while protecting from wireless EMF radiation emitted from mobile devices, or from ambient emissions in the environment.
Our technology shields up to 99% of EMF radiation from 0-10 GHz, which encompasses frequencies used in the fifth generation wireless network.
Features at a Glance:
- Only EMF radiation protection blanket with multiple layers of advanced shielding to block up to 99% of ambient wireless EMF radiation
- 100% Organic Bamboo cloth exterior is hypoallergenic and non-toxic
- Standard size is perfect for use during pregnancy and with our newly designed hooded corner perfect for baby too!
- Full size is great for beds and couches | physics |
https://www.edmundstonhonda.com/en/bougies-dallumage/ | 2021-10-19T11:21:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585265.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019105138-20211019135138-00244.warc.gz | 0.943102 | 387 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__33914530 | en | The multi-talented Spark Plug
Everyone has heard of a spark plug, but what do they do?
Contrary to popular belief, it is the air inside your vehicle’s engine that does all the work. How can this be? Well, a small amount of gasoline is mixed with the air inside of a cylinder, and is then burned. This releases heat energy, which expands the air, pushing a piston downward. Ultimately, this force spins your wheels.
THE SPARK PLUG
So where does the spark plug fit in? Quite literally, at the top! Spark plugs are installed at the top of the cylinder, and are used to ignite the air and fuel mixture at precisely the right moment. If the timing is off, your engine might not perform as intended. This could mean increased emissions, decreased power or even physical damage over time.
A HARSH ENVIRONMENT
The tip of a spark plug has a rough life. For instance, the end of a spark plug must stay between 500˚C - 850˚C to remain clean. When a spark plug fires, it actually ionizes the gases between the points of its electrode, just like lightning striking the ground. It does this 15 - 25 times a second when cruising on the highway. It can take 25,000 Volts to make this happen - 200 times your household voltage!
Every time your spark plug fires, a small amount of material wears away. As this happens, the gap between the electrodes slowly widens. Your vehicle is designed to compensate for some wear, but ultimately, this gap continues to grow. Ensuring that this tolerance is maintained is the only way to guarantee consistent performance. Fortunately, your Maintenance Minder system will let you know when you need to replace your spark plugs. So before you are let down with poor performance, put the spark back in your vehicle’s engine! | physics |
http://www.ahmad-sanusi-husain.com/2019_08_25_archive.html | 2022-12-01T12:43:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00303.warc.gz | 0.934849 | 188 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__301103746 | en | Sunday, August 25, 2019
The galaxy resembles a giant maelstrom of glowing gas, rippled with dark dust that swirls inwards towards the nucleus. Messier 96 is a very asymmetric galaxy; its dust and gas are unevenly spread throughout its weak spiral arms, and its core is not exactly at the galactic center. Its arms are also asymmetrical, thought to have been influenced by the gravitational pull of other galaxies within the same group as Messier 96.
This group, named the M96 Group, also includes the bright galaxies Messier 105 and Messier 95, as well as a number of smaller and fainter galaxies. It is the nearest group containing both bright spirals and a bright elliptical galaxy (Messier 105).
Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA and the LEGUS Team, Acknowledgement: R. Gendler
Text credit: European Space Agency | physics |
https://esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/surfrad/aod/mfrsr.html | 2017-07-23T01:01:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424200.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723002704-20170723022704-00530.warc.gz | 0.879398 | 144 | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-30__0__107325715 | en | The MFRSR infers the solar beam intensity by making successive global and diffuse measurements and computing their difference. In this way it simulates measurements of a sun photometer. In processing the raw data, the cosine response of the instrument is accounted for, thus allowing for accurate calibration using the Langley method.
MFRSR channels are nominally 415, 500, 614. 670, 868, and 940 nm, although each MFRSR has unique measurement channels that may be up to 4 nm different than the nominal values. The actual measurement wavelengths are used in the SURFRAD algorithms. The 940-nm channel is not processed for AOD because of its high sensitivity to water vapor. | physics |
https://ntxsol.com/energy-efficient-windows/ | 2024-02-21T18:09:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473524.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221170215-20240221200215-00779.warc.gz | 0.932081 | 409 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__146593143 | en | Energy & Cost Savings
Energy Efficient Windows can substantially reduce the costs associated with heating and cooling. In climates that mainly require cooling, non-energy efficient windows can be a major source of unwanted heat gain. In recent years, Energy Efficient Windows with Low-E coatings that reject solar heat without darkening the glass have undergone a technological revolution. It is now possible to significantly reduce solar heat gain and improve comfort while providing clear views and daylight. Savings include reduced air leakage. Depending on the condition of the old windows in an existing home, the savings can be higher if window replacement leads to long-term air leakage reduction.
Lower HVAC Costs
Energy Efficient Windows not only provide reduced annual heating and cooling bills, they also reduce the peak heating and cooling loads. Energy Efficient Windows with Low-E Coatings not only provide reduced annual heating and cooling bills; they reduce the peak heating and cooling loads, as well.
Many organic materials, such as carpet, fabrics, paper, artwork, paints, and wood may fade upon exposure to sunlight. Energy Efficient Window with Low-E Coatings selection can influence the type and intensity of transmitted radiation. The most harmful radiation in sunlight are the ultraviolet (UV) rays, which are the most energetic and thus most likely to break chemical bonds, leading to fading and degradation. Glass blocks all UV radiation below 300 nm, but transmits UV from 300-380 nm. Energy Efficient Window Coatings on glass can reduce the UV transmitted by up to 75%. UV absorbers can be incorporated into thin plastic films in multilayer windows or as an interlayer in laminated glass. In both cases, the UV transmission can be reduced to less than 1%. However, it is important to note that the remaining visible light that is transmitted can still cause serious fading in some materials. Using Energy Efficient Windows with Low-E coated glass, applied films, or windows incorporating plastic layers rather than clear uncoated glass will reduce fading for many modern interior furnishings. | physics |
http://www.proofschool.org/blog/2016/11/21/in-the-classroom-chemistry | 2018-09-21T17:53:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157351.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921170920-20180921191320-00383.warc.gz | 0.95776 | 578 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__137532393 | en | In Chemistry, students draw upon data, reasoning, and prior knowledge to figure out core ideas.
In the second block of Chemistry, our focus is on how electrons determine chemical properties. This block we won't do many labs, though we'll make up for that during build week, when we introduce equilibrium with four long labs. In most classes I provide a list of problems and the students work on them either alone or in groups, asking me questions as they come up. I've chosen and ordered the problems to try to guide the students through a new topic, so they can figure out ideas for themselves based on data, reasoning, and prior knowledge. After the students have worked through the ideas on their own and have some conceptual idea of what's happening, then I give a brief, informal introductory lecture on the topic to solidify their understanding and make sure they have the standard terminology down.
We started with a week on stoichiometry and basic chemical calculations. In a normal class, I would have to teach each type of problem as a separate procedure, but at Proof School, with a few definitions the students got to work and successfully completed most of them. As a former Proof School math teacher put it, the problems are mathematically simple, so even if it doesn't feel easy, the students can figure them out. Some of the composition problems (based on data used by Dalton in developing the Atomic Theory) led us into a discussion of oxidation states of main group metals. On a quiz focused on nomenclature, students dug deeper into oxidation state patterns in the periodic table. The "mod 8" pattern became clear, and some noticed an additional pattern that foreshadowed the subshells of quantum mechanics.
We then started our studies of quantum mechanics. Students observed continuous and discrete spectra in lamps, and the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen. They studied the emission lines of hydrogen to look for the patterns described by Balmer and Rydberg, then tried to recreate Bohr's work describing the hydrogen atom using a "solar system" model. About half the class has already seen calculus, so we did a brief discussion of Schrodinger's Equation and then students looked at the hydrogen atom wavefunctions using Wolfram Alpha. Students developed the idea of effective nuclear charge by looking at data and thinking about familiar physics. Some started to look at the data used to create quantitative electronegativity scales. With this background, they were ready to make the connections between the hydrogen atom wavefunctions, electron configurations, and the periodicity of the periodic table.
In the remaining weeks of the block, we'll look at Lewis structures in some detail, geometry prediction, and introduce molecular orbital theory. We'll also review energy concepts as we discuss bond energies, and review phases as we study intermolecular forces.
-- Emily Eames | physics |
https://adgllorente.com/2016/06/solar-system-simplified-html-less/ | 2022-08-08T22:01:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00639.warc.gz | 0.954961 | 293 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__55012141 | en | Summer has arrived. I can’t forget those summer nights at my village when I was young, looking at a bright night sky with a lot of glittering stars.
The infinite of the sky made me small, leaving my mind at a point I thought about anything and everything at the same time, braindead, stunned, relaxed.
I looked at a whole sky without paying attention to any specific star, seeing satellites crossing the sky in a “perfect” straight line. I loved those nights as much as I loved the universe although I don’t know as much I’d like about it.
I sometimes see Pale Blue Dot, a photo taken by a Voyager from 6 billion kms away. Have you ever thought how small we are? Everything you know, everybody you will ever meet, collapsed in just one small pixel lost in the infinity of everything. But have you ever thought about how great we are? A small planet taking a photograph of itself and sending it back from 6 billion kms away. Uf!
This is why I’ve coded a solar system simplified, just HTML and LESS. I’ve represented planets from our solar system in a very simple way, pixelated, and in a scale of 1px/3185kms. Our Home is just 2 pixels width, twice four times bigger than Pale Blue Dot.
2022 · Adrián Gómez | physics |
https://redriverchevy.wordpress.com/2011/08/22/chevy-malibu-getting-sleeker/ | 2018-04-21T15:32:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945232.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421145218-20180421165218-00248.warc.gz | 0.93277 | 205 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__129823503 | en | The 2013 Chevrolet Malibu has been undergoing extensive testing in the GM lab. The engineers of the car have spent about 400 hours with the Malibu in one of its wind tunnels. They are focusing on the aerodynamics of the vehicle to help improve the gas mileage. The goal is to make it have the best fuel economy in its class.
The 2013 Chevy Malibu is projected to get about 2.5 more miles per gallon on the highway thanks to the sleeker design. The result is the lowest wind-drag for a mid-size Chevrolet vehicles in the past 100 years!
Some of the Malibu’s key aerodynamic features that help improve fuel economy include:
- Outside mirrors designed to deflect wind without interrupting airflow
- Rounded front corners to help air flow smooth along the sides of the Malibu
- Shutters in the lower grill opening on select models open and close automatically to maximize aerodynamic efficiency as the vehicle is traveling
by Brad Troedel
Red RIver Chevrolet | physics |
https://shinseungkeon.com/en/the-danger-of-electromagnetic-waves-to-the-human-body-and-its-solution/ | 2023-12-07T23:56:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100705.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207221604-20231208011604-00189.warc.gz | 0.948036 | 1,251 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__108317980 | en | Decades ago, when mobile phones were popularized, there were several media reports about whether electromagnetic waves from mobile phones were harmful to the human body. Under the influence of such fear, unproven methods of preventing electromagnetic waves from cell phones have also become popular.
Today, compared to before, there are a lot more diverse and larger numbers of electronic products around us. Its size is getting smaller and smaller to make it easier for us to carry around all the time. The word “wearable device” meaning an electronic product worn like clothes is no longer unfamiliar. In other words, it is an environment where electromagnetic waves from electronic products are more likely to affect us. However, the interest in electromagnetic waves seems to have been less than before. So, in today’s article, we are going to talk about the electromagnetic waves that are being emitted even at this time from numerous electronic products around us.
What is an electromagnetic wave?
First, let’s check the definition of the word electromagnetic wave. In order to use electronic products, current must flow at a constant voltage. At this time, an electric field is formed around the place where voltage is applied, and a magnetic field is formed around the place where current flows. The combination of electric and magnetic fields is called an electromagnetic field. So, electromagnetic fields are generated around all electronic products that use electricity. In addition, electromagnetic waves that propagate into space by forming a pair of electric and magnetic fields are called electromagnetic waves. This is what we call electromagnetic waves.
What are the things that emit electromagnetic waves?
It can be said that electromagnetic waves are emitted from all electronic products that operate on electricity. These electromagnetic waves can be classified based on high and low frequencies. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment) used in hospitals, high-voltage wires or substations, computers used at work or home, and other home appliances emit extremely low frequency electromagnetic waves. Meanwhile, intermediate frequency electromagnetic waves are emitted from induction ovens and microwave ovens. On the other hand, radio broadcast communication devices such as radio, TV, wireless Internet, wireless telephone, mobile phone, etc. emit high frequency high frequency electromagnetic waves.
Are electromagnetic waves harmful to the human body?
Electromagnetic waves have higher energy as the frequency increases. Therefore, when exposed to high-frequency electromagnetic waves, the energy is converted into heat and the temperature of the living tissue may rise. However, it is known that the electromagnetic energy is not high enough to directly modify or destroy molecular structures such as proteins or genes in living tissues. However, when exposed to other harmful substances, it may play a role in altering the structure or function of genes or proteins beyond the effect of transferring heat.
According to one study, children living near high-voltage power lines (extremely low-frequency electromagnetic waves) had a higher risk of leukemia than children in other regions. Research has shown that exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic waves in direct contact with parts of the body, such as mobile phones, increases the risk of brain tumors.
However, the WHO announced that it has not found evidence that mobile phones increase the risk of brain tumors in adults. And it is said that they have not found clear health effects of exposed environments that do not come into direct contact with the body, such as radio base stations or broadcasting towers. The International Cancer Research Institute (IARC) has defined ultra-low-frequency and high-frequency electromagnetic waves as factors that may induce cancer in humans (Group 2B), paying attention to the results that ultra-low-frequency electromagnetic waves increase the risk of leukemia in children. In addition, it is recommended to reduce exposure, especially to children.
On the other hand, some people complain of various types of physical symptoms because they are too sensitive to exposure to electromagnetic waves. An unspecified symptom associated with exposure to electromagnetic waves is called’electromagnetic sensitivity.’ This is mainly related to people’s subjective feelings about electromagnetic waves, and the relationship with the exposure to electromagnetic waves has not been proven. However, there is a risk that electromagnetic waves may interfere or disturb electrical devices used in artificial organs in patients’ bodies.
In addition, there are studies that show that teenagers who use the Internet or mobile phones a lot are more depressed or less academically efficient. However, this may be due to lack of sleep or excessive Internet use, so it is difficult to conclude that it is a health effect from exposure to electromagnetic waves. However, broadly it can be said to be a type of health impact from the use of electronic communication devices.
How to reduce exposure to electromagnetic waves?
The basic principle is to reduce unnecessary exposure to electromagnetic waves. One way is to unplug electrical cords from electronic products that are not in use. This is because an electric field is formed if the electric cord is connected even if the electric product is not in use. Also, it is better not to be too close when using electronic products. In general, it is recommended to be at least 30 cm apart. In particular, it is necessary for children and adolescents to be more careful to reduce their exposure to electromagnetic waves. Also, electromagnetic wave prevention stickers or cactus, which some people recommend as a method of blocking electromagnetic waves, have no effect on preventing electromagnetic waves.
On the other hand, companies should make efforts to develop electronic products with lower levels of electromagnetic wave generation, and the government should prepare policies to induce the development of technologies that reduce electromagnetic waves.
Smartphones, Bluetooth earphones, and even smart watches. As the years go by, we are tightly surrounded by numerous electronic products. These electronic products emit electromagnetic waves. However, it seems that our interest in electromagnetic waves has not been as long as before. Maybe it’s because we thought we couldn’t escape from electromagnetic waves, so we became insensitive to the danger. One thing is certain, regardless of what we think, electromagnetic waves are still affecting our bodies at this moment. This is why we need wisdom to reduce exposure to unnecessary electromagnetic waves as the number of electronic products around us increases.
(Get the next post. It's Free!) | physics |
https://ass-savers.com/blogs/news/18693316-do-ass-savers-really-work-geek-out-on-this-virtual-simulation-of-ass-savers-in-action | 2018-01-24T05:18:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893397.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124050449-20180124070449-00377.warc.gz | 0.901727 | 265 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__213253364 | en | It just rained, the roads are wet and you pull out your Ass Saver then ride along your merry way without thinking twice. But have you ever wondered how Ass Savers work? You know, like the nitty gritty hydro and aero dynamics that play into protecting your derriere from getting too wet.
Well, ask no longer! We put our Ass Savers to the test by partnering with Lx Sim - engineers specializing in virtual simulation and mechanical design.
Using multi-physics software, the Canadian engineering firm designed a true-to-life virtual analysis combining all air and water dynamics into a single simulation to evaluate and demonstrate the effectiveness of Ass Savers. To be sure, they analyzed a cyclist moving through water at 30 km/h (about 18.5 mph in old money) with and without an Ass Savers mudguard.
Fortunately for asses everywhere, our research and development of the perfect ass-saving mudguard isn’t all for naught. According to Lx Sim, “Simulations have convincingly shown that the use of an Ass Savers mudguard protects a large part of the back of the cyclist.”
Let’s call it what it is, Ass Savers protect that ass.
Check out the full case study here. | physics |
https://www.aehr.com/2021/05/aehr-test-systems-appoints-technology-industry-veteran-fariba-danesh-to-its-board-of-directors/ | 2024-03-04T13:43:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476452.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304133241-20240304163241-00127.warc.gz | 0.915947 | 983 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__17841124 | en | Aehr Test Systems Appoints Technology Industry Veteran Fariba Danesh to its Board of Directors
Fremont, CA (May 14, 2021) – Aehr Test Systems (NASDAQ: AEHR), a worldwide supplier of semiconductor test and reliability qualification equipment, today announced it has appointed Fariba Danesh to its board of directors, effective May 10, 2021.
Ms. Danesh is a technology industry veteran, with 30 years of executive-level technology and operating leadership in multiple enterprise and consumer hardware markets, with special emphasis on semiconductor, photonics, telecommunications, and data storage. She is currently COO at PsiQuantum, a quantum computing startup based in Palo Alto, CA that is using silicon photonics to build the world’s first useful quantum computer, applying existing semiconductor and photonics manufacturing processes.
Gayn Erickson, President and CEO of Aehr Test Systems, commented, “Fariba brings incredible knowledge, experience, and contacts in the compound semiconductor and optical semiconductor spaces. She is intimately aware of the challenges and critical requirements for stabilization and burn-in of these optical semiconductors and the unique value that Aehr’s wafer level, singulated die and module test solutions bring to reliability testing. We are excited to have her join our Board.”
Ms. Danesh said, “I am very excited to be joining the Aehr Test Systems Board. With the unique capabilities of its test and burn-in solutions, particularly for the silicon carbide and silicon photonic markets, Aehr is well positioned to address the significant market opportunities ahead.”
Prior to joining PsiQuantum in January 2021, Ms. Danesh served for nine years as CEO of Glo AB, a venture-funded photonics/compound semiconductor company that designs and develops semiconductor light-emitting diodes at levels of brightness suitable for general illumination applications. Prior to that, she was SVP, General Manager Fiber Optics Products Division of Avago Technologies (now Broadcom) for three years, where she had complete P&L responsibility for a $400 million annual revenue photonics business. Previous to that she served in senior executive positions at several leading technology companies, including EVP of Global Operations for Maxtor, a $3 billion annual revenue data storage company, COO of Finisar Corporation, one of the top three fiber optic communication product companies in the world, and CEO/COO of Genoa Corporation, a III-V semiconductor optical amplifier company.
With the appointment of Ms. Danesh, Aehr Test now has seven board members.
About Aehr Test Systems
Headquartered in Fremont, California, Aehr Test Systems is a worldwide provider of test systems for burning-in and testing logic, optical and memory integrated circuits and has installed over 2,500 systems worldwide. Increased quality and reliability needs of the Automotive and Mobility integrated circuit markets are driving additional test requirements, incremental capacity needs, and new opportunities for Aehr Test products in package, wafer level, and singulated die/module level test. Aehr Test has developed and introduced several innovative products, including the ABTSTM and FOX-PTM families of test and burn-in systems and FOX WaferPakTM Aligner, FOX-XP WaferPak Contactor, FOX DiePak® Carrier and FOX DiePak Loader. The ABTS system is used in production and qualification testing of packaged parts for both lower power and higher power logic devices as well as all common types of memory devices. The FOX-XP and FOX-NP systems are full wafer contact and singulated die/module test and burn-in systems used for burn-in and functional test of complex devices, such as leading-edge memories, digital signal processors, microprocessors, microcontrollers, systems-on-a-chip, and integrated optical devices. The FOX-CP system is a new low-cost single-wafer compact test and reliability verification solution for logic, memory and photonic devices and the newest addition to the FOX-P product family. The WaferPak contactor contains a unique full wafer probe card capable of testing wafers up to 300mm that enables IC manufacturers to perform test and burn-in of full wafers on Aehr Test FOX systems. The DiePak Carrier is a reusable, temporary package that enables IC manufacturers to perform cost-effective final test and burn-in of both bare die and modules. For more information, please visit Aehr Test Systems’ website at www.aehr.com.
|Aehr Test Systems
Chief Financial Officer
(510) 623-9400 x309
|MKR Investor Relations Inc.
Todd Kehrli or Jim Byers | physics |
http://astronemma.tumblr.com/post/58314146958/ahhhhhhhhhhhhh-its-official-from-next-month | 2014-10-20T11:19:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507442497.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005722-00347-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.903871 | 134 | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-42__0__62791918 | en | It’s official, from next month I’ll be at The University of Manchester, studying Physics with Astrophysics. I’m so excited! Not only do Professor Andre Geim and Professor Konstantin Novoselov work in the department (the 2010 Nobel Prize winners for Physics), but Professor Brian Cox also teaches part of the first year course. It’s a brilliant Physics department and I’m ridiculously happy to be going there.
Now I just need to go into school and pick up my A-Level results, but I can’t have done too badly if I got into my first choice university! :D | physics |
http://esa-srb-anzbms-2016.p.asnevents.com.au/days/2016-08-21/abstract/37756 | 2021-08-02T11:10:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154320.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802110046-20210802140046-00685.warc.gz | 0.937963 | 470 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__4863792 | en | Time-lapsed micro-computed-tomography (micro-CT) with concomitant mechanical testing is increasingly used to study the bone deformation and fracture mechanism. However, previous femur studies were limited, imaging only small cores under load. We developed a protocol for time-lapsed synchrotron micro-CT imaging of entire human femoral epiphyses under load.
Twelve human femurs from elderly female donors (range: 56-91 years) were obtained. The fracture load was calculated using clinical CT images and finite-element modelling. A custom-made compression stage including an aluminum compression chamber, a 6-degree-of-freedom load cell and a screw-jack mechanism was manufactured. Samples were mounted inside the compressive stage, replicating a single-leg stance configuration. Micro-CT scans were performed at the Australian Synchrotron (31 μm/voxel, isotropic). One-fifth of the calculated fracture load was incrementally applied to the femur from the initial unloaded condition, with one micro-CT scan taken at each load step. At each step, the total volume scanned was 160 mm in diameter and 130 mm in height, scanning time 25 min. Four femurs were loaded to fracture, while 8 femurs were loaded non-destructively. The 6-component-force over time was recorded during the experiment.
Fractures were experimentally obtained in 5-6 load increments as predicted, with loads within the predicted range (1998-8636 N). The 2D and 3D images micro-CT images showed deformation and fracturing of the trabeculae and cortex. Sub-capital femoral neck fractures were obtained and were visible in the micro-CT images, consistent with observed patterns of clinical fractures (Figure 1).
Time-elapsed synchrotron micro-CT imaging of entire human femoral epiphyses with concomitant step-wise mechanical testing was successfully performed, at 31 μm voxel size. Clinically relevant fracture patterns were experimentally replicated and visible in the micro-CT images, together with the bone microarchitecture. Morphometric and micro-finite-element analyses are being undertaken, to investigate the contribution of the different microstructural compartments to withstand load. | physics |
http://loganu3acameraclub.blogspot.com/2012/11/todays-meeting-121112.html | 2018-10-17T10:22:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511122.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017090419-20181017111919-00289.warc.gz | 0.931116 | 5,131 | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__56684563 | en | |Photos: Alan Brown|
After that Diane told us all about street photography which included several topics such as urban photography, architectural photography as well as cityscapes.
Diane's notes on Street photography will be posted on the sidebar of this blog soon.
Then Kathy Roman told us about the forthcoming solar eclipse on Wednesday morning and what we should do to protect our eyes and our cameras from the sun's harmful rays.
Here is Kathy's presentation:
Notes About Photographing Solar Eclipses
Your camera lens is not protection enough
The biggest challenge with photographing a solar eclipse is that this is the sun itself that you're looking at. As we've all been told since we were little, looking directly at the sun is a bad idea. Not only can doing so permanently damage your eyes, it can also damage your camera's image sensor. For that reason, you need to take special precautions to protect both your camera and your eyes. Never, ever look directly at the sun without looking through a filter.
Your camera's optical viewfinder does not offer any protection from the sun's harmful rays, so you can't just watch through your camera. If you have a compact camera with an LCD screen, you could, in theory, watch the eclipse on the screen, but it will still probably damage the camera's image sensor, so we wouldn't recommend it.
The easiest and cheapest filter you can get that will allow you (and your camera) to safely view the eclipse is a simple pair of eclipse glasses. If you have a point-and-shoot camera, get two pairs — one for you and one for the camera. Then you can attach one lens of the camera's pair to the camera's lens, and you'll be good to go. It's not the most elegant solution, but it works.
If you've got a DLSR camera, things get a bit trickier, since the lenses of the eclipse glasses probably won't be big enough to cover your entire camera lens. You'll need to find a special solar filter for your particular lens size. These are usually made of Mylar or glass and can be purchased through various dealers, including Amazon.
Setting your settings
The best advice we can offer about photographing a solar eclipse is to practice before it happens. For many people, a solar eclipse is a once-in-a-lifetime experience, and you'll only have one chance to get the photos you're hoping for.
What you can do, though, is go out and take some photos of the sun on a non-eclipse day. Make note of which settings work best, so you can easily go back to them when the big moment comes. The settings you use for pre- and post-totality will be different from those you'll use for the brief time when the sun is completely eclipsed, so practice switching between them — or better yet, have two cameras available.
When it comes to choosing a lens to use, remember that the sun is, of course, extremely far away. Even when viewed through a 200mm telephoto lens, the sun itself will still look pretty darn small. Ideally, you should aim for around an 800 to 900mm focal length so that the sun's disc fills a good portion of your viewing area.
Using your camera's manual settings will work best, since your camera will likely be very confused about what to focus on and what aperture and shutter settings to use. Since the sun gives off plenty of light, set the ISO to a low number such as 100. Before and during the period when the sun is only partially eclipsed, use a small aperture such as f/16. When the eclipse reaches totality, the intensity of the available light will drop dramatically, so try using larger apertures.
What eclipse types mean to your photography
The eclipse that occurs on May 20 is an annular eclipse, which is a little different from a total eclipse. During an annular eclipse, the moon is at the farthest point in its orbit around the earth, and its relative size isn't enough to completely cover the sun. Thus, even when the moon is dead center in front of the sun, a thin ring of the sun itself will be visible around the moon.
Even during the height of an annular eclipse, don't take off your solar filter or glasses. The ambient light will go way down, but it's still not safe to look at the sun because there will still be a ring of direct sunlight. During a total solar eclipse, you'd have to take the solar filter off your camera to get a decent photo, but that's not the case during an annular eclipse.
While you can plan for and practice your settings for the partial phases of an eclipse, the total phase requires either a lot of math or some guesswork. Both NASA's and Mr. Eclipse's websites have extensive tables that will help you figure out the optimum exposure settings for various phases of the eclipse. It can all be very confusing.
The salient point you should remember is bracket, bracket, bracket. For every photo you take, take at least one or two with your aperture and/or shutter speed set higher and lower than the setting you think you should use. Yes, you'll end up with hundreds of photos you'll have to sift through when all is said and done, but you also stand a much higher chance of getting that great shot you're looking for.
Ideas for viewing method alternatives
If you don't have the time or money to purchase expensive lenses for your camera (and your eyes!), you can still get some great photos of the eclipse. The best way is to use a lens or create a pinhole camera to project an image of the eclipse onto a piece of white cardboard (or any other smooth surface), and then take a photo of the projected image. You can use a pair of binoculars with one lens covered or a telescope, or create your own simple pinhole camera by poking a very small hole (about 1mm in diameter, about the size of a pen tip) in a piece of cardboard.
A solar eclipse begins as a small notch slowly appears along one edge of the sun. During the next hour, the moon will gradually cover more and more of the sun’s bright disk. If the eclipse is a total solar eclipse, the last remaining minutes of the partial phases can be dramatic. The crescent of the sun grows thinner as the moon’s shadow approaches. The abrupt darkness of totality is stunning to view, and the solar corona is an awe-inspiring sight. The sun’s corona can only be seen during the few brief minutes of totality.
Starting Exposure (Nikon cameras)
Solar eclipses may be viewed and photographed, provided certain precautions are taken. You can photograph a solar eclipse with any type of camera: D-SLR, COOLPIX or Nikon 1. The longer the focal length of the lens, the larger the images of the sun you’ll be able to make. While you can also use film cameras to photograph eclipses, this article specifically discusses digital camera use.
With a D-SLR, you can also combine a super telephoto lens with a teleconverter to increase the focal length. You can also increase the relative size of the eclipse image by selecting an FX camera’s "DX Crop Mode". If you’re photographing the solar eclipse using a COOLPIX compact digital camera, turn the built-in flash to OFF.
How large you want the sun to be in the frame will determine what focal length lens to use. For a D-SLR camera with a full frame FX sensor, choose a focal length of 2000mm or less. For a D-SLR camera that has a DX sensor, the maximum focal length is about 1300mm; any longer and you won’t be able to get the entire sun in the frame.
However, if you also want to capture the sun’s corona during the phase of totality, then you should choose a focal length that’s shorter still—no more than 1400mm for an FX (full frame sensor) camera, or 900mm for a Nikon DX camera.
Place your camera on a sturdy tripod, and manually focus the camera, setting it to infinity.
If you are using a telescope on an equatorial mount, the electric drive will track the sun keeping it centered in your camera throughout the eclipse.
A solar filter must be used on the lens throughout the partial phases for both photography and safe viewing. These filters typically attenuate the sun’s visible and infrared energy by a factor of 100,000. Almost any ISO can be used because the sun gives off abundant light. The actual filter factor and choice of ISO will play critical roles in determining the correct exposure.
The easiest way to determine exposure is to run a calibration test on the un-eclipsed sun on a clear day prior to the eclipse. Digital cameras are ideal as you can see your results almost instantaneously. Shoot the mid-day sun at a fixed aperture, (choose an aperture between f/8 and f/16) using every shutter speed from 1/4000 second to 1/30 second. Looking at the exposures, choose the best shutter speed/aperture combination and use them to photograph the partial phases of the solar eclipse. Your camera’s histogram function is an excellent way to evaluate the best exposure. The histogram should not be clipped but should lie toward the upper end of brightness values. Because the sun’s brightness stays the same throughout the partial phases, no exposure compensation will be needed. You may also decide to bracket your exposures to ensure that you photograph the solar eclipse with a perfect exposure. If you ran your test on a sunny day and the eclipse occurs on a hazy day, increase the bracket of exposures an additional f/stop
1) The Danger of Viewing and Photographing a Solar Eclipse
Before I talk about the process of photographing a solar eclipse, let me first talk about the dangers of doing it. First of all, you should never look directly at the sun with your eyes, especially through a DSLR viewfinder that shows the sun much more magnified. Remember Galileo or those crazy Indians that stared at the sun and went blind? You surely do not want the same faith. Looking at the sun through the viewfinder without blocking any light, especially UV can result in immediate blindness. See this article on Wikipedia for more details.
So what do you do? If you prefer to see the eclipse with your naked eyes, then get a pair of eclipse glasses. If you cannot find them or it is too late to get them now, then there are two things you can do:
- Build a small pinhole camera/projector
- Use the camera’s liveview/LCD for viewing the sun
Building a small pinhole camera/projector is very simple. Just grab two pieces of cards, make a small hole in one card, then hold the card above the other one and align them with the sun. The sun’s image will be projected through the hole into the second card. If you want something more advanced, check this tutorial out.
The second method to view the sun through the camera LCD is what I did. First, make sure to mount a very dense/strong neutral density filter in front of your lens. Then, use your camera’s LiveView function to look at the sun. It is ideal to have a camera that allows manual exposure control, so that you could stop down the lens and increase the shutter speed while looking at the sun through live view. Bear in mind that if the ND filter is not strong enough, viewing the sun through the LCD could actually damage your camera. Either way, I would not use LiveView for more than a minute or two, since it could overheat the image sensor. I only used LiveView when taking pictures and turned the camera off in between. When the sun is too bright during partial eclipse, unless you have something like Hoodman loupe, you might not see much when looking at the LCD though.
If you have a point and shoot camera with a relatively small lens, the same eclipse glasses you war could be used as neutral density filters. Just hold one in front of the lens and it should work great.
2) Photographing the Sequence
One thing you need to decide on, is whether you want to shoot the entire sequence of the solar eclipse, or just the middle of the process (period of totality) when the moon blocks most of the sun, creating a “ring of fire”. I would personally recommend to document the whole process from the beginning to the end, so that you have pictures of all the phases – from partial eclipse to totality and then back to partial eclipse. The nice thing about having the entire sequence in pictures, is that you can later combine images together, creating a nice sequence.
Bear in mind, you will have to be very patient though, as the process could take a while. If for whatever reason you cannot stay for the entire duration of the eclipse, then I would just stay for the total eclipse to capture the “ring of fire”.
3) Camera Equipment and Lenses
When it comes to photographing a solar eclipse, the type of equipment you are using plays a huge role. Using a camera with a bare lens is not going to work, because the sun is way too bright (especially during partial eclipse) – it will be totally blown out. Even stopping down to a very small aperture like f/22 and lowering ISO to the lowest value might result in an exposure faster than what your camera allows. Therefore, you need a very strong neutral density filter that would block most of the light from the sun, allowing you to use slower shutter speeds and larger apertures. If the neutral density filter is not strong enough, you might need a couple – in my case, I had a 6 stop ND filter stacked with a 3 stop ND filter together, but a 10 stop ND filter would be better. Stacking multiple filters is not a problem, because you will be shooting with your longest lens at its longest focal length anyway.
Talking about lenses, the longer the lens, the better. I used the Nikon 300mm f/4 AF-S with a 1.4x teleconverter, because I had it handy. Longer lenses are ideal, so if you have a 600mm lens with a teleconverter in your arsenal, then get them ready! My 300mm was already mounted to my Nikon D700, so I did not bother changing the camera body.
Camera does not matter, because you will be capturing the solar eclipse at the lowest ISO. Cropped-sensor/DX cameras would work great, because they provide better magnification on the pixel level.
4) Camera Settings
Camera settings are quite simple. Here is what I recommend:
- Set your camera and lens on a tripod.
- Set your ISO to the lowest value like 100.
- Set your camera mode to Manual.
- Start out at the fastest shutter speed your camera has to offer, such as 1/8000 and see if you need to lower it.
- Start out at f/8 and stop down a little more if the shutter speed is too fast. If the sun comes out too bright and overexposed, it means that you are using a weak ND filter.
Depending on what ND filter you are using, your shutter speed should be fast enough to not cause any vibration issues. I was shooting between 1/500 to 1/8000, depending on the phase of the eclipse and how bright I wanted to sun to come out.
5) Focus Accuracy and Sharpness
No matter what lens you are using, getting a very accurate focus on the sun and moon is extremely important. I know that some photographers suggest to shoot at infinity using the lens marks, but since many lenses now allow focusing “beyond infinity”, getting a true infinity focus is not that easy – a slight inaccuracy in focus will make the sun and moon appear blurry. Forget about trying to acquire focus on the sun without an ND filter – it is too bright and could be too small in the frame for that. What I would do, is point your lens at a really far object and focus on that object (either through viewfinder or LiveView). Instead of dealing with refocusing every time you take a picture, I highly recommend to switch off autofocus once you get an accurate focus. Take a picture and use the LCD screen of the camera to see how sharp the sun is. Zoom in all the way and make sure that the sun appears sharp.
One more thing I would like to point out, is if you are using a lens with a teleconverter, or if you are using a consumer zoom lens, the optics are probably not very sharp when shooting at large apertures. Stopping down the lens aperture to f/8-f/11 should give you the sharpest results. Don’t use apertures larger than f/16 – diffraction will kick in and make the moon appear even softer.
Unless you are shooting at short focal lengths with a foreground object or some sort of a scene, don’t worry about composition – place the sun anywhere in your frame. The location does not matter, since you can easily crop the sun out in post-processing. If you have some thick clouds in your frame, then play with the exposure a little and see if you can use clouds as part of your composition. Here is an image that I captured with the clouds, when clouds opened up a little bit during the start of the eclipse:
As for post-processing, aside from cropping and playing with white balance and saturation levels, the only issue you might have is dealing with some noise that might show up even at the lowest ISO levels. Noise levels will increase if you underexpose and try to brighten up in post-processing, so try to expose the sun correctly (you can also bracket your shots). If noise is an issue, see my “noise reduction tutorial” that I posted a while ago – there are plenty of tips in that article on how to clean up noise in Photoshop and Lightroom
1. Use a proper solar filter: Never look at the sun with your naked eyes, or through a telescope, binocular or camera viewfinder without a safe solar filter. Failure to do so can result in serious eye injury or blindness. [How to Safely Photograph the Sun (Photo Guide)]
Use a No. 14 welder's glass filter, or purchase special solar filters from companies such as Thousand Oaks, Kendrick Astro Instruments, or Orion Telescopes & Binoculars, and fit them securely in front of your equipment.
2. Use a telescope or telephoto lens with a focal length of 400 millimeters or more: This helps to get detailed, close-up shots of the eclipse. This will give you a reasonably large image of the sun's disk in the frame.
The best way to attach your digital SLR camera to the telescope is to use an appropriate T ring and T adapter for your camera brand. (Check with your local camera retailer.) Other helpful accessories include an electronic cable release to operate the shutter and a right-angle magnifier that attaches to the camera’s viewfinder to assist you in focusing.
CREDIT: Imelda Joson and Edwin Aguirre
CREDIT: Imelda Joson and Edwin Aguirre
3. Use a sturdy tripod or mount: Make sure your tripod and head are strong and stable enough to support your camera gear. Keep your setup as portable, light and easy to assemble as possible in case you need to relocate in a hurry to escape clouds.
4. Set the camera to its highest resolution: To record as much detail and color information as possible, use your camera's highest-quality (least-compressed) JPEG setting or "lossless" (uncompressed) image formats, such as TIFF or RAW.
5. Use a high ISO setting: Set your camera to ISO 400 (or higher) to keep exposures very short and prevent blurring from vibrations.
6. Switch to manual: Set your camera to "manual" (M) so you'll be able to control its focus as well as exposure and white-balance settings.
7. Focus carefully: Don't let poor focus ruin your images. If possible, prefocus your camera the night before the eclipse using a bright star. Otherwise, focus carefully on the sun's edge (or on sunspots, if some are visible). Place a piece of adhesive tape on your telephoto's focus ring (or lock the telescope focuser) to keep it from accidentally being moved during the eclipse. Be sure to recheck your focus as the eclipse progresses and refine it if needed.
If you don’t have a DSLR camera, don’t worry — you can use your automatic “point-and-shoot” camera to take decent pictures of the eclipse through a filtered telescope. Insert a wide-field eyepiece and hold the camera lens close to it. Use the camera’s built-in LCD screen to center the sun and compose your shot. Zoom in as needed.
CREDIT: Imelda Joson and Edwin Aguirre
CREDIT: Imelda Joson and Edwin Aguirre
8. Minimize vibrations: The mirror slap in DSLRs can cause blurred images. If possible, use the camera's mirror lock-up feature before each shot to keep vibrations to a minimum. You should also operate the shutter with an electronic cable release to eliminate camera shake. Lastly, choose an observing spot that is shielded from the wind.
9. "Bracket" your exposures: It's a challenge to determine the correct exposure beforehand, so shoot the eclipse at various shutter speeds.
10. Use a fresh battery: DSLRs can easily drain their batteries, especially if you use the LCD screen continuously. Make sure you have a fully charged battery right before the eclipse begins, and have a spare one handy, just in case.
11. Test your imaging setup: Be sure to try out your actual setup before the eclipse. This will reveal any potential problems with focusing and vibrations, as well as internal reflections or vignetting in the optics. Take some test shots of the sun to give you an idea of what exposure to use with your solar filter.
12. Try to shoot the sun in hydrogen-alpha: Unlike "white light," the plain, visible light from the sun, H-alpha is the red light given off by hydrogen atoms in the sun's atmosphere. A portable H-alpha telescope offers a wealth of stunning details of the sun at a wavelength of 656.3 nanometers.
13. Process your images: Since the camera's output is already in digital format, it's easy to enhance the images' brightness, contrast, sharpness and color balance using image-editing software such as Adobe Photoshop. You can also "stitch" the frames together to create a movie.
Shooting the Eclipse with Video
As with digital cameras, you need a proper solar filter over your camcorder when recording the sun.
The color of the solar image will depend on the type of solar filter used. Metal-coated glass and black polymer filters produce a pleasing yellow or orange image of the sun, while aluminized Mylar filters show a bluish sun. Welder’s No. 14 glass filters give a greenish image (not shown).
CREDIT: Imelda Joson and Edwin Aguirre
CREDIT: Imelda Joson and Edwin Aguirre
Today's camcorders have zoom lenses with up to 40x (or more) optical magnification. To videotape the eclipse, simply mount the camcorder on a tripod and zoom in on the filtered sun to the lens's highest power. (Hand-holding the camcorder can result in shaky footage.) High-end camcorders have manual controls for adjusting the gain, f-stop and shutter speed so you don't overexpose the sun's disk.
Again, it is best to test your setup before the eclipse. On the day of the event, be sure to use a fully charged battery and bring a spare one as backup. Take two- to three-second clips every two to five minutes to produce a time-lapse sequence that compresses the eclipse's hourlong partial phase into just under a minute.
High-end DSLRs are capable of shooting HD video. (Check your camera manual.) In a pinch, you also can use your cell phone camera to shoot video (or still images) through a filtered telescope. Low-cost webcams can also be useful. | physics |
https://mateuszlomber.pl/en/ai-tools/riffusion/ | 2024-03-04T21:34:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476532.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304200958-20240304230958-00560.warc.gz | 0.939024 | 111 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__158397340 | en | Stable Diffusion is an open model of artificial intelligence that can generate images based on text. Riffusion tuned this model so that it was able to create images called spectrograms and then transform them into sound clips. Spectrograms are a kind of images that show how different frequencies sound at different time. In addition, they have created an interactive internet application, thanks to which everyone can enter their topic and the application will generate a sound clip. In addition, the application allows a smooth transition between different topics or different variants of the same topic. | physics |
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