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For a radical having M equivalent nuclei, each with a spin of I, the number of EPR lines expected is 2MI + 1. As an example, the methyl radical, CH3, has three 1H nuclei, each with I = 1/2, and so the number of lines expected is 2MI + 1 = 2(3)(1/2) + 1 = 4, which is as observed.
For a radical having M1 equivalent nuclei, each with a spin of I1, and a group of M2 equivalent nuclei, each with a spin of I2, the number of lines expected is (2M1I1 + 1) (2M2I2 + 1). As an example, the methoxymethyl radical, has two equivalent 1H nuclei, each with I = 1/2 and three equivalent 1H nuclei each with I = 1/2, and so the number of lines expected is (2M1I1 + 1) (2M2I2 + 1) = [2(2)(1/2) + 1] [2(3)(1/2) + 1] = 3×4 = 12, again as observed.
The above can be extended to predict the number of lines for any number of nuclei.
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While it is easy to predict the number of lines, the reverse problem, unraveling a complex multi-line EPR spectrum and assigning the various spacings to specific nuclei, is more difficult.
In the often encountered case of I = 1/2 nuclei (e.g., 1H, 19F, 31P), the line intensities produced by a population of radicals, each possessing M equivalent nuclei, will follow Pascal's triangle. For example, the spectrum at the right shows that the three 1H nuclei of the CH3 radical give rise to 2MI + 1 = 2(3)(1/2) + 1 = 4 lines with a 1:3:3:1 ratio. The line spacing gives a hyperfine coupling constant of aH = 23 G for each of the three 1H nuclei. Note again that the lines in this spectrum are first derivatives of absorptions.
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As a second example, the methoxymethyl radical, H3COCH2. the OCH2 center will give an overall 1:2:1 EPR pattern, each component of which is further split by the three methoxy hydrogens into a 1:3:3:1 pattern to give a total of 3×4 = 12 lines, a triplet of quartets. A simulation of the observed EPR spectrum is shown and agrees with the 12-line prediction and the expected line intensities. Note that the smaller coupling constant (smaller line spacing) is due to the three methoxy hydrogens, while the larger coupling constant (line spacing) is from the two hydrogens bonded directly to the carbon atom bearing the unpaired electron. It is often the case that coupling constants decrease in size with distance from a radical's unpaired electron, but there are some notable exceptions, such as the ethyl radical (CH2CH3).
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Resonance linewidth definition
Resonance linewidths are defined in terms of the magnetic induction B and its corresponding units, and are measured along the x axis of an EPR spectrum, from a line's center to a chosen reference point of the line. These defined widths are called halfwidths and possess some advantages: for asymmetric lines, values of left and right halfwidth can be given. The halfwidth is the distance measured from the line's center to the point in which absorption value has half of maximal absorption value in the center of resonance line. First inclination width is a distance from center of the line to the point of maximal absorption curve inclination. In practice, a full definition of linewidth is used. For symmetric lines, halfwidth , and full inclination width .
Applications
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EPR/ESR spectroscopy is used in various branches of science, such as biology, chemistry and physics, for the detection and identification of free radicals in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state, and in paramagnetic centers such as F-centers.
Chemical reactions
EPR is a sensitive, specific method for studying both radicals formed in chemical reactions and the reactions themselves. For example, when ice (solid H2O) is decomposed by exposure to high-energy radiation, radicals such as H, OH, and HO2 are produced. Such radicals can be identified and studied by EPR. Organic and inorganic radicals can be detected in electrochemical systems and in materials exposed to UV light. In many cases, the reactions to make the radicals and the subsequent reactions of the radicals are of interest, while in other cases EPR is used to provide information on a radical's geometry and the orbital of the unpaired electron.
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EPR is useful in homogeneous catalysis research for characterization of paramagnetic complexes and reactive intermediates. EPR spectroscopy is a particularly useful tool to investigate their electronic structures, which is fundamental to understand their reactivity.
EPR/ESR spectroscopy can be applied only to systems in which the balance between radical decay and radical formation keeps the free radicals concentration above the detection limit of the spectrometer used. This can be a particularly severe problem in studying reactions in liquids. An alternative approach is to slow down reactions by studying samples held at cryogenic temperatures, such as 77 K (liquid nitrogen) or 4.2 K (liquid helium). An example of this work is the study of radical reactions in single crystals of amino acids exposed to x-rays, work that sometimes leads to activation energies and rate constants for radical reactions.
Medical and biological
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Medical and biological applications of EPR also exist. Although radicals are very reactive, so they do not normally occur in high concentrations in biology, special reagents have been developed to attach "spin labels", also called "spin probes", to molecules of interest. Specially-designed nonreactive radical molecules can attach to specific sites in a biological cell, and EPR spectra then give information on the environment of the spin labels. Spin-labeled fatty acids have been extensively used to study dynamic organisation of lipids in biological membranes, lipid-protein interactions and temperature of transition of gel to liquid crystalline phases. Injection of spin-labeled molecules allows for electron resonance imaging of living organisms.
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A type of dosimetry system has been designed for reference standards and routine use in medicine, based on EPR signals of radicals from irradiated polycrystalline α-alanine (the alanine deamination radical, the hydrogen abstraction radical, and the radical). This method is suitable for measuring gamma and X-rays, electrons, protons, and high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation of doses in the 1 Gy to 100 kGy range.
EPR can be used to measure microviscosity and micropolarity within drug delivery systems as well as the characterization of colloidal drug carriers.
The study of radiation-induced free radicals in biological substances (for cancer research) poses the additional problem that tissue contains water, and water (due to its electric dipole moment) has a strong absorption band in the microwave region used in EPR spectrometers.
Material characterization
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EPR/ESR spectroscopy is used in geology and archaeology as a dating tool. It can be applied to a wide range of materials such as organic shales, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, silica or other silicates. When applied to shales, the EPR data correlates to the maturity of the kerogen in the shale.
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EPR spectroscopy has been used to measure properties of crude oil, such as determination of asphaltene and vanadium content. The free-radical component of the EPR signal is proportional to the amount of asphaltene in the oil regardless of any solvents, or precipitants that may be present in that oil. When the oil is subject to a precipitant such as hexane, heptane, pyridine however, then much of the asphaltene can be subsequently extracted from the oil by gravimetric techniques. The EPR measurement of that extract will then be function of the polarity of the precipitant that was used. Consequently, it is preferable to apply the EPR measurement directly to the crude. In the case that the measurement is made upstream of a separator (oil production), then it may also be necessary determine the oil fraction within the crude (e.g., if a certain crude contains 80% oil and 20% water, then the EPR signature will be 80% of the signature of downstream of the separator).
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EPR has been used by archaeologists for the dating of teeth. Radiation damage over long periods of time creates free radicals in tooth enamel, which can then be examined by EPR and, after proper calibration, dated. Similarly, material extracted from the teeth of people during dental procedures can be used to quantify their cumulative exposure to ionizing radiation. People exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl disaster have been examined by this method.
Radiation-sterilized foods have been examined with EPR spectroscopy, aiming to develop methods to determine whether a food sample has been irradiated and to what dose.
Other applications
In the field of quantum computing, pulsed EPR is used to control the state of electron spin qubits in materials such as diamond, silicon and gallium arsenide.
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High-field high-frequency measurements
High-field high-frequency EPR measurements are sometimes needed to detect subtle spectroscopic details. However, for many years the use of electromagnets to produce the needed fields above 1.5 T was impossible, due principally to limitations of traditional magnet materials. The first multifunctional millimeter EPR spectrometer with a superconducting solenoid was described in the early 1970s by Prof. Y. S. Lebedev's group (Russian Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow) in collaboration with L. G. Oranski's group (Ukrainian Physics and Technics Institute, Donetsk), which began working in the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Chernogolovka around 1975. Two decades later, a W-band EPR spectrometer was produced as a small commercial line by the German Bruker Company, initiating the expansion of W-band EPR techniques into medium-sized academic laboratories.
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The EPR waveband is stipulated by the frequency or wavelength of a spectrometer's microwave source (see Table).
EPR experiments often are conducted at X and, less commonly, Q bands, mainly due to the ready availability of the necessary microwave components (which originally were developed for radar applications). A second reason for widespread X and Q band measurements is that electromagnets can reliably generate fields up to about 1 tesla. However, the low spectral resolution over g-factor at these wavebands limits the study of paramagnetic centers with comparatively low anisotropic magnetic parameters. Measurements at > 40 GHz, in the millimeter wavelength region, offer the following advantages:
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EPR spectra are simplified due to the reduction of second-order effects at high fields.
Increase in orientation selectivity and sensitivity in the investigation of disordered systems.
The informativity and precision of pulse methods, e.g., ENDOR also increase at high magnetic fields.
Accessibility of spin systems with larger zero-field splitting due to the larger microwave quantum energy h.
The higher spectral resolution over g-factor, which increases with irradiation frequency and external magnetic field B0. This is used to investigate the structure, polarity, and dynamics of radical microenvironments in spin-modified organic and biological systems through the spin label and probe method. The figure shows how spectral resolution improves with increasing frequency.
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Saturation of paramagnetic centers occurs at a comparatively low microwave polarizing field B1, due to the exponential dependence of the number of excited spins on the radiation frequency . This effect can be successfully used to study the relaxation and dynamics of paramagnetic centers as well as of superslow motion in the systems under study.
The cross-relaxation of paramagnetic centers decreases dramatically at high magnetic fields, making it easier to obtain more-precise and more-complete information about the system under study.
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This was demonstrated experimentally in the study of various biological, polymeric and model systems at D-band EPR.
Hardware components
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Microwave bridge
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The microwave bridge contains both the microwave source and the detector. Older spectrometers used a vacuum tube called a klystron to generate microwaves, but modern spectrometers use a Gunn diode. Immediately after the microwave source there is an isolator which serves to attenuate any reflections back to the source which would result in fluctuations in the microwave frequency. The microwave power from the source is then passed through a directional coupler which splits the microwave power into two paths, one directed towards the cavity and the other the reference arm. Along both paths there is a variable attenuator that facilitates the precise control of the flow of microwave power. This in turn allows for accurate control over the intensity of the microwaves subjected to the sample. On the reference arm, after the variable attenuator there is a phase shifter that sets a defined phase relationship between the reference and reflected signal which permits phase sensitive detection.
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Most EPR spectrometers are reflection spectrometers, meaning that the detector should only be exposed to microwave radiation coming back from the cavity. This is achieved by the use of a device known as the circulator which directs the microwave radiation (from the branch that is heading towards the cavity) into the cavity. Reflected microwave radiation (after absorption by the sample) is then passed through the circulator towards the detector, ensuring it does not go back to the microwave source. The reference signal and reflected signal are combined and passed to the detector diode which converts the microwave power into an electrical current.
Reference arm
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At low energies (less than 1 μW) the diode current is proportional to the microwave power and the detector is referred to as a square-law detector. At higher power levels (greater than 1 mW) the diode current is proportional to the square root of the microwave power and the detector is called a linear detector. In order to obtain optimal sensitivity as well as quantitative information the diode should be operating within the linear region. To ensure the detector is operating at that level the reference arm serves to provide a "bias".
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Magnet
In an EPR spectrometer the magnetic assembly includes the magnet with a dedicated power supply as well as a field sensor or regulator such as a Hall probe. EPR spectrometers use one of two types of magnet which is determined by the operating microwave frequency (which determine the range of magnetic field strengths required). The first is an electromagnet which are generally capable of generating field strengths of up to 1.5 T making them suitable for measurements using the Q-band frequency. In order to generate field strengths appropriate for W-band and higher frequency operation superconducting magnets are employed. The magnetic field is homogeneous across the sample volume and has a high stability at static field.
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Microwave resonator (cavity)
The microwave resonator is designed to enhance the microwave magnetic field at the sample in order to induce EPR transitions. It is a metal box with a rectangular or cylindrical shape that resonates with microwaves (like an organ pipe with sound waves). At the resonance frequency of the cavity microwaves remain inside the cavity and are not reflected back. Resonance means the cavity stores microwave energy and its ability to do this is given by the quality factor , defined by the following equation:
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The higher the value of the higher the sensitivity of the spectrometer. The energy dissipated is the energy lost in one microwave period. Energy may be lost to the side walls of the cavity as microwaves may generate currents which in turn generate heat. A consequence of resonance is the creation of a standing wave inside the cavity. Electromagnetic standing waves have their electric and magnetic field components exactly out of phase. This provides an advantage as the electric field provides non-resonant absorption of the microwaves, which in turn increases the dissipated energy and reduces . To achieve the largest signals and hence sensitivity the sample is positioned such that it lies within the magnetic field maximum and the electric field minimum. When the magnetic field strength is such that an absorption event occurs, the value of will be reduced due to the extra energy loss. This results in a change of impedance which serves to stop the cavity from being critically coupled.
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This means microwaves will now be reflected back to the detector (in the microwave bridge) where an EPR signal is detected.
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Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance
The dynamics of electron spins are best studied with pulsed measurements. Microwave pulses typically 10–100 ns long are used to control the spins in the Bloch sphere. The spin–lattice relaxation time can be measured with an inversion recovery experiment.
As with pulsed NMR, the Hahn echo is central to many pulsed EPR experiments. A Hahn echo decay experiment can be used to measure the dephasing time, as shown in the animation below. The size of the echo is recorded for different spacings of the two pulses. This reveals the decoherence, which is not refocused by the pulse. In simple cases, an exponential decay is measured, which is described by the time.
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Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance could be advanced into electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy (ENDOR), which utilizes waves in the radio frequencies. Since different nuclei with unpaired electrons respond to different wavelengths, radio frequencies are required at times. Since the results of the ENDOR gives the coupling resonance between the nuclei and the unpaired electron, the relationship between them can be determined.
See also
Electric dipole spin resonance
Ferromagnetic resonance
Dynamic nuclear polarisation
Spin label
Site-directed spin labeling
Spin trapping
EDMR
Optically detected magnetic resonance
Electron resonance imaging
References
External links
Electron Magnetic Resonance Program National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (Specialist Periodical Reports) Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry
Using ESR to measure free radicals in used engine oil
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Scientific techniques
Magnetism
Russian inventions
Neuroimaging
Soviet inventions
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Hardy palms are any of the species of palm (Arecaceae) that are able to withstand brief periods of colder temperatures and even occasional snowfall. A few palms are native to higher elevations of south Asia where true winter conditions occur, while a few others are native to the warmer parts of the temperate zone in North America. A few of these temperate climate palms can tolerate hard freezes with little or no damage. Many of these "hardy " species can be cultivated in warmer parts of temperate climates.
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The cold hardiness of palms varies by species. The hardiest species are found in the tribe Trachycarpeae, Washingtonia, and Rhapis, with species which are found in the wild in areas where the mean temperature of the coldest month of the year is not much less that , and Trachycarpus, with species which are found in the wild in areas where the mean temperature of the coldest month of the year is as low as . Members of the above palms and other genera are sometimes grown in areas where they are not truly hardy, overwintering with the aid of various kinds of artificial protection.
Fan palms
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The fan palms (Arecaceae tribe Corypheae; palms with fan-shaped leaves) include all of the hardiest palms.
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Windmill Palms (Trachycarpus fortunei, T. takil) – is considered the most cold hardy arborescent palm in the world. These tough species are native to eastern China, Myanmar, and the Himalaya mountains where severe (though brief) winter conditions occur. Hardy to about , they grow at high altitudes where temperatures are cool. It is also tolerant of low summer temperatures. Mature Trachycarpus trees have been successfully grown in high latitude locations as far north as 58°N in northern Scotland. Mature specimens can also be found in the southern coast of Ireland, the southern coast of England, southwestern Canada (in the city of Vancouver and on Vancouver Island), Southern Switzerland (Ticino). Trachycarpus is also grown extensively in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. In the United States Trachycarpus is cultivated along the Pacific coast and as far north as Washington State and along the Atlantic coast as far north as southern Connecticut. Large mature specimens can be found
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from Maryland south to Georgia, though numbers decline toward southern Georgia south toward Florida. Across the interior of the United States, there are reports of long term specimens that have survived north to the Ohio River, with several long term plantings in the higher elevations of Tennessee and western North Carolina. It is rated as winter hardy to USDA zone 7. It appears that areas west of the Mississippi River (the southern Plains) may be too hot in summer for successful long term cultivation. Thus, Windmill palms are the most cold and cool summer hardy of all the palms, although absolute minimum temperature may be exceeded by needle Palms, Sabal minor, as well as very brief nighttime cold exposure to desert palms.
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Bismarck Palm (Bismarckia nobilis) - Native to the island of Madagascar off the east coast of Africa this cold hardy palm is among the most sought after palms in Florida mainly due to its unique grey color and ability to withstand temperatures down to . This palm thrives in any sub-tropical environment. You will see this palm tree in states such as: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, and Texas. It is a very fast growing palm, and can go from in just 5 years in the right environment. During late spring the tree will produce small, fragrant flowers. Once fully matured, it can reach heights of up to in the wild, however most do not exceed . This palm produces sharp thorns on the frond stalks, so one must take proper precautions while pruning.
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Mediterranean Fan Palm (Chamaerops humilis) – The only palm native to southern Europe besides the Cretan Date Palm, and very drought-tolerant. Hardy to , but does prefer hot summers. Despite the fact that this palm is less hardy than many palms listed here, it has the northernmost native habitat. It is rated as winter hardy to USDA zone 8. It is found in abundance across most of southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa. It is a very slow-growing plant. The blue form of the species, native to high elevations of the Atlas Mountains, has recently been introduced into the trade and early reports indicate that it may be or more degrees hardier than the green form.
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Needle Palm (Rhapidophyllum hystrix) – This clustering and usually trunkless palm is native to the subtropical southeastern United States, from central Florida to Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina and Alabama in the United States. It is considered hardy to -23.3 C (-10 F), and is cultivated along the East Coast from Florida to southern Massachusetts, and along the West Coast from California to Seattle. They have proven hardy in the Tennessee valley region and up into the lower Ohio Valley. The needle palm is very slow-growing and rarely reaches heights of over , though very old specimens in the deep south can reach in height and width. There are documented specimens that have been growing in White County, Tennessee, since the early part of the 1960s, as well as United States National Arboretum in the Asia Valley section, in the city of Washington D.C., that are at in height.
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Mazari Palm (Nannorrhops richtiana) – This palm, native to the dry, mountainous terrains of northern Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and surrounding regions, is also thought to be extremely cold hardy (perhaps to about ), though also requiring hot summers and dry soils. However, due to its limited availability in cultivation, not much is known about this palm. Mazari Palm is not easy to grow, perfect drainage and full sun are required for this palm to survive. This palm will not tolerate wet freezes.
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) - These palms are native to the southeastern United States, most commonly along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plains, but also as far inland as southern Arkansas, this bushy palm is hardy to about . This bushy palm grows in abundance within wetlands and subtropical grasslands of central and northern Florida. Extract from Saw Palmetto is often used to treat problems with the prostate.
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Sabal palms (palmettos; 13 species) – These palms are native to the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. The Cabbage Palmetto (Sabal palmetto), the state tree of both Florida and South Carolina, and is widely cultivated along the south Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coast of the United States, and needs hot and humid summers to grow. The species is considered hardy to USDA Hardiness Zone 8, and may survive short periods of temperatures as low as . Large and older specimens can be found from southern Virginia south to Florida and west to Texas. There are a few documented smaller specimens of Sabal palmetto {cabbage palm} growing in zone 7b in southern Maryland, Delaware, and coastal Connecticut in the city of Bridgeport. The Mexican Palmetto (Sabal mexicana) is a close relative of the Cabbage Palmetto, native to southern Texas and northern Mexico.
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Dwarf Palmetto (S. minor) is considered hardy to USDA zone 6b, like the needle palm. It can tolerate short periods of temperatures as low as . Endemic to the swamps and lowlands of the south Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coast of the United States, it can stand long periods of heat and drought. Sabal minor is successfully cultivated across the entire southern United States below 35 latitude, and up the East Coast to 41 latitude and up the West Coast to 45 latitude.
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Caranday palm (Trithrinax campestris) is a South American arecaceae palm native of Uruguayan and northeastern Argentine sabanas. It is a very rustic palm that grows in arid, well drained, rocky soils. Its distinctive features are its compact shape, short green to grayish foliage, and trunk fully hidden by dry dead branches (coat) remaining from several previous seasons. It is very resistant to drought, and -9 °C/-15 °C temperatures when not in growing season, although it tends to shed its leaves in these conditions. It is one of the most cold-hardy palms in the world, because it also grows in the mountains of Sierras de Córdoba.
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Washingtonia palms (Washingtonia filifera, W. robusta) – These palms are native to southern California and northwest Mexico, growing as high as in their native habitat. California Washingtonia (W. filifera) is hardy to ; it prefers a dry Mediterranean climate, though it still grows in areas with humid subtropical climates like Brisbane, Sydney, Houston, and New Orleans. It is sometimes grown in containers, or planted as short-term specimens in areas where it is not quite hardy. Mexican Washingtonia (W. robusta) is somewhat less hardy, native to northern Mexico (Baja California Peninsula). It has a more robust trunk and stiffer leaves than W. filifera, and is hardy to .
Livistona australis – It is native to southeastern Australia.
Rhapis excelsa – It is native to China and it is hardy to about .
Mexican Blue Palm (Brahea armata) – It is native to Baja California in Mexico and hardy to about .
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Pinnate-leaved palms
Few palms with pinnate leaves tolerate much frost. They belong to several tribes of the Arecaceae, with the species listed here belonging to Tribe Areceae (Chamaedorea), Tribe Cocoseae (Butia, Jubaea) and Tribe Phoeniceae (Phoenix).
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Chilean Wine Palm (Jubaea chilensis) – A contender for the hardiest pinnate-leaved palm, it is hardy to about and has been cultivated successfully as far north as Seattle, Washington, Vancouver, British Columbia, and London England. This palm does not perform well in hot, humid tropical climates.
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Butia Palm or Jelly Palm / Pindo Palm (Butia odorata (syn. B. capitata Hort.)) – With Jubaea, possibly the hardiest known pinnate-leaved palm. B. odorata is a palm native to Brazil and Uruguay. This palm grows up to , exceptionally , in a slow but steady manner. It is easily identifiable with beautiful pinnate leaves that arch outwards from a thick stout trunk. B. odorata is notable as one of the hardiest feather palms, tolerating temperatures down to about ; it is widely cultivated in warm temperate regions. It is commonly grown on the East Coast of the United States as far north as Virginia Beach, Virginia and Portland and Seattle on the West coast. It thrives in humid subtropical climates. This tree is commonly known as the "jelly palm" because of the sticky, edible, date-like fruit it produces, which is used in many South American countries to make jelly.
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Butia eriospatha - Woolly Jelly Palm - Though it maybe more cold tolerant, in N. America it is not found in cultivation as much as B. ordorata. This maybe due to being native to a remote mountainous region of Southern Brazil, at altitudes of . The weather is more similar to N. America's Pacific Northwest, with wet winters and cool summer days.
Chamaedorea microspadix and Chamaedorea radicalis – the hardiest known species in the genus Chamaedorea. Both species come from Mexico and are considered stem hardy to about , although they will lose their leaves at temperatures below about .
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Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis) – This species is hardy to about , and is grown as far north as the south of England (50°N), producing viable seed (in Southsea, Hampshire). In North America mature specimens can be found as far north as Gold Beach, Oregon (42.5º N) on the West Coast, and Wilmington, North Carolina (35.2 N) on the East Coast. This palm is one of the most commonly grown palms in the world. Well adapted to low humidity and little watering, this palm is used as an ornamental in both Mediterranean climates and desert climates. In more humid climates, these trees will often be seen with sword ferns sprouting just beneath the crown.
Cretan Date Palm (Phoenix theophrasti) – Another species of Phoenix which shows similar frost tolerance, or it may be even hardier. Native to Crete and southwest Turkey, but has not been adequately tested for hardiness.
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Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) – This relative of the Canary Island date palm, and producer of the edible date, is also hardy to about , but does not tolerate very wet areas. This palm is one of the staple plants of the Middle East for its versatility and edible fruit.
Mule Palm (× Butiagrus nabonnandii) – Hardy to about . Manmade hybrid between the Butia palm and Queen palm. One of the hardiest feather palms. It combines the hardiness of the Butia palm with the fast-growing, tropical fronds of the Queen palm. Mature specimens are quite rare due to the difficulty in producing this palm and the characteristics and cold tolerance of the palm is variable with each specimen. Many of them resemble coconut palms.
Ceroxylon quindiuense – It is native to the Colombian Andes where it is found at above sea level. At this altitude it tolerates occasional frosts for short periods of time.
Ceroxylon alpinum – It is native to the Andes.
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Archontophoenix cunninghamiana – It is native to Australia.
Howea forsteriana – It is native to Lord Howe Island in Australia.
Rhopalostylis sapida – It is native to New Zealand. It is southernmost palm in the world found as far south as 44°S.
Caryota species – They are generally considered tolerant to occasional frosts.
Dypsis decipiens – It is native to Madagascar.
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Queen palm - Adult specimens can even survive up to -6 °c.
Plants referred to as palms
Some plants used in subtropical landscaping in temperate climates like much of Europe, northern China/Japan, Korea, the northern USA, New Zealand, etc. that are commonly referred to as "palms", but are not palms, i.e. not members of the Arecaceae family, include: Aloidendron barberae, Beaucarnea recurvata, Cordyline australis, Cordyline indivisa, Cycas revoluta, Dasylirion, Cyathea australis, Cyathea capensis, Cyathea cooperi, Cyathea dealbata, Cyathea medullaris, Dicksonia antarctica, Dicksonia squarrosa, Dioon angustifolium, Dioon edule, Encephalartos, Macrozamia communis, Macrozamia johnsonii, Macrozamia riedlei, Mahonia eurybracteata, Mahonia oiwakensis, Musa basjoo, Musa sikkimensis, Pseudopanax ferox, Rhus typhina, Xanthorrhoea, Yucca aloifolia, Yucca gigantea, Yucca rostrata and Zamia integrifolia.
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Hardiness
In general, hardy palms can only tolerate brief periods with temperatures in the range . As such, this generally limits hardy palm cultivation and long term specimens to zone 7a or higher. Some hardy palms can be cultivated in areas with low temperatures slightly below this range when given wind sheltering (planted on the south side of a building). In the US, hardy palm cultivation is generally attempted from USDA zones 6b/7a southward.
In very cold winter areas below zone 6b, cold hardy palms have been cultivated by partially (or completely) covering plants with mini-green house coverings and wraps. Some garden enthusiasts in severe cold winter areas have gone as far as heating the interiors of these winter enclosures. As such, there are occasional reports of hardy palms be cultivated in areas with severe winters with low temperatures below .
Gallery
References
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External links
Palm Trees in Russia
Højgaard, A., Jóhansen, J., & Ødum, S. (1989). A century of tree planting on the Faroe Islands. Ann. Soc. Sci. Faeroensis Supplementum 14.
Cold Hardy Palms in Ohio
Hardy
Trees by climate
Lists of trees
Garden plants
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Gregory R. Ball (born September 16, 1977) is a former American politician from 2006 to 2014 (now a business executive), former active duty U.S. Air Force officer and member of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly. He is a resident of Fredericksburg, Texas.
Early career and background
Ball was born on September 16, 1977 in Pawling, New York, and grew up on Quaker Hill. In 1996, he was awarded the Falcon Foundation Scholarship and attended the Valley Forge Military Academy before receiving an appointment to the United States Air Force Academy. While at the United States Air Force Academy, Ball interned in the White House Drug Policy Office.
At the Air Force Academy, Ball received a Bachelor of Science in Government in 2001. He started a Masters in International Affairs at Georgetown University in 2004 and was a fellow at the Center for the Study of the Presidency from 2002 to 2003.
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USAF service
Ball was commissioned as a Lieutenant in the United States Air Force and requested an assignment with the Air Force Academy's Diversity Recruitment Office, and was posted in Philadelphia for a one-year tour working as a Minority Admissions Officer. Ball was then assigned to the 11th Wing at Bolling Air Force Base in Washington, D.C., as protocol officer. The Ceremonies & Protocol office was responsible for planning, organizing and developing projects for the Secretary of the Air Force and the Air Force Chief of Staff, as well as coordinating honor guard burial services at Arlington National Cemetery.
During his time in the Ceremonies & Protocol Office, Ball was a Project Officer for numerous events. The largest may have been the 2003 Global Air Chief's Conference, the first since 1997, for which he rented a cruise ship for a welcome reception in Washington, D.C., for dignitaries attending the Global Air Chiefs Conference.
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As a lieutenant, Ball was charged with directing National Hispanic Heritage Month in 2002, 2003, and 2004. He organized exhibits and demonstrations to recognize the contributions made by Hispanic countries and cultures, and hosted Alberto Gonzales, then White House Counsel, in 2003. In 2003, Ball was nominated as "Military Volunteer of the Year" for the 11th Wing. He was awarded an Air Force Achievement Medal for outstanding service by General John P. Jumper and was honorably discharged from active duty in January 2005, with the rank of captain.
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Business career
Upon his separation from active duty, Ball was recruited by the Antioch, Illinois, based Exceed International, a commercial development corporation with a presence in India, Turkey and Tunisia. Placed in charge of the marketing department, he served as a team member with the Company President on a 38-company executive mission to an economic summit in New Delhi, which included representatives from companies such as Amex, Cargill, New York Life, Dow Chemical, General Electric, Bechtel, and Cognizant.<ref>
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Germain, David. "U.S.-India Business Council Mounts 38-Company 4-City Executive Mission to India". US Newswire. March 2, 2007.</ref> Later, Exceed invested $11.1 million in India to expand operations. Construction began on six projects in Chennai, which included the ESPEE IT Park, and the Bascon Technology Park, which helped Exceed establish a foothold in India.Ramesh, M. "US construction co Exceed bags 6 projects in Chennai". Business Line. November 20, 2004. The company also invested as a joint venture partner in mixed use residential projects such as a water treatment facility.
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Eventually, Ball was elevated to Vice President of Exceed's Northeastern United States division and returned to New York. The Illinois based developer employs nearly 400 people in various fields such as project management, development, architecture, engineering, construction, government relations, finance, and technology.Kuyper, Diana. "Retail, condos encouraged". News Sun. October 11, 2005. In 2006, Exceed proposed a $75 million urban renewal project for the village of Brewster which would generate some $2 million a year in tax revenue for the town. The village's Mayor noted that "All of the infrastructure work recently completed by defining our identity within the watershed has paid off. Brewster finds itself in a situation where people are eagerly interested in working with the village in partnership to see our village revitalized".
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Political career
In early 2005, Ball announced his candidacy for State Assembly as a Republican and stated he would attempt to unseat the incumbent Assemblyman Will Stephens in a primary."Pawling man seeks GOP support for Assembly". Poughkeepsie Journal. May 31, 2005. Stephens' family had held the seat nearly continuously for eighty years: his grandfather, D. Mallory Stephens, represented the district from 1926 to 1952; his father, Willis Stephens Sr., held the seat from 1952 to 1982; and Stephens himself served from 1994 to 2006. Ball received over $110,000 in campaign contributions for the race."New Yorkers on the Ball. 2006 July Periodic Report Summary Page". New York State Board of Elections. Retrieved on February 24, 2008. He was placed on the primary ballot by the signature of over 1800 petitioners."Pawling man sets his sights on state Assembly seat". Poughkeepsie Journal. April 27, 2005.
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In 2004, while living in D.C., Ball created a charity polo event for underprivileged youth known as the Courage Cup, which presented $10,000 to charities in 2005. The Courage Cup was also investigated by the Washington Post after allegations that Ball was diverting funds from the charity to his political campaigns. The Poughkeepsie Journal noted that Ball's political action committee made a donation to the Courage Cup charity for the use of the tent at the event. The group then solicited funds for Ball in the tent, an activity the assemblyman said was "perfectly legal and above-board.".
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At times Ball's campaign was noted for its unorthodoxy. Ball himself dressed up in a chicken suit and followed around Stephens after the incumbent refused to debate him.
On September 12, 2006, in the Republican Primary for New York's 99th District, Ball defeated Stephens in a landslide with 70.4% (5,165 votes) to 29.6% (2,176 votes) for Stephens, the lowest vote total for any incumbent running for reelection to the State Assembly that day. Stephens drew criticism when he refused to repudiate a letter about challenger Greg Ball which falsely claimed Mr. Ball had received a dishonorable discharge from the United States Air Force."Foe questions ethics of assemblyman's mailing". Poughkeepsie Journal. March 8, 2006.
According to a 2006 interview, Ball's ultimate political ambition is to become the Governor of New York State.
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New York State Assembly (2007–2010)
Ball has stated that "since my election victory, we have made extraordinary progress by elevating the debate on tough issues like taxes, illegal immigration and dysfunction in Albany.""GOP legislators tout 'Road to Reform'". Poughkeepsie Journal. April 21, 2007. He was sworn into office on January 8, 2007."Valley Republicans take Assembly oath". Poughkeepsie Journal. January 3, 2007. The first time Ball rose to speak in the Assembly chamber, he called the legislature "dysfunctional", and withstood boos from his colleagues. The next day, Governor Spitzer called Ball to express support for his sentiments."Newcomer Ball slowly learns ropes". Poughkeepsie Journal. January 17, 2007.
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Ball stated that "It was not easy getting up as the new guy and standing up to tell a group of people what they don't want to hear" but his speech became so popular that soon dozens of reporters began calling, he appeared on Fox News, excerpts from the floor speech popped up on numerous political blogs, his campaign web site received so many visits that its server crashed, and, a YouTube video of his remarks was ranked 80th among new videos the day it was uploaded."Colleagues boo freshman during scolding of Assembly". Poughkeepsie Journal. February 8, 2007. Although the remarks were contentious, they echoed a fifty-six page study from the nonpartisan New York University School of Law's Brennan Center for Justice, which referred to the legislature as "the least deliberative and most dysfunctional in the nation".
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As ranking member of the Veterans Affairs Committee, Ball announced legislation expanding the eligibility for veterans to receive tax exemption benefits, including the exemption of real property owned by certain disabled veterans from property taxation. Ball authored the bill that created the tuition remission program for veterans, offering them free tuition at both SUNY and CUNY undergraduate and graduate institutions.Scott, Larry. "COMBAT VETS, GOING BACK TO VIETNAM, TO GET FREE TUITION AT N.Y. STATE UNIVERSITIES ". VA Watchdog. April 16, 2008. Governor Eliot Spitzer included the measure in his 2008 executive budget proposal, and the measure was kept funded in Governor David Paterson's version.
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According to The Journal News, one key to Ball's success was that his campaign identified the concern local voters cared most about: illegal immigration. The New York Sun reported that Ball, who has called for some local prison and police officials to be trained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement to help deport illegal immigrants, defines himself as a moderate on the immigration issue. Ball made illegal immigration a focal point of his bid for office. In October 2007, he strongly criticized Governor Spitzer's plan to give driver's licenses to illegal immigrants.Blain, Glenn. "Assembly GOP takes aim at Spitzer license plan". The Journal News. October 1, 2007. He was at the forefront of the opposition to the plan, and his Statewide petition to stop it led to the Assembly Minority Conference's decision to sue the Governor to stop the plan.
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thumb|At his Pawling, New York, campaign headquarters, Assemblyman Ball and campaign volunteers gear up for his reelection bid in May 2008.Ball has worked to promote businesses that hire legal immigrant laborers, and has begun to create a database for usage on his campaign website. His campaign headquarters in Pawling may have been targeted over the contentious issue, and was vandalized with swastikas in October 2006, although the person or persons responsible misspelled the word "Fascist" twice.Risinit, Mike. "Definitely a trick". The Journal News. November 1, 2006. An oft-quoted line from his campaign literature was that "Illegal Immigration is Illegal".Risinit, Mike. "Assemblyman Ball discusses illegal immigration and public safety". The Journal News. December 13, 2007.
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2008 election
Ball was referred to as "one of the rising stars in the Republican Party" during speculation that he would run against freshman Congressman John Hall in 2008, although he later ruled out a challenge against Hall.Risinit, Mike. "Ball may run for House seat". The Journal News. December 17, 2007. In early May 2008, John Degnan, the former Mayor of Brewster, New York, announced he would be mounting a challenge to the freshman Assemblyman. In the September 9th, 2008 primary, Ball won the primary by a 3 to 1 margin amongst Republicans.Gross, Eric. "Ball by a landslide". Putnam County Courier. September 10, 2008. He again faced Degnan, who had the Democratic nomination, in the general election, and was re-elected with 60% of the vote."Ball beats Degnan easily, but tensions persist". News 12 Networks. September 10, 2008.Rojas, Marcela. "Ball defeats Degnan by 3-to-1 margin". Poughkeepsie Journal. September 10, 2008.
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Feud with State Senator Vincent Leibell
In July 2010, State Senator Vincent Leibell blamed Ball for a raid of the Senator's home which was conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Senator was later arrested, tried, and convicted on several counts of Federal corruption charges. Ball had often accused the Senator of using the office as his "personal piggy bank." The feud between Leibell and Ball dated back to the 2008 election, when Ball first accused the Senator of orchestrating a "smear campaign" against him.
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On August 26, 2008, a local newspaper known as The Putnam Times published court documents surrounding the breakup between Ball and a Washington, D.C., woman in 2003. Ball blamed Leibell for hiring private investigators for the newspaper article, and for funding the campaign of his Democratic challenger, John Degnan. Ball stated both he and the woman both filed for orders of protection following the end of their relationship. In November 2003, both Ball and the woman asked the court to dismiss their complaints against each other, which was done. Ball told The Daily News that "It was just a heartfelt breakup where both parties jointly requested a 'cooling off' period, and the entire matter was mutually dismissed. My life is an open book, and always has been."
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While The Putnam Times, a local paper incorrectly reported that Ball violated the order of protection by following the woman to Israel on July 20, News Channel 12, a regional network, pointed out that order of protection was filed six days earlier on July 14, and court records state Ball traveled to Israel on June 20.WC pol levels new charges against opponent". News 12 Networks. September 3, 2008. The Poughkeepsie Journal also later pointed out that there was never a criminal restraining order, and the documents printed by the Times was actually a temporary order of protection, which anyone can request.
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Following the revelations that Ball's ex-girlfriend filed for an order of protection against him in 2003, on September 3, 2008, the Journal News reported that a former member of Ball's staff had accused him of sexually harassing her in a letter sent to Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver detailing the incident. Perrault's accusations were later found to be fabrications and Ball was exonerated.
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Initially, News 12 analyst Mike Edelman called the report "not credible," and many questioned the timing of the complaint, as the former staff member waited a year to write the letter until a few days before the primary election.Risinit, Michael. "More on the sex harassment accusation in the 99th". The Journal News. September 4, 2008. The previous day, Ball had released e-mails from his former Chief of Staff, which stated that Perreault was ready to "go forward with a lawsuit and 'embellish' some of the details," calling the letter to Silver into question. Ball said the letter was part of a "smear campaign", and that the ex-Chief of Staff was a "mole" for State Senator Vincent Leibell, who was backing his primary opponent. Ball released a taped phone conversation between the ex-Chief of Staff and a local political candidate, where his former deputy stated he was working for "the senate" to "neuter" Ball. Although at first, the ex-Chief of Staff denied working for the senate to The
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Journal News, the next day, he admitted it in another article, but Senator Leibell denied any conspiracy.
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The Assembly Ethics committee met in October 2008, reaching a 'not guilty' verdictRisinit, Michael. "No evidence sexual harassment by Ball, Silver says". Journal News. October 24, 2008. and ruling that no harassment ever occurred, and unanimously voted to throw out the charges against Assemblyman Ball."Ball did not harass staffer, panel decides". Poughkeepsie Journal. October 24, 2008. The accuser, the 60-year-old Perrault, had been the target of numerous sexual harassment allegations at a prior job, where she was a supervisor."Ball cleared of sexual harassment charges". Mid-Hudson News. October 24, 2008. It was noted that Ball's accuser had herself settled four lawsuits for an undisclosed sum, at least three of which accused her of sexual harassment.
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2010 election, notable votes
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In May 2009, Ball announced he was a candidate for Congress in New York's 19th congressional district. Ball drew some attention by raising more money than incumbent Congressman John Hall in the second quarter of 2009. On November 21, 2009, Ball abandoned his Congressional run and decided to run for State Senate in District 40, the seat formerly held by Vincent Leibell. In a letter to his supporters, Ball stated that the job of reforming Albany had not been completed, saying, "From property tax reform to corruption in government, the job I set to do in 2006 is still incomplete, and it can only be accomplished by continuing to tackle our nation's most dysfunctional legislature." Ball, who was opposed by the Republican Party operatives, defeated endorsed Republican candidate and Somers town supervisor Mary Beth Murphy in a primary election in September 2010. On November 2, 2010 Ball won election to the New York Senate from the 40th district by a 52%-48% margin over Mike Kaplowitz, also
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from Somers.
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Political positions
On June 24, 2011, Ball voted against the Marriage Equality Act, which legalized marriages performed in the state regardless of the genders involved in the union. In a CNN interview, Ball said he did not think the bill went far enough in extending religious protections for "individuals and businesses with religious objections" to marriage equality for same-sex couples.
Ball opposes drilling in the Marcellus Formation and in particular the use of hydraulic fracturing in the process. He has taken several tours of Pennsylvania with Josh Fox, the director of Gasland''.
Ball supported the temporary two-month extension of the Social Security payroll tax relief, calling out incumbent Representative Nan Hayworth for voting against the bill using class-related rhetoric, accusing Hayworth of being out of touch with her constituents.
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In 2012, Ball has expressed strong support for the use of public funds to transport private school students and is currently trying to increase the distance for these children that the public schools would be responsible for.
Ball spoke out against publishing the names and addresses of handgun permit holders, insulting the editors of The Journal News, and accusing them of privacy violation.
Gregory Ball has taken a strong, public stance against medical marijuana since bills regarding the topic have come before the NYS senate after passing through the Assembly. After Just Say Now activists contacted their representatives during the week of April 1, 2013, Senator Gregory Ball tweeted , "Receiving emails, calls on "Medical" Marijuana...let me be clear: Marijuana is NOT medicine. Period. Next topic..."
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In April 2013, Ball argued on Twitter that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, one of the perpetrators of the Boston Marathon bombing, should be tortured in order to obtain information on any possible attacks in the future. He subsequently got into a heated on-air exchange with CNN host Piers Morgan when asked to defend his Twitter post.
Retirement from politics
In May 2014, Ball announced that he would not seek reelection, opting instead to return to the private sector. He was replaced by Yorktown town councilman Terrence P. Murphy on January 1, 2015.
References
External links
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1977 births
Living people
American business executives
American veterans' rights activists
American real estate businesspeople
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Republicans
New York (state) state senators
Politicians from Putnam County, New York
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force officers
People from Pawling, New York
People from Carmel, New York
21st-century American politicians
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These 185 species belong to Tetrix, a genus of ground hoppers or pygmy grasshoppers in the family Tetrigidae.
Tetrix species
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Tetrix aelytra Deng, W.-A., Z. Zheng & S.-Z. Wei, 2009 c g
Tetrix akagiensis Uchida, M. & Ichikawa, 1999 c g
Tetrix albistriatus Yao, Yanping & Z. Zheng, 2006 c g
Tetrix albomaculatus Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 2006 c g
Tetrix albomarginis Zheng, Z. & X. Nie, 2005 c g
Tetrix albomarginisoides Deng, W.-A., 2016 c g
Tetrix albonota Zheng, Z., 2005 c g
Tetrix americana Hancock, 1909 i c g
Tetrix andeanum (Hebard, 1923) c g
Tetrix arcunotus Ingrisch, 2001 c g
Tetrix arenosa Burmeister, 1838 i c g b (obscure pygmy grasshopper)
Tetrix areolata Westwood, 1841 c g
Tetrix baditibialis Deng, W.-A., 2016 c g
Tetrix baoshanensis Zheng, Wei & Liu, 1999
Tetrix barbifemura Zheng, Z., 1998 c g
Tetrix barbipes Zheng, Z., 2004 c g
Tetrix beibuwanensis Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 1994 c g
Tetrix beihaiensis Deng, W.-A. & Z. Zheng, 2007 c g
Tetrix bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) c g
Tetrix bipunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758) i
Tetrix bolivari Saulcy, 1901 c g
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Tetrix brachynota Zheng, Z. & W.-A. Deng, 2004 c g
Tetrix brevicornis Zheng, Z., L.-L. Lin & F.-M. Shi, 2012 c g
Tetrix brevipennis Zheng, Z. & X. Ou, 2010 c g
Tetrix brunneri (I. Bolivar, 1877) i b (brunner pygmy grasshopper)
Tetrix brunnerii (Bolívar, I., 1887) c g
Tetrix cavifrontalis Liang, G., 1998 c g
Tetrix cenwanglaoshana Zheng, Z., G. Jiang & Jianwen Liu, 2005 c g
Tetrix ceperoi (Bolívar, I., 1887) c g (Cepero's groundhopper)
Tetrix ceperoides Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 1997 c g
Tetrix changbaishanensis Ren, Bingzhong, Liming Wang & X. Sun, 2003 c g
Tetrix changchunensis Wang, R., Liming Wang & Bing Ren, 2005 c g
Tetrix chichibuensis Uchida, M. & Ichikawa, 1999 c g
Tetrix chongqingensis Zheng, Z. & F.-M. Shi, 2002 c g
Tetrix cliva Zheng & Deng, 2004
Tetrix collina Rehn, J.A.G., 1952 c g
Tetrix condylops Gerstaecker, 1869 c g
Tetrix crassivulva Denis, 1954
Tetrix curvimarginus Zheng, Z. & W.-A. Deng, 2004 c g
Tetrix cuspidata Hancock, J.L., 1907 c g
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Tetrix cyaneum (Stoll, C.) c g
Tetrix dentifemura Zheng, Z., F.-M. Shi & G. Luo, 2003 c g
Tetrix depressa Brisout de Barneville, 1848 c g
Tetrix dimidiata Westwood, 1841 c g
Tetrix dongningensis Wang, Liming, 2007 c g
Tetrix dorrigensis Rehn, J.A.G., 1952 c g
Tetrix dubiosus (Bolívar, I., 1887) c g
Tetrix duolunensis Zheng, Z., 1996 c g
Tetrix dushanensis Deng, W.-A., 2016 c g
Tetrix ensifer Westwood, 1841 c g
Tetrix erhaiensis Zheng, Z. & B.-Y. Mao, 1997 c g
Tetrix ewenkensis Zheng, Z., F.-M. Shi & S.-L. Mao, 2010 c g
Tetrix fengmanensis Ren, Bingzhong, T. Meng & X. Sun, 2003 c g
Tetrix fuchuanensis Zheng, Z., 1998 c g
Tetrix fuhaiensis Zheng, Z., L. Zhang, Liang Yang & Y.-F. Wang, 2006 c g
Tetrix fuliginosa (Zetterstedt, 1828) c g
Tetrix fuliginosaoides Deng, W.-A., 2016 c g
Tetrix gavoyi Saulcy, 1901 c g
Tetrix gibberosa (Wang, Yuwen & Z. Zheng, 1993) c g
Tetrix gifuensis Storozhenko, Ichikawa & M. Uchida, 1994 c g
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Tetrix glochinota Zhao, L., Y. Niu & Z. Zheng, 2010 c g
Tetrix gracilis Bruner, L., 1906 c g
Tetrix granulata (Kirby, 1837) i
Tetrix grossifemura Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 1997 c g
Tetrix grossovalva Zheng, Z., 1994 c g
Tetrix guangxiensis Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 1996 c g
Tetrix guibeiensis Zheng, Z., Lu & Li, 2000 c g
Tetrix guibeioides Deng, W.-A., Z. Zheng & S.-Z. Wei, 2007 c g
Tetrix guilinica Li, Tianshan & Jiade Huang, 2000 c g
Tetrix guinanensis Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 2002 c g
Tetrix huanjiangensis Zheng, Z., F.-M. Shi & S.-L. Mao, 2010 c g
Tetrix hururanus Ingrisch, 2001 c g
Tetrix interrupta Zheng, Z., 2004 c g
Tetrix irrupta (Bolívar, I., 1887) c g
Tetrix japonica (Bolívar, I., 1887) c g
Tetrix jigongshanensis Zhao, L., Y. Niu & Z. Zheng, 2010 c g
Tetrix jilinensis Ren, Bingzhong, Liming Wang & T. Meng, 2004 c g
Tetrix jingheensis Liang, G. & Z. Zheng, 1998 c g
Tetrix jinshajiangensis Zheng, Z. & F.-M. Shi, 2001 c g
Tetrix jiuwanshanensis Zheng, Z., 2005 c g
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Tetrix kantoensis Uchida, M. & Ichikawa, 1999 c g
Tetrix kraussi Saulcy, 1888 c g
Tetrix kunmingensis Zheng, Z. & X. Ou, 1993 c g
Tetrix kunmingoides Zheng, Z., 2005 c g
Tetrix langshanensis Deng, W.-A., 2016 c g
Tetrix laticeps Westwood, 1841 c g
Tetrix latifemuroides Zheng, Z. & L.-D. Xie, 2004 c g
Tetrix latifemurus Zheng, Z. & L.-D. Xie, 2004 c g
Tetrix latipalpa Cao, C. & Z. Zheng, 2011 c g
Tetrix lativertex Zheng, Z., Kai Li & Z. Wei, 2002 c g
Tetrix lativertexoides Deng, W.-A., 2016 c g
Tetrix liuwanshanensis Deng, W.-A., Z. Zheng & S.-Z. Wei, 2007 c g
Tetrix lochengensis Zheng, Z., 2005 c g
Tetrix longipennioides Zheng, Z. & X. Ou, 2010 c g
Tetrix longipennis Zheng, 2006
Tetrix longzhouensis Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 2000 c g
Tetrix macilenta Ichikawa, 1993 c g
Tetrix maguanensis Deng, W.-A., Z. Zheng & S.-Z. Wei, 2007 c g
Tetrix mandanensis Zheng, Z. & X. Ou, 2010 c g
Tetrix minor Ichikawa, 1993 c g
Tetrix misera (Walker, F., 1871) c g
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Tetrix montivaga Rehn, J.A.G., 1952 c g
Tetrix morbillosus (Fabricius, 1787) c
Tetrix munda (Walker, F., 1871) c g
Tetrix nanpanjiangensis Deng, W.-A., Z. Zheng & S.-Z. Wei, 2008 c g
Tetrix nanshanensis (Liang, G. & G. Jiang, 2014) c g
Tetrix nanus Bruner, L., 1910 c g
Tetrix neozhengi Huang, Jianhua, 2014 c g
Tetrix nigricolle Walker, F., 1871 c g
Tetrix nigrimaculata Zheng, Z. & F.-M. Shi, 2002 c g
Tetrix nigrimarginis Zheng, Z. & X. Ou, 2004 c g
Tetrix nigristriatus Zheng, Z. & X. Nie, 2005 c g
Tetrix nigromaculata Zheng & Shi, 2002 g
Tetrix nigrotibialis Chen, Zhen-Ning, Z. Zheng & Y. Zeng, 2010 c g
Tetrix nikkoensis Uchida, M. & Ichikawa, 1999 c g
Tetrix nodulosa (Fieber, 1853) c g
Tetrix nonmaculata Zheng, Z. & X. Ou, 2004 c g
Tetrix ochronotata Zheng, Z., 1998 c g
Tetrix ornata (Say, 1824) i c g b (ornate pygmy grasshopper)
Tetrix parabarbifemura Zheng, Z. & X. Ou, 2004 c g
Tetrix parabipunctata Zheng, Z. & X. Ou, 2004 c g
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Tetrix parabrachynota Zheng, Z., Hai-Jian Wang & F.-M. Shi, 2007 c g
Tetrix phrynus Rehn, J.A.G., 1952 c g
Tetrix priscus (Bolívar, I., 1887) c g
Tetrix pseudodepressus (Ingrisch, 2006) c g
Tetrix pseudosimulans Zheng, Z. & F.-M. Shi, 2010 c g
Tetrix puerensis Zheng, Z., 2007 c g
Tetrix qilianshanensis Zheng, Z. & Zhen-Ning Chen, 2000 c g
Tetrix qinlingensis Zheng, Z., K. Huo & Hongjie Zhang, 2000 c g
Tetrix rectimargina Zheng, Z. & Jiang, 2004 c g
Tetrix reducta (Walker, F., 1871) c g
Tetrix rongshuiensis Deng, W.-A., 2016 c g
Tetrix ruyuanensis Liang, G., 1998 c g
Tetrix sadoensis Storozhenko, Ichikawa & M. Uchida, 1994 c g
Tetrix serrifemora Zheng
Tetrix serrifemoralis Zheng, Z., 1998 c g
Tetrix serrifemoroides Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 2002 c g
Tetrix shaanxiensis Zheng, Z., 2005 c g
Tetrix shennongjiaensis Zheng, Z., Kai Li & Z. Wei, 2002 c g
Tetrix sierrana Rehn & Grant, 1956 i c g b (sierra pygmy grasshopper)
Tetrix sigillatum Bolívar, I., 1908 c g
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Tetrix signatus (Bolívar, I., 1887) c g
Tetrix silvicultrix Ichikawa, 1993 c g
Tetrix simulanoides Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 1996 c g
Tetrix simulans (Bey-Bienko, 1929) c g
Tetrix sinufemoralis Liang, G., 1998 c g
Tetrix sipingensis Hao, X., Liming Wang & Bingzhong Ren, 2006 c g
Tetrix slivae (Kostia, 1993)
Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus, 1761) i c g b (slender groundhopper [Britain] or awl-shaped pygmy grasshopper [USA})
Tetrix subulatoides Zheng, Z., L. Zhang, Liang Yang & Y.-F. Wang, 2006 c g
Tetrix tartara (Saussure, 1887) c g
Tetrix tenuicornis (Sahlberg, 1891) c g
Tetrix tenuicornoides Wang, Liming, Haibin Yuan & Bingzhong Ren, 2006 c g
Tetrix tereeshumerus Zheng, Z. & Y.-F. Wang, 2005 c g
Tetrix tianensis Zheng, Z., 2005 c g
Tetrix tinkhami Zheng, Z. & G. Liang, 1998 c g
Tetrix torulosifemura Deng, W.-A., 2016 c g
Tetrix torulosinota Zheng, Z., 1998 c g
Tetrix torulosinotoides Zheng, Z. & Jiang, 2004 c g
Tetrix totulihumerus Zheng, Z. & X. Nie, 2005 c g
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Tetrix transimacula Zheng, Z., 1998 c g
Tetrix transsylvanica (Bazyluk & Kis, 1960) c g
Tetrix tubercarina Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 1994 c g
Tetrix tuberculata (Zheng, Z. & G. Jiang, 1997) c g
Tetrix tuerki (Krauss, 1876) c g
Tetrix undatifemura Zheng, Z., K. Huo & Hongjie Zhang, 2000 c g
Tetrix undulata (Sowerby, 1806) c g (common groundhopper)
Tetrix wadai Uchida & Ichikawa, 1999 c g
Tetrix wagai Bazyluk, 1962 c g
Tetrix weishanensis Zheng, Z. & B.-Y. Mao, 2002 c g
Tetrix xianensis Zheng, Z., 1996 c g
Tetrix xiangzhouensis Deng, W.-A., Z. Zheng & S.-Z. Wei, 2008 c g
Tetrix xiaowutaishanensis Zheng, Z. & F.-M. Shi, 2010 c g
Tetrix xinchengensis Deng, W.-A., Z. Zheng & S.-Z. Wei, 2007 c g
Tetrix xinganensis Zheng, Z. & Shanyi Zhou, 1997 c g
Tetrix xinjiangensis Zheng, Z., 1996 c g
Tetrix yangshuoensis Li, Tianshan & Jiade Huang, 2000 c g
Tetrix yaoshanensis Liang, G., 1998 c g
Tetrix yizhouensis Zheng, Z. & W.-A. Deng, 2004 c g
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Tetrix yunlongensis Zheng, Z. & B.-Y. Mao, 2002 c g
Tetrix yunnanensis Zheng, Z., 1992 c g
Tetrix zayuensis Zheng, Z. & F.-M. Shi, 2009 c g
Tetrix zhengi Jiang, G., 1994 c g
Tetrix zhengioides Zheng, Z., 2004 c g
Tetrix zhongshanensis Deng, W.-A., Z. Zheng & S.-Z. Wei, 2007 c g
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Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
References
List
Tetrix
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The Abel Prize ( ; ) is a prize awarded annually by the King of Norway to one or more outstanding mathematicians. It is named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829) and directly modeled after the Nobel Prizes. It comes with a monetary award of 7.5 million Norwegian kroner (NOK) (increased from 6 million NOK in 2019).
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The Abel Prize's history dates back to 1899, when its establishment was proposed by the Norwegian mathematician Sophus Lie when he learned that Alfred Nobel's plans for annual prizes would not include a prize in mathematics. In 1902, King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway indicated his willingness to finance a mathematics prize to complement the Nobel Prizes, but the establishment of the prize was prevented by the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905. It took almost a century before the prize was finally established by the Government of Norway in 2001, and it was specifically intended "to give the mathematicians their own equivalent of a Nobel Prize." The laureates are selected by the Abel Committee, the members of which are appointed by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
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The award ceremony takes place in the Aula of the University of Oslo, where the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded between 1947 and 1989. The Abel Prize board has also established an Abel symposium, administered by the Norwegian Mathematical Society, which takes place twice a year.
History
The prize was first proposed in 1899, to be part of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of Niels Henrik Abel's birth in 1802. The Norwegian mathematician Sophus Lie proposed establishing an Abel Prize when he learned that Alfred Nobel's plans for annual prizes would not include a prize in mathematics. King Oscar II was willing to finance a mathematics prize in 1902, and the mathematicians Ludwig Sylow and Carl Størmer drew up statutes and rules for the proposed prize. However, Lie's influence waned after his death, and the dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway in 1905 ended the first attempt to create an Abel Prize.
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After interest in the concept of the prize had risen in 2001, a working group was formed to develop a proposal, which was presented to the Prime Minister of Norway in May. In August 2001, the Norwegian government announced that the prize would be awarded beginning in 2002, the two-hundredth anniversary of Abel's birth. Atle Selberg received an honorary Abel Prize in 2002, but the first actual Abel Prize was awarded in 2003.
A book series presenting Abel Prize laureates and their research was commenced in 2010. The first three volumes cover the years 2003–2007, 2008–2012, and 2013-2017 respectively.
In 2019, Karen Uhlenbeck became the first woman to win the Abel Prize, with the award committee citing "the fundamental impact of her work on analysis, geometry and mathematical physics.
The Bernt Michael Holmboe Memorial Prize was created in 2005. Named after Abel's teacher, it promotes excellence in teaching.
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Selection criteria and funding
Anyone may submit a nomination for the Abel Prize, although self-nominations are not permitted. The nominee must be alive. If the awardee dies after being declared the winner, the prize will be awarded posthumously.
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters declares the winner of the Abel Prize each March after recommendation by the Abel Committee, which consists of five leading mathematicians. Both Norwegians and non-Norwegians may serve on the Committee. They are elected by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and nominated by the International Mathematical Union and the European Mathematical Society. , the committee is chaired by Norwegian mathematician Hans Munthe-Kaas (University of Bergen), and before then was headed by Professor John Rognes.
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Funding
The Norwegian Government gave the prize an initial funding of NOK 200 million (about €21.7 million) in 2001. Previously, the funding came from the Abel foundation, but today the prize is financed directly through the national budget.
The funding is controlled by the Board, which consists of members elected by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. The current leader of the Board is John Grue.
Laureates
See also
List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field
List of mathematics awards
References
External links
Official website of the Abel Symposium
2001 establishments in Norway
Academic awards
Awards established in 2001
International awards
Mathematics awards
Niels Henrik Abel
Norwegian awards
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Roja (born Sri Latha Reddy; 17 November 1972), also known as Roja Selvamani or R.K. Roja, is an Indian actress and politician. She was a leading actress in Tamil and Telugu films from 1991 to 2002. She has also acted in a few Kannada and Malayalam-language films. She won three Nandi Awards and one Tamil Nadu State Film Award. Roja began her political career in 1999 from the Telugu Desam Party and aligns with the YSR Congress Party since 2011. She was elected as an MLA from Nagari in Andhra Pradesh twice in the 2014 and 2019 elections. She also serves as the YSR Congress Party's state women president. Between 2019 and 2021, Roja served as the chairman of APIIC.
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Early life
Roja was born as Sri Latha Reddy on 17 November 1972 to Nagaraja Reddy and Lalitha in Tirupati, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. She was the only girl with two brothers Kumaraswamy Reddy and Ramaprasad Reddy. Later, the family moved to Hyderabad. She got her bachelor's degree in Political Science from Sri Padmavathi Women's University, Tirupati. Roja learnt Kuchipudi and was performing in dance before she entered films.
Career
Film career
Roja entered the film industry with Telugu films. Her first movie was Prema Thapassu with Rajendra Prasad where the complete movie was shot in Tirupati.
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She was introduced to the Tamil film industry by director R. K. Selvamani with Chembaruthi, along with actor Prashanth. The movie was a hit and paved way for role in another success, Suriyan with Sarath Kumar. Both the films established her in Tamil cinema. She became known for songs such as "Meloor Maman" in the film Makkal Aatchi with Mammootty and "Mastana Mastana" in Raasaiyya with Prabhu Deva. Her performance in films with actors such as Rajinikanth in Veera, Arjun Sarja in Ayudha Poojai and Prabhu in Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa were praised. Roja's major career breakthrough was in the film Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen, directed by Vikraman. In Telugu, she appeared in successful movies like Mutha Mestri, Mugguru Monagallu, Bhairava Dweepam, Bobbili Simham, Annamayya, Anna, Peddannayya, Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi, Subhalagnam, Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam and Kalavida. Her 100th movie was Pottu Amman. Roja later appeared in supporting roles in films like Arasu (2003), Parijatham
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