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, there were 20 students in Epesses who came from another municipality, while 48 residents attended schools outside the municipality. References External links Official site Former municipalities of the canton of Vaud
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The following list of glam metal bands and artists includes bands and artists that have been described as glam metal or its interchangeable terms, hair metal, hair bands, pop metal and lite metal by professional journalists at some stage in their career. Glam metal is a subgenre of heavy metal and is influenced by 1970s glam rock. Glam metal groups wear "flashy clothing, heavy makeup, and large, teased hair". Glam metal bands and artists A Accept (Eat the Heat era) Aerosmith Alias Alice N' Chains Autograph B Babylon A.D. Sebastian Bach Bad Company (1986–1990) Bad English Bad4Good Badlands Bang Tango Barren Cross Beggars & Thieves Nuno Bettencourt Bitch (as Betsy) Black 'n Blue Blackfoot (Siogo era) Blonz Bloodgood Blue Murder Bon Jovi Bonham Bride Brighton Rock Britny Fox BulletBoys C
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Candy Harlots Celtic Frost (Cold Lake era) Child's Play Cinderella Circus of Power Contraband Alice Cooper (late 1980s work) David Coverdale Cry Wolf The Cult (Electric and Sonic Temple) Cycle Sluts from Hell D D.A.D. Damn Yankees Danger Danger Dangerous Toys Def Leppard Dirty Looks Discharge (Grave New World era) D'Molls Dokken E Easy Action Electric Boys Enuff Z'Nuff Europe Every Mother's Nightmare Extreme Ezo F Faster Pussycat Fastway Femme Fatale FireHouse Lita Ford Frehley's Comet G Giant Giuffria Gorky Park (early work) Gotthard Great White Guardian Guns N' Roses H Sammy Hagar Halloween Hanoi Rocks Hardline Harem Scarem Heart (1985–1990) Heaven's Edge Helix Hollywood Rose Holy Soldier Honeymoon Suite House of Lords Hurricane I Icon It's Alive J Jackyl Jetboy Johnny Crash Jon Bon Jovi Judas Priest (Turbo era) Junkyard K Keel Kick Axe Kik Tracee Killer Dwarfs King Kobra Kingdom Come Kiss Kix Krokus (80s work) L
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L.A. Guns Leviticus Lillian Axe Lion Little Caesar Living Colour (Vivid era) Lizzy Borden London Lord Tracy Loudness Love/Hate Lynch Mob M Madam X Magdallan Yngwie Malmsteen Manic Street Preachers (Generation Terrorists era) Bret Michaels Michael Monroe Mötley Crüe Montrose (Mean era) Mr. Big N Nasty Idols Vince Neil Nelson Night Ranger Nitro Ted Nugent (Penetrator era) The Nymphs O Ozzy Osbourne P Pantera (80s work) Poison Pretty Boy Floyd Pretty Maids Q Queensrÿche Quiet Riot The Quireboys R Ratt Return Rock City Angels Axl Rose David Lee Roth Rough Cutt Roxx Gang S Sacred Warrior Saigon Kick Scorpions Sea Hags Shark Island Paul Shortino Shotgun Messiah Shout Skid Row Mike Slamer Slaughter Mark Slaughter Sleeze Beez Sleze Slik Toxik Smashed Gladys Sons of Angels SouthGang Spinal Tap Spread Eagle Stage Dolls Steeler Steelheart Stryken Stryper T
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Takara (Eternal Faith era) Tempest Tesla Thor Thunder Tigertailz TNT Tokyo Blade (Ain't Misbehavin' era) Tora Tora Treat T-Ride Triumph (Thunder Seven era) Trixter T.S.O.L. Tuff Twisted Sister Steven Tyler U Ugly Kid Joe Uriah Heep (Equator era) V Vain Van Halen Vanadium (late 80s work) Vandal Vandenberg (Alibi era) Vinnie Vincent Invasion Vixen W War Babies Warlock Warrant W.A.S.P. Whitecross Whitesnake White Lion White Tiger Winger Kip Winger Winter Rose Wrathchild X X Japan X-Sinner XYZ Y Y&T (1984–1990) Z Zebra Glam metal revival bands Bad City Bang Camaro Black Veil Brides Blessed by a Broken Heart Brain Donor Brides of Destruction Crashdïet Crazy Lixx The Darkness The Datsuns Diamond Nights Diemonds Dirty Penny Falling in Reverse Hardcore Superstar H.E.A.T Hinder The Last Vegas Lynam Nasty Crue Orgy The Poodles Reckless Love Santa Cruz Satanicide Seventh Key Steel Panther Towers of London We Are Harlot
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See also List of heavy metal bands List of glam metal albums and songs List of glam rock artists Notes References Glam metal
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The Ceinture Rouge ("Red Belt") refers to the communes of the Île-de-France that were dominated by the French Communist Party from the 1920s until the 1980s. These communes are those that are traditionally working-class areas whose residents were employed in the heavy and light industries that once dominated the economic landscape of the Petite Couronne (the departments that border Paris) and large population centers in the outer departments of the Île-de-France. While the phenomenon is not specific to Paris and can also be seen in Lyon, Turin, Milan or Genoa, for example, "its scale and, most importantly, the length of the communist implantation in these municipalities make it a unique phenomenon in Europe". The strength of the French Communist Party in these areas also led to this party forming the government at the departmental level in Seine-Saint-Denis from its creation in 1967 up to 2008, when control of the Departmental Council went to the Socialist Party of France. History
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Beginnings (1920 to 1935) The idea of a "Red Belt" takes its roots in the 1920s. At the 1919 municipal elections, "a first red wave let municipal socialism take roots in communes with an industrial and working-class tradition, such as Aubervilliers and Saint-Denis. A year later, these towns voted for the newly created Communist Party," notes historian Emmanuel Bellanger. The phrase itself was coined in an article written by Paul Vaillant-Couturier, "Paris encircled by the revolutionary proletariat" after the legislative elections of 1924 and the municipal elections of 1925. However, at that time, the PCF's tactics of “class against class” only allowed it to win nine towns in 1925: it kept Bezons, Bobigny and Villetaneuse, took Saint-Denis from SFIO dissidents, and Clichy, Malakoff, Vitry-sur-Seine, Ivry-sur-Seine, Villejuif from the right. In the 1929 municipal elections, the PCF won Pierrefitte-sur-Seine from the right, while Alfortville and Bagnolet were lost to the SFIO.
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The "golden age" of local-level communism (1935–1981) Front Populaire The PCF stopped using the "Red Belt" as a motto as it engaged in the strategy of the “Front Populaire” alliance for the 1935 municipal elections. The alliance between the PCF and the SFIO captured 26 municipalities. However, it lost its fiefdom of Saint-Denis, as Jacques Doriot, who had been excluded from the communist party in 1934, was reelected. Thanks to the success of the PCF at the 1935 elections, Georges Marrane, communist mayor of Ivry-sur-Seine, became president of the General Council of the department of Seine in 1936.
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The communist party was also successful is the neighbouring Seine-et-Oise department: out of 129 municipalities with a population above 2,500, "red" municipalities rose from 8 to 24 at the 1935 elections: Argenteuil, Aulnay-sous-Bois and Blanc-Mesnil all elect communist mayors. This number rose further to 54 in 1945, the year in which even the very bourgeois city of Versailles had a mayor "close to the communists". This success can be partially attributed to the housing crisis that brought a large working-class population to the suburbs, where the living conditions were particularly poor. The communist party's agenda, which focused on public investment in housing and healthcare, appeared particularly attractive: Aftermath of the second world war The Communist party emerged from World War II as a dominant political force:
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After the second world war, other parties tried to exploit the PCF's political isolation and reduce its stronghold over the Paris suburbs. A 1947 law introduced the proportional allocation of seats in municipal councils for cities with a population above 9,000 inhabitants. Since the PCF could not form alliances with other political parties, it lost 22 communes in Seine-Banlieue to the SFIO and to Charles De Gaulle's RPF in the 1947 elections. At the end of the 1950s, the PCF's setbacks on the national stage paradoxically illustrated what Pierre Bellanger calls "the resilience of municipal communism". The first of these setbacks was the 1958 constitutional referendum. Despite the PCF's opposition, it was overwhelmingly approved, with a majority in every single département and major city. In the Paris suburbs, Bagnolet was the only "red" city where the "no" was actually ahead. This defeat proved that the PCF was not able to impose its vote, even in its traditional fiefdoms.
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Two months later, the PCF was crushed at the 1958 legislatives elections, going from 150 seats to 10. Communist leaders Étienne Fajon, Jacques Duclos and Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier lost their seats. After these two major defeats, the PCF was expected to experience major losses at the 1959 municipal elections. But the opposite happened: revived by the unpopularity of the Pinay-Rueff plan, the PCF won 7 new cities, bringing its total to 31 in Seine-banlieue. The reinstatement of the majoritarian system from 1959 to 1977 benefited the PCF. In the mid-60's, it formed alliances with the SFIO, which managed to capture 25 of the 39 cities with a population over 30,000 inhabitants. The strength of the PCF played a central role in the 1964 redistricting of the Ile-de-France region, designed to only leave one General Council to the communists:
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This equilibrium functioned until 1977. Despite the considerable progress of the Socialist Party at the National level after the Epinay Congress, voters of the inner suburbs kept favouring municipal communism: there were 46 communist municipalities in the inner suburbs in 1971 - a number that rose to 54 in 1977. In addition, the PCF made new inroads in the outer suburbs, in Poissy, Les Mureaux and Mantes-la-Ville, and confirmed recent wins in cities such as Montereau, Palaiseau or Savigny-sur-Orge. The 1978 legislative elections confirmed that the PCF was the first left-wing party in the Ile-de-France region. Decline (since 1981)
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1977 marked the pinnacle of the Red Belt. Its following decline has many causes: first, the communist party rapidly lost influence at the national level in the 1980s, after forming an alliance with the Socialist Party and joining the socialist government after the 1981 elections. While Jacques Duclos, the communist candidate, had received 21.7% of the national vote in the 1969 presidential election, André Lajoinie only obtained 6.8% in 1988. In Ile-de-France, the party also failed to adapt to the changing demographics of working-class cities. As historian Romain Ducoulombier notes: In the National Assembly, the decline started as early as 1981: the party lost half of the seats it held (13 out of 27) - a trend confirmed 5 years later with the loss of 4 more seats. After that, the number remained stable until 2002, when it lost 2 more seats in the aftermath of the dismal results of Robert Hue in the presidential election.
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In municipal elections, the decline was slower but inexorable: when a city elected a non-communist mayor, it hardly ever made the journey back. As Philippe Subra notes: In the (1988–2004) period, the number of cities held by communists in Ile-de-France went from 67, including 51 with a population over 20,000, to 42, of which 32 have a population above 20,000. The 2014 municipal elections represented a major defeat for the Communist party: in Seine-Saint-Denis, it lost Bobigny, Saint-Ouen, Bagnolet and Blanc-Mesnil, four cities that it had held for decades. In the Yvelines, it was defeated in Achères, the last city it held in the département. But its most significant setback was the loss of Villejuif, a city that had had a communist since 1925 and in which former communist leader Georges Marchais had been elected to the National Assembly. The communist victories in Montreuil and Aubervilliers appeared as a consolation prize.
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The 2020 municipal elections confirmed the slow disappearance of the Red Belt: the PCF lost 4 out of 10 cities it held in the département of Val-de-Marne: Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Choisy-le-Roi, Valenton and Champigny-sur-Marne, but it won back Villejuif. In the département of Seine-Saint-Denis, it lost two of its historical fiefdoms, Saint-Denis and Aubervilliers, but won back Bobigny. Symbolism and political significance of the Red Belt The Red Belt as a "laboratory" of communism The idea of a Red Belt around Paris is not only an electoral phenomenon. It constitutes, in the words of Annie Foucault, "a political myth": As early as the 1920s, the communist party uses these cities as examples of what it could achieve on the national stage. But the image of a "Red Belt" is also used by political opponents to denounce the dangers that communism would represent at the national level. As Emmanuel Bellanger writes:
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To avoid demonization, communist mayors actually stayed clear from radical changes when they won a city: while their party was often isolated nationally, communist mayors collaborated with their left- and right-wing colleagues. Jacques Girault thus writes: Communist cities are used to demonstrate the benefits of the communist platform, with a strong emphasis on social services, collective housing and taxes paid mostly by corporations. These policies are perceived positively, even by people who are not communist sympathizers at the national level: But this model was largely based on the presence of large factories around Paris, which would bring tax revenues and would need factory workers living nearby. In the 1970s, the deindustrialization of the inner suburbs brought its decline: the Plaine-Saint-Denis, which used to be largest industrial zone in Europe, became an industrial wasteland within years, while Renault-Billancourt closed in 1989:
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The Red Belt as a springboard for national communist figures These constituencies also provide a springboard to the national stage, as well as safe seats for the leadership of the communist party: Effects on the urban landscape Because of the emphasis communist cities placed on affordable working-class housing, Red belt cities often present "a certain type of urban landscape, with an alternation of modest individual homes and low-rent collective housing projects, the presence of industrial activities and a particular collective culture and sociability". One ingredient of this collective culture and sociability is the creation of cultural institutions and, in particular, large public theaters:
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These theaters and cultural institutions are the direct result of the communist municipalities' strategy, in the 1960s and 1970s, to use public commissions to create buildings that represent the idea of architectural modernity: another example is provided by the concrete administrative center of the communist municipality of Pantin, built in 1970 by Jacques Kalisz, a communist architect. In other cities, André Lurçat, Paul Chemetov, Serge Magnien and other modernist architects close to the PCF renovated the suburbs. Georges Valbon, mayor of Bobigny, accepted the renovation of the town according to the standards of slab urbanism: he notably entrusted Oscar Niemeyer with the creation of the departmental labor exchange. As these suburban cities broke with their communist past, newly elected mayors often tried to mark the change by renaming streets that referred to communist leaders. In Argenteuil, Frédéric Says notes:
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List of cities that have been part of the "Red Belt" Based on the départements created in 1964. The cities whose name is followed by an asterisk have a mayor from the PCF or Front de Gauche since the 2014 municipal elections. Those followed by 2 asterisks (**) have a left-wing majority that includes most of the time the PCF, but which mayor neither belongs to the PCF nor the Front de Gauche.
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Seine-et-Marne Brou-sur-Chantereine (1977–2008) Champs-sur-Marne* (since 1977) Chelles (1935–1939, 1945–1947, 1953–1956 and 1977–1983) Compans* (1977–1995 and since 2008) Dammarie-les-Lys (1945–1947 and 1959–1983) Écuelles** (1977–2000) La Ferté-sous-Jouarre (1977–1983) Fontenailles (1975–1989) Fontenay-Trésigny (1971–1983) Mitry-Mory* (1925–1939 and since 1945) Montereau-Fault-Yonne (1971–1983) Nangis* (1977–2008 and 2012–2020) Le Pin (1977–1987) Quincy-Voisins (1989–2017) Roissy-en-Brie (2008–2014) Saint-Mard (1977–1983) Varennes-sur-Seine* (since 1959) Veneux-les-Sablons (1977–1983) Villeparisis (1945–1983)
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Yvelines Achères (1925–1939, 1944–1971 and 1977–2014) Bois-d'Arcy (1977–1983) Carrières-sous-Poissy (1977–1983) Chevreuse (1977–1983) Les Clayes-sous-Bois (1965–2001) Conflans-Sainte-Honorine (1945–1947) Fontenay-le-Fleury (1971–1983) Gommecourt (1989–2001) Guyancourt** (1944–1983) Houilles (1977–1989) Issou (1971–2001) Limay* (since 1971) Magnanville* (since 2014) Magny-les-Hameaux (1977–1983) Mantes-la-Ville (1977–1989) Maurepas (1977–1983) Les Mureaux** (1977–1989) Poissy (1947–1951 and 1977–1983) Saint-Cyr-l'École (1920–1939, 1944–2001) Sartrouville (1956–1957 and 1959–1989) Trappes** (1929–1940 and 1944–2001) La Verrière* (1983–2020)
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Essonne Athis-Mons (1921–1939, 1944–1947 and 1977–1983) Brétigny-sur-Orge (1965–1984) Briis-sous-Forges (2001–2016) Corbeil-Essonnes (1959–1995) Crosne (1945–1947) Draveil (1936–1940) Épinay-sous-Sénart (1977–1983) Étampes (1977–1995) La Ferté-Alais (1992–1995) Fleury-Mérogis (1959–2009 and since 2019) Gometz-le-Châtel (1977–1983) Grigny* (1935–1939 and since 1945) Igny (1945–1947, 1953–1965, 1977–1989) Itteville (1971–1983) Janville-sur-Juine** (1971–1983) Juvisy-sur-Orge (1945–1947) Leuville-sur-Orge** (1977–1989) Lisses (1945–1947 and 1965–2001) Morsang-sur-Orge* (1944–2020) La Norville** (1935–1995) Ollainville** (1977–1983 and 1989–2001) Palaiseau (1945–1947, 1953–1965 and 1971–1995) Paray-Vieille-Poste (1935–1940) Pussay** (1959–1983) Ris-Orangis** (1944–1947 and 1971–1995) Saclas (1945–1988) Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois** (1959–1966 and 1971–1990) Saint-Germain-lès-Arpajon (1945–1995) Saint-Michel-sur-Orge (1971–1987)
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Saintry-sur-Seine (1934–1939, 1945–1947, 1966–1983) Saulx-les-Chartreux* (1959–1989 and 1995–2016) Savigny-sur-Orge (1938–1939, 1945–1947 and 1965–1983) Vauhallan (1980–1983) Verrières-le-Buisson (1945–1947) Vert-le-Petit (1977–1983) Vigneux-sur-Seine (1935–1939 and 1945–2001) Villabé (1945–1989) La Ville-du-Bois (1971–1995) Villebon-sur-Yvette (1977–1983) Villiers-sur-Orge (1977–2001) Viry-Châtillon (1925, 1935–1939, 1944–1953)
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Hauts-de-Seine Antony (1945–1947, 1977–1983) Bagneux* (1935–1939 and since 1945) Boulogne-Billancourt (1922–1923) Châtillon (1959–1983) Chaville (1945–1947) Clamart (1935–1941 and 1944–1947) Clichy (1925–1929 and 1945–1947) Colombes (1935–1939, 1945–1947 and 1965–2001) Gennevilliers* (1934–1939 and since 1944) Issy-les-Moulineaux (1935–1939 and 1945–1949) Levallois-Perret (1946–1947 and 1965–1983) Malakoff* (1925–1939 and since 1945) Nanterre* (1935–1939 and since 1944) Le Plessis-Robinson (1945–1953 and 1956–1989) Puteaux (1945–1947) Rueil-Malmaison (1938–1939) Sèvres (1945–1964 and 1971–1983) Suresnes (1945–1947) Vanves (1944–1947) Villeneuve-la-Garenne (1945–1947) Seine-Saint-Denis
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Aubervilliers* (1945–2008 and 2014–2020) Aulnay-sous-Bois (1935–1939, 1944–1947 and 1965–1983) Bagnolet** (1928–1939 and 1944–2014) Le Blanc-Mesnil (1935–1939 and 1944–2014) Bobigny (1919–1939, 1944–2014 and since 2020) Bondy** (1935–1939) Clichy-sous-Bois** (1945–1990) La Courneuve* (1944–1947 and since 1959) Drancy (1935–1939 and 1944–2001) Dugny (1944–1989) Épinay-sur-Seine (1935–1940 and 1945–1947) Gagny (1977–1983) Gournay-sur-Marne (1945–1947) L'Île-Saint-Denis** (1947–2001) Les Lilas** (1944–1947) Livry-Gargan (1945–1947) Montfermeil (1945–1983) Montreuil* (1935–1939, 1944–2008 and since 2014) Neuilly-Plaisance (1977–1983) Neuilly-sur-Marne (1935–1939, 1944–1965) Noisy-le-Grand (1945–1965 and 1977–1984) Noisy-le-Sec (1935–1939, 1944–1947, 1953–2002 and since 2020) Pantin** (1944 and 1959–2001) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine** (1929–1935 and 1945–2008) Romainville** (1935–1939 and 1944–2000) Rosny-sous-Bois (1971–1983) Sevran** (1977–1995 and 2001–2010)
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Saint-Denis* (1920–1935 and 1944–2020) Saint-Ouen (1945–2014) Stains* (1935–1939 and since 1945) Tremblay-en-France* (1935–1939 and since 1944) Villemomble (1944–1945) Villepinte (1932–1939, 1977–1984 and 2008–2014) Villetaneuse* (1920–1940 and 1945–2020)
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Val-de-Marne Alfortville (1929–1939) Arcueil** (1935–1939 and 1944–1997) Bonneuil-sur-Marne* (1935–1939 and since 1944) Champigny-sur-Marne (1950–2020) Chevilly-Larue* (since 1977) Choisy-le-Roi* (1945–1947 and 1959–2020) Fontenay-sous-Bois* (1945–1947 and since 1965) Fresnes (1937–1939) Gentilly* (1934–1939 and since 1944) L'Haÿ-les-Roses (1935–1939, 1945–1947, 1953–1954) Ivry-sur-Seine* (1925–1939 and since 1944) Joinville-le-Pont (1944–1953 and 1977–1983) Limeil-Brévannes (1935–1939, 1944–1953 and 1965–1984) Le Kremlin-Bicêtre** (1945–1947) Maisons-Alfort (1935–1939, 1944–1947) Orly** (1935–1939, 1945–1947 and 1955–1989) Ormesson-sur-Marne (1934–1939, 1944–1947) La Queue-en-Brie (1977–1983 and 2001–2014) Sucy-en-Brie (1945–1946) Thiais (1945–1959) Valenton (1924–1941 and 1944–2020) Villejuif (1925–1939,1945–2014 and since 2020) Villeneuve-le-Roi (1935–1939, 1944–1947 and 1965–2001) Villeneuve-Saint-Georges (1935–1940, 1945–1957, 1977–1983 and 2008–2020)
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Vitry-sur-Seine* (1925–1939 and since 1944)
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Val-d'Oise Argenteuil (1935–1940 and 1945–2001) Arnouville (1935–1940 and 1944v1947) Bessancourt** (1965–1971 and 1977–1983) Bezons* (1920–1940 and 1944–2020) Bray-et-Lû (1989–1998) Chaumontel (1977–1983) Cormeilles-en-Parisis (1945–1947) Deuil-la-Barre (1944–1947) Écouen (1945–1947) Éragny (1947-1965 and 1971–1995) Fosses* (since 1977) Franconville (1977–1983) La Frette-sur-Seine (1977–1983) Garges-lès-Gonesse (1944–1995) Gonesse (1945–1947) Goussainville** (1934–1939, 1945–1983, 1995–2001) Marly-la-Ville* (since 1971) Méry-sur-Oise (1946–1995) Mériel (1977–1980) Montigny-lès-Cormeilles (1945–1947 and 1977–2012) Montmagny (1965–1983) Persan (1945–1995) Pierrelaye* (since 1977) Piscop (1977–1983) Saint-Martin-du-Tertre (1945–1947 and 1959–2014) Sannois (1945–1947 and 1955–1959) Sarcelles (1965–1983 and 2018) Vémars** (1977–1995) References 20th century in France Communism in France
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Thomas Matthew McGrath, (November 20, 1916 near Sheldon, North Dakota – September 20, 1990, Minneapolis, Minnesota) was a celebrated American poet and screenwriter of documentary films. McGrath grew up on a farm in Ransom County, North Dakota. He earned a B.A. from the University of North Dakota at Grand Forks. He served in the Aleutian Islands with the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship, at Oxford. McGrath also pursued postgraduate studies at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. He taught at Colby College in Maine and at Los Angeles State College, from which he was dismissed in connection with his appearance, as an unfriendly witness, before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1953. Later he taught at North Dakota State University, and Minnesota State University, Moorhead. McGrath was married three times and had one son, Tomasito, to whom much of the poet's later work was dedicated.
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McGrath wrote mainly about his own life and social concerns. His best-known work, Letter to an Imaginary Friend, was published in sections between 1957 and 1985 and as a single poem in 1997 by Copper Canyon Press.
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Works First Manifesto, A. Swallow (Baton Rouge, LA), 1940. "The Dialectics of Love", Alan Swallow, editor, Three Young Poets: Thomas McGrath, William Peterson, James Franklin Lewis, Press of James A. Decker (Prairie City, IL), 1942. To Walk a Crooked Mile, Swallow Press (New York City), 1947. Longshot O'Leary's Garland of Practical Poesie, International Publishers (New York City), 1949. Witness to the Times!, privately printed, 1954. Figures from a Double World, Alan Swallow (Denver, CO), 1955. The gates of ivory, the gates of horn, Mainstream Publishers, 1957 (2nd edition Another Chicago Press, 1987 ) Clouds, Melmont Publishers, 1959 The Beautiful Things, Vanguard Press, 1960 Letter to an Imaginary Friend, Part I, Alan Swallow, 1962 published with Part II, Swallow Press (Chicago, IL), 1970 Parts III and IV, Copper Canyon Press, 1985 compilation of all four parts with selected new material, Copper Canyon Press (Port Townsend, WA), 1997.
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New and Selected Poems, Alan Swallow, 1964. The Movie at the End of the World: Collected Poems, Swallow Press, 1972. Poems for Little People, [Gloucester], c. 1973. Voyages to the Inland Sea #3: Essays and poems by R.E. Sebenthal, Thomas McGrath, Robert Dana, Center for Contemporary Poetry, 1973. Voices from beyond the Wall, Territorial Press (Moorhead, MN), 1974. A Sound of One Hand: Poems, Minnesota Writers Publishing House (St. Peter, MN), 1975. Open Songs: Sixty Short Poems, Uzzano (Mount Carroll, IL), 1977. Letters to Tomasito, graphics by Randall W. Scholes, Holy Cow! Press (St. Paul, MN), 1977. Trinc: Praises II; A Poem, Copper Canyon Press, 1979. Waiting for the Angel, Uzzano (Menomonie, WI), 1979. Passages toward the Dark, Copper Canyon Press, 1982. Echoes inside the Labyrinth, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1983. Longshot O'Leary Counsels Direct Action: Poems, West End Press, 1983. Selected Poems, 1938-1988, Copper Canyon Press, 1988.
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This coffin has no handles: a novel, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1988. Death Song, edited by Sam Hamill, Copper Canyon Press, 1991.
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Anthologies Ian M. Parsons, editor, Poetry for Pleasure, Doubleday (Garden City, NY), 1960. Donald Hall, editor, New Poets of England and America, Meridian, 1962. Walter Lowenfels, editor, Poets of Today: A New American Anthology, International Publishers, 1964. Lucien Stryk, editor, Heartland: Poets of the Midwest, Northern Illinois University Press (DeKalb, IL), 1967. W. Lowenfels, editor, Where Is Vietnam?, Doubleday, 1967. Christmas 1968 : 14 poets, Black Rabbit Press, 1968. Hayden Carruth, editor, The Voice That Is Great Within Us: American Poetry of the Twentieth Century, Bantam Classics, 1970. Morris Sweetkind, editor, Getting into Poetry, Rostan Holbrook Press, 1972. Seymour Yesner, editor, 25 Minnesota Poets , Nodin Press, 1974. David Kherdian, editor, Traveling America, Macmillan (New York City), 1977. The Norton Introduction to Literature, 2nd edition, Norton (New York City), 1977. David Ray, editor, From A to Z: 200 Contemporary Poets, Swallow Press, 1981.
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Herman J. Berlandt, editor, Peace or perish : a crisis anthology, Poets for Peace, 1983. Morty Sklar, editor, Editor's Choice II : Fiction, Poetry & Art from the U.S. Small Press : Selections from Nominations Made by Editors of Independent, Noncommercial Literary Presses and Magazines, of Work Published by them from 1978 to 1983, Spirit That Moves Us Press, 1987. Robert Bly , editor, The Rag and Bone Shop of the Heart : Poems for Men , HarperCollins, 1992. Alan Kaufman, editor, The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry , Thunder's Mouth Press, 1999. Estelle Gershgoren Novak, editor, Poets of the Non-existent City : Los Angeles in the McCarthy Era , University of New Mexico Press, 2002. Cary Nelson, editor, "The Oxford Handbook of Modern and Contemporary American Poetry", Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Reviews Best of all, Letter to an Imaginary Friend licks its fingers and burps at the table. Polite it is not--and the better for it when McGrath turns from his populist vitriol to what may be his most abiding talent: that of bestowing praise--grace, even--on the common, the unruly, the inconsolable, those McGrath chose to side and sing with and for whom "the world is too much but not enough with us. References Sources The Revolutionary Poet in the United States: the Poetry of Thomas McGrath, Stern, Frederick C. (Editor), U of Missouri, Columbia, 1988 (reprint University of Illinois Press, 1992, )
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External links "Thomas McGrath", Modern American Poetry, University of Illinois Selected Bibliography Documentary film of the poet, called The Movie at the End of the World "thomas mcgrath | death song poems", Poetry Dispatch, June 24 2008 Finding aid to Beat poets and poetry collection at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Thomas McGrath interviewed by Robb Mitchell, Northern Lights Minnesota Author Interview TV Series #55 (1988): [https://reflections.mndigital.org/catalog/p16022coll38:17#/kaltura_video] 1916 births Members of the Communist Party USA University of North Dakota alumni American Rhodes Scholars Louisiana State University alumni Colby College faculty California State University, Los Angeles faculty Minnesota State University Moorhead faculty North Dakota State University faculty People from Ransom County, North Dakota Poets from North Dakota 1990 deaths 20th-century American poets American Book Award winners
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Bombacaceae were long recognised as a family of flowering plants or Angiospermae. The family name was based on the type genus Bombax. As is true for many botanical names, circumscription and status of the taxon has varied with taxonomic point of view, and currently the preference is to transfer most of the erstwhile family Bombacaceae to the subfamily Bombacoideae within the family Malvaceae in the order Malvales. The rest of the family were transferred to other taxa, notably the new family Durionaceae. Irrespective of current taxonomic status, many of the species originally included in the Bombacaceae are of considerable ecological, historical, horticultural, and economic importance, such as balsa, kapok, baobab and durian.
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Current taxonomy Recent phylogenetic research has shown that Bombacaceae as traditionally circumscribed (including tribe Durioneae) is not a monophyletic group. Bombacaceae is no longer recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group I 1998, II 2003 and Kubitzki system 2003 at the rank of family, the bulk of the taxa in question being treated as subfamilies Bombacoideae and Helicteroideae within family Malvaceae sensu lato. A close relationship between Bombacaceae and Malvaceae has long been recognized but until recently the families have been kept separate in most classification systems, and continue to be separated in many references, including the reference work in classification of flowering plants: Heywood et al. 2007 and Takhtajan 2009, but have been lumped together in Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
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Heywood et al. say "although closely related to Malvaceae, molecular data supports their separation. Only pollen and habit seem to provide a morphological basis for the separation." On the other hand, they say: "One approach is to lump them [the families in the core Malvales, including Bombacaceae] all into a 'super' Malvaceae, recognizing them as subfamilies. The other, taken here, is to recognize each of these ten groups as families."
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As circumscribed in its traditional sense, the family Bombacaceae includes around 30 genera (25 genera after Heywood et al. ) with about 250 species of tropical trees, some of considerable girth, so called "bottle trees". Many species grow to become large trees, with Ceiba pentandra the tallest, reaching a height to 70 m. Several of the genera are commercially important, producing timber, edible fruit or useful fibres. The family is noted for some of the softest hardwoods commercially traded, especially balsa, Ochroma lagopus. The fruit of the durian, Durio zibethinus is famous, tasting better than it smells. At one time the fibre from the kapok tree, Ceiba pentandra was used in making lifebuoys. The baobabs or "bottle trees" (Adansonia spp.) are important icons in certain parts of Africa, Australia and Madagascar, noted for their immensely stout trunk development, a mechanism for enhancing water storage.
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Genera Adansonia L. Aguiaria Ducke Bernoullia Oliv. Bombax L. Catostemma Benth. Cavanillesia Ruiz & Pav. Ceiba Mill. Chiranthodendron Larreat. (according to Kubitzki in subf. Bombacoideae and considered more closely related to Fremontodendron by Baum et al. 2004 ) Eriotheca Schott & Endl. Fremontodendron Coville (according to Heywood et al. ) Gyranthera Pittier Huberodendron Ducke Matisia Bonpl. Neobuchia Urb. Ochroma Sw. Pachira Aubl. Patinoa Cuatrec. Pentaplaris L.O.Williams & Standl. (according to Kubitzki in subf. Bombacoideae, but incertae sedis ) Phragmotheca Cuatrec. Pseudobombax Dugand Quararibea Aubl. Scleronema Benth. Septotheca Ulbr. Spirotheca Ulbr. (according to Heywood et al. ) Genera of tribe Durioneae excluded from Bombacaceae after Heywood et al. 2007 and that should be included in Durionaceae Boschia Korth. Coelostegia Benth. Cullenia Wight Durio Adans. Kostermansia Soegeng Neesia Blume
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Genus that should be excluded from Bombacaceae after Heywood et al. 2007 and that be included in Malvaceae s. s. Camptostemon Mast. Genera considered synonym after Kubitzki 2003 Bombacopsis Pittier = Pachira Aubl. Chorisia Kunth = Ceiba Mill. Rhodognaphalon (Ulbr.) Roberty = Pachira Aubl. Genus not treated in Kubitzki Lahia Hassk., synonym of Durio, according to Mabberley
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References Bombacaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards) The families of flowering plants: descriptions. World checklist of malvaceae: 12. Bombacoideae Malvales families Historically recognized angiosperm families
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Major-General Robert Overton (about 1609–1678) was a prominent English soldier and scholar, who supported the Parliamentary cause during the English Civil War, and was imprisoned a number of times during the Protectorate and the English Restoration for his strong republican views.
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Biography As positions hardened during the period before the English Civil War, Robert Overton supported the Parliamentary cause. He was probably influenced by Sir William Constable later to become a regicide. At the outbreak of the First English Civil War, he tried to join the army of Lord Ferdinando Fairfax, but no official positions were available. He was allowed to fight without any definite rank and distinguished himself in the defence of Hull and at the Battle of Marston Moor. In August 1645 the governor of Pontefract, Sir Thomas Fairfax, appointed Overton deputy governor of Pontefract. Shortly after this appointment Overton captured Sandal Castle. Overton was acting governor during the siege of Pontefract Castle; it was reported that he was inconsiderate to Lady Cutler and refused to let Sir Gervaise Cutler be buried in the church.
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Having gained a commission in the New Model Army in July 1647, he was given command of the late Colonel Herbert's Regiment of Foot. During the political debates within the New Model Army he appeared as a member of the Army Council sitting on the committee for the duration of the Putney Debates. In March 1648, Fairfax appointed Overton deputy governor of Kingston upon Hull. There he became acquainted with notable puritan and poet Andrew Marvell, but was a very unpopular with the townsfolk. They were known to by sympathetic to the Royalist cause when in June 1648 the town Mayor and some of the town council petitioned for his removal. The sources differ as to his actions during Second English Civil War, but one historian concluded that he spent the war in Hull, while another that he fought with Oliver Cromwell in Wales and the North of England, capturing the Isle of Axholme; that he was also with Cromwell when Charles I was taken to the Isle of Wight.
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Overton enthusiastically supported the trial of the King in late 1648 and early 1649, but wrote that he only wanted him deposed and not executed. He disagreed with other points of policy of the early Commonwealth government publishing his position in a pamphlet titled "The declaration of the officers of the garrison of Hull in order to the peace and settlement of the kingdom" and accompanying letter to Thomas Fairfax, in early January. The letter makes it clear that he supported actions like Pride's Purge if the "corrupt Commons" stopped the Army's reforms. Barbara Taft reflected in the last six pages of the declaration the case made in the Remonstrance by the New Model Army to Parliament, the rejection of which had triggered Pride's Purge:
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a speedy end to the present parliament; a succession of free biennial parliaments with an equitable distribution of seats; future kings elected by the people's representatives and having no negative voice; a 'universal and mutual Agreement, … enacted and decreed, in perpetuum', that asserts that the power of parliament is 'inferior only to that of the people'|Declaration of the Officers of the Garrison of Hull
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As divisions within the New Model Army widened during the Summer of 1649, fear spread that that disunity would be exploited by their enemies, Overton issued a letter that made it clear that he sided with the Rump Parliament and the Grandees against the Levellers. When the Third Civil War broke out in 1650 he accompanied Cromwell to Scotland and commanded a Foot Brigade at the Battle of Dunbar his regiment was also involved in the English Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Inverkeithing (20 July 1651) where Colonel Overton commanded the reserve.
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When New Model Army returned to England in pursuit of the invading Royalist Scottish army, Overton remained in Scotland as governor of Edinburgh. He helped complete the subjugation of Scotland and commanded an expedition to reduce the garrison forces on Orkney. On 14 May 1652 a grateful Parliament voted Scottish lands to him with an annual income of 400 pounds sterling per year. In December 1652, when George Monck's successor Richard Deane was recalled, the General appointed him as Military Commander over all English forces in the Western Highlands with the governorship of Aberdeen, the senior rank of Major-General.
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On his father's death in 1653 he returned to England inheriting the family estates in Easington as eldest son and heir. At the same time he resumed duties as Governor of Hull. During 1650 he and his wife had become members of the "church": in retrospect he considered the execution of Charles I as a fulfilment of the fundamentals of Old Testament scripture so often cited in Ezekiel 21:26-27:
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"Thus saith the Lord GOD; Remove the diadem, and take off the crown: this shall not be the same: exalt him that is low, and abase him that is high. I will overturn, overturn, overturn, it: and it shall be no more, until he come whose right it is; and I will give it him."Ezekiel 21:26-27 concerning the humble and the meek, exorcised by God in "overturning" the established order. Overton wrote: "the Lord...is forced to shake and shake and overturn and overturn; this is a shaking, overturning dispensation." Some sources promoted the belief he was a Fifth Monarchist, but his views seemed to have spanned several of the religious beliefs and political grouping of the day and it is difficult to label him as belonging to any one group.
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He hailed Cromwell's dissolution of the Rump Parliament in June 1653, yet subsequently became disenchanted, suspicious of Cromwell as more dictator than Lord Protector. Although his letters to Cromwell remained cordial, during the early years of the Protectorate he seems to have become more inclined to distance himself from the Lord Protector, advising a diminution with the speed of reform. Cromwell informed him that he could keep his position in the army so long as he promised to relinquish his office when he could no longer support the policies of the Protectorate. In September 1654 he returned to his command in Scotland, a conveniently long distance from GHQ in London. There he planned a coup d'état; in December 1654, Overton was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower for his part in the self-styled "Overton Revolt". It was alleged that a verse in Overton's handwriting was found amongst his papers:
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He was accused of planning a military insurrection against the government and plotting to assassinate Monck. It is not clear how involved he was in the plot, but he was good friends with Monck at the time, so it was unlikely he was involved. But whatever his real position he was considered too lenient with his "disaffected officers" in sanctioning their meetings and there was evidence that he held meetings with John Wildman, an incorrigible Leveller plotter, prepared to use anyone to bring down the government. Later while in the Tower of London, he wrote to others informing them of Wildman's plans. At the time a fellow prisoner wrote of Overton, "He was a great independent, civil and decent, a scholar, but a little pedantic."In 1655 Cromwell was convinced enough of his guilt to have him removed from the governorship of Hull and to confiscate the lands granted to him by Parliament in Scotland handing them back to Earl of Leven the owner before they were sequestrated.
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Overton remained incarcerated in the Tower until March 1658 when he was moved to Elizabeth Castle on the island of Jersey. Barbara Taft mentions that "It is not unlikely that respect for Overton's ability and fear of his appeal as an opposition leader played a major role in his imprisonment." After Cromwell's death and the re-installation of the Commonwealth, Grizelle, his sister, his wife Anne, her brother, and many Republicans, presented his case to Parliament, on 3 February 1659, along with letters from Overton's close friend John Milton. Overton and John Milton probably became acquainted from an early moment in their careers in St Giles, Cripplegate, where they removed and lived for a time. Milton considered Overton a scholar and celebrated him and his exploits in his "Defensio Secundo" by writing:
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"...bound to me these many years past in friendship of more than brotherly closeness and affection, both by the similarity of our tastes and the sweetness of your manners." Milton also included Overton in his list of "twelve apostles of revolutionary integrity."
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After hearing his case on 16 March 1659, Parliament ordered Overton's release pronouncing his imprisonment illegal. Overton's return was called "his greatest political triumph; a huge crowd, bearing laurel branches, acclaimed him and diverted his coach from its planned path." In June 1659 he was restored to a command and further compensated for his losses. Charles II wrote him promising forgiveness for past disloyalty and rewarded him for services in effecting the restoration. Overton was appointed governor of Hull and again was unpopular, many referring to him as "Governor Overturn," because of his association with the Fifth Monarchists who used the phrase liberally. This perception was reinforced by the sermons of John Canne, a well known Fifth Monarchist preacher in Overton's regiment at Hull. On 12 October 1659 he was one of seven major-generals in whom Parliament vested the government of the army until January 1660.
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By early 1660, Overton's position started to diverge from that of Monck, as he did not support the return of Charles II, yet he and his officers refused to aid Generals Lambert and Fleetwood. Seeking to mediate published an exhortation to them to maintain the Lord's cause, entitled "The Humble Healing Advice of R.O." The ambiguity implicit by his of conduct described in letters to troops stationed in Yorkshire caused Monck much embarrassment. As a result, Monck requested Lord Thomas Fairfax order him to take any order he gave. On 4 March 1660, a day after Lambert's arrest, Monck ordered Overton to surrender his command to Fairfax and come to London. Overton planned a stand, but he must have seen that defeat would have been inevitable. Hull's disaffection for him and some division among the garrison caused him to allow himself to be replaced by Thomas Fairfax's son, Charles Fairfax. The Garrison in Hull began the English Civil War as the first town to resist Charles I and was among
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the last to accept his son Charles II. After 1642 no monarch would set foot in Hull for over 200 years.
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Overton was an independent and a republican. He was regarded, perhaps falsely, as one of the Fifth Monarchists, and at the first rumour of insurrection was arrested and sent to the Tower of London in December 1660, where Samuel Pepys went to see him writing in his diary that Overton had been found with a large quantity of arms. Pepys recorded that Overton had told him that the arms were brought to London to sell.
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Overton was briefly at liberty in the Autumn of 1661. Realising that he might be re-arrested at any moment, he spent time arranging his financial and personal affairs. He issued a series of deeds to make provision for his mother, his wife and family and to avoid confiscation of his property by the Crown. Most of his properties were sold to his family, to his sons Ebenezer and Fairfax and his daughter Joanna, and close friends. The last documents were executed on 7 November 1661 and on 9 November 1661 he was sent to Chepstow Castle. He managed a short interval of freedom but was again arrested on 26 May 1663 on "suspicion of seditious practices and for refusing to sign the oaths or give security." As Andrew Marvell, the English Satirist, wrote in a letter to John Milton, "Col. Overton [was] one of those steady Republicans whom Cromwell was unable to conciliate and was under the necessity of security."
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In 1664 the government sent him to Jersey, the second time he had been imprisoned there and this time it was to be for seven years. During this time he was allowed out and about on the island which was not uncommon for high-ranking political prisoners. Overton spent the years of his incarceration in Mont Orgueil Castle trying to establish his freedom. In a 370-page manuscript of letters, meditations and poetry to his beloved wife's memory and about religious subjects was the manuscript "Gospell Observations & Religious Manifestations &c.", He remained a prisoner on Jersey until early December 1671 when he was released to his brother-in-law by a warrant signed by Charles II. He returned to England and lived his last years with or near his daughters and probably two sons in Rutland.
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Overton's will is dated 23 June 1678, aged 69. The parish register records that he was buried on 2 July 1678 in the churchyard of All Hallows Church, Seaton, Rutland but Barbra Taft writes that he was buried in the New Churchyard, Moorfields, London. Genealogy Overton was born at Easington Manor in Holderness, Yorkshire in about 1609. His father was John Overton (~1566-1654) and his mother Joan (née Snawsell). He was the eldest of five children: Robert, Frances, Germaine, Griselle (Griselda) and Thomas. His education was completed at Gray's Inn where he was admitted on 1 November 1631.
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Overton married Anne Gardiner (a Londoner, born about 1613) at the Church of St Bartholomew-the-Less in Smithfield, London on 28 June 1632. Anne's family were also extremists, republicans who were probably connected by marriage to Colonel John Rede or Colonel Thomas Reade; they were both linked to the Fifth Monarchists and the Leveller debates; they also followed the Anabaptist sect. It is unknown if they descended from Robert Rede, also named Reade, bishop of Chichester (d.1415), a courtier of Richard II.
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Anne Gardiner, or conceivably Gardner may have been of the same family mentioned in John Rees article. The Overtons had twelve children, Samuel, John, Robert, William, Jeremie, Fairfax and Ebenezer and daughters: Alatheia, Dorcas, Elizabeth, Anne and Joanna John (baptized at St Giles Cripplegate, London, 17 July 1635) and Joanna (born 1650). John was his eldest son, married Constance the daughter of Sir Francis Monkton of Howden, Knight. They had children Constance, Jane, Marie and Ann. John fell from grace when he left his wife and went on to marry Mary or Margaret Monckton, who was the daughter of Sir Francis and Margaret Monckton of Kent. They went on to have several more children. "This is unclear. Did he marry someone before or after Constance Monkton?" The Easington estate was passed to John when Robert was imprisoned for the second time, to stop it being sequestered by the crown. Two leases to John dated 1 November 1661 and 7 November 1661, put the estate in lease to John for
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99 years, and the ultimate benefit of Ebenezer (Benjamin) and Fairfax, the only other two sons alive at that time. That is why John is not mentioned in his father's will.
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The south aisle of All Saints Church in Easington, East Riding of Yorkshire contains a Lady Chapel. Above the altar is a monument dated 1651 which was placed there by Maj. Gen. Robert Overton in memory of his parents, "the deceased but never to be divided John Overton and his wife Joan". Overton's great-great-grandson, John Overton (1766-1833) was a judge at the Superior Court of Tennessee between 1804 and 1810. John's great-great-grandson, Richard Arvin Overton (1906 – 2018) of Austin, Texas was a supercentenarian, who was believed to be the oldest living man as well as the oldest World War II veteran in the United States. Explanatory Notes Footnotes
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References Overton West, Nan; "The Overtons: 700 Years. With Allied Families from England to Virginia, Kentucky, and Texas." Copyright 1997 by Nan Overton West, 4822 72nd Street, Lubbock, TX 79424. Library of Congress Card #91-65569. Published by H.V. Chapman & Sons, 802 North 3rd, Abilene, TX 79601. Taft, Barbara. Overton, Robert (1608/9–1678/9), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 16 August 2007. Robert Overton (1608/9–1678/9): John Rees, 'Lieutenant-Colonel John Rede: West Country Leveller and Baptist pioneer', The Seventeenth Century 30.3 (2015): 317–337. Further reading External links Mentions a well known Fifth preacher in Robert Overton regiment at Hull called John Canne Picture of Overton and Mont Orgueil Castle on the Isle of Jersey
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1609 births 1678 deaths Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Burials in Rutland English generals English republicans Military personnel from Yorkshire People from Holderness Prisoners and detainees of Jersey Roundheads
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HMS Campbell was an Admiralty type flotilla leader (also known as the Scott-class) of the British Royal Navy. Built by Cammell Laird, Douglas commissioned in December 1918, just after the end of the First World War. During the Second World War, Campbell mainly served with as a convoy escort, particularly on the East Coast of the United Kingdom. She survived the war, and was sold for scrap in 1947. Design and construction HMS Campbell was one of five Admiralty type flotilla leaders ordered from Cammell Laird (3) and Hawthorn Leslie (2) in April 1917. The ship was long between perpendiculars and overall, with a beam of and a draught of . Design displacement was normal and full load. The ship's machinery consisted of four Yarrow boilers that fed steam at to two sets of Parsons single-reduction geared-steam turbines, rated at . This gave a design speed of light, which corresponded to about at full load. Up to 504 tons of oil fuel could be carried, giving a range of at .
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Campbells main gun armament consisted of five 4.7 in (120 mm)/45 calibre BL Mark I guns, on CP VI mountings capable of elevating to 30 degrees. These guns could fire a shell to at a rate of 5–6 rounds per minute per gun. 120 rounds per gun were carried. Anti-aircraft armament consisted of a single 3 inch (76 mm) 20 cwt gun and two 2-pounder (40 mm) "pom-pom" autocannon. Torpedo armament consisted of six 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in two triple mounts. She had a complement of 183 officers and ratings. Campbell was laid down on 10 November 1917, launched on 21 September 1918 and commissioned on 21 December 1918. Pennant Number Campbell carried the Pendant number G.76 from January 1919.
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Modifications While the Admiralty type flotilla leaders had only limited modifications between the wars, an early change during the Second World War was the replacement of the amidships 4.7-inch gun by two 2-pounder pom-poms, with the aft funnel shortened to improve the field of fire for the 3 inch anti-aircraft gun. In 1941, "X"-gun (the superimposed gun aft) was removed and replaced by the 3-inch anti-aircraft gun which was relocated from its original amidships position. Both sets of torpedo tubes were retained. Two Oerlikon 20 mm cannon were mounted on the bridge wings, while further Oerlikon guns later replaced the 2-pounders. Radar (Type 286, later replaced by Type 290 and Type 271) was also fitted during the war. Service
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Between the wars
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On entering service, Campbell joined the 15th Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet as leader, and when the Grand Fleet was disbanded in April 1919, and the Atlantic Fleet established in its place, Campbell moved to the newly established 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, based first at Rosyth and later at Port Edgar, still as leader. In July that year, Campbell led part of the Third Flotilla when it was deployed to the Baltic Sea as part of the British campaign to support the newly established Baltic states against Bolshevik Russia during the Russian Civil War. In 1921, the destroyer flotillas were reorganised, reducing in size from 16 destroyers with two leaders to eight destroyers with a single leader. Campbell remained with the revised, smaller, Third Flotilla. Campbell remained as leader of the Third Flotilla until 1923, when she transferred to the 6th Destroyer Flotilla. She was hit by a practice torpedo on 8 October 1924, with the resulting damage requiring 20 days docked at Rosyth to
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repair. Campbell remained as leader of the 6th Flotilla until February 1930 when she entered refit at Portsmouth, during which her boilers were retubed. On completion of the refit in June 1931, Campbell returned to the 6th Flotilla, serving with that Flotilla until May 1935.
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Campbell, with a reserve crew, took part in the Fleet Review marking the Silver Jubilee of King George V. In September 1935, Campbell joined the newly established 21st Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet, formed from the Reserve Fleet to replace ships sent to the Mediterranean as a result of the Abyssinia Crisis, and served as leader until the Flotilla was disbanded in December 1936. On 21 March 1937, with the Spanish Civil War ongoing, Campbell and the destroyer evacuated 450 child refugees from Bilbao to Île d'Oléron, France. By August 1938, Campbell was back in reserve on the Nore, awaiting a refit, which did not start until April 1939.
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Second World War Following the outbreak of the Second World War, Campbell underwent a refit which continued until February 1940, when she took part in convoy escort operations in the North Sea and the Western Approaches. In April 1940, Campbell was diverted to Scapa Flow as a result of the German invasion of Norway, landing troops at Molde on 23 April. Campbell took part in evacuation operations from Harstad and Andfjorden between 3 and 12 June 1940, before returning to convoy escort duties, supplementing them by anti-invasion patrols. On 20 June 1940, the German submarine torpedoed and sank the cargo ship . Campbell rescued the 38 survivors from Empire Conveyor, landing then at Liverpool on 21 June. On the night of 19/20 November, Campbell and the were on patrol east of Lowestoft when they encountered three Schnellboot (S-boats or German motor torpedo boats), S38, S54 and S57. S38 was sunk by ramming.
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On the night of 19/20 November 1941, Campbell, along with Garth and the destroyer formed a support group for Convoy FS650, consisting of 59 merchant ships, which also had a close escort of two destroyers and two corvettes, when the convoy was attacked by four S-boats off Great Yarmouth. Three merchant ships, , and were sunk, with one S-boat sunk. When responding the attack, Campbell mistook Garth for a German ship and fired on her, hitting Garth with six pom-pom shells. These shells seriously damaged Garth, causing loss of all steam and electrical power and immobilising the ship (which had to be towed back to port), and killed two men.
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Campbell was one of six destroyers that were ordered to reinforce Dover Command on 3 February 1942, in anticipation that the German battleships and and heavy cruiser would attempt to return from Brest in German-occupied France to Germany. On the night of 11/12 February, the German ships left Brest to pass through the British blockade, in what became known as the Channel Dash, but were undetected by the British owing to a combination of German jamming and British technical failures. The six destroyers (Campbell, , , , and , under the command of Captain Captain C. T. M. Pizey aboard Campbell) were exercising off Harwich when the Germans were finally detected, and were ordered to intercept the German fleet off the mouth of the River Scheldt, steering a course through a German minefield to allow the interception to take place. One destroyer, Walpole was forced to turn back due to mechanical trouble, but the remaining five destroyers reached the German force at 15:42 hr. They launched
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torpedoes at a range of , but none hit, while Worcester was heavily damaged by German shells. On 12 March 1942, Campbell collided with the destroyer , and was under repair at the Southampton shipyard of Thornycroft until 25 April that year. From 2 to 7 September 1942, Campbell formed part of the escort of the Arctic convoy PQ 18 on its initial leg from Loch Ewe to Iceland.
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Campbell continued on East coast escort duty through the rest of 1942 and into 1943. She was refitted at London from February to April 1943. On the night of 24/25 October 1943, Campbell was part of the escort (consisting of 5 destroyers, 6 Motor Gun Boats and two Motor Launches) of Convoy FN1160 when it came under attack by 32 S-boats. The escort managed to drive off the attacks with only the trawler William Stephen being sunk, while the S-boat S63 was sunk by the destroyer Mackay and S88 was sunk by Motor Gun Boats.
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In June 1944, Campbell took part in Operation Neptune, the naval operations supporting the Allied Invasion of Normandy. On 4 June, the landings, planned for 5 June, were postponed for a day due to poor weather forecasts. Campbell was at sea when the postponement signal was sent out, and observed a group of minesweepers (the 14th Minesweeper Flotilla) in the process of sweeping mines. In the belief that the minesweepers had not received the postponement signal (in fact it had been received, but the commander of the minesweepers had decided to continue clearing the mines from the swept channel before returning to port) Campbell and the sloop closed with the minesweepers to signal them by semaphore (strict radio silence had been imposed). Campbell soon found herself in the middle of a field of floating mines and had to be extricated by the minesweepers. Campbell continued convoy escort operations in the Channel in support of the landings until July, when she returned to East coast
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convoy operations.
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Campbell continued on escort operations along the east coast and English Channel until the end of the war in Europe. On 13 May 1945, Campbell formed part of the escort for the cruiser and the fast minelayers and as they carried the Norwegian Government-in-Exile and Crown Prince Olav home from exile to Oslo. Disposal Campbell went into reserve after the end of the Second World War, and was transferred on 18 February 1947 to BISCO for scrapping and was broken up by Metal Industries of Rosyth from 30 March 1948. References External links 1941 film of HMS Campbell. British Pathé. Ships built on the River Mersey 1918 ships Admiralty type flotilla leaders
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The New Holland mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It was first described by George Waterhouse in 1843. It vanished from view for over a century before its rediscovery in Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park north of Sydney in 1967. It is found only in south east Australia, within the states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania. Description The New Holland mouse has a grey-brown fur with a dusky-brown tail, which is darker on the dorsal side. Its body length is roughly 65-90mm, with a tail length of , and a hind foot length of approximately . The New Holland mouse's size has been shown to vary slightly depending on the environment. Populations of New Holland mice that live in Tasmania, have a slightly larger body weight than those that are from New South Wales and Victoria. Despite this, however, the head shape and length share the measurements as in Tasmania, New South Wales, and Victoria.
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It has also been noted that the New Holland mouse looks very similar to the common house mouse, which was introduced to the area by European settlers. It can be differentiated from the common house mouse however by its ears and eyes, which are slightly larger than the common house mouse. Also, the New Holland mouse lacks the presence of a notch on the upper incisors and a 'mousy' odor is absent. Habitat and ecology The New Holland mouse is a nocturnal species inhabiting environments such as woodlands, forests with a heathland understorey and vegetated sand dunes, and open heathlands. It is a social species. The mice live in burrows carved out by colonies in softer sands.
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The New Holland mouse has been shown to increase in prominence promptly after a wildfire or sand mining has occurred; usually two to three years afterwards. The species is most common during the early/mid portions of vegetation succession. In Tasmania however, they have been found in areas that contained vegetation as far as 16 years post fire. Diet The New Holland is omnivorous. While active at night, it spends a majority of its time foraging for seeds above ground. Although seeds are the most prominent component of the New Holland mouse's diet, it also consumes leaves, fungi and small invertebrates. Studies observed that overall they consumed 27% dicotyledon leaf, 29% fungi, 17% invertebrates, and 14% seeds. There can be dietary differences depending on the local vegetation.
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Reproduction Most New Holland mice are born between the months of August and January, and their breeding patterns are based on the amount of food obtained, which depends on rainfall. Litters are normally between one and six mice. During their first year of reproduction, females will normally produce only one litter a season, but during their second year they can produce up to three or four litters. Males reach sexual maturity at around twenty weeks, females mature at around thirteen weeks. Births occur in the mother's nest during the day.
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Populations The New Holland mouse's geographic range consists of fragmented populations throughout Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. Based on genetic evidence, it is believed that the New Holland mouse existed in one large population on mainland Australia. Furthermore, based on the distribution of subfossils, it has been suggested that the species has experienced a dramatic contraction of its normal range since the region was settled by Europeans. The New Holland mouse is listed as a vulnerable species due to its population size (estimated at 8,000) and density, and their rates of decline.
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The first living animals were recorded in the state of Victoria in 1970 on the Mornington Peninsula. The New Holland mouse has since been discovered in Victoria at a number of near coastal locations, mostly to the east of Melbourne, including Cranbourne, Langwarrin, Yanakie Isthmus, the south-western end of the Ninety Mile Beach and a number of sites near Loch Sport, Mullundung State Forest and Providence Ponds. A number of these populations are now thought to be extinct.
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One known population occurs to the west of Melbourne, in the eastern Otway Ranges near Anglesea. The Anglesea population, discovered in 1980, comprises a number of sub-populations which were intensively studied by Deakin University researchers throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Some of the Anglesea sub-populations became extinct after the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires. Others have persisted until at least the mid-1990s. The current status of the Angelsea sub-populations is uncertain, but they may be now locally extinct. In October 2021, as part of a survey across north-eastern Tasmania on the mouse, an individual was detected on Flinders Island for the first time in 17 years on the island, and the first in 12 years in the state.
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Major threats
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The New Holland mouse has steadily been put in greater peril over time. There are many dangers that plague the Pseudomys novaehollandiae and pose a severe threat to its very existence. One such threat in direct relation to the habitat of the mouse is the fact that modifications of the land that these creatures inhabit are being made in the process of the developing the land for other beneficiary uses. The development of these lands are in no way for the benefit of the mice upon which they call home. In addition, the invasion of several types of weeds and fungus, harmful to the mice, have begun growing in the environment, in close proximity, to the habitats of the New Holland mice. The fungus, commonly referred to as "Cinnamon Fungus", emits a pathogen which alters the fauna and structure of the potential resources such as vegetables of which the mice rely on for food. Also, equally as dangerous to the existence of the mice is the inappropriate management of fire and the subsequent
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environmental constraints such events have on the ability for populations to access the necessary sustenance to survive and reproduce. As a result of such fires, habits may be left fragmented with no suitable patches of land capable of sustaining a suitable life for the mice. Another potential danger to this species of mice that has been identified regards the climate of the environments these particular mice inhabit. Many scientists have speculated on various climatic environmental processes in a given location and created detailed models to project the status of the species in the future. Current models display strong evidence towards an eventual decline of about 50% in population.
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The most severe and pressing danger in regards to the existence of the New Holland mouse comes directly from the threat of predators in the environment. Predation is brought upon by the natural predators in the environment. Such predators include the red fox, cats, and dogs. These animals have been identified as the major predators due to the reported increase in populations of predators in areas where large populations of the New Holland mouse have been documented. In addition to the increase of predators, an increase in competition for resources in the environment has also been noted as a contributor to their decline. The competition is most frequently encountered between other species of rodents in the same habitat.
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Conservation plans The New Holland mouse is primarily threatened by alteration and loss of suitable habitat. At first the loss of habitat was mainly caused by clearing, but now frequent fires and predation by the introduced red fox and cat are potential threats to this species. The species was regarded as rare when it was discovered in 1970, many of the areas that once supported the New Holland mouse now have small to non-existent populations of this species. The Scientific Advisory Committee determined that "(1). [The New Holland mouse] is in a demonstrable state of decline which is likely to result in extinction; and (2) very rare in terms of abundance or distribution".
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The conservation objectives in relation to the New Holland mouse are as follows: "To prevent further decline in population and restore the existing distributional range of the species to its pre-European extent so that the New Holland mouse can survive, flourish and retain its potential for evolutionary development in the wild".