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https://openalex.org/W2093620940
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Cumulative Trauma Disorder Scale (CTD): Two Studies
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Measures that screen for mental health in multiple traumatized populations (e.g., refugees, minorities, mental health patients, prison inmates) lack theoretical clarity that makes it difficult to develop a measure that has robust psychometrics. The paper proposes cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) model and develops a scale that measures the concept and can be used as a general mental health screening tool in such populations. The measure has been tested on two studies: on representative community sample of Iraqi refugees in Michigan and on a clinic sample of refugees. Further, the measure was used on samples of Iraqi refugee and African American adolescents, West Bank and Gaza in Palestinian territories, as well as a mental health screening tool in some centers that screen refugees and torture survivors in US. The measure has been found to have high alpha and test-retest reliability, good construct, concurrent, discriminative and predictive validity in the two main samples and on all the studies and centers that utilized it. The measure can be used as a general mental health screening tool for adult and adolescent in public health settings in different cultures, as well as for refugees, torture survivors, and highly traumatized populations.
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https://openalex.org/W3088935937
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Social and political determinants of health in the occupied Palestine territory (oPt) during the COVID-19 pandemic: who is responsible?
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### Summary box
The Palestinian authority (PA) reacted quickly to the coronavirus outbreak, introducing strict lock down measures to limit community transmission. However, since restriction measures were eased in late May, there has been a massive spike in cases with over 9000 cases by July 18 2020 compared with less than 400 cases at the end of the lockdown. This has created a climate of fear. Since the spike, shorter lockdown measures have been instituted, but have been met with protests due to the lack of economic protection for the population. Going forward, long-term lockdown measures are likely unable to be implemented in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) as the financial and social consequences have had devastating impacts on the nation as a whole.
Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip has lasted over 50 years, with lack of access to land, water, borders and the freedom of movement of people and goods from one part to another and even within parts of the country. This has resulted in stunted development, also known as dedevelopment, weak …
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https://openalex.org/W2892240687
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Global youth tobacco surveillance, 2000-2007.
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Tobacco use is a major contributor to deaths from chronic diseases. The findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) suggest that the estimate of a doubling of deaths from smoking (from 5 million per year to approximately 10 million per year by 2020) might be an underestimate because of the increase in smoking among young girls compared with adult females, the high susceptibility of smoking among never smokers, high levels of exposure to secondhand smoke, and protobacco indirect advertising.This report includes GYTS data collected during 2000-2007 from 140 World Health Organization (WHO) member states, six territories (American Samoa, British Virgin Islands, Guam, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands), two geographic regions (Gaza Strip and West Bank), one United Nations administered province (Kosovo), one special administrative region (Macau), and one Commonwealth (Northern Mariana Islands). For countries that have repeated GYTS, only the most recent data are included. For countries with multiple survey sites, only data from the capital or largest city are presented.GYTS is a school-based survey of a defined geographic site that can be a country, a province, a city, or any other geographic entity. GYTS uses a standardized methodology for constructing sampling frames, selecting schools and classes, preparing questionnaires, conducting field procedures, and processing data. GYTS standard sampling methodology uses a two-stage cluster sample design that produces samples of students in grades associated with students aged 13-15 years. Each sampling frame includes all schools (usually public and private) in a geographically defined area containing any of the identified grades. In the first stage, the probability of schools being selected is proportional to the number of students enrolled in the specified grades. In the second sampling stage, classes within the selected schools are selected randomly. All students in selected classes attending school the day the survey is administered are eligible to participate. Student participation is voluntary and anonymous using self-administered data collection procedures. The GYTS sample design produces independent, cross-sectional estimates that are representative of each site.The findings in this report indicate that the level of cigarette smoking between boys and girls is similar in many sites; the prevalence of cigarette smoking and use of other tobacco products is similar; and susceptibility to initiate smoking among never smokers is similar among boys and girls and is higher than cigarette smoking in the majority of sites. Approximately half of the students reported that they were exposed to secondhand smoke in public places during the week preceding the survey. Approximately eight in 10 favor a ban on smoking in public places. Approximately two in 10 students own an object with a cigarette brand logo on it, and one in 10 students have been offered free cigarettes by a tobacco company representative. Approximately seven in 10 students who smoke reported that they wanted to stop smoking. Approximately seven in 10 students who smoked were not refused purchase of cigarettes from a store during the month preceding the survey. Finally, approximately six in 10 students reported having been taught in school about the harmful effects of smoking during the year preceding the survey.The findings in this report suggest that interventions that decrease tobacco use among youth (e.g., increasing excise taxes, media campaigns, school programs in conjunction with community interventions, and community interventions that decrease minors' access to tobacco) must be broad-based, focused on boys and girls, and have components directed toward prevention and cessation. If effective programs are not developed and implemented soon, future morbidity and mortality attributed to tobacco probably will increase.The synergy between countries in passing tobacco-control laws, regulations, or decrees; ratifying the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; and conducting GYTS offers a unique opportunity to develop, implement, and evaluate comprehensive tobacco-control policy that can be helpful to each country. The challenge for each country is to develop, implement, and evaluate a tobacco-control program and make changes where necessary.
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https://openalex.org/W2181499504
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Mortality patterns in the West Bank, Palestinian Territories, 1999-2003.
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"West Bank"
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The West Bank in the Palestinian Territories is undergoing an epidemiologic transition. We provide a general description of mortality from all causes, focusing on chronic disease mortality in adults.Mortality data analyzed for our study were obtained from the Palestinian Ministry of Health in the West Bank for 1999 through 2003. Individual information was obtained from death notification forms.A total of 27,065 deaths were reported for 1999 through 2003 in the West Bank, Palestinian Territories. Circulatory diseases were the main cause of death (45%), followed by cancer (10%) and unintentional injuries (7%). Among men, the highest age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) were due to diseases of the circulatory system, cancer, and unintentional injuries. Among women, the highest ASMRs were due to circulatory disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. Of the circulatory diseases, the highest ASMRs for men were due to acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular disease. ASMRs attributable to circulatory system diseases were similar for women. Lung cancer was the largest cause of cancer mortality for men; breast cancer was the largest cause for women.Because of the high mortality rates, the risk factors associated with chronic diseases in the Palestinian Territories must be ascertained. Medical and public health policies and interventions need to be reassessed, giving due attention to this rise in modern-day diseases in this area.
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https://openalex.org/W2966127270
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Maternal and child access to care and intensity of conflict in the occupied Palestinian territory: a pseudo-longitudinal analysis (2000–2014)
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2966127270
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In the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), access to maternal and child healthcare (MCH) services are constrained due to the prolonged Israeli military occupation, the Separation Wall, army checkpoints, and restrictions on the movement of people and goods. This study assesses the relationship between conflict intensity and access to Maternal and Child Health care in occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). To the best of our knowledge, the impact of conflict on access to health care has not been measured due to the lack of data.We analyse pooled data from household surveys covering a fifteen-year period (2000-2014) of children (n = 16,793) and women (n = 8477) in five regions of the oPt. Conflict intensity was used as a continuous variable defined as the square root of non-combatant conflict mortality taken from monthly death rates of non-combatants by region. We use multilevel logistic models to explain four outputs: child vaccination schedules, antenatal care, caesarean sections, and complications during pregnancy.Locality is important with results showing the negative impact of conflict intensity on access to care, especially in the South West Bank for maternal health services and Central West Bank for vaccination (B - 0.161 p = 0.000 for DPT). Wealth is only significant for DPT vaccinations with poorest (B - 0.098 p = 0.005) and poor (B - 0.148 p = 0.002) individuals less likely to access services. Otherwise conflict does not show a differential effect across socio-economic conditions.This study shows how locality is the strongest factor when looking at the impact of conflict in the oPt. Preventative services (ANC and vaccinations) are the most affected by conflict. We recommend a greater use of community health care to improve access to maternal and child care when barriers impede access to health facilities during times of conflict.
|
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https://openalex.org/W1993746788
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HEALTH POLICY AS COUNTER‐TERRORISM: HEALTH SERVICES AND THE PALESTINIANS
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[
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"country": "United States",
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1993746788
|
Counter‐terrorism and health policies converge in the complex world of Middle East politics. Hamas, labeled a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States and Europe, is also a major participant in the health sector of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Hamas gains important legitimacy and political support with its social services. Palestinian policies directed at these services can be part of a counter‐terrorism strategy as long as violence is part of the Hamas agenda. This paper describes the Palestinian health sector using cross‐sectional bivariate regressions. It then discusses the role of stronger public institutions to help thwart terrorism and promote peace and prosperity in the region.
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210205048",
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https://openalex.org/W2515071793
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Substance use among Palestinian youth in the West Bank, Palestine: a qualitative investigation
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[
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[
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2515071793
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Youth health risk behaviors, including substance use (psychoactive substances including alcohol and illicit drugs), have been the subject of relatively limited study to date in Middle Eastern countries. This study provides insights into the perceived prevalence and patterns of alcohol and drug use among Palestinian youth.The study was based on ten focus groups and 17 individual interviews with youth aged 16-24 years (n = 83), collected as part of the formative phase of a cross-sectional, population representative study of risk taking behaviors among Palestinian youth in the West Bank in 2012. Qualitative analysis was used to code detailed notes of focus groups and interviews.Most participants reported that substance use exists, even in socially conservative communities. Almost all participants agreed that alcohol consumption is common and that alcohol is easily available. The top alcoholic drinks referred to by the study participants were vodka, whisky, beer, and wine. Most participants claimed that they drink alcohol to cope with stress, for fun, out of curiosity, to challenge society, and due to the influence of the media. Participants were familiar with illicit drugs and knew of youth who engaged in drug use: marijuana, cocaine, and heroin were mentioned most frequently. Study participants believed that youth use drugs as a result of stress, the Israeli occupation, inadequate parental control, lack of awareness, unhappiness, curiosity, and for entertainment. Many participants were unaware of any local institutions to support youth with substance use problems. Others expressed their distrust of any such institution as they assumed them to be inefficient, profit-driven, and posing the risk of potential breaches of confidentiality.Although this study uses a purposive sample, the results suggest that substance use exists among Palestinian youth. Risk behaviors are a concern given inadequate youth-friendly counseling services and the strong cultural constraints on open discussion or education about the impact of high risk behaviors. These barriers to treatment and counseling can exacerbate the health and social consequences of alcohol abuse and illicit drug use.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2150968404
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Building the evidence base for global tobacco control.
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{
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2150968404
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The tobacco control movement needs a global information system permitting routine monitoring of the tobacco trade, tobacco farming, the tobacco industry, the prevalence of tobacco use, associated mortality, and national resources for combating tobacco. The Tobacco Control Country Profiles database, a data collection initiative led by the American Cancer Society in collaboration with WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, represents the first step in the development of such a system. Baseline data on several indicators of tobacco use were obtained from 191 Member States of WHO, two Associate Members, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China (Hong Kong SAR), China (Province of Taiwan) and the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The methods used to compile the data are described in the present paper. Selected indicators from the database were analysed in order to demonstrate the potential utility and value of data derived from an information system devoted to tobacco control. The analyses covered gender-specific smoking prevalence by WHO Region, per capita cigarette consumption by Human Development Index (HDI) category, and average real annual percentage changes in cigarette prices between 1990 and 1999 for selected countries in each category. In 1998, men were almost four times more likely than women to be smokers. The prevalence of smoking among men was highest in the Western Pacific Region. The differential in gender-specific smoking prevalence was narrowest in the Region of the Americas and the European Region. It was wider in the South-East Asia Region and the Western Pacific Region. The lowest and highest per capita consumption of manufactured cigarettes occurred in the lowest and highest HDI categories respectively. In the medium HDI category, China's growing cigarette consumption after 1975 had a major bearing on the rise in per capita consumption. Cigarette price trends suggest that there is considerable scope for increasing taxes on tobacco products, particularly in low or medium HDI countries. The implications of the findings for future tobacco control efforts are discussed, as are issues surrounding the quality of available data, priorities for future data collection and the need to maintain and improve the information system in order to support such efforts.
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https://openalex.org/W2085485857
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Perceptions of sexual risk behavior among Palestinian youth in the West Bank: a qualitative investigation
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"display_name": "Peter Glick",
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"country": "Palestinian Territory",
"display_name": "Al-Quds University",
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"country": "Jordan",
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"display_name": "Focus group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56995899"
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"display_name": "Sexual intercourse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780202899"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C140556311"
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"display_name": "Nonprobability sampling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100363876"
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{
"display_name": "Unsafe Sex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2911049916"
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{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
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"display_name": "Young adult",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205545832"
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"display_name": "Family medicine",
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"display_name": "Condom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779379456"
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"display_name": "Sociology",
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[
"West Bank",
"Israel"
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"https://openalex.org/W1994005242",
"https://openalex.org/W2022065615",
"https://openalex.org/W2047855591",
"https://openalex.org/W2072762493",
"https://openalex.org/W2104859612",
"https://openalex.org/W2123282315",
"https://openalex.org/W2148921816"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2085485857
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Young people in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are profoundly affected by violence, high unemployment, and economic hardship. Experiences of community-level violence and personal trauma increase the likelihood that young people will engage in risky behaviors that include smoking, drug use, and unsafe sex. Little is known about the sexual behavior of young people in the region, particularly in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). Our aim in this study was to gain an insight into the perceived prevalence and patterns of sexual behavior among Palestinian youth. The study was based on ten focus groups and 17 in-depth interviews with young people aged 16-24 years as part of the formative phase of a cross-sectional representative study of risk behaviors in the West Bank, including Jerusalem, in 2012. The sample was selected using a combination of purposive and convenience sampling. Qualitative analysis was used to code detailed notes of focus groups and interviews. Based on participants’ reports, different types of sexual activity outside marriage were not uncommon, even in conservative communities. The most reported sexual activity was non-penetrative sex: oral and anal intercourse, and virtual sex. Some young people had sexual intercourse with sex workers; they went to brothels in Israel and to brothels operating clandestinely in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Most respondents were of the opinion that young people did not usually use protection during sexual intercourse. Many reported that youth engage in different types of sexual activity outside marriage for several reasons: to challenge the culture, financial constraints and inability to marry, basic human need, personal pleasure, suppression, to kill boredom, and to prove manhood. In contrast with the conservative social context of the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), the findings suggest that sexual activities outside marriage may be more common than is currently assumed. Sexual behavior in the oPt is a concern because of the low awareness of the potential health consequences. The results draw attention to the need to incorporate sexual reproductive health into the national agenda and ensure that it is included in the programs of national institutions.
|
[
{
"display_name": "BMC Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S200437886",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
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"type": "repository"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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https://openalex.org/W3139163845
|
Recent trends in human brucellosis in the West Bank, Palestine
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
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"country": "Palestinian Territory",
"display_name": "Al-Quds University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I21215505",
"lat": 31.755907,
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"display_name": "Ahmad Amro",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5046469990"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Badeeha Mansoor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5010828707"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestinian Territory",
"display_name": "Al-Quds University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I21215505",
"lat": 31.755907,
"long": 35.26138,
"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Omar Hamarsheh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005208664"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Diaa Hjaija",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058971883"
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] |
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276"
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{
"display_name": "Brucellosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781429187"
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{
"display_name": "Incidence (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61511704"
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{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Christian ministry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521751864"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
},
{
"display_name": "Hygiene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547646559"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Veterinary medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42972112"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Theology",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Optics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120665830"
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] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W335465506",
"https://openalex.org/W1869223212",
"https://openalex.org/W1898153354",
"https://openalex.org/W2014675358",
"https://openalex.org/W2025291938",
"https://openalex.org/W2035094893",
"https://openalex.org/W2061075150",
"https://openalex.org/W2109293528",
"https://openalex.org/W2154618831",
"https://openalex.org/W2156404282",
"https://openalex.org/W3082532175",
"https://openalex.org/W3201849658",
"https://openalex.org/W4211033510"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3139163845
|
ObjectivesTo investigate the epidemiology of human brucellosis in the West Bank over the past 20 years, with a focus on recent trends in disease incidence from 2000 to 2020.MethodsA long-term descriptive epidemiological study was conducted, based on the Palestinian Ministry of Health records from 2000 to 2020.ResultsThe total number of cases was 7935 and the average annual incidence rate (AAIR) was 9.4 cases per 100 000 population. The AAIR ranged from 17.9 in 2000 to 15.7 cases per 100 000 population in 2020. The AAIR decreased markedly from 17.9 in 2000, to 2.9 cases per 100 000 population in 2012. A dramatic increase in cases started from 2013 onwards, reaching a peak in 2016. Higher incidence was reported in males (57.1%) and among the age group 11–20 years (29%). A higher number of cases was reported during April, May, and June. A total of 2850 patients (62.7%) reported contact with animals, and approximately 30% had at least one infected household member.ConclusionsThe dramatic increase in human brucellosis in the West Bank was linked to the impaired control and surveillance of the disease. Mass vaccination, regular screenings, raising public health awareness, and monitoring of milk and homemade dairy products represent some recommended precautionary measures for coping with the epidemic.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Infectious Diseases",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S35071406",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2132351927
|
Infant feeding practices: an evaluation of the impact of a health education course.
|
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Ben-Gurion University of the Negev",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I124227911",
"lat": 31.262192,
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],
"display_name": "I Shoham-Yakubovich",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068011595"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Joseph S. Pliskin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078736747"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "D Carr",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5022235927"
}
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[
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"display_name": "Parity (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777151079"
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"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Health education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113807197"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
"display_name": "Course (navigation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777552389"
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{
"display_name": "Life course approach",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1691868"
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{
"display_name": "Breast feeding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020294031"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
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{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509"
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{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893"
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{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Developmental psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138496976"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Particle physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109214941"
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{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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[
"West Bank"
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"https://openalex.org/W1849997993",
"https://openalex.org/W2001865449",
"https://openalex.org/W2139996695",
"https://openalex.org/W2146764585",
"https://openalex.org/W2150000105"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2132351927
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We assessed the impact of a health education course on infant feeding practices in the West Bank territories by comparing mothers who had attended the course (n = 102) with mothers not exposed to the course (n = 133). After adjustment for child's age, maternal age and education, parity, and birth site, course participants were more likely than non-participants to breastfeed, as well as to start supplementation by semi-solid foods at the recommended time.
|
[
{
"display_name": "American Journal of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S168049282",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W2259214877
|
Sources of human insecurity in post-war situations
|
[
{
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"display_name": "Wayne State University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I185443292",
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"display_name": "Maisa S. Ziadni",
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"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
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"display_name": "Weeam Hammoudeh",
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"display_name": "Niveen M E Abu Rmeileh",
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "John Brown University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I175594653",
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"display_name": "Harry S. Shannon",
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"display_name": "Rita Giacaman",
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C19165224"
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{
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[
"West Bank",
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"Israel"
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No accessFULL TEXTJournal of Human SecurityOther Journal Article01 January 2011Sources of human insecurity in post-war situations Authors: Maisa Ziadni; Weeam Hammoudeh; Niveen ME Abu Rmeileh; Dennis Hogan; Harry Shannon; Rita Giacaman Authors: Maisa Ziadni Research Assistant, Oncology Division, Children s Hospital, Philadelphia Google Scholar More articles by this author ; Weeam Hammoudeh Sociology Department, Brown University, Providence, USA Google Scholar More articles by this author ; Niveen ME Abu Rmeileh Birzeit University, email: [email protected] Google Scholar More articles by this author ; Dennis Hogan Sociology Department, Brown University, Providence, USA, email: [email protected] Google Scholar More articles by this author ; Harry Shannon Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, email: [email protected] Google Scholar More articles by this author ; Rita Giacaman Professor of Public Health, Institute of Community and Public Health, BirzeitUniversity, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory, email: [email protected] Google Scholar More articles by this author SectionsAboutView PDFExport CitationsAdd to FavouriteAdd to FavouriteCreate a New ListNameCancelCreate ToolsTrack CitationsCreate Clip ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedIn COPY LINK Abstract This paper explores classical and war-related factors associated with human insecurity reports in the Gaza Strip following the winter 2008-09 Israeli attack. A cross-sectional survey was conducted six months after the Israeli attack with adults from 3017 households. Results demonstrate that persons with greater human capital and socioeconomic resources were somewhat protected from human insecurity associated with the attack and siege. Results also underscore the significance of including both classical and war-related factors in assessing human insecurity in conflict, and the link between individual and communal/national security. While it is important to intervene by supporting Gazans with food and aid, interventions should also address the violence of war and ongoing siege as one of the causes of human insecurity. Full Text DOI Previous article Next article RelatedDetails View PUBLICATION DETAILSJournal:Journal of Human SecurityISSN:1835-3800Page Range:23-36First Page:23Last Page:36Source:Journal of Human Security, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2011: 23-36Date of Publication:January 2011Date Last Modified:05 September 2018 12:24Date Last Revised:22 March 2013Volume:7Issue:3SubjectSocial historyWar and societyHuman securityHousehold surveysStatisticsGaza War (2008-2009)Geographic LocationGaza Strip METRICS Downloaded 0 times Copyright© Human Security Institute, 2011Download PDFLoading ...
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https://openalex.org/W2288050302
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Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking among Arab Youth; a Cross-Country Study
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<p><strong>Objective:</strong> Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is considered a global epidemic that is spreading among youth. Our analysis was<br />conducted to compare the national baseline prevalence rate estimates of WTS among Arab boys and girls.</p><p><strong>Design, Setting and Participants:</strong> The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a school-based survey using standardized self-administered questionnaires; it employs a two-stage cluster sampling technique to obtain a representative sample of youth (13-15 years of age). We conducted a secondary data analysis of nationally representative GYTSs available from 16 Arab countries.</p><p><strong>Main Measures:</strong> Youth who self-reported smoking waterpipe at least once in the past 30 days were considered to be current<br />waterpipe tobacco smokers. National weighted WTS prevalence rate estimates along with respective 95% confidence intervals were reported for boys and girls.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Pooled GYTS data from 16 Arab countries yielded a total of 31,359 youth. Overall, 10.6% of the respondents were current waterpipe tobacco smokers, with boys (13.7%) having significantly higher estimates than girls (7.2%). Overall, current WTS prevalence rate estimates ranged from .9% in Oman to 34.2%, in Lebanon. The WTS epidemic was more predominant among boys and girls, respectively, in the West Bank (42.8% and 24.2%), Lebanon (38.6% and 30.5%) and Jordan (25.7% and 14.5%).<br /><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Among Arab boys and girls, WTS represents a growing strain of the tobacco epidemic that requires immediate attention. <em>Ethn Dis</em>. 2016;26(1):107-112; doi:10.18865/ed.26.1.107</p>
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https://openalex.org/W2154225089
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Health expectancy in the occupied Palestinian territory: estimates from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank: based on surveys from 2006 to 2010
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The purpose of the study was to estimate health expectancy for the Palestinian population and to evaluate changes that have taken place over the past 5 years.Mortality data and population-based health surveys.The Israeli-occupied Palestinian territory of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.17 034 and 38 071 adults aged 20 or over participating the Palestinian Family Health Surveys of 2006 and 2010. Death rates for 2007 and 2010 covered the entire population.Life expectancy and expected lifetime with and without chronic disease were estimated using the Sullivan method on the basis of mortality data and data on the prevalence of chronic disease.Life expectancy at the age of 20 increased from 52.8 years in 2006 to 53.3 years in 2010 for men and from 55.1 years to 55.7 years for women. In 2006, expected lifetime without a chronic disease was 37.7 (95% CI 37.0 to 38.3) years and 32.5 (95% CI 31.9 to 33.2) years for 20-year-old men and women, respectively. By 2010, this had decreased by 1.6 years for men and increased by 1.3 years for women. The health status of men has worsened. In particular, lifetime with hypertension and diabetes has increased. For women, the gain in life expectancy consisted partly of years with and partly of years without the most prevalent diseases.Health expectancy for men and women diverged, which could to some extent be due to gender-specific exposures related to lifestyle factors and the impact of military occupation.
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https://openalex.org/W3182277953
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Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated factors among adolescents in the occupied Palestinian territory: a cross-sectional study
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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BackgroundOverweight and obesity are multifactorial conditions that are spreading fast in both developing and developed countries. They are emerging as a major public health threat among children and adolescents, and present a serious morbidity and mortality burden. Adolescence is a critical period in which lifestyle and dietary behaviours are shaped that persist into adulthood. Therefore, adolescents are an ideal study target in terms of estimating the magnitude of the problem, understanding its risk factors and investigating potential effective intervention programmes. This study assesses the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated factors among adolescents in Palestinian schools.MethodsWeighted analysis was conducted on data from the Palestinian Micronutrient Survey, a national cross-sectional study carried out in 2013 by the Palestinian Ministry of Health in collaboration with UNICEF. For sample selection, stratified cluster random sampling was used. This school-based survey involved 2400 male and female adolescents aged 15–18 years in government schools in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Data were analysed at univariate, bivariate, and multivariate levels, by the use of proportions, confidence intervals, and logistic regression. In the original survey, written informed consent was obtained from parents and guardians of the participants. A letter of approval to use the study data was obtained from the Ministry of Health (who own the data). The study was also approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Community and Public Health.FindingsThe analysis indicates a prevalence of 23·6% (95% CI 20·6–26·5) for overweight and obesity, with a prevalence of 26·1% in the West Bank and 19·5% in the Gaza Strip. The multivariate analysis revealed that the likelihood of overweight and obesity was significantly higher for adolescents from the West Bank than from the Gaza Strip, for those eating two main meals or less than for those eating three meals, for those who reported a high frequency of vegetable intake, and those who observed a diet for weight loss.InterpretationThe data suggest that one in every four adolescents is overweight or obese, which is an alarming statistic and calls for attention. The high prevalence can be attributed to different lifestyles, eating behaviours, and dietary intake, which affect energy balance. These factors should be investigated within social, political, and economic contexts, and addressed comprehensively, first at the level of individuals and family, and then at the level of schools and the community. It should be noted that the original study included students in the 10th grade and 11th grade only, whereas adolescence covers a wider age group (10–19 years).FundingNone.
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https://openalex.org/W2402415192
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Data Collection Methods Series
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Elizabeth Hutchinson, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Eileen M. Harwood, Assistant Professor and Director of the Health Survey Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Corresponding author: Eileen M. Harwood, MEd, PhD, University of Minnesota, 1300 S 2nd St, Ste 300, West Bank Office Building, Minneapolis, MN 55454 ([email protected]).
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https://openalex.org/W3188682947
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Healthcare workers preparedness for COVID-19 pandemic in the occupied Palestinian territory: a cross-sectional survey
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"display_name": "Heba Alghoul",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5015984677"
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"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Vertex Pharmaceuticals (United States)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I61970326",
"lat": 42.35843,
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"display_name": "Zahra Alkhateeb",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5067874046"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Harvard University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I136199984",
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"display_name": "Ayah Hamdan",
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "Bond University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I120125038",
"lat": -28.073982,
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"display_name": "Loai Albarqouni",
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Oxford",
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],
"display_name": "Kiran Saini",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5083513755"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Personal protective equipment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668467"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Preparedness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777042776"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803"
},
{
"display_name": "Face shield",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908738153"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
},
{
"display_name": "Cross-sectional study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142052008"
},
{
"display_name": "Health administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137992405"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical emergency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518773536"
},
{
"display_name": "Descriptive statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39896193"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2139031268",
"https://openalex.org/W2162813021",
"https://openalex.org/W2556325343",
"https://openalex.org/W3013747613",
"https://openalex.org/W3015943412",
"https://openalex.org/W3036633570",
"https://openalex.org/W3084327739",
"https://openalex.org/W3091007320",
"https://openalex.org/W3096478688"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3188682947
|
Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic threatens to overwhelm the capacity of a vulnerable healthcare system in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). We aimed to evaluate the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the level of preparedness among HCWs in the oPt. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated online questionnaire distributed through convenient sampling between March 30, 2020 and April 12, 2020. Outcomes were availability of PPE, healthcare workers (HCWs) preparedness in oPt for COVID-19 pandemic, and regional and hospital differences in oPt in terms of availability of PPE and HCWs preparedness. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were used in this study. Results Of 138 respondents, only 38 HCWs (27.5%) always had access to facemasks and 15 (10.9%) always had access to isolation gowns. Most HCWs did not find eye protection ( n = 128, 92.8%), N95 respirators ( n = 132, 95.7%), and face shields ( n = 127, 92%) always available. Compared to HCWs in West Bank, those in the Gaza Strip were significantly less likely to have access to alcohol sanitizers ( p = 0.03) and gloves ( p < 0.001). On average, governmental hospitals were significantly less likely to have all appropriate PPE than non-governmental institutions ( p = 0.001). Only 16 (11.6%) surveyed felt confident in dealing with a potential COVID-19 case, 57 (41.3%) having received any COVID-19-related training, and 57 (41.3%) not having a local hospital protocol. Conclusion HCWs in oPt appear to be underprepared and severely lacking adequate PPE provision. The lack of PPE provision will exacerbate spread of COVID-19 and deepen the crisis, whilst putting HCWs at risk.
|
[
{
"display_name": "BMC Health Services Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S12898181",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Bond University Research Portal (Bond University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402608",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Research Square (Research Square)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402450",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400573",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2411334681
|
Data Collection Methods Series
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of Minnesota",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I130238516",
"lat": 44.97997,
"long": -93.26384,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Eileen M. Harwood",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5062041471"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Center (category theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779463800"
},
{
"display_name": "Series (stratigraphy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143724316"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
},
{
"display_name": "Crystallography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8010536"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1982353600",
"https://openalex.org/W2054224455",
"https://openalex.org/W2070502669",
"https://openalex.org/W2171448000"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2411334681
|
Eileen M. Harwood, MEd, PhD, Assistant Professor and Director of the Health Survey Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Corresponding author: Eileen M. Harwood, MEd, PhD, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 S 2nd St, Ste 300, West Bank Office Bldg, Minneapolis, MN 55454 ([email protected]). Financial Disclosure: The author received no funding to support the creation of this methods series.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S131387491",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3009593275
|
Addressing noncommunicable diseases among urban refugees in the Middle East and North Africa - a scoping review
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Rwanda",
"display_name": "University of Global Health Equity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210143973",
"lat": -1.952034,
"long": 30.092905,
"type": "education"
},
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Columbia University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I78577930",
"lat": 40.71427,
"long": -74.00597,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Zahirah McNatt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068010861"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Refugee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Epidemiological transition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28039750"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Lebanon",
"Gaza",
"Syria",
"Iran",
"Jordan"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W1690780943",
"https://openalex.org/W1909865233",
"https://openalex.org/W1981339794",
"https://openalex.org/W2021313033",
"https://openalex.org/W2032358194",
"https://openalex.org/W2032996259",
"https://openalex.org/W2055494518",
"https://openalex.org/W2063530864",
"https://openalex.org/W2073278053",
"https://openalex.org/W2075950485",
"https://openalex.org/W2097599569",
"https://openalex.org/W2118590784",
"https://openalex.org/W2164132840",
"https://openalex.org/W2216994467",
"https://openalex.org/W2262786140",
"https://openalex.org/W2269270725",
"https://openalex.org/W2277370197",
"https://openalex.org/W2323290108",
"https://openalex.org/W2461023845",
"https://openalex.org/W2495763977",
"https://openalex.org/W2556344045",
"https://openalex.org/W2622866635",
"https://openalex.org/W2623881313",
"https://openalex.org/W2625311197",
"https://openalex.org/W2751392992",
"https://openalex.org/W2752059713",
"https://openalex.org/W2754992645",
"https://openalex.org/W2765175453",
"https://openalex.org/W2791587920",
"https://openalex.org/W2803717523",
"https://openalex.org/W2805137466",
"https://openalex.org/W2806923299",
"https://openalex.org/W2883463388",
"https://openalex.org/W2951346456"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3009593275
|
More than 5.5 million Syrian refugees have fled violence and settled in mostly urban environments in neighboring countries. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region accounts for 6% of the global population but 25% of the population are 'of concern' to the UN Refugee Agency. In addition to large amounts of forced migration, the region is also undergoing an epidemiologic transition towards a heavier burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which in 2018 accounted for 74% of all deaths in the region. To address NCD needs globally, a myriad of policies and interventions have been implemented in low-income stable country settings. However, little is known about which policies and interventions are currently being implemented or are best suited for refugee hosting countries across the Middle East and North Africa.A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted to identify policies and interventions implemented in the Middle East and North Africa to address the needs of urban refugees with noncommunicable diseases.This scoping review identified 11 studies from Jordan, Lebanon, Iran, West Bank, Gaza and Syria. These studies addressed three foci of extant work, (1) innovative financing for expensive treatments, (2) improvements to access and quality of treatment and, (3) efforts to prevent new diagnoses and secondary complications. All interventions targeted refugee populations including Palestinians, Sudanese, Syrians, Afghans and Iraqis.The scoping review highlighted five key findings. First, very few studies focused on the prevention of noncommunicable diseases among displaced populations. Second, several interventions made use of health information technologies, including electronic medical records and mHealth applications for patients. Third, the vast majority of publications were solely focused on tackling NCDs through primary care efforts. Fourth, the literature was very sparse in regard to national policy development, and instead favored interventions by NGOs and UN agencies. Last, the perspectives of refugees were notably absent.Opportunities exist to prioritize prevention efforts, scale up eHealth interventions, expand access to secondary and tertiary services, address the scarcity of research on national policy, and incorporate the perspectives of affected persons in the broader discourse.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Conflict and Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S77607499",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1609947876
|
Polio eradication: end-stage challenges.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I197251160",
"lat": 31.76904,
"long": 35.21633,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Theodore H. Tulchinsky",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052794848"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Poliomyelitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4870876"
},
{
"display_name": "Poliomyelitis eradication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151492266"
},
{
"display_name": "Poliovirus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779631682"
},
{
"display_name": "Gaza strip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017912951"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "West bank",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018316026"
},
{
"display_name": "Acute anterior poliomyelitis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909669934"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Viral disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780727368"
},
{
"display_name": "Virus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522874641"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza",
"Israel"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1624653133",
"https://openalex.org/W2093089631",
"https://openalex.org/W2097433287",
"https://openalex.org/W2114052316",
"https://openalex.org/W2121399859"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1609947876
|
Editor – I wish to suggest an alterna-tive to those strategies discussed by Sutter et al. for poliomyelitis “end-stage and post-eradication” (1). The suggestion is based on the successful eradication of poliomyelitis in Israel and the West Bank and Gaza Strip during the 1980s.The “Gaza System” for polio eradi-cation used a combined programme of live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and inactivated poliovirus vac-cine (IPV), recommended by Joseph Melnick and Natan Goldblum (2). The system was implemented with the full support of Palestinian public health officials, who participated in discussions on immunization policy.The system was adopted to control the epidemics of poliomyelitis in the West Bank and Gaza Strip between 1976 and 1977, which occurred despite widespread and intensive use of OPV. Cases included children who had re-ceived up to four doses of OPV (3). The combined OPV/IPV programme almost immediately eliminated poliomyelitis from the West Bank and Gaza Strip.Israel adopted the “Gaza System” after an outbreak of poliomyelitis in 1988 among 15 young adults (4). This outbreak revealed major shortcomings in the use of OPV and IPV indepen-dently: IPV-only populations were sus-ceptible to and could transmit imported wild poliovirus (3), while OPV-only populations experienced declining im-mune levels (5).
|
[
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4253616938
|
Use of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Among Students Aged 13-15 Years—Worldwide, 1999-2005
|
[] |
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Tobacco product",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020384764"
},
{
"display_name": "Tobacco use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019190695"
},
{
"display_name": "Tobacco harm reduction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62724370"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Tobacco control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780832096"
},
{
"display_name": "Smoking epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020319730"
},
{
"display_name": "Tobacco in Alabama",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152848526"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4253616938
|
The use of tobacco in any form is a major preventable cause of premature death and disease. Globally, nearly 5 million persons die every year from tobacco-related illnesses, with disproportionately higher mortality occurring in developing countries. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), initiated in 1999 by the World Health Organization (WHO), CDC, and the Canadian Public Health Association, is a school-based survey that includes questions on prevalence of cigarette and other tobacco use; attitudes toward tobacco; access to tobacco products; exposure to secondhand smoke, school curricula on tobacco, media, and advertising; and smoking cessation. This report presents estimates of self-reported cigarette and other tobacco-product use during 1999-2005 in 132 different countries and the Gaza Strip/West Bank. The data are aggregated within each of the six WHO regions. GYTS data indicate that nearly two of every 10 students reported currently using a tobacco product, with no statistically significant difference between the proportion of those reporting cigarette smoking (8.9%) and other tobacco use (11.2%). Use of tobacco by adolescents is a major public health problem in all six WHO regions. Worldwide, more countries need to develop, implement, and evaluate their tobacco-control programs to address the use of all types of tobacco products, especially among girls.
|
[
{
"display_name": "JAMA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S172573765",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2587882922
|
Data Collection Methods Series
|
[
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"display_name": "University of Minnesota",
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"country": "United States",
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"display_name": "Eileen M. Harwood",
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{
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{
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"display_name": "University of Minnesota",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I130238516",
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"type": "education"
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Minnesota Department of Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210144997",
"lat": 44.954906,
"long": -93.09878,
"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Pakou Vang",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017250690"
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] |
[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C104863432"
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"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
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{
"display_name": "Crystallography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8010536"
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[
"West Bank"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W1982353600",
"https://openalex.org/W1994060362",
"https://openalex.org/W2054224455",
"https://openalex.org/W2070502669",
"https://openalex.org/W2171448000"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2587882922
|
Eileen M. Harwood, MEd, PhD, Assistant Professor and Director, Health Survey Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Pakou Vang, MPH, PharmD candidate, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis. Corresponding author: Eileen M. Harwood, MEd, PhD, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 S 2nd St, Ste 300, West Bank Office Bldg, Minneapolis, MN 55454 ([email protected]).
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing",
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"type": "journal"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2424028497
|
Hand washing among Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: attitudes and practices.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Issam A. Al‐Khatib",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5016849490"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Lara W Abusara",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073713517"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yazan M Odeh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079896620"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Sbeih A Sbeih",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5048884609"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "May A. Massoud",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5056320823"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Gaza strip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017912951"
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{
"display_name": "West bank",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018316026"
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{
"display_name": "Hand washing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777919664"
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{
"display_name": "Socioeconomic status",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947"
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{
"display_name": "Hygiene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547646559"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
"display_name": "Washing hands",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019775288"
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{
"display_name": "Personal hygiene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019613579"
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{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
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{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2424028497
|
Regular and proper hand washing is a low-cost and effective intervention to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. The authors' study aimed to assess the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with attitudes and practices of hand washing before eating in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It also assessed parents' participation in the personal hygiene of their children. Results revealed that almost all participants believed that it is always necessary to wash one's hands before eating. Females had higher rates than males for washing hands before eating as well as for helping with child hygiene. Not surprisingly, a positive relationship existed between educational level and attitudes and practice of washing hands before eating. The authors recommend that governments, ministries, and different nongovernmental organizations have an active role in developing and implementing programs in order to improve the health of their communities. Such programs should be conducted in all localities and at all levels including homes, schools, and public domains.
|
[
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3134305512
|
Epidemiology of Enterobiasis in Palestine
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestinian Territory",
"display_name": "Al-Quds University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I21215505",
"lat": 31.755907,
"long": 35.26138,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Omar Hamarsheh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005208664"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Enterobius",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910356819"
},
{
"display_name": "Overcrowding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778872837"
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{
"display_name": "West bank",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018316026"
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{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Personal hygiene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019613579"
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{
"display_name": "Christian ministry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521751864"
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{
"display_name": "Gaza strip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017912951"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Helminths",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165901193"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3134305512
|
Enteropiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the pinworm; Enterobius vermicularis. In this report, the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection in the West Bank and Gaza strip was investigated based on Palestinian Ministry of Health reports from 2008 to 2018. A total of 29,390 cases was reported, 29,061 (98.9%) in the West Bank, and 329 cases (1.1%) in Gaza Strip. The results of the present study show that E. vermicularis infection is highly prevalent among people living in the West Bank and to lesser extend in Gaza Strip. There is a need for joint and concentrated e"orts from the Palestinian government and public health services to control this infection. Personal hygiene, education and living conditions and overcrowding are risk factors associated with the spread of infection.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2740157946
|
Prevalence of disability among elderly people in the occupied Palestinian territory: a cross-sectional study
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Jeda Jad Jasser",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079673806"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Nouh Harsha",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089933896"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Luay Ziq",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5006555355"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Aisha Shalash",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042105820"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Rula Ghandour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5008262852"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Rita Giacaman",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089356667"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Descriptive statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39896193"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Cross-sectional study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142052008"
},
{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035"
},
{
"display_name": "Odds ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156957248"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Odds",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143095724"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509"
},
{
"display_name": "Mental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134362201"
},
{
"display_name": "Confounding",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77350462"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2740157946
|
BackgroundFrom the 2011 Palestinian Center Bureau of Statistics, disability is defined as long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairment that can hinder full and effective participation in society; disability among elderly people has become a major public health concern in recent years. More than 1 billion people live with disability worldwide. In the occupied Palestinian territory, disability in elderly people is still not well understood. This study aims to assess the prevalence of disability among Palestinians aged 50 years or older and associated factors.MethodsData were obtained from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Disability-Survey of 2011, representing the Palestinian population. People aged 50 years or older were selected. We gathered descriptive statistics and used multivariate binary logistic regression to check for confounders. Data were analysed with SPSS17 software.FindingsThe total sample size was 8747 people aged 50 years or older. 71% of those had no disability and the remaining 29% reportedly had at least one disability, of which 53% represented problems with mobility, 26% vision, 11% hearing, 7% memory, 1% mental health, 1% communication, and 1% intellectual. Men were less likely to be disabled than women (odds ratio [OR] 0·75, 95% CI 0·64–0·89, p=0·001). The level of disability increased at age 70 and older (OR 1·96, 95% CI 1·67–2·31). The percentage of disabled elderly people increased among those who could not read compared with those educated (OR 2·93, 95% CI 2·36–3·63); decreased in those with large families compared with families of fewer than three people (for families of three to six people, OR 0·73, 95% CI 0·63–0·84; for families of seven to 27 people, 0·59, 0·50–0·70); increased in refugees compared with non-refugees (OR 1·26, 95% CI 1·07–1·47, p=0·005); increased in non-workers compared with workers (OR 2·96, 95% CI 2·50–3·49); and increased in those widowed and divorced compared with people who were married (OR 1·25, 95% CI 1·07–1·47, p=0·005). Compared with the centre of the West Bank, the number of people with disability was highest in the Gaza Strip (OR 2·23, 95% CI 1·89–2·63), followed by north West Bank (OR 2·60, 95% CI 2·22–3·05), and south West Bank (OR 1·95, 95% CI 1·63–2·33).InterpretationDisability is more prevalent in women, those not educated, refugees, non-workers, widowed and divorced individuals, and people in Gaza. Further investigations are needed to establish the main causes of disability in the occupied Palestinian territory, and associated factors.FundingNone.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2020125121
|
Progress of The Lancet Palestinian Health Alliance
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Glasgow",
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}
],
"display_name": "Graham Watt",
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
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}
],
"display_name": "Rita Giacaman",
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},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Lebanon",
"display_name": "American University of Beirut",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I98635879",
"lat": 33.901093,
"long": 35.48153,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Huda Zurayk",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063358591"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Alliance",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W343877949",
"https://openalex.org/W2070249372",
"https://openalex.org/W3202378664"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2020125121
|
In 2009, The Lancet published a Series of five reports about health in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), citing 568 references and involving 37 international researchers, of whom 19 were based in the oPt. To maintain the momentum of this collaboration, The Lancet Palestinian Health Alliance (LPHA) was established. Huda Zurayk: advancing health and research in the Arab world“The first time we met was in the early 1980s during a workshop in Bellagio, Italy. Then we began to work together as Huda Zurayk led the Reproductive Health Working Group during its inception”, recalls Rita Giacaman, from the Institute for Community and Public Health (ICPH), Birzeit University, West Bank, occupied Palestinian territory. Through working together, the two women became close friends and advocates for building research efforts to promote health in the Arab world. They and Samer Jabbour, who worked at the Faculty of Health Sciences at the American University of Beirut (AUB) until 2013 and is currently at the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, are coordinators, members of the steering group, and authors of the Lancet Series about health in the Arab world. Full-Text PDF
|
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"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2792777338
|
Can a midwife-led continuity model improve maternal services in a low-resource setting? A non-randomised cluster intervention study in Palestine
|
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893"
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{
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{
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{
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2792777338
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Objectives To improve maternal health services in rural areas, the Palestinian Ministry of Health launched a midwife-led continuity model in the West Bank in 2013. Midwives were deployed weekly from governmental hospitals to provide antenatal and postnatal care in rural clinics. We studied the intervention’s impact on use and quality indicators of maternal services after 2 years’ experience. Design A non-randomised intervention design was chosen. The study was based on registry data only available at cluster level, 2 years before (2011and2012) and 2 years after (2014and2015) the intervention. Setting All 53 primary healthcare clinics in Nablus and Jericho regions were stratified for inclusion. Primary and secondary outcomes Primary outcome was number of antenatal visits. Important secondary outcomes were number of referrals to specialist care and number of postnatal home visits. Differences in changes within the two groups before and after the intervention were compared by using mixed effect models. Results 14 intervention clinics and 25 control clinics were included. Number of antenatal visits increased by 1.16 per woman in the intervention clinics, while declined by 0.39 in the control clinics, giving a statistically significant difference in change of 1.55 visits (95% CI 0.90 to 2.21). A statistically significant difference in number of referrals was observed between the groups, giving a ratio of rate ratios of 3.65 (2.78–4.78) as number of referrals increased by a rate ratio of 3.87 in the intervention group, while in the control the rate ratio was only 1.06. Home visits increased substantially in the intervention group but decreased in the control group, giving a ratio of RR 97.65 (45.20 - 210.96) Conclusion The Palestinian midwife-led continuity model improved use and some quality indicators of maternal services. More research should be done to investigate if the model influenced individual health outcomes and satisfaction with care. Trial registration number NCT03145571 ; Results.
|
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https://openalex.org/W3134661024
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Quality of life of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate–Palestine: a part of the Palestinian diabetes complications and control study (PDCCS)
|
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"country": "Germany",
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"display_name": "Anna Katharina Tietjen",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779951463"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509"
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"display_name": "Cross-sectional study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142052008"
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"display_name": "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910068830"
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"display_name": "Physical therapy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1862650"
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"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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] |
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"West Bank"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3134661024
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Abstract Purpose Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a considerable impact on physical health as well as on emotional and social wellbeing. This study aimed to investigate the quality of life and its associated factors among Palestinians with T2DM. Methods A cross-sectional study including 517 patients (68% female) was conducted in eleven primary health care clinics located in Ramallah and al-Bireh governorate of the West Bank. To assess socio-demographic data, risk factors and diabetes control, interviews, physical examinations, anthropometric measurements, and blood and urine tests were performed. The validated Arabic version of the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL) questionnaire was carried out on all patients to measure Quality of Life (QoL). A multivariable regression analysis was performed. Results The average weighted impact (AWI) score was −3.38 (95% CI: −3.55 to −3.21, range: −9.00 to 0.12). This indicates that diabetes was perceived as having a considerable negative impact on the quality of life. The life domains ‘freedom to eat’, ‘physical activities’, and ‘work-life’ were the most negatively impacted. Males and individuals living with diabetes for a prolonged time were associated with a more significant negative impact on quality of life. Conclusion The study showed that diabetes generally had a negative impact on QoL and identified the demand for diabetes management programs tailored to patient needs and different patient groups, as well as health policies that put patients in the center of diabetes care.
|
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S90347677",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W3042857084
|
Child abuse in the West Bank of the occupied Palestinian territory (WB/oPt): social and political determinants
|
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"display_name": "University of Debrecen",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993946119"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017944768"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C519513126"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777162435"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780416715"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3042857084
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Abstract Background Child maltreatment is a global epidemic. It affects morbidity, mortality, social behavior, wellbeing, and quality of life of children. This study aims to assess prevalence of child abuse in the West Bank (WB) of the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) and to determine some of its social and political associated factors. Methods We analyzed secondary data obtained from a cross sectional study conducted on a sample representing Palestinian children on the West Bank and using the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) tool. The ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool for parents (ICAST-P) questionnaire was completed by 1107 Palestinian mothers to estimate physical and emotional child abusive practices at home for children aged 0–12 years. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed using the SPSS® version 20 to assess prevalence and predictors of child abuse. Results Overall, around 34% of the West Bank-children were abused by their mothers. Results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that male children, children of younger mothers, children whose fathers were with low levels of education, children whose mothers reported low levels of parental warmth, and children whose parents were exposed to political violence were at greater risk of being abused. Conclusions Child abuse is highly prevalent among children of the Palestinian society in the West Bank. Policy makers need to pay more attention to this epidemic. The association between child abuse and political violence found in this study makes a just solution for Palestinians essential for improving the welfare of children and families.
|
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
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https://openalex.org/W2108713095
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Brief mental health interventions in conflict and emergency settings: an overview of four Médecins Sans Frontières – France programs
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"display_name": "Thomas Roederer",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2108713095
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Mental health problems, particularly anxiety and mood disorders, are prevalent in the setting of humanitarian emergencies, both natural and man-made disasters. Evidence regarding best strategies for therapeutic interventions is sparse. Médecins Sans Frontières has been providing mental health services during emergencies for over two decades, and here we compare data from four programs.In China, 564 patients were followed for an average of 7 sessions after a major earthquake. The most common diagnoses were PTSD and other anxiety disorders. Between program entry and exit, the median global assessment of functioning increased from 65 to 80. At program entry, 58% were considered moderately, markedly or severely ill; a proportion which fell to 14% at program exit. In Colombia in the setting of chronic violence, 2411 patients were followed for a median of two sessions. Anxiety disorders and major depression were the most common diagnoses, and 76% of patients were moderately or severely ill at program entry. 91% had symptomatic improvement at program exit. In Gaza, 1357 patients were followed for a median of 9 sessions; a majority was under age 15. PTSD and other anxiety disorders were the most common diagnoses, and 91% were moderately or severely ill at entry. 89% had improved symptoms at program exit. In the West Bank, the 1478 patients had similar characteristics to those enrolled in Gaza. 88% were moderately or severely ill at entry; 88% had improved at exit.It was feasible to implement brief yet effective mental health interventions in a wide variety of humanitarian contexts - post-natural disaster, during acute violent conflict and during chronic violent conflict. The most common diagnoses were PTSD, other anxiety disorders and mood disorders. The use of local specially-trained counselors who were focused on coping skills and improving functionality over a brief time period, likely contributed to the symptomatic improvement seen in a large majority of patients across the four sites.Mental health is an essential part of a health care response to humanitarian emergencies. In a variety of settings, we show the positive results of brief interventions. Further research is needed to improve and evaluate mental health interventions in crises.
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https://openalex.org/W1849997993
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Village mothers on the West Bank learn about health.
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"West Bank"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1849997993
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Over a period of more than 10 years a health education program for mothers and pregnant women has been developed in many villages of the West Bank. The involvement of Catholic Relief Services in meeting the health needs of West Bank communities began in 1975 with a nutrition education project. A determined effort has been made to use local resources, both human and material, and to reach out to the women in a sympathetic manner. The goal was to improve the health standards of poor village mothers and their young children through better nutrition. Instructors from this nongovernmental organization trained village teachers, who then held classes for mothers with children under 5 years of age. The children were weighed monthly and food commodities were distributed in accordance with class attendance and the numbers of children weighed. A considerable effort was required in order to convince the local charitable societies and health personnel of the value of preventive measures. Doctors were especially resistant to the idea of prevention. Despite these obstacles, 323 courses were attended by 6739 mothers and 15,112 children were weighed during a 4 year period. The success of the program is evident from the decline in infant deaths in the participating villages.
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https://openalex.org/W4317477410
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Current situation and future directions of lung cancer risk factor awareness in Palestine: a cross-sectional study
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4317477410
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To evaluate lung cancer (LC) risk factor awareness among Palestinians and identify factors associated with good awareness.Cross-sectional study.Participants were recruited using convenience sampling from hospitals, primary healthcare centres (PHCs) and public spaces located at 11 governorates in Palestine.Of 5174 approached, 4817 participants completed the questionnaire (response rate=93.1%). A total of 4762 questionnaires were included: 2742 from the West Bank and Jerusalem (WBJ) and 2020 from the Gaza Strip. Exclusion criteria were working or studying in a health-related field, having a nationality other than Palestinian and visiting oncology departments or clinics at the time of data collection. TOOL: A modified version of the validated LC Awareness Measure was used for data collection.The primary outcome was LC risk factor awareness level as determined by the number of factors recognised: poor (0-3), fair (4-7) and good (8-10). Secondary outcomes include the recognition of each LC risk factor.Smoking-related risk factors were more often recognised than other LC risk factors. The most recognised risk factors were 'smoking cigarettes' (n=4466, 93.8%) and 'smoking shisha (waterpipes)' (n=4337, 91.1%). The least recognised risk factors were 'having a close relative with LC' (n=2084, 43.8%) and 'having had treatment for any cancer in the past' (n=2368, 49.7%).A total of 2381 participants (50.0%) displayed good awareness of LC risk factors. Participants from the WBJ and the Gaza Strip had similar likelihood to display good awareness (50.6% vs 49.1%). Being≥45 years, having higher education and monthly income, knowing someone with cancer and visiting hospitals and PHCs seemed to have a positive impact on displaying good awareness.Half of study participants displayed good awareness of LC risk factors. Educational interventions are warranted to further improve public awareness of LC risk factors, especially those unrelated to smoking.
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https://openalex.org/W3043311205
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Physical activity and health-related quality of life among physiotherapists in Hebron/West Bank
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"display_name": "Abushkadim Mouath D",
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"display_name": "Ahmad Muntaser S",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020255362"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3043311205
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Introduction: Physical activity (PA) directly affects Health-related quality of life. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between physical activity levels of physiotherapists and their physical activity promotion strategies. in Hebron- West Bank.
|
[
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"display_name": "Journal of novel physiotherapy and rehabilitation",
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https://openalex.org/W2066222003
|
The role of zoos in biosurveillance
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Tracey McNamara",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063582244"
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[
"West Bank"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2066222003
|
Zoos are ideally placed to act as epidemiological monitoring stations because for decades, many have been building up detailed collections of serum banks, tissue banks and medical record‐keeping systems that could be mined for information that would be beneficial to public health. For example, in 1999 wild Crows Corvus brachyrhynchos in the United States of America started to die of unknown causes but it was not until some died in the grounds of a zoological institution that West Nile virus, which is a threat to both human and animal health, was identified. There is a serious disparity in the type and amount of biosurveillance provided for humans, agricultural livestock and wildlife agencies, often driven by economic factors. There is an argument for public‐health entities to contribute funds to the cost of managing serum‐banks and testing stations within zoos to enhance biosurveillance in urban settings, in a cost‐effective and mutually beneficial manner. The key to sustainable and integrated biosurveillance lies in public‐health professionals working with zoo professionals, who care for wild animals on a day‐to‐day basis, to create electronic surveillance networks. This could be of utmost benefit to everyone.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Zoo Yearbook",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S142134796",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3191107499
|
Influenza vaccination should have no border: cost-effectiveness of cross-border subsidy
|
[
{
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"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Tel Aviv University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I16391192",
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"display_name": "Dan Yamin",
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"display_name": "Dor Kahana",
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"country": "Israel",
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"display_name": "Edan Shahmoon",
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of Maryland, Baltimore",
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"country": "United States",
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"display_name": "Meagan C. Fitzpatrick",
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"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Yale University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I32971472",
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"display_name": "Alison P. Galvani",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068889155"
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"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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"display_name": "Vaccination",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22070199"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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"display_name": "Transmission (telecommunications)",
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"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276"
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"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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"display_name": "Biostatistics",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
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"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485"
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"display_name": "Internal medicine",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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"West Bank",
"Israel"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3191107499
|
Abstract Background Influenza is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality for Israel and the Palestinian territory. Given the extensive interaction between the two populations, vaccination in one population may indirectly benefit the other via reduced transmission. Due to the mobility and extensive contacts, Palestinians employed in Israel could be a prime target for vaccination. Methods To evaluate the epidemiological and the economic benefits conferred by vaccinating Palestinians employed in Israel, we developed a model of influenza transmission within and between Israel and the West Bank. We parameterized the contact patterns underlying transmission by conducting a survey among Palestinians employed in Israel, and integrating survey results with traffic patterns and socio-demographic data. Results Vaccinating 50% of Palestinian workers is predicted to reduce the annual influenza burden by 28,745 cases (95% CI: 15,031-50,717) and 37.7 deaths (95% CI: 19·9–65·5) for the Israeli population, and by 32,9900 cases (95% CI: 14,379-51,531) and 20.2 deaths (CI 95%: 9·8–31·5) for the Palestinian population. Further, we found that as the indirect protection was so substantial, funding such a vaccination campaign would be cost-saving from the Israeli Ministry of Health perspective. Conclusions Offering influenza vaccination to Palestinians employed in Israel could efficiently reduce morbidity and mortality within both Israel and the Palestinian territory.
|
[
{
"display_name": "BMC Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S200437886",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1979552583
|
Environmental and public health effects of polluting industries in Tulkarm, West Bank, occupied Palestinian territory: an ethnographic study
|
[
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Providence College",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I196272386",
"lat": 41.82399,
"long": -71.41283,
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"country": "United States",
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"display_name": "Ruhan Nagra",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5086083374"
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"display_name": "West bank",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018316026"
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{
"display_name": "Ethnography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179454799"
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{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental protection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1979552583
|
BackgroundSince the 1980s, several factories that cause pollution have been relocated from Israel to areas in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). Most prominent of these is Geshuri, a privately owned Israeli agrochemicals company operating in Tulkarm, West Bank, oPt. Results of several empirical studies suggest that as a result of proximity to industrial zones that house Geshuri and other factories that cause pollution, residents of Tulkarm have among the highest rates of cancer, asthma, and eye and respiratory health anomalies compared with residents in other districts. Because of the paucity of qualitative data to show the effect of polluting industries, our aim was to build a framework to understand the perceived adverse role of industrial pollution on the environment, economy, and public health of Tulkarm's residents.MethodsIn this ethnographic study, participants were selected using a snowball sampling method generated from initial contacts within Tulkarm. We analysed qualitative data from in-depth, semistructured interviews of former employees of Geshuri factory (n=3), their families (n=6), and other adult residents (n=24). Participants were interviewed from June to August, 2011. Interviews were done in Arabic, audio recorded with verbal consent of the participants, and transcribed for review and analysis. Using a grounded-theory ethnographic approach and an open-coding method of data review, we reviewed both interview transcripts and the original recordings to identify key themes in perceptions of the environmental, economic, and health effects of the factories. The institutional review board of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA, approved this study.FindingsKey themes that emerged from the qualitative data analysis were that the most prominent acute health effects of industrial pollution were respiratory and psychosocial; there was a consensus that rates of cancer and asthma in Tulkarm were disproportionately higher than were those in other districts directly as a result of pollution from factories; pollution and waste produced by the industries had devastated agriculture, business, and land, and thus local economy and livelihoods of Tulkarm's residents who were reliant on the land for income; frustration at the researchers and journalists who had investigated the illegal practices by Geshuri but had yet to hold the responsible parties accountable for their actions; conflicting beliefs about whether some employees would have economic insecurity if Geshuri and similar factories should cease operation; concern about unsafe factory working conditions and violent management practices; and a long-held belief that working towards closing these factories would be a tangible affirmation of a commitment to environmental justice in the oPt.InterpretationMost of the participants believed that the pollution caused by Geshuri has adversely affected the public health and livelihood of the community in Tulkarm. In the absence of resources required for advanced environmental epidemiological modelling, we suggest the incorporation of community voices in any effort to challenge such industries. Furthermore, gathering of rigorous environmental exposure data is warranted and should be encouraged. The main limitations of this study were the inability to ascertain the representativeness of our sample to the experience of all Tulkarm's residents; and because of the qualitative design, our inability to identify precise sources of pollution apart from that caused by agrochemical manufacturers.FundingAlpert Medical School at Brown University. Since the 1980s, several factories that cause pollution have been relocated from Israel to areas in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). Most prominent of these is Geshuri, a privately owned Israeli agrochemicals company operating in Tulkarm, West Bank, oPt. Results of several empirical studies suggest that as a result of proximity to industrial zones that house Geshuri and other factories that cause pollution, residents of Tulkarm have among the highest rates of cancer, asthma, and eye and respiratory health anomalies compared with residents in other districts. Because of the paucity of qualitative data to show the effect of polluting industries, our aim was to build a framework to understand the perceived adverse role of industrial pollution on the environment, economy, and public health of Tulkarm's residents. In this ethnographic study, participants were selected using a snowball sampling method generated from initial contacts within Tulkarm. We analysed qualitative data from in-depth, semistructured interviews of former employees of Geshuri factory (n=3), their families (n=6), and other adult residents (n=24). Participants were interviewed from June to August, 2011. Interviews were done in Arabic, audio recorded with verbal consent of the participants, and transcribed for review and analysis. Using a grounded-theory ethnographic approach and an open-coding method of data review, we reviewed both interview transcripts and the original recordings to identify key themes in perceptions of the environmental, economic, and health effects of the factories. The institutional review board of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA, approved this study. Key themes that emerged from the qualitative data analysis were that the most prominent acute health effects of industrial pollution were respiratory and psychosocial; there was a consensus that rates of cancer and asthma in Tulkarm were disproportionately higher than were those in other districts directly as a result of pollution from factories; pollution and waste produced by the industries had devastated agriculture, business, and land, and thus local economy and livelihoods of Tulkarm's residents who were reliant on the land for income; frustration at the researchers and journalists who had investigated the illegal practices by Geshuri but had yet to hold the responsible parties accountable for their actions; conflicting beliefs about whether some employees would have economic insecurity if Geshuri and similar factories should cease operation; concern about unsafe factory working conditions and violent management practices; and a long-held belief that working towards closing these factories would be a tangible affirmation of a commitment to environmental justice in the oPt. Most of the participants believed that the pollution caused by Geshuri has adversely affected the public health and livelihood of the community in Tulkarm. In the absence of resources required for advanced environmental epidemiological modelling, we suggest the incorporation of community voices in any effort to challenge such industries. Furthermore, gathering of rigorous environmental exposure data is warranted and should be encouraged. The main limitations of this study were the inability to ascertain the representativeness of our sample to the experience of all Tulkarm's residents; and because of the qualitative design, our inability to identify precise sources of pollution apart from that caused by agrochemical manufacturers. Alpert Medical School at Brown University.
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"display_name": "The Lancet",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2314645318
|
Data Collection Methods Series Part 5
|
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"display_name": "Elizabeth Hutchinson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084462146"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
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"display_name": "Nursing",
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"display_name": "Crystallography",
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[
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Eileen M. Harwood, MEd, PhD, Assistant Professor and Director of the Health Survey Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Hutchinson, MPH, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Corresponding author: Eileen M. Harwood, MEd, PhD, University of Minnesota, 1300 S 2nd St, Ste 300, West Bank Office Bldg, Minneapolis, MN 55454 ([email protected]). Financial Disclosure: The authors received no funding to support the creation of this methods series.
|
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"display_name": "Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S131387491",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2404198200
|
Data Collection Methods Series
|
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"display_name": "Elizabeth Hutchinson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084462146"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C8010536"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2404198200
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Eileen M. Harwood, PhD, MEd, Health Survey Research Center, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Hutchinson, BA, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Corresponding author: Eileen M. Harwood, PhD, MEd, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 S 2nd St, Ste 300, West Bank Office Bldg, Minneapolis, MN 55454 ([email protected]). Financial Disclosure: The authors received no funding to support the creation of this methods series.
|
[
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"type": "journal"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
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https://openalex.org/W3112622307
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Country and gender differences in the association between violence and cigarette smoking among youth
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[
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"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
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],
"display_name": "Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh",
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{
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3112622307
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Abstract Background Exposure to violence in youth may be associated with substance use and other adverse health effects. This study examined cigarette smoking in two middle-income areas with different levels and types of exposure to violence. Methods Association of exposure to verbal and physical violence with cigarette smoking in the West Bank oPt (2008) and in Jujuy Argentina (2006) was examined using cross-sectional surveys of 14 to 17-year old youth in 7th to 10th grade using probabilistic sampling. Results Violence exposure rates were more than double for Palestinian girls (99.6% vs. 41.2%) and boys (98.7% vs. 41.1%) compared with Argentinians. The rate of current cigarette smoking was significantly higher among Argentinian girls compared with Palestinian girls (33.1% vs. 7.1%, p < 0.001). Exposure to verbal violence from family and to physical violence increased the odds of current cigarette smoking, respectively, among Argentinian girls (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.7; aOR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.7–3.8), Palestinian girls (aOR 2.2, 95%CI = 1.1–2.4; aOR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.1–3.6) and Argentinian boys (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI = 1.1–2.0; aOR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.6–3.0), but not among Palestinian boys. Conclusion Findings highlight the importance of producing context and gender specific evidence from exposure to violence, to inform and increase the impact of targeted smoking prevention strategies.
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https://openalex.org/W2039058403
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Rita Giacaman and Rana Khatib: promoting health for Palestinians
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2039058403
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Rita Giacaman takes the steps two at a time to her office, at a branch of Birzeit University located in downtown Ramallah, the bustling West Bank city near Jerusalem. The stairwell of the Institute of Community and Public Health is bare except for a single philodendron plant that, against all odds, has flourished and grown around the banister and railings with such strength and tenacity that the vine rises for several storeys. The same vitality is evident in both Giacaman and Rana Khatib, who is Director of the institute. Through a mix of passion, scientific rigour, and black humour, these Palestinian professors have nurtured a collective academic effort aimed at improving health conditions and services in the occupied Palestinian territory. “We produce more under crisis,” Giacaman says. “There is no time for despair. We need hope.” Since 1978, when the collective was informally launched to meet the need for independent Palestinian health research and planning, Giacaman has been a driving force. Her pet project evolved to a formal Birzeit University Department in 1982 and was upgraded to become an institute in 1998, when Khatib signed on. Then, “we metamorphosed”, Giacaman explains, “after severe military attacks kept too many students and faculty away during the 2001–2004 period. Eventually, we had to rent new premises inside Ramallah.” Now 35 faculty researchers and staff are employed by the Institute of Community and Public Health in a multidisciplinary team. “We straddle between academic theory and practice and favor de facto policy making on the ground, not a top-down approach”, Giacaman adds. The two women—Giacaman, a Christian from Bethlehem, and Khatib, a Muslim from a venerable Jerusalem family—are good foils for each other. They were both educated abroad, are working mothers who had their children relatively late, and are committed to intensive research, teaching, training, fundraising, and intervention as public-health professionals. They view primary health care not just as stop-gap clinics in remote areas, but as an entire system of linked community health care in the West Bank and Gaza. Dark eyes flashing, Giacaman says she's “proud of our resilience, and continual non-violent resistance to injustice through linking academic work to societal needs. Politically we are neutral. We deal with everybody.” Their work requires a “familiarity with abnormality”, says Giacaman, and efforts now are devoted to orienting traumatised Palestinian youths and other vulnerable groups to cope constructively with a lack of access to opportunities and excess violence under the Israeli occupation. Khatib is calm and meticulous, yet unflummoxed by surprises. She recalls how, during the Second Intifada, as soon as a military curfew was lifted, she and her team would dash around trying to document the health situation and collect data instead of stocking up on food like more practical housewives. “The political situation made me see things differently”, explains Khatib. “We can make positive changes through supporting the community and through public health. Over time, small quantitative steps can create a qualitative change.” Their programme is diverse: it encompasses epidemiology and biostatistics, health management, environmental health, and psychosocial and mental health. “It's not work, it's life,” laughs Khatib. Giacaman recounts how, until recently, any mention of the Israeli occupation drew rebukes from scientific journal editors, who would envision a torrent of hate mail and opt out. Neutrality seems a lopsided construct in these circumstances. “We had such a hard time publishing anything about Palestinian health or explaining the health consequences of war”, she recalls, adding, “We just want the chance to expose the truth in a scientific way.” The institute goes beyond truisms, such as the 1967 slogan “War is not healthy for children and other living things”. Giacaman and Khatib back up such assertions with specific data. A recent quality-of-life study by the Institute of Community and Public Health revealed that the separation barrier erected by the Israelis in the West Bank damages health by splitting up extended families. Without in-laws on hand to impart traditional child care and folk medicine, and with the local midwives blocked from free access by internal checkpoints and curfews, the negative effect on maternal and child health is measurable. Another pressing concern is dealing with chronic diseases while coping with insecurity and violence across the West Bank. Diabetes, metabolic disease, and cancers are prevalent, but turning research results into action to tackle these diseases is complicated by the political and socioeconomic situation. Giacaman and Khatib do not push political advocacy platforms but prefer to work directly with institutions. Mostly, their institute cooperates with the Palestinian Ministries of Health, Education, Agriculture, and the Environment, plus a smorgasbord of local and international non-governmental organisations and United Nations relief agencies. “We learn from them about the issues that come up and work with them to deal with these issues”, Giacaman says. “We don't compete.” The Institute of Community and Public Health is committed to easing the burdens caused by stressful conditions inside the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. “Whatever happens, we are here to stay”, concludes Khatib. Health status and health services in the occupied Palestinian territoryWe describe the demographic characteristics, health status, and health services of the Palestinian population living in Israeli-occupied Palestinian territory, and the way they have been modified by 60 years of continuing war conditions and 40 years of Israeli military occupation. Although health, literacy, and education currently have a higher standard in the Israeli-occupied Palestinian territory than they have in several Arab countries, 52% of families (40% in the West Bank and 74% in the Gaza Strip) were living below the poverty line of US$3·15 per person per day in 2007. Full-Text PDF
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https://openalex.org/W2889811468
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Understanding variations in catastrophic health expenditure, its underlying determinants and impoverishment in Sub-Saharan African countries: a scoping review
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To assess the financial burden due to out of pocket (OOP) payments, two mutually exclusive approaches have been used: catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment. Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries primarily rely on OOP and are thus challenged with providing financial protection to the populations. To understand the variations in CHE and impoverishment in SSA, and the underlying determinants of CHE, a scoping review of the existing evidence was conducted.This review is guided by Arksey and O'Malley scoping review framework. A search was conducted in several databases including PubMed, EBSCO (EconLit, PsychoInfo, CINAHL), Web of Science, Jstor and virtual libraries of the World Health Organizations (WHO) and the World Bank. The primary outcome of interest was catastrophic health expenditure/impoverishment, while the secondary outcome was the associated risk factors.Thirty-four (34) studies that met the inclusion criteria were fully assessed. CHE was higher amongst West African countries and amongst patients receiving treatment for HIV/ART, TB, malaria and chronic illnesses. Risk factors associated with CHE included household economic status, type of health provider, socio-demographic characteristics of household members, type of illness, social insurance schemes, geographical location and household size/composition. The proportion of households that are impoverished has increased over time across countries and also within the countries.This review demonstrated that CHE/impoverishment is pervasive in SSA, and the magnitude varies across and within countries and over time. Socio-economic factors are seen to drive CHE with the poor being the most affected, and they vary across countries. This calls for intensifying health policies and financing structures in SSA, to provide equitable access to all populations especially the most poor and vulnerable. There is a need to innovate and draw lessons from the 'informal' social networks/schemes as they are reported to be more effective in cushioning the financial burden.
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https://openalex.org/W4304182751
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The double burden of COVID-19 and Israeli military rule on persons with disabilities in the West Bank of the occupied Palestinian territory
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"West Bank",
"Israel"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4304182751
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The COVID-19 pandemic has enormous negative effects on people's lives. People with disabilities (PWDs) who have been made vulnerable and who tend to face significant barriers in accessing public services are likely to be affected even more. This study aims to shed light on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PWDs with special attention to their ability to access public services in the West Bank region of the occupied Palestinian territory.This qualitative study was conducted between March 2021 and October 2021. The study was divided into two phases. The first phase consisted of interviews with people with different disabilities, while the second phase targeted policymakers and stakeholders in discussion of the results of the first phase. A total of 16 interviews with people with different types of disabilities (7 males, 9 females) were conducted via telephone. For the second phase, a total of 6 interviews were conducted with stakeholders most responsible for addressing the issue of disability and the needs of PWDs in the West Bank. Analytical memos were prepared for all interviews. Main themes and subthemes were identified by reading and re-reading memos and transcripts until themes and subthemes emerged.All participants agreed that the COVID-19 pandemic had affected all aspects of life for all groups of people, including PWDs. The effects of the pandemic exacerbated the overall living conditions and access to basic services for PWDs. The results show that access to public transportation, public services, and to health services was all interrupted during the pandemic. This was compounded by deterioration of the financial situation for PWDs which further worsened their access. The stakeholders' interviews confirmed and explained the findings as mainly due to lack of prioritization of PWD's rights and needs.The study emphasized that most of the reported barriers to accessing essential services were intensified during the pandemic. Furthermore, the results show that PWDs and their needs are not considered a priority by the Palestinian Authority, exacerbated by the Israeli occupation. Our findings underline the importance of including PWDs in any future crisis planning.
|
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{
"display_name": "Frontiers in Psychology",
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
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{
"display_name": "PubMed",
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https://openalex.org/W3092521166
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Towards integrated surveillance-response systems for the prevention of future pandemics
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"display_name": "Xiao-Nong Zhou",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C761482"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776353676"
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"display_name": "One Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780120632"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
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{
"display_name": "Veterinary medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42972112"
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{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
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] |
[
"West Bank"
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"https://openalex.org/W3046218112",
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Abstract Most human pathogens originate from non-human hosts and certain pathogens persist in animal reservoirs. The transmission of such pathogens to humans may lead to self-sustaining chains of transmission. These pathogens represent the highest risk for future pandemics. For their prevention, the transmission over the species barrier — although rare — should, by all means, be avoided. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, surprisingly though, most of the current research concentrates on the control by drugs and vaccines, while comparatively little scientific inquiry focuses on future prevention. Already in 2012, the World Bank recommended to engage in a systemic One Health approach for zoonoses control, considering integrated surveillance-response and control of human and animal diseases for primarily economic reasons. First examples, like integrated West Nile virus surveillance in mosquitos, wild birds, horses and humans in Italy show evidence of financial savings from a closer cooperation of human and animal health sectors. Provided a zoonotic origin can be ascertained for the COVID-19 pandemic, integrated wildlife, domestic animal and humans disease surveillance-response may contribute to prevent future outbreaks. In conclusion, the earlier a zoonotic pathogen can be detected in the environment, in wildlife or in domestic animals; and the better human, animal and environmental surveillance communicate with each other to prevent an outbreak, the lower are the cumulative costs.
|
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{
"display_name": "Infectious Diseases of Poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737837740",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "edoc (University of Basel)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401836",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2135613941
|
Salt reduction as a population-based intervention for the prevention of coronary heart diseases: an economic assessment
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
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"display_name": "Azza Shoaibi",
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"country": "Palestine",
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"display_name": "Rana Khatib",
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"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "Glasgow Caledonian University",
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"display_name": "Martı́n O’Flaherty",
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"display_name": "University of Liverpool",
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"display_name": "Simon Capewell",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
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"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
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{
"country": "Qatar",
"display_name": "Qatar University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I60342839",
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"display_name": "Abdullatif Husseini",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063134205"
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"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Psychological intervention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008"
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{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Blood pressure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C84393581"
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{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
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{
"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276"
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{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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[
"West Bank"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2135613941
|
BackgroundThe incidence of coronary heart diseases is increasing in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) and hence poses a growing challenge for treatment. Reduction in the intake of dietary salt is a potentially cost-effective approach to reduce the burden of coronary heart diseases. Here, we report the results of an economic assessment of three interventions of salt reduction in the oPt.MethodsWe did the analysis from a societal perspective of three salt-reduction interventions—population-wide health promotion campaigns, mandatory labelling of food packaging, and mandatory reduction of salt content of processed food. These interventions were assessed individually, and in combinations of two and all three together. We estimated the costs of policies using past experiences, expert opinion, and hospital records, and costs of health care with a standardised unit cost for treatments. We considered the financial implications for the food industry and public sectors. The total cost of implementation of each policy was compared with the do-nothing scenario. We used data reported in reviews of epidemiological studies as estimates of the expected reduction of the current sodium salt consumption attributable to each policy. The expected change in salt intake was then converted into a change in mean population blood pressure based on estimates reported in a meta-analysis. The change in blood pressure was used to estimate the number of deaths prevented or postponed in 10 years, using the Palestinian IMPACT policy model for coronary heart disease. The estimates were compared with the number of deaths from coronary heart disease that would have been expected in relation to the number in the baseline year. This policy model is an epidemiological model that was used to analyse mortality associated with coronary heart disease and risk factor trends in the West Bank, oPt, between 1998 and 2009, and project mortality trends for the future. We used Microsoft Excel 2010 for our analyses.FindingsAll policies resulted in a reduction in salt intake of 5–30%, leading to changes of 1–20 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure. All scenarios were cost effective compared with the do-nothing scenario. The cost-effectiveness of the scenarios for per life-year gained was $134·57–1430·62 (purchasing power parity at 2010 exchange rates). Policies for the labelling of food and use of the three interventions together were the most cost effective. These two scenarios were estimated to save costs ($9 million and $6 million) and resulted in 945 life-years gained and 2682 life-years gained, respectively.InterpretationReduction of salt intake reduces the long-term burden of coronary heart diseases. In the oPt, population-based interventions to reduce salt intake are not only cost effective but also cost saving. We recommend a population-wide health promotion campaign, mandatory labelling of food packaging, and mandatory reduction of salt content of processed food.FundingEuropean Community's Seventh Framework Programme. The incidence of coronary heart diseases is increasing in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) and hence poses a growing challenge for treatment. Reduction in the intake of dietary salt is a potentially cost-effective approach to reduce the burden of coronary heart diseases. Here, we report the results of an economic assessment of three interventions of salt reduction in the oPt. We did the analysis from a societal perspective of three salt-reduction interventions—population-wide health promotion campaigns, mandatory labelling of food packaging, and mandatory reduction of salt content of processed food. These interventions were assessed individually, and in combinations of two and all three together. We estimated the costs of policies using past experiences, expert opinion, and hospital records, and costs of health care with a standardised unit cost for treatments. We considered the financial implications for the food industry and public sectors. The total cost of implementation of each policy was compared with the do-nothing scenario. We used data reported in reviews of epidemiological studies as estimates of the expected reduction of the current sodium salt consumption attributable to each policy. The expected change in salt intake was then converted into a change in mean population blood pressure based on estimates reported in a meta-analysis. The change in blood pressure was used to estimate the number of deaths prevented or postponed in 10 years, using the Palestinian IMPACT policy model for coronary heart disease. The estimates were compared with the number of deaths from coronary heart disease that would have been expected in relation to the number in the baseline year. This policy model is an epidemiological model that was used to analyse mortality associated with coronary heart disease and risk factor trends in the West Bank, oPt, between 1998 and 2009, and project mortality trends for the future. We used Microsoft Excel 2010 for our analyses. All policies resulted in a reduction in salt intake of 5–30%, leading to changes of 1–20 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure. All scenarios were cost effective compared with the do-nothing scenario. The cost-effectiveness of the scenarios for per life-year gained was $134·57–1430·62 (purchasing power parity at 2010 exchange rates). Policies for the labelling of food and use of the three interventions together were the most cost effective. These two scenarios were estimated to save costs ($9 million and $6 million) and resulted in 945 life-years gained and 2682 life-years gained, respectively. Reduction of salt intake reduces the long-term burden of coronary heart diseases. In the oPt, population-based interventions to reduce salt intake are not only cost effective but also cost saving. We recommend a population-wide health promotion campaign, mandatory labelling of food packaging, and mandatory reduction of salt content of processed food. European Community's Seventh Framework Programme.
|
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https://openalex.org/W2171807381
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Control of onchocerciasis—the next generation
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"display_name": "Peter J. Hotez",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2171807381
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The successful control of onchocerciasis in parts of west and central Africa is a great public-health victory. Caused by the nematode parasite, Onchocerca volvulus, and transmitted by Simulium blackflies breeding along fast-flowing streams, onchocerciasis was for centuries a leading cause of blindness (river blindness) and skin disease in sub-Saharan Africa and in some tropical regions of the Americas. A watershed occurred in 1972 when then World Bank President, Robert McNamara, witnessed the tragic effects of river blindness. 1 Levine R the What Works Working GroupCase 6, controlling onchocerciasis in Sub-Saharan Africa. in: Millions saved, proven successes in global health. Center for Global Development, Washington DC2004: 57-64 Google Scholar In response, McNamara championed the establishment of the Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP), a partnership of WHO, the Bank, and other international agencies. During its first two decades, the OCP focused on massive Simulium larvicidal spraying in 11 west African countries. 1 Levine R the What Works Working GroupCase 6, controlling onchocerciasis in Sub-Saharan Africa. in: Millions saved, proven successes in global health. Center for Global Development, Washington DC2004: 57-64 Google Scholar 13 years into the programme, after clinical trials showed the efficacy of Merck's anthelmintic drug, ivermectin, in reducing microfilarial loads in patients with onchocerciasis, the manufacturer's chief executive officer helped to launch a donation programme. Ultimately, annual or semi-annual treatments with ivermectin replaced spraying as the major control tool. Prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus infection and efficacy of ivermectin in endemic communities in Ghana: a two-phase epidemiological studyIvermectin remains a potent microfilaricide. However, our results suggest that resistant adult parasite populations, which are not responding as expected to ivermectin, are emerging. A high rate of repopulation of skin with microfilariae will allow parasite transmission, possibly with ivermectin-resistant O volvulus, which could eventually lead to recrudescence of the disease. Full-Text PDF
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"display_name": "The Lancet",
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https://openalex.org/W2072349178
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Forecasting prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Palestinians to 2030: validation of a predictive model
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"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
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"display_name": "Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh",
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],
"display_name": "Martı́n O’Flaherty",
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{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
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"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Liverpool",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I146655781",
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"display_name": "Simon Capewell",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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"display_name": "Obesity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011"
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{
"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320"
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{
"display_name": "Type 2 diabetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777180221"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C61511704"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910068830"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509"
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"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Endocrinology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914"
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[
"West Bank"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2072349178
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BackgroundProjections of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus are mostly based on changes in population demographics. Inclusion of the time trends of the prevalence of obesity and other risk factors could improve the accuracy of the projections and help with the assessment of policy options for prevention. We therefore report the validation of a mathematical model for predicting the prevalence of diabetes.MethodsWe created a mathematical model in which time trends in population, obesity, and smoking can be integrated, using a Markov approach, to estimate the future prevalence of diabetes. The parameters for the model were derived from publications, except for the incidence of diabetes, which was estimated with DISMOD II (version 1.01), a computer program that can be used to check the consistency of estimates of incidence, prevalence, duration, and case fatality from the baseline estimate of the prevalence of diabetes. We developed the model for the Palestinian population using data that were available for 2000–10. The model was validated by comparison of the predicted and actual prevalence of diabetes. The baseline point was obtained from the Palestinian Demographic Health Survey 2000. We used the Palestinian Family Health Survey 2004, Palestinian Family Health Survey 2006, and Stepwise Survey 2010 to validate the actual prevalence of diabetes. These are national surveys, each with more than 6000 participants. This study was approved by the Institute of Community and Public Health Ethical Review Committee, West Bank.FindingsIn 2000, the estimated prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 11·5% (95% CI 9·5–13·5) in Palestinian people aged 25 years or older; by 2010, it had increased to 14·5% (12·2–16·7). In this period, prevalence in men rose from 11·7% (9·7–13·6) to 15·9% (13·4–18·1) and in women from 11·4% (9·3–13·3) to 13·2% (11·1–15·2). In 2004, the prevalence reported in the Palestinian Family Health Survey was 10·6% (8·7–12·5) versus an estimated 11·4% (9·7–13·4); in 2006, these values were 11·8% (9·8–13·8) and 12·3% (10·6–14·6), respectively. Comparison of the estimated and reported prevalence showed a good match for 2004, 2006, and 2010. The forecasts for prevalence of diabetes are 20·8% (18·0–23·2) for 2020 and 23·4% (20·7–25·8) for 2030. If the prevalence of obesity starts to fall by 5%, starting in 2010, a 13% reduction in the prevalence of diabetes could be achieved by 2030.InterpretationThe estimates of the prevalence of diabetes in 2000–10 obtained with our model were fairly similar to those reported in independent surveys of prevalence in the occupied Palestinian territory. The burden of diabetes is now a huge public health challenge, and according to our model will increase substantially in the next two decades. Therefore, obesity and other risk factors for diabetes need urgent action to address them.FundingEuropean Community's Seventh Framework Programme. Projections of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus are mostly based on changes in population demographics. Inclusion of the time trends of the prevalence of obesity and other risk factors could improve the accuracy of the projections and help with the assessment of policy options for prevention. We therefore report the validation of a mathematical model for predicting the prevalence of diabetes. We created a mathematical model in which time trends in population, obesity, and smoking can be integrated, using a Markov approach, to estimate the future prevalence of diabetes. The parameters for the model were derived from publications, except for the incidence of diabetes, which was estimated with DISMOD II (version 1.01), a computer program that can be used to check the consistency of estimates of incidence, prevalence, duration, and case fatality from the baseline estimate of the prevalence of diabetes. We developed the model for the Palestinian population using data that were available for 2000–10. The model was validated by comparison of the predicted and actual prevalence of diabetes. The baseline point was obtained from the Palestinian Demographic Health Survey 2000. We used the Palestinian Family Health Survey 2004, Palestinian Family Health Survey 2006, and Stepwise Survey 2010 to validate the actual prevalence of diabetes. These are national surveys, each with more than 6000 participants. This study was approved by the Institute of Community and Public Health Ethical Review Committee, West Bank. In 2000, the estimated prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 11·5% (95% CI 9·5–13·5) in Palestinian people aged 25 years or older; by 2010, it had increased to 14·5% (12·2–16·7). In this period, prevalence in men rose from 11·7% (9·7–13·6) to 15·9% (13·4–18·1) and in women from 11·4% (9·3–13·3) to 13·2% (11·1–15·2). In 2004, the prevalence reported in the Palestinian Family Health Survey was 10·6% (8·7–12·5) versus an estimated 11·4% (9·7–13·4); in 2006, these values were 11·8% (9·8–13·8) and 12·3% (10·6–14·6), respectively. Comparison of the estimated and reported prevalence showed a good match for 2004, 2006, and 2010. The forecasts for prevalence of diabetes are 20·8% (18·0–23·2) for 2020 and 23·4% (20·7–25·8) for 2030. If the prevalence of obesity starts to fall by 5%, starting in 2010, a 13% reduction in the prevalence of diabetes could be achieved by 2030. The estimates of the prevalence of diabetes in 2000–10 obtained with our model were fairly similar to those reported in independent surveys of prevalence in the occupied Palestinian territory. The burden of diabetes is now a huge public health challenge, and according to our model will increase substantially in the next two decades. Therefore, obesity and other risk factors for diabetes need urgent action to address them.
|
[
{
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https://openalex.org/W1874068771
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Indirect costs associated with deaths from the Ebola virus disease in West Africa
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{
"country": "Zambia",
"display_name": "University of Zambia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I33278361",
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],
"display_name": "Felix Masiye",
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{
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"country": "Kenya",
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"display_name": "Doris Kirigia",
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{
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{
"country": "Ghana",
"display_name": "University of Ghana",
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"display_name": "Patricia Akweongo",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1874068771
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By 28 June 2015, there were a total of 11,234 deaths from the Ebola virus disease (EVD) in five West African countries (Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria and Sierra Leone). The objective of this study was to estimate the future productivity losses associated with EVD deaths in these West African countries, in order to encourage increased investments in national health systems. A cost-of-illness method was employed to calculate future non-health (NH) gross domestic product (GDP) (NHGDP) losses associated with EVD deaths. The future non-health GDP loss (NHGDPLoss) was discounted at 3 %. Separate analyses were done for three different age groups (< =14 years, 15–44 years and = >45 years) for the five countries (Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone) affected by EVD. We also conducted a one-way sensitivity analysis at 5 and 10 % discount rates to gauge their impacts on expected NHGDPLoss. The discounted value of future NHGDPLoss due to the 11,234 deaths associated with EVD was estimated to be Int$ (international dollars) 155,663,244. About 27.86 % of the loss would be borne by Guinea, 34.84 % by Liberia, 0.10 % by Mali, 0.24 % by Nigeria and 36.96 % by Sierra Leone. About 27.27 % of the loss is attributed to those aged under 14 years, 66.27 % to those aged 15–44 years and 6.46 % to those aged over 45 years. The average NHGDPLoss per EVD death was estimated to be Int$ 17,473 for Guinea, Int$ 11,283 for Liberia, Int$ 25,126 for Mali, Int$ 47,364 for Nigeria and Int$ 14,633 for Sierra Leone. In spite of alluded limitations, the estimates of human and economic losses reported in this paper, in addition to those projected by the World Bank, show that EVD imposes a significant economic burden on the affected West African countries. That heavy burden, coupled with human rights and global security concerns, underscores the urgent need for increased domestic and external investments to enable Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone (and other vulnerable African countries) to develop resilient health systems, including core capacities to detect, assess, notify, verify and report events, and to respond to public health risks and emergencies.
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[
{
"display_name": "Infectious Diseases of Poverty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737837740",
"type": "journal"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
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https://openalex.org/W2946065117
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Disability among Palestinian elderly in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt): prevalence and associated factors
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[
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"affiliations": [
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"country": "Hungary",
"display_name": "University of Debrecen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I132735039",
"lat": 47.53167,
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"type": "education"
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{
"country": "Palestine",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
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"display_name": "Nouh Harsha",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2946065117
|
Disability poses an important challenge to countries all over the world since it affects more than 15% of the global population. The disability prevalence is higher in developing countries compared to developed ones. Disability has negative consequences on health, wellbeing, and quality of life. The goal of this study is to assess the prevalence of disability and to determine some of its associated factors among Palestinian elderly in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), a country marked by a chronic lack of political, economic, and social stability which affect various aspects of the population's life.We used data from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) disability survey conducted in 2011 using a nationally representative sample of the Palestinians living in the West Bank (WB) and Gaza Strip (GS). Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire developed and adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Washington Group (WG) for Disability Statistics, adapted to satisfy the Palestinian context.Overall, 31.2% of the Palestinian elderly 60 years and above reported one or more type of disability. Binary logistic regression with disability as the dependent variable showed that older people [OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 2.31-3.60], women [OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.33-2.04], illiterate people [OR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.83-3.06], people reporting small family sizes with 1 to 2 members [OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.34-2.14], people who reported that they were not working at the time of the survey [OR = 4.59, 95% CI: 3.13-6.73], and Palestinian refugees [OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.04-1.42] were more likely to have a disability. However, residents of the Centre of WB were less likely to have disability compared to residents of the GS [OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.37-0.58].The study found a high prevalence of disability among Palestinian elderly, as has been reported by the majority of studies performed in developing countries. However, results indicate that demographic and socioeconomic differences among the disabled should be taken into special consideration in setting policies and practices to improve the health and wellbeing of the disabled.
|
[
{
"display_name": "BMC Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S200437886",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
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https://openalex.org/W2806910902
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Barriers to cardiovascular disease secondary prevention care in the West Bank, Palestine – a health professional perspective
|
[
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"display_name": "Jane Collier",
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{
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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) - including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and diabetes - have become a significant global burden on health. Particularly concerning are CVD rates, causing approximately 18 million deaths worldwide every year. The statistics show that the disease is no longer a predominantly high-income country phenomenon, but affects, increasingly, countries in both developing regions and conflict-affected areas. In the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), the focus of this article, CVD ranks top of ten NCD killers, accounting for approximately 37.6% of deaths. Key risk factors discerned in primary care settings have been related to both structural determinants (i.e. the Israeli occupation) and individual behavioural factors. Unfortunately, no data are available for secondary care settings in the region and, consequently, little is known about patients and their capacity for risk factor behaviour change to manage their CVD.To begin closing this gap in knowledge, our study provides insight into cardiovascular disease secondary prevention care with the overall aim to enhance the understanding of the complexities of managing NCDs like CVD in conflict-affected settings. Specifically, research was carried out among Palestinian health professionals who specialise in coronary artery disease in the West Bank to elicit their views on (a) how socio-political, health system and individual behavioural factors might hinder patients to change their health behaviour and impact on the provision of healthcare and (b) possible solutions for overcoming identified barriers to behaviour change on societal as well as individual-patient levels within secondary care provision in a context of protracted conflict.This study is based on a qualitative approach in order to provide more in-depth information about health beliefs and behaviours, experiences and views of health professionals with regards to CVD secondary care. In total, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted among doctors providing treatment to patients with CVD in secondary care settings. Interviews focused on health professionals' perspectives on risk factors and perceived barriers to behaviour change among known CVD patients receiving secondary care. Interviewees were also asked to propose possible actions that could be taken to overcome the identified barriers at both societal and individual patient levels. All interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.Study results confirmed our prior theory of the complex entanglement of socio-political, health system and individual-level factors with regards to CVD experience, health-seeking and treatment. Also confirmed was our assumption that it is crucial to understand experts' definitions and approaches to treatment in order to grasp their visions for appropriate and improved prevention and treatment options. In particular, study participants highlighted how political determinants, notably the detrimental impact of the Israeli occupation, and social determinants, directly and indirectly influence behavioural determinants due to physical and bureaucratic barriers to accessing health facilities, economic hardship and chronic stress. These stressors, in turn, were perceived as having a negative effect on individual behavioural risk factors including smoking, unhealthy diet and an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. Proposed solutions included more focused interventions from the Ministry of Health as well as surveillance, primary prevention and health promotion, and management to positively effect behaviour change in order to address the growing burden of CVD in the region.The study has highlighted medical professionals' perceptions of how structural and individual behavioural determinants influence their own and individual patient's abilities to manage cardiovascular risk factors in a setting affected by chronic conflict. Consequently, we propose that medical and social intervention strategies generally used to address CVD risk, be strategically adapted in order to be useful and effective in contexts of armed conflict. Specifically, we call for a solid understanding of the socio-political context and existing health services as well as health providers' and patients' health beliefs and related behaviours when developing future health options aimed at addressing CVD in the region. Moreover, for health provision to be effective as well as sustainable, attention needs to be given above all towards a solution for political change.
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https://openalex.org/W2036185110
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Economic and Other Societal Determinants of the Prevalence of Hiv: A Test of Competing Hypotheses
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2036185110
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The spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is believed to result from HIV-infected individuals who are unaware of their infection and, thus, the possible consequences of their sexual behavior for others. However, differential rates of HIV infection between countries may reflect a different set of circumstances. We obtained data from the World Bank and several other sources to test eight alternative explanations for the global differences in prevalence of HIV infection: (1) economic underdevelopment, (2) inadequate public health care, (3) insufficient media, (4) political instability, (5) overurbanization, (6) social inequity, (7) religion, and (8) region. Our regression findings showed that income inequality and political instability had statistically significant positive effects on HIV/AIDS prevalence and that gender equality had a negative effect on HIV/AIDS prevalence. Religion and region were also important predictors, as countries that were predominately Muslim and Christian Orthodox generally had lower prevalence of HIV/AIDS, whereas West Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa had a higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS. None of the public health and media indicators were statistically relevant.
|
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https://openalex.org/W3159633279
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Acute Respiratory Tract Infections among Hospitalized Palestinian Patients (2011–2016): A Retrospective Study
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3159633279
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Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major public health concern. This study aims to investigate the profiles and epidemiological characteristics of acute RTIs and respiratory pathogens in Palestinian hospitalized patients. Clinical samples from hospitalized patients with symptoms of acute RTIs admitted between January 2011 and December 2016 were referred to the Palestinian Central Public Health Laboratory (PHCL) to identify the causative pathogen. Patients’ demographic information and the results of the molecular identification were retrieved from the electronic database at the PHCL. A total of 15413 patients with acute RTIs were hospitalized during the study period. The causal agent was identified only in 28.7% of the patients. Overall, influenza viruses were the most common cause of RTIs among hospitalized Palestinian patients in the West Bank. Children and elderlies were the most affected with RTIs. The elderly population (≥60 years old) had the highest rates. After influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) were the most common causes of acute RTIs among hospitalized Palestinian patients. Children showed the highest hospitalization rates for RSV, B. pertussis, adenovirus, enterovirus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. On the other hand, elderlies had the highest rates of influenza. Outbreaks of RTIs occurred mainly during winter (between December and March). The resurgence of B. pertussis in spite of vaccination is alarming and requires further investigation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S165423614",
"type": "journal"
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{
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{
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"type": "repository"
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{
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"type": "repository"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W4313439726
|
Public nutritional Knowledge toward the COVID-19 among Palestinian Population: A Cross- Sectional Study
|
[
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"display_name": "University of Palestine",
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{
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"display_name": "Arab American University",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Comorbidity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779159551"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Gerontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74909509"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
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{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4313439726
|
Background: COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease that affected multiple countries and sustained person-to-person transmission making it a concerning and serious public health threat. This pandemic has emphasized that good nutrition and a healthy life is the key to strengthening immunity. Aim of the study: To assess knowledge of nutrition toward the COVID-19 among the Palestinian population. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was launched at West Bank and Gaza Strip. A total number of 554 participants have shared the completion of this survey and the response rate was 90.2%. Results: The mean level of knowledge among participants was 65.38% and the study indicated that 55.8% behaving healthy nutritional habits. The analysis revealed that the mean score of knowledge increased by 1.61 comparing the oldest age groups (>30 years) against the youngest group. As the same as, the knowledge mean score increased by 2.46 among the obese individuals according to BMI classification (>30). Whereas, the knowledge mean score was increased significantly among those who work in medical sectors compared to others unemployed individuals. As well, the knowledge score increased by 2.04 among individuals with comorbidity than healthy ones. Conclusion: Nutritional knowledge score during COVID-19 was 67.03% and the knowledge about the body immunity system and the protective measures against COVID-19, scored a weighted mean of 76.21%. The level of knowledge among all participants did not reflect a satisfactory level of knowledge among the public regard COVID-19 while the level of behaving healthy nutritional habits illustrated that nearly 45% of the participants were practicing unhealthy nutritional behaviors. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 01 January’23 Page : 57-67
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S207393940",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Lirias (KU Leuven)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401954",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3120415429
|
Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases before and after Iran’s health transformation plan: evidence from a referral hospital of Iran
|
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{
"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "Iran University of Medical Sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I161106909",
"lat": 35.69439,
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"display_name": "Vahid Alipour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060122573"
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "Ardabil University of Medical Sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I33103891",
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"display_name": "Hamed Zandian",
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "Kerman University of Medical Sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I235686326",
"lat": 30.28321,
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],
"display_name": "Vahid Yazdi‐Feyzabadi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069911966"
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{
"affiliations": [
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"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "Ardabil University of Medical Sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I33103891",
"lat": 38.2146,
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Leili Avesta",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061359403"
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"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "Ardabil University of Medical Sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I33103891",
"lat": 38.2146,
"long": 48.29678,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Telma Zahirian Moghadam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5083425124"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Indirect costs",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6964187"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
"display_name": "Checklist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779356329"
},
{
"display_name": "Total cost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182299520"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Health economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524218345"
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{
"display_name": "Referral",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776135927"
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{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
"display_name": "Cognitive psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180747234"
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{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787"
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] |
[
"West Bank",
"Iran"
] |
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"https://openalex.org/W1908289777",
"https://openalex.org/W1914308209",
"https://openalex.org/W1941358101",
"https://openalex.org/W1944597394",
"https://openalex.org/W1981849015",
"https://openalex.org/W1982264966",
"https://openalex.org/W2024057389",
"https://openalex.org/W2029235014",
"https://openalex.org/W2030799990",
"https://openalex.org/W2033641027",
"https://openalex.org/W2055712032",
"https://openalex.org/W2071086392",
"https://openalex.org/W2073094170",
"https://openalex.org/W2103567620",
"https://openalex.org/W2131559680",
"https://openalex.org/W2146172573",
"https://openalex.org/W2203092361",
"https://openalex.org/W2288301042",
"https://openalex.org/W2406459969",
"https://openalex.org/W2467750347",
"https://openalex.org/W2611676462",
"https://openalex.org/W2751792491",
"https://openalex.org/W2780974111",
"https://openalex.org/W2791453970",
"https://openalex.org/W2792688261",
"https://openalex.org/W2801234036",
"https://openalex.org/W2886939375",
"https://openalex.org/W2889760570",
"https://openalex.org/W2910070166",
"https://openalex.org/W2919917934",
"https://openalex.org/W2946097369"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3120415429
|
Abstract Background Different countries have set different policies to control and decrease the costs of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Iran was aiming to reduce the economic burden of different disease by a recent reform from named as health transformation plan (HTP). This study aimed to examine the economic burden of CVDs before and after of HTP. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 patients with CVDs, who were randomly selected from a specialized cardiovascular hospital in the north-west of Iran. Direct and indirect costs of CVDs were calculated using the cost of illness and human capital approaches. Data were collected using a researcher-made checklist obtained from several sources including structured interviews, the Statistical Center of Iran, Iran’s Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, the central bank of Iran, and the data of global burden of disease obtained from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation to estimate direct and mortality costs. All costs were calculated in Iranian Rials (IRR). Results Total costs of CVDs were about 5571 and 6700 billion IRR before and after the HTP, respectively. More than 62% of the total costs of CVDs accounted for premature death before (64.89%) and after (62.01%) the HTP. The total hospitalization costs of CVDs was significantly increased after the HTP (p = 0.038). In both times, surgical services and visiting had the highest and lowest share of hospitalization costs, respectively. The OOP expenditure decreased significantly and reached from 54.2 to 36.7%. All hospitalization costs, except patients’ OOP expenditure, were significantly increased after the HTP about 1.3 times. Direct non-medical costs reached from 2.4 to 3.3 billion before and after the HTP, respectively. Conclusion Economic burden of CVDs increased in the north-west of Iran after the HTP due to the increase of all direct and indirect costs, except the OOP expenditure. Non-allocation of defined resources, which coincided with the international and national political and economic challenges in Iran, led to unsustainable resources of the HTP. So, no results of this study can be attributed solely to the HTP. Therefore, more detailed studies should be carried out on the reasons for the significant increase in CVDs costs in the region.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S22361854",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2799492058
|
Health risk behaviours of Palestinian youth: findings from a representative survey
|
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"country": "United States",
"display_name": "RAND Corporation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1309849503",
"lat": 34.009598,
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],
"display_name": "Peter Glick",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5043047159"
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{
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{
"country": "Jordan",
"display_name": "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East",
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"country": "Palestinian Territory",
"display_name": "Al-Quds University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I21215505",
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Mohammed Shaheen",
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"display_name": "RAND Corporation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1309849503",
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],
"display_name": "Ryan Andrew Brown",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5010270081"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/I1309849503",
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],
"display_name": "Prodyumna Goutam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5030103038"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
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"display_name": "RAND Corporation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1309849503",
"lat": 34.009598,
"long": -118.49067,
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}
],
"display_name": "Rita Karam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088486634"
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{
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{
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"display_name": "RAND Corporation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1309849503",
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"type": "nonprofit"
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],
"display_name": "Sebastian Linnemayr",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069247349"
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{
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{
"country": "Jordan",
"display_name": "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210146208",
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"long": 35.94503,
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],
"display_name": "Salwa Massad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5012468724"
}
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{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
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{
"display_name": "Quarter (Canadian coin)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C85079727"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
"display_name": "Outreach",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781400479"
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{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Refugee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W74361765",
"https://openalex.org/W1970261835",
"https://openalex.org/W1994616567",
"https://openalex.org/W2013220683",
"https://openalex.org/W2043040885",
"https://openalex.org/W2093265720",
"https://openalex.org/W2099251564",
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"https://openalex.org/W2136341911",
"https://openalex.org/W2160947415",
"https://openalex.org/W2213331264",
"https://openalex.org/W2728083408",
"https://openalex.org/W2799492058"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2799492058
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There is little systematic information about health risk behaviours among youth in Middle Eastern countries, leaving public health authorities unprepared to deal with emerging public health threats at a time of major social change.The Palestinian Youth Health Risk study investigates patterns of risk behaviours among Palestinian youth, their perceptions of the risks and benefits of such behaviours, and the relationship of exposure to violence with mental health and engagement in risk behaviours.We conducted a representative survey among 2500 individuals aged 15-24 years in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, permitting reliable comparison across sex and rural-urban divisions. A stratified 2-stage random sample was drawn from the 2007 population census, with strata formed by crossing the 12 governorates with urban, rural and refugee camp locations. Within strata, 208 survey clusters were sampled with probability proportional to size. Within each cluster, 14 households with youth of the appropriate age were sampled.Among youth aged 20-24 years, 22.4% of males and 11.6% of females reported trying alcohol; 10.5% of males and 4.3% of females reported trying drugs. Almost one quarter of unmarried youth aged 20-24 years reported any sexual experience. Tobacco use is high, even among younger youth (45.4% of males and 21.2% of females aged 15-19 smoke). Risk behaviours are higher among males, older youth and in urban areas and refugee camps.While smoking is of particular concern, prevention outreach for all behaviours should be directed at subgroups and areas identified as highest risk.السلوكيات التي تنطوي على مخاطر صحية بين الشباب الفلسطينيين: نتائج مستمدة من مسح تمثيلي.بيتر جليك، أمية الخماش، محمد شاهين، رايان براون، بروديومنا جوتام، ريتا كرم، سيباستيان لينيماير، سلوى مسعد.لا تتوفر سوى معلومات منهجية ضئيلة عن كثير من السلوكيات التي تنطوي على مخاطر صحية بين شباب الشرق الأوسط.توفّر هذه الدراسة تقديرات لمستويات وأنماط السلوكيات الخطرة بين الشباب الفلسطينيين استناداً إلى مسح ذو طابع تمثيلي واسع النطاق.استُهدفت عينة من 2500 فرداً في الفئة العمرية 15-24 عاماً في الضفة الغربية والقدس الشرقية لإجراء مسح ذي طابع تمثيلي.أفاد 22.4 % من الشبان الذكور في الفئة العمرية 20-24 عاماً، و 11.6 % من الشابات بتجربة المشروبات الكحولية (8.1% و 3.6% بالنسبة للشبان والشابات في الفئة العمرية 15-19 عاماً). وأفاد 10.5 % من الشبان في الفئة العمرية 20-24 عاماً و 4.3 % من الشابات بتجربة المخدرات (3.8 % و 1.6 % بالنسبة للشبان والشابات في الفئة العمرية 15-19 عاماً). كما أفاد 9.3 % من الشبان غير المتزوجين و 6.7 % من الشابات غير المتزوجات في الفئة العمرية 20-24 عاماً بممارسة الجنس، ولئن أفاد نحو ربع هذه النسبة من كلا الجنسين بعدم وجود أي خبرة جنسية لديهم. وتبيّ ارتفاع مستوى تعاطي التبغ بصورة بالغة، حتى بين الشباب الأصغر سناً (45.5% من الذكور و 21.2 % من الإناث في الفئة العمرية 15-19 عاماً هم من المدخنين)، كما تبيّ انتشار العنف المتبادل بين الأفراد (الشجار) بصورة كبيرة. وتبيّ ارتفاع مستوى السلوكيات الخطرة فيما بين الشبان والشباب الأكبر سناً وفي المناطق الحضرية (لا سيَّما القدس) وفي مخيمات اللاجئين مقارنة بالمناطق الريفية. كما تبدو مستويات انخراط الشباب الفلسطينيين من المناطق الأخرى في تعاطي الكحوليات والمخدرات وممارسة الأنشطة الجنسية، بما في ذلك الجماع، أقل من غيرهم في جميع النتائج، ولكن ينقلب الوضع فيما يتعلق بالتدخين والعنف المتبادل بين الأفراد.يمثل التدخين شاغلاً مهماً، إلا أنه ينبغي توجيه أنشطة التوعية على الوقاية من جميع السلوكيات الخطرة إلى المجموعات الفرعية والمناطق التي يتم تحديدها باعتبارها عالية المخاطر.Comportements à risque pour la santé chez les jeunes palestiniens : résultats d’une étude représentative.Il existe peu de données systématiques sur les comportements à risque pour la santé chez les jeunes au Moyen-Orient. Les autorités de santé publique ne sont donc pas préparées aux menaces de santé publique émergentes en période de changement social majeur.L’Étude des risques sanitaires chez les jeunes palestiniens examine les schémas comportementaux à risque parmi les jeunes palestiniens, leurs perceptions des risques et des bénéfices tirés de tels comportements, la relation entre l’exposition à la violence et la santé mentale, et l’adoption de comportements à risque.Nous avons réalisé une enquête représentative auprès de 2500 individus âgés de 15 à 24 ans en Cisjordanie et à Jérusalem-Est, ce qui nous a permis de procéder à une comparaison fiable en fonction du sexe ainsi qu’entre zones rurale et zones urbaines. Un échantillon aléatoire stratifié à deux niveaux a été prélevé dans le recensement de population de 2007, avec des strates formées en sélectionnant les zones urbaines, rurales, et les camps de réfugiés au sein des 12 gouvernorats. Dans les strates, 208 foyers d’étude ont été échantillonnés, avec une probabilité proportionnelle à la taille. Au sein de chaque foyer, 14 ménages comptant des jeunes ayant l’âge approprié ont été échantillonnés.Parmi les jeunes âgés de 20 à 24 ans, 22,4 % des garçons et 11,6 % des filles ont rapporté avoir déjà essayé l’alcool, et 10,5 % des garçons et 4,3 % des filles ont signalé avoir déjà essayé les drogues. Près d’un quart des jeunes célibataires âgés de 20 à 24 ans ont rapporté n’avoir eu aucune expérience sexuelle. Le tabagisme est très élevé, même chez les plus jeunes (45,4 % des garçons et 21,2 % des jeunes filles âgés de 15 à 19 ans fument). Les comportements à risque sont plus élevés parmi les garçons, chez les jeunes plus âgés, dans les zones urbaines et dans les camps de réfugiés.Si le tabagisme est particulièrement préoccupant, des activités de prévention pour l’ensemble des comportements devraient être menées dans les sous-groupes et les zones identifiés à haut risque.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S175879142",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2082654675
|
Think big, World Bank: time for a public health safeguard
|
[
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"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Western Washington University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I52669646",
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"display_name": "Richard Seifman",
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"display_name": "Sarah Kornblet",
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"country": "United States",
"display_name": "George Washington University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I193531525",
"lat": 38.89511,
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],
"display_name": "Claire J. Standley",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079757569"
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"display_name": "Milken Institute",
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Sometimes great changes result from small actions. Technical advances might grab headlines, but changes to administrative processes can potentially have an equally important effect on how public health actions are carried out on the ground. In the past six decades, the World Bank's increasingly diverse portfolio has grown to include more than US$1 billion in annual commitments for health, nutrition, and population activities—about a quarter of all its projects.1Ruger JP The changing role of the World Bank in global health.Am J Public Health. 2005; 95: 60-70Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar That is why it is so essential that the global community pays attention to the discussion and any proposed decisions about safeguards against any unintended social and environmental effects of World Bank policies and investments.In the 1980s, stakeholders became concerned with the unintended consequences of World Bank investments on lives and livelihoods, such as displacement of populations or damage to habitats during building projects. A set of safeguarding policies2World BankOperational policies.http://go.worldbank.org/0BM4HLLCB0Google Scholar was developed to help planners consider these concerns and manage risks during the planning process. In 2010, the World Bank's Independent Evaluation Group3World Bank Independent Evaluation GroupSafeguards and sustainability policies in a changing world: an independent evaluation of World Bank group experience. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank Group, Washington, DC2010Google Scholar recommended an update of these safeguards to enhance their effectiveness, consistency, and relevance. In response, the World Bank began a multiphased review and consultation process. The proposed new Environmental and Social Framework,4World BankEnvironmental and social framework: setting standards for sustainable development. World Bank Group, Washington, DC2014http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/07/19898916/environmental-social-framework-setting-standards-sustainable-developmentGoogle Scholar which would become the new safeguards standard, is being reviewed by stakeholders worldwide.The proposed framework includes ten draft Environmental and Social Standards to be applied throughout the project life cycle, covering issues as diverse as cultural heritage, biodiversity, and worker safety. One of these proposed safeguard standards does address community health and safety standards to mitigate safety risks (eg, ensure that designs and materials used in a project are in accordance with national legal requirements and international industry practices) and prevent transmission of disease through water, vectors, or by a mobile workforce. The draft standards also briefly reference endemic disease burdens, and a smattering of other references to environmental health risks appears in other standards. However, none of these standards—individually or collectively—adequately address the risks posed by the emerging, epidemic-prone, and endemic diseases recognised as high priorities by the international community, including the World Bank itself.The World Bank has estimated that the Ebola virus outbreak in west Africa could cost the region thousands of lives and as much as $32·6 billion by the end of 2015, undermining years of economic development.5World BankEbola: new World Bank Group study forecasts billions in economic loss if epidemic lasts longer, spreads in west Africa.http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/10/08/ebola-new-world-bank-group-study-forecasts-billions-in-economic-loss-if-epidemic-lasts-longer-spreads-in-west-africaDate: Oct 8, 2014Google Scholar Unfortunately, there is no reason to believe that this epidemic will be the last faced by the most affected countries, the broader region, or the world.Stakeholders now have an opportunity to speak up for a real public health safeguard that explicitly recognises the importance of healthy human capital to the success of all investment projects. A public health safeguard would establish global standards for the assessment, prevention, management, and monitoring of potential vulnerabilities within health systems among other recognised social and environmental risks that imperil sustainable gains. The measurable outcomes do not have to be developed de novo; the World Bank Group has already established numerous measures of progress towards the strengthening of health systems, and the 196 States Parties to the International Health Regulations have already agreed to build the core capacities required to detect, assess, report, and respond to potential public health emergencies of international concern, with technical guidance from WHO.From the community to the global level, this modest change in the World Bank investment processes could have an enormous effect on short-term and long-term plans to build the capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats. For the World Bank to adopt a public health safeguard would be an acknowledgment that achievement of measurable results in public health is necessary to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. For the rest of the global community, the adoption of a public health safeguard would immensely increase the attention and resources directed towards building required public health capacity around the world.We urge the global health community to actively encourage the adoption of a public health safeguard.6World BankReview and update of the World Bank safeguard policies.http://consultations.worldbank.org/consultation/review-and-update-world-bank-safeguard-policiesGoogle ScholarWe declare no competing interests. RS was a World Bank staff member and consultant from 1994 to 2014. Sometimes great changes result from small actions. Technical advances might grab headlines, but changes to administrative processes can potentially have an equally important effect on how public health actions are carried out on the ground. In the past six decades, the World Bank's increasingly diverse portfolio has grown to include more than US$1 billion in annual commitments for health, nutrition, and population activities—about a quarter of all its projects.1Ruger JP The changing role of the World Bank in global health.Am J Public Health. 2005; 95: 60-70Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar That is why it is so essential that the global community pays attention to the discussion and any proposed decisions about safeguards against any unintended social and environmental effects of World Bank policies and investments. In the 1980s, stakeholders became concerned with the unintended consequences of World Bank investments on lives and livelihoods, such as displacement of populations or damage to habitats during building projects. A set of safeguarding policies2World BankOperational policies.http://go.worldbank.org/0BM4HLLCB0Google Scholar was developed to help planners consider these concerns and manage risks during the planning process. In 2010, the World Bank's Independent Evaluation Group3World Bank Independent Evaluation GroupSafeguards and sustainability policies in a changing world: an independent evaluation of World Bank group experience. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank Group, Washington, DC2010Google Scholar recommended an update of these safeguards to enhance their effectiveness, consistency, and relevance. In response, the World Bank began a multiphased review and consultation process. The proposed new Environmental and Social Framework,4World BankEnvironmental and social framework: setting standards for sustainable development. World Bank Group, Washington, DC2014http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/07/19898916/environmental-social-framework-setting-standards-sustainable-developmentGoogle Scholar which would become the new safeguards standard, is being reviewed by stakeholders worldwide. The proposed framework includes ten draft Environmental and Social Standards to be applied throughout the project life cycle, covering issues as diverse as cultural heritage, biodiversity, and worker safety. One of these proposed safeguard standards does address community health and safety standards to mitigate safety risks (eg, ensure that designs and materials used in a project are in accordance with national legal requirements and international industry practices) and prevent transmission of disease through water, vectors, or by a mobile workforce. The draft standards also briefly reference endemic disease burdens, and a smattering of other references to environmental health risks appears in other standards. However, none of these standards—individually or collectively—adequately address the risks posed by the emerging, epidemic-prone, and endemic diseases recognised as high priorities by the international community, including the World Bank itself. The World Bank has estimated that the Ebola virus outbreak in west Africa could cost the region thousands of lives and as much as $32·6 billion by the end of 2015, undermining years of economic development.5World BankEbola: new World Bank Group study forecasts billions in economic loss if epidemic lasts longer, spreads in west Africa.http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/10/08/ebola-new-world-bank-group-study-forecasts-billions-in-economic-loss-if-epidemic-lasts-longer-spreads-in-west-africaDate: Oct 8, 2014Google Scholar Unfortunately, there is no reason to believe that this epidemic will be the last faced by the most affected countries, the broader region, or the world. Stakeholders now have an opportunity to speak up for a real public health safeguard that explicitly recognises the importance of healthy human capital to the success of all investment projects. A public health safeguard would establish global standards for the assessment, prevention, management, and monitoring of potential vulnerabilities within health systems among other recognised social and environmental risks that imperil sustainable gains. The measurable outcomes do not have to be developed de novo; the World Bank Group has already established numerous measures of progress towards the strengthening of health systems, and the 196 States Parties to the International Health Regulations have already agreed to build the core capacities required to detect, assess, report, and respond to potential public health emergencies of international concern, with technical guidance from WHO. From the community to the global level, this modest change in the World Bank investment processes could have an enormous effect on short-term and long-term plans to build the capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats. For the World Bank to adopt a public health safeguard would be an acknowledgment that achievement of measurable results in public health is necessary to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. For the rest of the global community, the adoption of a public health safeguard would immensely increase the attention and resources directed towards building required public health capacity around the world. We urge the global health community to actively encourage the adoption of a public health safeguard.6World BankReview and update of the World Bank safeguard policies.http://consultations.worldbank.org/consultation/review-and-update-world-bank-safeguard-policiesGoogle Scholar We declare no competing interests. RS was a World Bank staff member and consultant from 1994 to 2014.
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https://openalex.org/W2000328807
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Taiwan and the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
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"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza"
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We would like to re-emphasise the urgency of the need to close gaps in the global surveillance system identified in the excellent Comment by Martin McKee and Rifat Atun (April 15, p 1224),1McKee M Atun R Beyond borders: public-health surveillance.Lancet. 2006; 367: 1224-1226Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar especially under the threat of avian influenza. The critical role of migratory birds in transmitting H5N1 virus has been confirmed. Northern Cyprus, Transdneistria (Moldova), Nagorno Karabakh (Azerbaijan), Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Georgia), Kosovo, and the Gaza Strip and West Bank are located along the Black Sea Mediterranean migratory flyway, and Taiwan is on the east Asian migratory flyway. These are “new regions at risk” according to a joint study by the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Organization for Animal Health, and WHO.2Food and Agriculture Organization, World Organization for Animal Health, World Health OrganizationA global strategy for the progressive control of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/documents/ai/HPAIGlobalStrategy31Oct05.pdfGoogle Scholar Yet WHO has not incorporated these regions into the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN).3WHOGlobal outbreak alert and response: report of a WHO meeting. World Health Organization, Geneva2000http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/whocdscsr2003.pdfGoogle Scholar It is encouraging to see cooperative developments in avian influenza control in Cyprus and the Middle East. However, it is depressing to learn from Mckee and Atun that the memorandum of understanding between WHO and China was the main reason why Taiwan's participation in several important WHO avian influenza control meetings in the past year was limited. We propose that WHO could work with Taiwan through the World Trade Organization (WTO). Taiwan, ranked 17th in the world for exports and 16th for imports in 2004,4World Trade OrganizationTrade profiles: Taipei, Chinese.http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Language=E&Country=TWGoogle Scholar has been a member of the WTO since Jan 1, 2002. We believe that an International Health Regulation focal point5WHOWHO pandemic influenza draft protocol for rapid response and containment. World Health Organization, Geneva2006http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/fluprotocol_17.03.pdfGoogle Scholar reflecting Taiwan's WTO status is a pragmatic way to integrate Taiwan into GOARN. The SARS epidemic showed us that WHO could have detected the disease earlier and saved more lives if all affected countries, including Taiwan, were part of the global public health system. We should not repeat the same mistakes in our fight against the even greater threat of an influenza pandemic. We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
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https://openalex.org/W2034931123
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The Global Relationship Between the Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Incidence of Tuberculosis: 2000-2012
|
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Alaa Badawi",
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Suzy Sayegh",
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"display_name": "Mohamed H. Al‐Thani",
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"display_name": "Muhammad Alam",
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"display_name": "Paul Arora",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069729871"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781069245"
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"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
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"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555293320"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C25511272"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2034931123
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Background: The dual burden of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased over the past decade with DM prevalence increasing in countries already afflicted with a high burden of TB. The coexistence of the two conditions presents a serious threat to global public health. Objective: The present study examines the global relationship between the prevalence of DM and the incidence of TB to evaluate their coexistence worldwide and their contribution to one another. Methods: This is an ecological longitudinal study covering the period between years 2000 to 2012. We utilized data from the WHO and World Bank sources and International Diabetes Federation to estimate prevalence of DM (%) and the incidence of TB (per 100,000). Measures of central tendency and dispersion as well as the harmonic mean and linear regression were used for different WHO regions. The association between DM prevalence and TB incidence was examined by quartile of DM prevalence. Results: The worldwide average (±S.D.) prevalence of DM within the study period was 6.6±3.8% whereas TB incidence was 135.0±190.5 per 100,000. DM prevalence was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean (8.3±4.1) and West Pacific (8.2±5.6) regions and lowest in the Africa (3.5±2.6). TB incidence was highest in Africa (313.1±275.9 per 100,000) and South-East Asia (216.7±124.9) and lowest in the European (46.5±68.6) and American (47.2±52.9) regions. Only countries with high DM prevalence (>7.6%) showed a significant positive association with TB incidence (r=0.17, p=0.013). Conclusion: A positive association between DM and TB may exist in some – but not all – world regions, a dual burden that necessitates identifying the nature of this coexistence to assist in developing public health approaches that curb their rising burden.
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[
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"display_name": "Global Journal of Health Science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2755631367",
"type": "journal"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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https://openalex.org/W4283755820
|
Risk factors for the double burden of malnutrition in children younger than 5 years in the Gaza Strip: a systematic review
|
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4283755820
|
Malnutrition, the coexistence of both undernutrition and obesity, poses a considerable public health and economic burden worldwide. Globally, undernutrition is the largest cause of death in children younger than 5 years, being responsible for 3·1 million, or approximately 45%, of deaths in this population. Conversely, WHO estimated that, in 2016, 41 million children younger than 5 years were overweight or obese. The global problem of malnutrition can be ascribed to changing dietary and lifestyle habits and to the epidemiological transition of most countries. Developing communities, such as in the Gaza Strip, are thus subject to a double burden of preexisting widespread undernutrition and emerging obesity and chronic diseases.A systematic search and literature review was done in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for articles discussing risk factors for obesity and undernutrition among Palestinians. Additionally, we reviewed UN Relief and Works Agency and Ministry of Health of the occupied Palestinian territory health annual reports. We included all original, population-based studies, irrespective of their design or publication status, language, or age of participants. We independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts for eligibility, then extracted relevant data and assessed the risk of bias. We pooled the most common reported risk factors for the double burden of malnutrition in the occupied Palestinian territories (Gaza Strip and West Bank) for the period of June, 2017, to June, 2018.Of 432 publications retrieved, we included 23 eligible articles. The pooled risk factors for undernutrition and obesity in the Gaza Strip were poverty and poor socioeconomic situations (63%), poor awareness of healthy diets and lifestyle among communities (26%), developmental transition and urbanisation (6%), and others (5%). The political situation and the blockade in the Gaza Strip contributed to different weights of the risk factors above mentioned. All studies had a moderate to high risk of bias, especially selection bias. Annual health reports of UN Relief and Works Agency and Ministry of Health of the occupied Palestinian territory showed that overweight was in high prevalence in children younger than 5 years (6·5%), as were other problems of undernutrition, such as stunting (7·1%).The poor political and socioeconomic situation in Gaza compound the risk factors contributing to the high prevalence of malnutrition in the area. In addition, awareness about healthy lifestyles is scarce, which increases the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children. Urbanisation and developmental factors such as globalisation and technological developments added a small risk of overweight and obesity.None.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3181675694
|
Development of a targeted client communication intervention for pregnant and post-partum women: a descriptive study
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Norway",
"display_name": "Norwegian Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1333353642",
"lat": 59.91273,
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{
"country": "Norway",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/I4432739",
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"display_name": "Binyam Bogale",
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{
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{
"country": "Norway",
"display_name": "Norwegian Institute of Public Health",
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"display_name": "Kjersti Mørkrid",
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"country": "Norway",
"display_name": "Norwegian Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1333353642",
"lat": 59.91273,
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"display_name": "Brian O’Donnell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040048500"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Slovenia",
"display_name": "National Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210118971",
"lat": 46.051617,
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"display_name": "Buthaina Ghanem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5036665934"
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{
"affiliations": [
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"country": "Slovenia",
"display_name": "National Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210118971",
"lat": 46.051617,
"long": 14.506613,
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"display_name": "Itimad Abu Ward",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069968646"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Slovenia",
"display_name": "National Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210118971",
"lat": 46.051617,
"long": 14.506613,
"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Khadija Abu Khader",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5046773939"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Slovenia",
"display_name": "National Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210118971",
"lat": 46.051617,
"long": 14.506613,
"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Mervett Isbeih",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039510396"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Norway",
"display_name": "University of Oslo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I184942183",
"lat": 59.91273,
"long": 10.74609,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Michael J. Frost",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5003370378"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Slovenia",
"display_name": "National Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210118971",
"lat": 46.051617,
"long": 14.506613,
"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Mohammad Baniode",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5025950969"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Jamaica",
"display_name": "Ministry of Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210163957",
"lat": 17.99702,
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"type": "government"
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"display_name": "Taghreed Hijaz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060986068"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Slovenia",
"display_name": "National Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210118971",
"lat": 46.051617,
"long": 14.506613,
"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Tamara Awwad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5025911839"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Slovenia",
"display_name": "National Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210118971",
"lat": 46.051617,
"long": 14.506613,
"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Yousef Rabah",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5033961408"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Norway",
"display_name": "Norwegian Institute of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1333353642",
"lat": 59.91273,
"long": 10.74609,
"type": "government"
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{
"country": "Norway",
"display_name": "University of Bergen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4432739",
"lat": 60.39299,
"long": 5.32415,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "J. Frederik Frøen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5057229585"
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] |
[
{
"display_name": "Thematic analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74196892"
},
{
"display_name": "Attendance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778173179"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
},
{
"display_name": "Descriptive statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39896193"
},
{
"display_name": "Prenatal care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775887326"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3181675694
|
BackgroundTargeted client communication using text messages can inform, motivate, and remind pregnant and postpartum women to use care in a timely way. The mixed results of previous studies of the effectiveness of targeted client communication highlight the importance of theory-based co-design with users. We planned, developed, and tested a theory-based intervention tailored to pregnant and postpartum women, to be automatically distributed via an electronic maternal and child health registry in occupied Palestinian territory.MethodsWe did 26 in-depth interviews with pregnant women and health-care providers in seven purposively selected public primary health-care clinics in the West Bank and Gaza to include clinics with different profiles. An interview guide was developed using the Health Belief Model to explore women's perceptions of high-risk conditions (anaemia, hypertension, diabetes, and fetal growth restriction) and timely attendance for antenatal care, as predefined by a national expert panel. We did thematic analyses of the interview data. Based on the results, we composed messages for a targeted client communication intervention, applying concepts from the Model of Actionable Feedback, social nudging, and enhanced active choice. We assessed the acceptability and understandability of the messages through unstructured interviews with local health promotion experts, health-care providers, and pregnant women.FindingsThe recurring themes indicated that most women were aware of the health consequences of anaemia, hypertension, and diabetes, but that they seldom associated these conditions with pregnancy. We identified knowledge gaps and low awareness of susceptibility to and severity of these complications and the benefits of timely antenatal care. The actionable messages were iteratively improved with stakeholder and end-user feedback after presenting the initial draft, and the messages deemed were understandable and acceptable based on reflections during unstructured assessment.InterpretationFollowing a stepwise iterative process by a theory-based approach and co-designing the intervention with users, we revealed elements critical to an efficacious targeted client communication intervention. A potential limitation of our study is that conducting in-depth interviews on several health conditions simultaneously might have reduced the depth of information we could have obtained. The strength of our study was that we assessed for, developed, and refined the intervention following recommended theoretical frameworks and best practices. The effectiveness of this intervention is under evaluation in a cluster-randomised trial (ISRCTN10520687).FundingEuropean Research Council and Research Council of Norway.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2077693966
|
International Health Regulations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Vachagan Harutyunyan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5009154620"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "International Health Regulations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775980723"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza",
"Egypt",
"Israel"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W224885174",
"https://openalex.org/W2069294870"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2077693966
|
The International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005) represent an international agreement that is legally binding on 194 countries, including all WHO member states. They provide a mechanism for protecting global public health security while minimising disruption to international travel and trade. The Palestinian Authority (PA) views IHR implementation as a way of strengthening its image as a reliable international partner and an important step to building its statehood. Over the past years, the PA, with support from WHO1WHOInternational health regulations (2005).http://www.who.int/ihr/en/Google Scholar and other partners, has made impressive progress towards building core IHR capacities. However, much is still to be accomplished to enable the public health systems of the Occupied Palestinian Territory to detect and contain threats of international concern (figure). Several powerful factors hinder the fulfilment of IHR requirements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The result of the Israeli occupation and the bitter rift between the main Palestinian factions is that the PA is presently able to extend its governance to less than 40% of territory of the West Bank.2UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian AffairsHumanitarian factsheet on area C of the West Bank.http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/399CD2EDD40B0D2C852578D4004D099FGoogle Scholar Most of the border crossings are under the tight control of Israel, and the border between Gaza and Egypt is ridden with hundreds of tunnels that provide an essential lifeline to Gaza, but also serve as a route for virtually uncontrolled traffic of goods and people. The PA's economic and fiscal vulnerability is another impediment to IHR implementation.3World BankPromoting economic growth through trade and integration.http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:23247325∼menuPK:34463∼pagePK:34370∼piPK:34424∼theSitePK:4607,00.htmlGoogle Scholar The extreme reliance on currently dwindling foreign aid and tight Israeli control over the PA's access to markets, national resources, and tax and customs revenue4UN Conference on Trade and DevelopmentReview of the technical cooperation activities of UNCTAD and their financing: report by the Secretary-General of UNCTAD. Annex I: review of activities undertaken in 2011.http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/6A98E1BFC90376DB85257A5500483E87Google Scholar make it vulnerable to external influence. The PA is currently facing the worst fiscal crisis since its establishment in 1994.5World BankPA fiscal crisis jeopardizes institution-building progress.http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:23142810∼menuPK:34468∼pagePK:34370∼piPK:34424∼theSitePK:4607,00.htmlGoogle Scholar The unsettled status of the Palestinian state limits the PA's access to the full range of support mechanisms available to state parties. A few organisations, such as WHO and MEDICS, strive to overcome coordination and communication gaps created by the deep historicopolitical discord between the regional states and within the Occupied Palestinian Territory; however, they lack the political clout necessary to accomplish this work. Despite these challenges, the PA is resolute about further strengthening public health security in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Building fully fledged capacity to contain the public health hazards of international concern will by no means be easy; however, with external support, flexibility on the part of politicians and PA development partners, and stronger involvement of Gaza's authorities, much progress can be made before the next IHR deadline in 2014. Political will and readiness to compromise are essential for such progress. In 2012, as a WHO specialist, I supported planning and implementation of the IHR in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. This letter summarises my knowledge of the implementation of IHR 2005 in this region. No external funding has been used in the process of collection information for and writing this letter. I declare that I have no conflicts of interest.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet",
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"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2102088558
|
West Nile Virus workshop: scientific considerations for tissue donors
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Scott A. Brubaker",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020273385"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "P. Robert Rigney",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5091840251"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Tissue Donation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909374918"
},
{
"display_name": "West Nile virus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776866189"
},
{
"display_name": "Tissue bank",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780006781"
},
{
"display_name": "Accreditation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61521584"
},
{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Organ donation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994510829"
},
{
"display_name": "Donation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775933685"
},
{
"display_name": "Transplantation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2911091166"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Surgery",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C141071460"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783"
},
{
"display_name": "Virus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2522874641"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2102088558
|
This report contains selected excerpts, presented as a summary, from a public workshop sponsored by the American Association of Tissue Banks (AATB) held to discuss West Nile Virus (WNV) and scientific considerations for tissue donors. The daylong workshop was held 9 July 2010 at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at Tyson's Corner in McLean, Virginia, United States (U.S.). The workshop was designed to determine and discuss scientific information that is known, and what is not known, regarding WNV infection and transmission. The goal is to determine how to fill gaps in knowledge of WNV and tissue donation and transplantation by pursuing relevant scientific studies. This information should ultimately support decisions leading to appropriate tissue donor screening and testing considerations. Discussion topics were related to identifying these gaps and determining possible solutions. Workshop participants included subject-matter experts from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada, AATB-accredited tissue banks including reproductive tissue banks, accredited eye banks of the Eye Bank Association of America, testing laboratories, and infectious disease and organ transplantation professionals. After all presentations concluded, a panel addressed this question: "What are the scientific considerations for tissue donors and what research could be performed to address those considerations?" The slide presentations from the workshop are available at: http://www.aatb.org/2010-West-Nile-Virus-Workshop-Presentations.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cell and Tissue Banking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S101351556",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3210398694
|
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on ethnic minority communities: a qualitative study on the perspectives of ethnic minority community leaders
|
[
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"display_name": "University of Birmingham",
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"display_name": "Fesani Mahmood",
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{
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],
"display_name": "Dev Raj Acharya",
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],
"display_name": "Kanta Kumar",
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"display_name": "Vibhu Paudyal",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C134362201"
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{
"display_name": "Taboo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776323365"
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{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
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To explore the perspectives of ethnic minority community leaders in relation to: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their communities; and their community's perception, understanding and adherence to government guidelines on COVID-19 public health measures.A phenomenological approach was adopted using qualitative semistructured interviews.Community organisations and places of worships in the West Midlands, England.Community leaders recruited through organisations representing ethnic minority communities and religious places of worship.A total of 19 participants took part. Participants alluded to historical and structural differences for the observed disparities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Many struggled with lockdown measures which impeded cultural and religious gatherings that were deemed to be integral to the community. Cultural and social practices led to many suffering on their own as discussion of mental health was still deemed a taboo within many communities. Many expressed their community's reluctance to report symptoms for the fear of financial and physical health implications. They reported increase in hate crime which was deemed to be exacerbated due to perceived insensitive messaging from authority officials and historical racism in the society. Access and adherence to government guidelines was an issue for many due to language and digital barriers. Reinforcement from trusted community and religious leaders encouraged adherence. Points of support such as food banks were vital in ensuring essential supplies during the pandemic. Many could not afford or have access to masks and sanitisers.The study highlights the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ethnic minority communities. Government agencies and public health agencies need to integrate with the community, and community leaders can enable dissemination of key messages to deliver targeted yet sensitive public health advice which incorporates cultural and religious practices. Addressing the root causes of disparities is imperative to mitigate current and future pandemics.
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https://openalex.org/W2160402946
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The making of the Lancet Series on health in the Arab world
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"Lebanon",
"Tunisia",
"Syria",
"Libya",
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During a visit to Lebanon in July, 2011, Lancet Editor-in-Chief Richard Horton invited us to prepare the Lancet Series on Health in the Arab World: a View from Within. The invitation fell on receptive ears, and came at the right time. Earlier that year, four of us had finished collaborating on an edited volume entitled Public Health in the Arab World, 1 Jabbour S Giacaman R Khawaja M Nuwayhid I Public health in the Arab world. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge2012 Google Scholar with more than 80 contributing scholars, mostly from the region, and some international scholars. Changing therapeutic geographies of the Iraqi and Syrian warsThe health consequences of the ongoing US-led war on terror and civil armed conflicts in the Arab world are much more than the collateral damage inflicted on civilians, infrastructure, environment, and health systems. Protracted war and armed conflicts have displaced populations and led to lasting transformations in health and health care. In this report, we analyse the effects of conflicts in Iraq and Syria to show how wars and conflicts have resulted in both the militarisation and regionalisation of health care, conditions that complicate the rebuilding of previously robust national health-care systems. Full-Text PDF Health and ecological sustainability in the Arab world: a matter of survivalDiscussions leading to the Rio+20 UN conference have emphasised the importance of sustainable development and the protection of the environment for future generations. The Arab world faces large-scale threats to its sustainable development and, most of all, to the viability and existence of the ecological systems for its human settlements. The dynamics of population change, ecological degradation, and resource scarcity, and development policies and practices, all occurring in complex and highly unstable geopolitical and economic environments, are fostering the poor prospects. Full-Text PDF Governance and health in the Arab worldSince late 2010, the Arab world has entered a tumultuous period of change, with populations demanding more inclusive and accountable government. The region is characterised by weak political institutions, which exclude large proportions of their populations from political representation and government services. Building on work in political science and economics, we assess the extent to which the quality of governance, or the extent of electoral democracy, relates to adult, infant, and maternal mortality, and to the perceived accessibility and improvement of health services. Full-Text PDF Non-communicable diseases in the Arab worldAccording to the results of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, the burden of non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung diseases, and diabetes) in the Arab world has increased, with variations between countries of different income levels. Behavioural risk factors, including tobacco use, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity are prevalent, and obesity in adults and children has reached an alarming level. Despite epidemiological evidence, the policy response to non-communicable diseases has been weak. Full-Text PDF The path towards universal health coverage in the Arab uprising countries Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and YemenThe constitutions of many countries in the Arab world clearly highlight the role of governments in guaranteeing provision of health care as a right for all citizens. However, citizens still have inequitable health-care systems. One component of such inequity relates to restricted financial access to health-care services. The recent uprisings in the Arab world, commonly referred to as the Arab spring, created a sociopolitical momentum that should be used to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). Full-Text PDF Huda Zurayk: advancing health and research in the Arab world“The first time we met was in the early 1980s during a workshop in Bellagio, Italy. Then we began to work together as Huda Zurayk led the Reproductive Health Working Group during its inception”, recalls Rita Giacaman, from the Institute for Community and Public Health (ICPH), Birzeit University, West Bank, occupied Palestinian territory. Through working together, the two women became close friends and advocates for building research efforts to promote health in the Arab world. They and Samer Jabbour, who worked at the Faculty of Health Sciences at the American University of Beirut (AUB) until 2013 and is currently at the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, are coordinators, members of the steering group, and authors of the Lancet Series about health in the Arab world. Full-Text PDF Health in the Arab world: a renewed opportunityAt one peer review meeting held during the preparation of the Lancet Series on Health in the Arab World: a View from Within, Karima Khalil gave me a copy of her beautiful book, Messages from Tahrir: Signs from Egypt's Revolution (American University in Cairo Press, 2011). She inscribed on the inside “These voices from Tahrir”, and powerful voices they were too. They were voices that seemed to herald an era of extraordinary events across the region. Here are some of the messages she captured in photographs of Egyptians during the first few months of 2011: “We are all Egyptians…wake up”; “America should support the people not the tyrant”; “Enough humiliation”; “Stay steadfast for freedom”; “Do not let your revolution be stolen from you.” 3 years later, the sense of hope that this, and other, Arab uprisings gave birth to has been tempered by an understanding that achieving liberty, equality, and democracy will take considerably longer than perhaps was initially thought. Full-Text PDF
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https://openalex.org/W2989854431
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Establishing National Multisectoral Coordination and collaboration mechanisms to prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone 2016–2018
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"display_name": "Sarian Kamara",
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Amara Jambai",
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"display_name": "Albert H. Harris",
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"display_name": "Sambe Duale",
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"display_name": "Andrew Y Kitua",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787"
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{
"display_name": "International Health Regulations",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965"
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{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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] |
[
"West Bank"
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"https://openalex.org/W224885174",
"https://openalex.org/W2014586159",
"https://openalex.org/W2068117923",
"https://openalex.org/W2108066387",
"https://openalex.org/W2754030644",
"https://openalex.org/W2762653848",
"https://openalex.org/W2767680821",
"https://openalex.org/W2784066367",
"https://openalex.org/W2943964039",
"https://openalex.org/W2944142598",
"https://openalex.org/W4240968013"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2989854431
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Abstract Background The governments of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have acknowledged that weak health systems and poor coordination of efforts hampered effectiveness of the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak response. The bitter experience of the Ebola outbreak response served as an important catalyst for increased efforts to comply with World Health Organization (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway capacities, and Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) goals. In November 2016, an interministerial meeting held in Dakar, Senegal, resulted in formalized commitments from the three nations to strengthen resilience to health threats by establishing a Regional Strategic Roadmap to institutionalize the One Health approach. Since then, each country has made significant progress towards establishing National One Health Platforms to coordinate health security interventions, in collaboration with international partners. This paper outlines the methodology and results of these efforts for the period June 2016–January 2019, with a specific focus on activities supported by the US Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded Preparedness & Response (P&R) project. Objectives In support of the West African Health Organization’s November 2016 Regional Strategic Roadmap for institutionalization of the One Health approach, the Preparedness & Response (P&R) project worked in coordination with national partners in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone to establish multisectoral, One Health coordinating mechanisms. Methodology The global USAID-funded P&R project was launched in 2014 to support the achievement of this objective, and began coordinating with partners in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone in 2016 to tailor its multi-step conceptual framework to fit the priorities and operating constraints of national stakeholders. Organized in phases of Collaboration (building key relationships), Formalization (defining and establishing a coordination structure), and Implementation (using newfound coordination to produce better health security outcomes), the framework features steps such as One Health sensitizations for multisectoral national stakeholders, development of One Health platform terms of reference and other operating guidelines, and application of these tools to coordination of technical assistance during outbreaks. Results In Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, in less than 3 yrs there has been a marked improvement in cross-sectoral coordination on health security actions. All three countries have passed legislation establishing permanent multisectoral coordination mechanisms referred to in this document as National One Health Platforms, or simply Platforms; instituted an annual mechanism for assessing capacity and performance of these platforms to lead health security actions; and have undertaken key steps towards developing and updating National Preparedness & Response Plans which truly reflect the multisectoral nature of emerging disease threats. However, multisectoral coordination is a work in progress: government stakeholders and their international partners continue to work together to further strengthen national ownership and investment in the newly established Platforms. Conclusion and next steps Newly established Platforms in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone offer a long-term structure for coordinating health security actions. However, given the short period of time since their formalization, they depend on continued national, regional, and international resources to build from recent progress and further improve capacity and performance. Regional programs such as the World Bank Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement (REDISSE) project are of critical importance in keeping the momentum going. The highlighted progress and outputs to date provide reasons and motivation for continued, longer-term investment in the Platforms.
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https://openalex.org/W2618640596
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Reflections on the ebola public health emergency of international concern, part 2: The unseen epidemic of posttraumatic stress among health-care personnel and survivors of the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak
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INTRODUCTION Neither dramatic footage nor horrifying statistics from the most recent Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak come close to reflecting the true impact of the EBOV disease (EVD) on affected countries, communities, patients, health-care workers, or their friends and families.[12] With focus squarely on containing the outbreak and dealing with the immensity of the task at hand, many fail to notice the associated emotional and psychological toll.[34] Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition as a specified constellation of emotional and behavioral responses to traumatic events.[5] The affected person frequently reports an exposure to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. Within this context, one or more of the following are required to meet the diagnosis of PTSD: (a) direct exposure to trauma; (b) witnessing the traumatic act or event in person; (c) indirect involvement, by learning that a close relative or close friend was exposed to trauma; (d) if the event involved actual or threatened death, it must have been violent or accidental; and (e) repeated or extreme indirect exposure to aversive details of the event(s) has occurred, usually in the course of professional duties (e.g., first responders, collecting body parts, social workers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse).[5] This does not include indirect nonprofessional exposure to above-mentioned events through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures. In this Editorial, we will discuss the very real and well-documented phenomenon of PTSD among EVD survivors, caretakers, and their immediate contacts. HEALTH-CARE STAFF PERSPECTIVE Imagine working in an environment where providing care is intimately tied to the likelihood of contracting a potentially lethal disease. Imagine the burden of constantly living and working under the gravest of circumstances. Imagine witnessing deaths of hundreds of people, caused by the hemorrhagic fever of the worst kind. This was the terrifying reality of being a volunteer physician during the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. POSTOUTBREAK EFFECTS OF EBOLA ON HEALTH-CARE STAFF The tremendous need for health-care services during the Ebola outbreak was associated with substantial risks and stressors (both physical and psychological) to health-care workers.[6] During outbreaks, health-care providers must balance the fundamental “duty to treat” with the parallel duty to family and loved ones.[78] Manifestations of individual struggles and conflicts regarding the prioritization of personal versus societal duties were evident through reports of health-care personnel abandoning medical facilities.[9] Regardless of justifications provided, such actions resulted in increased personal stress and substantially elevated levels of risk among remaining staff members. The emotional burden of exposure to an event as massive and overwhelming as a deadly disease outbreak may not be immediately apparent among the staff who tended to those affected by EVD.[10] It has been noted that majority of those who are exposed to highly stressful, emotionally charged situations have sufficient resilience to avoid long-term adverse mental health sequelae.[11] However, this assumption is neither absolute nor universally applicable, and inevitably some of the health workers exposed to significant emotional and psychological burden may develop signs and symptoms of PTSD. Many of the caregivers who tended to those affected by EVD were from the local workforce and had to treat acquaintances and neighbors. Witnessing the loss of those within one's immediate circle of social contacts may result in significant psychological trauma.[12] Even more stressful and impactful may be the loss of a colleague/team member, making palpable the dangers of the work involved and the very real risk of one's own mortality. Situational demands often force the participants to “carry on and defer” the grieving process until later, especially during massive and difficult-to-control events that occurred during the Ebola outbreak. Hundreds of front-line health-care workers contracted EVD, with approximately half of them ultimately dying.[13] Of note, both grieving caretakers and families were forced to deal with the loss of life while processing their own survival in the setting of significantly decreased social support. It is well known that EBOV arouses deep fear in outbreak-affected areas. This “fear response” includes corresponding behavioral changes associated with traumatic personal experiences such as witnessing actively symptomatic patients, the bodies of the deceased, and the grief of the loved ones who lost a family member.[1013] It has also been reported that due to the high mortality associated with EVD, various myths and misinformation contributed to deep distrust among local populations, resulting in violence misdirected at health-care workers.[14] Likely reflective of “collective PTSD” manifestations within the community, the fear, anxiety, distrust, and emotional stress experienced by volunteer workers were further compounded by physical exhaustion, frustration at the scarcity of available health-care resources, poor management of mission goals, problems with assignment of roles and responsibilities, as well as the inability to deliver the high quality of care normally expected by developed world standards.[15] The paradoxical behavior of turning against the very providers trying to help those afflicted was often due to irrational fears and superstitions among local populations.[10] To further compound the psychological pressure, some of the health-care professionals returning to their native countries or communities were faced with a potentially stressful 3-week period of relative isolation including limited contact with their friends and loved ones.[816] An additional challenge facing those who are actively fighting an outbreak as deadly as EVD (e.g., case fatality rate >50%) is that health-care providers may experience and overwhelming feeling of helplessness.[17] This has been well documented in the fields of oncology and critical care where physicians have a higher likelihood of facing end-of-life scenarios than providers in other specialties.[1819] Furthermore, the intensity of caring for patients with EVD (e.g., the requirement to avoid skin contact and the donning of personal protective equipment) may also be an independent contributor to burnout, leaving providers with feelings of social isolation.[20] Burnout and PTSD are closely related, and increasing duration of burnout may result in a higher likelihood of developing PTSD.[21] Posttraumatic stress is considered to be a well-established risk among health-care workers facing deadly outbreak or disaster events.[316] Experiences during previous epidemics such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the early experiences with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can serve as valuable templates for the understanding, diagnosis, and management of associated mental health complications including PTSD.[222324] What are sponsoring organizations to do when their workers and volunteers are sent abroad to face potential “live or die scenarios” under immense psychological pressure? It has been suggested that the deployment of preventive initiatives should be considered early in the course of preparation and implementation of medical assistance programs.[16] Of course, this is easier said than done, especially in the setting of relative lack of definitive guidance and/or resources. Resilience and coping mechanisms which enable first responders to appropriately balance work-related mental health are topics of increasing interest and research. EBOLA SURVIVOR PERSPECTIVE Imagine being a patient in a busy, makeshift field hospital in West Africa. Imagine being infected with one of the most terrible viral illnesses known to humanity. Imagine seeing people just like you, suffering, and dying all around you with little to no ability to alter the terrible toll on these individuals. Imagine not knowing if you will live another day or die from an overwhelming hemorrhagic fever. This was the frightening reality of being a patient during the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic that engulfed Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. EBOLA SURVIVORS When considering PTSD among the patient population during the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak, one must take into account various complex relationships between local cultural factors and posttraumatic stress. Mental health issues in general tend to be relatively neglected in low and middle income countries.[25] To further compound the problem, there have been reports of fear and mistrust of authorities, including foreign health workers, in areas devastated by the Ebola outbreak.[26] The same mistrust that may have led to behaviors that contributed to the spread of the illness also made challenging the mental health outreach and treatment intended to assist the affected populations. In the context of PTSD, opinions vary on how culture plays a role as a modulating factor.[27] Specific views range from PTSD being a culture-specific condition created by the Western world[28] to the more broadly accepted idea that PTSD is a clearly defined mental health disorder which, nevertheless, cannot be decontextualized from cultural influences.[29] Given the above considerations, one must be aware of the possible lack of acknowledgment and cultural awareness regarding PTSD in the West African population – the majority of those affected by the 2014–2016 EVD outbreak. This may, in turn, influence preventive measures and treatment of EVD-associated PTSD including its sequelae. Moreover, general approaches that may be effective in Western countries may not have the desired effect in West Africa. Severely limited resources further complicate the problem and amplify its magnitude. In 2015, a World Bank report noted that the number of mental health workers (including psychiatrists) in the local population was as low as 1 in 6 million in Sierra Leone and 1 in 25,000 in Liberia.[25] This clearly exemplifies the tremendous need for both additional resources and novel approaches in outreach and treatment of mental health burden in West Africa. In addition to cultural considerations, other socioeconomic factors play a considerable role when assessing the impact of Ebola outbreak on West Africa. Countries that experienced the largest number of deaths during the 2014–2016 outbreak also had a recent history of armed conflict. Both Sierra Leone and Liberia struggled with civil unrest, civil war, and rebellion in the early to mid-2000's.[3031] In Guinea, political violence and inter-ethnic clashes broke out in February 2013, less than a year before the EBOV epidemic.[31] Analysis of PTSD in these countries should consider the trauma experienced by local populations prior to the Ebola outbreak. Indeed, one opinion is that the above-mentioned armed conflicts and/or their aftermath directly increased the opportunity of transmission of the EBOV from natural disease reservoirs to humans by “…disrupting livelihoods and living arrangements.”[31] A cross-sectional survey showed that depression and PTSD increased EVD-related risk behaviors, such as waiting to see if symptoms subsided, attempting to treat symptoms at home with traditional remedies. In fact, preventive behaviors that are beneficial in the setting of Ebola outbreak, such as hand washing and avoiding large social gatherings, may be decreased in those with PTSD.[32] This raises the concern that not all PTSD in the West African population stricken by the most recent Ebola outbreak can be directly attributed to the disease itself. Consequently, a new aspect of PTSD that is unique to Ebola is introduced and only re-affirms the need to aggressively prevent and treat posttraumatic stress, especially in areas vulnerable to, or already affected by, an outbreak. It is now well established that Ebola survivors and their relatives are prone to develop significant psychological distress.[33] This is not a phenomenon isolated to those affected by Ebola, with as many as 10% of survivors of the 2003 SARS outbreak reporting PTSD symptoms.[34] Due to lack of systematic study of the problem during previous Ebola outbreaks, it is difficult to precisely quantify the magnitude of this mental health burden.[35] Qualitatively, many survivors shared their perceptions of being judged or accused, feelings of shame or rejection, and the fear of becoming gravely ill.[35] Thus, survivors of EVD not only have to face the traumatic experience of contracting the disease and suffering from it, but also the postexposure stigma within a society collapsed by the outbreak. Unfortunately, some of these perceptions turn into a harsh reality when survivors return to their communities – experiences previously described by patients and health-care workers exposed to and infected with HIV.[36] In this context, reintegration into the community is negatively affected by fear, stigma and misconceptions, as well as the breakdown of social networks. Consequently, the survivor may be overwhelmed by combined experiences of both grief/personal loss, rejection, and PTSD (e.g., anxiety, depression, mistrust). A more recent experience from the 2014-2016 outbreak examined a broad range of individuals exposed to the emotional burden of Ebola, from direct survivors, to their families, to more distant personal contacts.[33] The authors found that nearly 39% of surviving respondents faced difficulty concentrating on tasks, 33% experienced problems with sleep due to worry, with 5%–10% of respondents reporting feelings of worthlessness, inability to make decisions, or losing confidence in self.[33] Of note, the proportion of respondents who answered positively to most of the survey questions decreased with increasing “distance” from the actual outbreak survivors.[33] It must be emphasized that fear-related behaviors (FRBs), or reactions to actual or imagined threats to lessen the perceived impact of an event or disease at the level of the individual, were relatively frequent during the outbreak.[37] Commonly listed concerns included fear of the disease agent and its reservoirs, its symptoms, the care environment, and the government response (checkpoints, home searches, quarantine, etc.) that resulted in population flight, abandonment of patients by caregivers, hurried and unsafe burial practices, and social stigmata. Such FRBs further contributed to post-Ebola PTSD because they may have led to: (a) limited availability of services for other treatable conditions; (b) suboptimal delivery of lifesaving Ebola interventions; (c) increased social problems during and after the outbreak; and (d) the potential for accelerated spread of the virus. Grief is defined as the emotional, behavioral, social, and functional response to loss. People experience traumatic events throughout their lifetime. Although inherently personal in nature, grief may also be associated with losses due to large-scale precipitating events such as natural disasters, wars, and epidemics.[38] Pandemics, epidemics and outbreaks have unique characteristics that affect people at both deeply personal and population levels. Grief, anxiety, and depression represent some of the emotional responses associated with trauma. The loss of life (and the fear thereof) can have profound and lasting effects as well. Given its high case fatality rate, EBOV infection tends to impact communities in a number of unique ways. Along with the anxiety, fear and uncertainty associated with a potentially fatal illness at the level of “self” are the impacts of physical and social isolation, as well as the stigma generated by the overall “fear response”. The actual or effective quarantining of entire communities, combined with the massive loss of life add to the emotional trauma and are major contributing factors in the development of significant anxiety, grief responses (e.g., PTSD) and survivor's guilt.[39] As discussed earlier, this “psychological syndrome” is similar to that seen among patients affected by other incurable or overwhelming disease states. As outlined above, grief and PTSD seem to be the predominant mental health issues observed during and after an outbreak event.[40] Manifestations among affected individuals may vary along the severity spectrum, with behavioral issues and substance abuse on one axis and the transference of stress reaction from the family's adult members to children on the other axis.[40] In a relatively recent report from Sierra Leone, over 20% of individuals affected by EVD demonstrated signs of PTSD.[41] Authors cited significant contributory stressors to include loss of immediate family member, witnessing the death of a loved one, fear of re-experiencing the traumatic event, and the perception of being somehow “marked” or carrying a stigma.[41] As mentioned earlier, there may also be the so-called “survivor's guilt”, where affected individuals perceive themselves as having done something wrong by surviving a traumatic event, in which others died.[42] To further compound the problem, it is increasingly apparent that the EBOV may stay dormant within one's body and there is a low – yet terrifying – possibility that a reactivation could result in a relapse of the acute illness.[7] Various “immunologically privileged” areas of the body with lower immune defense penetration, such as eyes, testicles, and spinal column, may harbor the virus long after its apparent clearance from the serum on routine diagnostic testing.[4344] These “safe harbor” anatomic areas for the EBOV have been implicated in the possible sexual transmission of the disease from a Liberian survivor to their partner through semen, months after initial recovery from EVD.[4546] The ramifications of this possibility and psychological impact on intimacy for survivors and their partners can be significant. Finally, long-term sequelae of Ebola are not confined to mental health issues. In fact, a number of neurologic and systemic conditions are now being identified and cataloged among survivors, suggesting that those fortunate enough to survive the acute EVD may have to deal with health consequences of the infection for years to come. In one series, 75% of survivors experienced cognitive or psychological symptoms, with insomnia, short-term memory loss, depression, and anxiety among the most common complaints.[47] Again, such problems are not unique to Ebola as they are commonly found and well described in patients affected by other serious and life-threatening diseases. It is critically important that robust community programs for those affected by PTSD are established and actively supported by local, regional, and national governments.[48] Social support, combined with positive coping strategies, appears to be instrumental in fostering posttraumatic growth (PTG).[49] Favorable response to interventions aimed at promoting PTG, in turn, has been associated with improvements in PTSD symptomatology.[50] The so-called “trauma signature analysis,” a method used during major natural disasters, has been utilized to determine event-specific characteristics, the so-called hazard profile, various associated stressors, the severity of overall exposure, as well as related psychological risks.[5152] In addition to other government-sanctioned interventions, it is important for local and regional agencies to have an effective strategy in place to counteract tendencies to politicize any outbreak and to raise unfounded fears or rumors.[52] Continuous, persistent media exposures to highly traumatic events may alone be sufficient to generate undue distress and various mental health concerns.[53] Consequently, survivors of EVD should have a mental health specialist involved in their care due to the inherent risk of long-term psychological sequelae.[54] POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH Among the gloom of an overwhelming event that is beyond any one person's control is the post-outbreak hope for a better future. Despite the widespread loss and tragedy, there seems to be a strong force to carry on with life.[40] Although grief continues to be present “in the background,” the foreground of the post-Ebola reality is firmly focused on carrying on in a fashion “as normal as possible.”[40] The concept of PTG has been described, where survivors report increased appreciation of life, enhanced closeness and caring in interpersonal relationships, and better cohesion within the affected community.[35556] In the aftermath of truly massive, overwhelming events, the mental health community should focus on ways of minimizing PTSD while constructively fostering PTG. Characteristics of individuals who are more likely to experience PTG include those who have strong social support networks, optimistic outlook on life, intrinsic religious beliefs, and a sense of purpose.[57] It may well be that among survivors of emotionally traumatic events – including epidemics, abuse, trauma, or severe illness – the ultimate outcome in the psychological domain is determined by the “balance” between PTSD and PTG. Within this context, those with strong coping skills are better able to embrace their ability to overcome adversities, while those who cope poorly continue to be “trapped” in the destructive cycle of PTSD and associated negative behaviors.[58596061] However, it is also important to realize that extreme cases of PTG might result in unhealthy social behaviors such as medication noncompliance, maladaptive sexual behaviors, or a generalized sense of invincibility, all of which could worsen the prognosis (or disease natural history) in an individual, lead to other associated conditions, or even worse – promote further spread of the outbreak.[6263646566] Currently, there is no organized outreach to help EVD survivors navigate PTSD and enhance PTG. However, important efforts made by the United States governments to address PTSD and enhance PTG among military personnel may provide important foundation for addressing post-traumatic stress in EVD-affected communities. In 2012, the White House and key health-care leaders announced a commitment to recognize PTSD symptoms, provide care, and refer veterans and active duty military members as part of the “Joining Forces” Initiative.[67] Within this paradigm, first contact nursing providers utilized a PTSD Toolkit, motivational interviewing techniques, and an “expert companion” to establish long-term therapeutic relationships.[67] Organized outreach for Ebola survivors should consider the use of this framework in addition to a 10-item PTG instrument.[68] CONCLUSIONS Despite the loss of life, psychological trauma, and economic devastation, Ebola-stricken regions of West Africa continue to resiliently rebuild from the 2014–2016 outbreak. Coordinated global action, although somewhat delayed, resulted in full containment of the disease.[7] As eloquently stated by the World Health Organization, PTSD related to EVD is “…an emergency within the emergency”.[6970] The lingering toll of the outbreak now takes the form of PTSD as well as the physical post-Ebola syndrome (discussed in the accompanying editorial). Following the demonstration of high effectiveness of a new EBOV vaccine, the future looks much brighter for the affected regions and other locales fearful of the risk of Ebola reemergence.[71] For the first time, the fear of a new outbreak can be moderated by the comfort of having a powerful new tool to stop the spread of this deadly virus. We now may have the time and the resources to focus on those who continue to live entrapped in the realities of posttraumatic fear.
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Lask et al. (1994) noted that Colleges of Nursing, Midwifery and Health were experiencing significant difficulties in obtaining appropriate placements to meet the philosophy ofhealth promotion in the nursing curricula. This paper discusses the experienc es of usingan audit tool to evaluate the extent to which health and health promotion are currently reflected in the nursing curricula and in clinical practice. The tool was commissioned by the South West NHS Executive and developed by South Bank University (Smith et al. 1999). The content of the National Occupational Standardsfor Health Promotion informed the development of the audit tool. The tool was piloted as part of a study investigating the relationship between health promotion/education and the application of theory to practice in clinical areas. The findings suggested that health promotion activity was clearly evident in practice areas, but that it was not always overtly recognized by practitioners. In discussion between the lecturer researchers undertaking the audit, and practitioners, the tool was found to be very useful in identifying valuable health promotion/education experiences in areas not traditionally used for pre-registration student placement. Recommendations included the regular use of the audit tool in all clinical areas, to assist practitioners, teachers and mentors to link theory to practice, and the identification of health promotion in practice.
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https://openalex.org/W2185671943
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Nutritional status in Palestinian schoolchildren living in West Bank and Gaza Strip: a cross-sectional survey
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"display_name": "Faisal Awartani",
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"display_name": "Jahid Hasan",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778248108"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780221984"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2185671943
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Background Because of the long-term political and economic challenges in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), poverty is spreading at an alarming rate, and children are affected the most. In 2006, 10% of children (<5 years) had chronic malnutrition (stunting—ie, low height for age), 1% had acute malnutrition (wasting—ie, low weight for height), and 3% were underweight (low weight for age). Iron-deficiency anaemia is a public health problem, affecting 23% of children. Although children younger than 5 years are prioritised by different programmes, those older than 5 years remain neglected. We assessed the nutritional status in Palestinian children (9–16 years), and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices to establish a baseline for improvement in their nutritional status and behavioural patterns after application of a school feeding programme. Methods We did a cross-sectional study in March, 2008. We used a computer-generated randomisation sequence to select a representative sample of 2000 students (aged 9–11 years [young children] and 14–16 years [adolescents]) from the target population living in different districts in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, oPt. Weight and height were measured for assessment of anthropometric indices. Haemoglobin concentration was measured to assess the degree of iron-deficiency anaemia. Information about knowledge, attitudes, and practices was mainly gathered during verbal interviews with young children, and by use of a self-administered questionnaire (written) for adolescents. Findings 6% of 1883 children who were assessed were stunted (8% of 930 boys vs 3% of 950 girls, p=0·01), less than 1% had wasting, 2% were underweight, 11% were anaemic (7% of boys vs 14% of girls), and 15% were overweight and obese (11% of boys vs 20% of girls; 11% were overweight, and 4% were obese). Young children scored 46·9% in tests of knowledge, 86·4% in tests of attitudes, and 45·8% in tests of practices, whereas adolescents scored 49·9%, 70·3%, and 23·1%, respectively. 26% of children did not eat breakfast (the main indicator of healthy eating habits)—32% of 1082 adolescents versus 18% of 801 young children. Lack of appetite was the main reason for adolescents skipping breakfast, whereas in young children the reason was waking up late. 76% of young children showed a willingness to change their behaviours and accept advice about healthy eating habits compared with 31% of adolescents. Interpretation The higher prevalence of anaemia in girls than in boys could be associated with menstruation, which is not compensated for with the lack of a good diet. More boys were stunted, either because of late onset of puberty or poor health since early childhood. Undernutrition, and high proportions of overweight and obesity might be attributable to children’s poor eating habits and consumption of unhealthy food and snacks. Undernutrition and overweight represent the double burden of malnutrition in the oPt. Young children had poor knowledge about nutrition compared with adolescents; however, adolescents were worse in terms of their practices, which could be related to a peer effect. Despite the health benefits of breakfast, it is the meal that is most often skipped, resulting in short-term hunger that affects children’s concentration and performance at school. Comprehensive and effective school nutrition programmes that are targeted at all age groups, with special attention to adolescents and girls, are needed because the data for overweight and iron-deficiency anaemia are alarming.
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[] |
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https://openalex.org/W2787381384
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Inequalities in non-communicable diseases in Israel
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In their analyses of the inequality of prevalence of non-communicable disease, Khitam Muhsen and colleagues (June 24, 2017, p 2531)1Muhsen K Green MS Soskolne V Neumark Y Inequalities in non-communicable diseases between the major population groups in Israel: achievements and challenges.Lancet. 2017; 389: 2531-2541Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar discuss the discrepancy in life expectancy between Arabs and Jews in Israel, which has been increasing over the past 25 years. Although the paper reviews differences in cause-specific mortality and in several risk factors for non-communicable diseases, Muhsen and colleagues did not explore the contribution of the major differences in socioeconomic status between these two groups. For example, they show an association between socioeconomic indicators and age-adjusted mortality, with each point representing a predominantly Arab or Jewish town. However, if a line is drawn at a socioeconomic indicator of −0·6, there are only two of 35 Arab towns to the right and around eight of 80 Jewish towns to the left. Furthermore, even below this level, age-adjusted mortality is substantially higher in Arab towns. This finding raises the possibility that widening socioeconomic status between these two populations might contribute, at least partially, to increasing differences in risk of non-communicable diseases and in life expectancy between these populations. Laura Dwyer-Lindgren and colleagues2Dwyer-Lindgren L Bertozzi-Villa A Stubbs RW et al.Inequalities in life expectancy among US Counties, 1980 to 2014: temporal trends and key drivers.JAMA Intern Med. 2017; 177: 1003-1011Crossref PubMed Scopus (253) Google Scholar published an assessment of the proportion of variation in life expectancy between US counties that can be explained by variation in a range of factors, including socioeconomic, race, behavioural, metabolic, and health care. Muhsen and colleagues1Muhsen K Green MS Soskolne V Neumark Y Inequalities in non-communicable diseases between the major population groups in Israel: achievements and challenges.Lancet. 2017; 389: 2531-2541Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar might have better interrogated available data to explore the contributions of poverty, education, diet, and other behaviours, and of health care and other services, to these ethnic differences in life expectancy. On a more general point relating to the Health in Israel Series, although the word “settlement” appears four times in the Series, none of these mentions relates to the Israeli settlements in the West Bank. The latest estimates suggest that 4·8% of the population of Israel, or 420 899 people, live in these settlements.3Jewish Virtual LibraryIsraeli settlements: Jewish settlements population. 1970http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-settlements-population-1970-presentGoogle Scholar There are undoubtedly major differences in the demographics and provision of health care between this population and those living in Israel. It is important that the Series should have considered this issue. I have attended annual meetings of The Lancet Palestinian Health Alliance. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases between the major population groups in Israel: achievements and challengesIsrael is a high-income country with an advanced health system and universal health-care insurance. Overall, the health status has improved steadily over recent decades. We examined differences in morbidity, mortality, and risk factors for selected non-communicable diseases (NCDs) between subpopulation groups. Between 1975 and 2014, life expectancy in Israel steadily increased and is currently above the average life expectancy for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Full-Text PDF Inequalities in non-communicable diseases in Israel – Authors' replyWe thank John Yudkin for his comments on our Series paper1 discussing the inequalities in non-communicable diseases between the major population groups in Israel. Full-Text PDF
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https://openalex.org/W2141556759
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Estimates of worst case baseline West Nile virus disease effects in a suburban New York county
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Serosurveys conducted where West Nile Virus (WNV) caused health impacts were used to construct a model of potential worst case health impacts in a suburban setting. This model addressed two common public perceptions regarding mosquito control activities and WNV disease: it is not a disease of major consequence, and exposed populations quickly become immune. Comparisons to blood bank infection and serious disease incidence data were similar to some of the serosurvey model results. Accounting for theoretical increasing immunity, even over a 20-year period, did not substantially reduce the potential impacts. The model results were approximately an order of magnitude greater than those actually experienced in Suffolk County, NY; differences in mosquito populations and/or the degree of mosquito control between Suffolk County and serosurvey sites seem to be the reason for the differences.
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https://openalex.org/W2996186703
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The economics of medical drones
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Cargo drones emerged around 2014 as a new way to address the public health needs of victims of natural disasters as well as the approximately 2 billion people living in isolated communities worldwide.1WHOGlobal evidence on inequities in rural health care. Geneva: World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/news/global-evidence-on-inequities/en/Date accessed: November 11, 2019Google Scholar, 2World Bank Open DataThe World Bank.http://data.worldbank.org/?display=graphDate accessed: November 11, 2019Google Scholar Yet, despite this massive public health potential, drones have not yet been widely adopted as a means of cargo transportation by hospitals, clinics, and other stakeholders in hard-to-reach places around the world. There are many reasons for the lack of adoption,3Amukele T Current state of drones in healthcare: challenges and opportunities.J Appl Lab Med. 2019; 4: 296-298Google Scholar but perhaps the most important is that the costs of acquiring and operating drones is unknown. In The Lancet Global Health, Walter Ochieng and colleagues4Ochieng WO Ye T Scheel C et al.Uncrewed aircraft systems versus motorcycles to deliver laboratory samples in west Africa: a comparative economic study.Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8: e143-e151Google Scholar attempt to answer this question by comparing the costs of drones (referred to as uncrewed aircraft systems [UAS] in the Article) to those of motorcycles doing the same task of transporting laboratory specimens from remote clinics to central laboratory hubs in Liberia. The comparisons are the most thorough I have seen to date and were done under simulated conditions of a routine scenario and a public health emergency scenario (based on the 2013–16 west African Ebola virus disease epidemic). For both conditions, Ochieng and colleagues4Ochieng WO Ye T Scheel C et al.Uncrewed aircraft systems versus motorcycles to deliver laboratory samples in west Africa: a comparative economic study.Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8: e143-e151Google Scholar used the real historical costs of the Riders for Health charity motorcycle fleet including distances travelled, fuel consumption, accident rates, breakdowns, and maintenance. For the drones, they assumed $15 000 acquisition costs, a 3000 h lifespan, 10% weather inoperability, as well as training, personnel, and other costs. Their findings were two-fold. First, per-sample transport costs were lower via motorcycle than via drones with an operational range of 65 km, in both the routine and the emergency scenarios. Second, longer-range drones (up to 100 km) had better geographical coverage and lower sample transport costs than shorter-range drones, low enough to rival those of motorcycles. These key findings are interesting but are not directly applicable for most readers because they are not generalisable. The reason is that the diversity and rapid evolution of transport drones obviates findings such as these that are based on the characteristics of a specific drone. For example, studying the economics of one type of manual bicycle is somewhat applicable to other manual bicycles, less so to battery-powered bicycles, and even less so to motorcycles. There is a similar issue here: if we, for example, examine drones targeted at the medical industry, there is more than a ten-fold difference in drone costs across the various suppliers (data not publicly available for commercial reasons) and this difference in price expands going beyond medical drones to other types of drones. Nevertheless, I find the article by Ochieng and colleagues to be valuable for two reasons. First, the diversity in cost and characteristics we see in the transport drone world will condense as the field matures. Second, the investigators have created something that is necessary for the rest of us who are considering medical drone transport: they have created a blueprint to undertake similar head-to-head cost comparisons. Thanks to the work of Ochieng and colleagues, other stakeholders will be able to replicate this kind of analysis for other drones, settings with completely different cost structures, and new transportation benchmarks such as cars or bicycles. I declare no competing interests. Uncrewed aircraft systems versus motorcycles to deliver laboratory samples in west Africa: a comparative economic studyGiven the current level of technology, purchase prices, equipment lifespans, and operational flying ranges, UAS are not a viable option for routine transport of laboratory samples in west Africa. Field studies are required to generate evidence about UAS lifespan, failure rates, and performance under different weather conditions and payloads. Full-Text PDF Open Access
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Revising the International Health Regulations: call for a 2017 review conference
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The revised International Health Regulations (IHR)1World Health OrganizationInternational Health Regulations (2005).http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241596664/en/Google Scholar entered into force on June 15, 2007, obligating (now) 196 States Parties to detect, assess, report, and respond to potential public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) at all levels of government, and to report such events rapidly to the WHO to determine whether a coordinated, global response is required. In the 8 years since its entry into force, there have been three declared PHEIC, including pandemic influenza H1N1 in 2009, re-emerging wild-type poliovirus in April, 2014, Ebola virus disease in west Africa in August, 2014, and the emergence of new diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and influenza H7N9, with still uncertain risks to global population health. Implementation of the IHR has been tested under real world conditions. The regulations have served as a valuable guidepost for national and international capacity building, coordination, and collaborations for global health security. Other international fora have also recognised the importance of the IHR as a global framework, and have focused discussions among nations on IHR-related core capacities in meetings of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, the Global Health Security Initiative, the North American Plan for Pandemic and Avian Influenza, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, in addition to debate at the World Health Assembly. Other new partnerships have formed to strengthen the global response to public health threats. In February, 2014, the USA, along with almost 30 nations and the Directors-General of the WHO, Food and Agriculture Organization, and Organization for Animal Health, launched the Global Health Security Agenda to address several high-priority, global infectious disease threats. Foundations have become increasingly engaged in global health security, becoming primary funders for capacity building around the world, and the World Bank is playing an increasingly more prominent role in global health preparedness and response. Yet by 2012, only 42 nations (21%) reported that they had fully implemented the IHR and built appropriate core capacities to detect, assess, report, and respond to public health emergencies. With follow-up reporting in 2014, only 64 nations reported that they had fully implemented the IHR—an increase of only 10% over 2 years. The other 67% of nations either requested another 2-year extension (81) or reported nothing at all (48).2World Health OrganizationImplementation of the International Health Regulations (2005): report of the Review Committee on Second Extensions for Establishing National Public Health Capacities and on IHR Implementation.http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_22Add1-en.pdfGoogle Scholar National compliance statistics are themselves an indicator of the challenges associated with IHR implementation, particularly the paucity of mandated funding to support capacity building. Additionally, it has become clear that the methods for assessing health security preparedness leave substantial room for interpretation, and there are ongoing disagreements over the mandate for the airport or port health certification programme outlined in Article 20. Failure of the global community to respond rapidly and effectively to the Ebola virus disease outbreak in west Africa demonstrates that there remain major implementation challenges, even beyond funding and political will. It is time to consider whether or not aspects of the foundation for global health security embodied in the IHR (2005) are too vague, missing, or need to be strengthened in order for IHR to stay relevant and useful. With the 10-year anniversary of the IHR's entry into force on June 15, 2017, a full and formal IHR review conference could address the following issues (among others): •Metrics: assessing national capacity, including objective independent assessments of compliance•Sample sharing: linking IHR and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework, with approaches for sample sharing beyond influenza•International contact tracing: improved systems for identifying and coordinating public health measures for high-risk travellers•Response: responsibilities for coordination in a multinational emergency response•Capacity building: funded structures within WHO and the regional offices to assist nations with building required capacities•Zoonotic disease: application of IHR to animal diseases and development of one health systems. The WHO and designated committees of experts have been reviewing these ideas and are committed to strengthening the IHR, including examining performance after public health events.2World Health OrganizationImplementation of the International Health Regulations (2005): report of the Review Committee on Second Extensions for Establishing National Public Health Capacities and on IHR Implementation.http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_22Add1-en.pdfGoogle Scholar, 3World Health OrganizationWHO leadership statement on the Ebola response and WHO reforms.http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/joint-statement-ebola/en/Google Scholar We argue that, although this is a necessary step, it is now time to open the debate to all Member States of the World Health Assembly, so that all nations, with varying experiences, can provide input into how the regulations are strengthened. States Parties should take the opportunity at the May, 2015, World Health Assembly to begin to discuss the need for a review conference to consider amendments to the IHR. Stakeholder meetings and regional consultations in 2015 and 2016, with formal discussion at the WHO Executive Board meeting in 2016, could lead to formal resolutions at the 2016 World Health Assembly calling for a 2017 review conference. This process would be consistent with Articles 2(k), 21(a), and 22 of the WHO Constitution, and previous iterations of the regulations as amended.4World Health AssemblyAmendment of the International Health Regulations (1969). WHA34.13.http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/156549/1/WHA34_R13_eng.pdf?ua=1Google Scholar A formal review conference in the spring of 2017 would produce amendments that could be adopted at the 2017 World Health Assembly—on the 10th anniversary of the IHR's entry into force. We thank Christopher L Perdue for his insights and comments in preparing this paper. SFD was formerly the director of the WHO Collaborating Center for IHR Implementation of National Surveillance and Response Capacity. We declare no competing interests.
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https://openalex.org/W2198839853
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Awareness on AIDS among health care professionals.
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In India, a health education professor conducted a survey of 400 health care professionals at the medical college and hospital in Calcutta, West Bengal, to examine their level of awareness about HIV/AIDS. The health care professionals included surgeons, gynecologists, pathologists, internal medicine specialists, blood bank workers, recent medical school graduates, clinical students, preclinical students, nurses, and technologists. 40-60% of preclinical students knew little about the natural history of HIV infection and its clinical manifestations. An absence of HIV/AIDS education in the undergraduate medical curriculum and no exposure to causes and clinical training in HIV/AIDS may account for this low knowledge level. 20% of students and 40% of physicians knew that there were HIV tests available. 50-60% of paramedical personnel had misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, particularly about utensils, sharing toilets, and bites of mosquitoes and bedbugs. 80-90% of all health personnel had knowledge levels about proper decontamination and precautionary measures against exposure to contaminated blood and body fluids. Preclinical students had the highest mean knowledge score. 66-80% of all health professionals were not satisfied with their current knowledge level on HIV/AIDS. This same proportion thought that they would benefit from HIV/AIDS education and training. The relatively low knowledge scores about HIV/AIDS may be due to the fact that public health authorities do not promote HIV/AIDS education, even though the national policy is to disseminate anti-HIV/AIDS messages.
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https://openalex.org/W2460692775
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[Sale of chloroquine in the street in Niamey (Niger)].
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2460692775
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Self-treatment of malaria with chloroquine is extremely common in West Africa for the febrile attacks self-diagnosed as a presumed malaria case. A survey was conducted for one year in Niamey to assess the importance of the self-treatment practice. Transmission of malaria is permanent along the river banks and seasonal in some suburbs. Chloroquine is made available by local ambulatory sellers. A sample of 199 persons purchase on average four tablets each which is less than the curative dose recommended by WHO. Self-medication is an adequate practice for reaching the primary goal of malaria strategy in sub-Saharan Africa, i.e. to reduce morbidity and mortality through prompt therapy. Developing this practice is a top public health priority. Even if the dose is not appropriate, self-medication protects against serious attacks without preventing immunization and does not seem to induce greater risk of extension of chloroquine-resistance.
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https://openalex.org/W1451590722
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Global Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems, and Policies
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1451590722
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Recognized as the most prestigious, comprehensive text on Global for GRADUATE programs in public and global health. Global Health, Third Edition (formerly titled International Public Health) brings together contributions from the world's leading authorities into a single comprehensive text. It thoroughly examines the wide range of global health challenges facing low and middle income countries today and the various approaches nations adopt to deal with them. These challenges include measurement of health status, infectious and chronic diseases, injuries, nutrition, reproductive health, global environmental health and complex emergencies. This thorough revision also explores emerging health systems, their financing, and management, and the roles of nation states, international agencies, the private sector and nongovernmental organizations in promoting health. Your students will come away with a clear understanding of how globalization is impacting on global health, and of the relationship between health and economic development., NEW to this EDITION: * Fully updated data throughout * Latest information on new global health initiatives * NEW chapter: Determinants of Health * NEW chapter: Pharmaceuticals * NEW chapter: Evaluation of Large Scale Programs uniqueness of this textbook is the sensitivity to the situation in lower income countries. It does not at any point make of the West a yard stick against which other peoples get measured. In this respect, it is a step forward towards positive globalism... -Manuscript reviewer from the University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Instructor Resources: Sample Syllabus, Test Bank, and PowerPoints Instructor resources developed by Sarita Bhalotra, MD, PhD, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University
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https://openalex.org/W3214146538
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A Comparative Study of the Epidemiology of Treponemal Infection in the Volta and Oti Regions of Ghana: A Five-Year Multisite Parallel Population-Based Analysis vis-à-vis the Sentinel Survey
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Treponemal infections can be blood-borne with great public health consequences. This study is aimed at comparatively describing the five-year (2013-2017) regional epidemiology of treponemal infection using pregnant women in the sentinel survey and apparently healthy blood donors as a proxy for the general population at four sentinel sites in the Volta and Oti Regions of Ghana. We analyzed retrospective data from 17,744 prospective blood donors aged 18 to 58 years and 7,817 pregnant women in a sentinel survey with ages from 15 to 49 years at Hohoe, Ho, Tongu, and Krachi West sentinel sites in the Volta and Oti Regions. Laboratory data extracted include variables such as age, gender, date of blood donation, and Treponema pallidum chromatographic immunoassay results from the blood banks of the four study sites. The five-year treponemal infection rate among the pregnant women in the sentinel survey and prospective blood donors was 0.79% and 2.38%, respectively. Site-specific infection rate for population-based/sentinel survey was 4.6%/1.1%, 2.0%/0.5%, 1.3%/1.1, and 1.2%/0.3% for Hohoe, Ho, Krachi West, and Tongu, respectively. Significant gender disparity in Treponemal infection rate exists with a male preponderance. The regional infection rate in the sentinel survey is lower compared to the general population. Therefore, the use of pregnant women as a proxy for population estimates could underestimate the burden in the study jurisdiction.
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https://openalex.org/W3092774783
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Africa Needs a New Public Health Order to Tackle Infectious Disease Threats
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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has revealed that Africa needs a new public health order to be resilient, to adapt, and to cope with 21st-century disease threats. The new order will need strengthened continental and national public health institutions; local manufacturing of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics; attraction, training, and retention of a public health workforce; and fostering of respectful local and international partnerships. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has revealed that Africa needs a new public health order to be resilient, to adapt, and to cope with 21st-century disease threats. The new order will need strengthened continental and national public health institutions; local manufacturing of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics; attraction, training, and retention of a public health workforce; and fostering of respectful local and international partnerships. Infectious diseases remain a great threat to Africa’s aspiration to achieve its 2063 developmental blueprint: “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want.” Health, as a development issue, continues to have a significant impact on the economic and social security of countries and regions across Africa. Africa’s underlying burden of endemic diseases is the largest in the world. Infectious diseases play a particularly severe role on the continent. Every year they account for over 227 million years of health life lost and produce an annual productivity loss of over $800 billion (World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, 2019World Health Organization Regional Office for AfricaA Heavy Burden: The Productivity Cost of Illness in Africa. WHO Regional Office for Africa, 2019Google Scholar). Moreover, outbreak-prone diseases are an increasingly devastating force. Of the estimated 10 million deaths per year resulting from infectious diseases, the majority occur in Africa. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has clearly shown how infectious diseases are a serious threat to health, global economies, and security. Economically, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is forecast to cause a 5.2% contraction in global gross domestic product and to a 2.8% contraction in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2020 (World Bank, 2020World BankGlobal Economic Prospects, June 2020. The World Bank, 2020Crossref Google Scholar). The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has underlined the datum that disease does not respect boundaries. While we seek to flatten the epidemiological curve of SARS-CoV-2 globally, the virus has also “flattened the world.” It has shown us that we are more connected than we thought, that we are vulnerable regardless of where we live, and that we have tremendous shared responsibilities and vast inequalities. In the midst of this, Africa has learned how fragile international cooperation can be when the world is collectively threatened and challenged by a common disease threat. For instance, the ease with which Africa was shoved out of the SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics market exposed how easily global cooperation and international solidarity can collapse (Nkengasong, 2020Nkengasong J. Let Africa into the market for COVID-19 diagnostics.Nature. 2020; 580: 565Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Similarly, Africa could find itself at the end of the queue for access to any available vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 with the rise of global protectionism and vaccine nationalism (Callaway, 2020Callaway E. The unequal scramble for coronavirus vaccines—by the numbers.Nature. 2020; 584: 506-507Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). One of the greatest lessons learned by Africa is the urgent need to invest in its healthcare systems as a critical instrument to secure its economic development as it implements the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement and other flagship projects of Agenda 2063. About 50 years ago, Julian Tudor-Hart proposed the principle of the inverse care law, stating that the availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served (Hart, 1971Hart J.T. The inverse care law.Lancet. 1971; 1: 405-412Abstract PubMed Scopus (2286) Google Scholar). This principle vastly prevails in Africa today, and a new public health order must aim to deconstruct this law. Here, we provide a historical perspective of where Africa is coming from and where it might be heading to understand why we need a new public health order to fight the inverse care law. We propose that the new public health order must stand on four pillars: strengthened public health institutions; local manufacturing of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics; a strengthened public health workforce; and respectful local and international partnerships. Africa finds itself balancing its developmental aspirations with strengthening its health systems to help it fight synergistic concurrent epidemics (i.e., the “syndemic”). It is faced with a set of linked health problems that interact synergistically, contributing to its excess burden of disease: rising rates of non-communicable diseases, emerging and re-emerging infections, and endemic diseases. The syndemic is a result of five major factors: (1) the rapid population growth of the continent, resulting in rapid population movement across the continent (the estimated population of Africa was 280 million in 1960 and 1.2 billion in 2016 and is projected to be 2.4 billion by 2050; United Nations ECA, 2016United Nations ECAThe Demographic Profile of African Countries. United National Economic Commission for Africa, 2016Google Scholar) (Although Africa is still significantly rural, the continent is projected to be the world’s fastest-urbanizing population.); (2) widespread infectious disease, including endemic diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria, which together account for more than 1.2 million deaths per year on the continent; emerging infectious pathogens; and the rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which will cause an estimated 4 million deaths by 2050 (O’Neill, 2014O’Neill J. Antimicrobial Resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations.https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/AMR Review Paper - Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations_1.pdfDate: 2014Google Scholar); (3) increasing incidence of non-communicable diseases and injuries (Gouda et al., 2019Gouda H.N. Charlson F. Sorsdahl K. Ahmadzada S. Ferrari A.J. Erskine H. Leung J. Santamauro D. Lund C. Aminde L.N. et al.Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.Lancet Glob. Health. 2019; 7: e1375-e1387Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (402) Google Scholar); (4) persistently high maternal mortality rates; and (5) threats posed by environmental, climatic, and ecological changes. As a result of this balancing act, over 30 novel infectious diseases have emerged over the last three decades. When most African countries gained independence in the 1960s, several of the major infectious diseases that threaten the society, economy, and security of the continent were unknown or were thought to have been brought under control. However, as the human population continues to expand, there is increased use of agricultural land, which increases the exposure of livestock and humans to infections in wildlife. Once these new infections enter the population, air traffic facilitates their rapid spread across the world. Climate change is also increasingly modifying the ecosystem and concentration of animal vectors, thereby introducing diseases to new geographic locations. However, these factors are just part of the story. Ultimately, the reasons for the rapid emergence of so many novel infectious diseases are multifactorial and also include microbial adaptation, poverty and social inequality, instability, and fragile health systems. To emphasize the broad and enduring impact of infectious disease in Africa, we constructed a timeline of how some of the notable infectious diseases, with pandemic potential, have emerged and re-emerged in Africa since independence (Figure 1). These, together with emerging, re-emerging, and other diseases in Africa in 2020 (Figure 2), represent a wake-up call for the continent. Some of the infections are emerging and re-emerging more frequently.Figure 2A Map of Emerging, Re-emerging, and Other Diseases Reported to the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) in 2020Show full captionThe size of the circles corresponds to the number of reported cases compiled as of August 28, 2020.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) The size of the circles corresponds to the number of reported cases compiled as of August 28, 2020. Given the above, in order to secure its future and guarantee its development, Africa will need a new public health order to address infectious disease threats and the overall syndemic in the 21st century. This new order will necessitate (1) a strengthened Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) and national public health institutions (NPHIs); (2) local production of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics; (3) investment in public health workforce and leadership programs; and (4) respectful partnerships. The Africa CDC must play a central role in the new public health order. To better understand the critical role that a well-resourced and enabled Africa CDC could potentially play in such a new public health order, it is important to look back on how some of the oldest public health institutions were established in response to challenges posed by disease threats of their time and have since transformed public health practice in those countries. The oldest public health institution in the world is the Brazilian Oswaldo Cruz Institute, founded in 1900 under the name “Instituto Soroterápico Federal” (Federal Serotherapic Institute). It was established as an immediate response to address several public health challenges, including the bubonic plague, yellow fever, and smallpox, which were Brazil’s greatest threats at the time. These diseases were decimating the population, hindering the economic and social development of the country. Foreign ships, the only international mechanism of transport at that time, were not allowed to anchor in Brazilian ports because of the potential risk of exporting these diseases—a situation similar to that of today, where air and sea transportation halted across the globe due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Today the institution has a remarkably broad range of public health responsibilities, including hospital and ambulatory care; health-related research; development and production of vaccines, drugs, reagents, and diagnostic kits; training of public health and health workers; and providing information and communications related to health, science, and technology. Another example is the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) that was founded in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, Georgia. Its work was initially focused on malaria control. It subsequently expanded its mandate to include all communicable diseases and supported all the States. In 1949 it launched the first-ever disease surveillance program. Subsequently, disease surveillance became the cornerstone of the CDC’s mission and, in time, changed the practice of public health. Strikingly, the start of the Korean War in 1950 was the stimulus for designing the CDC’s Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS). The threat of biological warfare loomed, creating a need to train epidemiologists who would detect ordinary threats to public health while looking out for unfamiliar pathogens. This “disease detectives” program quickly became famous for “shoe-leather epidemiology,” through which they hunted out the cause of disease outbreaks. Other public health agencies have emerged fairly recently due to several disease challenges, including the China CDC in 2002, the Public Health Agency of Canada in 2003, and the European CDC in 2003, which were established as a consequence of the 2002 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The political leadership of Africa must learn lessons from these experienced institutions on how to support and resource the Africa CDC so that it can play a central role in the new public health order, safeguarding the health security and economic development of the continent (Nkengasong et al., 2017Nkengasong J.N. Maiyegun O. Moeti M. Establishing the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention: responding to Africa’s health threats.Lancet Glob. Health. 2017; 5: e246-e247Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar). African heads of state and governments established the Africa CDC following the largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa, which resulted in over 28,000 infections and 11,300 deaths. The mission of the Africa CDC is to strengthen the capacity and capability of Africa’s public health institutions to detect and respond quickly and effectively to disease threats and outbreaks based on science, policy, and data-driven interventions and programs. In order to enable an effective response to disease threats, all five Africa CDC Regional Collaborating Centres (RCCs) should house a Regional Integrated Surveillance and Laboratory Network (Africa CDC RISLNET). The Africa CDC RISLNET is expected to leverage all existing public health assets in each region. The Africa CDC should then facilitate the establishment and/or strengthening of NPHIs in each African country, which will network with the RCCs. Functional NPHIs will then conduct core public health functions: surveillance, laboratory networking, innovative information management, workforce development, management of an emergency operation center, and conducting high-priority public health research. Strong continental public health institutions are critical to harmonize and coordinate public health responses across sectors, disciplines, and borders. Below are some examples of how the Africa CDC has supported over 10 member states to respond to nearly 15 disease outbreaks over 4 years. Perhaps the greatest challenge the nascent organization has faced was the EVD outbreaks in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Africa CDC supported the government of the DRC in several key areas: by deploying over 65 epidemiologists, laboratory experts, logisticians, infection control experts, and risk communicators; conducting 170,500 contact tracings and/or supervisions; establishing 11 laboratories across the affected areas and testing over 35,000 samples; training about 3,100 health care workers, traditional rulers, and points of entry; and providing personal protective equipment to 14 health districts. Furthermore, in 2019, the Africa CDC convened a meeting of health ministers of the DRC and its nine neighboring countries to develop a cross-border collaboration framework on Ebola preparedness and response and other health security risks. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, Africa CDC mobilized a continent-wide response and held an emergency meeting of African health ministers that led to the adoption and approval of the Africa Joint Continental Strategy for COVID-19 (Massinga Loembé et al., 2020Massinga Loembé M. Tshangela A. Salyer S.J. Varma J.K. Ouma A.E.O. Nkengasong J.N. COVID-19 in Africa: the spread and response.Nat. Med. 2020; 26: 999-1003Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar). Since then, the Africa CDC has trained more than 1,000 laboratory personnel and 9,000 public health and medical professionals on surveillance, infection prevention and control (IPC), risk communication, and case management. Africa CDC has distributed more than 5 million tests and provided over 10 million pieces of medical equipment across Africa, including personal protective equipment. Furthermore, Africa CDC deployed rapid responders (205) and community health workers (more than 10,000) to support COVID-19 testing and contact tracing across 22 member states. Local production of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics is critical to safeguard Africa’s health security. Despite the threats posed by infectious diseases in Africa, as outlined above, it is remarkable that the continent only produces 1% of its vaccines and lacks the adequate capacity to manufacture them at scale. Vaccines are essential to reduce mortality, improve life expectancy, and promote economic growth. The Global Alliance for Vaccines Immunization (GAVI) has been instrumental in introducing new vaccines in Africa. However, introducing new vaccines after countries graduate from eligibility for the GAVI program will be a challenge for the continent. The rapid population and economic growth in Africa make it a very attractive market for vaccine manufacturing. Therefore, African governments must invest in addressing barriers to local vaccine production, including process development and maintenance, production facilities, life cycle management, and product portfolio management. In addition, efforts like the African Vaccine Manufacturers Initiative must be promoted and encouraged. The geopolitics surrounding access to vaccines in the present SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight the need for Africa to embark on local vaccine manufacturing to avoid depending on externalities for its health security. Local production of medicines is equally critical. Africa imports between 70% and 90% of its drugs (Chaudhuri and West, 2015Chaudhuri S. West A. Can local producers compete with low-cost imports? A simulation study of pharmaceutical industry in low-income Africa.Innov. Dev. 2015; 5: 23-38Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar). This considerably exceeds the percentage of medicines imported into China (5%) and India (20%), despite comparable populations (McKinsey, 2019McKinsey Evaluating the sub-Saharan African pharmaceutical market.https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/should-sub-saharan-africa-make-its-own-drugsDate: 2019Google Scholar). Local pharmaceutical manufacturing is vital for Africa’s development; effective drugs against HIV infections became available in 1996 in developed countries and led to drastic decrease in mortalities from AIDS. However, these drugs only became accessible in Africa in 2002. As a result of the delay, millions of Africans died needlessly. The African Union’s initiative to establish the Africa Medicine Agency (AMA) must be fully supported as part of the new public health order. The goals of AMA are to (1) coordinate ongoing regulatory systems for drugs; (2) strengthen and harmonize drug-manufacturing efforts across the continent; (3) provide regulatory guidance; and (4) improve patients’ access to quality, safe, and efficacious medical products and health technologies on the continent. Africa’s high disease burden constitutes a great incentive and a significant market for the pharmaceutical industry. In 2017, the World Health Organization estimates that the annual earnings from substandard and/or counterfeit drugs were over US$30 billion (World Health Organization, 2017World Health OrganizationA Study on the Public Health and Socioeconomic Impact of Substandard and Falsified Medical Products. World Health Organization, 2017Google Scholar). Lastly, Africa needs to invest in the local production of diagnostics, especially for newly emerging pathogens. The present COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the serious challenges for the continent to quickly access diagnostics in the wake of an emerging disease threat (Nkengasong, 2020Nkengasong J. Let Africa into the market for COVID-19 diagnostics.Nature. 2020; 580: 565Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). In fact, prior to COVID-19, no African countries were investing in the local manufacturing of diagnostics. Adequate investment to develop and maintain a prepared cadre of public health experts and leaders will be fundamental for the continent to cope with its disease threats. The Africa CDC needs to be enabled to run a competency-based workforce development program similar to the US CDC’s EIS program. Africa needs about 6,000 field epidemiologists at both advanced and intermediate levels. However, there are only an estimated 1,900 epidemiologist graduates from various field epidemiology training programs across the continent. The continent also needs an estimated 25,000 frontline epidemiologists but currently has only trained about 5,000. Moreover, in 2017, the heads of state and government of the continent launched an initiative to deploy 2 million community healthcare workers who can help to transform the interface between public health services and communities. This cadre of workers can truly be the nexus between universal health coverage and health security, as they can improve access and uptake of health services, sanitation and hygiene, and primary health care to the community and improve overall health outcomes. Africa must also prioritize training for the next generation of global health leaders to embrace a multi-dimensional approach to solving health challenges. This will include arming the next generation to understand that public health agendas must be pushed politically and diplomatically. They must aim at propelling any public health causes into political circles, because protecting Africa’s public health requires the promotion of evidence-based estimates to predict resource needs before a disease threat occurs. Unfortunately, because of the major competing emergencies that the continent faces, the risks of future diseases do not appear imminent; thus, convincing policy makers to invest in disease preparedness may be a challenge. The Africa CDC recently launched the Kofi Annan Global Health Leadership and Scholar Program, which is aimed at providing emerging public health leaders with such skill sets (Africa Union, 2020Africa UnionAfrican Union Commission announces the Africa CDC Kofi Annan Global Health Leadership Programme.https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20200525/african-union-commission-announces-africa-cdc-kofi-annan-global-healthDate: 2020Google Scholar). A new public order will require that Africa develop effective and trusting partnerships with the private sector and establish a new mechanism to ensure that efforts by donors and development partners are better coordinated and aligned with continental aspirations—Agenda 2063—and that African-originated and -defined health priorities and solutions are respected. Such coordination is critical to ensure efficiencies and to minimize fragmentation and duplications of efforts and undermining of African-driven agendas. The COVID-19 pandemic has clearly demonstrated how interrelated disease threats are with economies. As Africa implements the Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement, close collaboration with the Africa CDC is essential to ensure that public health and disease threats are central to its operations. Lastly, committed partnerships across the continent will be required to establish an Africa Disease Threat Fund, similar to The Global Fund, to effectively implement the new public health order in Africa.
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https://openalex.org/W2162433519
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White blood cell counts in healthy Jamaican adults.
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The investigation of presumed neutropenia places a burden on the health services, especially those of developing countries, including Jamaica. This may be because the normal ranges used in the laboratory are based on the values generated from the Caucasian population. Previous studies looking at African and Afro-Caribbean groups have found lower counts for these populations compared with Caucasians. To address this issue, 195 healthy adults donating blood at the National Public Health Laboratory and the University Hospital of the West Indies blood banks in Kingston, Jamaica, were screened for complete blood count (CBC) differentials between June 2001 and June 2006. The geometric means for the neutrophil counts were found to be 2.4 x 10(9)/L for men and 2.7 x 10(9)/L for women, with 95% confidence intervals of 2.2-2.8 x 10(9)/L and 2.5-3.1 x 10(9)/L respectively. Values for the Jamaican population were similar to those of other Afro-Caribbean groups. Based on this distribution, 14% of healthy Jamaicans would fall below the normal ranges derived from Caucasians and therefore presumed to have neutropenia. We recommend that the lower reference ranges obtained for Afro-Caribbean adults be adopted for that population.
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https://openalex.org/W1595008027
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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN TERJADINYA KELUHAN COMPUTER VISION SYNDROME (CVS) PADA OPERATOR KOMPUTER PT. BANK KALBAR KANTOR PUSAT TAHUN 2012
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1595008027
|
Background: Computer USAge leads to various health problem including eyediscomfort. The complex of eye and vision problems related to prolonged useof Visual Display Terminal (VDT) has been termed as Computer VisionSyndrome (CVS). Factors related to CVS are age, sex, work period in years,eye disorder, work duration in hours, rest breaks frequency, condition oflighting and temperature in work environment.Objective: This research aimed to identify the relationship between the VDTworkers factor, VDT USAge and work environment with CVS complaints oncomputer operators at Center Office of Bank Kalbar in 2012.Methodology: This research was an analytic observational study with crosssectional approach. Sampels were choosen by total sampling method.Seventy eight computer operators that fulfilled the researchs criteriasincluded as a subject. The data were collected from questionnaire answersand observation of work environment, then analyzed by using Fishers ExactTest.Result: This research found that 88,5% respondents had CVS complaints.Based on statistical result, the age, VDT USAge and work environment factorsdidnt have any significant relationship with CVS complaints (p > 0,05). Sex,work period in years and eye disorder showed significant relationship withCVS complaints (p < 0,05).Conclusion : There are relationship between VDT workers factor with CVScomplaints in computer operators at Center Office of Bank Kalbar in 2012.Keywords: computer vision syndrome, VDT worker, VDT USAge, workenvironment1. Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak,West Kalimantan.email:[email protected]. Department of Public Health, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine,Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, West Kalimantan.3. Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Faculty of Medicine,Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, West Kalimantan.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Jurnal Mahasiswa PSPD FK Universitas Tanjungpura",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306516901",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W276903978
|
Report of the Workgroup on Parasitic Diseases.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Jamaica",
"display_name": "Ministry of Health",
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"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Figueroa Jp",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039639983"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Onchocerciasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780727990"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease Eradication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909656726"
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{
"display_name": "Tropical disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777474118"
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"display_name": "Neglected tropical diseases",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776246342"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Lymphatic filariasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776158911"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Filariasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777629521"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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{
"display_name": "Helminths",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165901193"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
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"https://openalex.org/W2106619691",
"https://openalex.org/W2128104927"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W276903978
|
Introduction The Workgroup reviewed and agreed to work with the definitions of control, and eradication published in the Dahlem Workshop Report. However, it was noted that a number of resolutions of regional and international bodies, including WHO, PAHO, and the World Bank, included the expression elimination [of a particular disease] as a public health problem. The criteria for assessing the eradicability of diseases and conditions given in the Dahlem Workshop Report were accepted by the group. It was noted that the development of an effective strategy was part of demonstrating the feasibility of elimination. The economic impact or benefit of disease elimination/eradication may be with respect to intervention factors, including cost-effectiveness, equity (distribution issues), and the impact on the economy. The list of candidate parasitic diseases was reviewed and the group concluded that dracunculiasis was eradicable at present with current tools; separate working subgroups were designated to consider onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas disease, and parasites. Caution was expressed in relation to the capacity of many developing countries to engage in more than a very limited number of eradication/elimination campaigns at a given time. There is already a global eradication campaign for poliomyelitis and for candidate diseases such as measles, and there are a number of regional disease campaigns. Candidate diseases for will need to be ranked in order of priority on a global and regional basis. In addition, issues of certification of disease and eradication need to be considered. For example, the ability of parasites to survive for long periods in humans makes the certification of even more difficult. Onchocerciasis It was agreed that onchocerciasis was a strong candidate for as a public health problem, but not for eradication at the present time. As such, the subgroup endorsed the recommendations and definition used by the 1993 International Task Force for Disease Elimination, where the term elimination as a public health problem was used. This is a concept that encompasses both global control and of infection in selected areas. Essential facilitating factors Considerable achievements have been made towards of onchocerciasis in most of the Americas, all countries within the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP), and in several other African countries. Progressive increase in treatment with ivermectin has been achieved, with 500 000 doses of treatment having been distributed in 1988 and 18 million in 1997. This represents near complete coverage in the OCP and the Americas, and about 33% coverage in the APOC (African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control) countries. Extensive partnerships exist which are dedicated to the goal of sustained and complete global ivermectin treatment; the partners include Merck & Co., WHO, the World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, nongovernmental organizations, research institutes, ministries of health, other donors, and the endemic communities. Constraining factors An important constraining factor is that ivermectin is not effective in killing the adult worms (macrofilariae). Other factors are the difficulty in achieving and maintaining a sufficiently high coverage and treatment frequency to interrupt transmission, the long life span of the adult worms, and active human and vector migration. Key strategies Annual or semiannual mass ivermectin treatment must be sustained through community-based distribution programmes in endemic areas. Research needs * Surveillance: epidemiological assessment and mapping; tools, techniques, and strategies to monitor the effectiveness of interventions; and criteria for interruption of transmission. …
|
[
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2788115147
|
Publication patterns on occupied Palestine in four key medical journals 1990–2016: a descriptive study
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Norway",
"display_name": "UiT The Arctic University of Norway",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I78037679",
"lat": 69.6489,
"long": 18.95508,
"type": "education"
},
{
"country": "Norway",
"display_name": "University Hospital of North Norway",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1298853749",
"lat": 69.6489,
"long": 18.95508,
"type": "healthcare"
}
],
"display_name": "Mads Gilbert",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5047338433"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Medical journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017579018"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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] |
[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza",
"Syria",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2788115147
|
BackgroundThe atrocities in Syria have been covered in the four general medical weekly journals in the USA and the UK. Medical journal articles addressing political determinants of public health have rightly described and criticised the international community's failure to enforce humanitarian law while urging global bodies of power to ensure protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure and medical services. Discussions of the political influences on health of people in the occupied Palestinian territory (West Bank and Gaza Strip) seem to be considered politically out-of-bounds by some medical journals. This study used a keyword-based search to explore patterns of publication about the occupied Palestinian territory and Israel by four large US and European medical journals.MethodThe four highest ranked, peer-reviewed, international medical journals were searched: The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), The Lancet, and The British Medical Journal (BMJ). Searches were conducted between Sept 1 and Sept 6, using each journal's search engine with the keywords “Gaza”, “West Bank” and the stems “Palestin*” and “Israel*” in all fields for the period Jan 1, 1990, to Sept 6, 2016. News and commentary articles were included in the findings.FindingsThe searches found the term “Palestin*” in 49 articles from the two US journals (32 in JAMA; 17 in NEJM) and 694 articles in the two UK journals (236 in The Lancet; 458 in BMJ). “Israel*” was found in 840 articles in US journals (386 in JAMA; 454 in NEJM) and in 2972 articles in UK journals (1388 in The Lancet; 1584 in BMJ). “West Bank” was found in nine articles in US journals (nine in JAMA; none in NEJM) and in 297 articles from the UK (211 in The Lancet; 86 in BMJ). “Gaza” was found in 18 articles in US journals (15 from JAMA; three from NEJM) and in 487 articles in UK journals (324 in The Lancet; 166 in BMJ).InterpretationCompared with the two US-based medical journals, the UK journals published substantially more articles with the relevant keywords and discussed political responsibilities for the dire health conditions experienced by the Palestinian people. The journals included in this study differed in the extent to which they featured news and comments, which might have affected the number of published articles. Because there is a larger research establishment in Israel than in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the keyword “Israel” might have been included in a larger number of clinical and biomedical scientific papers. Medical leaders, including journal editors, have a responsibility to participate in the discussion around this preventable situation, which could have long-lasting public health consequences.FundingNone.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2980758988
|
Academic medicine and political agendas
|
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"country": "United States",
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"display_name": "Maxine Fookson",
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Boston University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I111088046",
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"display_name": "Alan Meyers",
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"country": "United States",
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Cook County Health and Hospitals System",
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"lat": 41.8955,
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"type": "healthcare"
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],
"display_name": "Rachel Rubin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005739943"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Peter H. S. Sporn",
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}
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"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Scopus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Homeland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778880830"
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{
"display_name": "Population",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "MEDLINE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
}
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[
"West Bank",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza",
"Israel"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1997129956",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2980758988
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We disagree with Gideon Paul and colleagues1Paul GA Asher E Stanton SL Lev E A call for academic medicine to remain politically neutral.Lancet. 2019; 3931806Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar in their assertion that academic research should not be divisive. Divisive is a subjective term and at times, if research examines or illuminates factors underlying conflict and its impact on populations, it could be seen by some as being divisive. For example, during the USA-backed war on Nicaragua's Sandinista Government, researchers documented the effects on the civilian population, helping to inform the policy debate;2Siegel D Baron R Epstein P The epidemiology of aggression: health consequences of war in Nicaragua.Lancet. 1985; 1: 1492-1493Abstract PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar, 3Nicaragua Health Study Collaborative at Harvard, CIES, and UNANHealth effects of the war in two rural communities in Nicaragua.Am J Public Health. 1989; 79: 424-429Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar this certainly did not please advocates of US policy. We also disagree that the term occupied Palestinian territory is a “political statement with intentional prejudice”. In fact, the term is used by the UN in relation to its ongoing work in this region. The website of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) states: “In 2002, OCHA established its Country Office in the occupied Palestinian territory, occupied by Israel since the 1967 war, to support international efforts to respond to the humanitarian situation in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and in the Gaza Strip.”4UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian AffairsOCHA occupied Palestinian territory: about us.https://www.ochaopt.org/page/about-usDate accessed: May 15, 2019Google Scholar The international consensus is that the West Bank, Golan Heights, and Gaza Strip are occupied territories according to international law.5Jabarin S The occupied Palestinian territory and international humanitarian law: a response to Peter Maurer.Int Rev Red Cross. 2013; 95: 415-428Crossref Scopus (4) Google Scholar We declare no competing interests. A call for academic medicine to remain politically neutralWe question the use of an important medical research paper as a platform for making a political statement. Dehghan and colleagues1 include “occupied Palestinian territory” as one of the 21 participant countries in their study. We presume this is referring to the areas that are described as West Bank and Gaza in official World Bank documents.2 Full-Text PDF Academic medicine and political agendasPaul Gideon and colleagues1 suggest that the term occupied Palestinian territory is a “political statement with intentional prejudice” and should be avoided in medical academic papers. However, they use an alternative term, disputed territories, to describe the West Bank and Gaza Strip. This term is only used by the Government of Israel and always in the service of Israel's political aims. Full-Text PDF
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|
https://openalex.org/W4238044928
|
Scaling Up the Disease Surveillance System
|
[] |
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "Commission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776480101"
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{
"display_name": "Sierra leone",
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{
"display_name": "Sustainability",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66204764"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
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{
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"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
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{
"display_name": "Ecology",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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[
"West Bank"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4238044928
|
No AccessDec 2017Scaling Up the Disease Surveillance SystemAuthors/Editors: Ramesh Govindaraj, Christopher H. Herbst, John Paul ClarkRamesh GovindarajSearch for more papers by this author, Christopher H. HerbstSearch for more papers by this author, John Paul ClarkSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1109-8_ch4AboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (0.5 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Discusses the imperative of developing effective national and cross-national regional disease surveillance and response (RDSR) network in West Africa, as well as the technical and cost implications of such a network for each of the three countries—Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone—by (1) examining the methodology used to determine an RDSR’s value-added benefits; (2) reviewing best practices of existing successful surveillance systems; (3) presenting the elements essential for an effective and efficient network; and (4) considering the operational and fixed costs of an RDSR network and its sustainability requirements. A core priority under health systems strengthening investment plans remains to strengthen disease surveillance systems within each country, but from a public health and economic standpoint, such investments should remain regional in nature because of the transboundary nature of infectious disease outbreaks. The long-term sustainability of a regional network requires a high level of government prioritization as well as intergovernmental and regional cooperation. ReferencesGHRF Commission (Global Health Risk Framework for the Future Commission). 2016. The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. CrossrefGoogle ScholarKatz, Rebecca, Vibhuti Haté, Sarah Kornblet, and Julie E Fischer. 2012. “Costing Framework for International Health Regulations (2005).” Emerging Infectious Diseases 18 (7): 1121–27. CrossrefGoogle ScholarKilpatrick, A Marm and Sarah E Randolph. 2012. “Zoonoses 2: Drivers, Dynamics, and Control of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases.” The Lancet 380 (1–7 December):1946–55. CrossrefGoogle ScholarOpe, Maurice, Stanley Sonoiya, James Kariuki, Leonard Mboera, Gandham Ramana, Miriam Schneidman, and Mwihaki Kimura. 2013. “Regional Initiatives in Support of Surveillance East Africa: The East Africa Integrated Disease Surveillance Network (EAIDSNet) Experience.” Emerging Health Threats Journal 6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557906/. CrossrefGoogle ScholarSmith, Katherine F, Michael Goldberg, Samantha Rosenthal, Lynn Carlson, Jane Chen, Cici Chen, and Sohini Ramachandran. 2014. “Global Rise in Human Infectious Disease Outbreaks.” Journal of the Royal Society Interface 11: 2014.0950. CrossrefGoogle ScholarUNDG (United Nations Development Group). 2015. Socio-Economic Impact of Ebola Virus Disease in West African Countries: A Call for National and Regional Containment, Recovery and Prevention. United Nations Development Group, Western and Central Africa. http://www.africa.undp.org/content/dam/rba/docs/Reports/ebola-west-africa.pdf. Google ScholarWorld Bank. 2012. People Pathogens and Our Planet: The Economics of One Health. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google Scholar Previous chapterNext chapter FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetails View Published: December 2017ISBN: 978-1-4648-1109-8e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-1110-4 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsAfricaEast Asia & PacificMiddle East and North AfricaRelated CountriesGuineaLiberiaSierra LeoneRelated TopicsHealth Nutrition and Population KeywordsCASE STUDYQUALITY OF HEALTH CAREACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICESUNIVERSAL HEALTH CARESCALING UPEBOLAHEALTH PERSONNEL SHORTAGEHEALTH PROFESSIONALSCAPACITY BUILDINGHEALTH SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMSPUBLIC HEALTHREGIONAL PLANNING PDF DownloadLoading ...
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2382930311
|
College Students' Physical Fitness Promotion from the Perspective of Health Education
|
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"display_name": "Fujian Normal University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I111753288",
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],
"display_name": "Cheng Hai-chun",
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}
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
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"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
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"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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[
"West Bank"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2382930311
|
Depending on testing,mathematical statistics,etc,the paper makes a vertical comparison of the health fitness of college students at the west bank of the strait in 2010 and 2005,with the result showing that the overall health fitness of college students is decreasing.Therefore,we should strengthen health education to help college students develop their life-long sports concept,impart health knowledge and the know-how of scientific exercise,improve their fitness of the lack of flexibility and strength,and develop good life styles.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Chengdu Sport University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764431839",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4253118206
|
Acute respiratory tract infections among hospitalized Palestinian patients: a retrospective study
|
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"display_name": "Al-Quds University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I21215505",
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"display_name": "Al-Quds University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I21215505",
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"display_name": "Respiratory tract infections",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776012195"
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"display_name": "Pediatrics",
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"display_name": "Bordetella pertussis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777582894"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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"display_name": "Pneumonia",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C534529494"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783"
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"display_name": "Antibiotics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C501593827"
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"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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"display_name": "Bacteria",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C523546767"
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"display_name": "Microbiology",
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"West Bank"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4253118206
|
Abstract Background: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major public health concern. This study aims to investigate the profiles and epidemiological characteristics of acute RTIs and respiratory pathogens in Palestinian hospitalized patients. Methods: Clinical samples from hospitalized patients with symptoms of acute RTIs admitted between January 2011 and December 2016 are referred to Palestinian Central Public Health Laboratory (PHCL) to identify the causative pathogen. Patients’ demographic information and the results of the molecular identification were retrieved from the electronic database at the PHCL. The results of the detections were analyzed to explore the distribution of pathogens resulting in hospitalization among patients with RTIs across age, gender, region, year and season. Results: A total of 15413 patients with acute RTIs were hospitalized during the study period. The causal agent was identified only in 28.7% of the patients. Overall, influenza viruses were the most common cause of RTIs among hospitalized Palestinian patients in the West Bank. The elderly population (≥60 years old) had the highest rates. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis ) followed influenza, respectively. Children showed the highest hospitalization rates for these two infections along with adenovirus, enterovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Outbreaks of RTIs occurred mainly during winter (between December and March). Conclusions: Influenza viruses are the major cause acute RTIs among hospitalized patients in the West Bank. Children and elderlies have the highest risk for RTIs. The reoccurrence of B. pertussis in spite of vaccination is alarming and requires further investigation.
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"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "Hindawi Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400340",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4288720841
|
Mental Health Outcomes Among Public Social Workers in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
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"display_name": "Scott D. Easton",
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"display_name": "Najwa S. Safadi",
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"display_name": "Leila Dal Santo",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C161584116"
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"display_name": "Mental distress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777274743"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778087770"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4288720841
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Public sector social workers in the Occupied Palestinian Territories experience loss and trauma on a daily basis. Study objectives were to: (a) assess levels of three mental health outcomes and (b) examine workplace correlates among Palestinian social workers in the West Bank. Results revealed alarmingly high percentages of workers who met clinical thresholds for somatic symptoms (70.9%), distress (34.7%), and anxiety (19.3%). Multivariate regression models explained 25–32% of outcome variance. Job stress, exposure to violence, and job satisfaction were significant in two models, and physical health was significant in three models. Policy, practice, and future research implications are discussed.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Loss and Trauma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S5866276",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4241153962
|
Calculating the global burden of disease: time for a strategic reappraisal?
|
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"display_name": "Alan Williams",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4241153962
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Health EconomicsVolume 8, Issue 1 p. 1-8 Guest EditorialFree Access Calculating the global burden of disease: time for a strategic reappraisal? Alan Williams, Corresponding Author Alan Williams Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UKCentre for Health Economics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK===Search for more papers by this author Alan Williams, Corresponding Author Alan Williams Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UKCentre for Health Economics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK===Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 March 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199902)8:1<1::AID-HEC399>3.0.CO;2-BCitations: 110AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Originally incorporated into the World Development Report 1993, published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993. The main recent methodological source book is Murray, C.J.L. and Lopez, A.D. (eds) The Global Burden of Disease, published by The Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of The World Health Organization and The World Bank, 1996, and distributed by Harvard University Press. Some of the results of the study were recently published in The Lancet 349 in four articles each authored by Murray, C.J.L. and Lopez, A.D. as follows: Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1269–1276; Regional patterns of disability-free life expectancy and disability-adjusted life expectancy: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1347–1352; Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1436–1442; and Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study, 1498–1504. 2See for instance the recent review by Gold, M.R. et al. ‘Identifying and valuing outcomes’, In Gold, M.R. et al., (eds) Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, chapter 4, pp. 82–134. 3See for instance the data cited in the World Development Report, pp. 34–35 (see [1] above) and especially Figure 1.9. 4See for instance van Doorslaer, E. et al., Income-related inequlities in health: some international comparisons. Journal of Health Economics 1997; 16: 93–112. 5See for instance Murray, C.J.L. and Lopez, A.D. The Global Burden of Disease, 1996, pp. 19–22. 6As was pointed out, at a much earlier stage in the GBD Study, by Mooney, G. and Creese, A. Priority setting for health service efficiency: the role of measurement of burden of illness, appendix C, pp. 731–740 of Jamison, D.T. et al., (eds) Disease control priorities in developing countries. World Bank, Oxford University Press, 1993. 7As cited in [2] above, pp. 230–233. 8The study makes use of ‘model life tables’ published in Coale, A.J. and Demeny, P. Regional model life tables and stable populations: second edition, New York: Academic Press, 1983. Broadly speaking, for each of a wide range of levels of life expectancy at birth, life tables are created that follow four distinct patterns, labelled North, South, East and West. In using them, the art lies in finding the one which most closely matches the known parameters of any actual data that might be available. It is then assumed that the rest of the data in the selected model life table will also apply. 9As cited in [2] above, pp. 124–128. 10Williams, A. Inter-generational equity: an exploration of the ‘fair innings’ argument’. Health Economics. 1997; 6: 117– 132. Citing Literature Volume8, Issue1February 1999Pages 1-8 ReferencesRelatedInformation
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S145200904",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2753277942
|
The Impact of the Implementation the Concept of Knowledge Management on Security Crisis Management
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Zaki Am Abuzyead",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027291256"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Sherifa Fouad Sherif",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5055850750"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Health security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991980193"
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{
"display_name": "Crisis management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780851881"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental resource management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107826830"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk analysis (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112930515"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental planning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91375879"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2753277942
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This study aimed to identify the impact of applying the concept of knowledge management on security crisis management in the joint operations rooms of the Palestinian security forces in the West Bank governorates. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the analytical descriptive method, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting the necessary data from the study society, which represents all the officers in the joint operations room, which number (352) officers. The results of the study showed significant effect with statistically significant at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) for knowledge management processes (knowledge diagnosis, knowledge generation, knowledge storage, knowledge distribution, and knowledge immplementation) on stages of security crises management in the joint operations rooms of the Palestinian security services.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W4230720809
|
Leishmaniasis in Israel and the Palestinian Authority
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"display_name": "Charles L. Jaffe",
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"display_name": "Leishmania tropica",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778338367"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776555147"
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"display_name": "Leishmania",
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"display_name": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778702967"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781257258"
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{
"display_name": "Leishmania major",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780599195"
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{
"display_name": "Visceral leishmaniasis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778689377"
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"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909982947"
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{
"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Parasite hosting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71928629"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4230720809
|
Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in the Middle East has been known since the early 1900s. Recent epidemiological studies show that they are re-emerging as important public health problems in areas long believed to be disease free. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania tropica, has become a significant problem in northern Israel and parts of the West Bank, whereas zoonotic foci of Leishmania major in the Jericho area and Negev desert present a threat to increasing populations. Canine leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania infantum, is now highly prevalent in central Israel and encroaching on urban areas. Recent studies on the vectors and reservoir hosts, in addition to the molecular characterization of Leishmania, are helping us understand the dynamics of these diseases.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Trends in Parasitology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S182404557",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3134768982
|
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities: a qualitative study on the perspectives of BAME community leaders
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Birmingham",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I79619799",
"lat": 52.450558,
"long": -1.930556,
"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Fesani Mahmood",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090135908"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Wolverhampton",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I119664326",
"lat": 52.58547,
"long": -2.12296,
"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Dev Raj Acharya",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088005102"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Birmingham",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I79619799",
"lat": 52.450558,
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"display_name": "Kanta Kumar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5066834775"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Birmingham",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I79619799",
"lat": 52.450558,
"long": -1.930556,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Vibhu Paudyal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5019257779"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Taboo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776323365"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
},
{
"display_name": "Mental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134362201"
},
{
"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442"
},
{
"display_name": "Worship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777222677"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1979290264",
"https://openalex.org/W2036009761",
"https://openalex.org/W2073042971",
"https://openalex.org/W2883796552",
"https://openalex.org/W2947519338",
"https://openalex.org/W2961277596",
"https://openalex.org/W3017361683",
"https://openalex.org/W3020110871",
"https://openalex.org/W3037417135"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3134768982
|
ABSTRACT Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of BAME community leaders in relation to - the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their communities; and BAME community’s perception, understanding and adherence to Government guidelines on COVID-19 public health measures. Design A phenomenological approach was adopted using qualitative semi-structured interviews. Settings Community organisations and places of worships in the West Midlands region of England. Participants Community leaders were recruited through organisations representing BAME communities and religious places of worship. Results A total of 19 participants took part. Participants alluded to historical and structural differences for the observed disparities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Many struggled with lockdown measures which impeded cultural and religious gatherings that were deemed to be integral to the community. Cultural and social practices led to many suffering on their own as discussion of mental health was still deemed a taboo within many communities. Many expressed their community’s reluctance to report symptoms for the fear of financial and physical health implications. They reported increase in hate crime which was deemed to be exacerbated due to perceived insensitive messaging from authority officials and historical structural biases. Access and adherence to government guidelines was an issue for many due to language and digital barriers. Reinforcement from trusted community and religious leaders encouraged adherence. Points of support such as food banks were vital in ensuring essential supplies during the pandemic. Many could not afford masks and sanitisers. Conclusion The study highlights the perceived impact of COVID-19 pandemic on BAME communities. Government agencies and public health agencies need to integrate with the community, and community leaders to penetrate the key messages and deliver targeted yet sensitive public health advice which incorporates cultural and religious practices. Addressing route cause of disparities is imperative to mitigate current and future pandemics. Strengths and limitations of this study To our knowledge, this is the first study in England to investigate the understanding of risk and impact of COVID-19 using the perspectives of BAME community leaders. Participants represented diverse BAME community organisations and places of worship. Participant recruitment was limited to one of the seven regions within England with the highest proportion of BAME populations. Results may not be generalizable to any BAME communities not represented in the data.
|
[
{
"display_name": "medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400573",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4283755786
|
The validity and reliability of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for screening breast cancer behaviours in occupied Palestinian territory: a cross-sectional study
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ni’meh Al-Shami",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5085737265"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Haya Shojaia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041052867"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Hiba Darwish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004405551"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C530470458"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Mammography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780472235"
},
{
"display_name": "Health belief model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1602351"
},
{
"display_name": "Breast cancer screening",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778491387"
},
{
"display_name": "Champion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780465443"
},
{
"display_name": "Scale (ratio)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778755073"
},
{
"display_name": "Cross-sectional study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142052008"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870"
},
{
"display_name": "Health education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113807197"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Cancer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121608353"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4283755786
|
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Palestinian women. Breast self-examination and mammography screening are important tools to detect tumours early and improve survival. Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) is a self-report instrument that can help in detecting beliefs and behaviours. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Arabic version of CHBMS to assess the beliefs and behaviours of Palestinian women in West Bank, occupied Palestinian Territory, towards screening and health education programmes for early detection of breast cancer.The English version of the CHBMS questionnaire was translated into Arabic and revised by two bilingual experts. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic questions relating to the following eight subscales: susceptibility to breast cancer (three items), seriousness of breast cancer (seven items), benefits of breast self-examination (six items), barriers to performing examinations (nine items), and confidence in performing examinations (ten items), health motivation (seven items), and benefits of (six items) and barriers to (nine items) performing mammography. A qualitative pilot with ten different women was performed to assess the clarity of the translated CHBMS and its appropriateness to the local context. We then did a cross-sectional study in which all attendees to the main Palestinian Ministry of Health screening clinics in the north, middle, and south of West Bank from Oct 1 to Dec 30, 2016, were asked to be interviewed by telephone. Respondents gave verbal consent to participate. Varimax rotation was used to extract factors with 0·40 loading or greater. The items for breast self-examination and the mammography screening scales were considered separately; 42 items related to breast self-examination were loaded on six subscales and the 15 items related to mammography screening were loaded on two subscales. The internal consistency of each subscale was tested using Cronbach's α and no increase of more than 0·1 if any item was deleted. All analyses were done with SPSS version 22.444 interviews were completed. The items "if someone developed [breast cancer], she would not live longer than 5 years" and "Doing [breast self-examination] will make me worry" did not meet any subscale loading criterion. The item "I don't feel I can do [breast self-examination] correctly" loaded on the confidence subscale instead of being categorized as a barrier to breast examination. The five items referring to mammography screening benefits and the eight items referring to mammography screening barriers loaded to their respective two subscales. Internal consistency for each breast self-examination subscale was acceptable to high: benefits (Cronbach's α=0·931), barriers (0·624) and confidence (0·923), susceptibility (0·941), seriousness (0·786) and health motivation (0·595). The internal consistency for the mammography screening benefits and barriers were good (Cronbach's α=0·668 and 0·640, respectively).The study supports the use of CHBMS as a tool with potential to measure beliefs and behaviours related to breast self-examination and mammography screening among Palestinian women. Improved understanding of these factors will lead to development of more effective educational programmes.None.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3152017989
|
Redefining deprivation in a conflict area: learning from the Palestinian experience using mixed methods
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Tiziana Leone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041173481"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Weeam Hammoudeh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079489107"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Susan Mitwali",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5055114088"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "David Lewis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5009887988"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Rawan Kafri",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090699248"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Tracy Kuo Lin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084237667"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Rita Giacaman",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078378687"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ernestina Coast",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017428889"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Mental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134362201"
},
{
"display_name": "Social deprivation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13543017"
},
{
"display_name": "Relative deprivation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778516963"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomic status",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Affect (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776035688"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3152017989
|
Conflicts threaten public health, human security and and wellbeing. While their visible impacts (such as physical disability, injury and death) garner considerable attention, they affect populations in other important ways. This paper seeks to understand how people make sense of, and cope with, various forms of deprivation and trauma resulting from experiences of conflict and military occupation in the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt). Using mixed methods, the paper explores mental health and wellbeing outcomes associated with deprivation in a conflict setting. Starting with an analysis of the Palestinian Survey, it looks at the ways in which deprivation is conceptualised by individuals through the lens of mental wellbeing. The paper evaluates dominant theoretical paradigms in social and health sciences by linking local understandings of deprivation and health to experiences of conflict and military occupation. Qualitative data was collected from 52 in-depth interviews across the West Bank. The 2014 Socioeconomic and Food Security (SEFSec) was used for the quantitative portion of the study, and multi-level modelling was adopted to assess the impact of deprivation on mental health. This study shows that politics and locality are variables that significantly affect mental health and wellbeing in the Palestinian context, particularly political uncertainty and restrictions on mobility. Political and social deprivation are considered more pressing that material forms of deprivation. The civil population's struggle against occupation and its internalisation of deprivation has serious repercussions on individual and public health in the long-term.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4230524087
|
Country and Gender Differences in the Association between Violence and Cigarette Smoking Among Youth
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061671013"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Argentina",
"display_name": "Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I151201029",
"lat": -34.61315,
"long": -58.37723,
"type": "government"
}
],
"display_name": "Ethel Alderete",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005642079"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Abdullatif Husseini",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063134205"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of California, San Francisco",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I180670191",
"lat": 37.77493,
"long": -122.41942,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Jennifer Livaudais‐Toman",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042882616"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "National Institutes of Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238",
"lat": 38.98067,
"long": -77.10026,
"type": "government"
}
],
"display_name": "Eliseo J. Pérez‐Stable",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039445427"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Odds",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143095724"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Cigarette smoking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019085024"
},
{
"display_name": "Youth smoking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778700617"
},
{
"display_name": "Odds ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156957248"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035"
},
{
"display_name": "Tobacco control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780832096"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4230524087
|
Abstract Background: Exposure to violence in youth may be associated with subsequent substance use and other adverse health effects. This study examined tow middle-income areas with different levels and types of exposure to violence. Methods: Association of exposure to verbal and physical violence with cigarette smoking in the West Bank oPt (2008) and in Jujuy Argentina (2006) was examined using cross-sectional surveys of 14 to 17-year old youth in 7th to 10th grade using probabilistic sampling. Results: Violence exposure rates were more than double for Palestinian girls (99.6% vs. 41.2%) and boys (98.7% vs. 41.1%) compared with Argentineans. Argentinean girls had current smoking rates eight times higher than Palestinian girls (56.2% vs. 7.1%). Exposure to verbal (OR 2.3; 95% CI=1.2-4.6) and physical (OR 2.0; 95% CI=1.1.-3.7) violence from family members increased the odds of smoking among Palestinian girls. Verbal violence from family (Adjusted OR1.6; 95% CI=1.2-2.1) and physical violence from nonfamily members (Adjusted OR 1.8; 95% CI=1.2-2.8) increased the odds of smoking among Argentinean boys. Conclusion: Findings highlight the importance of producing context and gender specific evidence, to inform and increase the impact of targeted prevention strategies.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Research Square (Research Square)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402450",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "CONICET Digital (CONICET)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402455",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4249286536
|
Country and Gender Differences in the Association between Violence and Cigarette Smoking Among Youth
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061671013"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Argentina",
"display_name": "Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I151201029",
"lat": -34.61315,
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"display_name": "Ethel Alderete",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005642079"
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Palestine",
"display_name": "Birzeit University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94800806",
"lat": 31.96959,
"long": 35.19408,
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"display_name": "Abdullatif Husseini",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063134205"
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of California, San Francisco",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I180670191",
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"display_name": "Jennifer Livaudais‐Toman",
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "National Institutes of Health",
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"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Eliseo J. Pérez‐Stable",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039445427"
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{
"display_name": "Cigarette smoking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019085024"
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{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Odds ratio",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C156957248"
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{
"display_name": "Odds",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143095724"
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{
"display_name": "Youth smoking",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778700617"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Tobacco control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780832096"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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] |
[
"West Bank"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4249286536
|
Abstract Background : Exposure to violence in youth may be associated with substance use and other adverse health effects. This study examined cigarette smoking in two middle-income areas with different levels and types of exposure to violence. Methods : Association of exposure to verbal and physical violence with cigarette smoking in the West Bank oPt (2008) and in Jujuy Argentina (2006) was examined using cross-sectional surveys of 14 to 17-year old youth in 7 th to 10 th grade using probabilistic sampling. Results : Violence exposure rates were more than double for Palestinian girls (99.6% vs. 41.2%) and boys (98.7% vs. 41.1%) compared with Argentinians. The rate of current cigarette smoking was significantly higher among Argentinian girls compared with Palestinian girls (33.1% vs. 7.1%, p<0.001). Exposure to verbal violence from family and to physical violence increased the odds of current cigarette smoking, respectively, among Argentinian girls (aOR=1.3, 95% CI=1.0-1.7; aOR=2.5, 95%CI=1.7-3.8), Palestinian girls (aOR 2.2, 95%CI= 1.1-2.4; aOR=2.0, 95%CI=1.1-3.6) and Argentinian boys (aOR=1.5, 95%CI=1.1-2.0; aOR=2.2, 95%CI=1.6-3.0), but not among Palestinian boys. Conclusion : Findings highlight the importance of producing context and gender specific evidence from exposure to violence, to inform and increase the impact of targeted smoking prevention strategies.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Research Square (Research Square)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402450",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "CONICET Digital (CONICET)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402455",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
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https://openalex.org/W2927208785
|
Public health priorities for China–Africa cooperation
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "China",
"display_name": "Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I184490438",
"lat": 39.9075,
"long": 116.39723,
"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "George F. Gao",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5015873777"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Ethiopia",
"display_name": "Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210103980",
"lat": 9.002703,
"long": 38.74116,
"type": "nonprofit"
}
],
"display_name": "John N. Nkengasong",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5067498464"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"West Bank"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W2060810396",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2927208785
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In September, 2018, the heads of State from 53 African countries and world dignitaries gathered in Beijing (China) for the seventh triennial Summit of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). The outcome of the Summit was the adoption of the FOCAC Beijing Action Plan (2019–21) focusing on the implementation of eight major initiatives to strengthen the cooperation between China and Africa. Some of the initiatives included industrial, trade, and cultural promotion, with public health ranking as a top priority for the China–Africa health cooperation plans. Just a month before the FOCAC Summit, the High-Level Meeting on China–Africa Health Cooperation had also emphasised the importance of public health cooperation. The fulfilment of the ambitious China–Africa health initiative builds on years of efforts of Chinese and African health authorities and professionals, which can be traced back to 1963 and is more recently exemplified by the collaborating public health teams in Sierra Leone, in 2014.1Gao GF Feng Y On the ground in Sierra Leone.Science. 2014; 346: 666Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar Public health security is a crucial component of this collaboration. As of 2017, there were about 1050 health professionals from China working in 53 African countries. Strengthening the public health system in this vast continent requires strong political commitment and secured financial investment. The development of national public health institutes (NPHIs) in African states, centrally coordinated by a continent-wide agency—the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)2Nkengasong J Djoudalbaye B Maiyegun O A new public health order for Africa's health security.Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5: e1064-e1065Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 3Nkengasong J Maiyegun O Moeti M Establishing the African Centres for Disease Prevention and Control: responding to Africa's health threats.Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5: e246-e247Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar—equipped with recognised technical expertise and authority, is critical. Since 2014, when the most severe Ebola outbreak in West Africa occurred, to the ongoing epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, China CDC has been working with the African Union and other international partners to support the establishment of Africa CDC2Nkengasong J Djoudalbaye B Maiyegun O A new public health order for Africa's health security.Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5: e1064-e1065Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 3Nkengasong J Maiyegun O Moeti M Establishing the African Centres for Disease Prevention and Control: responding to Africa's health threats.Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5: e246-e247Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar by promoting its strategy, institutional development, and capacity building. Exchange visits, trainings, and consultations are frequently organised for leaders and professionals from Africa CDC and its five Regional Collaborating Centers (RCCs) to understand public health services and systems in China, and to identify China's potential resources or successful models that can be used in local African contexts. The progress is encouraging; in addition to the Chinese Government's commitment to support the development and equipment of Africa CDC, China CDC is helping develop public health training and disease-control programs in Africa focused on emerging infectious diseases, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and health informatics, in collaboration with Africa CDC, US CDC, and other partners. Priority public health activities to strengthen partnerships will focus on the areas defined by the Africa CDC 5-year strategic plan. First, Africa CDC is a unique technical public health agency that operates with five RCCs as a network to support all African member states to facilitate the development of their own NPHIs and response capabilities. However, Africa CDC and many countries will need trained and competent health professionals to fulfil their mandates effectively. Hence, strengthening the Field Epidemiology Training Programs and providing Africa CDC assistance will be crucial. Second, since little data exist in some key health areas in Africa, it will be vital to strengthen the entire range of data use including data acquisition, warehousing, timely use, and sharing. Good data collection will be instrumental in planning overall public health programmes that addresses health risk factors beyond infectious diseases. Third, strengthening regulatory processes and creating an environment that facilitates access to high-quality, cost-effective diagnostic reagents, vaccines, and drugs developed and manufactured in China and other developing countries to foster the south-south collaboration could greatly benefit the African community. Fourth, how African health organisations consider the Chinese public health model for their home countries is of great importance. Since African health organisations (Africa CDC, RCCs and NPHIs, etc) have a similar structure to the Chinese hierarchical system of national, provincial, prefectural, and county CDC, China can adjust its technical strategies or protocols to support the national health plans or programmes in African countries. Through the partnership, China and Africa will invest in strengthening regional networks, through the established regional Integrated Surveillance and Laboratory Networks. Finally, external partners of Africa CDC—such as US CDC, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, Public Health England, Resolve to Save Lives, the World Bank—are diverse but are brought together by the mutual goal of promoting global health security in Africa. Ideally, at the national level, all efforts of international partners should be coordinated by a national authority with a clear and unified structure to measure progress made according to a one country, one plan model and to facilitate information sharing and avoid duplication and fragmentation of efforts. Meanwhile, at the continental level, Africa CDC, RCCs, and WHO Regional Offices will fulfil their coordinating roles and manage emergency responses and resource allocation. China and Africa CDCs are strengthening their mutual trust and confidence to address the challenges and opportunities of the development of a strong African public health infrastructure by sharing information, providing expertise, and expanding resources according to the 4C principles—ie, cooperation, competition, communication, and coordination. Indeed, cooperation is the key factor for the accomplishment of such a big project; competition will expedite the whole process; communication will help balance cooperation and competition; and coordination will be necessary to overcome unpredictable factors that can impede communication. As CDCs Directors, “prevention first, public health as priority”4Gao GF Supportive program for control of emerging and reemerging pathogens under “Belt and Road”.Bull Chin Acad Sci. 2017; 32: 37-39Google Scholar will be our guiding principle for planning all collaborative projects under the framework of the China–Africa Cooperation Forum, the Belt and Road Initiative, and south-to-south cooperation. We declare no competing interests. How African migrants in China cope with barriers to health careDespite public health being a top priority of the China-Africa cooperation,1 approximately half a million African migrants in China continue to have restricted access to local health services because of a combination of considerable social and structural barriers to health care.2 Their quality of life and wellbeing were also affected by racial discrimination and visa policy restrictions.2,3 In view of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, African migrants residing in Wuhan, Hubei province—the epicenter of the outbreak—might be more worried than ever. Full-Text PDF Open Access
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"display_name": "The Lancet Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764808104",
"type": "journal"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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https://openalex.org/W2090569324
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Nutrition, tobacco use, and physical activity in the West Bank, occupied Palestinian territory: an environmental profile of community health
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "Population Health Research Institute",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2802834092",
"lat": 43.25011,
"long": -79.84963,
"type": "healthcare"
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{
"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "McMaster University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I98251732",
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"display_name": "Rasha Khatib",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5087440857"
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "Population Health Research Institute",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2802834092",
"lat": 43.25011,
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"type": "healthcare"
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"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "McMaster University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I98251732",
"lat": 43.25011,
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"type": "education"
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{
"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "The George Institute for Global Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210110309",
"lat": -33.86785,
"long": 151.20732,
"type": "facility"
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{
"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "University of Sydney",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I129604602",
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"display_name": "Clara K Chow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5012111658"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "Population Health Research Institute",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2802834092",
"lat": 43.25011,
"long": -79.84963,
"type": "healthcare"
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{
"country": "Canada",
"display_name": "McMaster University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I98251732",
"lat": 43.25011,
"long": -79.84963,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Salim Yusuf",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5028695564"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Refugee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845"
},
{
"display_name": "West bank",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018316026"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Epidemiological transition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C28039750"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"West Bank",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2090569324
|
BackgroundWith the epidemiological transition in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), cardiovascular diseases are becoming the leading cause of death. This increase might be partly attributed to changes in tobacco use, physical activity, and nutrition adversely affecting the health of the Palestinian population. Our aim is to describe the environmental factors that might unfavourably contribute to the health-related behaviours of communities in the oPt.MethodsWe used the environmental profile of a community's health (EPOCH) questionnaire to gather data about walking and environmental factors that affect tobacco use and diet in the Palestinian population. The questionnaire was modified for use in the oPt—eg, because Israeli checkpoints create a barrier to walking through or between communities, we included information about the presence and distance of the checkpoints from community centres. 24 communities (nine urban, nine rural, and six refugee camps) were randomly selected from the north, centre, and south of the West Bank. Trained researchers directly noted and systematically recorded physical aspects of the environment, using standardised definitions from the EPOCH questionnaire. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board at McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, and the Institute of Community and Public Health Ethical Review Committee, West Bank.Findings17 (71%) of 24 stores had one or more advertisement for unhealthy food and soft drinks; advertisements were more common in urban communities and refugee camps than in rural communities (seven [78%], five [83%], and five [56%], respectively). Food labelling on packets of locally made unhealthy food complied with the Palestinian laws of packaged food items, whereas imported packets did not. Different brands of cigarettes (mean 16 [SD 7]) were widely available in the stores, with urban communities having the highest choice (23 [5] vs 12 [4] in rural and 12 [8] in refugee-camp communities). Local and imported packets of cigarettes did not comply with the Palestinian smoking laws or the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control—eg, warning labels on packets covered less than 20% of the area and none stated the percentage of nicotine or tar. Pavements were present on at least one side of the roads in five (21%) communities and were less common and of poor quality in rural communities. The mean score for pavement quality (maximum score of 10 indicating highest quality) was 5 (range 1–9) in the 24 communities: 8 (5–9) in urban, 3 (1–6) in rural, and 4 (1–7) in refugee camps. In ten (42%) communities (five [56%] urban, one [11%] rural, and four [67%] refugee camp), individuals had to pass through an Israeli army checkpoint to enter the community; checkpoints were a mean distance of 9 km (SD 8) from the community centre.InterpretationThese findings indicate several environmental factors that could be affecting the health-related behaviours of the Palestinian communities. Existing policies for tobacco and food labelling should be enforced and policies need to be developed to improve unrestricted walking in the local environment.FundingPopulation Health Research Institute. With the epidemiological transition in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), cardiovascular diseases are becoming the leading cause of death. This increase might be partly attributed to changes in tobacco use, physical activity, and nutrition adversely affecting the health of the Palestinian population. Our aim is to describe the environmental factors that might unfavourably contribute to the health-related behaviours of communities in the oPt. We used the environmental profile of a community's health (EPOCH) questionnaire to gather data about walking and environmental factors that affect tobacco use and diet in the Palestinian population. The questionnaire was modified for use in the oPt—eg, because Israeli checkpoints create a barrier to walking through or between communities, we included information about the presence and distance of the checkpoints from community centres. 24 communities (nine urban, nine rural, and six refugee camps) were randomly selected from the north, centre, and south of the West Bank. Trained researchers directly noted and systematically recorded physical aspects of the environment, using standardised definitions from the EPOCH questionnaire. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board at McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, and the Institute of Community and Public Health Ethical Review Committee, West Bank. 17 (71%) of 24 stores had one or more advertisement for unhealthy food and soft drinks; advertisements were more common in urban communities and refugee camps than in rural communities (seven [78%], five [83%], and five [56%], respectively). Food labelling on packets of locally made unhealthy food complied with the Palestinian laws of packaged food items, whereas imported packets did not. Different brands of cigarettes (mean 16 [SD 7]) were widely available in the stores, with urban communities having the highest choice (23 [5] vs 12 [4] in rural and 12 [8] in refugee-camp communities). Local and imported packets of cigarettes did not comply with the Palestinian smoking laws or the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control—eg, warning labels on packets covered less than 20% of the area and none stated the percentage of nicotine or tar. Pavements were present on at least one side of the roads in five (21%) communities and were less common and of poor quality in rural communities. The mean score for pavement quality (maximum score of 10 indicating highest quality) was 5 (range 1–9) in the 24 communities: 8 (5–9) in urban, 3 (1–6) in rural, and 4 (1–7) in refugee camps. In ten (42%) communities (five [56%] urban, one [11%] rural, and four [67%] refugee camp), individuals had to pass through an Israeli army checkpoint to enter the community; checkpoints were a mean distance of 9 km (SD 8) from the community centre. These findings indicate several environmental factors that could be affecting the health-related behaviours of the Palestinian communities. Existing policies for tobacco and food labelling should be enforced and policies need to be developed to improve unrestricted walking in the local environment. Population Health Research Institute.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2186920116
|
Bringing disability off the sidelines: a call for papers
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Guido Sabatinelli",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069923306"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Stefania Pace-Shanklin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5021580471"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Flavia Riccardo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5024694593"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yousef Shahin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5000132520"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Refugee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestinian refugees",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780446542"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Mental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134362201"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Distress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139265228"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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[
"West Bank",
"Lebanon",
"Gaza Strip",
"Gaza",
"Syria",
"Jordan"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2116816303"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2186920116
|
www.thelancet.com Vol 373 March 28, 2009 1065 anaemia and vitamin-A defi ciency remain severe public-health problems. In Lebanon, the prevalence of anaemia in Palestinian refugee children younger than 3 years in 2004 was 33·4%, which makes it the highest in Palestinian refugees who live outside the occupied Palestinian territory (28·4% in Jordan and 17·2% in Syria). In the same survey, the prevalence of anaemia in the West Bank and Gaza Strip was higher (34·2% and 54·7%, respectively). Mental disorders, related to the chronically harsh living conditions and longterm political instability, violence, and uncertainty are becoming a public-health concern. In Lebanon, 19·5% of Palestinian refugee adolescents suff er from mental distress, and 30·4% of women in the same refugee camps reported mental distress. The data depict a complex situation, with emerging diseases and chronic and endemic unsolved health problems. Although UNRWA has eff ectively assisted refugees so far, their increasing economic vulnerability makes them increasingly dependent. The future of Palestinian refugees will be conditioned by how children are followed up in their development and growth, how women are protected from negative outcomes of pregnancy, and how the adult population is treated and counselled for leading diseases. By providing the best possible primary-health-care services, UNRWA is enabling these refugees to hold their destiny in their own hands. We have summarised the health status of Palestinian refugees who live outside the occupied Palestinian territory. These refugees do need remembering as well, in addition to those populations described in The Lancet Series on health in the occupied Palestinian territory.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2902016180
|
US Global Health Security Investments Improve Capacities for Infectious Disease Emergencies
|
[
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"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security",
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Health SecurityVol. 16, No. S1 Open AccessUS Global Health Security Investments Improve Capacities for Infectious Disease EmergenciesJennifer B. Nuzzo and Tom InglesbyJennifer B. NuzzoJennifer B. Nuzzo, DrPH, SM, is a Senior Scholar and Tom Inglesby, MD, is the Director, both at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, Baltimore, MD.Dr. Nuzzo is also Visiting Faculty, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, and an Associate, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.Search for more papers by this author and Tom InglesbyDr. Nuzzo is also Visiting Faculty, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, and an Associate, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.Dr. Inglesby is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, with a Joint Appointment in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:27 Nov 2018https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2018.0117AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail In the past 5 years, the world has been challenged by a series of high-profile epidemics, among them an unprecedented and devastating outbreak of Ebola in West Africa and the rapid spread of Zika virus throughout the Americas and discovery of the virus's potential to cause serious birth defects, fetal deaths, and adverse neurological disorders. We have also seen a hospital-associated outbreak of MERS in South Korea, a deadly plague outbreak in Madagascar, and a difficult-to-contain, vector-driven outbreak of Lassa fever in Nigeria. This year, we have seen the return of Ebola—first in an outbreak in the Equateur province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and then, weeks after containment, a second, unrelated epidemic in North Kivu, DRC. The sequence and impact of these events suggest that we may well be in an age when the prevailing human, animal, and environmental conditions favor the continued emergence and spread of deadly pathogens. As a result, continued vigilance and preparedness is necessary.The potential for infectious disease outbreaks to cause significant levels of death and disease, and to destabilize economies and governments, is a central reason that countries including the United States work to improve global health security capacities at home and abroad. Pandemics and epidemics can pose a significant economic and political threat to governments. Just a few cases of Ebola in the United States had big political repercussions and some loss of confidence in the ability of the country to prevent spread.1 Outbreaks can also have serious economic consequences: disruptions in workforces that are sickened or afraid to work, trade and travel upheaval, and high levels of uncertainty. The World Bank reports the Ebola epidemic in West Africa is estimated to have cost the 3 affected countries $2.2 billion in lost GDP in 2015.2 It further estimates that even a moderate pandemic can cause millions of deaths and decrease global gross domestic product by 0.7% to 1%.These tolls can be avoided if disease outbreaks are contained before they become epidemics. During the Ebola epidemic in West Africa, the importation of the disease into populous, internationally connected Lagos, Nigeria, raised alarms about the potential for transmission of the virus to accelerate and, potentially, to spread throughout the continent. But what ultimately unfolded was much different. Thanks to public health capacities that had been developed with investments from preexisting programs, such as the Field Epidemiology Training Program, PEPFAR, and polio eradication, as well as experience in tracking down contacts, the virus was contained in Nigeria within weeks, with fewer than 2 dozen cases.3Similar successes were achieved when an outbreak of Marburg occurred last year in Uganda. Armed with well-trained staff, a world-class virology laboratory, and practiced protocols for transporting and testing specimens, Uganda detected the outbreak quickly and contained the spread of a deadly hemorrhagic fever within weeks.4 In both of these examples, a well-prepared public health system snapped into place to quickly contain the outbreaks before the disease spread across borders. These examples show us that containment is possible if countries have the capacities and experience necessary to respond quickly when outbreaks occur.Since 2014, the US government has invested more than $1 billion in emergency supplemental funding to support the Global Health Security Agenda's (GHSA) goals to work to strengthen vulnerable countries' public health capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats. With this funding, US agencies work bilaterally and multilaterally to strengthen capacities in the 11 focus areas of the GHSA. In addition to providing technical assistance and direct support to countries, this funding enables the United States to recruit other countries to work at home and abroad to strengthen public health capacities. US investments in global health security have been catalytic, prompting G7 and other nations to make additional commitments, thereby increasing political will, momentum, and resources available to support capacity-building efforts in more than 60 countries.5 South Korea, which has pledged to spend $100 million to build capacities in 13 countries, recently awarded Ghana $7.2 million to strengthen its capacities in 3 focus areas of the GHSA: laboratory systems, workforce development, and emergency preparedness.6 This funding includes a memorandum of understanding that tasks the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to work collaboratively with the partners and provide in-country technical oversight.As countries work to improve health security capacities, it is essential that data be gathered to provide evidence of the impact of these efforts. As such, it is important that we measure progress, rapidly identify gaps in countries' public health capacities, and use data to support the design and implementation of future programs aimed at improving countries' capacities. We also need to assess and compare the timeliness, feasibility, and response to infectious disease threats and determine the cost of various implementation approaches to inform decisions about how to invest limited resources most effectively.Scientific work of this nature is often labeled as implementation science. Pioneered by political scientists decades ago, implementation science methods are increasingly being used to assess the impact of global health programs “with the basic intent being to understand not only what is and isn't working, but how and why implementation is going right or wrong, and to test approaches to improve implementation.”7,8(p27) This discipline has direct applications to the fundamental need in global health security to understand where our efforts are working and where a change in approach may be needed.This supplement to Health Security presents results from some of the global health security projects that the US CDC has supported with GHSA funding. The articles, written by CDC technical experts and GHSA implementing partners in the field who are directly involved in the public health capacity building, describe work going on in a range of environments and against a number of different health security threats. These articles help to build the evidence base for the public health capacity development efforts needed to address infectious disease threats globally. They also offer strong evidence that US investments have resulted in key improvements in countries' capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease outbreaks.These analyses represent an important contribution in global health security. As a recipient of a large part of the GHSA funding, the CDC has provided direct financial support and technical assistance to 17 countries in Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia and technical assistance to an additional 14 countries all over the globe.9 The CDC is well-poised to be a leader in global health security implementation science. Such evidence is essential to both inform CDC's own programs as well as other countries' efforts to prevent, detect, and respond to outbreaks.The articles in this supplement also provide evidence that the assets needed to combat health security threats will require more than one-time investments. The impact of the programs described make a compelling case for the United States' continued commitment to this work. Just as data from the past few years suggest that health security threats will continue to emerge and threaten health, peace, and prosperity across the globe, the capacities needed to address such threats must also be sustained and developed over time. Public health capacity development efforts are generally less costly and more effective than mounting a response operation in the midst of a crisis. Therefore, investments in working to boost countries' capacities should be seen as a cost-saving measure for governments, including the United States, which will be called on to respond during infectious disease emergencies. The United States and other nations should “end the cycle of panic and neglect” that tends to occur during and following events like Ebola outbreaks, and ensure a sustained commitment to improving health security capacities across the globe. For these reasons, we have argued that the US government should allocate a minimum of $100 million to $200 million annually to strengthen countries' health security capacities.10The recent occurrence within weeks of 2 significant Ebola outbreaks in the DRC demonstrates the increasing frequency with which disease outbreaks are occurring, spreading, and threatening nations' health, prosperity, and economies. Despite the existence of a vaccine, the current outbreak in the DRC continues to spread and serves as a warning for the need for ongoing vigilance for health security threats and the importance of continued work to develop countries' public health capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to such threats.While much progress has been made, the current challenges in the DRC illustrate how newly built capacities remain fragile in some countries, especially in areas of conflict. This signals the importance of the work ahead. We should plan for such needs and continue to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of this work.This year marks the 100-year anniversary of the great influenza pandemic, which spread across the globe and killed an estimated 50 million individuals. As the global public health community commemorates this event, it is important to remember that we don't have to look back 100 years to observe the key lessons of the 1918 pandemic. We have only to examine events of the past 5 years to realize that when deadly outbreaks emerge and spread unchecked, they can threaten the health, security, and prosperity of countries across the globe. The best defense against such threats will be to ensure that capacities are in place to rapidly contain outbreaks at their source before they spread across national borders. This will require sustained commitment on 2 fronts: financial resources to develop and maintain these capacities, and dedicated effort to continually assess their effectiveness. It is in the self-interest of the United States to do both.References1. Earnshaw VA, Bogart LM, Klompas M, Katz IT. Medical mistrust in the context of Ebola: implications for intended care-seeking and quarantine policy support in the United States. J Health Psychol Jun 2016; 1359105316650507. doi: 10.1177/1359105316650507. Crossref, Google Scholar2. World Bank. From Panic and Neglect to Investing in Health Security: Financing Pandemic Preparedness at a National Level. May 1, 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/979591495652724770/pdf/115271-REVISED-FINAL-IWG-Report-3-5-18.pdf. Accessed October 15, 2018. Google Scholar3. Bell BP, Damon IK, Jernigan DB, et al. Overview, control strategies, and lessons learned in the CDC response to the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic. MMWR Suppl 2016;65(3):4-11. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4. World Health Organization. Uganda ends Marburg virus disease outbreak [news release]. December 8, 2017. http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/08-12-2017-uganda-ends-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak. Accessed October 15, 2018. Google Scholar5. Global Health Security Agenda. Advancing the Global Health Security Agenda: Progress and Early Impact from U.S. Investment. Undated. https://www.ghsagenda.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/ghsa-legacy-report.pdf?sfvrsn=12. Accessed October 10, 2017. Google Scholar6. US Embassy in Ghana. USA and Republic of Korea partner with Ghana for health [press release]. June 29, 2018. https://gh.usembassy.gov/usa-and-republic-of-korea-partner-with-ghana-for-health/. Accessed October 26, 2018. Google Scholar7. Ridde V. Need for more and better implementation science in global health. BMJ Glob Health 2016;1(2):e000115. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar8. Peters DH, Tran NT, Adam T. Implementation Research in Health: A Practical Guide. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. http://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/alliancehpsr_irpguide.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2018. Google Scholar9. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Advancing the Global Health Security Agenda: CDC Achievements & Early Impact. Undated. https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/healthprotection/resources/pdf/GHSAReport_final.pdf. Accessed October 15, 2018. Google Scholar10. Nuzzo JB, Cicero AJ, Inglesby TV. The importance of continued US investment to sustain momentum toward global health security. JAMA 2017;318(24):2423-2424. Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 16Issue S1Dec 2018 InformationCopyright 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishersTo cite this article:Jennifer B. Nuzzo and Tom Inglesby.US Global Health Security Investments Improve Capacities for Infectious Disease Emergencies.Health Security.Dec 2018.S-8-S-10.http://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2018.0117creative commons licensePublished in Volume: 16 Issue S1: November 27, 2018PDF download
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https://openalex.org/W1562299051
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AIDS in Africa: an epidemiologic paradigm
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THE ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) has become recognized as a global health problem. Cases have now been reported in 74 countries with more than 25,000 cases in the United States, nearly 3,000 cases in other countries of the Americas, more than 3,000 cases in Europe, and several thousand cases suspected and many more unrecognized in Africa (1,2). It is estimated that at least several million people worldwide have been infected with the causative agent, referred to as human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III)/lymphadenopathy virus (LAV), or more recently as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (3). As many as 10 to 30% of these HIV-infected individuals may develop AIDS within the next 5 to 10 years (4-6). With the present lack of a curative therapy or vaccine, this disease now ranks as the most serious epidemic of the past 50 years. Although the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection is similar in most AIDS patients (7), the epidemiology and clinical features of the infection in different countries may vary, depending on cultural differences, endemic diseases, and other unidentified risk factors. In Africa, the different clinical features of AIDS and the difficulty in identifying the risk factors frequently associated with AIDS in the United States, such as homosexuality and intravenous drug use, have raised questions regarding the nature of the disease and the factors responsible for HIV dissemination in that continent (1,2,4). Here we review the epidemiologic and clinical features of AIDS in Africa and discuss the potential problems faced by public health officials in developing prevention and control strategies. Historical Perspective Shortly after the recognition of AIDS in the United States, cases of the disease were identified among Africans residing in Europe (8). Immunologically, these cases were identical to AIDS cases in the United States, with marked depression of CD[4.sup.+] lymphocytes (T-helper cells) and cell-mediated immunosuppression. Clinically, the African cases resembled Haitian AIDS cases with prominent gastrointestinal symptoms and opportunistic infections, such as oroesophageal candidiasis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, and mycobacterial infections (8-10). As of 31 March 1986, 177 cases of AIDS were reported among Africans residing in ten European countries (Table 1) (2). These cases originated from 24 African countries, mostly in Central Africa. In contrast to the European cases, African cases had a male to female ratio of 1.7:1, and 90% had no identifiable risk factors. Even among Europeans with AIDS and a recent history of travel to Africa, nearly 90% denied homosexuality or intravenous drug use. These unusual epidemiologic features prompted a series of investigations in 1983 to determine the pattern of AIDS in Central Africa. During a 4-week period, 38 patients with AIDS and 20 patients with AIDS-related diseases were identified in a large general hospital in Kinshasa, Zaire (11). Cases were equally distributed among men and women; females with the disease were younger and more often unmarried than male AIDS patients; and clusters of AIDS cases among men and women were linked by heterosexual contact. In a simultaneous investigation of 26 cases in Kigali, Rwanda, 43% of the female patients were identified as prostitutes (12). The fact that there was no evidence of homosexual transmission or intravenous drug use indicated that the pattern of AIDS transmission was different, and that heterosexual contact might be an important factor in transmission. Although the recognition of AIDS in Africa is consistent with the temporal occurrence of the disease in the United States and Haiti, several case reports and retrospective serologic surveys of banked sera have suggested that HIV infection may have occurred earlier in Africa (13-15). The earliest serologic response to HIV was found in serum collected from Kinshasa, Zaire, in 1959 (14). Sera from West and East Africa in the 1960's and early 1970's have also shown a high prevalence of weakly Positive specimens (for example, seropositivity in 1. …
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Priority setting for prevention and control of coronary heart disease in the occupied Palestinian territory: a pilot study
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1965141555
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BackgroundThe burden of coronary heart diseases is increasing at an alarming rate in most low-income and middle-income countries. The findings of evidence-based studies suggest that this burden can be prevented through health policies. Various methods to define and select policies have been developed including evidence-based prioritisation, which is important in view of the scarce resources in and data for low-income and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to assess and prioritise context-specific policies for the prevention and control of coronary heart diseases in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt).MethodsIn this mixed-methods pilot study, a set of policy options was developed and shortlisted on the basis of integrated findings from country-specific qualitative situational analysis inputs and quantitative modelling of related risk factors and treatments with the IMPACT Excel-based model. A simple Excel sheet was used to calculate a priority score for each policy and then the policies were ranked in terms of their importance. Criteria from WHO's prioritised research agenda and stepwise framework were used to rate the policies. The specific policies were scored and prioritised by five key informants (mid-level health managers, health practitioners, and academics) from the oPt and then ranked in terms of importance. Ethics approval to undertake the study was obtained from the Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, West Bank, oPt. All participants provided verbal informed consent.FindingsKey informants shortlisted and rated 19 polices. The top five policies were population-level primary prevention with focus on blood pressure (n=2), health-system level with focus on collaboration and capacity building of health-care providers (n=2), and treatment for high-risk patient groups (n=1).InterpretationPolicies with focus on primary prevention and health systems indicate a good understanding of the epidemiology of diseases and the needs of the community. However, the small number and scope of the policy makers (directly related to health) who rated the policies in this study were limitations for improved identification of evidence-based policies. This approach of ranking pre-identified policies might be important for engaging policy makers and, when there are few resources, prioritising policies.FundingEuropean Community's Seventh Framework Programme. The burden of coronary heart diseases is increasing at an alarming rate in most low-income and middle-income countries. The findings of evidence-based studies suggest that this burden can be prevented through health policies. Various methods to define and select policies have been developed including evidence-based prioritisation, which is important in view of the scarce resources in and data for low-income and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to assess and prioritise context-specific policies for the prevention and control of coronary heart diseases in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). In this mixed-methods pilot study, a set of policy options was developed and shortlisted on the basis of integrated findings from country-specific qualitative situational analysis inputs and quantitative modelling of related risk factors and treatments with the IMPACT Excel-based model. A simple Excel sheet was used to calculate a priority score for each policy and then the policies were ranked in terms of their importance. Criteria from WHO's prioritised research agenda and stepwise framework were used to rate the policies. The specific policies were scored and prioritised by five key informants (mid-level health managers, health practitioners, and academics) from the oPt and then ranked in terms of importance. Ethics approval to undertake the study was obtained from the Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, West Bank, oPt. All participants provided verbal informed consent. Key informants shortlisted and rated 19 polices. The top five policies were population-level primary prevention with focus on blood pressure (n=2), health-system level with focus on collaboration and capacity building of health-care providers (n=2), and treatment for high-risk patient groups (n=1). Policies with focus on primary prevention and health systems indicate a good understanding of the epidemiology of diseases and the needs of the community. However, the small number and scope of the policy makers (directly related to health) who rated the policies in this study were limitations for improved identification of evidence-based policies. This approach of ranking pre-identified policies might be important for engaging policy makers and, when there are few resources, prioritising policies. European Community's Seventh Framework Programme.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet",
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"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4252441834
|
Development of a targeted client communication intervention to women using an electronic maternal and child health registry: a qualitative study
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"display_name": "Kjersti Mørkrid",
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"display_name": "Taghreed Hijaz",
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"display_name": "Tamara Awwad",
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"display_name": "J. Frederik Frøen",
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[
{
"display_name": "Attendance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778173179"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008"
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"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
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"display_name": "Qualitative research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190248442"
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"display_name": "Health belief model",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1602351"
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"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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"display_name": "Psychology",
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"display_name": "Gestation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46973012"
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"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370"
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"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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[
"West Bank",
"Gaza"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4252441834
|
Abstract Background Targeted client communication (TCC) using text messages can inform, motivate and remind pregnant and postpartum women of timely utilization of care. The mixed results of the effectiveness of TCC interventions points to the importance of theory based co-design with users. The aim of this paper is to describe the planning, development, and evaluation of a theory based TCC intervention, tailored to pregnant and postpartum women and automated from the Palestinian electronic maternal and child health registry.Methods We used the Health Belief Model to develop interview guides to explore women’s perceptions of antenatal care (ANC), with a focus on high-risk pregnancy conditions (anemia, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, and fetal growth restriction) and timely ANC attendance, issues predefined by a national expert panel as being of high interest. We performed 18 in-depth interviews with women and eight with healthcare providers in public primary healthcare clinics in the West Bank and Gaza. Following the results from the Health Belief Model, we used concepts from the Model of Actionable Feedback, social nudging and Enhanced Active Choice to compose the TCC content to be sent via SMS. We assessed the acceptability and understandability of the draft text messages through unstructured interviews with local health promotion experts, healthcare providers, and pregnant women.Results We found low awareness of the importance of timeliness in attending ANC and the benefits of ANC for pregnancy outcomes. We identified knowledge gaps and beliefs in the domains of low awareness of susceptibility to, and severity of, such complications in pregnancy. We composed actionable text messages aiming to increase utilization of ANC, following recommended message framing models and iteratively improved the contents with users to bridge the identified gaps. We developed algorithms to trigger tailored text messages with higher intensity for women with a higher risk profile documented in the electronic health registry.Conclusions We developed an optimized text message based TCC intervention underpinned by behavior change theories and co-designed with users following an iterative process. The electronic maternal and child health registry can serve as a unique platform for TCC interventions.
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402450",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401717",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400562",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
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