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https://openalex.org/W3033229479
|
Trends in premature mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran: probability of dying between ages 30 and 70 years
|
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"display_name": "Elahe Kazemi",
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"display_name": "Ardeshir Khosravi",
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"display_name": "Saeide Aghamohamadi",
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"display_name": "Mohammad Shariati",
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"display_name": "Hossein Kazemeini",
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"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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"display_name": "Environmental health",
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"display_name": "Mortality rate",
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"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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"display_name": "Nursing",
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"display_name": "Sociology",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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[
"Islamic Republic of Iran",
"Iran"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3033229479
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The burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is a major challenge facing the whole world. Around 15 million premature deaths due to NCDs occur in people aged 30-70 years annually.Mortality data based on death registration systems and population data were used to estimate proposed mortality statistics in the Islamic Republic of Iran.Various criteria and methods were used to assess the quality of mortality data. The probability of dying among those aged 30-70 years for all causes and for NCDs was calculated using the life table method.The mortality rate in the population aged 30-69 years was 343.12 (per 100 000 persons) in 2006 and decreased to 240.62 in 2016 in both sexes. The probability of dying due to NCDs was 21.36% in 2006 and declined to 14.95% in 2016 for both sexes.The number of premature deaths due to NCDs have decreased over the last decade. We predict that this reduction will continue and the country will meet the targets of the WHO NCD action plan by 2025 and also the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals for reducing premature deaths by 2030. However, the morbidity and burden of NCDs are still public health concerns in the country. Due to advancements in health care technologies and also the aging population, these concerns will impose greater costs on the health system. Hence, prevention programmes for NCDs should be an urgent priority for Iranian health policy.اتجاهات الوفيات المبكرة في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية: احتمال الوفاة بين 30 و70 عاماً.الهه کاظمی، اردشیر خسروی، سعیده آغا محمدي، محمد شریعتی، حسين كاظميني.يمثل عبء الأمراض غير السارية تحدياً كبيراً يواجه العالم بأسره. وتحدث نحو 15 مليون وفاة مبكرة جرّاء الإصابة بالأمراض غير السارية في صفوف الأشخاص الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 30 و70 عاماً سنوياً.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى استخدام بيانات الوفيات المستمدة من نُظُم تسجيل الوفيات والبيانات السكانية لتقدير الإحصاءات المُقترحة للوفيات في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية.استُخدمت معا يري وأساليب مختلفة لتقييم جودة بيانات الوفيات. وتم حساب احتمال الوفاة الناجمة عن جميع الأسباب وعن الامراض غير السارية في صفوف من تتراوح أعمارهم بين 30 و70 عاماً باستخدام طريقة جدول الحياة.كان معدل الوفيات في صفوف السكان الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 30 – 69 سنة 343.12 (لكل 100000 شخص) في عام 2006، وانخفض إلى 240.62 في عام 2016 لكلا الجنسين. وبلغ احتمال الوفاة الناجمة عن الأمراض غير السارية ٪21.36 في عام 2006، وانخفض إلى ٪14.95 في عام 2016 لكلا الجنسين.انخفض عدد الوفيات المبكرة الناجمة عن الأمراض غير السارية على مدار العقد الماضي. ونتنبأ باستمرار هذا الانخفاض، وسيفي البلد بالغايات الواردة في خطة عمل منظمة الصحة العالمية بشأن الأمراض غير السارية بحلول عام 2025، وكذلك أهداف التنمية المستدامة للحد من الوفيات المبكرة بحلول عام 2030. ومع ذلك، فلا تزال الأمراض غير السارية وعبؤها من الشواغل الصحية العامة السائدة في البلد. وبسبب التقدم في تكنولوجيات الرعاية الصحية وكذلك شيخوخة السكان، ستفرض تلك الشواغل تكاليف أكبر على النظام الصحي. ومن ثم، ينبغي أن تكون برامج الوقاية من الأمراض غير السارية أولوية عاجلة للسياسة الصحية الإيرانية.Tendances en matière de mortalité prématurée en République islamique d’Iran : probabilité de décès entre 30 et 70 ans.La charge des maladies non transmissibles (MNT) constitue un défi majeur pour le monde entier. Chaque année, près de 15 millions de décès prématurés dus à des maladies non transmissibles se produisent chez des personnes âgées entre 30 et 70 ans.Des données sur la mortalité fondées sur les systèmes d’enregistrement des décès et des données obtenues en population ont été utilisées pour estimer les statistiques de mortalité proposées en République islamique d’Iran.Divers critères et méthodes ont été utilisés pour évaluer la qualité des données sur la mortalité. La probabilité de décès parmi les 30-70 ans , toutes causes confondues et pour les maladies non transmissibles, a été calculée à l’aide de la méthode de la courbe de survie.Le taux de mortalité dans la population âgée de 30 à 69 ans était de 343,12 (pour 100 000 personnes) en 2006 et a régressé à 240,62 en 2016 pour les deux sexes. La probabilité de décéder des suites de maladies non transmissibles était de 21,36 % en 2006 et a diminué pour atteindre 14,95 % en 2016 pour les deux sexes.Le nombre de décès prématurés dus aux MNT a diminué au cours de la dernière décennie. Nous prévoyons que cette baisse se poursuivra et que le pays atteindra les cibles du plan d'action de l'OMS pour la lutte contre les maladies non transmissibles à l’horizon 2025 ainsi que les cibles des objectifs de développement durable visant à réduire les décès prématurés d'ici 2030. Toutefois, la morbidité et le fardeau des MNT continuent à être une source de préoccupation pour la santé publique dans le pays. En raison des progrès des technologies en matière de soins de santé et de vieillissement de la population, ces préoccupations entraîneront des coûts plus élevés pour le système de santé. Les programmes de prévention des maladies non transmissibles devraient donc constituer une priorité urgente de la politique de santé iranienne.
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https://openalex.org/W3027063190
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Geographic risk of general and abdominal obesity and related determinants in Iranian children and adolescents: CASPIAN-IV Study
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"display_name": "Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh",
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"display_name": "Ramin Heshmat",
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"Islamic Republic of Iran",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3027063190
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Obesity, as a risk factor for many noncommunicable diseases, is a common public health problem in developed and developing countries. Among Iranian children and adolescents, the prevalence of being overweight has increased by almost 50% in the past two decades.To visualize the geographic differences in general and abdominal obesity risks and related determinants among Iranian children and adolescents.Participants consisted of 14 880 students, aged 7-19 years, living in urban and rural areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Spatial patterns of obesity and its association with related risk factors were identified using Bayesian spatial modeling.The highest spatial risks of general obesity (odds ratio 1.21-1.66 for males and 1.81-2.02 for females) and abdominal obesity (odds ratio 1.20-1.82 for males and 1.25-1.78 for females) were observed in the north, northwest and southwest of the country. Risk of obesity was significantly higher in areas with a higher rate of urban residence, active current smokers and prolonged screen time.Identification of high-risk regions for obesity and spatially related risk factors can be used as informative tools for decision-making and planning in health systems at national and subnational levels.الخطر الجغرافي للإصابة بالسمنة العامة وسمنة البطن والمُحدِّدات وثيقة الصلة لدى الأطفال والمراهقين الإيرانيين: دراسة CASPIAN–IV.مريم يزدى، رويا كليشادي، فولكر شميد، محمد إسماعيل متلاغ، رامين حشمت، مرجان مانسوريان.تُعد السمنة، باعتبارها عامل خطر للعديد من الأمراض غير السارية، أحد مشاكل الصحة العامة الشائعة في البلدان المتقدمة والنامية. وقد زاد معدل انتشار زيادة الوزن بين الأطفال والمراهقين الإيرانيين بنسبة ٪50 تقريباً خلال العقدَيْن الماضيَيْ.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى توضيح الاختلافات الجغرافية في مخاطر السمنة العامة وسمنة البطن والمُحدِّدات وثيقة الصلة بين الأطفال والمراهقين الإيرانيين.تألَّف المشاركون من 14880 طالباً، تتراوح أعمارهم بين 7 سنوات و 19 سنة، يعيشون في المناطق الحضرية والريفية في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية. وحُدِّدت الأنماط المكانية للسمنة، وارتباطها بعوامل الخطر وثيقة الصلة باستخدام نماذج بايز المكانية.لوحظت أعلى المخاطر المكانية للسمنة العامة (حيث تراوحت نسبة الأرجحية للإناث من 1.21 إلى 1.66، وللذكور من 1.81 إلى 2.02) ولسمنة البطن (حيث تراوحت نسبة الأرجحية من 1.25 إلى 1.78 للإناث، و 1.20 إلى 1.82 للذكور) في الشمال والشمال الغربي والجنوب الغربي من البلد. وارتفع خطر الإصابة بالسمنة بكثير في المناطق التي ترتفع فيها معدلات الإقامة في المناطق الحضرية، والمدخنون الحاليون النشطون، ومعدلات قضاء وقت طويل أمام الشاشات.يمكن الاستفادة من تحديد المناطق ذات الخطر المرتفع للإصابة بالسمنة، وعوامل الخطر المرتبطة بها مكانياً كأدوات يُسترشَد بها في اتخاذ القرارات والتخطيط في النُّظم الصحية على الصعيدَيْن الوطني ودون الوطني.Risque géographique lié à l’obésité générale et abdominale et ses facteurs déterminants chez les enfants et les adolescents iraniens : l’étude CASPIAN-IV.L'obésité, en tant que facteur de risque de nombreuses maladies non transmissibles est un problème de santé publique courant dans les pays développés et en développement. La prévalence du surpoids chez les enfants et les adolescents iraniens a augmenté de près de 50 % au cours des deux dernières décennies.Visualiser les différences géographiques dans les risques d'obésité générale et abdominale et les déterminants connexes chez les enfants et les adolescents iraniens.Les participants se composaient de 14 880 élèves et étudiants, âgés de 7 à 19 ans, vivant dans les zones urbaines et rurales de la République islamique d'Iran. Les schémas spatiaux de l'obésité et son association avec des facteurs de risque connexes ont été identifiés à l'aide d'une modélisation spatiale bayésienne.Les risques spatiaux les plus élevés d'obésité générale (odds ratio 1,21-1,66 pour les hommes et de 1,81-2,02 pour les femmes) et d'obésité abdominale (odds ratio 1,20-1,82 pour les hommes et 1,25-1,78 pour les femmes) ont été observés dans le nord, le nord-ouest et le sud-ouest du pays. Le risque d'obésité était significativement plus important dans les zones à forte densité urbaine, où le nombre des fumeurs actifs est plus élevé et où le temps passé devant un écran est plus long.L’identification des régions à haut risque d'obésité et des facteurs de risque ayant une association spatiale peut être utilisée comme outils d'information pour la planification et la prise de décision au sein des systèmes de santé aux niveaux national et infranational.
|
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"display_name": "Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S175879142",
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"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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https://openalex.org/W3092104988
|
The Requirements of Developing Countries' Health Systems Facing with COVID-19: A Case Study of Iran
|
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"display_name": "Mohammadtaghi Mohammadpour",
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"Islamic Republic of Iran",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3092104988
|
Abstract Background Epidemic COVID-19 in 2020 was one of the crises that confronted the Islamic Republic of Iran's health system as a developing low-income country with many challenges. The purpose of this study is to explain the requirements of similar health systems in facing epidemics such as COVID-19 as well as sharing experiences of Iran. Methods The present study was a qualitative study using content analysis of the Iranian Ministry of Health website (behdasht.gov.ir) during the official onset of COVID-19 in Iran (February 20) to March 7, 2020. To Integrate data, interviews with experts were used. In this regard, 4 national health policymakers and 5 provincial health managers were interviewed. After implementation using 8-step content analysis method, data were analyzed using MAXQDA software by research team members who had no conflict of interest. Results The findings show that the disease began on February 20, 2020, with two cases of death from COVID-19 in Qom province in central Iran and within two weeks it has widely affected 31 provinces, with 4747 approved cases and 124 deaths. According to the results, the Islamic Republic of Iran's health system faced five major challenges to confronting with COVID-19: 1- Medical consumables supply 2- Hospital beds allocation and intensive care units (ICU) equipment 3-The lack of a comprehensive COVID-19 protocol in the country 4- the lack of a single command authority to deal with the crisis 5- Insufficient public health literacy and information as a result of social anxiety. Conclusions Experiences of this case indicate that health systems require policy action to prevent and control diseases rather than other implementations. In this regard, training should be given to children and adolescents, at-risk persons and health system staff. In addition, to confront with COVID-19, an integrated policy implementation team should be established in collaboration with the health sector and other relevant bodies. Key messages It seems obvious that policy implementation requires to prepare the country for future contingencies. A comprehensive National Prevention Protocol needs to be developed.
|
[
{
"display_name": "European journal of public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210220588",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3003856815
|
Oral health and tobacco research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in relation to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: a scoping review
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Egypt",
"display_name": "Alexandria University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I84524832",
"lat": 31.20176,
"long": 29.91582,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Maha El Tantawi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5075450684"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I76571253",
"lat": 26.43442,
"long": 50.10326,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Passent Ellakany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5026606582"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Egypt",
"display_name": "Alexandria University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I84524832",
"lat": 31.20176,
"long": 29.91582,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Nourhan M. Aly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074412916"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Egypt",
"display_name": "Alexandria University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I84524832",
"lat": 31.20176,
"long": 29.91582,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Hana Moussa",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004112949"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Tobacco control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780832096"
},
{
"display_name": "Scopus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83867959"
},
{
"display_name": "Convention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745"
},
{
"display_name": "Observational study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23131810"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Traditional medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556039675"
},
{
"display_name": "MEDLINE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779473830"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
}
] |
[
"Islamic Republic of Iran",
"Saudi Arabia",
"Yemen",
"Iran",
"Jordan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3003856815
|
Tobacco use is associated with oral diseases. Evaluating research on tobacco use and oral health can provide insight into the prevailing situation and help engage dental personnel in tackling the tobacco problem.This study aimed to map knowledge gaps on tobacco and oral health research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region based on four articles of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). These were: article 12 - use of communication tools to promote tobacco education and awareness; article 14 - promotion of tobacco cessation; article 20 - exchange of information on determinants and outcomes of tobacco use; and article 22 - international cooperation to transfer expertise to strengthen national tobacco control strategies.A scoping review was conducted that included publications on tobacco use and oral health in the Region. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Proquest theses were searched. Information extracted included: country, study type, whether more than one country was included and whether the publication addressed FCTC articles 12, 14, 20 or 22.In all, 322 publications were included, of which 82.0% were observational studies and 4.3% were clinical trials. Most publications (87.9%) were from the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Pakistan Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Only 32 (9.9%) publications included participants from more than one country. Of all the publications, 21.5% related to article 12 of the FCTC, 4.3% to article 14, 94.7% to article 20 and 6.5% article 22.Research on oral health and tobacco needs to be better aligned with the FCTC articles.صحة الفم وتعاطي التبغ في إقليم شرق المتوسط فيما يتعلق بالاتفاقية الإطارية بشأن مكافحة التبغ: مراجعة نطاقية.مها الطنطاوي، بسنت اللقاني، نورهان علي، هنا موسى.يرتبط تعاطي التبغ بأمراض الفم. ويمكن أن يعطي تقييم البحث بشأن تعاطي التبغ وصحة الفم نظرةً ثاقبة على الوضع السائد، ويسمح بإشراك العاملين في مجال طب الأسنان في تناول مشكلة التبغ.تمثَّلَ الهدف من هذه الدراسة في تحديد الثغرات المعرفية في البحوث بشأن التبغ وصحة الفم في إقليم شرق المتوسط، استناداً إلى أربع مواد من الاتفاقية الإطارية بشأن مكافحة التبغ. وهذه المواد هي: المادة 12 - استخدام وسائل الاتصال لتعزيز التثقيف والتوعية بشأن التبغ؛ والمادة 14 - التشجيع على الإقلاع عن التبغ؛ والمادة 20 - تبادل المعلومات بشأن محددات تعاطي التبغ وحصائله؛ والمادة 22 - التعاون الدولي بشأن نقل الخبرة لتعزيز الاستراتيجيات الوطنية لمكافحة التبغ.أُجريت مراجعة نطاقية تضمنت منشورات بشأن تعاطي التبغ وصحة الفم في الإقليم. وبُحث في برامج ،Scopus، Proquest PubMed، Google Scholar، Web of Science. وقد تضمنت البيانات المُستخرجة: البلد، ونوع الدراسة، وهل أُدرِجَ أكثر من بلد، وهل تناوَل المنشور المواد 12 أو 14 أو 20 أو 22 من الاتفاقية الإطارية بشأن مكافحة التبغ.أُدرِجَ 322 منشوراً (82.0٪ دراسات رصدية، و4.3٪ تجارب سريرية). وكانت معظم المنشورات (87.9٪) من المملكة العربية السعودية، وباكستان، وجمهورية إيران الإسلامية، واليمن، والأردن. وتضمن 32 منشوراً فقط (9.9٪) مشاركين من أكثر من بلدٍ واحدٍ. ومن بين جميع المنشورات، كان 21.5٪ منها مرتبطاً بالمادة 12 من الاتفاقية الإطارية بشأن مكافحة التبغ، و4.3٪ مرتبطاً بالمادة 14، و94.7٪ مرتبطاً بالمادة 20، و6.5٪ مرتبطاً بالمادة 22.من الضروري مواءمة البحوث بشأن صحة الفم والتبغ بصورةٍ أفضل مع مواد الاتفاقية الإطارية بشأن مكافحة التبغ.Recherche sur le tabagisme et la santé bucco-dentaire dans la Région de la Méditerranée orientale en lien avec la Convention-cadre de l'OMS pour la lutte antitabac : étude exploratoire.Le tabagisme est un facteur associé aux maladies bucco-dentaires. L'évaluation de la recherche menée sur le tabagisme et la santé bucco-dentaire peut fournir des indications sur la situation en cours et contribuer à impliquer le personnel de santé bucco-dentaire dans la lutte antitabac.La présente étude avait pour objectif d'identifier les lacunes en matière de connaissances dans la recherche menée sur le tabagisme et la santé bucco-dentaire dans la Région de la Méditerranée orientale. Elle s'appuie sur quatre articles de la Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac : l’article 12 concernant l’utilisation des outils de communication disponibles pour promouvoir l'éducation et la sensibilisation du public à la lutte antitabac ; l’article 14 concernant la promotion du sevrage tabagique ; l’article 20 concernant l’échange d'informations sur les déterminants et les conséquences de la consommation de tabac ; et l’article 22 concernant la coopération internationale pour le transfert des compétences permettant de renforcer les stratégies nationales de lutte antitabac.L'étude exploratoire réalisée s'est penchée notamment sur les publications relative au tabagisme et à la santé bucco-dentaire dans la Région. Les thèses publiées dans PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar et Proquest ont été passées en revue. Les informations extraites incluaient : le pays, le type d'étude, le nombre de pays étudiés (un ou plusieurs) et la référence éventuelle aux articles 12, 14, 20 ou 22 de ladite Convention-cadre de l’OMS dans chaque publication.En tout, 322 publications ont été incluses, dont 82 % d'études d'observation et 4,3 % d'essais cliniques. La plupart des publications (87,9 %) provenaient d'Arabie saoudite, de la République islamique d'Iran, de Jordanie, du Pakistan et du Yémen. Seules 32 publications (9,9 %) incluaient des participants de plusieurs pays. Parmi toutes les publications, 21,5 % étaient liées à l'article 12 de la Convention-cadre de l’OMS pour la lutte antitabac, 4,3 % à l'article 14, 94,7 % à l'article 20 et 6,5 % à l'article 22.La recherche sur le tabagisme et la santé bucco-dentaire doit être mieux alignée sur les articles de la Convention-cadre OMS pour la lutte antitabac.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S175879142",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3115893525
|
Lessons and Challenges to be learned from different countries policy implication on COVID 19 recovery cases- A cross-sectional descriptive study
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Naiya Patel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5029775247"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Social distance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C172656115"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803"
},
{
"display_name": "Descriptive statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39896193"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Poisson regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73269764"
},
{
"display_name": "Biostatistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140556311"
},
{
"display_name": "Christian ministry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521751864"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Islamic Republic of Iran",
"Iran",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3115893525
|
Abstract Background- The need to quantify the non-pharmaceutical measures in policy decision making is essential in current uncertain times of pandemic. The purpose of the current study is to quantify the relationship between Social Distancing measures and the Total number of tests performed with the Total number of recovered cases across 23 countries around the world, currently struck by COVID-19 pandemic.Methods- The cross-sectional descriptive study utilized STATA 16. for Poisson Model analysis using data collected across 23 countries. The statistical databases Statista, WHO situation reports, CDC website, respective country health ministry websites, and World Bank data was utilized to collected the lacking data details regarding COVID-19. The WHO regions/23 countries included in analysis are Republic of Korea, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, India, United States of America, Canada, Italy,Germany,United Kingdom,France,Austria,Croatia,Israel,Russian Federation,Spain,Belgium,Finland,Sweden,Switzerland,Iran (Islamic Republic of). The variables included in analysis are The factorial analysis of categorical data is included to quantify the levels of social distancing measures and its effect on the total number of recovered cases until April 2 nd, 2020. Results- There exists a positive relationship between the improved number of recovered infected cases, and Social distancing measures of lockdown, the total number of tests performed depending on the stage at which it is completed. The availability of total medical doctors in each country affects the number of recovered cases in that particular country. Conclusion- Future studies might use it as a foundation for evaluation modeling in public health for policy decision making.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Research Square (Research Square)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402450",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4214522887
|
Motivations for alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic in Islamic Republic of Iran
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Abolfazl Fattah",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5003732613"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Maliheh Khalvati",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005406095"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mahdi Abounoori",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5080611625"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Nader Molavi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5002073639"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Fatemeh Azartash",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058880641"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Masoudeh Babakhanian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042188619"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Coping (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73282008"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803"
},
{
"display_name": "Misinformation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776990098"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Islamic Republic of Iran",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4214522887
|
High alcohol consumption is an important public health problem, and understanding factors associated with such consumption is essential.This study aimed to assess individual and social factors associated with alcohol consumption during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the Islamic Republic of Iran.In this qualitative study, purposive sampling was used to select study participants by sharing the survey link on the Telegram application channels with an Iranian audience during COVID-19. The study was conducted from March to June 2020 and reached all Iranian provinces. We used qualitative content analysis to investigate specific concepts in the responses.Of the 116 participants who responded to the survey, 34 (29.3%) were females, and 82 (70.7%) were male. The mean age of the participants was 34.8 years (standard deviation 9.9; range 17-71 years). Most of the participants (75.9%) reported having consumed alcohol, and 56.9% reported having self-medicated for an illness without a doctor's prescription before the COVID-19 pandemic. The most common reason given for alcohol consumption was to relieve stress during home quarantining (32.3%). Based on analysis of the responses, two themes emerged: coping motivations and coping skills, with five subthemes and 14 basic codes. Coping motivations were more powerful than coping skills in relation to high alcohol consumption.Poor coping skills and strong motivations, combined with misinformation on social media and the internet, appear to have led to new or higher alcohol consumption among survey respondents.الدوافع وراء تعاطي الكحول أثناء جائحة كوفيد 19-، جمهورية إيران الإسلامية.أبو الفضل فتاح، مليحة خلوتي، مهدي أبو نوري، نادر ملوي، فاطمة أزرطاش، مسعود باباخانيان.يعد ارتفاع تعاطي الكحول مشكلة صحية عامة مهمة، ومن الضروري فهم العوامل المرتبطة بهذا التعاطي.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم العوامل الفردية والاجتماعية المرتبطة بتعاطي الكحول أثناء جائحة مرض فيروس كورونا 2019 (كوفيد-19) في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية.في هذه الدراسة الكيفية، استُخدمت عينات مقصودة لاختيار المشاركين في الدراسة من خلال مشاركة رابط المسح عبر قنوات تطبيق Telegram مع فئة من الجمهور الإيراني أثناء جائحة كوفيد 19-. وأُجريت الدراسة في الفترة من مارس/آذار إلى يونيو/حزيران 2020، ووصلت إلى جميع المحافظات الإيرانية. واستخدمنا تحليل المحتوى الكيفي لاستقصاء مفاهيم محددة في الإجابات.من بين 116 مشاركًا أجابوا عن المسح، كان 34 منهم (29.3٪) من الإناث. وكان متوسط عمر المشاركين 34.8 سنة (الانحراف المعياري 9.9؛ النطاق 17-71 سنة). وأفاد معظم المشاركين (75.9٪) بأنهم تعاطوا الكحول، وأفاد 56.9٪ بأنهم قاموا بمداواة أنفسهم من أحد الأمراض دون الحصول على وصفة طبية من الطبيب قبل جائحة كوفيد-19. وكان السبب الأكثر شيوعًا لتعاطي الكحول هو تخفيف التوتر أثناء الحجر الصحي المنزلي (32.3٪). واستنادًا إلى تحليل الإجابات، ظهر موضوعان هما: دوافع التأقلم، ومهارات التأقلم، إلى جانب خمسة موضوعات فرعية و14 رمزًا أساسيًا. وكانت دوافع التأقلم أقوى من مهارات التأقلم فيما يتعلق بارتفاع تعاطي الكحول.يبدو أن ضعف مهارات التأقلم والدوافع القوية، إلى جانب المعلومات المغلوطة في وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي والإنترنت، أدت إلى مستوى جديد أو أكثر ارتفاعًا من تعاطي الكحول بين المشاركين في المسح.Les motivations en matière de consommation d'alcool pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 en République islamique d'Iran.Une forte consommation d'alcool représente un problème de santé publique important ; il est donc essentiel de comprendre les facteurs qui lui sont associés.L’ étude visait à évaluer les facteurs individuels et sociaux associés à la consommation d'alcool pendant la pandémie de maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en République islamique d'Iran.Dans la présente étude qualitative, un échantillonnage ciblé a été utilisé pour sélectionner les participants. Pour ce faire, le lien de l'enquête a été partagé sur les canaux de l'application Telegram avec un public iranien pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. L'étude a été menée de mars à juin 2020 et a couvert toutes les provinces iraniennes. Nous avons utilisé une analyse qualitative du contenu pour étudier des concepts spécifiques figurant dans les réponses.Sur les 116 participants ayant répondu à l'enquête, 34 (29,3 %) étaient des femmes et 82 (70,7 %) étaient des hommes. L'âge moyen des participants était de 34,8 ans (écart type 9,9 ; fourchette comprise entre 17 et 71 ans). La plupart des participants (75,9 %) ont déclaré avoir consommé de l'alcool et 56,9 % ont déclaré s'être automédicamentés pour une maladie sans ordonnance médicale avant la pandémie de COVID-19. La raison la plus fréquemment invoquée pour justifier la consommation d'alcool était le soulagement du stress pendant la quarantaine à domicile (32,3 %). L'analyse des réponses a permis de dégager deux thèmes : les motivations à la consommation d'alcool et les capacités d'adaptation, avec cinq sous-thèmes et 14 codes de base. Les motivations prenaient le dessus sur les capacités d'adaptation dans le cas d'une forte consommation d'alcool.De faibles capacités d'adaptation et de fortes motivations, associées à des informations erronées diffusées sur les médias sociaux et l'Internet, semblent avoir conduit à un nouvel usage de l'alcool ou à une consommation plus élevée chez les personnes interrogées.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal",
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"type": "journal"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2129584645
|
Health care system in Saudi Arabia: an overview
|
[
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"display_name": "Mohammed Almalki",
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"display_name": "Michele Clark",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2129584645
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The government of Saudi Arabia has given high priority to the development of health care services at all levels: primary, secondary and tertiary. As a consequence, the health of the Saudi population has greatly improved in recent decades. However, a number of issues pose challenges to the health care system, such a shortage of Saudi health professionals, the health ministry's multiple roles, limited financial resources, changing patterns of disease, high demand resulting from free services, an absence of a national crisis management policy, poor accessibility to some health care facilities, lack of a national health information system, and the underutilization of the potential of electronic health strategies. This paper reviews the historical development and current structure of the health care system in Saudi Arabia with particular emphasis on the public health sector and the opportunities and challenges confronting the Saudi health care system.
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https://openalex.org/W2033286123
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Health risks at the Hajj
|
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"display_name": "Qanta A. Ahmed",
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"display_name": "Yaseen M. Arabi",
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"display_name": "Ziad A. Memish",
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2033286123
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Annually, millions of Muslims embark on a religious pilgrimage called the “Hajj” to Mecca in Saudi Arabia. The mass migration during the Hajj is unparalleled in scale, and pilgrims face numerous health hazards. The extreme congestion of people and vehicles during this time amplifies health risks, such as those from infectious diseases, that vary each year. Since the Hajj is dictated by the lunar calendar, which is shorter than the Gregorian calendar, it presents public-health policy planners with a moving target, demanding constant preparedness. We review the communicable and non-communicable hazards that pilgrims face. With the rise in global travel, preventing disease transmission has become paramount to avoid the spread of infectious diseases, including SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), avian influenza, and haemorrhagic fever. We examine the response of clinicians, the Saudi Ministry of Health, and Hajj authorities to these unique problems, and list health recommendations for prospective pilgrims.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
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{
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{
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|
https://openalex.org/W2125768365
|
A systematic review of population-based dental caries studies among children in Saudi Arabia
|
[
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"display_name": "Dania E. Al Agili",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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[
"Saudi Arabia"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2125768365
|
Dental caries critically impacts the health and development of children. Understanding caries experience is an important task for Saudi Arabian policymakers to identify intervention targets and improve oral health. The purpose of this review is to analyze current data to assess the nationwide prevalence and severity of caries in children, to identify gaps in baseline information, and to determine areas for future research.A search of published and unpublished studies in PubMed, Google, and local Saudi medical and dental journals was conducted for the three keywords "dental," "caries," and "Saudi Arabia." The inclusion criteria required that the articles were population-based studies that assessed the prevalence of dental caries in healthy children attending regular schools using a cross-sectional study design of a random sample.The review was comprised of one unpublished thesis and 27 published surveys of childhood caries in Saudi Arabia. The earliest study was published in 1988 and the most recent was published in 2010. There is a lack of representative data on the prevalence of dental caries among the whole Saudi Arabian population. The national prevalence of dental caries and its severity in children in Saudi Arabia was estimated to be approximately 80% for the primary dentition with a mean dmft of 5.0 and approximately 70% for children's permanent dentition with a mean DMFT score of 3.5. The current estimates indicate that the World Health Organization (WHO) 2000 goals are still unmet for Saudi Arabian children.Childhood dental caries is a serious dental public health problem that warrants the immediate attention of the government and the dental profession officials in Saudi Arabia. Baseline data on oral health and a good understanding of dental caries determinants are necessary for setting appropriate oral health goals. Without the ability to describe the current situation, it is not possible to identify whether progress is being made toward these goals. A roadmap with a clear starting point, destination, and pathway is a desperately needed tool to improve the oral health of Saudi Arabian children.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Saudi Dental Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S89869488",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W1557711811
|
A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt
|
[
{
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{
"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "Monash Medical Centre",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2801350665",
"lat": -37.919792,
"long": 145.12244,
"type": "healthcare"
},
{
"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "Monash University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I56590836",
"lat": -37.814,
"long": 144.96332,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "William Sievert",
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{
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{
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The hepatitis C pandemic has been systematically studied and characterized in North America and Europe, but this important public health problem has not received equivalent attention in other regions.The objective of this systematic review was to characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology in selected countries of Asia, Australia and Egypt, i.e. in a geographical area inhabited by over 40% of the global population.Data references were identified through indexed journals and non-indexed sources. In this work, 7770 articles were reviewed and 690 were selected based on their relevance.We estimated that 49.3-64.0 million adults in Asia, Australia and Egypt are anti-HCV positive. China alone has more HCV infections than all of Europe or the Americas. While most countries had prevalence rates from 1 to 2% we documented several with relatively high prevalence rates, including Egypt (15%), Pakistan (4.7%) and Taiwan (4.4%). Nosocomial infection, blood transfusion (before screening) and injection drug use were identified as common risk factors in the region. Genotype 1 was common in Australia, China, Taiwan and other countries in North Asia, while genotype 6 was found in Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. In India and Pakistan genotype 3 was predominant, while genotype 4 was found in Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Syria.We recommend implementation of surveillance systems to guide effective public health policy that may lead to the eventual curtailment of the spread of this pandemic infection.
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https://openalex.org/W3031266243
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Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3031266243
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Background: Saudi Arabia has taken unprecedented and stringent preventive and precautionary measures against COVID-19 to control its spread, safeguard citizens and ensure their well-being. Public adherence to preventive measures is influenced by their knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19. This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, towards COVID-19, during the pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, using data collected via an online self-reported questionnaire, from 3388 participants. To assess the differences in mean scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19, the data were run through univariate and multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Results: The majority of the study participants were knowledgeable about COVID-19. The mean COVID-19 knowledge score was 17.96 (SD = 2.24, range: 3–22), indicating a high level of knowledge. The mean score for attitude was 28.23 (SD = 2.76, range: 6–30), indicating optimistic attitudes. The mean score for practices was 4.34 (SD = 0.87, range: 0–5), indicating good practices. However, the results showed that men have less knowledge, less optimistic attitudes, and less good practice towards COVID-19, than women. We also found that older adults are likely to have better knowledge and practices, than younger people. Conclusions: Our finding suggests that targeted health education interventions should be directed to this particular vulnerable population, who may be at increased risk of contracting COVID-19. For example, COVID-19 knowledge may increase significantly if health education programs are specifically targeted at men.
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"display_name": "Frontiers in Public Health",
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https://openalex.org/W2336957377
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: Major Challenges and Possible Solutions
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2336957377
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The World Health Organization has ranked Saudi Arabia as having the second highest rate of diabetes in the Middle East (7th highest in the world) with an estimated population of 7 million living with diabetes and more than 3 million with pre-diabetes. This presents a pressing public health problem. Several challenges in diabetes management need to be tackled in Saudi Arabia, including the growing prevalence (chiefly among children and young adults), micro-and macrovascular complications, lifestyle changes, late diagnosis, poor awareness and high treatment costs. Over the last two decades, the Saudi population saw an increase in the expenses in healthcare and treatment of diabetes by more than 500%. In 2014, the health care budget was 180 billion (Saudi Riyal) of which 17 billion was spent on all Saudis, with an approximate 25 billion on the entire Saudi diabetic population. This implies that the direct expense of diabetes is costing Saudi Arabia around 13.9% of the total health expenditure. Therefore, unless a comprehensive epidemic control program/ multidisciplinary approach is stringently enforced, the diabetes mellitus burden on Saudi Arabia will probably increase to very serious levels. It is crucial to implement improved health and health-related quality of life of to those with diabetes, thus minimizing the social and personal expenses for diabetes care in Saudi Arabia. In this study we discuss the significant and major threats posed by diabetes mellitus to the Saudi population and recommend essential possible solutions to delay/ prevent this formidable issue.
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https://openalex.org/W2020254121
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Establishment of public health security in Saudi Arabia for the 2009 Hajj in response to pandemic influenza A H1N1
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2020254121
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Mass gatherings of people challenge public health capacities at host locations and the visitors' places of origin. Hajj--the yearly pilgrimage by Muslims to Saudi Arabia--is one of the largest, most culturally and geographically diverse mass gatherings in the world. With the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 and upcoming Hajj, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health (MoH) convened a preparedness consultation in June, 2009. Consultants from global public health agencies met in their official capacities with their Saudi Arabian counterparts. The MoH aimed to pool and share public health knowledge about mass gatherings, and review the country's preparedness plans, focusing on the prevention and control of pandemic influenza. This process resulted in several practical recommendations, many to be put into practice before the start of Hajj and the rest during Hajj. These preparedness plans should ensure the optimum provision of health services for pilgrims to Saudi Arabia, and minimum disease transmission on their return home. Review of the implementation of these recommendations and their effect will not only inform future mass gatherings in Saudi Arabia, but will also strengthen preparedness efforts in other settings.
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Smoking in Saudi Arabia.
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This article reviewed the literature on the epidemiology, consumption, trade, control, prevention, and treatment of tobacco smoking in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of current smoking in Saudi Arabia ranges from 2.4-52.3% (median = 17.5%). Among school students, the prevalence of current smoking ranges from 12-29.8% (median = 16.5%), among university students from 2.4-37% (median = 13.5%), and among adults from 11.6-52.3% (median = 22.6%). In elderly people, the prevalence of current smoking is 25%. The prevalence of smoking in males ranges from 13-38% (median = 26.5%), while in females it ranges from 1-16% (median = 9%). To conclude, smoking is prevalent in the Saudi population at different age groups. The prevalence of current smoking is much higher in males than in females at different ages. More research is needed in the area of prevention and treatment of smoking.
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Hajj: infectious disease surveillance and control
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Religious festivals attract a large number of pilgrims from worldwide and are a potential risk for the transmission of infectious diseases between pilgrims, and to the indigenous population. The gathering of a large number of pilgrims could compromise the health system of the host country. The threat to global health security posed by infectious diseases with epidemic potential shows the importance of advanced planning of public health surveillance and response at these religious events. Saudi Arabia has extensive experience of providing health care at mass gatherings acquired through decades of managing millions of pilgrims at the Hajj. In this report, we describe the extensive public health planning, surveillance systems used to monitor public health risks, and health services provided and accessed during Hajj 2012 and Hajj 2013 that together attracted more than 5 million pilgrims from 184 countries. We also describe the recent establishment of the Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, a Saudi Government partnership with the WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Gulf Co-operation Council states, UK universities, and public health institutions globally.
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The burden of disease in Saudi Arabia 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3028024710
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BackgroundAvailability of data to assess the population health and provision and quality of health care in Saudi Arabia has been lacking. In 2010, Saudi Arabia began a major investment and transformation programme in the health-care sector. Here we assess the impact of this investment era on mortality, health loss, risk factors, and health-care services in the country.MethodsWe used results of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to describe the levels and temporal patterns in deaths, health loss, risk factors, and health-care access and quality in the Saudi Arabian population during 1990–2010 (before the health-care investments and reform) and 2010–17 (during health-care investments and reform). We also compared patterns in health outcomes between these periods with those in the north Africa and the Middle East GBD region and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.FindingsAge-standardised mortality in Saudi Arabia decreased from 1990 to 2010 (annualised rate of change of −0·58%), and this decrease was further accelerated from 2010 to 2017 (–2·20%). The north Africa and the Middle East GBD region also had decreases in mortality during these periods, but for 2010–17 the decrease was not as low as in Saudi Arabia (–1·29%). Transport injuries decreased from third ranked cause of disability-adjusted life-years in 2010 to fifth ranked cause in 2017 in Saudi Arabia, below cardiovascular diseases (ranked first) and musculoskeletal disorders (ranked second). Years lived with disability (YLDs) due to mental disorders, substance use disorders, neoplasms, and neurological disorders consistently increased over the periods 1990–2010 and 2010–17. Between 1990 and 2017, attributable YLDs due to metabolic, behavioural, and environmental or occupational risk factors remained almost unchanged in Saudi Arabia, with high body-mass index, high fasting plasma glucose concentration, and drug use increasing across all age groups. Health-care Access and Quality (HAQ) Index levels increased in Saudi Arabia during this period with similar patterns to the rest of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries and the north Africa and the Middle East GBD region.InterpretationDecreases in mortality continued at greater rates in Saudi Arabia during the period of 2010–17 than in 1990–2010. HAQ Index levels have also improved. Public health policy makers in Saudi Arabia need to increase efforts to address preventable risk factors that are major contributors to the burden of ill health and disability.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet Planetary Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2898182138",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1592338563
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International Perspectives on Emergency Department Crowding
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ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1358–1370 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract The maturation of emergency medicine (EM) as a specialty has coincided with dramatic increases in emergency department (ED) visit rates, both in the United States and around the world. ED crowding has become a public health problem where periodic supply and demand mismatches in ED and hospital resources cause long waiting times and delays in critical treatments. ED crowding has been associated with several negative clinical outcomes, including higher complication rates and mortality. This article describes emergency care systems and the extent of crowding across 15 countries outside of the United States: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Italy, The Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Catalonia (Spain), Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The authors are local emergency care leaders with knowledge of emergency care in their particular countries. Where available, data are provided about visit patterns in each country; however, for many of these countries, no national data are available on ED visits rates or crowding. For most of the countries included, there is both objective evidence of increases in ED visit rates and ED crowding and also subjective assessments of trends toward higher crowding in the ED. ED crowding appears to be worsening in many countries despite the presence of universal health coverage. Scandinavian countries with robust systems to manage acute care outside the ED do not report crowding is a major problem. The main cause for crowding identified by many authors is the boarding of admitted patients, similar to the United States. Many hospitals in these countries have implemented operational interventions to mitigate crowding in the ED, and some countries have imposed strict limits on ED length of stay (LOS), while others have no clear plan to mitigate crowding. An understanding of the causes and potential solutions implemented in these countries can provide a lens into how to mitigate ED crowding in the United States through health policy interventions and hospital operational changes.
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https://openalex.org/W1562215547
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Gender inequity in Saudi Arabia and its role in public health
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In Saudi Arabia, local interpretations of Islamic laws and social norms have a negative impact on the health and well-being of women. The objective of this literature review was to discuss gender inequity in Saudi Arabia and its relation to public health. Despite the scarcity of recent statistics and information regarding gender inequity in Saudi Arabia, this review is an attempt to explore this sensitive issue in this country. Women's roles and rights in Saudi society were examined, including education, marriage, polygamy, fertility, job opportunities, car driving and identification cards. Further research to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices towards health care of Saudi men and women is recommended.
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https://openalex.org/W2464157024
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Tobacco or Health: A Global Status ReportTobacco or Health: A Global Status ReportWorld Health Organization, Geneva1997 ISBN 92 4 1561 84X
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2464157024
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Book ReviewTobacco or Health: A Global Status Report Henrik SchultzMD Henrik Schultz Department of Oncology (MBC-64), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author Published Online:1 Mar 1998https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.1998.195SectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AboutIntroductionH Schultz, Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report. 1998; 18(2): 195-195There are currently approximately 1.1 billion smokers in the world, comprising about one-third of the world population aged 15 years and above. Eight hundred million smokers live in the developing countries, with 300 million in China alone. The highest per capita consumption in the world is found in South Korean males, 68.2% of whom are smokers, while the Danes top the list of female smokers with 37%. Approximately 3 million people die every year from diseases caused by tobacco smoking. At the present rate of consumption, this is projected to rise to 10 million deaths annually sometime in the 2020s. It is estimated that 52 million males and 10.5 million females will have died from tobacco-related diseases between 1950 and 2000. About 20% of all deaths in 1990 were estimated to be due to smoking.These are some of the dismal statistics contained in a recent publication from WHO. As suggested by the title and amply substantiated in the book, chronic tobacco consumption is incompatible with good health. The book contains a general section on tobacco-related questions, such as smoking prevalence, the health effects of tobacco, etc., but the main emphasis of the book is a detailed country-by-country analysis of the current state of affairs as regards tobacco and health. All countries are included, from tiny San Marino (1995 population, 25 million) to China (1995 population, 1.2 billion). World smoking trends are not encouraging. Although annual world consumption of cigarettes seems to have stabilized at around 5.5 trillion, this statistic conceals the fact that per capita consumption is rising rapidly in the developing world while decreasing in the Western world.Over the years, WHO has spent a lot of time and money promoting tobacco control measures. A lot of paper has been generated as well. Between 1970 and 1996, the World Health Assembly adopted 16 resolutions calling for tobacco control measures in member states. The country profiles reveal that the results have been a very mixed bag. Some countries have developed long-standing comprehensive tobacco control policies, notably Norway, Finland and Singapore. Other countries, such as Australia, New Zealand and France, have recently adopted similar programs. New Zealand seems to have been particularly successful in decreasing smoking, adult per capita consumption having declined about 36% between 1984 and 1991. However, in most other countries, including Saudi Arabia, there is little cause for optimism. Per capita consumption of cigarettes in Saudi Arabia has risen notably in the last 20 years. In the period between 1970 and 1972, Saudi Arabia ranked No. 52 in the world, but by 1990 to 1992 it had moved to No. 23, corresponding to about 2.1 billion cigarettes annually per adult. Saudi Arabia tobacco import costs rose sharply from US$250 million in 1990 to US$351.8 million in 1993.The book contains a wealth of information for the interested reader. For example, the world tobacco production is now conservatively estimated to be in the range of 6.5 million tons. One wonders how much food could have been grown on the land currently allotted to tobacco in order to fill the empty stomachs in the third world. Previous article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 18, Issue 2March 1998 Metrics History Published online1 March 1998 InformationCopyright © 1998, Annals of Saudi MedicinePDF download
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https://openalex.org/W2131509822
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Epidemiology, Clinical and Complications Profile of Diabetes in Saudi Arabia: A Review
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Diabetes mellitus is emerging as a major public health problem in Saudi Arabia in parallel with the worldwide diabetes pandemic, which is having a particular impact upon the Middle East and the third world. This pandemic has accompanied the adoption of a modern lifestyle and the abandonment of a traditional lifestyle, with a resultant increase in rates of obesity and other chronic non-communicable diseases. The indigenous Saudi population seems to have a special genetic predisposition to develop type 2 diabetes, which is further amplified by a rise in obesity rates, a high rate of consanguinity and the presence of other variables of the insulin resistance syndrome. We highlight the epidemiology, clinical and complications profiles of diabetes in Saudi people. Diabetes is well studied in Saudi Arabia; however, there seems to be little research in the area of education and health care delivery. This is of paramount importance to offset the perceived impact on health care delivery services, to lessen chronic diabetes complications, and to reduce the expected morbidity and mortality from diabetes.
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https://openalex.org/W1584829625
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Knowledge and attitude of healthcare workers about middle east respiratory syndrome in multispecialty hospitals of Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1584829625
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With the increase in prevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of acquiring and subsequently transmitting this lethal virus. In view of this, HCWs were evaluated for their knowledge of and attitude towards MERS in Saudi Arabia. A cross sectional study was performed in two hospitals of Qassim region in Saudi Arabia. A total of 280 healthcare workers were selected to participate in this study. Knowledge and attitude were assessed by using self-administered and pretested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were carried out to express participants’ demographic information, mean knowledge score and mean attitude score of HCWs. Inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis tests, p < 0.05) were used to examine differences between study variables. Chi squares tests were used to assess the association between study variables and attitude questions. Spearman’s rho correlation was used to identify the association between the knowledge, attitude scores. Participants demonstrated good knowledge and positive attitude towards MERS. The mean scores of knowledge and attitude were 9.45 ± 1.69 (based on 13 knowledge questions) and 1.82 ± 0.72 (based on 7 attitude questions). The correlation between knowledge and attitude was significant (correlation coefficient: 0.12; P <0.001). HCWs were less educated about the management (42.4%), source (66%) and consequences of MERS (67.3%), while a majority of them were well aware of the hallmark symptoms (96%), precautionary measures (96%) and hygiene issues (94%). Although the majority of respondents showed positive attitude towards the use of protective measures (1.52 ± 0.84), their attitude was negative towards their active participation in infection control program (2.03 ± 0.97). Gender and experience were significantly associated with knowledge and attitude (P < 0.05). The findings of this study showed that healthcare workers in Qassim region of Saudi Arabia have good knowledge and positive attitude towards MERS. Yet there are areas where low knowledge and negative attitude of HCWs was observed. However, studies are required to assess the knowledge and attitude of HCWs at national level so that effective interventions could be designed as surveillance and infection control measures are critical to global public health.
|
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{
"display_name": "BMC Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S200437886",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
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"type": "repository"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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https://openalex.org/W1982610380
|
The relationship between quality of work life and turnover intention of primary health care nurses in Saudi Arabia
|
[
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"affiliations": [
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"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Jazan University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I91450128",
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"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "Queensland University of Technology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I160993911",
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"display_name": "Mohammed Almalki",
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{
"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "Queensland University of Technology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I160993911",
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"display_name": "Gerry FitzGerald",
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"display_name": "Michele Clark",
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[
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1982610380
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Quality of work life (QWL) has been found to influence the commitment of health professionals, including nurses. However, reliable information on QWL and turnover intention of primary health care (PHC) nurses is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between QWL and turnover intention of PHC nurses in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey was used in this study. Data were collected using Brooks’ survey of Quality of Nursing Work Life, the Anticipated Turnover Scale and demographic data questions. A total of 508 PHC nurses in the Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia, completed the questionnaire (RR = 87%). Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, General Linear Model (GLM) univariate analysis, standard multiple regression, and hierarchical multiple regression were applied for analysis using SPSS v17 for Windows. Findings suggested that the respondents were dissatisfied with their work life, with almost 40% indicating a turnover intention from their current PHC centres. Turnover intention was significantly related to QWL. Using standard multiple regression, 26% of the variance in turnover intention was explained by QWL, p < 0.001, with R2 = .263. Further analysis using hierarchical multiple regression found that the total variance explained by the model as a whole (demographics and QWL) was 32.1%, p < 0.001. QWL explained an additional 19% of the variance in turnover intention, after controlling for demographic variables. Creating and maintaining a healthy work life for PHC nurses is very important to improve their work satisfaction, reduce turnover, enhance productivity and improve nursing care outcomes.
|
[
{
"display_name": "BMC Health Services Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S12898181",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402607",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2089555951
|
Internet use by the public to search for health-related information
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Saud University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I28022161",
"lat": 24.68773,
"long": 46.72185,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Khalid M. AlGhamdi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014802305"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Saud University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I28022161",
"lat": 24.68773,
"long": 46.72185,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Noura A. Moussa",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5007149423"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035"
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{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Curiosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33435437"
},
{
"display_name": "Test (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W1702139501",
"https://openalex.org/W1980580891",
"https://openalex.org/W1982654553",
"https://openalex.org/W1985172014",
"https://openalex.org/W1995039629",
"https://openalex.org/W2006863428",
"https://openalex.org/W2015851252",
"https://openalex.org/W2031087144",
"https://openalex.org/W2039522453",
"https://openalex.org/W2045833544",
"https://openalex.org/W2058553789",
"https://openalex.org/W2068024418",
"https://openalex.org/W2103970509",
"https://openalex.org/W2129154022",
"https://openalex.org/W2130026454",
"https://openalex.org/W2156982101",
"https://openalex.org/W2165229085"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2089555951
|
The use of the Internet to search for health-related information (HRI) has become a common practice worldwide. Our literature review failed to find any evidence of previous studies on this topic from Saudi Arabia.To determine the public use of the Internet in Saudi Arabia to search for HRI and to evaluate patients' perceptions of the quality of the information available on the Internet compared to that provided by their health care providers.A self-administered questionnaire about Internet use to search for HRI was distributed randomly to male and female outpatients and visitors attending a public University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from January to May 2010. A Chi-squared test was used to assess the association between different categorical variables. Multiple logistic regression was used to relate the use of the Internet to search for HRI with various socio-demographic variables.The questionnaire response was 80.1%, with completion of 801 of the 1000 distributed questionnaires; 50% (400/801) of respondents were males. The mean age of respondents was 32±11 years. The majority of respondents used the Internet in general (87.8%), and 58.4% of them (363/622) used the Internet to search for HRI. The majority stated a doctor was their primary source of HRI (89.3%, 654/732). This practice was considered useful by 84.2%, and the main reason behind it was sheer curiosity (92.7%, 418/451). Other reasons included not getting enough information from their doctor (58.5%, 227/413) and not trusting the information given by their doctor (28.2%, 101/443). Forty-four percent (205/466) searched for HRI before coming to the clinic; 72.5% of those discussed the information with their doctors and 71.7% (119/166) of those who did so believed that this positively affected their relationship with their doctor. Searching the Internet for health information was observed more frequently among the 30-39 year age group (OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.7), females (OR=3.8, 95% CI 2.3-6.4), individuals with university or higher education (OR=1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8), employed individuals (OR=2.7, 95% CI 1.4-4.9) and high income groups (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.5-5.1).A proportion of the public searches the Internet to obtain HRI for various reasons, which could have consequences on their health and relationship with their doctors. Therefore, doctors should be aware of the health information available online to help guide patients to reliable websites. Health authorities should also be aware of the issue to offer regulations and solutions.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Medical Informatics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S53142634",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1989714190
|
Premarital screening for thalassemia and sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Pakistan",
"display_name": "Center for Non-Communicable Diseases",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210156882",
"lat": 24.886066,
"long": 66.99593,
"type": "facility"
}
],
"display_name": "Nasser Al-Hamdan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5013914151"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Ministry of Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210127754",
"lat": 24.68773,
"long": 46.72185,
"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Yagob Y. Al-Mazrou",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5013706794"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Pakistan",
"display_name": "Center for Non-Communicable Diseases",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210156882",
"lat": 24.886066,
"long": 66.99593,
"type": "facility"
}
],
"display_name": "Fahad M Alswaidi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089308794"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Abdul Jamil Choudhry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5067186135"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Christian ministry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521751864"
},
{
"display_name": "Thalassemia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777799968"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Sickle cell trait",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777566322"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetic counseling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C80227256"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Pediatrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187212893"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
},
{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
},
{
"display_name": "Genetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W85496010",
"https://openalex.org/W1952325220",
"https://openalex.org/W1979834195",
"https://openalex.org/W2003130375",
"https://openalex.org/W2044454094",
"https://openalex.org/W2052012172",
"https://openalex.org/W2086898892",
"https://openalex.org/W2103921568",
"https://openalex.org/W2114872224",
"https://openalex.org/W2147807599",
"https://openalex.org/W2415119156",
"https://openalex.org/W2625487396",
"https://openalex.org/W3159493857"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1989714190
|
PurposeTo estimate the prevalence of sickle cell disorders and beta thalassemia, with their regional distribution, in the adult population screened as part of the Saudi Premarital Screening Program.MethodsA cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted as part of the National Premarital Screening Program. It covered all the individuals who applied for a marriage license during the years 1425 and 1426 Hijra (February 2004 to January 2005). A network of 123 reception centers in the Ministry of Health facilities and 70 laboratories all over Saudi Arabia was involved in data collection.ResultsOf a total of 488,315 individuals screened, 4.20% had sickle cell trait, 0.26% had sickle cell disease, 3.22% had thalassemia trait, and 0.07% had thalassemia disease. Both the diseases were focused mainly in the eastern, western, and southwestern parts of the country. Among the 207,333 couples who were issued certificates for matching, 2.14% were declared high risk. Among the 2,375 high-risk couples contacted by telephone, 89.6% married each other, despite the known high-risk status.ConclusionThe results showed excellent access to the target population. However, the program's objective of decreasing high-risk marriages was not as successful, indicating the need for improvement of health education programs for the public, more efforts in counseling high risk couples, and changes in the strategy of timing of screening in relation to marriage.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Genetics in Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S187186932",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2117059299
|
FROM CROWD DYNAMICS TO CROWD SAFETY: A VIDEO-BASED ANALYSIS
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Switzerland",
"display_name": "ETH Zurich",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I35440088",
"lat": 47.36667,
"long": 8.55,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Anders Johansson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5022926262"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Switzerland",
"display_name": "ETH Zurich",
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The study of crowd dynamics is interesting because of the various self-organization phenomena resulting from the interactions of many pedestrians, which may improve or obstruct their flow. Besides formation of lanes of uniform walking direction and oscillations at bottlenecks at moderate densities, it was recently discovered that stop-and-go waves [D. Helbing et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.97 (2006) 168001] and a phenomenon called "crowd turbulence" can occur at high pedestrian densities [D. Helbing et al., Phys. Rev. E75 (2007) 046109]. Although the behavior of pedestrian crowds under extreme conditions is decisive for the safety of crowds during the access to or egress from mass events as well as for situations of emergency evacuation, there is still a lack of empirical studies of extreme crowding. Therefore, this paper discusses how one may study high-density conditions based on suitable video data. This is illustrated at the example of pilgrim flows entering the previous Jamarat Bridge in Mina, 5 kilometers from the Holy Mosque in Makkah, Saudi-Arabia. Our results reveal previously unexpected pattern formation phenomena and show that the average individual speed does not go to zero even at local densities of 10 persons per square meter. Since the maximum density and flow are different from measurements in other countries, this has implications for the capacity assessment and dimensioning of facilities for mass events. When conditions become congested, the flow drops significantly, which can cause stop-and-go waves and a further increase of the density until critical crowd conditions are reached. Then, "crowd turbulence" sets in, which may trigger crowd disasters. For this reason, it is important to operate pedestrian facilities sufficiently below their maximum capacity and to take measures to improve crowd safety, some of which are discussed in the end.
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https://openalex.org/W183456948
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First confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities - May 2014.
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Since mid-March 2014, the frequency with which cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection have been reported has increased, with the majority of recent cases reported from Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, the frequency with which travel-associated MERS cases have been reported and the number of countries that have reported them to the World Health Organization (WHO) have also increased. The first case of MERS in the United States, identified in a traveler recently returned from Saudi Arabia, was reported to CDC by the Indiana State Department of Health on May 1, 2014, and confirmed by CDC on May 2. A second imported case of MERS in the United States, identified in a traveler from Saudi Arabia having no connection with the first case, was reported to CDC by the Florida Department of Health on May 11, 2014. The purpose of this report is to alert clinicians, health officials, and others to increase awareness of the need to consider MERS-CoV infection in persons who have recently traveled from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula. This report summarizes recent epidemiologic information, provides preliminary descriptions of the cases reported from Indiana and Florida, and updates CDC guidance about patient evaluation, home care and isolation, specimen collection, and travel as of May 13, 2014.
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https://openalex.org/W2149372820
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'Diabesity' is the term for diabetes occurring in the context of obesity. In this review, we will overview the latest epidemiological data available describing the rising prevalence, health impact and economic impact of diabesity. We will also outline the measures required to slowdown this newly evolving epidemic. The global prevalence of diabetes in 2010 was 284 million people worldwide constituting around 6.4% of the world population, which is higher than was projected in earlier studies. Furthermore, the projections for 2030 show the prevalence to reach 439 million individuals comprising ~7.7% of the world population. The burden of diabetes on the world economy has been rising steadily in the last decade to reach $376 billion in 2010 and is expected to reach $490 billion in 2030. Diabesity represents a substantial economic burden as reflected by diabetes and obesity consuming 14 and 5.7% of the USA's total health expenditure, respectively, representing the highest known expenditure on diabesity worldwide. When costs associated with being overweight were also included, the upper limit of obesity expenditure rises to 9.1% of the USA's total healthcare expenditure. The highest recorded expenditure on diabetes alone was in Saudi Arabia consuming 21% of the country's total health expenditure, with no data available about the health expenditure on obesity. The health impact of diabesity is substantial to include long-term diabetic complications, reduction in health-related functioning, reduction of quality of life and reduced overall life expectancy. Long-term complications include myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular stroke and end-stage renal disease. Also recent advances have found that there is an association between chronic stress, depression and sleeping troubles to both diabetes and obesity. This century is the unprecedented diabetogenic era in human history. It is thus urgent to take steps including screening, prevention and early management in an attempt to control this evolving epidemic of diabesity.
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https://openalex.org/W2896660745
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MERS coronavirus outbreak: Implications for emerging viral infections
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In September 2012, a novel coronavirus was isolated from a patient who died in Saudi Arabia after presenting with acute respiratory distress and acute kidney injury. Analysis revealed the disease to be due to a novel virus which was named Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). There have been several MERS-CoV hospital outbreaks in KSA, continuing to the present day, and the disease has a mortality rate in excess of 35%. Since 2012, the World Health Organization has been informed of 2220 laboratory-confirmed cases resulting in at least 790 deaths. Cases have since arisen in 27 countries, including an outbreak in the Republic of Korea in 2015 in which 36 people died, but more than 80% of cases have occurred in Saudi Arabia.. Human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV, particularly in healthcare settings, initially caused a ‘media panic’, however human-to-human transmission appears to require close contact and thus far the virus has not achieved epidemic potential. Zoonotic transmission is of significant importance and evidence is growing implicating the dromedary camel as the major animal host in spread of disease to humans. MERS-CoV is now included on the WHO list of priority blueprint diseases for which there which is an urgent need for accelerated research and development as they have the potential to cause a public health emergency while there is an absence of efficacious drugs and/or vaccines. In this review we highlight epidemiological, clinical, and infection control aspects of MERS-CoV as informed by the Saudi experience. Attention is given to recommended treatments and progress towards vaccine development.
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https://openalex.org/W1667965372
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Obesity and public health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract Overweight and obesity are now a global epidemic, with more than one in five people qualifying as obese worldwide. These conditions are accompanied by excessive rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) related to overweight, like type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Saudi Arabia, which has become increasingly westernized over the past few decades now has one of the highest prevalence rates of overweight and obesity, even in children. This puts the population at great risk for increased rates of NCD mortality. Competing cultures is partly to blame, as the combination of persisting traditional Saudi cultural practices, modern cultural changes, and economic prosperity has created an obesogenic environment that promotes unhealthy eating, sedentary lifestyles, and weight gain. Overweight and obesity are more prevalent in Saudi women than in Saudi men. Interventions targeting the environment are needed in order to promote greater health through healthy eating decisions and increased physical activity or exercise (especially for women).
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https://openalex.org/W2056991573
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Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption correlates with BMI, waist circumference, and poor dietary choices in school children
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The prevalence of obesity and overweight is increasing globally. Frequently coexisting with under-nutrition in developing countries, obesity is a major contributor to chronic disease, and will become a serious healthcare burden especially in countries with a larger percentage of youthful population. 35% of the population of Saudi Arabia are under the age of 16, and adult dietary preferences are often established during early childhood years. Our objective was to examine the dietary habits in relation to body-mass-index (BMI) and waist circumference (W_C), together with exercise and sleep patterns in a cohort of male and female Saudi school children, in order to ascertain whether dietary patterns are associated with obesity phenotypes in this population.5033 boys and 4400 girls aged 10 to 19 years old participated in a designed Food Frequency Questionnaire. BMI and W_C measurements were obtained and correlated with dietary intake.The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 12.2% and 27.0% respectively, with boys having higher obesity rates than girls (P <or= 0.001). W_C and BMI was positively correlated with sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage (SSCB) intake in boys only. The association between male BMI and SSCB consumption was significant in a multivariate regression model (P < 0.0001). SSCB intake was positively associated with poor dietary choices in both males and females. Fast food meal intake, savory snacks, iced desserts and total sugar consumption correlated with SSCB intake in both boys (r = 0.39, 0.13, 0.10 and 0.52 respectively, P < 0.001) and girls (r = 0.45, 0.23, 0.16 and 0.55 respectively, P < 0.001). Older children reported eating significantly less fruit and vegetables than younger children; and less eggs, fish and cereals. Conversely, consumption of SSCB and sugar-sweetened hot beverages were higher in older versus younger children (P < 0.001). BMI and W_C were negatively correlated with hours of night-time sleep and exercise in boys, but only with night time sleep in girls, who also showed the lowest frequency of exercise.A higher intake of SSCB is associated with poor dietary choices. Male SSCB intake correlates with a higher W_C and BMI. Limiting exposure to SSCB could therefore have a large public health impact.
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https://openalex.org/W2083767645
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W135 meningococcal disease in England and Wales associated with Hajj 2000 and 2001
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An outbreak of W135 meningococcal disease was seen in 2000 and 2001 among pilgrims returning from Saudi Arabia and their contacts. The Public Health Laboratory Service set up enhanced surveillance to monitor spread and virulence of the outbreak strain, and to collect data on case characteristics. The number of cases reported from England and Wales in 2001 was similar to the number reported during 2000, despite a change in the recommendation for pilgrims to receive quadrivalent vaccine (against serogroup A, C, W135, and Y) instead of the A/C vaccine recommended in 2000. Both the recommendation and vaccine were not available until January, 2001, and coverage among pilgrims to the Hajj 2001 was low. The case--fatality ratio was high, and sustained transmission of the virulent outbreak strain was seen. Current control policies, both in primary and secondary prevention, might need better implementation.
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https://openalex.org/W2301859947
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Communicable diseases as health risks at mass gatherings other than Hajj: what is the evidence?
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2301859947
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Mass gatherings are characterized by the concentration of people temporally and spatially, and may lead to the emergence of infectious diseases due to enhanced transmission between attendees. This is well-demonstrated in the context of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages in Saudi Arabia. The goal of this review was to present the available evidence on outbreaks associated with a variety of pathogens, or also the lack thereof, as assessed by thorough surveillance at any mass gatherings with the exception of those in Saudi Arabia. A systematic search for relevant articles in the literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Sixty-eight studies were identified. Although outbreaks have not been reported frequently in or after mass gatherings outside the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages, they have sometimes occurred at Muslim, Christian, and Hindu religious events, at sports events, and at large-scale open air festivals. In this review it was found that the most common outbreaks at these mass gatherings involved vaccine preventable diseases, mainly measles and influenza, but also mumps and hepatitis A. Meningococcal disease has rarely been recorded. Additionally it was found that the transmission of various communicable diseases that may not be prevented by vaccination has been recorded in association with mass gatherings. These were mainly gastrointestinal infections, caused by a variety of pathogens. It was also noted that some outbreaks occurring at mass gatherings have resulted in the international spread of communicable diseases.
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https://openalex.org/W2890977910
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Health promoting lifestyle of university students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional assessment
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2890977910
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College is a critical time where students are more prone to engage in risky health behaviors known to negatively affect well-being, such as physical inactivity, stress, and poor dietary habits. A health promoting lifestyle is an important determinant of health status and is recognized as a major factor for the maintenance and improvement of health. This study was designed to assess the health-promoting lifestyle of students in health colleges and non-health colleges in Saudi Arabia. A total of 1656 students participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Data gathering was conducted from November 2016 to February 2017 at King Saud University. Participating students completed a self-reported questionnaire that included questions regarding their demographic characteristics and their health-promoting behaviors. The majority of participants were females (70.4%), 20% of the participants were overweight and 11.3%, were obese. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between health colleges and non-health colleges with regards to the factor of health responsibility. Students at both schools were found to have an inadequate level of adherence to recommendations regarding physical activity and healthy eating habits. The analysis also found that majority of the students in both colleges do not attend educational programs on health care. The model shows that gender, type of college, year in school, and family structure were significant predictors of the health lifestyle of students in Saudi Arabia. The results of the current study indicate that university students are leading unhealthy lives, where the majority of them have unhealthy eating habits and poor physical activity level. Universities are ideal settings for implementing health promotion programs. Therefore, planning and implementing programs to motivate students to be more responsible for their own health, to engage more in physical activity, and to practice healthy eating habits and other forms of wellness are of paramount importance.
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https://openalex.org/W2152744446
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Prevalence of physical activity and inactivity among Saudis aged 30-70 years. A population-based cross-sectional study.
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2152744446
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To assess physical activity levels among Saudi adults, and to examine the relationships of physical activity with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and obesity prevalence.Data taken from the Coronary Artery Disease in Saudis Study which is a National Epidemiological Health Survey carried out between 1995 and 2000. Participants included 17395 Saudi males and females aged 30-70 years, selected randomly using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique. Leisure-type and sport-related physical activities including walking were assessed using an interviewed-administered questionnaire. The activities were classified into five intensity categories and assigned metabolic equivalents (MET) according to the compendium of physical activity. Based on the intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity, subjects were classified into active or inactive category.Inactivity prevalence (96.1%) was very high. There were significantly (p<0.001)) more inactive females (98.1%) than males (93.9%). Inactivity prevalence increases with increasing age category, especially in males, and decreases with increasing education levels. Inactivity was the highest in the central region (97.3%; 95% CI = 96.8-97.8%) and the lowest in the southern region of Saudi Arabia (94.0%; 95% CI = 93.2-94.8%). Further, active individuals exhibited lower values of BMI and WC.These findings reveal the sedentary nature of Saudi population. The overwhelming majority of men and women did not reach the recommended physical activity levels necessary for promoting health and preventing diseases. The high prevalence of inactivity among Saudis represents a major public health concern.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W2520689564
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Use of Social Media for Professional Development by Health Care Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Hana Alsobayel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5067087346"
}
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C518677369"
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{
"display_name": "Promotion (chess)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98147612"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C51067260"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019806175"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C185618831"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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[
"Saudi Arabia"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2520689564
|
Social media can be used in health care settings to enhance professional networking and education; patient communication, care, and education; public health programs; organizational promotion; and research.The aim of this study was to explore the use of social media networks for the purpose of professional development among health care professionals in Saudi Arabia using a purpose-designed Web-based survey.A cross-sectional web-based survey was undertaken. A link to the survey was posted on the investigator's personal social media accounts including Twitter, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp.A total of 231 health care professionals, who are generally social media users, participated in the study. Of these professionals, 70.6% (163/231) use social media for their professional development. The social media applications most frequently used, in the descending order, for professional development were Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat, and LinkedIn. The majority of respondents used social media for professional development irrespective of their age group, with the highest proportion seen in those aged 20-30 years. Social media were perceived as being most beneficial for professional development in terms of their impact on the domains of knowledge and problem solving and least helpful for enhancing clinical skills. Twitter was perceived as the most helpful type of social media for all domains listed. Respondents most frequently reported that social media were useful for professional development for the reasons of knowledge exchange and networking.Social media are frequently used by health care professionals in Saudi Arabia for the purposes of professional development, with Twitter most frequently used for this purpose. These findings suggest that social media networks can be powerful tools for engaging health care professionals in their professional development.
|
[
{
"display_name": "JMIR medical education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210212741",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
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{
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"type": "repository"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2563476603
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Vitamin D in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence,distribution and disease associations
|
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"display_name": "King Saud University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I28022161",
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"display_name": "Nasser M. Al-Daghri",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2563476603
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More than 33 years have passed since the first paper highlighting vitamin D deficiency as a public health concern in Saudi Arabia was published in 1983. Despite “early” detection,it wasn’t until the year 2010 where the interest in vitamin D research grew exponentially worldwide and was finally visible in Saudi clinical and academic areas. Since then,many landmark studies have been generated with regards to the physiologic functions of vitamin D,both skeletal and extra-skeletal. This review is limited to the prevalence,distribution A systematic review on the prevalence studies done in KSA from 2011 to 2016 was done and revealed that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/l) in Saudi Arabia among different populations (adults,children and adolescents,newborns and pregnant/lactating women) is 81.0% (Confidence Interval 95% 68.0–90.0),in line with most neighboring Gulf countries. Vitamin D deficiency in KSA has been mostly associated with bone and insulin-resistant diseases but limited data are available to prove causality. In conclusion,there is a need to develop local consensus guidelines that will identify candidates for screening,monitoring and treating those who are at most risk for vitamin D deficiency complications.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W1502186790
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Supporting the Saudi e-health initiative: the Master of Health Informatics programme at KSAU-HS
|
[
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"display_name": "Majid M. Altuwaijri",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3018280585"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Health services",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986740045"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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[
"Saudi Arabia"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1502186790
|
The health sector in Saudi Arabia has made significant progress in recent decades with some hospitals receiving international recognition. However, this has not been accompanied by advancements in the field of health informatics, which are necessary for hospitals to achieve certain objectives such as enhancing the quality of health care and reducing the time and cost of health care delivery. In this paper we describe the status of e-health in Saudi Arabia, along with some of the national e-health initiatives such the establishment of a new Master of Health Informatics degree programme and the Saudi Association for Health Informatics. A proposal for an e-health plan in Saudi Arabia is also discussed.
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2525914234
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Women in Saudi Arabia and the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review
|
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C134018914"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2525914234
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Background . Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death in Saudi Arabia. Saudi women in particular are more susceptible as there are sociocultural restrictions on female physical activities that may lead to high prevalence of CVD risks, especially obesity, and physical inactivity. This study aims to systematically review the published articles related to the prevalence of CVD risk among women in Saudi Arabia. The search strategy covers all published articles that assess the risk factor of CVD in Saudi Arabia from January 2000 to December 2015, using the following sources: Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO. A total of 61 studies were included. Results. Prevalence among Saudi women of smoking ranged from 1.1% to 9.1%, hypertension was 21.8%, diabetes ranged from 9.6% to 27.6%, overweight was 27%, and obesity was 40.23%, and physical inactivity ranged from 53.2% to 98.1%. Hypercholesterolemia prevalence on Saudi women on average was 24.5%, while metabolic syndrome ranged from 13.6% to 40.3%. Conclusion . The prevalence of CVD risk factors is high among women in Saudi Arabia especially in obesity and physical inactivity. Public health authorities must implement solutions from a gender specific aspect to reverse the trend and decrease the prevalence of CVDs among Saudi women.
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"display_name": "Journal of Environmental and Public Health",
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https://openalex.org/W2315158492
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E-Health status in Saudi Arabia: A review of current literature
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2315158492
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Due to recent and growing interest in e-health initiatives in Saudi Arabia, improving the state of knowledge pertaining to current e-health programs, initiatives, and efforts is of critical importance to academics, clinicians, and policy makers. In this research review the literature on specific applications of e-health in Saudi Arabia is considered, including studies investigating Electronic Health Records (EHR), Electronic Medical Records (EMR), studies investigating Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) and Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS). Moreover, this paper explores studies on telemedicine, mobile health, and other e-health applications. The findings reveal evidence that e-health in Saudi Arabia is growing as many organizational and individual initiatives have implemented e-health applications. However, the number of studies available about e-health in Saudi Arabia remains low. Data is limited to a few organizations and does not necessarily reflect the breadth and depth of the current and potential use of e-health for healthcare organizations in the region.
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764671021",
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https://openalex.org/W2144519944
|
Female University Students’ Physical Activity Levels and Associated Factors—A Cross-Sectional Study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia
|
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2144519944
|
Background: The high prevalence of physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia is a growing challenge to public health. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of physical activity (PA) and associated factors among female university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 663 randomly selected female university students who completed the Arab Teens Life Style questionnaire. Data included measurements of anthropometric, socioeconomic and environmental factors, as well as self-reported PA. Ordinal regression was used to identify associated factors with low, moderate and high PA levels. Results: The mean age of participants was 20.4 years (SD 1.5). Mean BMI of the students in relation to PA were 23.0, 22.9, 22.1 for high, moderate and low levels of activity, respectively. The analysis revealed significantly higher PA levels among married students, those with high educated mothers, and those who lived far from parks, and lower activity levels among underweight students. Conclusions: This study raises four important determinants for female university students’ PA levels. These factors could be of great importance in the endeavor to prevent the health-threatening increase in physical inactivity patterns and thus non-communicable diseases and obesity where the focus should be on the specific situation and needs of women in Saudi Arabia.
|
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401559",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Lund University Publications (Lund University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400536",
"type": "repository"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2202906504
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Using the health belief model to predict breast self examination among Saudi women
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"display_name": "King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",
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In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, breast cancer (BC) usually presents at advanced stages and more frequently in young pre-menopausal women in comparison to western countries. There is controversy surrounding the efficacy of breast self examination (BSE) for early detection of BC in countries where other methods are available. This study aims to explore the perception towards breast cancer and towards BSE among Saudi women, using the Health Belief Model (HBM).A convenient sample of adult Saudi female employees, working at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (n = 225), and their non-working adult female family members (n = 208), were subjected to the Arabic version of revised Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) and the Arabic version of Breast Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM), to assess their knowledge and attitude on BC respectively. Percentage mean score (PMS) for each HBM domain was calculated. Significant predictors of BSE practice were identified using logistic regression analysis and significance was considered at p < 0.05.The majority of women heard about BSE (91.2 %), only 41.6 % reported ever practicing BSE and 21 % performed it regularly. Reported reasons for not doing BSE were: not knowing how to examine their breast (54.9 %), or untrusting themselves able to do it (24.5 %). Women were less knowledgeable about BC in general, its risk factors, warning signs, nature and screening measures (PMS:54.2 %, 44.5 %, 61.4 %, 53.2 %, 57.6 % respectively). They reported low scores of; perceived susceptibility, seriousness, confidence and barriers (PMS: 44.8 %, 55.6 %, 56.5 % & 41.7 % respectively), and high scores of perceived benefits and motivation (PMS: 73 % & 73.2 % respectively) to perform BSE. Significant predictors of BSE performance were: levels of perceived barriers (p = 0.046) and perceived confidence (p = 0.001) to BSE, overall knowledge on BC (p < 0.001), work status (p = 0.032) and family history of BC (p = 0.011).Saudi women had poor knowledge on BC, reported negative attitude towards BSE and their practice was poor. Working women and those with family history of BC, higher perceived confidence and lower perceived barriers on HBM, and those with high level of knowledge on BC were more likely to perform BSE. Breast awareness as an alternative to BSE needs further investigations. HBM was shown as a valid tool to predict BSE practice among Saudi women.
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https://openalex.org/W2525032245
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Road Traffic Injury as a Major Public Health Issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Review
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Injury was the largest single cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and death in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia I 2013. The vast majority of injury-related fatalities are deaths caused by road traffic. Measures to control this serious public health issue, which has significant consequences for both Saudi families and the Saudi economy as a whole, have been underway for years but with little success. Most attempts at intervening revolve around attempts for enforce stricter traffic laws and by installing automated traffic monitoring systems that will catch law breakers on camera and issue tickets and fines. While there has been much research on various factors that play a role in the high rate of road traffic injury in The Kingdom (e.g., driver behavior, animal collisions, disobeying traffic and pedestrian signals, environmental elements), virtually no attention has been given to examining why Saudi drivers behave the way that they do. This review provides a thorough account of the present situation in Saudi Arabia and discusses how health behavior theory can be used to gain a better understanding of driver behavior.
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https://openalex.org/W2404330479
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Awareness, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Coronavirus Pandemic Among Public in Saudi Arabia
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New cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were reported in Gulf countries in 2014, and to date, it has reportedly infected 837 people and killed 291 globally. Awareness of an individual's knowledge and being able to predict his or her behavior is crucial when evaluating clinical preparedness for pandemics with a highly pathogenic virus. The aim of this study was to identify awareness, attitudes, and practices related to MERS-CoV among the public in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study of 1147 adult subjects recruited from various shopping malls in Riyadh was conducted. All the subjects were interviewed using a questionnaire that tested their knowledge, attitudes, and use of precautionary measures in relation to the MERS-CoV pandemic. The majority of the participants showed high levels of concern and had utilized precautionary measures. After adjusting for other variables, gender was the only significant predictor of the level of concern (P < .001), while knowledge was the significant predictor of both the level of concern and precaution (P < .001). High concern translated into a higher compliance with precautionary recommendations. Frequent communication between health care providers and the public is recommended to help dispel myths about the disease and to empower the public with the information needed to help the Saudi government in containing the disease outbreak.
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https://openalex.org/W2921151451
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Prevalence and factors associated with low back pain among health care workers in southwestern Saudi Arabia
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2921151451
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The purpose was to measure the prevalence and related risk factors of low back pain (LBP) among health care workers (HCWs) at different levels of health care in southwestern Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among HCWs providing primary, secondary and tertiary health care services in the Aseer region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire collected data regarding having LBP in the past 12 months, socio-demographics, work conditions and history of chronic diseases, regular physical exercise and overexertional back trauma. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Out of 740 participants, the overall prevalence of LBP in the past 12 months amounted to73.9% (95% CI: 70.7–77.0). The prevalence of LBP with neurological symptoms reached 50.0%. The prevalence of LBP necessitating medications and or physiotherapy was 40.5%, while the prevalence of LBP requiring medical consultation was 20%. Using multivariable logistic regression, the following risk factors were identified: working in secondary and tertiary hospitals (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI:1.01–1.76), increased BMI (aOR = 1.10, 95% CI:1.01–3.65), and positive history of overexertional back trauma (aOR = 11.52, 95% CI:4.14–32.08). On the other hand, practising regular physical exercise was a significant protective factor (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42–0.89). LBP is a common problem among HCWs. Many preventable risk factors have been identified, including exertional back trauma, increased BMI and lack of regular physical exercise. Occupational health and safety programmes to build ergonomically safe working conditions and encourage regular physical exercise are needed.
|
[
{
"display_name": "BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S35439863",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
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}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2095233770
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Mass gathering medicine: 2014 Hajj and Umra preparation as a leading example
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"display_name": "Ziad A. Memish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042044329"
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[
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{
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2095233770
|
The importation of infectious diseases during a mass gathering may result in outbreaks. Infectious diseases associated with mass gatherings vary depending on the type and location of the mass gathering. The annual Hajj to Makkah in Saudi Arabia is one of the largest annual religious mass gatherings in the world. Preparation for the Hajj encompasses multiple sectors to develop comprehensive plans. These plans include risk assessment, utilizing existing medical infrastructure, developing electronic and paper-based surveillance activity, and the use of information technology. In this review, we describe key features of the preparedness for the 2014 Hajj and Umra, review the recent impact of emerging viruses such as Ebola in West Africa and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in affected countries, and highlight the updated requirements and the required vaccines.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Infectious Diseases",
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"type": "journal"
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"type": "repository"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
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{
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|
https://openalex.org/W1990162152
|
Epilepsy; what do Saudi's living in Riyadh know?
|
[
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[
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1990162152
|
Epilepsy is very common in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with a prevalence of 6.54 per 1000. The present study was conducted to investigate the level of public awareness, and the attitudes and knowledge regarding epilepsy in the Saudi population in Riyadh - capital city of Saudi Arabia.A survey consisting of 19 questions pertaining to epilepsy awareness was distributed to Saudi citizens living in Riyadh older than 15 years of age in malls, supermarkets, health clubs, mosques, universities and schools.Of the 7078 respondents who completed the questionnaire, 6756 (95.5%) had heard about epilepsy, 3024 (42.7%) had witnessed what they believed to be a seizure and 5164 (73%) would allow their children to interact with an individual who had epilepsy. However, 5382 (76%) respondents would not want their children to marry an individual with epilepsy, 1004 (14.2%) believed that epilepsy was infectious and 574 (8.1%) believed that epilepsy was a type of mental illness. A total of 1509 (21.3%) respondents were not aware of a single potential cause of epilepsy, 3493 (50.6%) would not seek medical advice if one of their relatives had epilepsy, 2221 (31.4%) did not know how to deal with an individual experiencing an epileptic episode and 6554 (92.6%) did not know that surgery was a treatment option for individuals with epilepsy in Saudi Arabia. Of the 7078 respondents, 3237 (45.7%) would not abide by a physician's advice not to operate a motor vehicle because of their illness, of whom 1631 (50.4%) cited problems with the public transportation system as a reason for disregarding the doctor's advice. The effect of age and level of education were statistically significant on most of the study variables.The level of epilepsy awareness in the Saudi population needs improvement.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Seizure",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S45493217",
"type": "journal"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3110835699
|
Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among the General Population in Saudi Arabia during Covid-19 Pandemic
|
[
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on public mental health. Our objective was to assess prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among the general population in Saudi Arabia during this pandemic. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used targeting all accessible populations in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from participants using an electronic pre-structured questionnaire. Psychological impact was assessed using the Arabic version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). A total of 1597 participants completed the survey. In total, 17.1% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 10% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 12% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly higher among females, younger respondents, and health care providers. Depression was higher among smokers, singles, and non-working respondents. Anxiety was higher among those reporting contacts with COVID-19 positive cases, previously quarantined and those with chronic health problems. Our findings reaffirm the importance of providing appropriate knowledge and specialized interventions to promote the mental well-being of the Saudi population, paying particular attention to high-risk groups.
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https://openalex.org/W3160567393
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The Role of Social Media in the Advent of COVID-19 Pandemic: Crisis Management, Mental Health Challenges and Implications
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3160567393
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This study focuses on how educating people through social media platforms can help reduce the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 to manage the global health crisis. The pandemic has posed a global mental health crisis, and correct information is indispensable to dispel uncertainty, fear, and mental stress to unify global communities in collective combat against COVID-19 disease worldwide. Mounting studies specified that manifestly endless coronavirus-related newsfeeds and death numbers considerably increased the risk of global mental health issues. Social media provided positive and negative data, and the COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide infodemic. It has eroded public trust and impeded virus restraint, which outlived the coronavirus pandemic itself.The study incorporated the narrative review analysis based on the existing literature related to mental health problems using the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) approach to minimize the COVID-19 adverse consequences on global mental health. The study performed a search of the electronic databases available at PsycINFO, PubMed, and LISTA. This research incorporates the statistical data related to the COVID-19 provided by the WHO, John Hopkins University, and Pakistani Ministry of Health.Pakistan reported the second-highest COVID-19 cases within South Asia, the fifth-highest number of cases in Asia after Iran, India, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the 14th highest recorded cases, as of October 14, 2020. Pakistan effectively managed the COVID-19 pandemic in the second wave. It stands at the eighth-highest number of confirmed cases in Asia, the 3rd-highest in South Asia, and the 28th-highest number of established patients globally, as of February20, 2021.The COVID-19 has resulted in over 108.16 million confirmed cases, deaths over 2.374 million, and a recovery of 80.16 million people worldwide, as of February 12, 2021. This study focused on exploring the COVID-19 pandemic's adverse effects on global public health and the indispensable role of social media to provide the correct information in the COVID-19 health crisis. The findings' generalizability offers helpful insight for crisis management and contributes to the scientific literature. The results might provide a stepping-stone for conduct future empirical studies by including other factors to conclude exciting developments.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Risk Management and Healthcare Policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764962273",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2468736459
|
Community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude, and practices towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP): a cross-sectional survey in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Umm al-Qura University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I199693650",
"lat": 21.320375,
"long": 39.96795,
"type": "education"
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Leeds",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I130828816",
"lat": 53.79648,
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"display_name": "Muhammad Abdul Hadi",
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"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Umm al-Qura University",
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"display_name": "Nedaa Ali Karami",
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"display_name": "Umm al-Qura University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I199693650",
"lat": 21.320375,
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"display_name": "Anhar S. Al-Muwalid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088466229"
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"display_name": "Umm al-Qura University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I199693650",
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"display_name": "Areej Al-Otabi",
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"display_name": "Umm al-Qura University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I199693650",
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"display_name": "Eshtyaq Al-Subahi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073493201"
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"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Umm al-Qura University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I199693650",
"lat": 21.320375,
"long": 39.96795,
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],
"display_name": "Asmaa Bamomen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5035555858"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Umm al-Qura University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I199693650",
"lat": 21.320375,
"long": 39.96795,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Mahmoud Mohamed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5083033379"
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{
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{
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"display_name": "Umm al-Qura University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I199693650",
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],
"display_name": "Mahmoud E. Elrggal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5007352775"
}
] |
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{
"display_name": "Medical prescription",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142052008"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C96455323"
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{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
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"https://openalex.org/W2120920483",
"https://openalex.org/W2131383438",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2468736459
|
ObjectivesTo evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practices of community pharmacists towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP) in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and February 2016 using a structured, validated, and pilot-tested questionnaire. A four-step systematic approach was used to recruit community pharmacists who completed a 28-item questionnaire either in English or Arabic language based on their personal preference.ResultsOf the 200 community pharmacists approached, 189 completed the questionnaire. More than two-thirds (70.5%) of the pharmacists were not aware that DAwP is illegal practice. Lack of patient willingness to consult a physician for a non-serious infection (69.9%) and an inability to afford a consultation with a physician (65.3%) were the most common reasons cited for DAwP. A statistically significant association was found between the number of antibiotics dispensed and educating patients about the importance of adherence and completion of the full course of antibiotics (p = 0.007).ConclusionsIn general, community pharmacists have a poor understanding of the regulations prohibiting the over-the-counter sale of antibiotics in Saudi Arabia, explaining the high rate of DAwP in the country. A multifaceted approach consisting of educational interventions and improving the access to and affordability of healthcare facilities for the general public is required to effectively reduce DAwP and its negative consequences on public health.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Infectious Diseases",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S35071406",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400854",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3209594828
|
Time series predicting of COVID-19 based on deep learning
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Abdulaziz University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I185163786",
"lat": 21.493889,
"long": 39.25028,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Madini O. Alassafi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042634523"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Abdulaziz University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I185163786",
"lat": 21.493889,
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],
"display_name": "Mutasem Jarrah",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5012577440"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Abdulaziz University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I185163786",
"lat": 21.493889,
"long": 39.25028,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Reem Alotaibi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089102991"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
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{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803"
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COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on 11th March 2020. Many researchers have, in the past, attempted to predict a COVID outbreak and its effect. Some have regarded time-series variables as primary factors which can affect the onset of infectious diseases like influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In this study, we have used public datasets provided by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control for developing a prediction model for the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak to and throughout Malaysia, Morocco and Saudi Arabia. We have made use of certain effective deep learning (DL) models for this purpose. We assessed some specific major features for predicting the trend of the existing COVID-19 outbreak in these three countries. In this study, we also proposed a DL approach that includes recurrent neural network (RNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for predicting the probable numbers of COVID-19 cases. The LSTM models showed a 98.58% precision accuracy while the RNN models showed a 93.45% precision accuracy. Also, this study compared the number of coronavirus cases and the number of resulting deaths in Malaysia, Morocco and Saudi Arabia. Thereafter, we predicted the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths for a subsequent seven days. In this study, we presented their predictions using the data that was available up to December 3rd, 2020.
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https://openalex.org/W3086579303
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Correlation of COVID-19 Pandemic with Healthcare System Response and Prevention Measures in Saudi Arabia
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The Saudi government has taken the decision to prevent the entrance of about 2.5 million international pilgrims seeking to perform hajj in order to protect the world from a catastrophic widespread of disease. Moreover, health systems in Saudi Arabia are offering free testing for residents whether Saudi and non-Saudi.This study aimed to evaluate the spread of COVID-19 associated with preventive measures taken in Saudi Arabia and to develop a detailed COVID-19 prevention strategy as a framework for the Saudi Arabia community.Population size and age distributions among the country of Saudi Arabia were taken from the 2020 World Population Prospects. Contact patterns were measured using the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health Statistical Annual Report.Our study demonstrates that performing screening tests as early as possible to facilitate the rapid detection of infected cases, fast treatment, and instant isolation for suspected cases is the most definitive rejoinder for public health. Moreover, our study revealed the significance of performing preventive measures in reducing infection and death rates around Saudi Arabia by 27%, while in other countries, it reduced the death rate ranging from 10-73%. This study provides an achievable strategy for prevention and early detection of COVID-19 spread.
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https://openalex.org/W2087317180
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Status of the diabetes epidemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013
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In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), current data on diabetes are lacking, and a rise of the epidemic is feared, given the epidemiologic transition in the country. To inform public health authorities on the current status of the diabetes epidemic, we analyzed data from the Saudi Health Interview Survey (SHIS). Saudi Health Interview Survey is a cross-sectional national multistage survey of individuals aged 15 years or older. A total of 10,735 participants completed a health questionnaire and were invited to the local health clinics for biomedical exams. 1,745,532 (13.4 %) Saudis aged 15 years or older have diabetes. Among those, 57.8, 20.2, 16.6, and 5.4 % are undiagnosed, treated uncontrolled, treated controlled, and untreated, respectively. Males, older individuals, and those who were previously diagnosed with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia were more likely to be diabetic. Our findings call for increased awareness of pre-diabetes, diabetes, and undiagnosed diabetes in KSA. Combatting diabetes and other non-communicable diseases should be the task of the Ministry of Health and other ministries as well, to offer a comprehensive socio-cultural approach to fighting this epidemic.
|
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https://openalex.org/W3038975656
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<p>Public Trust and Compliance with the Precautionary Measures Against COVID-19 Employed by Authorities in Saudi Arabia</p>
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{
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"display_name": "King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",
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"country": "Saudi Arabia",
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"country": "Saudi Arabia",
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"display_name": "Ala’a BaniMustafa",
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{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I185203018",
"lat": 24.68773,
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"id": "https://openalex.org/I4517696",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210095597",
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"display_name": "Yousef M Alessa",
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"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Ministry of Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210127754",
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yahya Almaleh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074014050"
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[
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803"
},
{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
},
{
"display_name": "Test (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777267654"
},
{
"display_name": "Public trust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777825026"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783"
},
{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1615432322",
"https://openalex.org/W1981063019",
"https://openalex.org/W2067950406",
"https://openalex.org/W2098436314",
"https://openalex.org/W2138089335",
"https://openalex.org/W2204363610",
"https://openalex.org/W2556150811",
"https://openalex.org/W2565628108",
"https://openalex.org/W2924370385",
"https://openalex.org/W2977954994",
"https://openalex.org/W3003947854",
"https://openalex.org/W3006642361",
"https://openalex.org/W3006645647",
"https://openalex.org/W3007866917",
"https://openalex.org/W3008763357",
"https://openalex.org/W3011706944",
"https://openalex.org/W3012099172",
"https://openalex.org/W3012310845",
"https://openalex.org/W3013448045",
"https://openalex.org/W3216587808"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3038975656
|
The newly emerged and highly infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which first broke out in Wuhan, China, has invaded most countries around the globe. As both the daily positive cases and death toll increase, countries have taken aggressive action to halt its spread. Saudi Arabia recognized the danger early and implemented a series of urgent precautions. Thus, this study aims to evaluate public trust and compliance with the precautionary measures implemented by authorities to combat the COVID-19 outbreak.A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of the Saudi public using an electronic questionnaire during the COVID-19 outbreak. The data, which were collected using a validated public trust and compliance tool, were analyzed using the chi-square test, t test, and binary logistic regression.Of the 1232 participants, there were 655 (53.2%) males and 577 (46.8%) females with 34 ± 10 years as the mean and standard deviation of their age. Participants demonstrated a high level of trust and agreement (98.2%) with the implemented precautionary measures. A positive association between participants' age and their level of agreement with the government actions (r=-.082, P=0.004) was observed, with a significant difference between males (97.1±6.2) and females (98.0±4.7) (t=-2.7, P=0.006). Among the participants, 657 (53.3%) were considered to be practicing poor precautionary measures and 575 (46.7%) good precautionary measures. Males (OR=1.8 times, P<0.001) and those with a school education level (OR=1.7 times, P=0.002) were more likely to have poor precautionary practices compared to others. Married individuals (369, 49.0%; P=0.04) were more likely to comply with good practices.A high level of trust was exhibited by the Saudi public in relation to the precautionary measures taken by authorities in Saudi Arabia. Gender, age, marital status, and educational level were found to be significant factors with regard to compliance with precautionary practices.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Risk Management and Healthcare Policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764962273",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1991971953
|
A need for One Health approach – lessons learned from outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Sudan
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Sudan",
"display_name": "Federal Ministry of Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210108680",
"lat": 15.611253,
"long": 32.537804,
"type": "government"
},
{
"country": "Sweden",
"display_name": "Umeå University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I90267481",
"lat": 63.82842,
"long": 20.25972,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Osama Ahmed Hassan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050683916"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Sweden",
"display_name": "Umeå University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I90267481",
"lat": 63.82842,
"long": 20.25972,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Clas Ahlm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5056352517"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Sweden",
"display_name": "Umeå University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I90267481",
"lat": 63.82842,
"long": 20.25972,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Magnus Evander",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068627832"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Rift Valley fever",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778960357"
},
{
"display_name": "Outbreak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116675565"
},
{
"display_name": "Case fatality rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187316915"
},
{
"display_name": "Livestock",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112964050"
},
{
"display_name": "One Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780120632"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Zoonosis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776353676"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965"
},
{
"display_name": "Veterinary medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42972112"
},
{
"display_name": "Animal health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991862235"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental protection",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Virology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159047783"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Forestry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97137747"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Yemen",
"Sudan"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2078116789",
"https://openalex.org/W2105381034",
"https://openalex.org/W4240228935"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1991971953
|
IntroductionRift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging viral zoonosis that impacts human and animal health. It is transmitted from animals to humans directly through exposure to blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals or via mosquito bites. The disease is endemic to Africa but has recently spread to Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Our aim was to compare two major outbreaks of RVF in Saudi Arabia (2000) and Sudan (2007) from a One Health perspective.MethodsUsing the terms ‘Saudi Arabia’, ‘Sudan’, and ‘RVF’, articles were identified by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and web pages of international organizations as well as local sources in Saudi Arabia and Sudan.ResultsThe outbreak in Saudi Arabia caused 883 human cases, with a case fatality rate of 14% and more than 40,000 dead sheep and goats. In Sudan, 698 human cases of RVF were recognized (case fatality, 31.5%), but no records of affected animals were available. The ecology and environment of the affected areas were similar with irrigation canals and excessive rains providing an attractive habitat for mosquito vectors to multiply. The outbreaks resulted in livestock trade bans leading to a vast economic impact on the animal market in the two countries. The surveillance system in Sudan showed a lack of data management and communication between the regional and federal health authorities, while in Saudi Arabia which is the stronger economy, better capacity and contingency plans resulted in efficient countermeasures. Studies of the epidemiology and vectors were also performed in Saudi Arabia, while in Sudan these issues were only partly studied.ConclusionWe conclude that a One Health approach is the best option to mitigate outbreaks of RVF. Collaboration between veterinary, health, and environmental authorities both on national and regional levels is needed.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Infection ecology & epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764549818",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401559",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3174488889
|
Socio-Demographics Correlate of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey in Saudi Arabia
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Saudi Electronic University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I120238654",
"lat": 24.691492,
"long": 46.70806,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Mohammed Al-Mohaithef",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5002085746"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "India",
"display_name": "Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I45294948",
"lat": 30.73629,
"long": 76.7884,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Bijaya Kumar Padhi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040074820"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Saudi Electronic University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I120238654",
"lat": 24.691492,
"long": 46.70806,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Soukaina Ennaceur",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5062577496"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803"
},
{
"display_name": "Cross-sectional study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142052008"
},
{
"display_name": "Snowball sampling",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C106399304"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Family medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
},
{
"display_name": "Logistic regression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151956035"
},
{
"display_name": "Vaccination",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22070199"
},
{
"display_name": "Public health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
},
{
"display_name": "Socioeconomic status",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147077947"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
},
{
"display_name": "Descriptive statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39896193"
},
{
"display_name": "Risk perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163355716"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
},
{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
},
{
"display_name": "Perception",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C26760741"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
},
{
"display_name": "Immunology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203014093"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W75137354",
"https://openalex.org/W1986838057",
"https://openalex.org/W2036564902",
"https://openalex.org/W2041447340",
"https://openalex.org/W2059122015",
"https://openalex.org/W2996627892",
"https://openalex.org/W3009739970",
"https://openalex.org/W3014442018",
"https://openalex.org/W3047643527",
"https://openalex.org/W3080809458",
"https://openalex.org/W3106287329",
"https://openalex.org/W3121462985",
"https://openalex.org/W3125098357",
"https://openalex.org/W3127419458",
"https://openalex.org/W3133647875",
"https://openalex.org/W3134829852",
"https://openalex.org/W3134928714",
"https://openalex.org/W3146729014",
"https://openalex.org/W4205203780"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3174488889
|
Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is considered a major global public health threat affecting across the life course and socioeconomic aspects of life. Global acceptance to an effective vaccine is the most anticipated resolution. This study aims to evaluate intent to be vaccinated among public in Saudi Arabia during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based study was designed in Saudi Arabia. Study participants ( N = 658) were recruited through snowball sampling. The SurveyMonkey platform was used to record the response. Cross-tabulation was performed by participants' intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 virus with sociodemographic characteristics and respondents' risk perception toward COVID-19, trust in the healthcare system, and their history of vaccine hesitancy behavior. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to compute the predictors of vaccination intention among the study participants. Results: Six hundred fifty-eight participants completed the survey (females = 47.4%). Of the 658 participants, 351 (53.3%) have shown intent to be vaccinated. Five hundred nineteen (78.8%) of the participants were reported to be at high risk of COVID-19, and 307 (46.6%) were reported to trust the healthcare system in the country. The multivariable analysis shows respondents with a high-risk perception (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.49–3.48); higher trust in the healthcare system (OR: 3.24, 95% CI: 2.32–4.61) was found to be the significant factor affecting the decision in acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion: Participants reported high knowledge toward COVID-19 virus, and vaccine developments. About half (46.6%) of the study participants reported refusal/hesitancy toward the vaccine during the second wave of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia. The study highlighted that higher risk perception and higher trust in the healthcare system were found to be the main reasons for participants' intentions behind the vaccination.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Frontiers in Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2595931848",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3087753283
|
Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Ecological Study
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Najran University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I47164929",
"lat": 17.49326,
"long": 44.12766,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Mohammad H. Alyami",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078262052"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Jordan",
"display_name": "Isra University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I92449659",
"lat": 31.722075,
"long": 35.986725,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Abdallah Y Naser",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089979499"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Najran University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I47164929",
"lat": 17.49326,
"long": 44.12766,
"type": "education"
},
{
"country": "Egypt",
"display_name": "Al Azhar University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I184834183",
"lat": 30.06263,
"long": 31.24967,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Mohamed A. A. Orabi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5065889377"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Umm al-Qura University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I199693650",
"lat": 21.320375,
"long": 39.96795,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Hassan Alwafi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5053772815"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Najran University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I47164929",
"lat": 17.49326,
"long": 44.12766,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Hamad S. Alyami",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5048388582"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Epidemiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107130276"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
},
{
"display_name": "Christian ministry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521751864"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803"
},
{
"display_name": "Observational study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23131810"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecological study",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25511272"
},
{
"display_name": "Incidence (geometry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61511704"
},
{
"display_name": "Mortality rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179755657"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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[
"Saudi Arabia"
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"https://openalex.org/W3017185871",
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"https://openalex.org/W3083200962",
"https://openalex.org/W3124592086",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3087753283
|
Objectives: Considering the transmissible nature of COVID-19 it is important to explore the trend of the epidemiology of the disease in each country and act accordingly. This study aimed to examine the trend of COVID-19 epidemiology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in term of its incidence rate, recovery rate, and mortality rate. Material and Methods: We conducted an observational study using publicly available national data taken from the Saudi Ministry of Health for the period between 3 March and 7 June 2020. The number of newly confirmed cases, active cases, critical cases, percentage of cases stratified by age group [adults, children and elderly] and gender were extracted from the reports of the Saudi Ministry of Health. Results: During the study period, the total number of confirmed cases with COVID-19 rose from one on 2 March 2020 to 101,914 on 7 June, representing an average of 1,039 new cases per day, [trend test, p<0.000]. Despite the increase in the number of newly confirmed daily cases of COVID-19, the number of reported daily active cases started to stabilise after two months from the start of the pandemic in the country and the overall recovery rate was 71.4%. The mortality rate decreased by 6.4% during the study period. COVID-19 was more common among adults and males compared to other demographic groups. Conclusion: The epidemiological status of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia showing promising improvement. Males and adults accounted for the majority of COVID-19 cases in the KSA. Further studies are recommended to be conducted at the patient level to identify other patient groups who are at higher risk of getting infected with COVID-19, and for whom the best pharmacological intervention could be provided.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Frontiers in Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2595931848",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2005693139
|
A Comparison of Public Attitudes in Britain and Saudi Arabia Towards Auditory Hallucinations
|
[
{
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{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Fahd Hospital of the University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2801255774",
"lat": 26.29996,
"long": 50.190006,
"type": "healthcare"
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{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Faisal University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4626487",
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{
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{
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"display_name": "Gerry Kent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5077082162"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C137627325"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C96455323"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776412080"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
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{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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[
"Saudi Arabia"
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[
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"https://openalex.org/W1981548285",
"https://openalex.org/W1989702786",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2005693139
|
Background. The successful introduction of community interventions is partly dependent on public beliefs about the aetiology and treatment of psychiatric difficulties and tolerance of community integration. Method. This study examined community attitudes towards auditory hallucinations in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the United Kingdom (UK) concerning (a) causes of auditory hallucinations, (b) the efficacy of interventions and (c) levels of social rejection. Results. Responses from 281 patients attending their general practitioners indicated that those living in Saudi Arabia were most likely to believe that hallucinations are caused by Satan or due to magic, while the UK sample were more likely to cite schizophrenia or brain damage. While the Saudi sample believed that religious assistance would be most effective, the UK sample supported medication and psychological therapies. Beliefs about aetiology and treatment were unrelated to educational attainment. There was a greater degree of social rejection of patients in Saudi Arabia, but here educational attainment was of significance. Conclusions. These results suggest that beliefs about aetiology are related to treatment recommendations and social distancing, and thus have implications for the care of Arabic patients living in Western countries as well as for the use of Western interventions in non- Western cultures.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Social Psychiatry",
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"type": "journal"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1998882526
|
Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries in Qassim Region , Saudi Arabia : Consistency of Police and Health Data
|
[
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{
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"display_name": "Fawzi Sharaf",
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[
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C27415008"
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{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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{
"display_name": "Occupational safety and health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187155963"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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[
"Saudi Arabia"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1998882526
|
In Saudi Arabia, road traffic accidents (RTA) are becoming a serious public health problem. Police reports are designed for legal purposes with very little information on the health consequences. Also, health system data include detailed health information, but not related or linked to the data obtained police reports. Examining the consistency of these sources is vital to build an accurate surveillance system that can track the risk factors and the health consequences, as well as establishing and evaluating prevention interventions.This study is intended to: ▪ Examine the consistency of health -registration data with the data gathered by the traffic police department.▪ Elucidate the magnitude, risk factors and outcome of RTI in Qassim region of Saudi Arabia,▪ Compare the pattern of accidents in Qassim with those at different regions of the Kingdom.Health care information was collected on visits of victims of road traffic accidents to emergency and outpatients' departments of the major hospitals in Qassim region during the year 2010. The information included the patients' demographics, and clinical characteristics. Traffic Police Department information was also collected on all accidents that occurred in the study region. A Questionnaire was also developed and pilot tested to collect data from a random sample of population attending hospital outpatient and Primary Health Care clinics. Data included previous involvement in road traffic accident, and information about any injury; fatality or disability due to these RTI.During the study period, road traffic death rate based on death registration data was almost twice as high as the rate reported by the police (P < 0.05). There was also a significant decline of 27% according to police-reported data during the study period, as opposed to a non-significant increase of 8% according to health registration data during the same period. Population Survey Information showed the overall age-sex-adjusted rate for non-fatal RTI was 20.7 (95% CI, 20.0 - 21.3)/100 persons/year. The rate for non-fatal RTI is higher in the 10-19 years age group (17.3%). Males had twice or more incidence rate for RTI requiring recovery period of ≤ 7 days as compared with females, however, RTI incidence for recovery period of >7 days is more than twice in females.. Also a total of 12 deaths due to RTI were reported in 5-49 years age group in the last 3 years, representing an estimated annual RTI mortality rate of 35.4/100,000 (95% CI 16.6 - 57.8). A total of 11 participants reported RTI related disability in the last 3 years representing an estimated annual RTI disability rate of 34.1/100,000 population (95% CI 11.4 - 55.7). Reports of the Traffic Police Department showed that 18623 accidents occurred throughout the year 2010. These accidents involved 23178 persons, and resulted in the injury of 2025 people and the deaths of 369. In contrast, the health system reports showed that 4232 people had been injured and 1054 had died. Comparison with local & Arab Rates showed that Qassim is among the highest 5 regions in the kingdom regarding the number of RTA Saudi Arabia is also having a very high level of road traffic accidents and fatalities compared to other Arab countries.RTI are responsible for significant loss of life, disability and injury in Qassim population and in Saudi Arabia. The inconsistency between police-reported data and health system data strongly suggests that active efforts to audit and monitor data quality are clearly necessary.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International journal of health sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764779279",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
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{
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"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2796491254
|
Evaluation of preparedness of healthcare student volunteers against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
|
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2796491254
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To assess the knowledge and attitude of senior medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students toward Middle East respiratory syndrome-corona virus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey using a 21-item questionnaire was conducted for a 3-month period from November 2015–January 2016 in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate students’ understanding and perception of MERS-CoV. An ANOVA test was used to determine the association of study discipline and academic year with the student knowledge score on MERS. A total of 364 students were assessed during the study. The majority (62%) of the participants were in the 20–22-year age group. More than half (53%) were pharmacy students followed by (22%) medical students. More than two thirds (71%) of the participants were aware that MERS is caused by the coronavirus. More than half (59%) of the participants believed that MERS can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected camels. A statistically significant association was reported between the study discipline and mean knowledge score (p < 0.0001) with medical students achieving an overall better knowledge score compared with students from other study disciplines. Overall, students had good knowledge about MERS epidemiology, transmission and the recommended protective measures. However, students expressed their reluctance to work in healthcare facilities with inadequate MERS infection control isolation policies.
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https://openalex.org/W3039175835
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<p>Psychological Distress Amongst Health Workers and the General Public During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia</p>
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The rapid spread of COVID-19 worldwide has confined millions of people to their homes and has caused a substantial degree of psychological distress. This study aims to investigate the psychological distress impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among the Saudi population.This is a cross-sectional study, using data collected from 3036 participants via an online self-reported questionnaire. The psychological distress was constructed using the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index to classify individuals in the sample as having normal, mild or severe distress levels. The study used descriptive analysis and multinomial logistic regressions to examine the sociodemographic factors associated with psychological distress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic.The evidence showed that 40% of the Saudi population are distressed due to COVID-19, of whom approximately 33% are mildly distressed, while 7% are severely distressed. The distress levels are particularly high amongst the young, females, private sector employees and health workers, especially those working on the frontline.The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with increased distress amongst people living in Saudi Arabia. In support of evidence found in other countries, the study has established that the distress levels vary across different sociodemographic characteristics. Therefore, limiting people's psychological damage demands both medium- and long-term policy strategies, which include mapping the rates of stress and anxiety for effective psychological treatment allocation and establishing innovative online methods of heightening people's mental wellbeing.
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https://openalex.org/W2902782855
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Prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension and its associated cardioembolic risk factors; a population based cross-sectional study in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
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Hypertension and prehypertension pose significant public-health and clinical challenges for both economically developed and developing nations. Prevalence of these conditions are frequently underreported because of its often-silent nature. Population-based studies that explore the occurrence and correlates of these conditions are scarce in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension and prehypertension on a representative sample of males and females living in Al-Kharj town in Saudi Arabia.Cross-sectional analysis was performed from January 2016 until June 2016 by recruiting a representative sample (n = 1019; aged 18 to 67 years) of the Al Kharj population. All participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, followed by a physical examination and blood test. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 24.0 for Windows.The prevalence of prehypertension was 66.1, 48.1 and 54.9% in male, female and all subjects, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was 6.0, 4.2 and 4.9% in male, female and all subjects, respectively. Being overweight was associated with the highest risk of hypertension (OR = 4.98 [95% C.I. = 1.98-12.52], P = 0.001). People who were classified as class I obese had 3.5 times the risk of hypertension compared with the non-obese group (OR = 3.49 [95% C.I. = 1.42-8.63], P = 0.007). Risk of pre-hypertension was significantly lower in females (OR = 0.48 [95% C.I. = 0.32-0.71]) and tends to increase with obesity status. Gender-specific analyses found that males in the lowest education attainment level had a significantly increased risk of pre-hypertension (OR = 6.56 [95% C.I. = 1.27-33.85], P = 0.003).This population-based study in Saudi Arabia shows that hypertension and prehypertension are common conditions particularly among males. Overweight and obesity was associated with both conditions. In addition, lower education attainment was a significantly associated factor among males. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm the etiological nature of such associations.
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https://openalex.org/W2512897875
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Antimicrobial resistance in Saudi Arabia
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2512897875
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly being highlighted as an urgent public and animal health issue worldwide. This issue is well demonstrated in bacteria that are resistant to last-line antibiotics, suggesting a future with untreatable infections. International agencies have suggested combating strategies against AMR. Saudi Arabia has several challenges that can stimulate the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Tackling these challenges need efforts from multiple sectors to successfully control the spread and emergence of AMR in the country. Actions should include active surveillance to monitor the emergence and spread of AMR. Infection prevention and control precautions should also be optimized to limit further spread. Raising awareness is essential to limit inappropriate antibiotics use, and the antibiotic stewardship programs in hospital settings, outpatients, and community pharmacies, should regulate the ongoing use of antimicrobials.
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[
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"display_name": "Saudi Medical Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S73848604",
"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W3156370212
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Beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in Saudi Arabia
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[
{
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3156370212
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Abstract Background Developing a vaccine against COVID-19 is considered a key strategy to end the pandemic. However, public acceptance is reliant on beliefs and perception toward the vaccine. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination among the Saudi population. Methods An online self-administered questionnaire was distributed across the main regions of Saudi Arabia on May 2020. The questionnaire addressed the socio-demographic variables, beliefs toward COVID-19 vaccination, and potential barriers that may prevent participants from being vaccinated. The association between COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and sociodemographic variables were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predicting variables of vaccine acceptance. Results Out of 3101 participants, 44.7% were accepting of COVID-19 vaccination if available, whereas 55.3% admitted hesitancy. Younger, male, who received seasonal influenza vaccine were more likely to accept taking the vaccine. The study found that concerns about side effects were the key barrier for vaccine acceptance. Furthermore, the majority of refusers may accept the vaccine if additional studies confirmed safety and effectiveness. Conclusion Results can be utilized in planning vaccination campaigns while waiting for vaccine development.
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https://openalex.org/W2093442069
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Prevention of influenza at Hajj: applications for mass gatherings
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2093442069
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Summary Outbreaks of infectious diseases that spread via respiratory route, e.g. influenza, are common amongst Hajj congregation in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabian authority successfully organized the Hajj 2009 amidst fear of pandemic influenza. While severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was rare, the true burden of pandemic influenza at Hajj that year remains speculative. In this article we review the latest evidence on influenza control and discuss our experience of influenza and its prevention at Hajj and possible application to other mass gatherings. Depending on study design the attack rate of seasonal influenza at Hajj has ranged from 6% in polymerase chain reaction or culture confirmed studies to 38% in serological surveillance. No significant effect of influenza vaccine or the use of personal protective measures against influenza has been established from observational studies, although the uptake of the vaccine and adherence to face masks and hand hygiene has been low. In all, there is a relatively poor evidence base for control of influenza. Until better evidence is obtained, vaccination coupled with rapid antiviral treatment of symptomatic individuals remains the mainstay of prevention at Hajj and other mass gatherings. Hajj pilgrimage provides a unique opportunity to test the effectiveness of various preventive measures that require a large sample size, such as testing the efficacy of plain surgical masks against laboratory-confirmed influenza. After successful completion of a pilot trial conducted among Australian pilgrims at the 2011 Hajj, a large multinational cluster randomized controlled trial is being planned. This will require effective international collaboration.
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|
https://openalex.org/W2035720357
|
Breast Cancer Screening in Saudi Arabia: Free but Almost No Takers
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2035720357
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Mammography ensures early diagnosis and a better chance for treatment and recovery from breast cancer. We conducted a national survey to investigate knowledge and practices of breast cancer screening among Saudi women aged 50 years or older in order to inform the breast cancer national health programs.The Saudi Health Interview Survey is a national multistage survey of individuals aged 15 years or older. The survey included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, diet, physical activity, health-care utilization, different health-related behaviors, and self-reported chronic conditions. Female respondents were asked about knowledge and practices of self and clinical breast exams, as well as mammography.Between April and June 2013, a total of 10,735 participants completed the survey. Among respondents, 1,135 were women aged 50 years or older and were included in this analysis. About 89% of women reported not having a clinical breast exam in the past year, and 92% reported never having a mammogram. Women living in Al Sharqia had the highest rate of mammography use. Women who were educated, those who had received a routine medical exam within the last two years, and those who were diagnosed with hypertension were more likely to have had a mammogram in the past two years.Our results show very low rates of breast cancer screening in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a country with free health services. This calls for educational campaigns to improve breast cancer screening. Addressing the barriers for breast cancer screening is a public health imperative.
|
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https://openalex.org/W3001465255
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A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern
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In December, 2019, Wuhan, Hubei province, China, became the centre of an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause, which raised intense attention not only within China but internationally. Chinese health authorities did an immediate investigation to characterise and control the disease, including isolation of people suspected to have the disease, close monitoring of contacts, epidemiological and clinical data collection from patients, and development of diagnostic and treatment procedures. By Jan 7, 2020, Chinese scientists had isolated a novel coronavirus (CoV) from patients in Wuhan. The genetic sequence of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) enabled the rapid development of point-of-care real-time RT-PCR diagnostic tests specific for 2019-nCoV (based on full genome sequence data on the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data [GISAID] platform). Cases of 2019-nCoV are no longer limited to Wuhan. Nine exported cases of 2019-nCoV infection have been reported in Thailand, Japan, Korea, the USA, Vietnam, and Singapore to date, and further dissemination through air travel is likely.1WHONovel coronavirus – Thailand (ex-China). Geneva: World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/csr/don/14-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-thailand/en/Date: Jan 14, 2020Date accessed: January 23, 2020Google Scholar, 2WHONovel Coronavirus – Japan (ex-China). Geneva: World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/csr/don/16-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-japan-ex-china/en/Date: Jan 16, 2020Date accessed: January 23, 2020Google Scholar, 3China National Health CommissionUpdate on the novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak (Jan 24, 2020). Beijing: China National Health Commission.http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqfkdt/202001/c5da49c4c5bf4bcfb320ec2036480627.shtmlDate: 2020Date accessed: January 24, 2020Google Scholar, 4WHONovel coronavirus – Republic of Korea (ex-China). Geneva: World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/csr/don/21-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-republic-of-korea-ex-china/en/Date: 2020Date accessed: January 24, 2020Google Scholar, 5US Centers for Disease Control and PreventionFirst travel-related case of 2019 novel coronavirus detected in United States. Atlanta, GA: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0121-novel-coronavirus-travel-case.htmlDate: 2020Date accessed: January 24, 2020Google Scholar As of Jan 23, 2020, confirmed cases were consecutively reported in 32 provinces, municipalities, and special administrative regions in China, including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.3China National Health CommissionUpdate on the novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak (Jan 24, 2020). Beijing: China National Health Commission.http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqfkdt/202001/c5da49c4c5bf4bcfb320ec2036480627.shtmlDate: 2020Date accessed: January 24, 2020Google Scholar These cases detected outside Wuhan, together with the detection of infection in at least one household cluster—reported by Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan and colleagues6Chan JF-W Yuan S Kok K-H et al.A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster.Lancet. 2020; (published online Jan 24.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (6059) Google Scholar in The Lancet—and the recently documented infections in health-care workers caring for patients with 2019-nCoV indicate human-to-human transmission and thus the risk of much wider spread of the disease. As of Jan 23, 2020, a total of 835 cases with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection have been detected in China, of whom 25 have died and 93% remain in hospital (figure).3China National Health CommissionUpdate on the novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak (Jan 24, 2020). Beijing: China National Health Commission.http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqfkdt/202001/c5da49c4c5bf4bcfb320ec2036480627.shtmlDate: 2020Date accessed: January 24, 2020Google Scholar In The Lancet, Chaolin Huang and colleagues7Huang C Wang Y Li X et al.Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.Lancet. 2020; (published online Jan 24)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (31825) Google Scholar report clinical features of the first 41 patients admitted to the designated hospital in Wuhan who were confirmed to be infected with 2019-nCoV by Jan 2, 2020. The study findings provide first-hand data about severity of the emerging 2019-nCoV infection. Symptoms resulting from 2019-nCoV infection at the prodromal phase, including fever, dry cough, and malaise, are non-specific. Unlike human coronavirus infections, upper respiratory symptoms are notably infrequent. Intestinal presentations observed with SARS also appear to be uncommon, although two of six cases reported by Chan and colleagues had diarrhoea.6Chan JF-W Yuan S Kok K-H et al.A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster.Lancet. 2020; (published online Jan 24.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (6059) Google Scholar Common laboratory findings on admission to hospital include lymphopenia and bilateral ground-glass opacity or consolidation in chest CT scans. These clinical presentations confounded early detection of infected cases, especially against a background of ongoing influenza and circulation of other respiratory viruses. Exposure history to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale market served as an important clue at the early stage, yet its value has decreased as more secondary and tertiary cases have appeared. Of the 41 patients in this cohort, 22 (55%) developed severe dyspnoea and 13 (32%) required admission to an intensive care unit, and six died.7Huang C Wang Y Li X et al.Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.Lancet. 2020; (published online Jan 24)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (31825) Google Scholar Hence, the case-fatality proportion in this cohort is approximately 14·6%, and the overall case fatality proportion appears to be closer to 3% (table). However, both of these estimates should be treated with great caution because not all patients have concluded their illness (ie, recovered or died) and the true number of infections and full disease spectrum are unknown. Importantly, in emerging viral infection outbreaks the case-fatality ratio is often overestimated in the early stages because case detection is highly biased towards the more severe cases. As further data on the spectrum of mild or asymptomatic infection becomes available, one case of which was documented by Chan and colleagues,6Chan JF-W Yuan S Kok K-H et al.A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster.Lancet. 2020; (published online Jan 24.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (6059) Google Scholar the case-fatality ratio is likely to decrease. Nevertheless, the 1918 influenza pandemic is estimated to have had a case-fatality ratio of less than 5%13Viboud C Eisenstein J Reid AH Janczewski TA Morens DM Taubenberger JK Age- and sex-specific mortality associated with the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Kentucky.J Infect Dis. 2013; 207: 721-729Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar but had an enormous impact due to widespread transmission, so there is no room for complacency.TableCharacteristics of patients who have been infected with 2019-nCoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV7Huang C Wang Y Li X et al.Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.Lancet. 2020; (published online Jan 24)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (31825) Google Scholar, 8Leung GM Hedley AJ Ho LM et al.The epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in the 2003 Hong Kong epidemic: an analysis of all 1755 patients.Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141: 662-673Crossref PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar, 10WHOMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Geneva: World Health Organization.http://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/Date: 2020Date accessed: January 12, 2020Google Scholar, 11Assiri A Al-Tawfiq JA Al-Rabeeah AA et al.Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13: 752-761Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1097) Google Scholar, 12WHOSummary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Geneva: World Health Organization.http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/Date: 2004Date accessed: January 12, 2020Google Scholar2019-nCoV*Demographics and symptoms for 2019-nCoV infection are based on data from the first 41 patients reported by Chaolin Huang and colleagues (admitted before Jan 2, 2020).8 Case numbers and mortalities are updated up to Jan 21, 2020) as disclosed by the Chinese Health Commission.MERS-CoVSARS-CoVDemographicDateDecember, 2019June, 2012November, 2002Location of first detectionWuhan, ChinaJeddah, Saudi ArabiaGuangdong, ChinaAge, years (range)49 (21–76)56 (14–94)39·9 (1–91)Male:female sex ratio2·7:13·3:11:1·25Confirmed cases835†Data as of Jan 23, 2020.24948096Mortality25†Data as of Jan 23, 2020. (2·9%)858 (37%)744 (10%)Health-care workers16‡Data as of Jan 21, 2020.99·8%23·1%SymptomsFever40 (98%)98%99–100%Dry cough31 (76%)47%29–75%Dyspnoea22 (55%)72%40–42%Diarrhoea1 (3%)26%20–25%Sore throat021%13–25%Ventilatory support9·8%80%14–20%Data are n, age (range), or n (%) unless otherwise stated. 2019-nCoV=2019 novel coronavirus. MERS-CoV=Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. SARS-CoV=severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.* Demographics and symptoms for 2019-nCoV infection are based on data from the first 41 patients reported by Chaolin Huang and colleagues (admitted before Jan 2, 2020).8Leung GM Hedley AJ Ho LM et al.The epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in the 2003 Hong Kong epidemic: an analysis of all 1755 patients.Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141: 662-673Crossref PubMed Scopus (278) Google Scholar Case numbers and mortalities are updated up to Jan 21, 2020) as disclosed by the Chinese Health Commission.† Data as of Jan 23, 2020.‡ Data as of Jan 21, 2020.9WHONovel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report - 2 (22 January 2020). Geneva: World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200122-sitrep-2-2019-ncov.pdfDate: 2020Date accessed: January 23, 2020Google Scholar Open table in a new tab Data are n, age (range), or n (%) unless otherwise stated. 2019-nCoV=2019 novel coronavirus. MERS-CoV=Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. SARS-CoV=severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. As an RNA virus, 2019-nCoV still has the inherent feature of a high mutation rate, although like other coronaviruses the mutation rate might be somewhat lower than other RNA viruses because of its genome-encoded exonuclease. This aspect provides the possibility for this newly introduced zoonotic viral pathogen to adapt to become more efficiently transmitted from person to person and possibly become more virulent. Two previous coronavirus outbreaks had been reported in the 21st century. The clinical features of 2019-nCoV, in comparison with SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, are summarised in the table. The ongoing 2019-nCoV outbreak has undoubtedly caused the memories of the SARS-CoV outbreak starting 17 years ago to resurface in many people. In November, 2002, clusters of pneumonia of unknown cause were reported in Guangdong province, China, now known as the SARS-CoV outbreak. The number of cases of SARS increased substantially in the next year in China and later spread globally,14Zhong NS Zheng BJ Li YM et al.Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People's Republic of China, in February, 2003.Lancet. 2003; 362: 1353-1358Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1111) Google Scholar infecting at least 8096 people and causing 774 deaths.12WHOSummary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Geneva: World Health Organization.http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/Date: 2004Date accessed: January 12, 2020Google Scholar The international spread of SARS-CoV in 2003 was attributed to its strong transmission ability under specific circumstances and the insufficient preparedness and implementation of infection control practices. Chinese public health and scientific capabilities have been greatly transformed since 2003. An efficient system is ready for monitoring and responding to infectious disease outbreaks and the 2019-nCoV pneumonia has been quickly added to the Notifiable Communicable Disease List and given the highest priority by Chinese health authorities. The increasing number of cases and widening geographical spread of the disease raise grave concerns about the future trajectory of the outbreak, especially with the Chinese Lunar New Year quickly approaching. Under normal circumstances, an estimated 3 billion trips would be made in the Spring Festival travel rush this year, with 15 million trips happening in Wuhan. The virus might further spread to other places during this festival period and cause epidemics, especially if it has acquired the ability to efficiently transmit from person to person. Consequently, the 2019-nCoV outbreak has led to implementation of extraordinary public health measures to reduce further spread of the virus within China and elsewhere. Although WHO has not recommended any international travelling restrictions so far,15WHOStatement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Geneva, World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-01-2020-statement-on-the-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)Date: Jan 23, 2020Date accessed: January 24, 2020Google Scholar the local government in Wuhan announced on Jan 23, 2020, the suspension of public transportation, with closure of airports, railway stations, and highways in the city, to prevent further disease transmission.16Announcement from the Headquarter for novel coronavirus pneumonia prevention and control (No 1). Beijing: China National Health Commission.http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-01/23/content_5471751.htmDate: 2020Date accessed: January 23, 2020Google Scholar Further efforts in travel restriction might follow. Active surveillance for new cases and close monitoring of their contacts are being implemented. To improve detection efficiency, front-line clinics, apart from local centres for disease control and prevention, should be armed with validated point-of-care diagnostic kits. Rapid information disclosure is a top priority for disease control and prevention. A daily press release system has been established in China to ensure effective and efficient disclosure of epidemic information. Education campaigns should be launched to promote precautions for travellers, including frequent hand-washing, cough etiquette, and use of personal protection equipment (eg, masks) when visiting public places. Also, the general public should be motivated to report fever and other risk factors for coronavirus infection, including travel history to affected area and close contacts with confirmed or suspected cases. Considering that substantial numbers of patients with SARS and MERS were infected in health-care settings, precautions need to be taken to prevent nosocomial spread of the virus. Unfortunately, 16 health-care workers, some of whom were working in the same ward, have been confirmed to be infected with 2019-nCoV to date, although the routes of transmission and the possible role of so-called super-spreaders remain to be clarified.9WHONovel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report - 2 (22 January 2020). Geneva: World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200122-sitrep-2-2019-ncov.pdfDate: 2020Date accessed: January 23, 2020Google Scholar Epidemiological studies need to be done to assess risk factors for infection in health-care personnel and quantify potential subclinical or asymptomatic infections. Notably, the transmission of SARS-CoV was eventually halted by public health measures including elimination of nosocomial infections. We need to be wary of the current outbreak turning into a sustained epidemic or even a pandemic. The availability of the virus' genetic sequence and initial data on the epidemiology and clinical consequences of the 2019-nCoV infections are only the first steps to understanding the threat posed by this pathogen. Many important questions remain unanswered, including its origin, extent, and duration of transmission in humans, ability to infect other animal hosts, and the spectrum and pathogenesis of human infections. Characterising viral isolates from successive generations of human infections will be key to updating diagnostics and assessing viral evolution. Beyond supportive care,17WHOClinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected. Geneva, World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/internal-publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspectedDate: 2020Date accessed: January 22, 2020Google Scholar no specific coronavirus antivirals or vaccines of proven efficacy in humans exist, although clinical trials of both are ongoing for MERS-CoV and one controlled trial of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir monotherapy has been launched for 2019-nCoV (ChiCTR2000029308). Future animal model and clinical studies should focus on assessing the effectiveness and safety of promising antiviral drugs, monoclonal and polyclonal neutralising antibody products, and therapeutics directed against immunopathologic host responses. We have to be aware of the challenge and concerns brought by 2019-nCoV to our community. Every effort should be given to understand and control the disease, and the time to act is now. This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com on January 29, 2020 This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com on January 29, 2020 FGH reports personal fees from University of Alabama Antiviral Drug Discovery and Development Consortium, and is a non-compensated consultant for Gilead Sciences, Regeneron, and SAB Biotherapeutics, which have investigational therapeutics for coronavirus infections. All other authors declare no competing interests. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family clusterOur findings are consistent with person-to-person transmission of this novel coronavirus in hospital and family settings, and the reports of infected travellers in other geographical regions. Full-Text PDF Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, ChinaThe 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Full-Text PDF Department of ErrorWang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020; published online Jan 24. https://dox.doi.org/S0140-6736(20)30185-9—In this Comment, the first sentence of the third paragraph should have read “Of the 41 patients in this cohort, 22 (55%) developed severe dyspnoea and 13 (32%) required admission to an intensive care unit, and six died.” And in the table, the title of the third row should have read “Location of first detection”. These corrections have been made to the online version as of Jan 29, 2020, and will be made to the printed version. Full-Text PDF The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirusIn December, 2019, a novel coronavirus outbreak of pneumonia emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China,1 and has subsequently garnered attention around the world.2 In the fight against the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), medical workers in Wuhan have been facing enormous pressure, including a high risk of infection and inadequate protection from contamination, overwork, frustration, discrimination, isolation, patients with negative emotions, a lack of contact with their families, and exhaustion. Full-Text PDF Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreakIn December, 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus pneumonia occurred in Wuhan (Hubei, China), and subsequently attracted worldwide attention.1 By Feb 9, 2020, there were 37 294 confirmed and 28 942 suspected cases of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China.2 Facing this large-scale infectious public health event, medical staff are under both physical and psychological pressure.3 To better fight the COVID-19 outbreak, as the largest top-class tertiary hospital in Hunan Province, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University undertakes a considerable part of the investigation of suspected patients. Full-Text PDF Emerging understandings of 2019-nCoV“There is an emergency in China, but it has not yet become a global health emergency...WHO is following this outbreak every minute of every day”, said Dr Tedros Ghebreyesus, Director-General of WHO, on Jan 23. A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak is emerging, but it is not yet a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). As we went to press, more than 500 cases have been confirmed in China, as well as in Japan, South Korea, Thailand, and the US. The virus can cause a severe respiratory illness, like SARS and MERS, and human-to-human transmission has been confirmed. Full-Text PDF
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Blood lead levels were measured in 538 girls aged 6 to 12 years who attended primary public schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Of the 538 screened children, 24.4% had blood lead levels > or =10 microg/dL, the Centers for Disease Control's level of concern. Variation in the blood lead levels was investigated with respect to a number of risk factors. The main determinant of blood lead levels was the regional location of the school. Pupils who attended schools located in the Central region of Riyadh had significantly higher blood lead concentrations than did pupils who attended schools in the peripheral areas. This is most likely to be due to the heavy vehicular emissions in the Central region. Other variables such as low family income, grade, and application of kohl to the child's eyes and/or umbilicus at birth were also contributors to the blood lead levels. These observations emphasize the importance of health education programs to promote the reduction of lead exposure in the general population.
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https://openalex.org/W1536044601
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Tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013: findings from a national survey
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Tobacco consumption is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The Saudi Ministry of Health started a national tobacco control program in 2002 with increased and intensified efforts after joining the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control in 2005.In order to assess the status of tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), we conducted a survey on 10735 individuals aged 15 years or older (5253 men and 5482 women) which was performed between April and June 2013. The Saudi Health Interview Survey had a multistage sampling and was nationally representative. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. The survey included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, diet, physical activity, health care utilization, different health-related behaviors, and self-reported chronic conditions.Overall prevalence of current smoking was 12.2 % and males were more likely to smoke than females (21.5 % vs. 1.1 %). Mean age of smoking initiation was 19.1 years (±6.5 years) with 8.9 % of ever smokers starting before the age of 15 years. Daily shisha smoking was reported by 4.3 % of the population (7.3 % of men and 1.3 % of women). Around 1.4 % of population (2.6 % of men and 0.1 % of women) were daily smokers of cigarette/cigar and shisha. Receiving advice for quitting smoking by health care professionals during the last 12 months was reported by 53.2 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 49.8-56.5) of ever smokers. Among ever smokers, 51.3 % of individuals reportedly attempted to quit smoking during the last 12 months. Of those, 25.3 % were successful by the time of the survey. Around 23.3 % of the entire population, 32.3 % of men and 13.5 % of women, were exposed to secondhand smoke for at least one day during the past 7 days at home, work, or school.Although the indicators of tobacco consumption in KSA are better than most of the countries of the Middle East region and high-income countries, there are many potential areas for improvement. Our findings call for the development and implementation of programs to prevent smoking initiation and encourage quitting. To achieve its health goals, KSA may consider increasing taxation on tobacco products as well as other measures.
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https://openalex.org/W2036846228
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia: Epidemiological trends from 2000 to 2010
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2036846228
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To study epidemiological trends related to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Al Hassa, an endemic area in Saudi Arabia. This retrospective study included the spatial/temporal analysis of the reported cases of CL using the available surveillance database for the disease at the regional Vector Control Unit, from 2000 to 2010. The incidence of CL was declining at a stable rate especially during the last 3 years of the study (2008-2010). An interesting finding was the percentage of expatriates affected was increasing over the last 10 years compared to that of the Saudis. A definite declining trend in the incidence of CL was observed in Al Hassa. Further studies are warranted to assess whether special public health measures are needed for better control of CL in expatriate populations in Saudi Arabia.
|
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|
https://openalex.org/W1490166841
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Organization of the Saudi health system
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1490166841
|
Using existing data, we reviewed the organizational structure of the Saudi Arabian health system: its demography and history, principal health indicators, organization and management, type and distribution of facilities, financial base, and the impact on it of the Haj. We noted duplication of services, inadequate coordination between some health industry sectors, and the need for a more extensive and rational health centre network with improved information systems and data collection. We also noted scope for a greater role for the private health sector and increased cooperation between it and the public sector to improve health service delivery and population health.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W3138715807
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Effects of home quarantine during COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity and dietary habits of adults in Saudi Arabia
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3138715807
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Abstract Public health endorsements during the present COVID-19 pandemic has led the governments of largely affected countries to imply policies that restrict social mobility to slow COVID-19 spread. The study aimed to explore the effects of COVID-19 home quarantine on lifestyle and health behavior of Saudi residents. An online survey in Saudi Arabia was launched from May 11 to June 6, 2020. The survey was designed by multidisciplinary scientists and academics uploaded and shared through the Google platform in Arabic and English languages. Questions presented related to responses “before” and “during” COVID-19 home quarantine. A total of 1965 respondents participated and were included in the analysis [921 (47.0%) males and 1044 (53.0%) females]. Non-Saudis were more likely to increase their physical activity during quarantine [odds ratio (95% confidence interval 1.41 (1.11–1.79); p < 0.005]. Prevalence of participants walking daily for more than 4 times per week significantly decreased during pandemic (before vs during, 30.5% vs 29.1%) which was in parallel to the significant increase in the prevalence of participants who did not perform daily walking during the quarantine (21% vs 22.9%; p < 0.001). The prevalence of participants who often consume snacks between meals increased during quarantine (27.4% vs 29.4%, p < 0.001), while the prevalence of participants who never consumed fresh fruits and vegetables significantly increased during home quarantine (2.4% vs 3.7%; p = 0.019). The lockdown imposed in Saudi Arabia modestly but significantly impacted physical activity and dietary behaviors of several citizens and residents in an unhealthy way. Interventions to alleviate these acute adverse lifestyle behaviors during pandemic should be formulated.
|
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{
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https://openalex.org/W2323589377
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Meningococcal disease during the Hajj and Umrah mass gatherings
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2323589377
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The Hajj and Umrah religious mass gatherings hosted by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia can facilitate the transmission of infectious diseases. The pilgrimages have been associated with a number of local and international outbreaks of meningococcal disease. These include serogroup A disease outbreaks in 1987 and throughout the 1990s and two international serogroup W135 outbreaks in 2000 and 2001. The implementation of strict preventative measures including mandatory quadrivalent meningococcal vaccination and antibiotic chemoprophylaxis for pilgrims from the African meningitis belt has prevented pilgrimage-associated meningococcal outbreaks since 2001. However, the fluid epidemiology of the disease and the possibility of outbreaks caused by serogroups not covered by the vaccine or emerging hyper-virulent strains, mean that the disease remains a serious public health threat during these events. Continuous surveillance of carriage state and the epidemiology of the disease in the Kingdom and globally and the introduction of preventative measures that provide broad and long-lasting immunity and impact carriage are warranted.
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https://openalex.org/W1557731041
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The public health burden of physical inactivity in saudi arabia.
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1557731041
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Because of the enormous changes in the lifestyle of Saudis in the last three decades, the risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD), including physical inactivity, are increasingly becoming prevalent in the society. This paper provides an overview of the importance of physical activity in health promotion and disease prevention, and discusses the public health burden of physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia. Available evidence clearly indicates that physical inactivity is extremely prevalent in the different ages and sex of the Saudi population. This high prevalence of inactivity in Saudi society presents a major public health burden, as evidenced by the high risk in the Saudi population as a risk of physical inactivity compared with the populations of United States and the United Kingdom. Unless concrete steps are taken to reduce physical inactivity in the Saudi population, the future public health cost would be enormous. It is well known that physical activity is associated with numerous health benefits and plays a major role in modifying many other CHD risk factors. Finally, several recommendations for reducing physical inactivity and promoting active life in the Saudi population have been discussed.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W3132893947
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Public Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice towards COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey
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(1) Background: COVID-19 has become a worldwide public health problem. No previous study has investigated factors associated with COVID-19 knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) after completely lifting the curfew in all Saudi Arabia regions and cities. Therefore, adequate knowledge, a positive attitude, and correct control of COVID-19 are essential to eradicate the disease. Hence, this study aims to assess factors associated with KAP of COVID-19; (2) Methods: This cross-sectional web-based survey was performed with the participation of 4305 individuals aged over 15 years living in Saudi Arabia from 11 to 19 August 2020. They were included using the snowball sampling method; (3) Results: Of the 4305 participants, 94.9% were Saudis, 60% females, and 45.4% were in the age group of 20–34 years, 61.7% married, and 49.3% from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Most of the participants demonstrated good KAP levels (89.6%, 87.2%, and 87.2%) towards the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. In addition, most of the participants (85.8%) used the internet and social media as a source for COVID-19 information (4) Conclusions: The finding showed that most of the participants demonstrated good knowledge of COVID-19, positive attitudes, and demonstrated good practices for preventing the spread of disease infection.
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https://openalex.org/W1865336837
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Mass gathering and globalization of respiratory pathogens during the 2013 Hajj
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Every year, more than 10 million pilgrims arrive in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the Hajj or Umrah. Crowding conditions lead to high rates of respiratory infections among the pilgrims, representing a significant cause of morbidity and a major cause of hospitalization. Pre- and post-Hajj nasal specimens were prospectively obtained from a paired cohort (692 pilgrims) and from nonpaired cohorts (514 arriving and 470 departing pilgrims) from 13 countries. The countries of residence included Africa (44.2%), Asia (40.2%), the United States (8.4%) and Europe (7.2%). Nasal specimens were tested for 34 respiratory pathogens using RT-PCR. A total of 80 512 PCRs were performed. The prevalence of viruses and bacteria increased, from 7.4% and 15.4% before the Hajj to 45.4% and 31.0% after the Hajj, respectively, due to the acquisition of rhinovirus, coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, OC43), influenza A H1N1, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. We did not identify Middle East respiratory coronavirus carriage. At arrival, the prevalence of several viruses was clearly dependent on the pilgrim's country of origin. After Hajj participation, these viruses were isolated among pilgrims from all countries, with few exceptions. No significant differences were observed between paired and nonpaired cohort results. Our results strongly suggest that, given the particularly crowded conditions during the rituals, an international mass gathering such as the Hajj may contribute to the globalization of respiratory pathogens after the cross-contamination of pilgrims harbouring pathogens that easily spread among participants. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination, face mask use and hand hygiene should be considered in the context of the Hajj.
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https://openalex.org/W2517278400
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Health Education in Saudi Arabia: Historical overview
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This article provides a historical overview of the evolution of health education in Saudi Arabia. It outlines milestones in the development of the health education profession and traces the roles of various health sectors and their achievements in the health education field. Additionally, this review seeks to describe the status of health education professionals in Saudi Arabia.
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https://openalex.org/W2038165238
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Hajj pilgrims’ knowledge about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, August to September 2013
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In preparation for Hajj 2013, 360 French pilgrims were interviewed regarding their knowledge about Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Respondents were aged 20–85 years, male-female ratio was 1.05:1;64.7% were aware of the MERS situation in Saudi Arabia; 35.3% knew about the Saudi Ministry of Health recommendations for at-risk pilgrims to postpone participation in the 2013 Hajj. None of 179 at-risk individuals(49.9%) decided to cancel their Hajj participation even after advice during consultation.
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https://openalex.org/W1944416827
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Infectious diseases in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt
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Infectious diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Epidemiologically, differences in the patterns of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance exist across diverse geographical regions. In this review on infectious diseases in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt, the epidemiology of tuberculosis, malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections will be addressed. The challenges of the hepatitis C epidemic in Egypt and the epidemiology of this infection across the region will be reviewed. In recent years, we have seen dengue endemicity become established, with major outbreaks in parts of the region. Emerging data also indicate that, across the region, there is an increasing burden of antibiotic resistance, with endemicity in healthcare settings and dissemination into the community. New challenges include the emergence of the Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever virus in Saudi Arabia. The annual Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia serves as a model for the control of infectious disease in mass gatherings. As most of these countries constantly experience a uniquely dynamic population influx in the form of expatriate workers, tourists, or pilgrims, concerted regional and international collaboration to address these public health concerns in a region that lies at the crossroads for the global spread of infectious pathogens is imperative.
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Public health management of mass gatherings: the Saudi Arabian experience with MERS-CoV
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from spreading widely during hajj. 7 More recently, Saudi Arabia reported the highest number of confirmed cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and has collaborated with other countries to identify the sources of infection and transmission and take appropriate action. In addition, the country has adopted a surveillance system and strategy to prevent viral transmission among pilgrims. Notably, apart from one recent unconfirmed case, no other cases of MERS-CoV infection were reported in the 6.5 million pilgrims who took part in the hajj in 2012 and 2013. Among pilgrims returning home, a lack of adequate surveillance systems in resource-limited countries can make it hard to identify pathogens with long incubation periods, such as MERS-CoV. Building on decades of experience, in October 2010 the Saudi Arabian health ministry established the Global Center for Mass Gathering Medicine, subsequently endorsed by health ministers of the League of Arab States. WHO’s Executive Board soon mandated a strategy for mass gatherings and established
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https://openalex.org/W2247074084
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Deficiencies under plenty of sun: Vitamin D status among adults in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2247074084
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Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been correlated with several diseases and injuries including diabetes, osteoporosis, fractures, and falls. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), current data on vitamin D status are lacking. Aims: To inform Saudi public health authorities on the current status of blood levels vitamin D deficiency, we analyzed data from the Saudi Health Interview Survey. Materials and Methods: The Saudi Health Interview Survey (SHIS) is a cross-sectional national multistage survey of individuals aged 15 years and above on sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, diet, physical activity, health care utilization, different health-related behaviors, and self-reported chronic conditions. A total of 10,735 participants completed a health questionnaire and were invited to the local health clinics for biomedical exams. Results: 62.65% of female Saudis and 40.6% of male Saudis aged 15 years and above are deficient in vitamin D. Out of them, less than 1% males and less than 2% females consume vitamin D supplements. Women who have never married and obese individuals are more likely to be deficient in vitamin D, compared to men who were currently married and nonobese individuals. Those consuming vitamin D supplements are less likely to be deficient in vitamin D. Conclusions: Our study showed a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi men and women, and the results call for an increased awareness to ensure adequate levels of vitamin D for better health in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, our findings are certainly relevant for other countries in the Gulf region or countries with similar cultures, clothing, and religions.
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https://openalex.org/W3016459245
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Hajj in the Time of COVID-19
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3016459245
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The recent outbreak of the novel COVID-19 is posing a severe public health risk across the globe. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is one of the greatest destinations of religious congregations of Muslims. One of the largest religious gatherings is the Hajj that is anticipated to produce serious challenges of mass level exposures and spread to every corner of the world. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah (KSA), must regularly analyze the prevailing situation of COVID-19, and involve the religious scholars to make appropriate decisions about Hajj 2020. Although the Saudi government has been continuously taking all possible measures to contain the pandemic, people's cooperation is crucial in the fight against COVID-19.
|
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https://openalex.org/W2998276867
|
Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in Women from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2998276867
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Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is an epidemic public health problem worldwide. It is common in the Middle East and is more severe in women. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess vitamin D deficiency and associated risk factors in women living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured in 166 women aged 30–65 years. Socio-demographic, lifestyle and health status characteristics, as well as intake of selected dietary supplements, were collected. Weight and height were measured. Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) was reported in 60.2% of participants. Mean of serum 25(OH)D was 20.7 ng/mL. Older age and taking the supplements of vitamin D, multi-vitamins or calcium were identified as factors that associated with a lower risk of hypovitaminosis D. A national strategy is needed to control a hypovitaminosis D crisis in Saudi Arabia. This could be accomplished by raising public awareness regarding vitamin D, regulating and enhancing vitamin D fortification and supplementation and screening vitamin D status among women at high risk.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2028798587
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The first national public breast cancer screening program in Saudi Arabia
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original articleThe first national public breast cancer screening program in Saudi Arabia Omalkhair A. Abulkhair, Fatina M. Al Tahan, Susan E. Young, Salma MA. Musaad, and Abdul-Rahman M. Jazieh Omalkhair A. Abulkhair From the King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Fatina M. Al Tahan From the King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Susan E. Young From the King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author , Salma MA. Musaad Kendle International, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States Search for more papers by this author , and Abdul-Rahman M. Jazieh From the King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Search for more papers by this author Published Online:7 Oct 2010https://doi.org/10.4103/0256-4947.67078SectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AboutAbstractBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite its relatively low incidence in Saudi Arabia, breast cancer has been the most common cancer among Saudi females for the past 12 consecutive years. The objective of this study was to report the results of the first national public breast cancer screening program in Saudi Arabia.METHODS: Women 40 years of age or older underwent breast cancer screening. Mammograms were scored using the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Correlations between imaging findings, risk factors and pathological findings were analyzed.RESULTS: Between September 2007 and April 2008, 1215 women were enrolled. The median age was 45 years, and median body mass index was 31.6 kg/m2. Sixteen cases of cancer were diagnosed. No cancer was diagnosed in 942 women with R1/R2 scores, and only 1 case of cancer was diagnosed in 228 women with R0/R3 scores. However, among 26 women with R4/R5 scores, 50% had malignant disease and 35% had benign lesions. No correlation was found between known risk factors and imaging score or cancer diagnosis.CONCLUSIONS: Public acceptance of the breast cancer screening program was encouraging. Longitudinal follow-up will help in better determining the risk factors relevant to our patient population.IntroductionBreast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Incidence and mortality have reached a plateau and appear to be dropping in both United States and parts of western Europe.1,2 This decline has been attributed to several factors, such as early detection through the use of screening mammography and appropriate use of systemic adjuvant therapy.3Breast cancer is influenced by multiple risk factors, which can be classified into 4 groups: first, family history/genetic background, which accounts for approximately 15% of all breast cancer cases.4 The second and the most well-known risk factor for breast cancer, can be linked to the hazardous effects of hormonal exposures such as early age at menarche, late age at menopause,5 fewer number of children and nulliparity, late age at first birth,6 little or no breastfeeding and long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT).7–12 The third is high breast density, which has been shown to be one of the most significant markers of breast cancer risk;13 and the fourth, a history of benign proliferative breast disease.14Recently, there is emerging evidence that overall caloric intake and obesity with weight gain in particular are related to increased breast cancer risk with different effects for premenopausal and postmenopausal women.15,16 Although these factors have been thoroughly studied and accurate quantitative estimates for risk are now available for the western population, there have been no studies for Arab women.Despite the relatively low incidence of breast cancer in Saudi Arabia compared to other countries, it has been the most common cancer among Saudi females for the past 12 consecutive years (Saudi Cancer Registry, 1994-2005). Data on female patients with invasive breast carcinoma reported from different regions in Saudi Arabia show that most patients are in the age group of 40 to 50 years and were predominantly premenopausal. More than 50% were stage II and III, while ductal carcinoma in situ represented <5% of this population.17–22 Although breast cancer is more common in women older than 50 years worldwide, it is frequently diagnosed in younger women in Saudi Arabia. In fact, breast cancer is the single leading cause of cancer death for women 20 to 59 years of age,23 thus posing a major public health concern. The high incidence of breast cancer in young Saudi women should be addressed by evaluating the roles of early detection and prevention programs. In addition, correlation between common risk factors for breast cancer must be identified.It is now well established that early detection provides survival advantages to women with breast cancer. Mammography, which detects breast cancer at earlier stages, is a major step in reducing the risk of death from this disease. It was estimated to prevent approximately 20% to 40% of all deaths from breast cancer among women undergoing screening mammography.24–27 In 1997, the first published results of the New York randomized controlled trial of breast cancer screening28 indicated that a program combining physical examination and mammography at annual intervals was successful in reducing breast cancer mortality in women aged 50 years and older. These findings were confirmed by the same researchers in a 14-year follow-up of the original study group and control population.29,30 Subsequently, a Swedish study31 showed that mammographic screening alone was capable of achieving a significant reduction in mortality. This finding was confirmed in two other trials in the Netherlands.32,33 Of the earlier studies, only one,34 the Health Insurance Plan (HIP) trial, has demonstrated the effectiveness of breast cancer screening in women aged 40 to 49 years and only after prolonged follow-up.On the other hand, many women have no access to mammography due to racial, environmental, financial/ insurance barriers; lack of education; and, most importantly, lack of encouragement by a physician.35,36 In Saudi Arabia, the low utilization of mammography screening is mainly attributed to lack of education and awareness among females.37 Earlier studies conducted in different regions of Saudi Arabia, such as Al-Qaseem, Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam, have explored female knowledge of, and attitude towards, breast cancer.37–39 Major factors identified included lack of knowledge about the common risk factors for breast cancer; and lack of understanding of the importance of breast self-examination, which is the best option for internal screening among women of all ages. Another important hindrance to tackling the problem of under-utilized mammography screening is the lack of standard national screening programs.38 In fact, a study concluded that the unavailability of a national screening program and the lack of women’s cooperation and trust were the main barriers to the implementation of screening by primary healthcare physicians (PHCPs).39Considering the growth and aging of the population in Saudi Arabia, cancer rates are expected to increase considerably. This will add an enormous burden to the healthcare-utilization costs.21 The objectives of this study were to describe the results of the first national public breast cancer screening program in Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia, and to evaluate the relationship among common risk factors and the relationship of common risk factors with BI-RADS score and with breast cancer diagnosis in this Saudi population.METHODSEstablishing the centerThe first nationwide breast cancer screening center started accepted participants from all regions, but the majority came from Riyadh since that was the location of the center. The Abdul Lateef Charitable Screening Center was established in Riyadh by a generous donation from a prominent businessman (Shaikh Abdul Lateef Mohamed Abdul Lateef). Screening commenced in September 2007, but the official inauguration of the center took place on October 23, 2007, and was graced by the presence of Mrs. Laura Bush, the former first lady of the United States and a representative from the Susan G. Komen for Cure Organization, who visited the center as part of their tour to the Middle East to promote cancer awareness.In partnership with the Saudi Cancer Society, a well-designed public-awareness program was launched year-round, and women were encouraged to visit the center to be screened for breast cancer. Attendants at the center were directed to a female-exclusive area, wherein a trained female technician, a family physician and a health educator were available. All women who visited the center were self-referred.Study designThis was a retrospective study conducted on patients attending the screening center. The study was approved by the Research Committee and Institution Review Board (IRB) of the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC). Data on participants in this study are stored at the screening center, as well as in the KAMC.Data collection and analysisThis was a population-based breast cancer screening registry designed to collect extensive information on known and potential breast cancer risk factors in all women who visit the center.The main objective of this preliminary analysis was to assess the prevalence of breast cancer phenotypes in Saudi women. Additional objectives were to evaluate the association of a diagnosis of breast cancer with the BI-RADS score, potential risk factors and the acceptability of breast cancer screening in this population.The data collected from the screened participants included the following well-known risk factors for breast cancer: age, hormonal status, early menarche, menopausal status, late parity and nulliparity, HRT and breastfeeding status, previous breast pathology and family history.The only inclusion criterion for the current study was being an asymptomatic woman of age ≥40 years; however, since we were providing the first breast cancer screening in our local community, we included some women with symptoms to provide as much population-based data as possible in order not to deprive these women from access to this potentially life-saving test.Conventional 2-view film/screen mammograms were provided and reviewed by two radiologists. Further views were performed when judged to be necessary. Mammograms were scored on a 5-point scale using the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). The categories are shown in Table 1.40 Based on mammography results, women who needed further investigations were referred to KAMC for further workup and management.Table 1 Breast Imaging-Reporting and Database System (BI-RADS).CategoryAssessmentFollow-up0Need additional imaging evaluationAdditional imaging needed before a category can be assigned1NegativeContinue annual screening mammography (for women over age 40)2Benign (non-cancerous) findingContinue annual screening mammography (for women over age 40)3Probably benignReceive a 6-month follow-up mammogram4Suspicious abnormalityMay require biopsy5Highly suggestive of malignancy (cancer)Requires biopsy6Known biopsy—proven malignancy (cancer)Biopsy confirms presence of cancer before treatment beginsAdopted from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/screening-mammogramsMain outcome variable, definitions and testsThe main outcome variable was a diagnosis of breast cancer. A breast cancer diagnosis was determined according to the results of fine-needle aspiration and/or biopsy with a written pathological report.Risk factors were patient-reported unless otherwise stated and were defined as follows:A positive family history: the presence of a diagnosis of breast cancer in one or more of the patient’s direct blood relatives (mother, sister and daughter)Estrogen use (hormone replacement, contraceptive pills): a yes response to “ever used estrogen, currently use estrogen or both”Early menarche: women who started their period before 12 years of ageMenopausal status: women who had menopause at the time of screening, defined as “those who reported an age at which menopause started”Late parity: women who had their first child after the age of 30 years (women with nulliparity were defined as women who did not have any children or who did not report any pregnancies [term or non-term] at the time of the study)Previous breast surgeries included mastectomy, fine-needle aspiration, breast reconstruction (implants) and other surgeriesPatients were symptomatic if they had a history of breast mass, nipple inversion or retraction, pain, nipple discharge or skin changes on clinical examination. Patients were asymptomatic if they lacked all these symptoms. The BI-RADS score was defined as shown in the data collection section. If a patient had a second BI-RADS assessment conducted after the first, the second BIRADS score was utilized in the analysis. Follow-up tests consisted of imaging or procedures performed after the last BI-RADS assessment. Follow-up imaging tests included one or more of the following: mammogram, ultrasound or MRI. Follow-up procedures consisted of fine-needle aspiration, biopsy or both.Statistical methodsDemographic and baseline characteristics (age, body mass index [BMI], risk factors) were descriptively summarized. The descriptive statistics for continuous variables were mean and standard deviation, median and minimum and maximum. Frequency counts and percentages were tabulated for categorical variables. Categorical data was assessed using the chi-square or the Fisher exact test. Two-sided tests at the 5% significance level were utilized.Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship of a malignant cancer diagnosis as the binary outcome variable with the risk factors (family history, estrogen use [hormone replacement], early menarche, menopausal status, late parity, nulliparity, previous breast surgeries or biopsy) and the BI-RADS score. In the logistic regression, variables were selected using backward selection at the 10% significance level in this preliminary analysis. Data was analyzed using SAS version 9.1.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).RESULTSBetween September 2007 and April 2008, 1215 women were enrolled in the program (Table 2). The majority of screened women were from Riyadh. The median age was 45 years (range, 19-91), and the median BMI was 31.6 kg/m2 (range, 16.7-58). The mean (SD) age was 46.5 (8.1) years and the mean (SD) BMI was 32.0 (5.6) kg/m 2. Risk factors among participants included a positive family history in 11.7%, early menarche in 11.9%, and menopause in 24.2%; only 9.3% had late parity and 4.4% were nulliparous. Approximately 5.6% of the women had a history of previous breast biopsy or fine-needle aspiration (FNA), reported as a benign lesion. The majority were asymptomatic (n=607), while 475 were symptomatic. Breast pain was the most common symptom reported (n=379) (Table 2).Table 2 Characteristics of women enrolled in the screening program (n=1215).n (%)Family history cancer Positive family history142 (11.7) Negative family history1064(87.6) Unknown or missing9 (0.7)Estrogen use Yes874 (71.9) No202 (16.) Unknown or missing139 (11.4)Early menarche Yes145 (11.9) No1042 (85.8) Unknown or missing28 (2.3)Menopausal status Yes294 (24.2) No883 (72.7) Unknown or missing38 (3.1)Late parity Yes113 (9.3) No1073 (88.3) Unknown or missing29 (2.4)Nulliparity Yes53 (4.4) No1145 (94.2) Unknown or missing17 (1.4)Previous breast surgery or biopsy Yes68 (5.6) No1142 (93.9) Unknown or missing5 (0.4)Symptoms Symptomatica475 (39.1) Breast mass183 (15.1) Nipple inversion or retraction22 (1.8) Breast pain379 (31.2) Nipple discharge16 (1.3) Asymptomatic607 (50.0) Unknown or missing133 (10.9)aRaw numbers of the individual symptoms do not add up to the total due to overlap (one patient may have more than one symptom). Percentages of the individual symptoms are calculated from the total sample (n=1215).For the BI-RADS scores, 54.5% of all the women were R1, 23.2% were R2, 9.2% were R3, 1.3% were R4, 0.8% were R5 and 9.6% were R0. Table 3 presents the mammographic screening scores based on BI-RADS and cancer diagnosis. The BI-RADS scores were combined as R1R2, R3R0 or R4R5. The rationale for combining the scores into R1R2 is that they were considered benign and no further tests were needed. For R3R0, the rationale was that these categories were subject to another imaging study. For R4R5, the rationale was that the suspicion of malignancy was the highest, requiring these women to undergo other tests. Of 942 women with an R1R2 BI-RADS score, 10.3% underwent follow-up imaging because of high breast density, while none underwent a follow-up procedure. Of 229 women with an R3R0 BI-RADS score, 26.2% underwent follow-up imaging, while only 0.9% underwent a follow-up procedure. A small proportion of the total population of women had a combined BI-RADS score of R4R5 (n=27); as expected, a large proportion of these women had follow-up imaging (62.9%) and a follow-up procedure (51.9%). Among the patients with an R3R0 diagnosis, only 2 (0.9%) had a confirmed malignant tumor, while a considerably higher proportion (20.1%) had a confirmed benign tumor. In contrast, about half (51.8%) of the women with an R4R5 score had a confirmed malignant tumor, while 33.3% had a benign tumor. Those who were reported R1/R2 had no further studies apart from their annual screening.Table 3 Summary of the screening mammography findings (n=1215). Percentages of the follow up tests and cancer diagnoses are based on the number of subjects in each BI-RADS classification group.BI-RADSn (% of total population)F/U Imaging*F/U Procedure*Number of cancer cases with confirmed diagnosisMalignant*Benign*R1 R2942 (77.5)0000R3 R0a229(18.9)60 (26.2)2 (0.9)2 (0.9)46 (20.1)R4 R527 (2.2)17 (62.9)14 (51.9)14 (51.8)9 (33.4)No mammogramb17 (1.4)1 (5.9)001 (5.9)FF/U: follow up.*P<.0001 using Fisher exact testaSome subjects with a combined BIRADS score of R3R0 have not been included in the results as at the close of the study, they had refused follow up or insufficient time had elapsed for the follow up imaging to be performed.b17 subjects did not have initial screening mammogram due to either young age, fear of procedure or non-availability of technician at the time of the screening visit.The histological findings for the benign and malignant lesions identified to date in this population are summarized in Table 4. Of a total of 83 patients with a histological diagnosis, the most frequent benign lesions identified were cysts (22.9%), followed by mammary dysplasia (12.0%). Malignant lesions consisted of infiltrating ductal carcinoma, identified in 15 (18.1%) patients, and ductal carcinoma in situ, identified in 1 (1.2%) patient. The proportion of patients with a malignant breast cancer diagnosis proportionately and significantly increased with the BI-RADS score (P< .0001) (Table 5). Among the 27 patients with an R4R5 BI-RADS score, 14 had a confirmed malignancy (4 with R4 and 10 with R5). Two patients with an R3 classification were diagnosed with cancer.Table 4 Description of pathological diagnosis of abnormal breast imaging findings (n=83).Histological diagnosisn (%)Benign lesions Cyst19 (22.9) Benign mammary dysplasia, unspecified10 (12.0) Mammographic microcalcification7 (8.4) Other abnormal findings on radiological exam6 (7.2) Fibroadenosis6 (7.2) Benign neoplasm of breast5 (6.0) Other specified benign mammary dysplasias7 (8.4) Mammary duct ectasia3 (3.6) Inflammatory disease2 (2.4) Galactocele1 (1.2) Accessory breast1 (1.2) Diffuse cystic mastopathy0 Fibrosclerosis0 Abnormal mammogram, unspecified0Malignant lesions Infiltrating ductal carcinoma15 (18.1) Ductal carcinoma in situ, solid type1 (1.2)Table 5 The association of BI-RADS score with a malignant breast cancer diagnosis using logistic regression (n=1215). Percentages of malignant breast cancer were calculated from the BIRADS classification group in each row.BI-RADS classificationn (% of total population)Confirmed malignant breast cancer n (%)*R1661 (54.4)0R2281 (23.1)0R3113 (9.3)2 (1.8)R416 (1.3)4 (25.0)R511 (0.9)10 (90.9)R0116 (9.6)0*P<.0001 using Fisher exact test. Note: 17 subjects did not have initial screening mammogram due to either young age, fear of procedure or inabilitity to schedule screening test.Logistic regression was utilized to model the relationship of the outcome of a malignant breast cancer with the risk factors and the BI-RADS score. Results revealed a significant relationship of BI-RADS score with the outcome. Women with an increasing BI-RADS score were approximately two times more likely to have malignant breast cancer (odds ratio=1.96; 95% confidence interval=1.5-2.6) (P<.0001). None of the other risk factors were significantly associated with the outcome (not shown). The percentage of localized breast cancers detected was found to be double that of the Saudi National Cancer Registry data (50% vs. 25.5%, respectively) (Table 6).Table 6 Stage at diagnosis.Current study (n%)Saudi Arabia, 2005an (%)Stage In situ1 (6.3)n/a 01 (6.3)Localized8 (50.0)(25.4) I2 (12.5) IA1 (6.3) IIA5 (31.3)Regional3 (18.8)(44.6) IIB3 (18.8)Distant3 (18.8)(12.4) IV3 (18.8)Unknown1 (6.3)(17.5)Total16 (100)932 (100)aCancer Incidence Report, Saudi Arabia 2005, Saudi Cancer RegistryDISCUSSIONThe current report is the first of a population-based breast cancer screening program of its kind in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at presenting an overview of the acceptance level of Saudi women for breast cancer screening and evaluating the relationship between common risk factors and breast cancer in Saudi population, in addition to evaluating the association between BI-RADS score and breast cancer diagnosis.Approximately 10 years ago, the WHO predicted that an increase in life expectancy41 and drastic changes in life style are expected to lead to an epidemic of breast cancer in the majority of developing countries by the first quarter of the next century. In line with this prediction, it is estimated that 70% of the new cases of cancer, including breast cancer, will be diagnosed in people living in developing countries by the year 2020.42In a recent publication, Ibrahim et al estimated that the future burden of breast cancer in Saudi Arabia is expected to increase by approximately 350% by 2025.21 The available data in Saudi Arabia is predominantly related to awareness and perceptions of women and health professionals about screening, as well as their attitude towards it,24,39 but there is no data on actual screening programs. The only available screening program is established in Al-Qaseem, Saudi Arabia, run by the local health department in cooperation with the King Abdulaziz Women’s Charity Committee. This program employed a mobile mammography van to reach remote areas in the province. Results of this ongoing screening program are not yet available; however, they will be important as the program is the first in the world to screen a population under the age of 40.43What we can learn from this program so far is that with well-conducted breast cancer awareness programs, women themselves will be encouraged to come for screening. Another pilot study was conducted by our group in Riyadh in 2006 as an outreach program. Our main conclusion was the dire need for health education and constant awareness campaigns, in addition to making the test accessible.44 The involvement of primary healthcare physicians is very important for the success of the screening program.In addition, our observations during the visit to the country by U.S. former first lady Laura Bush, along with all of the accompanying media coverage, highlight the importance of the role of media in the advertising/ awareness campaigns. After the inauguration of the center till the arrival of Mrs. Bush, a few women per day were being screened at the center; however, after Mrs. Bush’s visit, those numbers increased noticeably. The use of media is especially important in our population due to the high percentage of illiteracy.Finally, the strong correlation between mammographic findings and breast cancer confirmation is an encouraging finding for the center. This means that mammogram is an effective tool in detecting breast cancer in our patient population, which is generally young and may have denser breast tissue compared to elderly women. Long-term follow-up is required to assess the actual benefit; however, results are promising. Out of 16 confirmed malignancies, 8 cases were localized disease and 3 were regional disease. It is noteworthy that the detection rate of localized stages of breast cancer is double the rate revealed on the basis of the National Cancer Registry data. Although the sample size was small, the study is encouraging as it authenticates the goal of screening programs, which is to detect cancer at earlier, potentially more curable stages. There was also one case of ductal carcinoma in situ. Long-term follow-up is definitely needed to assess the impact on outcome. In addition, diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ and Stage I disease is an encouraging sign since diagnosis of disease at a lower stage will have a significant effect on outcomes.Our study has a few limitations, including the fact that we had to include women with symptoms, which may contaminate what is supposed to be a “pure screening study.” However, our concerns about the well-being of our patients made us accommodate these patients who may not otherwise have had their cancer detected at an earlier stage for many reasons, including lack of access to care, among other aforementioned barriers.This issue will face any pioneer programs in areas where new tests are being introduced and people find easy access to address their concerns through such programs. The fact that many women with symptoms came to the center raises concerns about the available options for these women outside the center and requires further evaluation. The study did not confirm the value of the well-established and known risk factors of breast cancer. It is too early to accept this as a matter of fact, and analysis of a larger cohort or longer follow-up or a different study design may be needed to address this issue.In conclusion, breast cancer screening is acceptable to our female population, which responded to the media campaign. Using BI-RADS was helpful in identifying malignant lesions with high accuracy. Determining breast cancer risk factors requires further investigations.ARTICLE REFERENCES:1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. "Cancer Statistics, 2009" . CA Cancer J Clin. 2009; 54:225-49. Google Scholar2. Peto R, Boreham J, Clarke M, Davies C, Beral V. "UK and USA breast cancer deaths down 25% in year 2000 at ages 20-69 years" . Lancet. 2000; 355:1822. Google Scholar3. Hortobagyi GN. "Treatment of breast cancer" . N Engl J Med. 1998; 399:974-84. Google Scholar4. Martin AM, Weber BL. "Genetic and hormonal risk factors in breast cancer" . J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 92:1126-35. Google Scholar5. "ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Hormones and breast cancer" . Human Reprod Update. 2004; 10:281-93. Google Scholar6. Albrektsen G, Heuch I, Hansen S, Kvåle G. "Breast cancer risk by age at birth, time since birth and time intervals between births: Exploring interaction effects" . Br J Cancer. 2005; 92:167-75. Google Scholar7. Lipworth L, Bailey LR, Trichopoulos D. "History of breast feeding in relation to breast cancer risk: A review of the epidemiologic literature" . J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92:302-12. Google Scholar8. "Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breast feeding: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without disease" . Lancet. 2002; 360:187-95. Google Scholar9. Beral V. "Million women study collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the million women study" . Lancet. 2003; 362:419-27. Google Scholar10. Bergkvist L, Adami HO, Persson I, Hoover R, Schairer C. "The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progesterone replacement" . N Engl J Med. 1989; 321:293-7. Google Scholar11. Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E, Cauley J, Grady D, Haskell W, et al. "Non-cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6-8 years with hormone therapy" . Heart and Estrogen/Progesterone Replacement Study Follow-Up (HERSII) JAMA. 2002; 288:58-66. Google Scholar12. "Collaborative Group on Hormone Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53297 women with breast cancer and 100239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies" . Lancet. 1996; 347:1713-27. Google Scholar13. Kerlikowske K, Shepherd J, Creasman J, Tice JA, Ziv E, Cummings SR. "Are breast density and bone mineral density independent risk factors for breast cancer?" J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97:368-74. Google Scholar14. Wang J, Costantino JP, Tan-Chiu E, Wickerham DL, Paik S, Wolmark N. "Lower-category benign breast disease and the risk of invasive breast cancer" . J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004; 96:616-20. Google Scholar15. Key TJ, Appleby PN, Reeves GK, Roddam A, Dorgan JF, Longcope C, et al. "Body mass index, serum sex hormones and breast cancer in post menopausal women" . J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003; 95:1218-26. Google Scholar16. Harvie M, Howell A, Vierkant RA, Kumar N, Cerhan JR, Kelemen LE, et al. "Association of gain and loss of weight before and after menopausal with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the Lowa Women’s Health Study" . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005; 14:656-61. Google Scholar17. Ibrahim EM, Al-Mulhim FA, Al-Amri A, Al-Muhanna FA, Ezzat AA, Stuart RK, et al. "Breast cancer in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia" . Med Oncol. 1998; 15:241-7. Google Scholar18. El Saghir N, Khalid M, El Kinge A, Seoud M, Geara F, Charafeddine M, Shamseddine A. "Patterns of Breast Cancer Care in Arab Countries" . 2006Washington DC, USA: UICC World Cancer Congress8-12. Google Scholar19. Akhtar SS, Nadrah HS. "Assessment of the quality of breast cancer care: A single institutional study from Saudi Arabia" . Int J Qual Health Care. 2005; 17:301-5. Google Scholar20. Ezzat AA, Ibrahim E, Raja M, Al-Sobhi S, Rostom A, Stuart R. "Locally advanced breast cancer in Saudi Arabia: High frequency of stage III in a young population" . Med Oncol. 1999; 16:95-103. Google Scholar21. Ibrahim EM, Zeeneldin AM, Sadiq BB, Ezzat AA. "The present and the future of breast cancer burden in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" . Med Oncol. 2008; 25:387-93. Google Scholar22. El Hag I, Katchabeswaran R, Chiedozi L, Kollur S. "Pattern and incidence of cancer in Northern Saudi Arabia" . Saudi Med J. 2002; 23:1210-3. Google Scholar23. Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. "Cancer Statistics" . CA Cancer J Clin. 2000; 50:7-33. Google Scholar24. Lenner P, Jonsson H. "Excess mortality from breast cancer in relation to mammography screening in northern Sweden" . J Med Screen. 1997; 4:6-9. Google Scholar25. Copper GS, Yuan Z, Bowlin SJ, Dennis LK, Kelly R, Chen H, et al. "An ecological study of the effectiveness of mammography in reducing breast cancer mortality" . Am J Public Health. 1998; 88:281-4. Google Scholar26. Alexander FE, Anderson TJ, Brown HK, Forrest AP, Hepburn W, Kirkpatrick AE. "14 years of follow-up from the Edinburgh randomized trial of breast cancer screening" . Lancet. 1999; 353:1903-8. Google Scholar27. Dr . "SM Moss. 16-year mortality from breast cancer in the UK trial of early detection of breast cancer" . Lancet. 1999; 353:1909-14. Google Scholar28. Shapiro S. "Evidence on screening for breast cancer from a randomized trial" . Cancer. 1997; 39:2772-82. Google Scholar29. Shapiro S, Venet W, Strax P, Venet L, Roeser R. "Ten-to-fourteen-year effect of screening on breast cancer mortality" . J Nat Cancer Inst. 1982; 69:349-55. Google Scholar30. Shapiro S. "Status of breast cancer screening: A quarter of a century of research" . World J Surg. 1985; 13:9-18. Google Scholar31. Tabár L, Fagerberg CJ, Gad A, Baldetorp L, Holmberg LH, Gröntoft O, et al. "Reduction in breast cancer mortality by mass screening with mammography: First results of a randomized trial in two Swedish countries" . Lancet. 1985; 1:829-32. Google Scholar32. Collette H, Rombach J, Day NE, de Waard F. "Evaluation of screening for breast cancer in a non-randomized study by means of a case-control study" . Lancet. 1984; 1:1224-6. Google Scholar33. Verbeek AL, Hendriks JH, Holland R, Mravunac M, Sturmans F. "Mammographic screening and breast cancer mortality: Age-specific effects in Nijmegen Project, 1975-82" . Lancet. 1985; 1:865-6. Google Scholar34. Shapiro S, Venet W, Strax P, Venet L. In: Day NE, Miller AB. "Current Results of the Breast Cancer Screening Randomized Trial" . Screening for Breast Cancer. The Health Insurance Plan (HIP) of Greater New York Study. 1998Toronto: Hans Huber3-15. Google Scholar35. Jazieh AR, Soora I. "Mammography utilization pattern throughout the State of Arkansas: A challenge for the future" . J Community Health. 2001; 26:249-55. Google Scholar36. O’Malley MS, Earp JA, Hawley ST, Schell MJ, Mathews HF, Mitchell J. "The association of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and physician recommendation for mammography: Who gets the message about breast cancer screening" . Am J Public Health. 2001; 91:49-54. Google Scholar37. Khadiga D, Al-Mohaimeed A. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding breast cancer and screening in female teachers of Buraidah, Saudi Arabia" . Int J Health Sci. 2007; 1:76-85. Google Scholar38. Awatif AA. "Knowledge of breast cancer and its risk and protective factors among women in Riyadh" . Ann Saudi Med. 2006; 26:272-7. Google Scholar39. Al-Alaboud L, Kurashi N. "The barriers of breast cancer screening programs among PHHC female physicians" . Middle East J Fam Med. 2006; 4. Google Scholar40. Berry DA, Cronin KA, Plevritis SK, Fryback DG, Clarke L, Zelen M, et al. "Effect of Screening and Adjuvant Therapy in Mortality from Breast Cancer" . New Engl J Med. 2005; 353:1784-92. Google Scholar41. "The World Health Report" . 1997. Google Scholar42. "Cancer Toll Can Be Reduced Dramatically. Press Release WHO/72" . October 1998. Google Scholar43. Murphy C. "Breast cancer awareness scheme tears down taboos" . The NationalAvailable from: http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080806/FOREIGN/334927065# [Last accessed on 2008 Aug 6]. Google Scholar44. Omalkhair A, Al Tahan F, Issa M, Jazieh A. "The outcome of public outreach screening program for breast cancer among Saudi women" . 2007 Breast Cancer Symposium. 2007. Abstract #49; Sept. 7-8, 2007. San Francisco, CA. Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byWaheed K, Hassan M, Hassan D, Shamrani A, Bassam M, Elbyali A, Shams T, Demiati Z and Arulanatham Z (2019) Breast cancers missed during screening in a tertiary-care hospital mammography facility, Annals of Saudi Medicine, 39:4, (236-243), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2019. Volume 30, Issue 5Sep–Oct 2010 Metrics History Received1 December 2009Accepted1 June 2010Published online7 October 2010 AcknowledgementsThe authors are indebted to the Board of Directors and the staff of the Abdul Lateef Cancer Screening Center for their diligent efforts to support this important program.InformationCopyright © 2010, Annals of Saudi MedicineThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.PDF download
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https://openalex.org/W3038110553
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The Privatization of Health Care System in Saudi Arabia
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Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 highlights the development of the health care sector through privatization. This study examines the factors that prompted the privatization of the health care sector in Saudi Arabia. This is a scoping review based on an extensive review of both published and unpublished documents. We have accessed different search engines and databases to collect various research publications, journal articles, government reports, policy and planning documents, and relevant press reports/articles. While privatization of the health care sector in Saudi Arabia has experienced an upward trend, the public health care sector remains vital to bring in overall improvements in the health of all sections of Saudi Arabia’s population. Keeping this in view, the government must strengthen its public health care sector to ensure affordable, accessible, and high-quality health care for all. This manuscript focuses on the policy aspect of the privatization of health care and is based on secondary research material. Increased privatization leads to rising expenses in health care, while adversely affecting equity and accountability in the provision of its services. Although this study is an independent analysis of Saudi Arabia’s health care system, lessons learned from this context could be used widely for policy-making in other countries with similar socioeconomic settings.
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https://openalex.org/W1968322883
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The education and contribution of women health care professionals in Saudi Arabia: The case of nursing
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"Women constitute the key resource for attaining the goal of health for all by the year 2000," maintains a report by The World Health Organization. Achieving this goal requires massive efforts including (1) the training of women health care professionals; and (2) the nonformal health education of women, the primary health care providers to their families and communities. This paper focuses on the first area, specifically on the education of women nurses in a Third World country, Saudi Arabia, where traditional attitudes persist against intermingling of the genders and the treatment of women by men. It examines the progress and problems encountered in recruiting Saudi women for nursing education and practice; describes the evolution of nursing education programs; and analyzes the obstacles to women's participation in these programs and in the nursing profession. The paper concludes with recommendations to address the problem, increase women's participation, and contribute to that country's health development. The paper is based upon primary and secondary data, including official statistics; personal interviews with Saudi women health professionals and students; the memoirs of a leading Saudi woman nurse and educator, the author's personal observations and experiences with the health care system during four years of residence in Saudi Arabia, and available literature on the subject.
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https://openalex.org/W2896289230
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“Antibiotics kill things very quickly” - consumers’ perspectives on non-prescribed antibiotic use in Saudi Arabia
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In recent decades, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has seen an exponentially growing antibiotic resistance, which is exacerbated by the use of antibiotics without a prescription and other various factors. However, no published data are available on factors influencing non-prescription use of antibiotics among the general public in Saudi Arabia using an in-depth interview technique. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 40 Saudi participants from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, selected via snowball sampling technique. Participants were enrolled based on the following inclusion criteria: 18 years of age or older and had self-medicated themselves with antibiotics in the past two years. Data collection was continued until data saturation was attained. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analysed using NVivo 10 software. Participants (80% female) had a mean (SD) age of 30 years (10.2). Self-medication with antibiotics was associated with various inappropriate antibiotic use behaviours and negative outcomes such as antibiotic resistance, treatment failures and adverse events. Interviews revealed that different reasons contribute to the rise of self-medication with antibiotics, ranging from difficulty accessing healthcare services, participant’s cultural beliefs and practices, lack of knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, and weak regulatory enforcement. The findings of the present study will aid in generating data that may provide an insight when designing future interventions to promote public health awareness regarding safe and effective use of antibiotics.
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https://openalex.org/W2231505886
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The association between health beliefs and medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes
|
[
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"display_name": "Auburn University",
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"display_name": "Meshari M. Alrayees",
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"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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"display_name": "Type 2 diabetes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777180221"
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"display_name": "Health belief model",
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{
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"display_name": "Diabetes mellitus",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2231505886
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Type 2 diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and microvascular complications. Approximately 20.5% of adults between the ages of 20-79 are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Nonadherence with type 2 diabetes medications is an established contributor to higher prevalence in other countries. No published studies have used a theoretical framework to explain or predict medication-taking behavior in Saudi Arabian type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients.The purpose of this study was to investigate type 2 diabetes medication adherence using a theoretical framework, the Health Belief Model (HBM). The specific objectives were to 1) assess self-report of medication-taking in a Saudi T2D convenience sample; 2) investigate self-reported HBM constructs for T2D, its complications, and medication-taking in this sample, and 3) test the ability for self-reported health beliefs to predict specific medication-taking behaviors among the sample.A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample at an outpatient pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Adult type 2 diabetes patients on at least one prescribed diabetes medication, who were cognitively capable, and came themselves for prescription pickup, were eligible to participate. Patients completed a questionnaire or were interviewed. Data were collected for demographics, medical history, self-reported medication adherence, and type 2 diabetes medication-taking HBM items. Three measures collected self-report of medication adherence: new multi-dimensional adherence measure (MDAM), previously validated stage of change, and medication-taking recall- 7days (MTR-7). Descriptive statistics were generated and regression analyses were used to explain self-report of adherence.Just over half (54%) of the 220 participants were male, mean age was 52 ± 11.2 years, and most (59%) had less than high school education. Approximately 58% were on oral medications only and the rest were on either insulin alone or a combination of oral and insulin; 16.7% reported knowing their hemoglobin A1C (A1C). For adherence, most reported taking the prescribed dose every time taken; however, 60% were not taking it the prescribed number of times per day and 50%, not the prescribed time of day (interval). Over 40% reported low adherence on stage of change and MTR-7. Perceived susceptibility, perceived medication benefits, and self-efficacy were significant HBM predictors for medication adherence (R2 = 0.42).The MDAM has research and practice potential because it evaluates sub-behaviors of medication-taking separately and as a score. Patient perceptions and beliefs should be assessed as part of a patient-centered medication adherence intervention.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy",
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"type": "journal"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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https://openalex.org/W2948281403
|
The public health care system and primary care services in Saudi Arabia: a system in transition
|
[
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mushabab Al Asmri",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5007432832"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mohammed Almalki",
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{
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"display_name": "Gerry FitzGerald",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078577268"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Michele Clark",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5003098719"
}
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[
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"display_name": "Health care",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C147268084"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
"display_name": "Referral",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776135927"
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{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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{
"display_name": "Health policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2948281403
|
Saudi Arabia has invested heavily in its health care system by establishing health care infrastructures to improve health of the nation. However, it remains to be seen whether it is efficient and effective in providing health care services needed. Primary health care, which is the basis of universal health coverage, needs to be assessed on its performance, challenges and future opportunities to serve the Saudi Arabian population.This review aimed to identify challenges within the Saudi Arabian health care system with a focus on primary health care services, and to analyse the interrelated factors in order to suggest remedial reforms to further strengthen and improve the health care system.A narrative review of previous studies and governmental reports was undertaken to extract, analyse, synthesize and report the findings.The review found a number of key areas for improvement in the primary health care system. These areas include: the scope, structure, infrastructure, financing, increased demand, increased costs and workforce capacity. Other critical challenges include inequitable access to health services, quality and safety of services, the growing burden of chronic diseases, lack of an effective information system, management and leadership issues, and gaps in the referral system.The Saudi Arabian health care system needs comprehensive reform with a focus on primary health care.نظام الرعاية الصحية العامة وخدمات الرعاية الأولية في المملكة العربية السعودية: نظام يشهد تحولا.مشبب الأسمري، محمد المالكي، جيري فيتزجيرالد، ميشيل كلارك.ضخت المملكة العربية السعودية استثمارات كبيرة في نظام رعايتها الصحي من خلال إنشاء بنى تحتية للرعاية الصحية بقصد تحسين صحة الأفراد في الدولة. غير أن الأنظار تترقب لترى إذا ما كان هذا النظام فعّالا وكفؤا من حيث تقديم خدمات الرعاية الصحية المطلوبة. وتتطلب الرعاية الصحية، التي تمثل الأساس للتغطية الصحية الشاملة، تقييم أدائها، وتحدياتها، وتحديد فرصها المستقبلية من أجل خدمة السكان في المملكة العربية السعودية.هدف هذا الاستعراض إلى الوقوف على التحديات الماثلة في نظام الرعاية الصحية في المملكة العربية السعودية، مع إيلاء تركيز خاص إلى خدمات الرعاية الصحية الأولية، وتحليل العوامل المتداخلة لتقديم اقتراحات علاجية تهدف إلى زيادة تقوية نظام الرعاية الصحية وتعمل على تحسينه.أُجري استعراض سردي لدراسات سابقة وتقارير حكومية من أجل استخلاصها، وتحليلها، وتوليفها وإبلاغ نتائجها.وجد الاستعراض مجالات رئيسية للتحسين ضمن نظام الرعاية الصحية الأولية. وتتضمن تلك المجالات: النطاق، والتركيب، والبنية التحتية، والتمويل، والطلب المتزايد، والتكاليف المتزايدة، وقدرة القوى العاملة. وتتضمن التحديات الأخرى المهمة عدم التساوي في الحصول على الخدمات الصحية، وجودة الخدمات ومأمونيتها، والعبء المتزايد الناجم عن الأمراض المزمنة، وغياب نظام فعال للمعلومات، ومسائل تتصل بالإدارة والقيادة، والثغرات في نظام الإحالة.يحتاج نظام الرعاية الصحية في المملكة العربية السعودية إلى الإصلاح الشامل، مع التركيز بصورة خاصة على الرعاية الصحية الأولية.Analyse.Système de santé public et services de soins de santé primaires en Arabie saoudite : un système en transition.L’Arabie saoudite a investi massivement dans son système de soins de santé en créant des infrastructures de soins de santé en vue d’améliorer la santé de la nation. Cependant, il reste à voir si ce système est efficace et efficient pour la prestation de services de soins de santé nécessaires. Les soins de santé primaires, qui constituent la base de la couverture sanitaire universelle, devraient être évalués en termes de résultats, de défis et d’opportunités pour l’avenir afin de répondre aux besoins de la population saoudienne.La présente analyse avait pour objectif d’identifier les défis à relever au sein du système de santé saoudien en mettant l’accent sur les services de soins de santé primaires et d’examiner les facteurs interdépendants afin de proposer des réformes correctives visant à renforcer et à améliorer le système de santé.Un examen narratif d’études précédentes et des rapports gouvernementaux a été réalisé afin d’extraire, d’analyser, de synthétiser les résultats et d’en rendre compte.L’analyse a mis en évidence plusieurs domaines clés nécessitant des améliorations concernant le système de soins de santé primaires ; il s’agit notamment du champ d’application, de la structure, des infrastructures, du financement, de la demande accrue des soins, de l’augmentation des coûts et des capacités du personnel de santé. Parmi les autres défis majeurs, on mentionnera les inégalités d’accès aux services de santé, la qualité et la sécurité des services, la charge croissante des maladies chroniques, l’absence de système d’information efficace, les problèmes de gestion et d’encadrement ainsi que les lacunes du système d’orientation-recours.Le système de santé de l’Arabie saoudite nécessite une réforme complète mettant l’accent sur les soins de santé primaires.
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[
{
"display_name": "Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S175879142",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)",
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https://openalex.org/W2770182735
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Implementation and use of standardized outcome measures by physical therapists in Saudi Arabia: barriers, facilitators and perceptions
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"display_name": "Tahani N. Al-Muqiren",
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"display_name": "Einas Al-Eisa",
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"display_name": "Ahmad H. Alghadir",
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"display_name": "Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",
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"display_name": "Shahnawaz Anwer",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2770182735
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The use of standardized outcome measures (SOMs) has been recommended in the physical therapy practice guidelines to improve the patient’s management and encourage the evidence based practice. However, the extent of the use of SOMs by physical therapists (PTs) in Saudi Arabia was not investigated. The present study aimed to (1) evaluate the extent of the use of SOMs by PTs in routine daily practice in Saudi Arabia; (2) explore the barriers, facilitators and perceptions in the use of SOMs during physical therapy services; (3) examine the relationship between facility settings and the PTs characteristics and the use of SOMs. The present study used an observational design. A survey based questionnaire used and distributed to 352 PTs who were working in Saudi Arabia and was commonly involved in the management of patients within different clinical settings, either private or public. One-hundred-eighty participants completed the questionnaires (response rate of 51%). One-hundred-eleven (62%) participants indicated that they used SOMs in their practice. The most common barriers to using the SOMs were time-consuming for patients and therapist and difficult to understand the outcome measures by the patients. Those with a Masters degree were 3.5 times more likely to use SOMs compared to PTs with diploma level qualification [Odd Ratio (95% CI) 3.5 (0.9–12.6)]. Participants with a clinical specialty were nearly 3 times more likely to use SOMs than those who do not have a specialty [Odd Ratio (95% CI) 2.9 (1.6–5.5)]. Nearly two-thirds of the participants indicated that they used SOMs in clinical practice. Time-consuming for patient and therapist, difficult to understand the SOMs by the patients were the main perceived barriers. Years of experience, professional degree, and clinical specialty had a high probability of using SOMs. The majority of the participants showed the willingness to use SOMs in the future.
|
[
{
"display_name": "BMC Health Services Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S12898181",
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{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2897206688
|
Knowledge and awareness of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Saudi Arabia
|
[
{
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{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Majmaah University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I195631090",
"lat": 25.86518,
"long": 45.415257,
"type": "education"
},
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "University of Ha'il",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210088963",
"lat": 27.52188,
"long": 41.69073,
"type": "education"
},
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Qassim University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I156216236",
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Faisal Khalaf Alanazi",
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Majmaah University",
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To summarize available peer-reviewed publications about public knowledge and awareness of diabetes mellitus (DM) among the population of Saudi Arabia.We followed the standard reporting guidelines outlined in the PRISMA statement for the preparation of this systematic review. In February 2018 we conducted literature searches of PubMed, Scopus, BIOSIS Citation Index, and Web of Science using the following keywords: "Knowledge" OR "Awareness" AND "Diabetes Mellitus" AND "Saudi Arabia." Records were screened, and relevant studies were selected and synthesized narratively.Nineteen articles are included in our systematic review. These studies included the following populations: DM patients (n=13), healthcare workers (n=3), medical students (n=1), secondary school students (n=1), and general population (n=1). Most studies found a lack of public awareness of the risk factors and complications of DM. Among medical students and healthcare workers, knowledge about the epidemiology of the disease and angle of insulin injection was deficient.This review highlights the need for increased knowledge and awareness of DM among the Saudi population. The means of improving knowledge and awareness of DM needs to be integrated into existing healthcare systems and processes to better inform patients, families and communities about this chronic disease.
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https://openalex.org/W2587275991
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The relationship of bullying and physical violence to mental health and academic performance: A cross-sectional study among adolescents in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Bullying and physical violence are serious public health concerns witnessed during adolescence and are associated with several health and behavioral problems that can persist into adulthood. The relationship between bullying/physical violence and mental health/academic performance in Saudi Arabia is unknown. This study aims at filling this gap through identifying the association of these health risk behaviors and mental health and academic performance. A cross-sectional national survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between 2011 and 2012. Adolescents attending intermediate and secondary schools were invited to participate through a multi-stage, stratified, cluster random sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests to identify associations, and odds ratios were calculated. A total of 9073 students participated. Twenty-six percent of adolescents reported exposure to bullying in the preceding 30 days, and one out of every three adolescents reported exposure to physical violence at school during the past year. More males than females, and more older adolescents were exposed to bullying. Exposure to physical violence and bullying were both associated with higher odds of having more frequent symptoms of depression and anxiety. Those exposed to physical violence were at higher odds of having poorer academic performance. Bullying and physical violence among adolescent students in Saudi Arabia is prevalent and deserves special attention due to its harmful impact on the other aspects of students’ wellbeing.
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https://openalex.org/W1597922216
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Obesity among Saudi male adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its correlates among Saudi male adolescents in Riyadh. As well as evaluating their knowledge, attitude and practice towards obesity.A cross-sectional study conducted in intermediate and secondary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was carried out during a 5-month period, September 2001-January 2002. A sample of 894 Saudi male adolescents (age 12-20 years) was selected through the multi-stage sampling technique. Socio-demographic characteristics; dietary and activity history; obesity-related knowledge and behavior; and family and past medical history data were obtained by a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements of weight and height were performed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and adolescents with a BMI age-specific percentile of > or = 85th-< 95th were considered overweight and > or = 95th were considered obese.The prevalence of overweight was 13.8% and obesity was 20.5%. Family history (odds ratio, 2.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.72-3.61) and lack of physical activity (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.62) were associated with adolescent obesity. Twenty percent of overweight participants did not think they were overweight.Obesity constitutes an important public health problem among male adolescents in Riyadh. A national prevention program with involvement of schools is recommended to avoid obesity-related morbidity in adulthood.
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https://openalex.org/W2739744252
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Umrah. An opportunity for mass gatherings health research
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The Hajj and Umrah religious mass gatherings take place in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and are attended each year by over 10 million Muslim pilgrims from over 180 different countries. In accordance with the Saudi Vision 2030, the number of pilgrims is expected to increase significantly in the coming
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https://openalex.org/W1545149601
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Womens' opinions on antenatal care in developing countries: results of a study in Cuba, Thailand, Saudi Arabia and Argentina
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The results of a qualitative study carried out in four developing countries (Cuba, Thailand, Saudi Arabia and Argentina) are presented. The study was conducted in the context of a randomised controlled trial to test the benefits of a new antenatal care protocol that reduced the number of visits to the doctor, rationalised the application of technology, and improved the provision of information to women in relation to the traditional protocol applied in each country.Through focus groups discussions we were able to assess the concepts and expectations underlying women's evaluation of concepts and experiences of the care received in antenatal care clinics. 164 women participated in 24 focus groups discussion in all countries.Three areas are particularly addressed in this paper: a) concepts about pregnancy and health care, b) experience with health services and health providers, and c) opinions about the modified Antenatal Care (ANC) programme. In all three topics similarities were identified as well as particular opinions related to country specific social and cultural values. In general women have a positive view of the new ANC protocol, particularly regarding the information they receive. However, controversial issues emerged such as the reduction in the number of visits, particularly in Cuba where women are used to have 18 ANC visits in one pregnancy period.Recommendations to improve ANC services performance are being proposed. Any country interested in the application of a new ANC protocol should regard the opinion and acceptability of women towards changes.
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https://openalex.org/W2947971280
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Healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitude and acceptance of influenza vaccination in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter cross-sectional study
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All healthcare professionals (HCPs) are at high risk of influenza infection. Therefore, immunization is recommended for all HCPs. Due to safety and effectiveness concerns, HCPs have a low vaccination rate. This study was designed to explore the attitude, awareness and knowledge of HCPs toward vaccination for influenza.A cross-sectional study was performed during October-November 2016. A total of 405 questionnaires were distributed in 8 major hospitals in Saudi Arabia. A validated questionnaire consisting of 31 questions and 5 sections was administered. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS®) version 9.2 was used to analyze the data.A total of 364 HCPs responded to the study survey, which is a response rate of 90%. A large proportion (61.8%) of participants were female. The majority of the participants were nurses (60.4%). More than half of the respondents (57.7%) were working in government-run hospitals. Among all the participants, approximately 67.6% of HCPs were vaccinated. The majority (84.1%) of HCPs believed that influenza vaccine prevents the flu. Furthermore, approximately 75% of participants believed that HCPs can be more susceptible to influenza infections than other people. The majority of participants (89.6%) knew the proper signs and symptoms of influenza. HCPs' belief that vaccination prevents influenza infection (OR = 3.93, 95% CI = 1.97-7.82), their awareness of the Scientific Committee for Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination (SCIPV)'s guidelines (OR = 2. 13, 95% CI = 1.16-3.90) and the presence of the standing orders regarding influenza vaccine (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.01-3.21), were the predictors for receipt of influenza vaccine by HCPs. Many (58.0%) respondents believed that vaccine safety concerns is a major barrier to the vaccination of HCPs. Some misconceptions, such as influenza infection due to vaccination (42.3%) and incorrect perceptions about the symptoms of influenza in adults (50.5%), were found.The acceptance of and participation in influenza vaccination by HCPs in Saudi Arabia appears to have markedly increased in the 2016 season. Continuing evaluation of vaccination practices is necessary, and more training programs are needed in the future.
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https://openalex.org/W2124781605
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Patterns of clustering of six health-compromising behaviours in Saudi adolescents
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Clustering of multiple health-compromising behaviours is associated with an increased risk of various chronic diseases. There are few studies on patterns of clustering of multiple health-compromising behaviours in adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess how six health-compromising behaviours, namely, low fruit consumption, high sweet consumption, less frequent tooth brushing, low physical activity, physical fighting and smoking, cluster among Saudi male adolescents. A representative stratified cluster random sample of 1,335 Saudi Arabian male adolescents living in Riyadh city answered a questionnaire on health-related behaviours. Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) was used to identify cluster solutions of the six health-compromising behaviours. HACA suggested two broad and stable clusters for the six health-compromising behaviours. The first cluster included low fruit consumption, less frequent tooth brushing and low physical activity. The second cluster included high sweets consumption, smoking and physical fighting. The six health-compromising behaviours clustered into two conceptually distinct clusters among Saudi Arabian male adolescents, one reflecting non-adherence to preventive behaviours and the second undertaking of risk behaviours. Clustering of health behaviours has important implications for health promotion.
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"display_name": "BMC Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S200437886",
"type": "journal"
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"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
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"display_name": "Spiral (Imperial College London)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401396",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400024",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
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https://openalex.org/W2935292274
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Public perception of bariatric surgery
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"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Abdulaziz University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I185163786",
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"display_name": "Abdulmalik Altaf",
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"display_name": "King Abdulaziz University",
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"display_name": "Mohammad Abbas",
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"display_name": "Medicine",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C511355011"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142052008"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020583074"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C61434518"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C544821477"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2935292274
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To investigate the public perception of morbid obesity and bariatric surgery in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2016 and November 2017 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, including Saudis aged ≥18 years. Medical students, physicians, and individuals who underwent bariatric surgery were excluded. Participants were interviewed using a new, validated questionnaire. Results: We interviewed 1,129 individuals of whom 744 (65.9%) were women. The educational level of most was a bachelor's degree. Most participants (97.7%) acknowledged the association between obesity and comorbidities. Approximately 22.7% of the participants were unaware of the bariatric surgery procedure. Approximately 18.9% considered it to be a cosmetic procedure. Approximately 50% were unaware of the correct indications for bariatric surgery, and 41.2% were unwilling to seek a bariatric surgeon's help if diagnosed with morbid obesity. These results were correlated with the participants' education level. Conclusion: Our study shows that the public perception of obesity and bariatric surgery in Saudi Arabia is limited. Effective interagency coordination between surgeons, health educators, and other health care providers is required to improve public awareness.
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[
{
"display_name": "Saudi Medical Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S73848604",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
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"type": "repository"
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{
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https://openalex.org/W2309732419
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Spatial analysis of public health facilities in Riyadh Governorate, Saudi Arabia: a GIS-based study to assess geographic variations of service provision and accessibility
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[
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{
"country": "Egypt",
"display_name": "Alexandria University",
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"display_name": "Shawky Mansour",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C18665432"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2309732419
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Much attention has been given to address public health policy in Saudi Arabia, particularly for the management, quality, and coverage issues. However, assessment of spatial patterns, distribution, and provision of public health services has been neglected. This paper analyzes the availability and accessibility of public health facilities across Riyadh Governorate, Saudi Arabia at the subnational level. Spatial and attribute data of public health facilities potentially have been analyzed using GIS to produce accurate measure of accessibility. The spatial pattern of service distribution was examined using average nearest neighbor. Distances from demand points (populations) to providers (facilities) were calculated for each district using near analysis. In addition, the ratios of public health facility to population were calculated to identify underserved and overserved areas. The findings clearly indicate that the spatial pattern of the distribution of public health facilities was significantly clustered (p value < 0.001) with Z-score of −10.9. Several districts within the central parts of the governorate were identified as having a higher density of facilities, while most of districts that are located in the marginal parts exhibit very low density of health facilities. Overall, there was a considerable variation in the average distance from district centroids to health facilities. Substantially, less than half of the population (45.4%) living in 61 districts has access to public health facility within less than 1-km distance. In contrast, the greatest increase in distances was observed for 6% of population living in 38 districts. People that live in such districts need to travel long distances for public health care. The output of this analysis can assist policy-makers and authorities of Riyadh Governorate in planning public health delivery.
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S36798160",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W207287660
|
WHO/INRUD drug prescribing indicators at primary health care centres in Eastern province, Saudi Arabia
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[
{
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{
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"display_name": "Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I76571253",
"lat": 26.43442,
"long": 50.10326,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Azza Ali El.Mahalli",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5012359602"
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[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C512399662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777424817"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
"display_name": "Pharmacology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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[
"Saudi Arabia"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W207287660
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Appropriate use of drugs is an essential element in achieving quality of health and medical care for patients and the community as a whole. This study aimed to measure the drug prescribing performance of primary health care centres in Eastern province, Saudi Arabia, using the WHO/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs core drug prescribing indicators. In a retrospective cohort study 10 health centres were selected using systematic random sampling. A total of 1000 prescribing encounters were investigated from January to December 2010. Mean values were: number of drugs per encounter 2.4 (optimal < or = 3), drugs prescribed by generic name 61.2% (optimal 100%), encounters with antibiotic prescribed 32.2% (optimal < or = 30%), encounters with injection prescribed 2% (optimal < or = 10%) and drugs prescribed from the national essential drugs list or facility formulary 99.2% (optimal 100%). An overall index of rational drug prescribing was calculated and applied to rank the health centres for benchmarking.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S175879142",
"type": "journal"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W3091904990
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Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among People in Saudi Arabia regarding Covid-19: A Cross-Sectional Study
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"Saudi Arabia"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3091904990
|
Background The general population's compliance with preventive measures and legislation is mainly influenced by their knowledge level, attitude, and practices. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of public residents towards corona virus disease-2019 preventive measures in Saudi Arabia. Design and methods This is a cross-sectional study; it used a validated cross-sectional online survey that received responses from 13 Saudi administrative regions. Results There were 1513 participants who completed the study (55% females; 77.7%, university education). Knowledge level, attitude, and practices towards corona virus disease-2019 were 81.3%, 86.6%, and 81.9%, respectively. The knowledge subscales showed that 1496 (98.9%) participants knew the system targeted by the virus, 96.2% and 97.3% knew the causative agent and symptoms, 783 (52.2%) participants knew the transmission modes, and 696 (46.0%) participants knew about the complications. The attitude subscales included 1465 (96.5%) participants who had dealt with an infected person, 1451 (95.9%) participants who isolated in a health facility, 1195 (97.0%) participants who knew about hand washing, and 1387 (91.7%) participants who thought the virus spread through home delivery. The practice subscales included 1505 (99.5%) participants who properly disposed of gloves and tissues and 1347 (89.0%) participants who reported safe practices when coughing or sneezing. Conclusions This study showed satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practice towards corona virus disease-2019 in Saudi Arabia. The educational level is a dominant influencing factor for knowledge, attitude, and practice.
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"display_name": "Journal of Public Health Research",
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"display_name": "PubMed Central",
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"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
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