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TT
Every year the Springfield TT is a little different. The IMDA [the promoter] has always changed it up a little here or a little there to make it interesting for us. We usually do a practice test day on the TT course to check everything out, but this year it was rained out.
Therefore, it was going to be new for everyone. I felt ready for this event, have been training hard, and doing a lot of riding. You wouldn't have thought so after qualifying as I did-29th out of 71! Had to start my Heat race from the back row !! Certainly not the ideal place to be in this place. I felt I was going well, but the way they prepped the track between sessions made a huge impact in your position in qualifying.
I was in the second Heat race with some heavy hitters on the front row: Jake Johnson, Kenny Coolbeth, John Lewis, Shaun Russell, and Steve Murray. I got a good jump and sent it into turn one hard and coming out of turn two I was in 2nd place behind Shaun. I was able to quickly get around Shaun and set sail, winning the Heat, putting me in the Dash for Cash. Now-a-days the Dash for Cash is a big thing because of the points now awarded in it: 5 points to the winner, then one point down for each of the next four. I lined up and, bang, another good start. I led it up over the jump and through the right-hander, keeping the lead until the Checkered to win my first ever Dash for Cash. Never thought it would have been on a TT, especially after qualifying 29th.. LOL.
For the Main Event we were set to go and I thought that if I just got a good start I would have a good shot at it. The track was prepped and we were ready to pull the trigger. Light went green and I got the hole shot. I could hear and feel someone breathing down my neck and I figured it was Hank Wiles. I knew he was going to be the toughest guy. I led for about 8 laps until I spun it off of turn 2 and Wiles got a great run and got me over the jump into the right-hander. I was running 2nd with Wiles beginning to widen the gap. In the last seven laps Joe Kopp started to run me down and with a lap and a half to go, he got by me, beating me for 2nd place by 8/10th of a second. Considering how the day had started, I was happy with the 3rd place, but a little disappointed at the same time.
MILE
Last year we ended up 2nd. So I knew we could have a good shot at this. I ended up qualifying 2nd behind Jake who was flying. In my Heat race I battled it out with Bryan Smith and Kenny Coolbeth, only to have Kenny get me at the line for the Dash for Cash spot. We made a few minor adjustments with the bike and were ready for the Main Event. I was on the back row, which on a mile doesn't really matter much. I got a decent jump but got boxed in on the back straight away. Managing to get clear I started moving up. I think I was 8th or 9th on the first lap, and was continuing to move forward. By lap 10 I was in 3rd place all by myself, but couldn't make any time on Bryan Smith who was running 2nd. I needed to have someone come up and give me a hand on running Bryan down. Enter Coolbeth, bringing Joe Kopp and PJ Jacobson with him. We ran neck and neck and got by Bryan towards the end of the race. PJ was running a fantastic race---his first ride on an XR 750, let alone first ever Mile as well!! With the white flag out I was in 2nd coming off the second to last turn and Bryan got by in the back stretch. I thought I could get 3rd out of this deal but Coolbeth was able to sling around the outside and catch Bryan's draft, good enough to tow him to the line. I was close but ended up 4th. It was a good race but wish it would have resulted on a podium spot.
Congrats to Jake and the Zanotti team for their outstanding day.
Next up we have Plymouth WI and Gas City IN - both short tracks. Hopefully we can report some great news.
Plymouth WI/Gas City Race
Here we were again in Plymouth WI for the Dairyland Classic Jim Sumner Memorial Race. This place has always seemed like there was a threat of rain in the forecast. The rain did indeed blow away so it made the trip all worth it. Last year we had great luck through out the day. I set the bike up very close to how I did last year. From the first practice on I felt dialed in and didn't really change a hole lot. I ended up being the 3rd fastest guy which bothered me a little bit as it kept me out of the Jim Sumner Dash for Cash. This is a big part of the big pay check. I grabbed the hole shot in my heat race and lead it from start to finish. I didn't really make any adjustments for the main event. For the main event I didn't get a great start and was having to get my way to the front. I moved into 2nd and was running behind Wiles for the longest time until off turn 4 I got by him. It wasn't the cleanest pass as Wiles spun it up and got really side ways and I ran right into the side of him. Really it was just a racing incident. I was able to build a pretty good lead and win my 2nd in a row Dairyland Classic. It felt pretty good to win it again and also felt we had a great set up for Tomorrows Grand National in Gas City IN. This race track looked very similar to Plymouth . I think that is why you seen most of the tough competition there so they could gear up for tomorrows race in Gas City IN. We traveled all night long 6 hours to get to Gas City IN. This was the first time this race was a Grand National. They tried to have two hot shoe events one in 2008 and one in 2009 but both where rained out. Well things didn't pan out to well for us again as the rain came down hard and washed us out. They are going to try and reschedule the event for June 19th... which we are all hoping they can do. So we are off to a Decatur IL, Dayton OH, and Peoria IL this coming week so we will be very busy. Till next time... Jammin Jared Mees
Thank You to all the 2010 Marketing Partners....
Singles:
Rockysonline. com, Lucas Oil, Rogers Lake Racing, Montgomeryville Cycle Center, Twisted Beverage CompanyTM, Saddlemen, Digger, E2 Voltage, Goodridge, Works Connection, RekluseClut. |
Last week, JOOLA was invited to be a part of Hunter Pence’s first annual Let’s Go Eat: Food and Fun Fest. Despite his demanding schedule, Hunter, a Philadelphia Phillies’ baseball player, dedicated time to run a charity event benefiting the Make-A-Wish Foundation of Philadelphia, Philabundance, and Phillies Charities. The event was hosted on the Moshulu, a ship built in 1904 that has since been converted into a floating restaurant at Philadelphia’s Penn’s Landing.
The “Food & Fun Fest” was true to its name: Participants were presented with delicious food and refreshing drinks, including local favorites such as Philly cheesesteaks and soft pretzels. In addition, guests were entertained all night long with Fruit Ninja on Xbox gaming stations, Sholf (a backyard game combining shuffleboard and golf), and of course, table tennis! Even Phillies players,Shane Victorino, Cole Hamels, Pete Orr, Chase Utley, Ty Wigginton, Lee Mayberry Jr., Vance Worley, Kyle Kendrick, Jose Contreras, and Antonio Bastardo, came to enjoy the festivities.
Photo By: Thomas Robert Clark Photography
During the table tennis tournament, the finals came down to Hunter and Jarret Loux, a Make-A-Wish recipient, who defeated Hunter in an exciting match and claimed the championship title!
The event was a huge success, raising awareness and funds for the charities. Ticket sales, two silent auctions, celebrities, and charity representatives all helped make an impact. JOOLA is very grateful that it was able to contribute to such an honorable cause and even more excited to meet people who #pongforgood.
–: |
Success is not how high you have climbed, but how you make a positive difference to the world.
I often set my intention for my yoga practice as something along the lines of "I am happy and successful," and recently, I've adjusted that to sound more like "I am happy and successful by my own standard." Here's why-
What comes to mind when you hear the word "success?" If you ask the dictionary, it'll tell you that the definition of success entails the attainment of "wealth, positions, honors, or the like" (dictionary.com). While that definition may ring true for some, believing that there's only one vision of what success looks like, and that this is it, can be so harmful to ourselves, our hopes and dreams!
We tend to judge our personal success based on what other people think it SHOULD look like. And often times it results in us being harder on ourselves than we deserve. Our parents think we should get a college degree, our bosses want us to dedicate our time to climbing up the corporate ladder. And while those things may very well mean success for you, you must do them for yourself. It's not up to anybody else to determine the path you take and, in the end, you are the one left with the rewards (or consequences) of that path. So, make sure to follow wherever it is that YOUR heart truly wants to take you!!
So what does this mean? If you're starting to think that you are actually responsible for just how successful you feel, you're right. Our true success and happiness comes from discovering who we really are and our divine purpose here. So, let's figure out what our own definitions of success look and feel like. If you just don't know where to put all of this motivating energy swirling around inside you, ask yourself these questions-
What am I passionate about?
What comes effortless to me?
What would I do if money wasn't necessary?
What is something I do that is selfless?
What brings me happiness?
That last one is important. I think we can all agree that success and happiness go hand-in-hand. What makes you happy? If your answer is money or a higher position within your career, then you may stick to the dictionary definition of what success means. Personally, I find my happiness in building relationships, helping others, animals and traveling to experience different parts of the world (I could actually write an entire novel on all the things that make me happy, but for lengthiness sake, I'll stick with those four things). So, if I build my life to consist of traveling, doing what I can to help others, and simultaneously doing my part to advocate for animals, I'll consider myself super successful, even if I'm making just enough money to get by. Your top four could look similar, or be totally different! So, what it will take for me to get to a successful place by my own standards may be entirely different than the endeavors you'll experience to reach your own.
Are you pickin up what I'm puttin down? This is what makes our world so incredibly, beautifully diverse! If everybody's vision of success was the same, where would the creativity come from? I imagine our days would be full of dull encounters with others who are following the same mundane path we are, and nothing new to talk about. Think about it- we run into somebody we haven't seen in a while and we ask them what they've been up to. And then we get to dive into their world for a few moments- we see where their happiness and successes lie. Nine times out of ten, it's somewhere different than our own. Some people will find success in art, others aspire to open a medical practice. Our unique perspectives of what our best lives could look like gives our society LIFE.
If you take away one thing from this post, find what sets your soul on fire and follow that path fiercely! Success will follow your dedication to your journey and belief in your ability to reach your goals.
Sending all love,
Kimber
Kimber is a fellow soul searcher, yoga instructor, and proud dog mama. She invites you along her own journey to wellness and hopes to inspire people to be the healthiest & happiest version of themselves every day! |
Results 1 to 4 of 4
- Vanishing Data From Reports
Yesterday I added two merchants and clicked a link for each to test. Late that day the impression and click showed for each in the "Today ONLY" report. Fine!
The problem is that today I can't see any data showing that those two new merchants ever generated impressions or clicks. Where did the data go?
Hello,
Can you please send me your example?
Thank you,
Jamie
jamier[at]google.com
PM sent. Thanks
-
Jamie must have sprayed the WD-40 to it as the data is back now.
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Beck’s Record Club
Without further ado, head over to Beck’s ‘Record Club’ for some real heavenly jukebox vibes and see Beck and Tweedy and Feist and Jamie Lidell doing a killer cover of Skip Spence’s ‘Little Hands’. Then go listen to ‘Oar’. Hallelujah.
Jeff Tweedy joins Beck’s record club
In Beck’s words —. |
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(steamed buns, spicy fried chicken), and an intense, passionate narrative by Meehan that captures the distinctive nature of this unusual chef. My partner in Charcuterie, Brian Polcyn and I were lucky enough to find a seat at Chang’s noodle bar this fall and had a fantastic meal. As soon as I read Momofuku, I bought a copy to send to Brian.
I think it’s a sad state of affairs that Chang has been getting so much media attention that people have begun to grouse about it. What I don’t like about it is this. Chang has been getting attention for his outspoken, take-no-prisoners approach both to cooking and to talking about cooking. There’s no bullshit, there’s no compromise, no “here’s how to make this dish with boneless chicken breast instead of pork belly.” I wish that was the norm rather than an anomaly deserving of fame and notoriety.
I get sent tons of cookbooks, but another book I shelled out personal cash for is Judith Jones’s The Pleasures of Cooking For One. I plan to give it as a gift and buy it sight unseen for the intelligence and thoughtfulness of the author, who introduced us to both Anne Frank and Julia Child.
Maybe the most over-the-top amazing cookbook ever is Heston Blumenthal’s Big Fat Duck Cookbook. I wrote about this massive multi-pound, $250 book last year here; this year it’s out in a scaled-down version that costs just $31.50. I doubt I’ll be cooking from it, but as a work of art, story, passion, this book blew me away, absolutely and completely blew me away.
A few other books I’d like to mention. As cooking and cookbooks become more popular, increasingly specialized books are being published. One of these is David Leite’s The New Portugese Table. I really admire David‘s thoughtful writing on food and cooking. Another thoughtful smart writer and cook is Andrea Nguyen, whose Asian Dumplings is a book that inspired not only me but also my 10-year-old son, who filled it with Post-Its marking recipes he was eager to try. If you’re on a budget, Zora O’Neill’s and Tamara Reynolds’s Forking Fantastic is delightful paperback volume filled with lots of homey meals for entertaining, an exuberant description of how professional restaurant people eat and entertain at home.
I hope it’s obvious that the above are not chosen from an exhaustive scrutiny of the new books out this season, and intentionally exclude books I had a hand in (Ad Hoc at Home, Michael Symon’s Live To Cook, and Ratio). They’re simply a few that caught my eye that I wanted to mention and to recommend, especially Momofuku. The recipe below is from this book and exemplifies Chang’s sensible but delicious approach to cooking. Use this sauce on ramen, fresh lo mein, or even rice noodles. I haven’t made it, but it’s on the menu for an easy midweek meal this week, along with some of Andrea’s dumplings.
David Chang’s Ginger-Scallion Sauce
21⁄2 cups thinly sliced scallions (greens and whites; from 1 to 2 large bunches)
1⁄2 cup finely minced peeled fresh ginger
1⁄4 cup grapeseed or other neutral oil
11⁄2 teaspoons usukuchi (light soy sauce)
3⁄4 teaspoon sherry vinegar
3⁄.
Makes about 3 cups
Erik @ Food Night
Thanks for the tip re: the scaled down BFD Cookbook. Maybe I’ll ask for that one since they can’t print Ad Hoc’s fast enough! Your book Elements is a must have as well… the section on stock alone is worth the cover price. Completely changed my cooking.
Matt Sloan
Dang, when I bought Ad Hoc the other night, I ALMOST bought this one too. I flipped through it longingly for quite awhile. I may have to head back to B&N today.
april (the hungry engineer)
I’m totally in love with the Asian Dumplings book. Andrea Nguyen has explained dumpling making more thoroughly and accessibly than anyone else I’ve encountered.
Scotty Harris
I just got Asian Dumplings and love it. Momofuku is great – Andrew Galarneau (who reviewed Ratio for the BuffNews) just had it as his cookbook of the month. But too me the most important cookbook is a textbook – Thomas Schneller’s “Meat” – a book of a kind I have been looking for over many years. YMMV.
Matt Sloan
I picked up Ad Hoc last week, and tried out what are probably the two simplest recipes in the book. Technically, they shouldn’t even BE recipes, they’re so simple. The grilled gruyere cheese sandwich and the deep fried sweet potato chips. They’re so good that I’ve made them twice already this past weekend, enjoying a tasty porter style beer, and my wife just requested that I make up another batch and deliver it to her work so she can have it for lunch again today. I’m really looking forward to working up the split-pea soup tonight.
Hema
All of those books sounds wonderful! Funny, it looks like a lot of your choices match up with the NYTimes Dining section’s choices for best cookbooks. Great minds think alike!
It seems that a lot of the controversy focused on David is for his frequent use of the F-bomb.
Of course, I’m talking about fresh, as in fresh ginger mentioned in the ginger-scallion sauce. You won’t get any Food Network shows talking like that, unless you mean fresh as written on the package it came in.
Hande
Ok, you convinced me, will buy Chang’s book. But I am curious: is there a reason (an insider joke?) you keep on calling it momofuko, with an o at the end?
Andrew
@Hande
I think that is just the reason writers have copy editors.
michael
claudia, where are you when i need you?!
thanks for the catch, hande
Connie
Amen to your thoughts on Momofuku and David Chang. Its the first cookbook in a few years that has made me re-examine the way I think about cooking. And those ginger scallion noodles are just to die for.
Steve
Ask for this cookbook and get your butt kicked…
“Yo… Hand me that Momofuku…”
heh.
Penney
Some great suggestions, esp Momofuku. But man, re: Judith Jones’ book, I’m not sure about the wisdom of giving a “cooking for one” book as a holiday gift, even if it’s the best book of its kind. Not that everybody is sensitive about being single, but there’s no way I’d risk it.
Frodnesor
The Momofuku ginger-scallion sauce recipe is awesomely simple and delicious. Some of the basic pork recipes are also incredibly simple and flavorful too (the shoulder for the bo ssam, the belly for the ramen or buns)
Kitchen Monki Dan
I made the momofuku roasted brussel sprouts recipe this past weekend for a christmas party and it was big hit. People were telling me that they’d only ever had them steamed with butter and salt so they were quite taken aback by the plethora of flavors. can’t wait for my copy of the cookbook to arrive!
Vivian
I’m smiling as I read this. Wholeheartedly agree with you on Both D. Chang and A. Nguyen’s books and have Forking Fantastic to look forward to. Have made the Momofuku Fried Chicken and Samosas and Filipino Siopao from Asian Dumplings. Both are great with much to offer. I still laugh so hard though when I think of David’s Ghetto Sous Vide
chris
Try substituting the scallions in the ginger-scallion sauce with cilantro stems. I always add cilantro stems to my grandma’s triple-threat sauce: shoyu, rice wine / cooking sherry and dash of vinegar.
M.A.G
I tried David Chang’s Pork Belly Ssam a few weeks ago and it was delicious! Very happy with the results and the recipe was very kitchen friendly and simple. First time I pickled Mustard Seeds too, next time I’m in NYC I’ll be sure to hit one of his restaurants.
SallyBR
I am glad I bought Ad Hoc when it was in the pre-order stage at amazon.com… I cooked from it the day after it arrived in the mail…
Asian Dumplings is a fantastic book, I am quite a bit older than your son, but my book is also all bookmarked with “to do soon”. However, I haven’t yet cooked from it, not sure why.
I’ve been resisting Momofuku…. not sure for how long, Christmas is 10 days away, I might deserve a self-gift
Dine O Mite
Absolutely, positively, without a doubt on target. I’ve now read this thing cover to cover three times. I think what I find so fascinating is that the book doesn’t seem to hold back any secrets. I love books that give histories of the chef, histories of the restaurant, histories behind the recipes; it’s all in the book. The fact that he’s given away these secrets has me anxiously awaiting what he has in the works. LOVE THIS BOOK.
Ditto on Ad Hoc. This has some fantastic info in it (great wedding shower gift.)
One book you didn’t mention is The Craft of Baking by Karen DeMasco ( pastry chef for Andrew Carmellini at Locanda Verde; both from Cleveland). Top to bottom a fantastic book (wife’s Christmas present). Recipes are not over the top difficult, but are impressive when complete.
Natalie Sztern
I was invited to a private book signing of David Chang in Montreal and although I could not attend (in the land of medicare when one has a doctor apt one does not re-schedule for another, usually eight month later). Those that did attend said David was most gracious as was Peter.
I did however get the book and spectacular is one word to describe it
Chad
I might have to pick up David Chang’s book. Looks like a winner. I will say, though, that “Momofuku” has become my go-to swear word when I’m around my kids. It sounds suggestive enough that you get some satisfaction out of saying it but without the baggage of actually cursing around your kids :-).
Kelly
Cooking for one person can sometimes seem like more trouble than it’s worth. Judith Jones’ book helped my appreciate the fact that it can indeed be a pleasure and is teaching me how to enjoy single dining. On a side note, Ad Hoc is amazing and may very well be my favorite cookbook, but John Besh’s My New Orleans is a close runner up.
Amy
I was curios about David Chang’s book and am pleased to see it reviewed here. I for one find Chang’s self-effacing humor a refreshing change from most of the preening done by celebrity chefs about their superhuman culinary prowess. David just seems really genuine and I am glad I am not the only one who thinks so.
Eliot
Why is it that some chef’s feel a need to pretend that every dish they prepare is original to them? It’s a collaborative business. We learn from one another. On page 267 of Momofuku the shaved Foie Gras dish is presented as some sort of new discovery. Ferran Adria has been making this dish for the last decade. It was served to me as part of a 37 course meal in 2002. It can be found on page 373 of El Bulli 1998 to 2002–recipe number 755 on the accompanying CD. The difference is that Adria serves his frozen foie gras wtih a hot consomme instead of canned lychees and uses a pacojet instead of a microplane.
Devon
Chad’s comment is hilarious. Momofuku is in my queue at the library. I can’t wait to see what the fuss is about.
Jenny S
Sorry, but I think the Judith Jones book is BORING. Roast a big piece of protein with vegetables, then make the leftovers into a stir fry, a pasta sauce or a sandwich. Duh! Tell me something I couldn’t figure out on my own.
E. Nassar
Certainly Momofuku, The Fat Duck (note that while this “smaller” version is much more affordable, it is identical in content to the original…so worth it) and Ad Hoc some of the best books of the year. I am planning on some Ramen and the 48hour short rib recipe sometime soon. I just met chef Keller at a book signing last week. Posted about it on my blog here:
What a nice guy.
Rob
Momofuku is a really special book. I’m a bit of a cookbook junkie (stopped counting at 100) but I’d been avoiding this one because of all the hype about DC. Turns out he’s a great story teller, appropriately self-aware (i.e. self-critical in the autobiographical) and I really admire his approach to food and cooking. This is as much a book of philosophy as it is a cookbook (please don’t be put off by this I say the same thing about Anthony Bourdain’s Les Halles Cookbook).
There’s a place called Duck in the food court of the building where I work (College Park in Toronto) which serves perhaps the best duck I’ve ever had (crispy skin – and I you ask for pieces of neck they’ll give you extra!). They make a version of the ginger-scallion sauce. Saw the recipe in Momofuku (DC admits in the book that it’s not original) and it was the first thing I made. It just about blew my doors off.
Momofuku and Ratio would be my books of the years. Both destined to be considered classics.
Nancy
Michael, Can you give us the winning hint? I tried looking for it, but after about 100 of them I gave up!
Thanks for the book suggestions. |
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Shopbop sale just kicked off and the entire site is marked down! It’s their Buy More, Save More event and it only happens a couple times a year — spend $200, save 15%; spend $500+, save 20%; spend $800+, save 25%. Use code MORE19. Even designer items are included and not only is it a great time to pick up a few pieces for yourself, but you can get started on your gift giving as well!
My top pick from the sale is, of course, the Spanx faux leather leggings. If you haven’t tried these yet, you’ve definitely been missing out and now is your time to snag them on sale!! I wear mine at least once a week and once you put them on, you’ll soon understand why they’re a cult favorite! The compression is amazing, the leather has a light reflective sheen on it that’s not shiny yet not dull either, plus the high-waisted style gives the illusion of legs for days. Trust me, if there’s anything you’ll want to be wearing this holiday season, it’s these leggings! I’m personally picking up a second pair for myself and also getting the quilted style to try as well!
SHOP SPANX FAUX LEATHER LEGGINGS
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I’ve rounded up items from every category that I’m loving including items that are perfect for gift-giving!
2019 Fall ShopBop Sale
GIFTS (ALL UNDER $50!)
SWEATERS
COATS
SHOES
JEANS
PAJAMAS
Are you getting anything during the Shopbop sale? Let me know what you pick up!
Shop This Post
Need to get on this sale asap! Love the leopard print on you xoxo sarah
Love the leggings it looks really comfortable. Ill take the hat as well.
These leggings look so comfortable! Definitely going to check out this sale!
This is such a cute outfit! I love the leggings, I just bought a pair this past summer and have already gotten my money’s worth out of them! I wear them constantly!! Xx.
So many great things on this Sale! Can’t wait to shop!
Xx Rebecca
It’s the absolute best time to purchase all your holiday gifts – since when you spend more money, you end up actually saving more money in the long run! Such a great sale!
Such an awesome sale! I love your outfit!! I need some shoes like that because I have been on the hunt for some!
I’ve been on the hunt for some leather leggings to try! I’ve seen so many people rock them recently and been tempted to see if i’d look good in them myself. thanks for sharing some great options, i’m going to have to check them all out might even buy one from your selection xx
What a cute outfit! It looks cozy and comfy but still very stylish!
Lizzie
Love the whole look. I have the same top but in grey and I’ve just bought a pair of faux leather leggings, but I’ve never thought to wear top and leggings together. I’ll try because they look so nice on you x
OBSESSED with that Line & Dot sweater you linked!! Love your sherpa you’re wearing too! Can’t believe its from Target!
-Morgan
The HER Chronicles []
I’ve always wanted a pair of Spanx faux leather leggings. Instead of hoping someone buys me a pair, I’m going to buy myself two pairs today.
I need a pair of these pants at just haven’t taken the plunge. So cozy and neutral . Cute look.
Ooo I didn’t realize Spanx were on sale! Time to stock up!
Those Spanx leggings are my favorite! I might need them in another color.
I love my Spanx faux leather leggings, I get so much wear out of them. Definitely need to try the quilted style next!
I need some new things, I’ll have to check them out
Oh such a great selection!
x Lisa | lisaautumn.com
I really like ShopBop! They have amazing deals. A 25% off is great, specially when buying several items. Thanks for sharing!!
Have a wonderful Thanksgiving Day!! <3
Love those faux leather leggings! I should snag a pair while there on sale!
Great selection of items! And I do love those faux leather leggings!
The leopard pullover is SO cute and I love it with the leggings! 25% off is AMAZING– Shopbop has the cutest items!
Such a cute outfit! Love that sweater and I just ordered those leggings this weekend.
The Shopbop sale is AMAZING!! I need to order a pair of these leggings!!
Rachel
I’m obsessing over this whole outfit! It’s so cute and comfy! I need it.
That leopard sweater is so cute!!
Thanks for sharing this amazing blog with us
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Fairfield Inn & Suites Southaven - Southaven
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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1037066397683597601.post6400662009604238899..comments2012-04-29T19:25:32.976-04:00Comments on Life Is A Hand Full of Cherries: Merriest ChristmasBrnEyedGal, You have a wonderful and fun blog. I love all...Hi, You have a wonderful and fun blog. I love all your cute pirctures. Cheers, LiaPetite Little Bee Danielle, just stopping by to say Hi!! Hope all...hi Danielle,<br />just stopping by to say Hi!!<br />Hope all is well<br />xoxobunny, The Paris House Designs Danielle, I am still not finished either, I nee..!!<br />Have a wonderful and Merry Christmas my sweet friend. I'm so happy to have met you<br />xoxo<br />BunnyBunny, The Paris House a wonderful holiday :-)have a wonderful holiday :-)carma just described me this year!! But, I refuse ...You just described me this year!! <br /><br />But, I refuse to feel stressed or rushed!! :)<br /><br />I hope you have a wonderfully blessed Christmas with your family!Alicia |
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Yes, you! Nonviolent communication is really hot stuff. While many leaders have understood the benefits of a working environment that is based on nonviolent communication, we are all prone to these pit falls when using it. Don’t be sad if you realize that you used it wrong – just try to be better next time!
What Is Nonviolent Communication?
Nonviolent communication (NVC) as developed by Marshall Rosenberg in the 1960s is an approach to human interaction based on the assumption that everybody is capable of empathy and compassion, and that conflict only arises when your own needs are not met. NVC is bigger than your workplace – for some, it’s more like a world view, and there are also parenting strategies based on NVC. It basically can be applied to any system or organization, because it’s so universal – that’s the beauty of it!
If you want to read more, you can get information at the Center For Nonviolent Communication (CVNC).
In a business context, NVC usually is broken down to how you’re formulating feedback or responses to employees and colleagues by using the four steps of the model: observations, feelings, needs, requests.
- Observations: What did you encounter? What happened? Formulate it in a neutral way, from your own perspective.
- Feelings: How did this make you feel? The CVNC provides a list of feelings that can help you to formulate this.
- Needs: Which of your needs were not met? Again, the CVNC has a list of needs that may help you.
- Requests: What do you wish for from your colleague or employee? What would you need in similar situations in the future?
The model is simple and can help you in direct and indirect communication – especially in situations that are delicate or difficult. You can start tomorrow to implement it in your own meetings – or, if you think it’s worth it (spoiler alert: It’s worth it!), have a session with your colleagues about it and convince them to make it a company-wide initiative!
#1 Mixing Feelings and Statements
The core of nonviolent communication is to present a situation from your perspective, and talk about the needs that were not met. This requires a lot of concentration! Not every sentence that follows a quickly typed I feel that… actually expresses a feeling. For example, where’s the feeling in I feel that you don’t do your job properly? Or in I feel that your team does not understand the importance of my client? What about I feel criticized by you? You see it now, right? Just calling something a feeling does not make it a feeling. You cannot feel for other people and you cannot know how other people feel or think about something. So don’t talk like you could!
Instead, ask yourself why you have the impression that someone does not do their job, or that a whole team misses the importance of your client. Or try to identify what exactly your colleague said that gave you the impression that they criticized you. What is the underlying need there? What exactly was the situation that triggered you to write that email, or ask for that conversation? How did you feel in that situation? Neglected? Sad? Confused? Distressed? Start like this, and go through the steps of the NVC model.
#2 Not listening to your colleagues
The NVC model not only has four steps, but also two crucial components: Next to honestly expressing your own observations, feelings, needs and requests, you also need to empathetically listen to your colleague’s observations, feelings, needs and requests. NVC only works if both are done. By listening to your colleague, you show them your respect. If I respect someone, it means that I value their feelings and needs. In very few cases, you will have someone sitting in front of you who starts their sentences with I observed the following…, This situation made me feel…, The following needs were not met…, I would like you to do this in the future. Instead, you will have to analyze what was said, and which the underlying needs or feelings were. Do not just assume them – as mentioned before, you can never know how someone else feels. You can use a technique called mirroring to check if your assumptions go into the right direction.
Mirroring means that after listening to someone, you will repeat it back to them with your own words. Note that you never add an evaluation of what you heard, or shift the attention to your own person. You repeat it back, reformulate it, and stay on your colleague’s side with all your attention:
- “I was furious when I heard that X got that promotion, I mean, what have they done in the past weeks? I have worked so hard on my project, even Y and Z told me that they’d promoted me…”
- “I hear that you are outraged over this situation. Additionally, you are frustrated that your project did not receive the recognition that you wished for. Maybe you’re also surprised that this is the case, because Y and Z were as sure as you that your project would get you the promotion. Did I hear this correctly?”
- “Yes, I think so… I think I am damn right to be frustrated, given all the effort I put into the project during the past weeks…”
#3 Using it as an excuse
NVC is a world view, a communication style, and an attitude. It’s not meant to be an excuse for damaging behavior. We are all human, and as such, we will have situations in which we don’t behave correctly. If you did not behave in a way that you want to, the only way to go about it is to take responsibility for it. NVC is not a band-aid that you will cover up your misbehavior. If you used your power over an employee in a meeting, just having a nonviolent talk about it will not suffice. That employee might need you to apologize, and to take full responsibility. Only recognizing their feelings and needs will not work – if you do not fulfill their request to behave differently in the future. As using NVC during your one-on-ones will have some immediate benefits, there might be a little voice in your head which screams But we talked about it and we are good! – Always remember: NVC is worth nothing without being accountable for your own actions.
#4 Discarding malformed feedback
Not everyone, especially not in heated situations, will use NVC non-stop. Not even the best person in the world can do this! If you encounter colleagues who cannot express themselves in a nonviolent way – or who simply refuse to do it – it does not mean that what they say is less worthy to be heard than what you say. On the contrary – listening empathetically means to really listen! Especially in situations where someone provides their feedback in an inappropriate way. Try to be the better person and analyze what you are hearing. Of course, that does not mean that you need to endure insults and abusive language. You can still ask your colleague to continue the talk at a later stage. It still might be a good conversation opener if you mirror what you heard last time – in a neutral, nonviolent way. Simply starting anew and forgetting what happened earlier will help neither of you.
#5 Only using it with immediate benefit
If you use NVC as a tool in times that you need it, and then contradict your own behavior in other times, you risk losing your trustworthiness. If you decide to give NVC a chance, it needs to be implemented as your one and only communication style. You can’t switch back to being an authoritative leader in times where you don’t feel like listening. NVC is based on trust, so f you lose your trustworthiness, your employees and colleagues will have a hard time in believing your words, as well as expressing their own needs and feelings. Talking about your needs is only possible if you feel comfortable and save enough to be vulnerable – and trusting your colleague or employee is crucial for that.
#6 Not believing in it
If you promote using NVC, it needs to reflect on your behavior, actions and words. It’s not enough to tell others that you think it’s a great idea, or to use it whenever you see fit. Every decision you take and every meeting you join should be under the umbrella of NVC. This means for you as a leader: You need to listen, listen, listen to what others are saying, and reflect on your own behavior non-stop. Sounds exhausting? Yes, maybe it is, but the benefits it will bring you are so much worth it! Go and try it today. Start small and grow taller over time. I promise, you won’t regret it. |
Cucumber, Mint & Melon Smoothies
- Makes: 4 servings
- Serving Size: 8 ounces
- Carb Grams Per Serving: 21
Ingredients
- 1 cup coarsely chopped fresh cauliflower
- 2 cups 1-inch cubes honeydew melon
- 2 cups 1-inch pieces cucumber
- 1/2 cup lightly packed fresh mint leaves
- 1/4 cup water
- 2 -3 tablespoons honey
- 1 cup ice cubes
Directions
- In a small saucepan cook cauliflower, uncovered, in enough boiling water to cover for 10 to 12 minutes or until very tender; drain. Rinse with cold water to cool quickly; drain again.
- In a blender add ingredients in this order: honeydew melon, cauliflower, cucumber, mint, water, and honey. Cover and blend until very smooth, stopping and scraping sides of blender as needed. Add ice cubes. Cover and blend until smooth.
- Pour into glasses and serve immediately.
Make Ahead Tip
- Make-Ahead Tip: Prepare smoothies as directed. Transfer to an airtight freezer container. Cover and freeze for up to 6 months. To serve, thaw smoothies in the refrigerator. Stir well before serving.
Nutrition Facts Per Serving:Servings Per Recipe: 4
PER SERVING: 83 cal., 29 mg sodium, 21 g carb. (2 g fiber, 17 g sugars), 2 g pro. |
PMDC exam will be held thrice a year as follows: (Be prepared for change of schedule)
Exam 1
Step 1 & 2 5th March
Step 3 15th April
Exam 2
Step 1 & 2 5th July
Step 3 15th August
Exam 3
Step 1 & 2 5th November
Step 3 15th December
NOTE: Unlimited chances to clear each step and students dont have to clear a step already cleared.
PMDC Exam Pattern :
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Remember that Fall you spent on the Big Island working at a yoga and meditation retreat? Or the spring you lead eager families through the Montana landscape as a Dude Rancher? Oh, wait that hasn’t happened yet.
For our recent grads and anyone who is looking for a job consider a self imposed diversion from the doom and gloom reported on the current employment numbers. Haven’t been paying attention? Well it goes something like this … “Along with the long-term unemployed, experts say their prospects are the bleakest among all job-seekers.” (thanks Smartmoney.com)
With the creative life path approach in mind, we loved what Michael Landes, founder of Backdoorjobs.com writes about his experience of finding his way via a variety for posts.
As I reflect on a handful of experiences in my lifetime—landing my first internship with Gallo Winery while in college; learning to “think different” as an event marketing intern at Apple; traveling coast-to-coast with MTV; counseling and inspiring college students about the importance of internships and short-term work experiences at California State University, Chico (my alma mater) and Pace University in New York; venturing to Europe on a solo backpacking and cycling adventure (I absolutely loved Switzerland!); experiencing the beauty of Yellowstone National Park while working as a recreation manager; connecting more with the earth as an apprentice at a farm; teaching elementary school children; or working as a graphic designer/illustrator at the American Institute of Wine & Food, Harvard University, and other nonprofits—I realized that all of these experiences, no matter how unrelated they were, have made me the person I am today.
How to find these jobs? Besides, backdoorjobs.com, a collection of short and long term job options – you can check out aboutjobs.com which is part of a large network including InternJobs.com, OverseasJobs.com, InternationalJobs.com, SummerJobs.com and ResortJobs.com.
Our favorite opportunity we saw on Backdoor.com was working at a retreat on the Big Island.
Kalani is a well-loved, non-profit, yoga, wellness, and spiritual retreat center where people come to connect with nature, themselves and others. Kalani’s volunteer program presents an incredible opportunity to spend time in a beautiful environment with people from an array of backgrounds and nationalities. Experience life within a vibrant community on Hawaii’s Big Island, enjoy a variety of activities, classes and experiences, and learn and grow while serving guests and visitors in the spirit of Aloha!
Other options were a bit rougher -but if you like to camp – you might consider…
The Northwest Youth Corps is about accepting challenge, getting in shape and being outdoors. It is a life where boots, sleeping bags, mosquito repellent and dips in icy cold lakes replace the usual comforts of home—time where building a campfire, pitching a tent and cooking in a dutch oven becomes second nature. Non-residential Crew Leaders receive a living allowance of $1,210/month and a $2,775 AmeriCorps education award.
Benefits include a living allowance or stipend ranging from $275-$565/week, meals and camping while in the field, an AmeriCorps education award to qualifying individuals, uniform, travel, the ability to live and work in the beautiful Southwest region, and valuable training and field experience. {These types of jobs exist in every region of the country}
Are you currently working a super fabulous short term job? Perhaps teaching windsurfing in Maui or cleaning up plastic in the Bahamas? If so send us a postcard! |
DescriptionYou are in a living room and there is an open door into the garden. As you walk through the door you hear the words "Standby", "Cue the STAR!". You are the star of a film being made and you have to complete the game by following the script which leads to some crazy adventures.
Videoworld is a text only adventure where the text on screen describes your surroundings and with the keyboard you type in commands to complete the game.. |
LAHORE: Pakistan Muslim League (PML) President and former prime minister Chaudhry Shujat Hussain has decided to tour Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan to activate his party in these provinces.
Shujat expressed these views during a meeting with local representatives and young councillors of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) from Haripur Hazara who joined the the PML. Those who joined the PML on this occasion were Nazim Muhammad Idrees, Naib Nazim Rashed Chaudhry, Muhammad Asad, Idrees Ali, Naveed Ali, Nadeem Khan, Khalid Chaudhry, Hafeez Anwar, Chaudhry Shakeel and Seth Naveed.
Senator Kamil Ali Agha, Mian Munir and Bilal Mustafa Shirazi were also present.
Welcoming the new members into the party fold, Shujat said that Punjab had seen ideal progress during tenure of Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi as chief minister. Many public welfare projects were completed during that time, he said. He stressed the need to make the party active and strong in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan and issued orders to party representative Malik Jamil to reorganize the party. The PML Hazara City president also invited Shujat to visit his area. –Press Release
Shujat said that progress and development was not possible without betterment and prosperity of the common man. |
3652 Rogers Rd
Wake Forest, NC
919-562-1118
View this restaurant's
website
Look for valuable coupons valid at Blue Fin's Bistro and other restaurants and retailers in Wake Forest, NC, in the Attractions Dining and Value Guide!
Fundraise with the best! Your group can sell the community fundraiser, the Attractions Coupon Book, supported by Blue Fin's Bistro. |
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Learn revitalize contaminated sites is gaining more and more attention. In this review, prerequisites for a successful remediation will be discussed. The performance of… (More)
- Nele Weyens, Daniel van der Lelie, Safiyh Taghavi, Jaco Vangronsveld
- Current opinion in biotechnology
- 2009
A promising field to exploit plant-endophyte partnerships is the remediation of contaminated soils and (ground) water. Many plant growth promoting endophytes can assist their host plant to overcome contaminant-induced stress responses, thus providing improved plant growth. During phytoremediation of organic contaminants, plants can further benefit from… (More)
- Safiyh Taghavi, Craig Garafola, +6 authors Daniel van der Lelie
- Applied and environmental microbiology
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- Nele Weyens, Daniel van der Lelie, Safiyh Taghavi, Lee Newman, Jaco Vangronsveld
- Trends in biotechnology
- 2009… (More)
- Nele Weyens, Daniel van der Lelie, +5 authors Jaco Vangronsveld
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- 2009… (More)
- Nele Weyens, Safiyh Taghavi, +5 authors Jaco Vangronsveld
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BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE Along transects under a mixed woodland of English Oak (Quercus robur) and Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) growing on a trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated groundwater plume, sharp decreases in TCE concentrations were observed, while transects outside the planted area did not show this remarkable decrease. This suggested a… (More)
- Nele Weyens, Sascha Truyens, +5 authors Jaco Vangronsveld
- Environmental pollution
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- C. Becerra-Castro, Á. Prieto-Fernández, +5 authors J. Vangronsveld
- Plant and Soil
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Microbe-assisted phytoremediation is particularly effective for organic pollutants. The leguminous shrub Cytisus striatus (Hill) Rothm. has been proposed as a candidate species for the rhizoremediation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-contaminated sites. The aim of this study was to improve the performance of this species using microbial inoculants. C.… (More)
- Cristina Becerra-Castro, Petra Susan Kidd, Ángeles Prieto-Fernández, Nele Weyens, María-José Acea, Jaco Vangronsveld
- Plant and Soil
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Inoculation of plants with their associated microorganisms is a promising strategy for improving phytoremediation of organic contaminants. Isolation and characterisation of these organisms from plants growing in contaminated sites will permit the identification of candidate strains for re-inoculation studies. The diversity of culturable endophytic and… (More)
Phytoextraction has a promising potential as an environmentally friendly clean-up method for soils contaminated with toxic metals. To improve the development of efficient phytoextraction strategies, better knowledge regarding metal uptake, translocation and detoxification in planta is a prerequisite. This review highlights our current understanding on these… (More) |
Find out what I'm doing currently doing in October
Watching: IT & 13 Reasons Why.
The last film I watched at the cinema was IT and that was last month. I haven't gone to the cinema in a good month purely because there hasn't been anything decent recently. Having said that, IT was a really good film and if they're still showing it at your local cinema then it's worth a watch!
A TV series that I've recently started to watch is 13 Reasons Why and I'm just over half way through it. I'm completely obsessed with it and I don't think it will take me long to finish.
Reading: IT by Stephen King.
This a gigantic book and it's going to take me years to finish. I received this when I was about 15/16 but couldn't really get into it but now that I'm a bit older I'm going to see if I can try and read it all. My mum says it's a really good book and I'm only a few pages in so I'm excited to actually get into it.
Smelling: Fairy Dust by Lily Flame.
Yep, I've mentioned this candle before on my blog but for the life of me I can't remember which blog post I last mentioned it in. The more I smell it the more I think that it comes across as a Christmassy scent. I found this candle in a charity shop and it hadn't been used and only cost me about £3 which is a bit of a bargain.
Listening: Electra Heart by Marina & The Diamonds
Electra Heart in my eyes is hands down the best album ever. I love the ideology of it and I love pretty much all the songs on it. I put on some of her songs at work and realised how much I love them.
Excited for: Cardiff!
My boyfriend and I are spending our two year anniversary in Cardiff and I cannot wait. We've booked a really nice hotel and can't wait to have a few days off work and just chill out before the hectic Christmas months.
IF YOU ENJOYED READING THIS POST THEN PLEASE SUBSCRIBE VIA BLOGLOVIN SO YOU CAN KEEP UPDATED!
YAAY marina! I’ve just been obsessed with Wolf Alice and Marina’s album FROOT recently! :)
franalibi.blogspot.co.uk
I'm sorry I'm replying so late, I've just been so busy! I'm in need of another Marina album soon!
x |
Katabatik
04-23-01, 10:36 PM
I am a pretty excperienced overclocker and I just got a new PIII 850. Plenty of cooling but it still gives me probs. I have it at 952, 1.95v and at full load it runs at about 45C. Seems a little hot to me. I can't run it at any lower VC without crashes. Is this normal for an 850. Even at 850 i have to run it at 1.8v so it will be stable. Very odd to me. Any help would be great. |
Quincy Mall
Unwanted Drugs Collection Box Now Open at The Adams County Health Department Year Round
Quin.
QPD and DEA Collecting Unused Medications
Time to Enter the 2013 Little King & Queen of the Dogwood Pageant
_9<<
Payless Shoes Helps Big Brother-Big Sister Program
|
The Sanibel Community House is just one of the many places where you can enjoy Halloween treats and costume fun on the island this year.
Tonight, all are invited to the 16th Annual Family Fall Carnival from 5 p.m. – 7 p.m. for a safe and fun experience for the entire family.
Spooks and goblins can enjoy candy, games, prizes, and crafts. Food and beverages will be available at family-friendly prices. » Read more |
Associate Professor Parisa Aslani awarded prestigious Thompson Fellowship
20 November 2012
Associate Professor Parisa Aslani has, provide support for teaching and administrative responsibilities and funding to secure technical assistance.
Associate Professor Aslani was one of nine academics who have been awarded Brown, Thompson and Laffan Fellowships.
A joint initiative of theDeputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) and theStaff and Student Equal Opportunity Unit, each Fellow will receive $60,000 over two semesters.
"These programs support talented researchers who have encountered various obstacles to developing their ideas and careers," saidProfessor."
Associate Professor Aslani said: "It is a great honour to receive this Fellowship. The Thompson Fellowship is a unique opportunity to release me from my teaching and administrative duties and allow me to focus on my research fulltime and accomplish research specific goals in 2013.
"I will be using the time to complete a study which is part of a larger research project that aims to develop and evaluate useable patient medicine information documents for non-prescription medicines to meet consumer needs, and ensure optimal delivery by healthcare professionals."
Find more information on the Thompson Fellowship here:
Contact: Kate Sanday
Phone: 02 9351 23111 |
Your Blog
three Straightforward Approaches To Calculate Square Meters - 30 Jul 2018 21:09
Do not trade star players while they are in a slump or off to a slow commence. If you panic and begin trading away players who are underperforming, you are not likely to get a excellent value in return. Football-Talk is an independent site created up of a group of football-loving contributors that offer news and views on Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool, Man Utd, Man City and Tottenham.
The weekend is the greatest time to find a Each Teams To Score bet on our devoted tips web page, but we'll always appear to develop a single during the week based on the football fixtures getting played. If you are looking for a BTTS click through the next site tip nowadays or in preparation for a busy full fixture list coming up, you'll be confident to locate something on this page, so it is worth checking back frequently.If you beloved this short article and you would like to receive a lot more information regarding click through The next site kindly check out the web site..Know that moneyline bets only concern what group will win the game. Odds are presented as a optimistic or adverse quantity next to the team's name. A damaging number indicates click through the next site group is favored to win, although a optimistic number indicates that they are the underdog.We apply the worlds most strong fantasy football algorithm to your squad, giving you transfer ideas to enhance your FPL functionality. Swansea have won their final two Premier League games against 'big six' sides, albeit in residence games (vs Liverpool and Arsenal) this after a run of just 1 win in 20 league games against these clubs (W1 D4 L15).Individual talent is 1 thing, but from ages 16 to 18, Arsene Wenger starts to look at whether or not a footballer understands how to connect with other players". This is a group game, following all, and as you step up a level, understanding your function as part of an 11-man framework becomes increasingly essential. And even though England U21 manager Gareth Southgate says simplicity is genius" when it comes to tactics, believing couple of players respond nicely to complicated strategic instructions, becoming a student of click through the next site game will aid make you a much more total player.Tipena gives the most precise football predictions and suggestions on the internet. strategy and inform your group what they want to do to win.France and Croatia will compete for international football's greatest honour when they meet at the Luzhniki Stadium in Sunday's Planet Cup final. Join a team, the longer you wait, the later you Click through the next Site will commence. If you invest a lot of time into it you could catch up very speedily.Tipena gives the most precise football predictions and tips on the web. Elsewhere, Chelsea will be looking to bring Champions League finalists Liverpool back down with a bump, Manchester United are in action at Brighton on Friday night and the relegation battle heats up even more with a few teams nevertheless not protected.More than Below betting has grow to be extremely popular in recent years. Over Beneath indicates in sports betting whether or not a group or player will score more than or beneath a offered amount of objectives or points. Nevertheless, there are several other things that also have an effect on the performance of a team and its players. This betting tip is important due to the fact there are so numerous variables.
Welcome to Sportsmail's weekly Fantasy Football column which will try to aid you get the edge on your pals, family and Jamie Redknapp. The spending budget supermarket's football kit for youngsters is a two piece set - a t-shirt and shorts - produced of one hundred per cent cotton and aimed at young football fans aged amongst two and 14. The more detailed your notion of the sort of team you want to begin the much better, as everybody coming to your trials will know specifically what to expect.If you have anything that requires up a lot of your time, appear for gaps in your schedules when you are each free. If you do not have considerably going on, perform around your player's schedule as much as you can. If you want a group, you have to find a team outside of your town. If you are okay with person sports, uncover some you'd like. Or, discover individuals who would also want to organize some games. A lack of nearby teams shouldn't stop you.The most basic form of golf betting requires picking the winner of a tournament. Usually a sports book will list 30 or more individual golfers along with a field (all others) alternative, at various odds. It might be just one particular player out of five, but some players swear that a goalkeeper represents around half of the accomplishment of your complete group. A very good goalkeeper is invaluable, always giving you a likelihood. - Comments: 0
Morbidly Obese Man Loses 200lbs On Chocolate Diet regime - 30 Jul 2018 08:41
Grains such as bread, cereal and pasta account for most of the carbohydrates numerous individuals consume. Some people refer to these foods as "carbs." These starches can be made from whole grain flours or from refined flours. Whole grain flours contain the fiber, vitamins and minerals that are lost when flour is refined. Consequently, entire grains are a far better choice. The simple guideline for this group of foods is to decrease starches made from refined flour and boost these made from whole grains.
Eating a healthier, balanced diet is an crucial part of keeping excellent overall health, and can assist you really feel your best. A great balance amongst exercising and food intake is crucial, as this aids to keep muscle strength and a healthy body weight. At least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity, such as walking, is recommended each day. Somebody who is following the diet program strictly and currently has elevated levels of ketones in their bloodstream can plunge their body into ketoacidosis. Furthermore, the physique can be taken out of ketosis if we have too significantly protein.Healthy eating begins with you! Evidence shows that higher levels of omega-three fatty acids aid maintain blood healthier and stop clots forming - which protects against heart illness. Far more recent studies from America show that eating lots of fish can minimize the risk of a stroke by up to 52 per cent.The greatest way to lose weight is to increase your diet plan and exercise far more at the identical time. If you are overweight and want to shift some excess pounds, it really is effortless to fall into the trap of intense dieting or physical exercise to shed weight. But either will be challenging to stick to and can be undesirable for your overall health. With an extreme diet plan, you might not get the nutrients your body wants to function and with extreme physical exercise, you can get injured. What is important is to set your self some realistic, achievable targets.Remain away from sugary drinks. Sugary drinks, especially soft drinks, have been linked to weight obtain and obesity. Calories consumed by means of a straw are nevertheless calories and contribute to packing on the pounds, so program to reduce down or minimize your consumption of these beverages on your diet plan.Gut microbes outnumber your own physique cells ten to 1 and they reside inside you. These microscopic bacteria kind a exclusive ‘ecosystem', breaking down nutrients to support you get the most from your meals. Some protein powders are specifically formulated for supporting physique shape and tone. As nicely as protein, they can contain components such as green tea, guarana, caffeine that could aid with metabolism and weight loss.Following following the gestational diabetes diet for a handful of days you could feel a bit rotten. For those who have any kind of questions regarding exactly where along with how to make use of simply click the following internet site, you'll be able to e-mail us on the web page. The gestational diabetes diet is similar to a detox as you are severely cutting the sugar your body is utilized to. The 1st step to obtain weight is to improve your daily calorie intake. The next section tells you what high-calorie however healthful foods will aid you out.Analysis shows that most artificial sweeteners can result in bladder spasms and discomfort. Not only that, but people who consume diet program drinks actually have a tendency to obtain more weight than those who never, which is one more threat aspect for bladder problems.Eliminating all calorically-dense processed foods from your diet plan simply because of how simple it is to binge on them. Dr Glenville says: 'Chromium has been the most broadly researched nutrient in relation to weight loss. Chromium is required for the metabolism of sugar and without having it insulin is much less successful in controlling blood sugar levels.If you feel you're consuming 1,700 calories a day and don't understand why you're not losing weight, add another 170 calories to your guesstimate. Probabilities are, the new quantity is much more precise. Adjust your eating habits accordingly.British Dietetic Association spokeswoman and registered dietician Linia Patel is more than familiar with the problem. We do see this. It really is quite simple for individuals who have difficulties with disordered eating to take on veganism as a mask for some thing deeper that's going on, simply because it is cutting out massive food groups and for them it's a way to manage their diet program that's socially acceptable.The ketogenic diet regime is a diet like no other. On a similar note, I uncover that when I consume spicy meals my urine feels really hot. I like chili simply click the following internet site and make it very hot, but inside half an hour my wee feels like molten lava! If I don't urinate then I feel the heat building up in my bladder. Curiously this phenomenon has replaced the a lot more customary 'ring of fire' most folks encounter right after spicy meals. I employed to get a hot bottom but around five years ago (in my early 30s) this was replaced by lava-wee. - Comments: 0
For Ideas On How To Lead A Winning Team, Theresa May possibly Need to Look To Gareth - 29 Jul 2018 20:03
Get to know the other players on his team. Should you have virtually any inquiries relating to wherever as well as how you can employ visit these guys, you'll be able to e-mail us in our own webpage. Learn the names and positions of the starters, or the guys he plays with most, such as offense or defense. Take the likelihood to meet the other players if you are in a position to. These are his buddies, so it really is essential for you to know them.
Because the betting websites are based offshore, in countries where gambling is legal, American prosecutors say they are restricted largely to rounding up people who recruit bettors and move money in this nation, leaving the overseas web sites free of charge to replace these who were arrested.We provide match predictions for football (Soccer) matches in the Premier League, Championship, FA Cup, Serie A, Bundesliga, La Liga, SPL and Champions League. Tasleet - winner of this race 12 months ago - is the ideal forecast bet. He was twice beaten by Harry Angel final season but he did finish in front of him when runner-up on Champion Day at Ascot. The Globe Cup is creeping closer and closer and you can feel the excitement building amongst fantasy football aficionados.terms and situations apply and are available upon request. Management reserve the appropriate to evaluation membership of this league on an ongoing basis. If you enter and win a prize you have to have commented on the web site at least 10 occasions for 3 consecutive months in between January 2018 and March 2018 or you will not be considered for a prize quite quickly.Get to know the other players on his group. Discover the names and positions of the starters, or the guys he plays with most, such as offense or defense. Take the possibility to meet the other players if you are able to. These are his friends, so it is important for you to know them.In modern football, the blend of group spirit and motivation is often a decisive factor. Take the example of national knockout competitions: each and every year the pumped up and hyper-motivated "minnows" who can not wait to play against main Premiership or Championship teams trigger upsets against all the odds. The identical phenomenon can be observed in Planet Cup and European Championship matches, exactly where some of the supposedly weaker teams usually execute heroics in the final stages.Tipena provides the most precise football predictions and ideas on the web. Any game that benefits in a push reduces the parlay 1 group. A two-team parlay would turn into a straight bet. Have fantastic footwork. Be fast, and usually get decrease than the guy you're blocking. Also, use your hands and be physical with them. Football is mostly mental, so find out your plays and analyze your opponent.Some main clubs' assistance bases still contain organized far-right groups. That consists of Zenit, exactly where football tournaments organized amongst hardcore fans incorporate many teams with names referencing white nationalist ideology. 1 of the much more profitable teams is basically known as "White Energy," with a cartoon mascot in a Ku Klux Klan hood.If you happen to be over 18 and male and want to become a Mason, go on-line to locate your nearby Masonic, District, or Provincial Lodge to ask about membership. Understand about the history and philosophy of the Masons, and realize their ambitions associated to visit these guys friendship, fellowship, and service. Try to be a good citizen and conduct oneself with enjoy and charity, given that these qualities are critical to the Masons. Finally, speak with individuals in your life who can speak to your good character, considering that the Masons demand private references.The treasurer is in charge of the club's finances. They are expected to take visit these guys payments from your players, make them to the league and county you are a member of, and normally account for the club's income. For obvious factors, this individual wants to be trustworthy and have robust maths and organisational abilities. The treasurer must also set up and sustain a club bank account.
Be competitive visit these guys and confident, not arrogant … there is a distinction. Making a extremely competitive atmosphere for your team is the captains' responsibility, and with no it, a team will not be effective. Operating really challenging each and every day and taking the time to correctly prepare for opponents will breed self-confidence and repel complacency in the locker area. Arrogance is a cover up for getting insecure and unprepared. Arrogant individuals or teams generally do a lot of talking with no action or good outcomes attached.The Australian Football League (AFL) is the highest level of the sport, and is a specialist league with 18 teams from across the country. Teams variety first teams ever established, and have been mainstays of the top tiers of competitors ever considering that. Gold Coast and GWS, are the newcomers to the competitors and are growing the Aussie Guidelines code in Rugby League heartland regions. - Comments: 0
Derby Day Live - 29 Jul 2018 09:09
Purchasing Survival Suggestions - 29 Jul 2018 03:32
A robust password is comprised of at least seven characters, with a combination of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, Check This Out and symbols. Don't use the same password for all accounts. Your password should be diverse for shopping web sites, bank accounts, and your utility bills. If someone guesses one particular password, they'll have full access to all other accounts using that password. It's also a very good rule of thumb to modify your passwords every six months.
Generate a web site to sell your product professionally. If you feel confident adequate about your enterprise to branch out on your own, create a internet site that acts as a storefront for selling your goods. Understand about the ins and outs of designing and hosting a site. Organize your site to guide clients by way of categories of goods. Create content to promote your items. Get paid by means of a payment gateway account and merchant credit cards.1. Have lots of e mail addresses. You are asking for difficulty if you use the exact same e mail address for your function, your hobbies, your on-line shopping, and, if applicable, your sketchier online activities. Services like Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo Mail are more than happy to give you multiple accounts as long as you can come up with distinctive user names. As a bonus, you are going to have significantly less e-clutter to wade by means of. I use an account that ends with "subs" for all my digital magazine subscriptions and only go there when I really feel like carrying out some reading.A lot of individuals these days no longer resort to the conventional techniques of purchasing stuff — that is, by going into department retailers and malls — because virtually everyone has bought into the idea of on the internet shopping. Trips to Walgreens are a staple of Wendy Fitos's Just Browsing makeup shopping enterprise in Cleveland. I get the lady who will spend $1,000 on a jar of face cream, but there are lots of them who only want to spend $200 for the whole year on beauty items," mentioned Ms. Fitos, 43. Alesha Lifka, 33, a massage therapist from Cleveland, is one particular such client, who says she was searching for a spruce-up after providing birth to her son in late 2011. I didn't want to fall into the mom trap of leaving the house in sweats and a plain face, but I don't have a lot of cash or time to invest on makeup," she said.check this Out For instance, if you're looking for nail polish from the business Pure Ice in the discontinued shade 1st Time, Google "pure ice initial time nail polish." If there is a seller on Amazon, eBay, or several other retail sites that has this product listed, it is probably to seem at the leading of your search outcomes.Many international e-commerce web sites, like Asos, ship free to the United States. And because the seasons are various, winter clothes in Australia, for instance, go on sale just as Americans are beginning to shop for winter, she stated. FarFetch has items from small boutiques worldwide and 1stDibs is good at obtaining rare things like an antique from Paris. On eBay, you may well have luck obtaining items created by a European designer by switching to eBay's web site for a specific country.Speaking to employees face-to-face in shop makes it possible for you to add a bit a lot more charm and chutzpah to your haggling, specifically if bulk-buying or bartering for discounts on faulty things. It can be worth benchmarking prices on the web, then making use of the suggestions in our Higher Street Haggling guide to get the charges slashed further.Contemplate Suggestions for general sales. Ideas is an on-line marketplace where you can post one item or develop an complete catalog for free of charge. If you adored this write-up and you would such as to obtain additional details relating to Check This Out (dve-mz.com) kindly check out our web-site. You upload some images, describe the products and value them to sell. It's cost-free to post goods for months with no having to update the listing. When the item sells and is $35 or less, it really is a five% fee. If the item is $35 or far more, the fee is 3%. On best of putting goods up for sale you can embed videos, weblog about your goods and services and connect to your Twitter account directly from the internet site for totally free.
A lot of people these days no longer resort to the standard approaches of buying stuff — that is, by going into division stores and malls — because practically everyone has bought into the thought of on the internet purchasing. This 1 gets difficult. American and European websites frequently can not uncover low cost fares on regional carriers elsewhere in the globe. So commence elsewhere. Googling or asking foreign pals is a very good begin they might lead you to web sites like Brazil's Submarino Viagens (alas, not in English) and China's Ctrip (occasionally buggy). That is exactly where I began my Shanghai-Chengdu search, obtaining a $253 nonstop using Shanghai Airlines out and Air China back. When the website kept demanding a phone number that I had already given, an online chat representative helped me with a workaround so I could book of course, I could have also gone to the airlines' sites. As expected, the regulars mainly bombed: The greatest bargains on Expedia, Travelocity, and Orbitz topped $500 Hipmunk and Cheapoair were more than $400. - Comments: 0
Argentina's Football Federation Embarrassed By Globe Cup Manual On How To Seduce Russian Girls - 29 Jul 2018 03:26
KFC's Menu Is About To Modify And It Could Be Excellent For Your Waistline - 29 Jul 2018 00:46
How Will Creatives Operate With Artificial Intelligence? - 28 Jul 2018 20:13
The CIPD and Loughborough University's report gathers the proof and insights on emerging technologies at work and explores the ethical implications of how we're at the moment adopting new technology. If you liked this posting and you would like to obtain far more data about learn the facts here now (liveinternet.ru) kindly go to the website. This report creates a foundation for delving deeper into how we can ensure that men and women stay at the heart of function.
Will you and your coworkers be replaced by robots? Deep studying makes use of massive neural networks with a lot of layers of processing units, taking benefit of advances in computing power and improved education methods to discover complex patterns in huge amounts of information. Widespread applications contain image and speech recognition.The improvement and decrease of production fees brought on by the use of AI produce in turn larger productivity, both for organizations that use this technology and for the nations where these processes are carried out. Artificial intelligence could emulate human bias, like sexism, if there is no oversight on data utilized to create it, specialists at the world's largest mobile phone fair in Barcelona warned Thursday.Genuinely a wonderful write-up on artificial intelligence. Presently artificial intelligence is sophisticated technology. Gero's science director Dr Peter Fedichev mentioned: "Artificial intelligence is a strong tool in pattern recognition and has demonstrated outstanding efficiency in visual object identification, speech recognition and other fields.As new technology permits our society to be more productive with significantly less folks functioning, West suggests that we redefine the notion of work to consist of volunteering, parenting, and mentoring and that we expand leisure time.Automation is the process of making a technique or procedure function automatically. Robotic procedure automation , for example, can be programmed to carry out higher-volume, repeatable tasks usually performed by humans. RPA is distinct from IT automation in that it can adapt to changing situations.We no longer only give information to a machine, with AI, we make decisions primarily based on the exchange of machine-machine information in such a way that it reaches the point where the machines turn out to be totally autonomous. The value of Artificial Intelligence is such that it is anticipated that by 2019, organizations invest far more than 31 billion dollars in cognitive systems. But do not go so far, for 2017 had a boom in the market place with AI that it exceeded 300% investment in 2016 and it's only going to get larger.In summary, the goal of AI is to give software that can cause on input and clarify on output. AI will offer human-like interactions with computer software and offer you selection support for particular tasks, but it is not a replacement for humans - and won't be anytime soon.Artificial intelligence is a science and technology primarily based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A main thrust of AI is in the development of personal computer functions connected with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and issue solving.In some situations, humans are employed to train the AI method and enhance its accuracy. A company named Scale delivers a bank of human workers to offer training information for self-driving vehicles and other AI-powered systems. Scalers" will, for instance, appear at camera or sensor feeds and label automobiles, pedestrians and cyclists in the frame. With enough of this human calibration, the AI will learn to recognise these objects itself.It is unlikely that the software program developer would allow the employer to delve into its coding in any meaningful way, as permitting access could harm its industrial interests. However, even if such access were to be authorised, a lot of employers might face what is referred to as the ‘black box' situation. This term is used to describe the inability of numerous kinds of AI application to explain the logic utilized in reaching decisions. In some circumstances, there is a requirement for software to be developed to run alongside the AI application to interpret, in a way that humans recognize, how choices have been reached. Commentary in this location of work suggests that this resolution is by no indicates straightforward.Redenbach is the co-founder and CEO of LiveTiles, an ‘enterprise as a service software program company', which claims some of the world's biggest brands as consumers. In plain English, LiveTiles specialises in assisting organizations bring their digital workplace systems onto one screen with simple-to-use drag and drop computer software.These adjustments are also taking place significantly much more rapidly than numerous men and women recognize. AI is expected to be much better equipped than humans to create a higher college essay by 2026, drive a truck by 2027, function in retail by 2031, create a greatest-promoting book by 2049, and perform surgery by 2053. There is a 50 % opportunity AI will outperform all human tasks learn the facts here Now in 45 years and automate all human jobs in 120 years. - Comments: 0
ten Tips For Playing Roulette And Winning A Fortune - 28 Jul 2018 12:19
A croupier locations the ball in the wheel - or in the case of an net-primarily based game a random number generator will produce the outcome. The roulette guidelines to win we will be sharing right here work with either so you can count these as on the internet roulette tips and tricks also.
Want to win some cash in the casino? Soon the casinos became a property away from house, the casino staff became a second family, and playing the slots became a loved ones affair. For Ms. King's 56th birthday, Caesars threw her a celebration, complete with a two-foot-high cake shaped like a slot machine.Have a handful of back-up plans in spot. You might be surprised at how rapidly you can go via your bankroll by playing the slots. And with ATMs conveniently positioned throughout the casino floor, you may possibly uncover yourself spending more than you intended on your quest to strike it wealthy.Most casino games are mainly based on luck, but there are a handful of games that involve some technique, too. It's a very good notion to understand the very best strategies to use exactly where relevant, as this can assist you reduce the home advantage. Strategy in casino games is usually as easy as remembering which choices to make in certain scenarios, so it really is relatively simple to discover.Only if you adhere to my instructions and play on the on-line roulette site I supply in a lit, you will be positive to win between €1 and €3 each time you play. It does not matter how often you will loose. Most of the data and suggestions provided on this web page, and in other articles in this section, is associated to casino gambling in common. If you are searching for aid with playing casino games on-line, then we have you covered in that area as well.Do your investigation, due to just click the following web site the fact there are online casino ideas for winning that you can adhere to to enhance your chances of winning and lower your threat of ruin. Casinos have a house edge in most games, which you must take into account the cost of entertainment. The excellent issue about gambling is you have a possibility to win back the price tag of admission and then some. The casino winning tips below need to give you a start off on your analysis.Intriguingly, this functions with a distinct crucial combination, which means you can leave the machine unattended allowing other folks to play the essential sequence of keys and then return later to collect your winnings. This is also the very best way, as the activation of a essential mixture would be inconspicuous to the use of video surveillance at the present time. Another purpose to point out is that technical interferences are far more probably to be noticed by seasoned employees. The downside to this is that if the video recordings are studied in detail then the key mixture is effortlessly noticeable.Throughout seminars and basic interactions I am constantly being asked how to win at the casino what are the casino games that can be beaten. For his component, Mr. Beltram said fierce competitors for slot machine players would hold him from playing rapidly and loose with his odds. The bigger objective, he said, is to cater inexpensively to consumer demand. He cites as proof a recent visit by a high roller from Rhode Island.Approach No. 1: Appear for the patrons who really seem to know what they are carrying out. Whether they've studied the art of slot machines or they are just observant frequent flyers, some gamblers get a firm grasp on the very best machines to check out and the greatest time to hit them up.
Set your limits - make confident you set up some guidelines prior to you play. Never ever try to play back your loses. Maintain a cool head and if you never win 1 day analyze your play and try once again on the subsequent day. The very first issue I did on my 21st birthday was go play a handful of hands of blackjack, and I've been playing ever since. I'm no higher roller, but I know my way about a casino. If you're not certain exactly where to begin, let me support.There is also the payback percentage, a figure that's programmed into a slot to govern what amount it pays out over the life of the machine. Even if it's a generous quantity like 97%, extended-term play must nevertheless outcome in a three% loss.The prime machines at Mandalay Bay spend out 99.17 percent, or $99.17 for every $100 wagered, according to Mr. Curtis. If Mr. If you loved this post and you would such as to get additional details concerning click homepage;, kindly visit she said the web site. Paddock did wind up a net loser, those losses could be offset, in element, by comps, or kickback rewards," primarily free of charge funds casinos give loyal clients to gamble with. The more that players play, the much more they earn in comps. And casinos provide an ever-changing menu of promotions that can cut the expected losses a fraction additional.Your fate is usually determined by particular mathematical equations, and the moment you initiate a play sequence, it is instantly decided upon by the RNG. It is crucial to note that the outcomes of your online slots spins are not pre-programmed to yield particular benefits. - Comments: 0
How Do You Play Sun Bingo's Action Bank And What Are The Bonuses? - 27 Jul 2018 10:14
How to win at penny slots, it's the basic question with no effortless answer. So, for example, let's say an on-line slot has 25 paylines, and betting which ranges from $.01 to $1.00 a coin. If you liked this article and you would like to get much more data with regards to Check out this site (delta-wiki.win) kindly pay a visit to our site. The slot allows you to bet up to ten coins per line. Consequently, you can play one coin at $.01 on 1 payline, meaning your bet per spin is just $.01, or plump for the maximum - $1.00 a coin, ten coins per line, and the maximum 25 paylines. This would imply that your bet per spin would be $250.
Winning at Blackjack, then, is a easy matter of calculated risk. Given your total and the dealer's shown card, what is the most probably result that can happen? The answer, as constantly, is: it depends. But in Blackjack, the variables are considerably significantly less than for games such as Roulette and the ideal approach can be predicted.Most men and women don't study the bonus terms. You need to. That way you will know specifically how significantly you'll need to have to wager before you can cashout. Cost-free cash from on the web casino bonuses is what tends to make gambling on the Web better than gambling in real life. So be certain to shop about to find the very best bonuses.Your on the internet social casino games portal for free play slots, casino bonuses and gaming news. The vast majority of roulette guidelines websites exist only to check out this site market online casinos. Such website owners give content material for search engines, not to support players. So most of the guidelines to win at the roulette table are nonsense. It is also critical to realize the difference among a technique to meat the roulette table, and one particular to beat the roulette wheel. Nearly each and every technique is based about bets on the table. Even Einstein mentioned you cannot beat the roulette table". He did not say wheel". He mentioned table", because the roulette table is a deliberate randomized representation of the actual wheel. In other words, a red or black bet does not represent any distinct sector of the wheel. The only systems that do beat roulette involve predicting areas of the physical wheel where the ball will fall.The most frequent bankroll management approach error that players make is to not get out when they're ahead. A predetermined amount must be decided upon and a player need to get out of the game if their bankroll reaches or exceeds it following a massive spin win. Stepping away at the proper time is vital to obtaining a winning session or not.Playing correct game is extremely important to execute the game. A group of slot machines linked collectively in a network to type a massive jackpot. One particular should never ever get emotional about cards. Feelings are distractions and may well result in you to make excessive bets or playing approach errors that will expense you dearly.Approach the table and inform the dealer that you'd like to play, but you do not know how. They will gladly teach you, and might even show you how to play your cards correct if you ask them. You see, dealers make a lot of their money via player guidelines, so it really is in their ideal interest for you to do properly. They want you to win so you can give them income! It's very best to do this when the table is empty so you are not slowing down play for other individuals, but most folks will be understanding or move to a various table.Every single gambler plays at their personal comfort level. Some players may possibly have a bigger appetite for danger, whilst other people are satisfied betting little and maintaining things pressure-free. Some are prepared to sacrifice a number of tiny losses in favor of a massive win, even though other folks may well favor winning small amounts consistently each pay a visit to to the casino. Your private gambling approach will rely on your character.There are two kinds of slots jackpot, random and progressive. Random jackpots are generally fixed, and, as the name implies, pop up at random. Progressive jackpots pool players income and their ever-growing amount depends on how a lot of people play a certain slot. Progressives also come in multi-slot forms, with a group of distinct machines operating together to supply one particular, ever-increasing mega jackpot. Progressives supply the likelihood to stroll into the casino a pauper and stroll out a member of the millionaires' club, which clearly makes them really, extremely tempting. A temptation some say is ideal avoided.
Players can find several games to gamble on at an on-line casino, but some games are greater than other people. Some casino gambling games are simpler to win than other folks, since the house edge is decrease. Games like blackjack and video poker are games of skill where method counts, although other games are pure games of likelihood.Sucker Bets in Craps: Notice in the table above the wide disparity in craps bets. The simple Come Bet, Never Come Bet, Pass Line Bet, and Don't Pass Bet have a comparable house edge to baccarat and some video poker machines. A lot of sucker bets exist in craps, like the worst of the bunch: the Any 7" bet. - Comments: 0
page revision: 0, last edited: 29 Jun 2018 05:54 |
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21 Jan 2011 11:05:55 AM
UFC ‘Lasts’
(The last time Big Daddy got paid on time and in full.)
By Cage Potato contributor Chris Colemon
Only 17 years removed from its inaugural bout, the UFC is just now exiting its awkward teen years and developing into a suave, sophisticated adult. After an extended bout of growing pains that at times threatened the sport’s very existence, MMA is finally coming into its own. Today’s fans witness seemingly daily achievements and milestones that speak to the sport’s rapid expansion. In 2010 alone, the UFC held its first events in Abu Dhabi and Australia, opened offices in China, set a new North American attendance record for an MMA event, crowned its first Mexican heavyweight champion, and launched their first attack in the Battle for New York.
But the UFC’s epic tale is not unlike any other in that each chapter begins where another one ends. For every historic first, there is an all but forgotten last.
Here is a short list of some of the UFC’s important lasts – the rules and regulations sacrificed in the fight for our sport’s survival.
Check them out after the jump.Read More DIGG THIS |
For my friends in the information security field, I have some advice: don't ever suggest to a privacy professional that a good security program means privacy has been solved. Nothing makes privacy professionals more frustrated than the suggestion that information security solves privacy. And please, please don’t tell a privacy pro that there are no privacy issues because data is encrypted.
We all know that privacy and security are different concepts. They are linked, to be sure, but the boundaries of the two fields blur frequently and confusion about the distinctions between privacy and security are rampant. So what are the differences between information privacy and information security and why do we continually muddle the two concepts?
I am not an information security pro, but I do understand that information security relates to the confidentiality, integrity and access to data. Information security is born from the technological and procedural controls that we place around our data to achieve these goals. Infosec professionals have often emerged from backgrounds in IT and computer science.
In contrast, information privacy is related to how we manage data. Privacy describes the way in which we gather, store, use, share, and delete data. The field of privacy helps us to understand what is permissible and what is inappropriate with regards to our usage of data. Privacy pros often emerge from the fields of law, compliance and policy.
There are dozens of metaphors and analogies that have been used to describe the distinction between privacy and security. Over the years, I have found that perhaps the most relevant explanation is that even with perfect security you can still violate privacy – you can have effective security with zero privacy, but you cannot have great privacy without great security. In other words, security is a critical component to good privacy but does not resolve some of the other issues raised within the field of privacy. It is very true that you can have perfect security and still be incredibly stupid with regards to privacy.
This distinction between security and privacy raises one of the more challenging issues we see in the information economy today. Information security professionals speak the language of IT and security. Information privacy professionals speak a language based in law and compliance. As a result, fluency between the two domains – – the ability for security and privacy professionals to understand each other – – is limited.
[ RELATED: Keeping humanity in the privacy debate ]
And so we come to what I call the "critical conversation" in the information economy: the dialogue between security and privacy. Understanding the difference between privacy and security is just the first step. We must create fluency between information security and privacy professionals. Resolving enormous societal issues such as the appropriate balance between cybersecurity interests and privacy concerns will never occur without better comprehension between these domains.
So let's start with small steps. For information security pros, I encourage you to walk across the building and introduce yourself to the privacy team. Create a dialogue that will help you understand the role and function of privacy within your organization. Help educate the privacy team on the challenges you face within an information security function.
And whatever you do, don't suggest that a good security program means privacy has been solved.
This article is published as part of the IDG Contributor Network. Want to Join? |
Poland Parliament Blocked by Protesters over Press Freedom Restrictions
Poland’s parliament has been blocked by protesters in support for opposition lawmakers unhappy about new rules restricting press reporting.
The opposition objects to government plans to limit the number of journalists allowed to cover parliamentary proceedings.
The lawmakers’ protest delayed a budget vote, which was later held away from the main parliament chamber.
Hundreds of police surrounded protesters in a late-night stand-off.
Jaroslaw Kaczynski, leader of the right-wing Law and Justice party (PiS), earlier denounced the protest as “hooliganism”.
“We will not allow ourselves to be terrorized,” he said.
Jaroslaw Kaczynski left parliament with the PiS PM Beata Szydlo at about 03:00AM local time.
Opposition lawmaker Jerzy Meysztowicz told the TVN24 news channel that police used tear gas to clear a passage through protesters for their official vehicle.
The opposition accused the government of passing 2017 budget unlawfully on December 16 by transferring the key vote to a smaller hall and excluding the press.
It was the first since the restoration of democracy in 1989 that such a vote was held outside the main chamber of parliament.
Enough lawmakers were present for the budget vote to be valid, according to Jaroslaw Kaczynski and other PiS members, but the opposition demanded a rerun of the vote in the main parliament chamber next week.
“There is no proof that a quorum of lawmakers was present. We suspect that people who were not allowed to vote took part,” said leader of the opposition Nowoczesna party Ryszard Petru.
The ruling party has been accused of restricting press freedom since coming to power in 2015.
In 2017 only a few reporters will be allowed into parliament.
Only five selected Polish TV stations will be permitted to make recordings of parliamentary sessions.
The government argues that it does not believe the measures are restrictive.
Supporters of the move argue it will stop lawmakers from being accosted by journalists inside the parliamentary building.
Last night’s demonstration began when an opposition lawmaker held aloft a placard reading “free media”.
He was told by Speaker Marek Kuchcinski, who is a PiS member, that he would no longer be allowed to attend parliamentary proceedings.
However, by then other opposition lawmakers converged on the podium to demand press freedom and an end to censorship.
It is believed to be the first protest of its kind in the Polish parliament for 10 years.
The proposed new rules – due to be enforced in 2017 – ban all recording of parliamentary sessions except by the five selected television stations. They also restrict the number of reporters permitted to enter the building.
Human rights campaigners have also condemned the plans, with former dissident Seweryn Blumsztajn condemning them as a “return to communist-era practices”. |
You need to consider the various advantages that staff members dating can provide you to your organization and you should at all times consider the continuing future of your business. There are numerous people who are not willing to spend time in connections can be depleting. It is very hard to build associations because your time is put in with one person, the person that you work with on a daily basis. It is important that you find someone who you will be comfortable around and one which can take proper care of your business affairs. You can find people who are check this link right here now in your position and can give you a hand.
You can want to invest your time and efforts with someone who can take care of your business, however you should also locate a person that you can get along with and that can the actual same for you. It is very difficult to get people that have the same interests whenever you. You should also consider your relationship when using the person prior to you consider seeing them. Recognize an attack know how enough time you want to spend with every person, you should also inquire about their goals and the actual expect through your relationship. You should also consider how you are going to be spending your time with each person and what you will likely do while you are together. You must also look at every single person’s account and see that which people are expressing about them and what they are trying to find. |
Well, I have finally caught the disease. It is called Trump Fatigue Syndrome or TFS within the medical community. TFS symptoms include headaches, stress, fatigue and a tendency to stretch out your words, like “huuuge”. And TFS suffers have been known to spontaneously shout out “believe me” and "something is going on" while walking down the street.
The main cause of TFS is too much Donald Trump. It is kind of like the heartburn and agita you get after one of those “all-you-can eat” Chinese buffets… too much food. In the case of TFS, it is too much drama.
Consider all the drama and issues that have come up since Donald Trump entered the Presidential race back in January:
… Mexican rapist coming into the country
… the Mexican wall
… the judge of Mexican heritage
… Trump University
… the beauty queen Alicia Machado
… the Trump Foundation
… the “Access Hollywood” abusive audio
… the parade of women groped by the Donald
… the poor performance in the first two debates
… the leaked tax returns with the $ 915 million dollar loss
… the unfounded charges of a rigged election, before the election
So, indeed, many of us are suffering from TFS and drama overload. In fact, for me Donald Trump has become a bore! Imagine that.
The good news is that TFS and Donald Trump will most likely go away on its own on November 9th! Especially, if we all get to experience a few “Trumpless days”. |
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The 169 air-conditioned guestrooms at Hampton Inn Nashville/Vanderbilt. |
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Aug 26, 2019
Project Lit is a nationwide student-teacher book
club, aiming to increase reading across the nation.
Aug 17, 2019
2 out of 3 low-income children have no books of their
own. Bernie’s Book Bank, Chicago's largest provider of quality
children’s books, is changing that with 12 books per year for 12
years.
Aug 10, 2019
This episode focuses on a Georgia-based program, who
ensures that children of incarcerated parents still have bedtime
stories.
Features the innovative people and programs who spread the love of books and reading culture in our nation’s high poverty areas.
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- $99 for one conceal-carry course for one ($200 value)
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In addition to one-on-one and defense training, Midwest Personal Protection teaches the following firearms classes: NRA FIRST Steps Pistol, NRA Basic Pistol, and Concealed Carry.
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Benzyl Alcohol
Excipient (pharmacologically inactive substance)
What is it?. Benzyl alcohol is also used as a common preservative in many injectable drugs. Benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid have been associated in the past with toxicity and death in neonates who received injectable flush or lavage salines solutions containing benzyl alcohol. Neonates, especially if ill, may not be able to adequately metabolize benzyl alcohol. High concentrations can lead to breathing difficulties, vasodilation, low blood pressure, seizures, and paralysis. Flush solutions with preservatives are now labeled to be avoided in neonates. In addition, nonpreserved saline solution should be used in children to dilute nebulized bronchodilators, for example, with albuterol. Benzyl alcohol may also rarely cause hypersensitivity reactions, such as contact dermatitis, angiodedema, and rash. Other injectable medications that contain low doses of benzyl alcohol preservatives are generally considered safe for newborns.
[1] 1. PubChem. Benzyl Alcohol - Compound Summary (CID 244). Accessed 1/12/2014.
[2] 2. 'Inactive' Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Products: Update. Committee on Drugs. Pediatrics. DOI: 10.1542/peds.99.2.268. 1997;99;268.
Top Medications with this excipient
- Diphenhist 25 mg (Watson Pharmaceuticals)
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- Dyazide 25 mg / 37.5 mg (GlaxoSmithKline)
- Ergocalciferol 1.25 mg (50,000 USP units) (Sigmapharm Laboratories, LLC)
- Hydroxyurea 500 mg (Teva Pharmaceuticals USA)
- Lescol 20 mg (Novartis Pharmaceuticals)
- Loxapine Succinate 5 mg (Watson Laboratories, Inc.)
- Loxapine Succinate 10 mg (Watson Laboratories, Inc.)
- Loxapine Succinate 50 mg (Watson Laboratories, Inc.)
- Loxapine Succinate 25 mg (Watson Laboratories, Inc.)
- Oxazepam 10 mg (Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Inc.)
- Phenytoin Sodium Extended 100 mg (Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.)
- Phrenilin Forte acetaminophen 650mg / butalbital 50mg (Valeant Pharmaceuticals Inc.)
- Phrenilin with Caffeine and Codeine acetaminophen 325 mg / butalbital 50 mg / caffeine 40 mg / codeine phosphate 30 mg (Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America)
- Ridaura 3 mg (Prometheus Laboratories Inc.)
- Seromycin 250 mg (The Chao Center)
- Temazepam 30 mg (Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Inc.)
- Temazepam 15 mg (Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Inc.)
- Tetracycline Hydrochloride 500 mg (Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)
- Tetracycline Hydrochloride 250 mg (Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) |
From prodefence.org
Proxies like the one included in Burp Suite are designed for traffic interception. This allows the owner of the proxy to view, modify and drop packets passing through the proxy. While this can certainly be used for criminal purposes, it can also be used by cyberdefenders to protect against malware and dangerous user behavior.
In this article, we’ll discuss how to use Burp Suite to intercept Web traffic, both encrypted and unencrypted. We’ll start with unencrypted traffic (HTTP) and then cover the modifications necessary for HTTPS. |
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The Venice Poetry Renaissance, a free Beachhead holiday event, Dec. 30, filled Beyond Baroque’s theatre with an enthusiastic crowd of poetry lovers. The readings were followed by a party featuring some of Venice’s best musicians at a local home.
The poetry event began with readings, and rare audio recordings, of the works some of Venice’s great beat poets, including Stuart Perkoff, Tony Scibella, Frank T. Rios, John Thomas and Philomene Long.
Contemporary poets then took the stage and showed that a renaissance in poetry was in full bloom.
Live readings were heard from Roger Houston, Krista Schwimmer, Hal Bogotch, Linda Albertano, Pano Douvos, Lynne Bronstein, Jim Smith, Mary Getlein, Karl Abrams, Peggy Lee Kennedy, Wayne Slappy, Suzanne Verdal and Hillary Kaye. An Open Mic brought still more poets to the stage.
The first all-Venice reading was followed by a showcase of Venice musicians including Peter Demian, Brad Kay, Alfred Johnson, Eric Ahlberg, Freddie Ginn, Sam Clay and Suzy Williams.
A high point of the evening was a rendition of Black Palm Tree by Demian and Moon Over Venice by Williams, both of which were joined by every voice in the house. |
We have relocated to Jewellery Quarter, Branston Street. Its brighter and more importantly its bigger. The first shoot in the new studio is this Sunday, so I am excited and looking forward to capturing some amazing shots!
Details will be updated on the website shortly, but if you have any questions then call on 0800 955 3727 or email us on [email protected] |
In 1987 Harley received a Soap Opera Digest Award from her role as Mary.
Viewers were so angry over Mary's death that they started a letter-writing campaign demanding for her reappearance.
The show received such huge amounts of letters that eventually they admitted their mistake and asked Kozak to come back.
Kozak continued to act in film throughout the remainder of the 1990s and into the 2000s, but turned her focus to writing. Her debut novel, Dating Dead Men, earned her an Agatha, Anthony, and Macavity Award. Kozak starred in movies such as The House on Sorority Row (1983), Parenthood (1989), Side Out (1990), Arachnophobia (1990), The Taking of Beverly Hills (1991), Mc Cormick)..
She played the role of Bess Allison, a mother who dies while searching her missing baby at the time when RMS Titanic sinks.
Kozak was originally chosen to play Karen Sammler in the TV show Once and Again.
.. And her brother has called to tell her that there's been a murder at his mental hospital. ,000 fee could help her struggling store, "Wollie's Welcome!
Most of the Doubleday staff was dispersed, and my own editor ended up at Simon & Schuster. |
Let’s grow your business – together
Solutions News can partner to grow your business and expand your reach. Benefit from SN expertise in integrated marketing communications to increase engagement with the public and stay ahead of the competition.
We offer many ways to collaborate from event management to research, content creation, and special assignments and projects.
SN dream is to drive the world of ideas. To tell the stories of the day that connect with audiences and bring them closer to solutions of contemporary challenges. We’re exploring new methods of newsgathering and storytelling to counter polarization and disinformation.
We work collaboratively with brands and advertisers to create and distribute informative content that promotes products or services. |
82a Avondale Avenue
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Cross Landscapes is a private company categorized underLandscape Counseling and Planning and located in Staines, MIDDX, United Kingdom.
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Number of page views: 380 |
How to Reset Steering Wheel's 'Clock'
Dear Car Talk | Jun 07, 2018
Dear Car Talk:
I have to keep the steering wheel in the 11 o'clock position to drive straight down the road. The car is a 2003 Kia Spectra LS. your in, Michael.
Get the Car Talk Newsletter |
Hadrian's Wall at Banks Green, Burtholme - Carlisle
Upstanding section of the core of Hadrian's Wall close to Banks Green. Issues present with tree growth into the Wall fabric and there is loose stonework that requires limited consolidation. These issues have been the subject of positive discussions between the owner and Historic England, with a view to securing the necessary repairs.
Site Details
- Designated Site Name:
- Hadrian's Wall and vallum between Banks Green Cottage and the road to Lanercost at Banks and the road to Garthside in wall miles 52, 53 and 54
- Heritage Category:
- Scheduled Monument
- List Entry Number:
- 1010997
- Local Planning Authority:
- Carlisle
- Site Type:
- Defence > Military building
Location
- Building Name:
- Hadrian's Wall at Banks Green
- County:
- Cumbria
- District / Borough:
- Carlisle
- Parish:
- Burtholme
- Parliamentary Constituency:
- Penrith and The Border
- Region:
- North West
Assessment Information
- Assessment Type:
- Building or structure
- Condition:
- Poor
- Occupancy / Use:
- Vacant/not in use
- Priority:
- D - Slow decay; solution agreed but not yet implemented
- Previous Priority:
- D
- Ownership:
- Private
- Designation:
- Scheduled Monument, WHS
Contact Details
Jamie Barnes 0161 242 1441 |
China’s “Liquidity Trap” and Broader Trends of East Asian Capitalism Brian Hioe08/31/2016 If recent warnings that China may be caught in a Japan-style liquidity trap are any indication of anything, with China’s economic slowdown and the failure of state stimulus to generate new returns, such developments such not really be so surprising... Read More August 2016EnglishPolitics1 Comment 09 min read |
Whatsapp is the most used messaging app across platforms. The instant messaging app is used by millions and millions of people across the globe every day. Whatsapp is used by everyone today, be it for office groups or for casual conversations and its pretty safe to say that it has been quite an integral part of today’s Internet world.
But often we come across situations when out of the blue Whatsapp suddenly stops working. We are treated with a “Whatsapp not Working” error or “Whatsapp is not responding” by our smartphone, and it certainly is quite frustrating. Thankfully there are some easy steps which you can follow to get rid of this problem and get back to Whatsapp messaging instantly.
Before we take a look at how we can get rid of these issues with Whatsapp, let’s first check what are the causes of these issues.
Common causes for Whatsapp Not Working
Internet technology has evolved a lot in the last few decades. We are able to do several things from our smartphones, which we could not even dream off a few years ago. But still it is far from perfect, and there are some common issues which can cause it to malfunction. Talking about Whatsapp issues and Whatsapp not working error, there are some common causes which can result in this.
Here are some of the common causes of Whatsapp Not Working.
- Internet Issues
- Memory/Cache issues
- Corrupt Data file issues
These are some of the common issues which can cause your Whatsapp to stop working. There can be more specific issues as well, but these are the common ones which are faced by Whatsapp users.
These issues may not simply stop your Whatsapp from working right away, they can slow down your Whatsapp, can result in lag while scrolling and may render your Whatsapp incapable of receiving incoming messages.
Also Read: Guide to download and change Whatsapp Theme (No Root)
Now that we know what are the common issues which cause Whatsapp to stop working, Here are some of the easy ways to fix these errors.
How to fix “Whatsapp not Working” error
Restart your Internet connection
If you are able to use Whatsapp but are unable to send or receive any messages, you need to follow the below mentioned steps to fix this issue.
Step 1. Check your internet connection and see if you can use it elsewhere.
Step 2. If you are on Wi-Fi, switch to Celular Data and Vice versa.
Step 3. Go to settings> time and Date and make sure it’s on Auto.
Step 4. Put your phone into airplane mode for 30 seconds and then reconnect.
Step 5. Try to open Whatsapp again and see if the problem persists.
Note – On some networks or in some regions, the usage of Whatsapp is blocked, and to use it, you’ll need to download and connect to a VPN app.
Also Read: Android P will block Apps monitoring your Network Activity
Whatsapp has stopped working error
If your Whatsapp simple crashes and you are not able to use it Whatsoever, you need to follow the below-given step to fix this problem.
Step 1. Go to Settings > App Manager > Whatsapp and Clear Cache.
Step 2. If the app is still not opening, Go to App Manager > Whatsapp again and Clear Data ( Note – Avoid doing this step if you don’t have a backup of your Whatsapp Chats)
Step 3. Try to open Whatsapp again and see if you’re greeted with the Welcome screen, if the problem persists, go to the next step.
Step 4. If none of the above steps work, Turn off your mobile device completely and Leave it off for three minutes. This will clear the memory cache of your device.
Step 5. Restart your device and try to open Whatsapp.
Step 6. If the app still crashes, Uninstall the app, and install the latest version of Whatsapp from Play Store.
Hope you fix Whatsapp has stopped working error by following our guide. If you still have any problems kindly tell us via comments below. |
When you are planning to install a new wood or an iron fence on your property, picking the right fencing contractor is practically as vital as choosing the fence itself. It might entice to pick the first company that you find in the telephone directory or through an Internet search, yet you will have better outcomes when you adopt a more systematic strategy. The following are some key tips on how to choose fence contractors and fencing companies for your venture.
1. Search for the fencing experts. You will undoubtedly experience various general contractors that claim that they can install the fence. While that may in fact be valid, you will probably get better outcomes in the event that you deal with someone who focuses on your fence installation. The fencing contractors will be better ready to educate you in every of your choices, regardless of whether you want an iron fence for a pool or patio protection fence. They will likewise have the ability to address your issues should they emerge. Wood Fences
2. Get a few alternatives. Any real fencing contractor is going to be cheerful to visit your home and give a gauge to the work which you need done. Be wary about any company that will give you a statement via telephone. Rather, plan a couple face to face meetings with various fence contractors & afterward get citations in writing so you can have a look later. Vinyl Fences
3. Check their references. After you have recognized maybe a couple fence contractors who you should work with, you should check their references. The company might have the ability to place you in contact with satisfied clients, however you ought to likewise check with nonpartisan associations like the Better Business Bureau to check whether there are any dissensions about the company. You will likewise need to ensure the company has a genuine physical place of business. At last, discover to what extent the particular company has been doing business. Privacy Fences
4. Get a contract. Continuously ensure that you possess a written, signed contract prior to starting the work with the fencing company. The agreement ought to incorporate a depiction of the work which is being done and additionally data about installments and when the venture will be finished. Be cautious of a fencing contractors that request full installment in advance; 30 to 50 percent is sensible, with the funds owed after your fence installation is finished. Fence Services |
Obama, GM and Chrysler
My editors at the Guardian have taken to asking me to chime in whenever there is news about the car companies formerly known as the big three. Today I write that Obama's talk of bankruptcy may have been an effort to jawbone the companies' creditors:
Obama is backing up this tough talk by pointedly refusing to rule out a court-ordered restructuring – he used the dreaded word "bankruptcy" – as an option for the automakers. He specifically mentioned that bankruptcy could be used to reduce debt – a signal to bondholders to take a deal now or else risk waiting months or years to pick up the crumbs left over when the companies are liquidated.Here's what Obama said:.Note that Obama mentions the use of bankruptcy as a means to "clear away old debts," not old labor agreements or contracts with car dealers. |
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Updating your Health History May Help Save Your Teeth
>>IMAGE dysfunction (TMD/TMJ) results from improper workings of your jaw joint. Unfortunately, the symptoms of TMJ are so diverse that most Copperas Cove people would never think to tell Dr. Grantham about them. However, we at Cove Family Copperas Cove residents improve their dental health beyond brushing and flossing, but Dr. Grantham needs to know so that we Cove Family Dental and Dr. Grantham asks how you are, be honest! Dental health and general health go hand in hand. If you have any questions or would like to schedule an appointment, please call us today!
Sources |
. Easy to understand features, thousands of loops & samples, high-quality virtual instruments and tons of effects make it possible for both beginners and more advanced users to easily create impressive songs. Thanks to the user-friendly interface and practical guides, even beginners can have fun making music with no previous experience at all. Ambitious hobby musicians, on the other hand, will find more than enough to satisfy their creative needs with the various versions of MAGIX Music Maker 2015.
Music Maker 2015's six new Soundpools, with more than 3000 professionally produced loops and samples, provide you with an individualized sound ranging from Hip Hop and Reggae to Rock Pop, Chillout, House, and Techno. The Premium version offers four addition Soundpools with 3000 loops from the genres Drum & Bass, Metal, Funk, and Movie Score.
The virtual instruments now contain a synthesizer and a drum machine. The Analog Synths synthesizer emulates the analog sound of established hardware synthesizers and is perfect for making electronic music. The new Urban Drums drum machine, along with its extensive range of modulation options, makes complex Hip Hop and Dubstep productions possible. The Premium version contains additional virtual instruments, such as Celtic Harp, World Flutes and Jazz Drums. you to edit and correct them in detail. Additionally, the screen keyboard has been adjusted and outfitted with a MIDI chord/arpeggio feature. This allows you to play your own chords and arpeggios even if you don't have a MIDI keyboard.
Thanks to the free Music Maker Jam app, you can now import projects from your smart phone or tablet to Music Maker 2015 and add loops & recordings. |
Wildenvey.com - Bearpaw Snow Boots Women. A fantastic technique to hold the lengthy long lasting glimpse on UGG boots. These care solutions assist maintain the all-natural glimpse over the boots and therefore are very simple to utilize. Caring for boots has never been easier.
Associated to Bearpaw Snow Boots Women, Boots are excellent since they not simply maintain your feet heat nevertheless they include some of the legs, as well giving best heat. Here's a look at several of the various types of boots you'll find out there for women and adult males, for example ankle boots, knee duration boots, Ugg boots and much more.
The market is flooded with different types of shoes and new varieties join the catalogue each individual calendar year. Footwear are broadly divided into handful of categories like Formal, Informal, Social gathering, Journey, Vogue, and Sports. Every class has additional sub-categories, every of which even have an array of shoes to supply. This is certainly linked to Bearpaw Snow Boots Women.See Also: Alegria Boots On Sale
The Ugg Boot is one of quite possibly the most common kinds of footwear available at this time. Any one who is not common with them really should consider slipping just one on! These are remarkably soft and luxurious. They offer a great standard of ease and comfort plus a great design at the same time. They can be really warm and comfy. Your toes are going to be in shoe heaven! Let's take a closer appear at what's offered in the Ugg line and find out if we will not discover something that you may appreciate!
Just once your shoes or boots start out having comfortable you recognize a split within the facet of the sole. Or maybe a heel starts to separate. It is possible to go ahead and take perpetrator into a cobbler for a few 'shoe restoration' to get the only real repaired or perhaps the boot heel glued again or you can perform it your self in a several seconds. You will find a couple of solutions. Shoe Goo and a complicated or industrial quality cyanoacrylate. |
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Stephen Adams is the Managing Director of Magister Ltd., a consultancy specialising in patents information which was founded in 1997. After training as a chemist at the University of Bristol, he gained an M.Sc. in Information Science from City University, London in 1982 and subsequently worked in a variety of government, private research and industrial information departments, specialising in patent information since 1988. He is a Member of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP), a member of the Editorial Advisory Board for Elsevier's journal "World Patent Information", and the current Vice-Chair of PIUG, Inc, the International Society for Patent Information. In 2012, he received the International Patent Information (IPI) Award for contributions to patent information.
Matthieu Azzopardi is 27 years old and a graduate electrical engineer. He holds an
MBA in general management
Since 2013, Matthieu Azzopardi has worked as a patent search engineer at the Institut National de la Propriété Industrielle (INPI) in Paris, France. His areas of activity include realisation of prior art, novelty, patent monitoring on quotation
Ingrid Baele is Vice President, Philips Intellectual Property and Standards
She is a Belgian national, and joined Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven, The Netherlands in 1987. She has a background in physics from the University of Antwerp, Belgium.
In 1990 she joined Philips Intellectual Property & Standards (IP&S), the unit that handles all IP matters for Philips. She started as IP Counsel and became member of the IP&S management team in 1999. In her current position Ingrid is responsible for the IP&S operations and all IP&S offices worldwide.
She is member of the leadership team of the ICC IP Commission and chaired the 2014 edition of the IP Roadmap task force. She is board member of two institutes for IP education
Hana Churáčková worked from 1997 to 2006 at the Industrial Property Office of the Czech Republic, at first in the Patent Files Section, then she was promoted to head of section and later she became Deputy Director of the Patent Information Department. After her maternity leave she returned to the Industrial Property Office of the Czech Republic where she now works as head of the Digitalisation Section.
Hana Churáčková received her bachelor‘s degree, BSc. in 1993 at the Faculty of Philosophy and Science of the Silesian University in Opava, where she studied Czech literature, its documentation and creative use, specialising in librarianship.
She continued her studies at the Charles University in Prague where she did her Master degree (Mgr.) from 1994 to 1997 at the Faculty of Arts on Information Studies and Librarianship.
Presently Hana Churáčková is also studying for a PhD on international and regional relations in industrial property at the Metropolitan University of Prague.
Ms Churáčková has been teaching at the Industrial Property Training Institute on patent information and searches since 1999 and lecturing on patent and trade mark information and searches at the Metropolitan University Prague since 2012.
Irini Efthimiadou is the Service Liaison Manager of the "Innovating for Growth" project of the British Library's Business & IP Centre, acting as point of liaison between the project and the core services offered. She is an expert in business information research, having also experience in IP research and IP training. She has 20 years of previous work experience as innovation management consultant for businesses and public organisations
Belkis Fava has a Master of Arts in Linguistics, with specialisation in terminology. She speaks English, French, German and Spanish. She began her carrier at WIPO in 1990 and has more than ten years' experience in the administration of the Nice, Vienna and Locarno Classifications. Since 2007, she has been the Head of the WIPO Mark and Design Classifications Unit. The main task of this unit is to organise and assume the secretariat of the international meetings that decide on changes to the classifications and prepare and publish the new editions of the classifications in accordance with those decisions. The unit also gives classification advice to national industrial property offices and training on the application of classifications to developing countries.
Alejandro Flores Jiménez has headed the Didactics and Databases unit in the European Patent Academy since 2010. The unit is in charge of the developing, maintenance and conducting of all on-line courses of the Academy, as well as a training material repository and speakers databases. Prior to taking charge of the unit, he had worked as a patent examiner in search, examination and opposition since 1999. He holds a PhD in Telecommunication Engineering, an M.A. in Law and has passed the European Qualifying Examination.
Alex Gardiner graduated from Aberdeen University in Scotland and worked on oil platforms as a telecommunications engineer and radio operator. He has been an examiner at the EPO since 1991, first in Munich, then in The Hague for ten years before returning to Munich in 2007. He has worked in various fields such as connectors and amplifiers, as well as computer bus and backup memory systems. His field of work since 1997 has been computer implemented inventions in the area of business methods and the internet. Due to the high refusal rate in that field, he became an expert (by necessity!) in oral proceedings before the EPO. He has also participated in various groups which have considered legal procedures within the EPC.
Alex is active as a trainer both for examiners and to external participants.
A physicist, Roland Gissler has been in the patent information business since 2001 and at Questel, a leading provider of professional IP-services since 2004.
Before joining the patent information business, he held positions as project manager for electronic publications of technical information (e.g. first CD-ROM with retrievable federal budget for German Ministry of Finance) and gained experience in highly parallel computing for scientific and technical applications. He also worked in management positions in Federal Management Consultant Association.
Roland is the author of case studies for evaluating technical and competition trends; experience in portfolio pruning and evaluation of licensing opportunities
Barnaby Hoyal is a British national, living in southern Germany since 1998. After completing his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in Chemical Engineering at the University of Cambridge, he worked for ten years as an engineering and management consultant for a number of international companies.
In 2005 Barnaby joined the EPO as an examiner in the field of industrial chemistry. As of 2012, on a posting to the multilateral co-operation directorate in DG 5, he has been co-ordinating the EPO's involvement in the IP5 collaboration in the IT-supported projects working group. In particular this co-ordination work covers the EPO's activities in the Global Dossier project.
Michal Kazimierczak is an economist at the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM) and a PhD fellow at joint PhD program of Maastricht University and United Nations University on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT). At OHIM he has been involved in several research projects focusing on IP contribution to the European economy and performance of European companies. Within those projects he was responsible for preparing IP data and merging it with external sources of demographic and financial data of IP owners.
Before joining OHIM he was working as a civil servant in the Polish government and as a consultant for Deloitte.
Dierk-Oliver Kiehne studied medical and mechanical engineering at the RWTH Aachen. He started work at Dornier Medical Devices and began his scientific career at the Fraunhofer Group where he finally headed the branch offices. He founded InTraCoM GmbH in 2000 and was CEO until 2010 when he split the company into a consulting and a software company, InTraCoM and IPR-Systems. Since 2010 he also heads IPR-Systems located in Berlin. InTraCoM and IPR-Systems are focused on innovation management consulting and software solutions in the intellectual property field researching, analysing and valuation of IP.
Dierk-Oliver Kiehne's research focus is on intellectual property valuation as well as innovation management method and software tool development. He aims at developing applications for efficient IP data sourcing and IP valuation
Heidrun Krestel holds a master's degree in Material Science. Having been the head of one of the largest patent information centres in Germany, the PATLIB Centre in Nürnberg for 14 years, she has a long term background in the area of patent information.
In 2002, she joined the European Patent Office in Vienna, as liaison officer. As country co-ordinator for several member states in the European Affairs Department she took care of the development of the EPO's co-operation policy and co-ordinated the implementation of co-operation activities with national offices in the member states. She also managed the pilot project to reorient patent information centres.
Since December 2014, she has been co-ordinating contacts with external stakeholders within the Patent Information Promotion Department. In this capacity she is in charge of activities related to the entire PATLIB network.
Sabine Kruspig was born in Berlin in 1955. She studied automation technology at University of Technology Dresden and the protection of intellectual property at Humboldt-University Berlin, with a final thesis on the protection of software by patents
Employment
Publications/other activities
Sofie Leplae graduated from the University of Leuven in Belgium. She joined the EPO in 2007 as a patent information officer in the patent data services team. She is involved in data analysis and data correction for the legal status database. She also works on the distribution of raw data and offers expert user support to external users.
Sofie is active as a trainer on patent information subjects like patent families and the legal status database.
Director of Research and Enterprise Services at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh between 2000-2013, Gillian is now with Helix Advisory Services, advising universities worldwide on capacity building in research development and technology and knowledge transfer support. She was an initiator of both Interface and of UT.com and chaired the Scottish Research Development and Commercialisation Directors when standard contracts were agreed and published for a range of activities.
She has chaired AURIL in the UK and ProTon Europe and has also served on various Commission expert groups. She chaired EC Expert Group "Knowledge Sharing in the ERA" that led to the European Commission's recommendation to member states on the management of intellectual property in knowledge transfer activities and to a code of practice for universities and other public research organisations
Theodor Nyfeler is deputy head of the patent department and head of patent and technology searches at the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property. He began at the Institute in 1999 as a patent examiner in the field of mechanical engineering and in 2001, became head of a team of patent experts. Since 2003, he has been responsible for the commercial and federal patent search services. He has a university degree in mechanical engineering and in 2000, completed postgraduate studies in engineering management. In 2010, he received his Executive MBA in Innovation Management from the Bern University of Applied Sciences.
Nils created the Patent Asset Index - a measure of patent portfolio strength used by leading technology companies in investor relations, M&A and corporate IP management. Nils' mission is to make useful knowledge on patent portfolios available to decision makers. He is co-founder and managing partner of PatentSight, a firm that runs a global patent information platform designed to support strategic management. The method has earned the support of Chief Technology Officers and patent experts of international corporations from many industries.
Nils' interest in IP was sparked during his Master thesis at Germany's leading business school where he conducted an empirical study on the profit impact of active IP management. In subsequent PhD studies, he investigated how patent portfolios could be evaluated to provide guidance to strategic management. The research in this area and the consulting work that he performed for blue chip companies and the European Patent Office led to the creation of a new concept of how IP information can be better analysed and presented for management, which in turn became the foundation of PatentSight's unique technology platform.
Ilja Rudyk is currently employed as Senior Economist in the Chief Economist unit of the European Patent Office. The Chief Economist (CE) unit was set up to provide economic insight into issues relating to patents, innovation and economic growth. It aims to contribute high level expertise and analysis to public and expert forums and to foster well-informed debate.
Before joining the EPO Ilja was working as Financial Architect for Atos, an IT service company, and as researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition. He holds a PH.D. in economics from the University of Munich. In his dissertation he investigated the economic effects of different design issues of patent systems using economic and patent data.
Irene Schellner is co-ordinator 2012, Irene joined the EPO's department for International Organisations, Trilateral and IP5 where she co-ordinates projects between the EPO and the patent offices of Japan, China, Korea and the USA
Carlos Serpa is presently CEO of the technological spin-off company LaserLeap Technologies, SA, and researcher at the Coimbra Laser Lab (Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Portugal). After completion of his PhD in the field of photochemistry in 2004, Carlos Serpa took a post-doc research position at Caltech. His present research interests cover a wide range of basic and applied research within the field of light and matter interactions. Co-author of over thirty papers in peer-reviewed journals, over 100 conference proceedings, two book chapters and one patent application, he was distinguished with the BES Innovation Prize 2008, the most prestigious Portuguese science and technology innovation distinction. In 2006 Carlos Serpa took the "Technological Based Entrepeneurship Course" promoted by the University of Coimbra, and maintains a strong collaboration with Portuguese innovation-driven companies
Nigel Spencer manages services at the British Library's Business & IP Centre, a dedicated space in the Library where entrepreneurs can access a collection of free business information as well as a range of training and mentoring services and networking activities. Nigel has over 20 years of experience of managing services and projects at the British Library and regularly writes and presents on the role of information in supporting innovation and entrepreneurship
Eskil Waage was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1968. He graduated with a cand. jur. degree in 1995 (Copenhagen University) and went on to obtain a doctorate in law from the (Université de Strasbourg) in 1998.
He was assistant to Professor Dieter Stauder, CEIPI, Strasbourg, 1994-1998 and a staff lawyer at the European Patent Office's Directorate for International Legal Affairs (DG5), Munich, from 1998 to 2008 and again from 2011 to date. From 2008 to 2011, he was a seconded expert at the European Commission's Directorate General for the Internal Market, Industrial Property Unit, Brussels, 2008-2011
His main fields of activity over the years have been:. He joined the EPO (The Hague) in 1990 as a patent examiner in the field of electro-optics. From 2009 to 2010, he was acting Director of Classification in the EPO's branch in The Hague. In 2011 he took up his current position in the Vienna sub-office of the EPO. |
4 piece instrumental band from Tokyo,Japan.
when people feeling their music,
it gives us color for our live.
like air, we can feel it as if it has been existed.
like water,it makes dried sense moist.
add some music to your day.
「C」/2013 Friend of mine Records
a fanatic socialist looked up at the stars..../2009 Freiend of mine Records
Split CD with Document not found
pressing slight against Ω/2009 self |
Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, sounded like one of those classic resort towns that a travel writer, like me, ought to know. So, I hopped a flight and began to explore. I came home with plenty of reasons to encourage others to visit, and I’m seriously considering a personal return next summer. It’s my kind of place.
Lake Geneva’s grand waterfront awed me and felt so relaxing, yet the place initially was called “Maunk-suck” (Big Foot) for a Potawatomi chief. Later it was named Geneva after the quiet town of Geneva, New York. The destination eventually became known as Lake Geneva to avoid confusion with the nearby Geneva, Illinois.
Attracted by the fresh air, clear lake and scenic vistas, the community prospered and grew. Chicago’s wealthy businessmen started going there to hunt and fish. The Midwest’s great moguls, like Wrigley, Kellogg, Maytag and beer baron Conrad Seipp, liked it so much, they built opulent summer homes. A rail line opened in 1871 bringing more people to the area, and it gained the nickname “The Newport of the West.”
Then, in October 1871, Chicago suffered its Great Fire, an event that oddly benefited Lake Geneva. Numerous families escaped the burning city on the train and stayed through the winter waiting for city homes to be rebuilt. While life in the big city slowly resumed, the Chicagoans cherished memories of summering in Lake Geneva and kept returning. Even today, about 80 percent of the summer residents have roots in Chicago.
You’ll find Lake Geneva’s old-fashion main street about 80 minutes from Chicago, and 45 minutes from Milwaukee. Boutique shops, non-chain restaurants, coffee shops and bars do a brisk business. Fall foliage, Oktoberfest, a winter ice sculpture extravaganza, and of course, ice fishing keep the pace going year-round.
No trip to the region is complete without a guided cruise showcasing the spectacular lakefront mansions. The script from the cruise line sounds like it was lifted from the show Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous. You need only look at the yachts and boathouses to see the owners’ rank among the country’s highest tax brackets.
The best way to work off those splurge- worthy vacation meals is to walk a portion or all the way around the scenic 21-mile lake path. I took a guided tour past some of the mansions and loved learning their behind-the-scenes stories.
Touring inside the Black Point Estate, a fabulous high Victorian style mansion built in 1887-8 for beer baron Conrad Seipp, brings a taste of the bygone lifestyle. The property stayed in the family until 2005, much unchanged, until it was gifted to the State. (Group tours via ferry boar or motor coach only.)
When I return, (I’m getting more and more positive) I’ll stay in either the Baker House or Maxwell Mansion, two historic downtown properties with plenty of character. They make ideal getaways for couples or a girls’ escape. The gardens of these boutique hotels feel magical, flaunting their Gilded Age glamour. The interiors include fire-lit parlors, period dining spaces and enticing bars- and beverages. A personal butler comes with your room in the Baker House. They hope you’ll get in the Victorian spirit and encourage guests to wear hats, chosen from many on display.
The main portion of Maxwell House sports a dark and moody Speakeasy Lounge in the basement. A drinking well that begs you to waste away a few hours. An on-property addition looks like a stable, but contains equestrian-style themed guest rooms. Even if you stay elsewhere, make reservations for Champagne brunch, high tea or dinner at one of these two historic inns.
Lake Lawn Resort, a few miles from downtown, is a family place where generations have returned to vacation in rustic style overlooking two miles of Delavan Lake shoreline. The 140-year old resort has seen additions and continual updates and renovations and offers a full array of indoor and outdoor activities. I stayed here and hated to leave the captivating property. Many guest suites include full kitchens, entertaining areas, lofts and patios with lake views, perfect for weeklong escapes.
If you are headed toward Wisconsin, don’t miss dipping your toes in glorious Lake Geneva. For more info: visitlakegeneva.com.
I apologize that my photos lack sunshine. They were taken on a a few rainy days I encountered while visiting Lake Geneva. I am sure the sun shines often and gives the lake a lovely glow — just not during my visit!! |
Batman's having a bad week.
In each year's tournament, some dreams are made while others are broken. This year, it was the Caped Crusader's turn to be on the business end of a great upset. Bested by no less than Han Solo, returning titan Batman has fallen in the second round of the HitFix's third annual showdown.
Also leaving us after tragic defeats – Deadpool! Rey! Finn! Jon Snow! Ron Swanson! Ultron and Regina George!
Many giants of goodness or villainy left their dreams on the arena floor.
And now on to Round 3!
Eight unbelievably mighty match ups to take us to the semi-finals:
Han Solo vs. Furiosa
Ripley vs. Ant-Man
Xena vs. Jessica Jones
Agent Peggy Carter vs. Sherlock
Joker vs. Kylo Ren
Keyser Soze vs. Hans Gruber
Hannibal Lecter vs. Jim Moriarty
Catwoman vs. Kilgrave
Two time champion Xena stood astride the competition once more as the top vote getter in round two. Can Jessica Jones finally end her reign? And across the divide Hannibal Lecter continues to crawl his way towards a rematch of last year's final.
Cast your vote today! The future of heroism is in your hands! Round 3 is now open!
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The conceptual complexity of a domain can make it difficult for users of information systems to comprehend and interact with the knowledge embedded in those systems. The Unified Medical Language System ® (UMLS) currently integrates over 730, 000 biomedical concepts from more than fifty biomedical vocabularies. The UMLS semantic network reduces the complexity of this construct by grouping concepts according to the semantic types that have been assigned to them. For certain purposes, however, an even smaller and coarser-grained set of semantic type groupings may be desirable. In this paper, we discuss our approach to creating such a set. We present six basic principles, and then apply those principles in aggregating the existing 134 semantic types into a set of 15 groupings. We present some of the difficulties we encountered and the consequences of the decisions we have made. We discuss some possible uses of the semantic groups, and we conclude with implications for future work. |
Hasee Beijing has resumed supplies to Chinese electronics retailer Suning.
The Chinese PC maker Hasee stopped supplying goods to Suning from March 1, 2009, and the company said the main reason for the supply suspension was that Suning had delayed the CNY50 million outstanding payments to Hasee. In addition, Suning had required increasing its profit share rate by 50% when renewing its contract with Hasee.
Suning said at that time that the contract between the two companies expired on February 28, 2009, and the two sides had not reached an agreement on profit sharing, so the new contract for 2009 was unable to be signed on time.
However, only ten days after the announcement of the supply suspension, Hasee decided to continue to cooperate with Suning, its only nationwide channel partner. So far, although the two sides have not formally renewed the contract, Hasee has reached an agreement with Suning and during the effective period of the agreement, Hasee's computers will still be on Suning's shelves. In addition, Hasee will set up a product display platform in one of Suning's retail stores this year and the project has reportedly already been started. |
Sony’s PlayStation console bought tons of improvements in the video gaming environment, which made the gamer’s skills more worthwhile. Despite the latest version of PlayStation, the old ones are still compatible with the gaming devices in comparison to controls and features.
One of the oldest and the most popular ones, PS3 has that capability at that period which created one more reason for the gamers to keep it.
And if you have still that ps3 controller and somehow looking for a way to connect with the later versions of it then you’ve come at the right way.
Well in this tutorial we are gonna show how you can use your PS3 controller on your PS4 video game console. As they are made in two different time circles, so it’s obvious that officially there is no way to use the ps3 controller on ps4.
However, in this techy era, we have got some ways to make such things work and you have still a chance to turn your old controller into action.
So before jumping into the working way, let’s first know why you cannot use a DualShock 3 controller on a ps4 console.
Why You Can’t Use PS3 Controller On PS4?
Officially PS3 or Dualshock 3 Controller is not supported by PS4 due to its advanced features (e.g- trackpad, share button) and compatibility. The best way to answer this by looking at functions and doing a comparison of both of these controllers.
For example, the ps3 controller has got a mini-USB port while the ps4 has MicroUSB in it. From such differences, we can assume that the old controller isn’t compatible with its upgraded console.
So what options you’ve left to make this ps3 controller workable on ps4? the answer is using the ‘controller converters’. These controller converters are specifically made adapters whose work surrounds changing the functions of the
old existing controller to a working environment.
So in this tutorial, we are also gonna use one special controller converter that will be useful for your ps3 controller to work on the ps4 console easily.
Trick To Use A PS3 Controller On PS4
In order to start this procedure, you must have a controller converter adapter (CronusMax Plus), USB cables, PS3 controller, and your PS4 console.
First Step: Unpair PS4 Controller
- Connect the PS4 controller to the CronusMax Plus adapter using the provided mini-USB cable
- Plug the CronusMax Plus into one of the PS4 console’s USB ports (2.0)
- Turn on the PS4 Console
- Go to Settings > Devices > Bluetooth devices.
- Select DualShock 4 controller from the list.
- Select Forget Device from the list on the right.
- Select OK and disconnect the PS4 controller from the CronusMax Plus
- Done!
Second Step: Install The Adapter On PC
- Connect the CronuxMax Plus to your PC using the USB cable
- Download and install the free Cronus Pro software
- Open Cronus Pro, then select Tools > Options
- Select the Device tab, select the box under Output Protocol, then select PS4
- Check the following options: ✔️ Enable remote control of slot on each device, ✔️ The device will remember the last active slot when restarted, ✔️ Inframe Out, ✔️
- You can now play games on your PS4 using the PS3 controller
- Enjoy!
You may also like-
- How To Connect Xbox One To TV Without HDMI Port
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Final Words
PS4 or later versions have got some advanced functions that work on the specific controllers only. Trying to connect old hardware with newer software, sometimes be the trickiest part.
And you have seemed that in this post about connecting ps3 controller with the ps4 console. Anyways, if you have followed the above steps one by one, then I guess you’ve got your time to play fabulous games on your ps4 console using a Dualshock 3 controller. |
Being there, just you and the mountains…
Category Adventure
Introduction To Digital Photography
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Product Details
- Amazon Sales Rank: #28284 in Home Improvement
- Brand: Tolman Tool
- Model: OPEN-CB
- Number of items: 1
Features
- Rebar cutter/bender that lets you see right where you want to cut
- Eliminates through-feed system
- Cuts 5/8-inch, 60-grade rebar
- Bends 5/8-inch, 60-grade rebar
- Weighs 62.8 pounds shipped
Editorial Reviews
Amazon.com Product Description
This rebar cutter-bender from Tolman Tool eliminates the through-feed system and allows you to view exactly where you want to make a cut. This rugged device cuts 5/8-inch diameter 60-grade rebar, and bends 3/4-inch diameter 60-grade rebar simply and efficiently.
From the Manufacturer
This rebar cutter-bender eliminates the through-feed system and allows you to view exactly where you want to make a cut, saving time and work with the drop in system. Improved model cuts up to 5/8-inch-diameter 60-grade rebar and bends up to 5/8-inch-diameter 60-grade rebar.
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|
The Official Web Site of Stephen Willand ...
"Common Sense 2"
Chapter 1 ... Tyranny
Chapter 2 .... God
Chapter 3 ... Heritage
COMMON SENSE II
Introduction
It has been said that when a person is in the midst of an unfolding historical drama that the significance of these events and the role that this drama will play in history is lost upon the actors. When history is being made, the people making it almost always are consumed with the daily trials and tribulations facing them and lose the macro environmental view of the historical perspective to the micro view of the immediate people, places and things confronting them. I am hard pressed to think that the "Embattled Farmers" who stood at one end of the Old North Bridge in Concord Massachusetts on the morning of April 19th, 1775 thought that a shot fired at the British redcoats on the other side of the bridge would actually be "heard round the world." I am more inclined to think that they were gathered together that morning, having been alerted by many alarm riders including Paul Revere, to defend themselves against a British attempt to arrest some local radical leaders and confiscate certain property. However, their actions that day did reverberate around the world and started a revolution that helped to create what, four score and eight years later, Abraham Lincoln called " a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal."
While the importance of the events of the day are often overshadowed by the inability to see their future impact, the events of yesterday are more readily placed in their historical settings since we know what impact the events of the past have had on the present. Thus, the people involved the unfolding historical drama may not be able to see the historical forest through the trees of day-to-day living. Yet, the historian is blessed with the invaluable tool of historical hindsight which, at least in the ability to see the events without judging them, has 20/20 vision. I can present the hypothesis that the World War II generation is, in Tom Brokaw's words, the "Greatest Generation," and acknowledge that they were born and raised during the Great Depression, fought and won a Great War against Nazi and Japanese tyranny, came home to build a Great Nation and that we all owe them a Great Debt of Gratitude for all that they have done. Joseph J. Ellis in an essay on Thomas Jefferson argues that all claims of the "greatest generation" title "will eventually lose out to Jefferson's generation. As Ralph Waldo Emerson once put it, they were the patriarchs who ' beheld God and nature face to face." "While this is the "stuff" of which good historical debates are made, it is unlikely that either generation woke up and said "we are the greatest generation." They both woke up and went on to do great things and history has judged them accordingly.
Historical context is also lost to the forces of incremental change and historical condensing. In the former, we often fail to see the full ramifications of particular events because, being involved in the historical drama, we can see only the latest, marginal or incremental change. It can be argued that the recent controversy surrounding the elimination of "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance is, in and of itself, not capable of having a great impact on our nation's future. However, if we look back upon the last forty years and see that we have: eliminated prayer in our public schools, dropped the mandatory reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the American Flag, allowed the burning of the American flag (while banning the burning of leaves), passed out condoms in our public schools, taught our children how to have safe sex (because they will do it anyway), taught them how to drink responsibly (because they will do it anyway), passed out clean needles to drug users ( because they will do it anyway), created designated drivers for intoxicated teenagers (because they will do it anyway), legalized abortion and gay marriages to name a few events. Taken together, these events will have an effect on our future. Whether that effect is positive or negative is a topic for debate. In historical condensing, events are placed in large categories such eras, epochs or ages so has to condense vast amounts of time into a manageable format. In so doing the actors who played on that historical stage might not recognize any of what we now think. I doubt that anyone awoke in the last millennium and said; "I hate these Dark Ages. I can't wait for the Age of Enlightenment," or felt elated to live during the Renaissance, or ever heard of the middle Ages or the Age of Discovery. Yet, that is how history has categorized them. I am often impressed with credible history textbooks that condense the entire history of the Roman Empire into 2-3 pages, and by necessity avoid the lesser events so as to focus on the larger picture and place this great empire into its proper historical context.
In British America of 1776 Thomas Paine stepped upon the stage of history and wrote Common Sense. In this pamphlet, Paine wrote in understandable language of the evils of tyranny, the ethically bankrupt political structure of a foreign ruler, the existence of economic and social wrongs, and the need to fix all of this with a common sense approach. It is unlikely that Thomas Paine knew that he was writing a seminal work that would motivate Patriots including George Washington and inspire many to join the cause. I am certain that Paine could not envision that a 1997 publisher would claim: "Today, Common Sense remains a landmark document in the struggle for freedom," and is distinguished not only by its ideas "but also by its clear and passionate presentation." It is my belief that the America of today is involved in an unfolding historical drama that is as significant as Thomas Paine's America of 1776. Moreover, if we remove the incremental, daily or micro view and step back and take a look at the larger context in which today's events are playing, it should become clear that America is either on the threshold of change, or has incrementally and permanently moved away from its original creative design. In some future time, historians may well look back at today and say it was an Age of Greatness or an Age of Decline. We will let history judge.
For our purposes today I will launch Common Sense II and attempt to apply a "clear and passionate" and common sense approach to the issues of the day.
Women played a key role in World War II. Stephen's mother Majorie (second from left) and friends pack rations for the soldiers.
Regardless of one's political persuasion, John Kerry's decision to risk his life to fight in an unpopular war deserves respect. Stephen Willand's family worked for Kerry's 1984 Senatorial campaign.
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Wrong Way
- 0:00 / 3:51
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- He Can Mend A Fence 3:270:00 / 3:27
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- Somebody Ought To 2:590:00 / 2:59
- No Way In Hell 3:480:00 / 3:48
- 0:00 / 3:51
- 0:00 / 3:51). “Way Out In The Country” has two versions because of differing lyrics. |
It’s been three weeks since Blizzard’s newest franchise went into beta and already one of the oldest American esports organizations is planning to build a team in the game.
CompLexity Gaming is looking to put together an Overwatch team by talking to Team Fortress 2 players, founder Jason Lake told the Daily Dot.
The organization already has a footprint in multiple games, with teams in Call of Duty, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Dota 2, Heroes of Newerth and Heroes of the Storm, as well as players in Hearthstone and StarCraft 2.
Blizzard Entertainment has yet to provide details on how it plans to organize the Overwatch esports scene, and it’s still trying to figure out the structure for some of its existing games.
At Blizzcon 2015, the company announced a global circuit for Heroes of the Storm, with a $500,000 tournament in Spring, Summer, and Autumn leading up to the world championships. If the spring 2016 competition goes well, it’s possible that Overwatch esports will be designed in a similar way. With Overwatch planned for release on or before June 21 next year, Lake says it’s important for an esports organization not to rush in and pick up people just because they’re the best players in the beta because they might not be the most skilled people in the game after its release.
The Daily Dot met with Lake at the esports industry brand summit in New York to talk about compLexity’s plans for 2016, the Heroes of the Storm global circuit, and Overwatch.
What are your thoughts on the esports scene at the moment?
Jason Lake: For a lot of us who have been in this industry for a long time we’ve been screaming from the mountaintops, ‘Look, this is going to be huge,’ but nobody has been listening. Now everyone seems to be listening and it’s both exciting and a bit overwhelming. I couldn’t be more excited for next year.
What do you think of Blizzard’s Heroes of the Storm global circuit announcement?
It’s great to see Blizzard pushing their Heroes plans forward and I think having more than one big event a year is a great idea.
Blizzard is such a solid company and they have such a rich history in esports. We’re optimistic they will continue to support the game in the years to come and confident that Heroes is going to have a very strong run.
How do you decide whether to get into a game or not?
First of all, we look just to see if it’s a good game. A lot of times a game might take off and get a quick following and be one of the top streamed games on Twitch, and an amateur might look at that and be like “Oh, I’ve got to get into that game.”
Games will peak early after release, identifying a good esports title has a lot more to do with understanding the demographic, who is developing the games, what tools have they put into the game, and are they going to support the game and integrate it with their overall user base.
For many years Counter-Strike was a top esport despite the fact that Valve didn’t even support it at all. Now you look at Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, if there’s a tournament and you turn on Steam it’s right there on the front page when you load up the game. That kind of participation from the developer—getting the casual player interested in the esport aspect—goes a long ways. So if we’re confident a developer is going to develop the game and market the game as an esport, that’s very attractive to us.
Are you looking at getting into Overwatch then?
Oh absolutely, Overwatch looks like a blast. But if you grab the first few people that are good at the game—they’re called beta all-stars—they might be really good and once the more talented gamers adopt the game and start training they’re no good anymore. So it’s always a balancing act and it’s much more an art form than science.
We’ve got our eye on some people, mainly from the Team Fortress 2 community, that we think are probably going to be really solid at this game. We’re speaking with different players who we believe will be top contenders, but as of this time we have not signed anyone. We’ll probably start from there and continue to build as the talent pool increases.
How important is it to get in really early once a game has been released?
Some people would argue that it’s very important, I don’t know that it’s that important. I think identifying the right players and securing a team that can be successful is more important.
Perhaps you get lucky and find those players right away when the game is brand new, but, like I said, a lot of the time you have a beta all-star situation where the people that are good at the game initially aren’t necessarily going to be the ones that are winning tournaments once the prizes are handed out. We’re by no means perfect at it, we’re still trying to learn and do our best to build champions.
The compLexity Dota 2 team is in a house, what is that like?
Yeah we have a team house in Miami, right down on the water with jet skis. These guys live like rockstars. It’s like nicer than my house, I’ve got to go back to practicing the game, these guys live better than I do.
What is compLexity’s focus for the next year?
Really, we’ve focused a lot of our energy on business development, we signed with [talent management company] WME|IMG. As the industry continues to expand everything is going to get bigger—player salaries are going to get bigger, venture capital is going to get bigger.
What does focusing on the business side look like?
The roots of the team business side are corporate partners, sponsors. They provide the base level of operations for everything we do—from flying people around the world to play, gamer salaries, staff salaries, and all the other associated expenses. |
What is the best digital camcorder for under $550? (see clarification for specifications)?
It is going to be used inside of a race car and for other events (family gatherings, etc).
I would like it to be as easy to use as possible and would prefer it to record to a hard-disk and MiniDV tapes if possible. (I am not sure of the advantages of each). The important thing is that each start/stop or the recording creates a new video file that can be saved to my website.
It needs to have a remote control so I can start/stop recording from inside the cockpit of the car without turning around (remote would be taped on steering wheel).
Construction needs to be rugged and durable and the camera should have good recording even in a vibrating race car.
I would prefer a reputable brand like JVC or Sony.
Let me know..Thanks!
Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS10 DMC-FT10 rugged digital shockproof undwater camera |
Via Anthony McCarron of the NY Daily News:
[Mariano.”
Rivera is already 41-years-old so this should not come as a huge surprise. There really aren’t a lot of pitchers who can stay effective into their mid-40’s. The last two pitchers the Yankees had at that age were Randy Johnson and Roger Clemens and one was probably on steroids and the other was wildly inconsistent.
That said, it is two years away and if he’s still effective then he’s not totally closing the door on another return. A lot can happen between now and then though so we should just sit back and see.
He’s probably going to retire though. You’ve been warned. Don’t take his final years for granted. |
Through photography we preserve history
Photography is the profession of heart. You click a moment that touches your heart or makes the photograph that touches the heart of others. There is no another way to explain the feeling. The power of imagination is everything, clicking a picture is of less importance. There are many good photographers that know how to take good pictures and preserve good moments. a photographer in Dubai is an example of such photographers.
Photography is not about owning fancy equipment. You can use an ordinary and create a masterpiece from it. A good photographer is a keen observer. He/she observes everything around him and knows exactly the right moment to click a photograph.
The key element of photography is passion. A photographer shouldn’t take photography as a burden, it should be fun for him and his subject. If the subject is an inanimate thing, a photographer should be able to tell the story behind the photograph.
What are the traits of a good photographer:
- Knowledge – A photographer should have all the knowledge required to capture the moment. From the specification and ability of his camera to the emotions of the subject.
- Passion – As said earlier, it is the key to a good photograph. You should be passionate about your work.
- Tell a story – He should be able to tell the story behind in just one shot.
- Capture the feeling not just an appearance
- Intrigue the audience – Make them curious
- Document history
- Preserve the present
- Connections – Connect with people. Connect people with each other
- Shoot anything that attracts you
- Let the people see the beauty in them
- Photography can help you mediate
- Travel back in time – your photograph can take you back in time so you can relive the moment
- Observation skills – for a photographer to be good, he needs to observe each and everything with keen interest.
- Pay attention to details – every photographer is good but what make one unique is the ability to paying attention to the details.
- Freeze the moment
Photography and painting are same but the difference is a painter paint from imagination but a photographer has an object to imagine from. Photography is considered as a realistic expression. Photography has a specific nature that separates it from painting and drawing.
Owning a DSLR does not make you a photographer but that doesn’t mean you cannot be a photographer. Your photographs define you and your work. A good photographer knows where and when to click. Take photos just for the fun of it and you’ll be creating masterpieces in no time.
Nothing satisfies your soul more than knowing that you have gotten a good shot. You preserve the moments that help you go back in time and relive the moments again |
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This package includes a one-hour consultation (at your location) prior to the wedding and the same great treatment on the wedding day.
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We saw some good performances from the Newcastle players last night, and especially in the second half, which is reminiscent back in the early days when Rafa first arrived.
The team always seemed to improve in the second half and that’s probably because Rafa reads the game well and adjusts the team at half time.
We had three players stand out as our best players last night and it just so happens they are all new players brought in by Rafa during the summer.
Matt Ritchie is our Man of the Match
It’s the third time in a row for Matt and this time he got 33% of the vote.
This player is fast becoming a favorite on Tyneside with his skill and his attitude. He scored the penalty after 50 minutes which he put away expertly and just watch his reaction – he kills a corner flag.
This lad was a star last season for Bournemouth in the Premier League and he is only going to get better under the tutelage of Rafa Benitez.
It’s also not lost on supporters that he left the Premier League to join the Magpies.
Matt replaced Andros Townsend, so we shouldn’t miss the former Tottenham winger too much this season.
Isaac Hayden is second in the voting with 29% of the vote and he seems to be improving already under Rafa Benitez.
He has started every game so far in one of the holding midfield positions.
It seems Rafa has seen something in this former Arsenal youngster and he scored his first goal for the club last night and he took it really well after 20 minutes.
He went close in the second half too when the goalkeeper blocked his chipped shot, so he is starting to add some goals to his game and he could become a big star at Newcastle this season.
Isaac was a terrific buy from the Gunners for a measly £2.5M.
Dwight Gayle scored two goals last night and he is third in the voting with 25% of the vote.
Dwight now has three of Newcastle’s first five goals this season and he is off to a good start on Tyneside.
His first goal was simply a magnificent strike from a free kick after 69 minutes and he was where he needed to be after 89 minutes to slot home his second and Newcastle’s fourth.
This lad wears the number 9 shirt and he seems to be inspired by it; we can see Dwight getting a stack of goals for us this season with this lightening quick play and his eye for goal.
We have to mention Yoan Gouffran (5% of vote and 4th in voting) and he was singled out by Rafa in his interview after the game.
Yoan almost scored a spectacular goal in the first half and he worked his socks off last night and it’s not been a good time for Yoan over the last two years.
He got good applause from the Geordie fans when he was replaced near the end of the game and this player can give us something in games in the Championship; we now hope he doesn’t leave this month.
He is a good example to younger players because of his attitude and work ethic in training and in the games.
Well done Yoan.
8 comments so far
jimmysmith
Aug 18, 2016 at 10:44 PMComment #1
He comes off contract at the end of the season, so he’d be great to keep if he can do the job, and so would then naturally relinquish his place just as we hopefully are better placed to replace him with epl quality.
Haidarra apparently back in training, which might solve our left back situation this season too.
Ings in, along with a fit and competitive Gouffran and Haidarra, and you could probably sell Sissoko and Tiote if you had too, and park the cash till the January window, or even better, the window after.
expatmag
Aug 18, 2016 at 10:48 PMComment #2
Jimmy
Haidara is not yhe answer. He is a continual sick note and anothr forward and winger are vital.
Sissoko and Tiote are already gone nate. That is why they are not playing. It us just a question of how much we get for them now.
jimmysmith
Aug 18, 2016 at 11:27 PMComment #3
Yeah obviously Haidarra’s fitness is the tipping point for him and us, although the club appear hopeful. Gouufran strikes me as a genuine option in the Championship. I don’t view him as the dud that others do, particularly at this level. If you got Ings or similar versatile quality forward, then you’d have him, Ritchie, Perez and Aarons to run the flanks, and even Janmaat and Anita as further options down the right side.
The big issue with bringing in new players now, and giving them the long contracts we have, is obviously the question of what you can do with them should they be deemed not good enough this time next year.
We would also need to sell more than two, before bringing in two, because we have too many players as it is.
Tsunki
Aug 18, 2016 at 11:29 PMComment #4
Haidata has had a bad run since the manamacnamanamanaman incident and may never be the promise he was, but having entertained the likes of Taylor, Marveaux, Good , Mbabu and SDJ I think he deserves at least another run in the team. Even at half capability he’s still better than Dummett.
Tsunki
Aug 18, 2016 at 11:38 PMComment #5
Has gouffran ever been played in his natural position for any length of time? He’s a much maligned character, in much the same way as Jonas was when Pardew absolutely destroyed his game with his awful tactical brief.
jimmysmith
Aug 18, 2016 at 11:39 PMComment #6
Also with Tiote and Sissoko, it might well be that Rafa would prefer to move them on, but it is also true that deals most often don’t get done than do, and as things stand they are still here with the end of the window approaching. I don’t think we’ll fold and sell for less than we value them at. I don’t think that’s Rafa’s or Ashley’s way.
JRTC
Aug 19, 2016 at 5:08 AMComment #7
I like to see Tiote play some part this season. I know he’s not the player he once was & there’s some doubt about his commitment, however him & Hayden could share that holding midfield role.
We’re missing some leaders… Add Krul, Hanley, Tiote & Mitrovic to the team and we’ve got a lot more steal!
Rotonda heights
Aug 19, 2016 at 9:12 AMComment #8
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New conference means more miles
March 4, 2014
The 2014 Georgia Southern University football schedule was released a few days ago, and you might not recognize some of the teams on it.
The move to the FBS is finally complete with the finalization of the 2014 schedule which has the Eagles travelling as far north as Maryland and as far west as New Mexico.
Fans that go to away games will have quite a bit of traveling to do come Fall. The Eagles will have to travel a total of 4,388 miles in the six games that they travel away from Paulson Stadium, with the farthest being New Mexico State University at 1,667 miles.
However, Athletic Director Tom Kleinlein urged fans to pump the breaks on getting their hotels booked early.
“To all of you booking your hotel rooms for the FB season, make sure there is some flexibility. ESPN has not announced its schedule yet,” Kleinlein said on Twitter.
The road games that stick out most are the ones against teams that run the triple option. The United States Naval Academy and the Georgia Institute of Technology stand out despite the fact that GSU may not be running the triple option anymore with newly hired head coach Willie Fritz at the helm.
Nevertheless the Eagles can use these two games, as a benchmark to how they improved over the season, as GT is the second game of the year and Navy is the second to last game.
The farthest most GSU players on the current roster have ever had to travel is to North Dakota State University, which was 1,275 miles away.
Welcome to big time Division One football Eagle Nation.
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Gracianna Medallion Wine Clubs
Our award-winning wine is handmade from brilliant fruit for those with something to be grateful for. Upon joining the club receive your personalized stone medallion that will hang on your very own vine in our Mercedes Estate vineyard – the only winery in the world where the vines wear jewels.
- Buy wine direct from the family at a savings.
- Ultra-premium wine delivered right to your door.
- Ship anywhere.
- Upon joining the Medallion Club you will receive one personalized custom Gracianna vineyard medallion to hang on your own vine.*
- We offer three distinctive Medallion Clubs that automatically ship two times per year in April and October for your convenience. Shipping (unless you pick up your wine) and CA sales tax is added at the time of shipment.
* $25 Medallion fee charged with first order. Should you need to leave Gracianna, we’ll mail your Medallion to you prepaid.
* Price Shown is Per Shipment. Tax and shipping are additional.
** Mixed Quattro and Case club includes Pinot Noir, Estate Pinot Noir, Zinfandel and Chardonnay; Mixed Half-Case Club includes 2 Pinot Noir, 1 each Estate Pinot Noir, Zinfandel, and 2 Chardonnay.
*** All Red club includes half Pinot Noir and Zinfandel
Click below for some examples of customers’ Gracianna Medallion Wine Club medallions hanging on their vines:
Gracianna Medallion Wine Club™ FAQ
More details about our exciting wine club
- Shipping and CA sales tax are added. You are taking possession of your wine in California.
- Please have your wine shipped to a business address where someone 21 years or older can sign for it.
- Any club can be pre-paid for a defined period – the first shipment is always prepaid.
- Our latest releases will always be included in the first club shipment after release in April. You are guaranteed to have priority access to our latest releases!
- All wines and vintage chosen to be included in each club shipment are curated by the winemaker himself.
- The club is the convenient way to take delivery to your home or office (a signature from a person at least 21 years of age is always required.)
- We’ll tell you it’s on the way—make sure your email or your gift recipient’s email is on file with us and we will send an email alert when your order has shipped.
- For gift giving, an email notification is sent along with your gift message within 24 hours of placing your order and will also ensure timely delivery since it will remind the recipient an adult signature is required.
- Initial club shipments are normally sent within 5 business days after placing your order.
- Club shipments will be shipped by the 25th of the month, in March and October.
- Club memberships are shipped until cancelled.
- We accept cancellations 10 days prior to a shipment being sent (we cannot cancel an order that is already in the shipping queue.) Please call or email.
- The Medallion club is an annual subscription membership; therefore a cancellation fee applies if the club is cancelled before the second shipment ($40 for Quattro clubs, $60 for Half-Case clubs, and $100 for Case clubs, charged to your card.)
- A $25 Medallion fee is charged with your first order. Should you need to leave Gracianna, we’ll mail your Medallion to you prepaid.
- During extreme hot and cold temperatures, the club shipment may be delayed to prevent any harm to our brilliant wines.
- You can pick up your wine at our tasting room to save on shipping. Just let us know!
What are the differences and benefits of the Gracianna Medallion Wine Clubs?
Wine clubs are subscriptions in which members receive a specified number of bottles of wine on an ongoing basis depending on the program you choose. Your wine is delivered to your door. Wines are selected by our winemaker, who provides tasting notes that include information about each wine and the winery.
Whether for your personal enjoyment or sent as a gift, The Gracianna Medallion Wine Club™ is a super way to stay in touch with Gracianna Winery and the Amador family of Sonoma County and to ensure you receive an allotment of these highly desired wines. Our goal is to send you wines that you’ll want to order again!
Each of our wine clubs includes
- Our premium wines made by Gracianna Winery
- Convenient delivery to your home or office
- Detailed tasting notes on each wine
- Inclusion in our email newsletter informing you on what’s going on at the winery and in the region
- Member savings on additional bottles
- Access to special format bottles, such as special edition magnums
- Other special benefits throughout the year
Why is it called the Gracianna Medallion Wine Club?
Gracianna offers something no other winery in the world does. We create a Personalized Stone Medallion with your name, a message, or the name of someone you wish to honor and we affix it to your own vine in one of our vineyards. It is affixed to the vine as long as you are a member. You may come and visit your vine anytime (we love visitors!).
We are the only vineyard in the world where the vines wear jewels! You can see the first medallion with Gracianna and John Lasaga, the namesake of our winery, at the head of row 6 in our Mercedes Vineyard on Westside Road in Healdsburg. Medallions are earned upon membership in any of our clubs.
Pre-paid or ongoing subscription?
Any club offer can be prepaid for a defined period for your convenience. Subscriptions prices do not include the cost of shipping and handling, which will be added to each club shipment.
Wine club shipments may have slightly higher shipping fees to cover rapid delivery to minimize the chance of heat or frost damage to your brilliant wine. We aim to avoid this by timing shipments appropriately. For extreme weather, we will delay the club shipment until the weather is suitable for standard shipping again.
How do I give a wine club gift subscription?
A prepaid wine club membership is convenient for gift giving, with multiple options—pinot, zinfandel, chardonnay, all red, and custom mixed—available. Gift recipients receive all member benefits for as long as you continue payment.
Timing of your wine club gift: All wine club initial orders will include a detailed welcome letter and will be shipped within approximately five business days of the order being placed. If you have a specific delivery date in mind, please let us know. We are happy to do our best to target the date but please communicate with us on that and provide plenty of time in advance.
Gift notice: If you include your wine club gift recipient’s email address, they will receive your gift message and notice that a delivery is coming. It also ensures their access to all member benefits and future shipping notices. If you contact us early enough we will be happy to send a handwritten note.
When is my wine club order shipped?
Your wine club is processed and shipped in April and October no later than the 25th of the month.
There are a few exceptions to our wine club shipping schedule, as follows:
- The first shipment of a new membership is sent approximately five business days from the time the order was placed, regardless of what time of the year the order was placed.
- During extreme weather conditions, we will delay the club shipment until the weather is suitable to ship your package using standard shipping.
How do I order more wine club wines and do I receive additional savings?
Yes! Wine club members may reorder any wine club wines as long as supplies last. We encourage you to sample your wines and reorder within 30 days for best availability. Medallion Wine Club members are eligible to purchase wine at the savings they enjoy with their club, for example Case Club members receive 15% savings on their order.
How do I change my wine club address, credit card, etc.?
Easy. To request updates or changes to your Wine Club subscription, submit your new information using the “Contact Us” area on the website or simply send a note to [email protected]. To update credit card info, we are happy to do this over the phone, please call 707-486-3771.
How do I cancel an ongoing club subscription?
To cancel your wine club subscription, please submit your request using the “Contact Us” area on the website or simply send a note to [email protected]. You can also call 707-486-3771 to make your request by phone.
Please note that any wine club shipments that are already in process or in transit cannot be cancelled. In cases where shipments are already in process, your cancellation would take effect for the next shipment.
Since the Medallion club is an annual subscription membership, a cancellation fee applies if the club is cancelled before the second shipment ($40 for Quattro clubs, $60 for Half-Case clubs, and $100 for Case clubs, charged to your card).
We appreciate your support!
* Some state restrictions apply. Please contact us for information specific to your location. |
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Historical Members
References
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Appendix.
- ↑ The Citadel. Heraldry: Houses in the Stormlands
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 The World of Ice & Fire, The Reign of the Dragons: The Conquest.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 42, Davos II.
- ↑ A Dance with Dragons, Appendix.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Haystack Hall. |
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Suicide
I. Social AspectsJack D. Douglas
II. Psychological Aspects (1)Edwin S. Shneidman
III. Psychological Aspects (2)Norman L. Farberow
I. SOCIAL ASPECTS
Suicide has been an object of fundamental concern to Western men of all cultural periods, though the importance given to suicide itself, as well as the degree to which it has entered into other concerns, has varied greatly from one period to another. “Suicide,” said Goethe, “is an incident in human life which, however much disputed and discussed, demands the sympathy of every man, and in every age must be dealt with anew” ([1811-1833] 1908, vol. 2, p. 125).
This is not to say that suicide has failed to interest people in other cultures but, rather, that the reasons have usually been different. In feudal Japan, for instance, suicide was an ultimate act of honor, redemption, or union. In the Western world, however, suicide has always been regarded as fundamentally problematic. Possibly because suicide in the West has nearly always been interpreted as voluntary self-destruction, with no element of social constraint or obligation, philosophers from Plato to Camus have used it as a starting point for reflection on the eternal problems of human existence. Indeed, ambivalence toward the fact of his own existence is one of Western man’s most persistent characteristics; life and death, the relation of man to man, and the relation of man to himself have been subject to continual questioning, and suicide has been seen as relevant to all of these. In such a climate of thought, it is not surprising that neither settled opinion nor emotional consensus has ever been reached concerning the nature of suicide.
Early writings . Early Western writers on suicide were primarily concerned either with its desirability (including its honorability) or with its morality. But all of them, whether Greek, Roman, Jew, or Christian, were concerned to some degree with the particular facts of actual cases of suicide. Most importantly, from our point of view, they implicitly assumed that before one could properly judge the actor in the case, one had also to know his intentions, the situation in which he found himself, and the nature and outcome of his actions.
After the normative arguments against suicide by Augustine, the Council of Aries, and the Council of Bourges, there is little evidence that the normative evaluation of suicide was considered to be very problematic until the seventeenth century. But there remained the cognitive problem of deciding which set of facts concerning intentions, situations, and actions should be imputed to the category of suicide. Most important to Christian thinkers was the problem of categorizing “martyrs”: were they suicides or not? This cognitive problem was to be just as difficult for sociologists in the twentieth century as for theologians in the fifth century (see Halbwachs 1930).
The nineteenth century . The fundamental forms of thought about suicide, including the implicit assumptions that suicide must be studied as a form of normative action and that suicide is connected with the problem of man’s relation to God and man’s relation to man, were all part of the literary and common-sense background of sociological thought about suicide in the nineteenth century. But there were many other, more specific influences on these nineteenth-century works.
Almost all of the many works on suicide in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries included extensive and detailed considerations of the historical cases, the literary examples, and the philosophical treatments of suicide. The works of Appiano Buona-fède, Louis F. Bourquelot, Carl F. Stäudlin, Albert des Étangs, Pierre J. C. Debreyne, Alexandre Brière de Boismont, and Alfred Legoyt, to mention but a few, were greatly concerned with such sources. Among the literary, philosophical, and historical influences on the developing sociology of suicide, three can be singled out as most important.
(1) Knowledge of the high frequency of suicide among the upper classes in ancient Rome, and of the honorableness of suicide among the Romans, led to the idea that suicide is fundamentally a matter of social custom. According to Voltaire and other thinkers of the Enlightenment, suicide in a society where suicide is neither the custom nor positively valued or expected was due to a failing, weakness, or disease. This background assumption helped to produce both the psychological theory that suicide is caused by insanity (or character weakness, or disequilibrium), a theory of great influence even today (Dahlgren 1945; Achille-Delmas 1932; Deshaies 1947), and the sociological theory that suicide is caused by a failure of the normative control of individuals by society (Brière de Boismont 1856; Morselli 1879; Durkheim 1897; Cavan 1928).
(2) In the eighteenth century, suicide became a focal point in the ethical argument between the philosophes and the church supporters. Largely as an outgrowth of this struggle, the relation of religion to suicide became a leading concern of the nineteenth-century sociologists. Specifically, this tradition of thought was largely responsible for the explanations of the great statistical increase in suicide in nineteenth-century Europe in terms of meaninglessness of life, lack of discipline, self-centeredness, moral disorganization, and materialism. These developments are dealt with more fully below.
(3) Death, especially death by suicide, was a favorite theme in the literature of the romantic movement. Indeed, the most important contribution of this literary tradition to the developing sociology of nineteenth-century Europe was probably that it helped to focus attention on suicide. Largely because of its treatment in literature, suicide was seen by the educated public as a fundamental social problem. Nineteenth-century Europeans, especially the French, were as frightened of la manie du suicide (as Tissot [1840] called it) as twentieth-century Americans are of juvenile delinquency and the Mafia. But the literary concern with suicide also provided the core of certain very important, specific “theoretical” explanations. Of fundamental importance was the prime romantic symbol of an isolated, lonely hero of a poetic (or intellectual) bent who wanders far from human society in search of the impossible and, failing of the impossible, becomes increasingly melancholy and enamored of eternity. The idea that self-imposed isolation produces “melancholy,” and thence suicide, was hardly novel; indeed, Robert Burton’s seventeenth-century treatise, The Anatomy of Melancholy, had carefully documented its classical sources. But this prime symbol of romanticism contained the most unclassical ideas of both egoism and anomie. Indeed, the romantic image of suicide seems to have been so much the mythical model which the sociologists of suicide had in mind that both Morselli ([1879] 1882, p. 297) and Durkheim (1897) had a strong tendency to treat egoism and anomie as almost identical. It is even possible to specify the work of Chateaubriand, especially as treated by Briére de Boismont (1856, pp. 39-40), as the major source of Durkheim’s idea of anomie suicide (Douglas 1965, pp. 20-26).
Some of the fundamental ideas about suicide which the sociologists inherited from history, philosophy, literature, and common sense became the cores of the various sociological theories of suicide. There were other influences on these theories which will be described later. But the sociologists of the period were dependent upon these nonscientific and, most importantly, nonempirical sources for their ideas about suicide as a specific phenomenon. Though this is somewhat less true today, the sociological study of suicide is in substantially the same condition.
The definition of suicide
A great number of different definitions of suicide have been proposed by the students of suicide during the first two hundred years of the term’s general use. Almost all of these definitions have included, to varying degrees and in various combinations, one or more of the following conceptual dimensions: (a) the initiation of an act that leads to the death of the initiator; (b) the willing of an act that leads to the death of the wilier; (c) the willing of self-destruction; (d) the loss of will; (e) the motivation to be dead (or to die, or to be killed) which leads to the initiation of an act that leads in turn to the death of the initiator; (f) the knowledge of an actor concerning the relations between his acts and the objective state of death; (g) the degree of central integration of the decisions of an actor who decides to initiate an action that leads to the death of the actor; (h) the degree of firmness or persistence of the decision to initiate an act that leads to the death of the initiator; (i) the degree of effectiveness of the act in producing death. (For a detailed presentation of the various definitions, see Schneider 1954, pp. 9-59; for an analysis of the definitions of suicide, see Douglas 1965.)
The great profusion and confusion of definitions of suicide have been very largely the result of combining an abstract, a priori approach to defining the concept with an assumption of “verbal realism” —i.e., the assumption that if the same name is in fact used to refer to a set of phenomena, then that set of phenomena must in fact have some shared property that is designated by the shared word. Durkheim and almost all other sociologists and psychologists who have attempted to carefully define suicide, have assumed that one should arbitrarily define the concept to fit his scientific methods and his theoretical purposes but that the definition should not differ too much from common usage (Durkheim [1897] 1951, pp. 41-42). Durkheim further assumed that the most common definition of suicide was that of death caused by an action initiated by the actor with the intention of causing his own death. Since, however, teleology is anathema to positivists, Durkheim decided that intentions are too “intimate” to yield valid information and that, consequently, “knowledge” by the actor of the deadly consequences of his actions should be the fundamental factor in deciding that a death is a suicide, even if the consequences are relatively uncertain (ibid., pp. 43-46).
Unfortunately, Durkheim’s definition of suicide was quite irrelevant to his work on suicide. As Maurice Halbwachs most astutely argued, Durkheim was almost totally dependent on the official suicide statistics for his data, so the only definition that really mattered was that (rather, those) which the officials had in mind when they categorized the causes of deaths. Since Halbwachs believed that one could not know what definitions these officials used, he concluded that sociologists must be satisfied with no definition at all (Halbwachs 1930). Actually, the coroners and doctors who do the categorizing seem generally to be firm believers in the common-sense theory of teleology. Moreover, the laws governing the certification of cause of death very generally specify “intention” as necessary for a classification of suicide. Benoit-Smullyan (1948) has also pointed out that since Europeans do not generally consider self-sacrifices to be suicides, Durkheim’s “altruistic suicides” would not be included in the official statistics on suicide. Consequently, it seems clear that Durkheim’s definition of suicide was not so much irrelevant to his data as it was a complete distortion of the meaning of the data.
With the exception of Halbwachs’ work, the published sociological works on suicide since Durkheim’s Suicide have generally assumed that Durkheim’s definition is best; they have even failed to note Halbwachs’ valid criticism of it. They have, however, also either implicitly assumed “intention” to be a necessary factor, or else they have totally avoided the problem. The result has been both confusion and a failure to recognize the problems involved in defining suicide. The sociology of suicide is in obvious need of a system of categories which will describe the observed phenomena that are significant in terms of a theory of suicide. Such descriptive categories must be worked out in partial independence of the theories in order to aid their development, but they must also be worked out in partial dependence on developing theories. However, the first critically important thing for sociologists to do is to make direct observations of the empirical phenomena which are called suicide in any society, so that definitions will be relevant and so that the meanings of the data will be known to the theorists.
Official statistics on suicide
Largely because of the rapid acceleration in statistics-keeping in eighteenth-century Europe, the systematic recording and tabulating of suicides had become standard practice in many of the governmental regions of Europe by the first quarter of the nineteenth century. The basic ideas of “moral statistics,” especially the fundamental idea that a given incidence of a phenomenon such as suicide is regularly associated with a given population, had been clearly formulated in the eighteenth century, certainly by 1741, when Johann Peter Süssmilch published his famous treatise on the “divine order” underlying demographic phenomena. The traditions of “political arithmetic,” of studying racial and national character, and of comparative studies of suicide rates were synthesized by Adolphe Quetelet (1835) in order to produce his “average man” theory of suicide rates. Quetelet’s fundamental idea was that each stable “social system” produces a stable, average personality type about which the individual personalities tend to cluster. The average man, therefore, has a given, stable probability of committing suicide in a given period of time.
Quetelet’s probabilistic theory was specifically intended to explain the observed regularity (or order) in the official suicide statistics. This regularity, which was first observed for the different nations of Europe, seemed to the moral statisticians to be a remarkable demonstration of the deterministic, lawlike nature of the actions of individuals. Since the seventeenth century, Europeans had believed suicide to be more frequent in some nations than in others. The French considered suicide to be as English as gambling (they seem to have believed that more Englishmen preferred death to life because the fog made living so unworthwhile), though Voltaire thought this impression was due to more newspaper coverage of suicide in England. But before the nineteenth century, the explanations of these (assumed) regular differences in suicide frequencies always involved the assumption that the individual will was the ultimate cause of the action. In the early nineteenth century both the psychiatric theory that all suicides are insane (and, therefore, do not cause their own actions) and the direct comparison of national suicide rates (without any real consideration of the individuals who committed the actions) combined to eliminate the individuals (or wills, or personalities) from consideration as possible causes of suicide. Quetelet’s early work on the comparisons of social rates of suicide (work that gained much support from the researches of Gustave F. Étoc-Demazy and Andre M. Guerry) was quickly given a metaphysical basis by the English positivists, especially by Henry Thomas Buckle. This largely eliminated Quetelet’s variable of average personality; the direct comparison of other external, objective data (such as geographical-ecological distributions and marriage rates) with suicide rates was now an established method with a metaphysical justification, that of positivistic determinism.
Largely because of the vast influence of Brière de Boismont’s great work on suicide (1856), based primarily on case studies of 4,595 suicides, including 1,328 suicide notes (a source of data first used by Guerry as early as 1833), and 265 attempted or planned suicides, the more important works on suicide by Wagner (1864) and Morselli (1879) did not deny causal significance to various individual factors, such as motives. They did, however, consider the comparative analysis of officially computed suicide rates to be necessary for establishing causes of suicide “. . . such as the most positive mode of psychological study would fail to discover in the individual” (Morselli [1879] 1882, p. 10). Durkheim’s sociologistic theory of suicide proposed that suicide rates are a sine qua non of the sociological study of suicide, and the great influence of his Suicide (the first edition of which appeared in 1897, although it was not translated into English until 1951) quickly made the statistical approach almost identical with the sociological approach, especially in the United States. Indeed, Kruijt (1960) and others have recently assumed the two to be totally identical.
Validity of official data . Since sociologists have relied almost exclusively on the official statistics and coroners’ reports on suicide for the data from which to develop and test theories of suicide, the question of the validity of the official data is absolutely critical in any evaluation of these sociological works. Throughout the nineteenth century most students of suicide were highly critical of the official statistics on suicide. Esquirol (1838), Brière de Boismont (1856), Legoyt (1881), Strahan (1893), and many others believed the official statistics grossly underestimated the actual number of suicides. Even Morselli (1879) most emphatically warned against the dangerous misuse of suicide statistics. But the sociologists, especially Durkheim (who included very little consideration of the value of his data in Suicide), consistently assumed that the evidence was good enough for the kinds of positivistic (i.e., objective, by definition) analyses they wanted to make. In general, they argued that (a) the stability of the statistics shows that there are no significant errors in them and (b) there are no good reasons to conclude that there are consistent biases in the data, i.e., the errors cancel each other out.
The first argument is based on the mistaken assumption that errors cannot be patterned or stable. Buckle (1857-1861, p. 18) even noted that the frequency of incorrectly addressed letters is extremely stable from year to year without noting the obvious implication for stable suicide statistics. Though contemporary sociologists (especially Americans) who have used the official records on suicide rarely have explicitly considered their value as evidence, they seem generally to have assumed that the second argument given above is correct. The most fundamental reasons for denying the validity of the argument, and therefore the adequate validity of the statistics, are as follows.
(1) It seems quite likely that the official categorizers of suicide in different nations, states, and cities have used different abstract and operational definitions of suicide. We have noted above that the formal definitions of suicide by the students of suicide have varied greatly and in a most complex fashion. But there have been some consistent differences in definitions between groups, such as those between the psychiatrists, the psychologists, and the sociologists. Why would one not expect to find similar consistent differences in the abstract and operational definitions of suicide used by different groups of official categorizers of causes of death? A coroner of a large city who will categorize a cause of death as suicide only if a suicide note is found clearly will produce results consistently different from those of a coroner in another city who uses a different rule-of-thumb definition, such as that there must be an eyewitness report, a clearly perceptible motive, etc. Only “verbal realism” can lead one to assure a priori that the coroner in Lapahaw, Georgia, applies the word “suicide” in a fashion substantially similar to the way the word is applied by the coroner in Los Angeles, California.
(2) It also seems most plausible to assume that there are consistent differences in the abstract and operational definitions of the terms of the different definitions, such as “cause,” “responsible,” “sane,” “death,” and “intention.” For example, some official agencies will not categorize the cause of death as suicide if death occurs three days after the injurious act; and it is worth observing here that all bureaucracies create ad hoc rules of thumb in order to effectively apply general policy to their own particular problems.
(3 ) A great deal of evidence has been presented by Herman Krose, Georg von Mayr, Halbwachs (1930, pp. 19-39), and Achille-Delmas (1932) which has shown both that (a) there are consistent differences in the administrative practices of dealing with suicide (and related categories) and that (b) changes (hence, differences) in administrative practices regarding suicide produce immediate and highly significant changes in suicide rates. Two brief examples are instructive. Halbwachs (1930, pp. 33-34) found that, though a ruling in 1866 made certification of cause of death by a doctor or public health official obligatory throughout France, in fact almost all rural deaths escaped certification; certification of cause of deaths in public places was made by police officials, and certification by family doctor was universally acceptable. He also found that a reform in the Prussian Bureau of Statistics in 1883 produced a 20 per cent stable increase in the suicide rate, beginning in 1884 (Douglas 1965, pp. 259-377).
These and other facts strongly suggest that the relationship between statistical organizations and the suicide rates they produce is subject to the following principle: other things being equal, suicide rates vary directly with the degree of professional medical training of the categorizers, the average rate of man-hours devoted to “cause of death” categorization, and the independence of the categorizers from “interested parties” (for which see below). This general principle leads us to expect, among other things, that (a) urbanization and suicide rates will vary directly; (b) both industrialization and the wealth of populations will vary directly with suicide rates (a possible explanation of the great increase in suicide rates of Europe in the nineteenth century and of developing nations today); and (c) periods of general disorganization or reorganization, such as wars, will produce decreases in suicide rates (because the officials are fewer and have more important things to do). And, in general, these predictions are strongly supported.
(4) The most important set of “other things” that are not equal, and which we must expect to cause great biases in official statistics on suicide, are the various social meanings of suicide, especially as they relate to approval or disapproval. Because of his positivist philosophy, his peculiar theory of “social pathology,” and his theory of “juridical norms,” Durkheim assumed that all groups in Europe were equally against suicide. With the partial exception of the works of Halbwachs (1930) and Cavan (1928), almost all sociological theories of suicide since Durkheim have implicitly assumed the normative definitions of suicide to be both invariant and highly negative. This is a totally fallacious and most unfortunate assumption. In his brilliant study of French attitudes toward suicide, Albert Bayet (1922) conclusively demonstrated that over a long period of time there was a consistently far more negative (even horrified) attitude toward suicide on the part of the “simple,” uneducated population (largely rural) than on the part of the more educated, upper-class population. Such patterned differences in the normative meanings of suicidal actions might produce different frequencies in actual (or real) suicidal actions, but they would seem far more likely to produce differences in the frequency and strength of attempts to conceal suicide both by the suicidal individual and by his significant others. Moreover, one would expect that the more a primary group has to lose from having one of its members socially categorized as a suicide, the greater will be the frequency and strength of attempts to conceal suicide. These two factors make up what can be called a group coefficient of attempted concealment of suicidal actions. We must also expect, however, that different groups will have different coefficients of success in such attempts, the major determinants of which would seem to be degree of social influence and degree of social integration of the group (or individual) making the attempt at concealment. Obviously, these two coefficients could produce many biasing effects on official statistics, the most likely of which seems to be that, given a certain degree of negative normative definition of suicidal action, the degree of social integration of the suicide’s primary group into the general community will vary directly with the coefficient of attempted concealment and with the coefficient of success in attempted concealment. This means, of course, that official statistics on suicide will tend to be biased in such a direction that they will support an integration theory of suicide, such as Durkheim’s.
(5) Over half a century before the publication of Durkheim’s Suicide, Jean-Étienne Esquirol (1838) had established that some methods of committing suicide make valid categorization of the cause of death more difficult. Since, moreover, there seem to be patterned variations between social categories in suicide methods, we must expect biases in official statistics from this source. For example, women use barbiturates and gas far more frequently than do men. Suicides by barbiturates and gas are very difficult to distinguish from accidents. Since such doubtful cases are almost always categorized as “accidental” or “accidental suicide,” we must expect bias in the direction of lower official suicide rates for women.
Two conclusions regarding the official statistics on suicide seem justified: (a) we have little specific, systematic knowledge about the means employed by different statistical bureaus to arrive at these figures; (b) what knowledge we do have about these figures and the means of arriving at them strongly supports our arguments that they are highly biased in certain directions. In general, at the present time there seems to be no adequate justification for using official statistics on suicide to build or test a scientific theory of suicide. There seems to be every reason for not using them (Douglas 1965, pp. 259-377).
Sociology and the official data . Almost every published theory of suicide that has been called sociological has depended on the official statistics on suicide for its testing. This means, of course, that the testing of these theories is subject to all of the biases of the official statistics and therefore cannot generally be accepted.
But this does not necessarily mean that the theories of suicide are themselves wrong. All the so-called sociological theories have been general abstract theories which the authors believed to be applicable to a great variety of social behavior—for instance, to all deviant behavior. These theorists have never derived their general theories from the official statistics, still less from any actual observations of cases of suicide. On the other hand, they have always known from the beginning most of the patterns of suicide shown by the official statistics, so that they have been able to select (no doubt unconsciously) just those patterns for consideration in the testing stage which their theories can “predict.” In spite of rhetorical disclaimers that any such bias exists, the fact remains that all published sociological theories of suicide have been supported at a high level of statistical significance by “tests” using the official statistics on suicide. Moreover, since all of these works after Durkheim’s Suicide have included only the most perfunctory consideration of alternative theories for explaining the same data, there is at present no justification for considering any one theory better than any other, unless one were to consider sophistication of argument an acceptable criterion, in which case Durkheim would hold the field unopposed (Douglas 1965, pp. 112-259).
Major theories of suicide
Durkheim’s sociologistic theory. In Suicide Durkheim was, of course, primarily concerned with proving by demonstration that sociology is a scientific discipline sui generis. The work was a polemic in a great ideological war; and as Halbwachs has said (1930, p. 3), its argumentative power has made it convincing (though, I would add, only to those already convinced of its general position). To achieve his goal of demonstration, Durkheim made use of the mass of published material on suicide statistics, the many statistical relations already established between suicide rates and social relations by the flourishing school of “moral statisticians,” and the methods of analysis developed by Bertillon and many others. Earlier sociologists, especially Morselli (1879), had considered “society,” and in particular the morals of a society, to be the most important cause of a given suicide rate. It was from these previous works that Durkheim took his specific ideas, such as “egoism” and “lack of moral restraint,” about what caused suicide rates to vary. But previous theorists, with the major exception of Quetelet, had proposed multifactored explanations; Durkheim proposed a general synthesis. In general, he took his notion of statistical relations and methods from the moral statisticians and, like many of the moral statisticians before him, turned to the romantics, and the psychologists whom they had influenced, for his fundamental causal variables. Durkheim’s own contribution was to translate “egoism,” “need for an external, moral authority,” and similar psychological variables into “social” (or cultural) variables which he finally reduced to the two opposing moral dimensions of egoism-altruism and anomie-fatalism.
Unfortunately for Durkheim’s ambitious program, Suicide (1897) is an extremely uneven work. The theory presented in Books 1 and 2 is for the most part extremely positivistic, relating external (or “objective”) variables to other external variables. In Book 3, however, the theory is radically different: internal variables are related both to each other and to external variables. The positivistic version is the one usually given primacy by American sociologists (see, for example, Gibbs & Martin 1964); but the later version is the more considered, developed, and tenable theory. The core of the latter is very simple, though its presentation is confused by Durkheim’s penchant for multiple terms (e.g., “disintegration,” “disorder,” “disequilibrium,” “lack of unity or cohesion”), petitio principii, and lack of conceptual clarity. He assumes that for all societies there is some optimal equilibrium or integration of egoism-altruism, on the one hand, and anomie-fatalism, on the other. Any change in the relative strengths of these ideas (or forces) will produce an increase in “social disintegration,” which will lead in turn to an increase in the suicide rate and in the particular type of social relation associated with the “force” that is on the increase. Hence, there is a statistical relation between suicide rates and the incidence of different types of social relations.
The critical flaw in the work is the lack of any means of measuring these forces of egoism, anomie, etc., either independently of each other or independently of a change in suicide rates. Yet Durkheim assumed that these were the fundamentally important variables: any change in suicide rates or social relations meant to him that one or more of the forces was increasing relative to the others. But how did he determine which force was increasing? We must conclude that he inferred it from the associated changes in social relations, and that, for the most part, he assumed he knew from common sense what these changes meant. Unfortunately, the concrete examples Durkheim gives us will not support the notion that his common sense was superior, as a scientific instrument, to anyone else’s (Douglas 1965, pp. 7-112).
The major contribution of Durkheim’s Suicide was its grand conception of the general nature of sociological theory. Durkheim’s intentions in this work went much too far beyond the possibilities of the theory and data of his day—and of ours.
Halbwachs’ theory of suicide. The work of Maurice Halbwachs (1930) began as a supplement to Durkheim’s Suicide but became a radical re-orientation of sociological theory. Halbwachs concluded that Durkheim, in spite of his extensive use of replicative analyses, had overlooked the high degree of overlap of the variables he found to be related to suicide rates. The only fundamentally significant independent relation, Halbwachs argued, is between suicide rates and the degree of complexity of a society: thus, the rural style of life (or sociocultural system) is simpler than the urban and therefore has a lower suicide rate. But Halbwachs also rejected Durkheim’s sociologism. He maintained that there is a complementary relation between the motives imputed to suicides and social situations of isolation. To support his theory, Halbwachs presented the most extensive and thorough analysis of official statistics in all of the sociological literature. As we have already said, however, it seems clear that there is a fundamental bias in the official statistics in the direction of underestimating rural rates (Douglas 1965, pp. 195-209).
Social disorganization theories . Unlike almost all other recent sociological works on suicide, the various “ecological” works on suicide have been done quite outside the tradition initiated by Durk-heim. Ruth Cavan’s Suicide (1928), the first of these works, was predominantly influenced by Morselli. Most ecological studies of suicide have relied heavily on some form of social disorganization theory. Various population variables, such as high mobility and complexity, are hypothesized as the causes of a relative lack of effect of social values on behavior (this being the meaning that “social disorganization” usually has for these writers), which in turn is hypothesized as the cause of suicide and similar deviant acts.
The social disorganization approach to suicide involved certain extreme assumptions which have more recently been shown to be clearly unacceptable. For one thing, it assumed cultural homogeneity of values and behavior patterns, that is, it was taken for granted that all of the many ethnic groups of cities like Chicago shared the same values and behavior practices with regard to any form of “deviance,” such as suicide was thought to be. An extensive literature has attacked this assumption when applied to delinquency, and Bayet (1922) has amassed enough evidence to prove that attitudes toward suicide may vary considerably even in a nation with a supposedly homogeneous culture. The social disorganization approach also assumed that cultural values are the only social meanings that determine rates of suicidal actions. But there is no evidence whatsoever in favor of this assumption—and, indeed, it was contradicted by Cavan’s own arguments concerning the importance of spite and other purely personal motives in causing suicide (Cavan 1928).
Cavan’s work, the earliest of the significant ecological works on suicide in America, did not involve the so-called ecological fallacy (for which see Robinson 1950). In fact, Cavan clearly recognized the fundamental principle involved in this fallacy, even to the extent of criticizing the statistical arguments of Morselli and Durkheim in terms of it (1928, p. 289). Realizing what was needed in order to avoid this fallacy, she did attempt to provide evidence regarding individual cases of suicide. In general, she argued that social disorganization causes individual disorganization, and that the latter manifests itself in patterns of increasing inability to cope with crisis situations. In an attempt to demonstrate the validity of this theory, she presented lengthy selections from the personal documents of two individuals who committed suicide. Though it seems clear now that the attempted demonstration involves an imposition of the general category of “individual disorganization” upon the statements of the individuals, it is also clear that Cavan’s work, which was followed in most important details by that of Schmid (1928), involved more consideration of real cases of suicide than any other sociological work to appear before the later 1960s. Moreover, her material on the case of Marion is still among the best available on real cases of suicide (see the discussion in Douglas 1965, pp. 140-167, 471-483).
Recent sociological theories . Most of the recent sociological theories of suicide have been formulated ostensibly within a Durkheimian content, yet most of them are psychosocial theories that are actually quite different from Durkheim’s.
The one theory that actually seems to be socio-logistic in the Durkheimian manner is that proposed by Gibbs and Martin (1964). This theory, although derived from far too simple an interpretation of Durkheim’s Suicide, is true to its positiv-istic aspect in rejecting any consideration of real cases of suicide and in attempting to relate official statistics on official categories (such as marriage) to official statistics on suicide. The basic idea of the theory is that the more socially integrated (or less “conflictful”) a set of statuses (such as age, race, marital status), the more frequently that set of statuses will be occupied by members of the society and the less frequently it will be associated with suicide. This whole approach suffers from all of the weaknesses already detected in Durkheim’s and from some important additional ones. Thus there is almost no consideration of the real-world (as opposed to official) social meanings of statuses, whereas Durkheim did at least make use of well-informed common sense to provide him with social meanings for the status categories he was interested in analyzing. In addition, the “testing” of the theory involved the analysis of only four of the truly immense number of statuses in our society, and all four of these are the standard categories used in analyses of official data on suicide, so that any sociologist making an analysis of the relations between these categories and suicide rates knows what the relations are before he begins (Douglas 1965, pp. 121-135).
Most of the other recent theories of suicide that purport to be sociological—the most significant is that of Henry and Short (1954)—include psychological variables. They almost all agree that socio-economic status change (or “reverse of fortune,” as Brière de Boismont called it) is the basic sociological cause of suicide, but each proposes a different personality theory (frustration-aggression theory, self theory, loss-of-meaning theory, etc.) to explain why some few individuals commit suicide when confronted with a given status change and almost all others do not. The basic problem is that status change is “significantly” related to an immense number of things. These statistical works never involve any demonstration that other factors are not causing both the supposed cause and the suicide. They rarely include consideration of the many alternative, conflicting theories that purport to explain the same official statistics. They generally involve careful arrangement and choice of data so that statistically “significant” results can be obtained. For example, in the work by Henry and Short (1954), social classes in America are dichotomized into high and low, an arrangement which completely obscures the U-functional relationship almost always found to exist between socioeconomic status and official suicide rates in the Western world. Moreover, theoretical argument in these works is frequently quite divorced from statistical analysis; in some cases, the two can be related only through the addition of many ad hoc assumptions (see, for instance, the analysis of Henry & Short 1954 in Douglas 1965, pp. 209-229). In some of these works, changes in the population bases for the official suicide statistics were actually not taken into consideration. For example, some of the most important analyses made by Henry and Short were for periods during which new states were being added almost each year to the U.S. Death Registration Area. This fact had led Dublin and Bunzel (1933) to use only the original Death Registration Area, but Henry and Short completely overlooked the whole problem.
However, a few of these psychosocial works, as this mingling of psychological and sociological approaches can be called, have introduced valuable new orientations into the study of suicide. Thus Breed’s interviews of the surviving families of individuals who committed suicide (1963) have finally introduced into sociology a research method long established in psychiatry. This method has moved sociologists one step further toward direct observation of real-world cases of suicidal events. Indeed, it has shown them that henceforth they must consider the effects of a suicide on others as part of the suicide phenomenon. The case studies reported by psychologists (Deshaies 1947; Schneider 1954) and the sociocultural studies of suicide made by a few anthropologists and psychiatrists (Devereux 1931; Hendin 1964) make clear what should have been obvious to sociologists long ago: suicidal actions are socially meaningful actions, and individuals commit them in order to communicate something to themselves and others about themselves and about others. Even an individual whose primary goal is a state of nonbeing will not commit suicide unless he can do so in such a way as to communicate, to himself and possibly to others as well, just the right meanings. The empirical study of suicidal actions as socially meaningful— cognitively, affectively, and normatively—opens new directions of highly fruitful research and theory (Douglas 1965, especially pp. 377-543).
Only the most comprehensive observation and description of the everyday actions and statements relevant to suicide are likely to result in scientifically useful empirical and theoretical generalizations concerning suicidal actions as socially meaningful actions. Systematic analyses of existing case studies have, however, already resulted in some very important generalizations concerning the social meanings of suicidal actions in the Western world. The best attempt to generalize about suicide in this way for a non-Western society is by Devereux (1931); there are some important contributions to such an approach in other works (see, for instance, Bohannan 1960).
Perhaps the most important high-level generalization about suicide that can be made at this time is that the situated meanings of suicidal acts are often very different from their abstract meanings. In other words, the meaning of a suicidal act for those who are directly involved with it will very rarely be the same as the meaning it has for those who are not so involved, and will certainly not be the same as for the individual who, by committing suicide, is trying to communicate something (Douglas 1965, pp. 406-440). This finding has two fundamental implications for all investigation of the social meanings of suicide and, perhaps, for all of sociology. First, it is not possible to predict or explain specific types of social events, such as suicide, in terms of abstract social meanings, such as values favoring suicide. Second, it is not possible to study the situated social meanings of suicide, which are most important in its causation, without reference to actual instances of suicidal acts with which the individuals to be questioned have been directly involved. This generalization leads one to question the value of any method for investigating any realm of social action if it attempts to abstract members of society from the involvements of their everyday lives.
This does not imply that there are no patterns of meanings common to all the events that members of a society call “suicide” or “suicidal.” When one looks at the meanings imputed to particular suicidal actions, one does find that certain general features tend to recur. Most importantly, any suicidal action is usually believed to mean something fundamental about the self of the individual committing it, or about the situation (especially the persons involved) in which he committed it, or about both of these. Whether the specific meanings realized will be directed to the actor’s self or to his situation will depend on the imputations of causality made by the various persons in the situation: will they see the individual as the cause of his own actions—that is, as “responsible” for them —or will they see him as having been caused (”driven”) to do them by circumstances (loss of job, family trouble, etc.)? The individual committing the suicidal action often attempts to place one of these two general constructions upon the action by pointing out in some way the external cause that is to be “blamed” for his suicide.
There is no one meaning or set of meanings that can be imputed to all (or even most) suicidal actions. Just what meanings are imputed in each case will depend on (1) the intentions of the various actors; (2) the socially perceived ways in which the actions are committed; (3) the specific patterns of suicidal meanings that are realized; (4) the argument processes before, during, and after the suicidal actions. It should be clearly noted that whether or not actions are socially categorized as “suicidal” depends on precisely the same sort of process. The obvious example is that of individuals who with various ends in mind (avoiding embarrassment to their families, loss of insurance money, or disgrace to themselves), arrange suicides that are designed to be taken for accidents.
It is probably not possible for individuals to construct any meanings they please for their actions, though individual creativity does extend the limits immensely, and all cases include imponderable idiosyncrasies. However, the limits remain. There are, first of all, various criteria of plausibility of motives, or rationality, though it is very likely that in some instances individuals intend their actions to be considered implausible or irrational. Second, a relatively few patterns of situated meaning play important parts in most interpretations of particular suicidal actions, and it therefore seems likely that individuals take these patterns into consideration when attempting to construct the meanings of their actions for others. The most common patterns of this sort in the Western world are those involving such motives as the search for help (Sacks 1966), sympathy, escape, repentance, expiation of guilt, self-punishment, and “seriousness” (Douglas 1965, pp. 440-511).
Much careful description and analysis in this area remain to be done (ibid, pp. 511-540). However, the basic problems and the most appropriate methods for solving them now seem clear, and there is great promise of rapid development in both the empirical and the theoretical study of suicide.
Jack D. Douglas
[See also Deviant behavior; Integration, article onsocial integration; Sociology, article onthe early history of social research; and the biographies ofDurkheim; Halbwachs; Quetelet.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Achille-Delmas, FranÇois 1932 Psychologie pathologique du suicide. Paris: Alean.
Bayet, Albert 1922 Le suicide et la morale. Paris: Alean.
BenoÎt-Smullyan, Émile 1948 The Sociologism of Émile Durkheim and His School. Pages 499-537 in Harry Elmer Barnes (editor), Introduction to the History of Sociology. Univ. of Chicago Press.
Bohannan, Paul (editor) 1960 African Homicide and Suicide. Princeton Univ. Press.
Breed, Warren 1963 Occupational Mobility and Suicide Among White Males. American Sociological Review 28:179-188.
BriÈre de Boismont, Alexandre 1856 Du suicide et de la folie suicide. Paris: Baillière.
Buckle, Henry Thomas (1857-1861) 1913 The History of Civilization in England. 2d ed. 2 vols. New York: Hearst.
Cavan, Ruth S. 1928 Suicide. Univ. of Chicago Press.
Dahlgren, Karl G. 1945 On Suicide and Attempted Suicide. Lund (Sweden): Universitets Bokhandel.
Deshaies, Gabriel 1947 La psychologie du suicide. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Devereux, George 1931 Mohave Ethnopsychiatry and Suicide. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Douglas, Jack D. 1965 The Sociological Study of Suicide: Suicidal Actions as Socially Meaningful Actions. Ph.D dissertation, Princeton Univ.
Douglas, Jack D. 1966 The Sociological Analysis of Social Meanings of Suicide. Archives européennes de sociologie 7:249-275.
Douglas, Jack D. 1967 The Social Meanings of Suicide. Princeton Univ. Press.
Dublin, Leonard I.; and Bunzel, Bessie 1933 To Be or Not to Be: A Study of Suicide. New York: Smith & Haas.
Durkheim Émile (1897) 1951 Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Glencoe, 111.: Free Press. → First published in French.
Esquirol, Jean-ÉTIENNE D. (1838) 1845 Mental Maladies. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. → First published as Des maladies mentales considérées sous les rapports médical-hygiéniques et médico-legal.
Gibbs, Jack P.; and Martin, Walter T. 1964 Status Integration and Suicide. Eugene: Univ. of Oregon.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von (1811-1833) 1908 Poetry and Truth From My Life. 2 vols. London: Bell. → First published in German.
Guerry, AndrÉ M. 1833 Essai sur la statistique morale de la France. Paris: Crochard.
Halbwachs, Maurice 1930 Les causes du suicide. Paris: Alean.
Hendin, Herbert M. 1964 Suicide and Scandinavia: A Psychoanalytic Study of Culture and Character. New York: Grune.
Henry, Andrew F.; and Short, James F. JR. 1954 Suicide and Homicide: Some Economic, Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Aggression. Glencoe, 111.: Free Press.
Kruijt, Cornelius S. 1960 Zelfmoord: Statistich-sociologische verkenningen. Suicide: Sociological and Statistical Investigations. Assen (Netherlands): Van Gorcum. → Contains a summary in English.
Legoyt, Alfred 1881 Le suicide ancien et moderne. Paris: Droiun.
Morselli, Enrico (1879) 1882 Suicide. New York: Appleton. → First published in Italian.
Quetelet, Adolphe (1835) 1842 A Treatise on Man and the Development of His Faculties. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Chambers. → First published in French.
Robinson, W. S. 1950 Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals. American Sociological Review 15:351-357.
Sacks, Harvey 1966 The Search for Help: No One to Turn to. Unpublished manuscript.
Schmid, Calvin F. 1928 Suicides in Seattle, 1914 to 1925: An Ecological and Behavioristic Study. University of Washington, Publications in the Social Sciences, Vol. 5, no. 1. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.
Schneider, Pierre-B. 1954 La tentative de suicide. Neuchâtel (Switzerland): Delachaux & Niestlé.
Sthahan, Samuel 1893 Suicide and Insanity. London: Sonnenschein.
SÜssmilch, Johann P. (1741) 1788 Die göttliche Ordnung in den Veränderungen des menschlichen Geschlechts, aus der Geburt, dem Tode und der Fort-pflanzung. 3 vols. Berlin: Verlag der Buchhandlung der Realschule.
Tissot, Joseph 1840 De la manie du suicide et de l’esprit de révolte: De leur causes et de leur remèdes. Paris: Lagrange.
Wagner, Adolf H. G. 1864 Die Gesetzmässigkeit in den scheinbar willkuhrlichen menschlichen Handlungen vom Standpunkte der Statistik. Part 2. Statistik willkuhrlichen Handlungen. Hamburg (Germany): Boyes & Geisler.
II. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS (1)
The clear definition and meaningful classification of various suicidal phenomena are fundamental to advancements in the treatment, prevention, and investigation of self-destruction in man. The purpose of this article is to present some new conceptions of suicidal phenomena, first by identifying current confusions and then by proposing a taxonomic scheme that attempts to embrace many of the diverse aspects of self-destructive behavior.
Definition
As a beginning, a straightforward definition of suicide might read: “Suicide is the human act of self-inflicted, self-intentioned cessation.” At least five points are to be noted in this brief definition: (1) it states that suicide is a human act; (2) it combines both the decedent’s conscious wish to be dead and his actions to carry out that wish; (3) it implies that the motivations of the deceased may have to be inferred and his behaviors interpreted by others, using such evidence as a suicide note, spoken testimony, or retrospective reconstruction of the victim’s intention; (4) it states that the goal of the action relates to death, rather than to self-injury, self-mutilation, or inimical or self-reducing behaviors; and (5) it focuses on the concept of the cessation of the individual’s conscious introspective life. (An explication of the concept of “cessation” may be found in Shneidman 1964.)
Difficulties of definition. Assuming the validity of the definition of suicide cited above—that a human being, with the intention of stopping his life, inflicts upon himself the equivalent of a mortal wound—the meaning would seem clear enough if it were stated that a certain individual had “committed suicide.” On the other hand, confusions of meaning arise immediately if a specific individual is labeled as “suicidal.” Although suicide seems to be not too difficult to define, suicidal phenomena are, in fact, very complicated. Some of the current confusions relating to the term “suicidal” may be listed as follows.
(1) The word “suicidal” is used indiscriminately to cover different categories of behavior. For example, one cannot be sure whether it is being used to convey the idea that an individual has (a) committed suicide, (b) attempted suicide, (c) threatened suicide, (d) exhibited depressive behavior with or without suicidal ideation, or (e) manifested generally self-destructive or inimical patterns. Of recent writers, Stengel and Cook (1958) especially have emphasized the importance of differentiating specifically between data on attempted suicide and data regarding individuals who have committed suicide. But the fact remains that the classification of suicidal behavior currently most common in everyday clinical and research use is a rather homely, supposedly common-sense division: in its barest form it implies that all humanity can be divided into two groupings, suicidal and nonsuicidal; and then, with seeming meaningfulness, it divides the suicidal category into subgroups of committed, attempted, and threatened. Although this elaboration is more sophisticated than the suicidal-versus-nonsuicidal view of life, it remains neither theoretically nor practically adequate for understanding or treatment.
(2) There is constant confusion in respect to the temporal dimension of suicidal acts. One sees the word “suicidal” used to convey the information that an individual was self-destructive (or manifested behavior in any of the other categories listed immediately above), is currently self-destructive, or will be so. This obviously contains confusions among statements that are postdictive (relating to the past), “paridictive” (relating to the more-or-less present), and predictive (relating to the future). Most diagnoses of individual “suicidality” are post hoc definitions in that they refer to those cases in which an individual is labeled as “suicidal” only after he has committed suicide. Statistics on suicide are, of course, based primarily on post hoc definitions of suicide. The primary difficulty in all such cases lies in determining whether or not the individual actually intended to kill himself. The case of the individual who writes a suicide note and then shoots himself is fairly clear, but many cases of death are unclear or equivocal as to mode of death. For example, in the case of an individual who “jumps or falls” from a high place or who is found dead of barbiturate poisoning, the question is often raised whether the case was suicidal or accidental. The coroner’s traditional concern has been with assessing whether God (natural and accidental deaths) or man (suicidal or homicidal deaths) is responsible. The term “suicide” as used by coroners in the certification of death is a medicolegal term and includes, as a sine qua non, the concept that the person played a major role in bringing about his own demise, that is, that it was his intention to die. It should be obvious that statistics on suicide can be greatly influenced (in any city or country) by the manner in which these equivocal deaths are labeled.
(3) There are confusions relating to the characteristics of suicidal behaviors. In many past and current investigations of self-destructive behaviors, several different dimensions of behavior have unfortunately been thrown together. (If one were, for example, studying homicidal phenomena, it is unlikely that he would fail to differentiate among homicides committed on the highway, in the bedroom, during armed robberies, on the field of battle, etc.—and yet a comparable lack of discrimination has been characteristic of many studies of suicidal phenomena.) These issues also relate to the phenomenologic and semantic confusions in the use of the word “suicidal.” Some individuals who “die by their own hand” do not necessarily “commit suicide.” That is to say, they do not, in their own minds, kill themselves or seek death. Instead of fleeing into a vaguely conceptualized “death,” they behave so as to escape from aspects of life. For some the concept of death, or final cessation of being, does not enter into their thinking. They rather indulge in either a planned or a momentary impulsive act—and termination of life is the result. Then we say that they have “committed suicide,” whereas such an individual might conceivably have left a note which states that “. . . all I did was to swallow those pills ... I just wanted some relief at that moment. . . . The tension was so great I had to do something. ... I did not know what I was doing or what would happen. ... It was a gamble. ... I was desperate.. . .” Operationally, it would seem that the key characteristics of suicidal behaviors do not lie in the differences in method (shooting, sedation, cutting, hanging) but rather in the differences in the individual’s life phase, in the lethality of his acts, and in his intention vis-à-vis death, as indicated below in (4), (5), and (6), respectively. That is, it may very well be that the confusions listed above in (1), (2), and (3) might, in large measure, be avoided by making the very distinctions suggested in the subsequent paragraphs.
(4) Many confusions arise because each individual’s attitudes toward his own death are biphasic: that is, any adolescent or adult, at any given moment, has (a) more or less long-range, pervasive, relatively habitual orientations toward his own death. These characterological orientations are an integral part of his total psychological make-up and reflect his philosophy of life, need systems, aspirations, identifications, conscious beliefs, etc. And he is also capable of having (b) relatively short-lived, acute, fairly sudden shifts of his orientations toward his own death. Indeed, this is what is usually meant when one says that an individual has “become suicidal.” It is therefore crucial in any complete assessment of an individual’s orientations toward his own death to know both his habitual and his current (today’s) orientations. Failure to make this distinction is one reason why many current efforts to relate “suicidal state” to psychological test data or to case-history data have been barren and confusing. For individuals in their “normal” (usual for them) state, their habitual and their current orientations toward their own demise will be the same; for individuals who are acutely disturbed, their current orientations toward their demise will often reflect this perturbation. “Being suicidal” involves being disturbed, although not necessarily psychotic.
(5) Popular accounts of “suicidal” behaviors often focus on the method used (for example, wrist cutting) or on the precipitating cause (ill health, losing money) without regard for one of the key dimensions in the assessment of suicidal behavior, namely lethality. The primary clinical goal of any suicide prevention agency is to keep people out of the coroner’s department. Thus, an individual’s unhappiness, perturbation, loneliness, alcoholism, schizophrenia, homosexuality, depression, etc., are relevant in suicide prevention primarily as they bear on the assessment of his lethality potential. To say that an individual has “threatened” suicide or has “attempted” suicide is relatively uninformative without some indications of the potentialities of a lethal outcome with which the threat or attempt was made. Recently, at the Suicide Prevention Center in Los Angeles specific procedures have been evolved for the rapid assessment of the lethality of an individual’s suicidal potential (see Litman & Farberow 1961; Tabach-nick & Farberow 1961).
(6) The most obfuscating confusions relating to suicidal phenomena may occur if the individual’s intentions in relation to his own cessation are not considered. “Suicide” also has an administrative definition. In the United States (and most of the countries reporting to the World Health Organization), “suicide” defined from the point of view of the coroner or vital statistician is simply one of the four modes of death, the others being natural, accidental, and homicide (N-A-S-H). This traditional fourfold classification of all deaths leaves much to be desired. Its major deficiency is that it emphasizes relatively adventitious details in the death (that is, whether the individual was invaded by a lethal virus or a lethal bullet, which may make little difference to the deceased) and, more important, it erroneously treats the human being as a Cartesian biological machine rather than appropriately treating him as a psychosocial organism, thus obscuring the individual’s intentions in relation to his own cessation. Further, the traditional N-A-S-H classification of deaths completely neglects the concepts of contemporary psychology regarding intention and purpose, the multiple determination of behavior, unconscious motivation, etc.
Much of the problem arises because of a confusion between methods and purpose. Although it is true that the act of putting a shotgun in one’s mouth and pulling the trigger with one’s toe is almost always related to lethal self-intention, this particular isomorphic relationship between method and intent does not hold for most other means, such as ingesting barbiturates or cutting oneself with a razor. Individuals can attempt to attempt suicide, attempt to commit suicide, or attempt to be nonsuicidal. Cessation intentions may range all the way from deadly ones, through the wide variety of ambivalences, rescue fantasies, cries for help, and psychic indecisions, all the way to clearly formulated nonlethal intention in which a semantic usurpation of a “suicidal” mode has been consciously employed.
Deaths classified by intention. As a way out of this impasse it is suggested that all deaths—in addition to their being labeled as natural, accidental, suicide, or homicide—also be designated as intentioned, subintentioned, or unintentioned (Shneidman 1963).
Intentioned deaths. An intentioned cessation is one in which the deceased played a direct, conscious role in his own demise. The death was due primarily to the decedent’s conscious wish to stop his conscious life and to his actions in carrying out that wish. In this category would be individuals who seek their own demise, initiate or participate in their own demise, or take calculated risks where the odds are critically unfavorable to their survival, as in Russian roulette, where the individual bets his life on the objective probability of as few as five out of six chances that he will survive.
Subintentioned deaths. Subintentioned deaths are those in which the deceased played an important indirect, covert, partial, or unconscious role in his own demise. The death is suspected to be due in some part to the actions of the decedent which seemed to reflect his unconscious wishes to hasten his death, as evidenced by his own carelessness, foolhardiness, neglect of self, imprudence, resignation to death, mismanagement of alcohol or drugs, disregard of life-saving medical regimen, brink-of-death patterns, etc. This concept of subintentioned death is similar in some ways to Karl Menninger’s concepts (1938) of chronic suicide, focal suicide, and organic suicide, except that these relate to self-defeating ways of continuing to live, whereas the notion of subintentioned death relates to ways of stopping the process of living.
In terms of the traditional N-A-S-H classification of modes of death, it is important to note that some instances of all four types can be found in the category of subintentioned deaths, depending upon the particular details of each case. There is a growing literature on the role of the individual in his own natural, accidental, suicidal, or homicidal death. Subintentioned deaths involve what might be called the psychosomatics of death, that is, cases in which essentially psychological processes—like fear (including fear of voodoo), anxiety, derring-do, hostility, withdrawal, etc.—seem to play some role in exacerbating the catabolic or physiological processes which bring on termination, as well as those cases in which the individual seems to play an indirect, largely unconscious role in inviting or hastening his own demise [see Psychosomatic Illness; see also Gengerelli & Kirkner 1954; Macdonald 1961; Weisman & Hackett 1961; Weiss 1957; Wolfgang 1959].
It can be noted that the subintentioned death implies more than ambivalence toward wanting to be dead and wishing to be rescued (the to-be-or-not-to-be inner dialogue ) found in practically every suicide. It rather reflects the active indirect (largely unconscious) participation of the individual in hastening his own demise.
Unintentioned deaths. Unintentioned deaths are those in which the deceased played no significant psychological role in his own cessation. The death was due entirely to failures within the body or to assault from without (by a bullet, a blow, a steering wheel, etc.) in a decedent who, rather unambivalently, wished to continue to live. Such a person at the time of his death is, as it were, going about his business (even though he may be lying in the hospital) with no conscious intention or strong drive in the direction of effecting or hastening his demise. What happens is that something from the outside—outside of his mind— happens to him. This lethal “something” may be a cerebral vascular accident, a myocardial infarction, some malfunction, some catastrophic catabolism, some invasion—whether by bullet or by virus—which he did not, in any part, himself generate. “It” happens to “him.”
Practical applications. A practical application of the above schematization of death in terms of the individual’s intention has been made since 1960 in Los Angeles. This procedure, labeled the “psychological autopsy” (Curphey 1961; Litman et al. 1963), has been used in those cases that are equivocal as to mode of death. The procedure consists of the use of especially adapted interview techniques to generate psychological information about the deceased. Survivors, friends, and professional acquaintances of the deceased are interviewed. Clues are sought, especially in relation to the prodromal aspects of suicide. A judgment is made along traditional lines (for example, probable suicide, probable accident, probable natural cause, suicide-accident undetermined, suicide-natural undetermined, etc.). An additional judgment is also made in terms of the intentioned, subintentioned, and unintentioned categories. Although one would, a priori, expect all suicidal deaths to be intentioned and all natural, accidental, and homicidal deaths to be unintentioned, the findings in the Los Angeles procedures indicate that the relationship between traditional modes of death and types of intention is a complicated one, with the crucial role occupied by subintentioned deaths.
It might be protested, inasmuch as the assessments of these intentioned states involve the appraisal of unconscious factors, that some workers (especially lay coroners) cannot legitimately be expected to make the psychological judgments required for this type of classification. To this, one answer would be that medical examiners and lay coroners make judgments of this nature every day of the week. The fact is that in the situation of evaluating a possible suicide, the coroner often acts (sometimes without realizing it) as psychiatrist and psychologist and as both judge and jury in a quasi-judicial way. This is because certification of death as suicide does, in itself, imply some judgments of reconstruction of the victim’s motivation or intention. Making these judgments is an inexorable part of a coroner’s function. It might be much better for these psychological dimensions to be made explicit and for an attempt, albeit crude, to be made to use them, rather than for these psychological dimensions to operate on an unverbalized level.
Theoretical and taxonomic positions
We now turn from our consideration of the definitional problems of suicide to a brief historical resume of the major theoretical and taxonomic positions in relation to suicidal phenomena.
Durkheim and other sociological positions . In this century (or at least since 1897, the date of the publication of Durkheim’s Le suicide) there have been two major approaches to the definition and understanding of suicide: the sociological and the psychological. The former historically is identified primarily with Émile Durkheim, French sociologist (1897). Durkheim was interested not so much in suicidal phenomena per se as he was in the explication of his own sociological method. He used the analysis of suicidal phenomena as the occasion to work out four types of factors in suicide—altruistic, egoistic, anomic, and fatalistic—but discussed only the first three.
There are studies generally classified as “sociological” (in the sense that they present statistical or ecological data, but not in the sense that they follow Durkheim’s interest in explaining the variety of man’s moral commitments to his society) which are worthy of note, among them Sainsbury (1955) and Stengel and Cook (1958) in England, and Dublin (1963) in the United States. Dublin’s book, especially, furnishes the student with an encyclopedia of statistical information about suicide phenomena.
Freudian and other psychological positions . The psychological approach is identified primarily with Freud, who is generally acknowledged to have first stated comprehensive psychological insights into suicide. Freud’s conceptualization of suicide (1917a; 1917b) was that of a primarily intra-psychic phenomenon, stemming from within the mind, primarily the unconscious mind, of the individual. In one of his formulations Freud envisaged suicide as being the result of a process wherein feelings of love and affection which had originally been directed toward an internalized love object had become, as a result of rejection and frustration, angry, hostile feelings; however, because the object had become internalized and part of the self, the hostile feelings were then directed toward the self. Thus suicide, from a psychoanalytic point of view, might be described as murder in the 180th degree.
The classical Freudian approach not only tended rather systematically to ignore social factors but also tended to focus on a single complex or psychodynamic constellation. But we now know that individuals kill themselves for a number and variety of psychologically felt motives: not only hate and revenge, but also dependency, shame, guilt, fear, hopelessness, loyalty, fealty to self-image, pain, and even ennui. Just as no single formula or pattern can be found to explain all human homosexuality or prostitution, so no single psychological pattern is sufficient to contain all human self-destruction. (For a comprehensive review of this topic, see Litman 1967.)
Synthesis—the concept of self. The synthesis of the psychological position, with its clinical emphasis on the individual internal drama within the single mind, and the sociological position, discussed in the previous article, remains to be accomplished. A recent study bearing on this point (Shneidman & Farberow 1960) emphasized the interplay between both the social and psychological factors as mutually enhancing roles in each individual’s suicide. This finding is consistent with that of Halbwachs (1930), whose position—unlike that of his mentor, Durkheim—was that the “social” and “psychopathological” explanations of suicide are complementary rather than antithetical. A synthesis of these two lies in the area of the “self,” especially in the ways in which social forces are incorporated within the totality of the individual. In understanding suicide, one needs to know the thoughts and feelings and ego functionings and unconscious conflicts of an individual, as well as how he integrates with his fellow man and participates morally as a member of the groups within which he lives.
Taxonomic positions . Not many classifications of suicidal phenomena have been proposed. Durk-heim’s classification distinguished between anomic, egoistic, and altruistic suicide (1897). To this can be added Menninger’s classification of the sources of suicidal impulses, namely the wish to kill, the wish to be killed, and the wish to die (1938). Menninger also classified subsuicidal phenomena into chronic suicide (asceticism, martyrdom, addiction, invalidism, psychosis); focal suicide (self-mutilation, malingering, multiple accidents, impotence and frigidity); and organic suicide (involving the psychological factors in organic disease). A composite listing of other rubrics would include the following: suicide as communication; suicide as revenge; suicide as fantasy crime; suicide as unconscious flight; suicide as magical revival or reunion; suicide as rebirth and restitution. A classification of suicidal types in terms of cognitive or logical styles has been proposed (Shneidman 1961). This classification, which stemmed from the logical analysis of suicide notes, divides the thinking styles of suicides into three types: logical, catalogical, and paleological.
Thus, in general, we see that the term “suicidal” is a broad one, starting from a base line of the individual who consciously and advertently takes his own life, through those individuals who by virtue of their unconscious mechanisms hasten their demise, through those individuals who indulge in partial or focal or chronic suicide, and perhaps even to those many individuals who by their own daily inimical acts truncate and diminish the full scope of their potential self-actualizations.
A concluding note concerning the current professional status of suicide prevention: Since 1955 there has been a marked spurt in interest in suicide prevention activities. In the United States, in 1958, there were 3 suicide prevention centers; in 1960, there were 5; in 1964, 9; in 1965, 15; and in 1967, 40. A Center for Studies of Suicide Prevention was established within the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1966. A new multidisciplinary profession, suicidology—the scientific and humane study of human self-destruction—has come into being; special training courses in suicidology are offered at Johns Hopkins University.
Edwin S. Shneidman
[See alsoDeath. Other relevant material may be found in Psychoanalysis; Self concept; Medical care; and in the biography of Durkheim.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The bibliography for this article is combined with the bibliography of the article that follows.
III. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS (2)
The continuum of suicidal activity comprises total self-destruction (death); self-injury (but non-lethal), including crippling, maiming, painful and nonpainful activities; threats and other verbalized indications of intention toward self-destruction or self-injury; feelings of despair, depression, and unhappiness (which may not include thoughts of self-injury, but frequently do); and thoughts of separation, departure, absence, and relief and release. Somewhere within this continuum the thought or impulse becomes translated into action. The clinical impression is that once the psychological defenses against suicidal activity have been breached and the action has occurred, the possibility for further future acting out when emotional tension and strain recur is facilitated. It seems likely also that increasingly serious behavior results, possibly because of feelings of guilt or of feelings that such behavior is necessary in order to communicate with equivalent impact. The factor that determines the behavior remains puzzling. Perhaps the controls developed through coping mechanisms and defense patterns, brought to bear at different levels of dysfunctioning (Menninger 1963), play a crucial role, and the intensive study of these might provide the understanding necessary for suicide prevention for different individuals in various suicidal situations.
Characteristics of the suicidal person . The identification of the suicidal person is not especially difficult once the process has begun. Most persons considering self-destruction will identify themselves by communicating this tendency either behaviorally or verbally long before any specific act occurs. The typical suicidal person will generally reveal all or most of the following characteristics: (1) ambivalence—the desire, either conscious or unconscious or both, to live and to die, present at the same time; (2) feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, futility, and inadequacy to handle problems; (3) feelings of either physical or psychological exhaustion, or both; (4) marked feelings of unrelieved anxiety or tension, depression, anger, and/or guilt; (5) feelings of chaos and disorganization with inability to restore order; (6) mood swings, for example, from agitation to apathy or withdrawal; (7) cognitive constriction, inability to see alternatives, limitation of potentialities; (8) loss of interest in usual activities, such as sex, hobbies, and work; (9) physical distress, such as insomnia, anorexia, psychasthenia, and psychosomatic symptoms.
Prediction of lethal behavior . The more difficult problem is the evaluation of the suicidal person in terms of the relatively immediate potentiality of lethal acting out. The suicidal crisis presents the professional person with the need for quick appraisal. A schedule, evolved from experiences in the Suicide Prevention Center in Los Angeles, lists the following criteria used in evaluation of the emergency situation (see Litman & Farberow 1961). (1) Age and sex: older white males generally have the highest suicidal potentiality; a young female, on the other hand, is usually less lethally suicidal. (2) Suicidal plans: specificity about time, place, and method, plus the means for carrying out a plan, indicate high suicidal danger; vague, diffuse talk by a nonpsychotic about dying indicates that the situation is less serious. (3) Resources: external sources of support and interest, such as family, relatives, friends, physician, or hospital, are helpful; when the patient’s resources are exhausted the suicidal potentiality rises. (4) Prior suicidal behavior: a past history of suicidal behavior indicates greater present danger, and the seriousness of the prior suicide attempt adds an additional important consideration. (5) Onset of suicidal behavior: the acute suicidal crisis may be more immediately serious but also more amenable to intervention. The chronically suicidal person, especially the alcoholic or borderline schizophrenic, who presents repeated feelings of depression, is the more serious long-term therapeutic problem. (6) The medical situation: many patients visit physicians with minor physical complaints which are in reality indications of severe depression. Studies (Motto & Greene 1958; Robins et al. 1959; Dorpat & Ripley I960; and Shneidman & Farberow 1961) have indicated that more than 50 per cent of the patients who had committed suicide had seen their physicians within three months prior to their deaths. (7) Loss of a loved one: where death, separation, quarrel, or divorce from someone close has recently occurred, the suicidal potentiality is increased. (8) Communication: if communication still exists between the patient and others the suicidal risk is lowered; when the communication breaks and the person withdraws the danger increases. (9) Reaction of the referring person: if interest and concern about the patient continue, this is helpful. If, however, the referring person is angry, rejecting, and attempting to rid himself of responsibility, the potentiality is increased.
Psychological theories
The psychological theories have been summarized by Jackson (1957), who divided them roughly into nonpsychoanalytic and psychoanalytic.
Nonpsychoanalytic formulations . The nonpsychoanalytic formulations refer to “exhaustion” causing restriction of the field of consciousness so that an “organic depression” occurs; failure of adaptation; a disturbance of balance of will to live from a dynamic fixation of infantile attachment; infantile protest and hostility against harsh, restraining figures; narcissism in a rigid personality; compensations for homicidal impulses against members of the immediate family; and spite in children.
Psychoanalytic formulations . Most of the psychoanalytic theories stern from two of Freud’s theoretical contributions: his elaboration of the dynamics of depression in Mourning and Melancholia (1917b) and his postulations of the death instinct in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920). Depression, and consequently suicide, occurs as a result of strong, aggressive urges directed against an introjected object formerly loved but now hated. Menninger (1938) adopts the concept of a death instinct and elaborates it by postulating three elements in suicide: a wish to kill, a wish to be killed, and a wish to die. Zilboorg (1936; 1937) considers suicide a way of thwarting outside forces and one method of gaining immortality. O’Connor (1948) adds the feeling that the person achieves omnipotence by a return to early power narcissism. Palmer (1941) suggests that arrested psychosexual development as a result of the unavailability of important figures at crucial stages is the basic mechanism. Garma (1943) stresses the loss of an important love object, suicide being used to recover it. Bergler (1946) describes the introjec-tion suicide, aggression against guilt feelings; hysteric suicide, unconscious dramatization of how one does not want to be treated; and the miscellaneous type, such as paranoid schizophrenics reacting to voices. Farberow (1961), in the collection The Cry for Help, summarizes his contributors’ several theoretical approaches to suicide. To the formulations already presented above, some of his contributors add frustrated dependency; longing for spiritual rebirth and seeking to re-establish contact with the self by destruction of the ego; strong inferiority feelings and veiled aggression in dependent individuals with “pampered life style”; a depressive, hateful type of personality structure developed from interpersonal experiences; alienation and feelings of disparity between idealized self and real self; and the person’s attempts to validate his self according to his own “constructions.”
Contributing factors
From the variety of theories and multitude of factors in suicide, it is apparent that suicidal phenomena are both widespread and complex. They reflect common sociological roots and influences and, at the same time, express singular personal experiences and impulses. A psychology of suicide must take as many such factors as possible into account if understanding is to be attained. A single schema encompassing the major factors which enter into the understanding of any suicidal event can, as yet, be only a desirable goal. The following factors are necessary considerations in any comprehensive overview of suicidal behavior.
Sociological background . It is obvious that any event needs to be viewed in the setting within which it occurs, but suicide especially has varying significance when it takes place in such widely different countries as, for example, Denmark, Italy, Japan, or the southern part of the United States. National differences are further compounded by racial, religious, and economic factors. Similarities and specific differences will be found. Studies of suicide in some of the tribes of east Africa (Bohannan 1960) and in aboriginal tribes of central India (Elwin 1943) have shown motives remarkably similar to those of Western cultures, for example, domestic strife or loss of social status, as well as features specific to these tribes, such as intervention by the gods or bewitchment by ghosts.
Fluctuations of economic status or the changing political scene influence suicide. For example, suicide has varied with economic depressions, as when the rate soared in the United States during the depression of the mid-1930s and dropped markedly during the war years of the 1940s. An investigation by Arkun (1963) of the suicide rates in Turkey during the periods from 1927 to 1946 (after sweeping social reforms) and 1950 to 1960 (after World War n) showed startling changes in rates which, during the earlier period, could be attributed to the upheavals in the culture of Turkey and especially to the change in the role of women because of the reforms of Ataturk. Japan’s suicide rate has always been high; but whereas in ancient times the traditions of hara-kiri and seppuku were prominent, today much of the suicide rate is contributed to by a younger age group, such as students in universities who are faced with failure or fear of it (Iga 1961).
Cultural background . Cultures often surround death with taboos and rituals which illustrate feelings about death and dying and which include attitudes toward suicide. Myths and folklore illustrate some of the attitudes, as in the history of the Vikings and the tales of Valhalla, and contribute to the condemnation or condoning of suicide.
The culture may also determine interpersonal relationships that influence the occurrence of suicide. Hendin (1964) examines the “Scandinavian suicide phenomenon” and arrives at an explanation for the high suicide rates in Denmark and Sweden in contrast to those in Norway by a determination of the “psychosocial characteristics.” Using psychoanalytic methods, he finds differences in the psychodynamic constellations of the three countries, such as in dependency aspects, attitudes toward performance and accomplishment, handling of aggression and guilt feelings, relationships between the sexes, methods of discipline, and other dynamic features.
Individual demographic characteristics . Epidemiological aspects of suicide, such as age, sex, nationality, race, religion, marital status, education, financial status, have all been studied exhaustively for various countries (Dublin 1963). Where the individual falls in respect to each of these provides immediately invaluable information about the suicidal person. Important to include here also is the physical and mental status of the individual. A chronic, debilitating, or possibly fatal illness such as emphysema, cardiac disease, or cancer, or a recurrent mental illness which hospitalizes the individual for several months every two or three years will obviously influence the individual suicide (Farberow et al. 1963; Shneidman et al. 1962).
Psychological factors . It is within the psychological factors that the core of the problem of understanding suicide is met. These factors include not only the current personality status and psycho-dynamic constellations of the individual in question but also the motivations for his suicidal behavior, the reasons why his actions, thoughts, or feelings lead him to suicide. The categorization of motivations into interpersonal and intrapersonal factors seems to offer a meaningful classification of many of the various phenomena. The distinction is arbitrary, of course, for it is practically impossible for a suicide to occur without both types of relationships being involved. Nevertheless, one or the other aspect will often predominate.
Interpersonal motivations in suicide occur when the suicidal person attempts by his behavior either to bring about an action on the part of another person or persons or to effect a change in attitude or feeling within another person or persons, or both. The suicidal behavior can thus be seen as a means to influence, persuade, force, manipulate, stimulate, change, dominate, reinstate, etc., feelings or behavior in someone else. The other person is most often someone who has been in a close relationship, such as spouse, fiancee, or member of the family. Infrequently, the object of the behavior is more generalized, and it may be society itself.
Interpersonal motivations can be found, of course, in all ages but are usually predominant in the younger and middle-aged groups. A typical example is that of the girl between the ages of 20 and 25 who is reacting with strong feelings of rejection to a quarrel with a loved one or to divorce or separation. Her emotional state is one of agitation, dependency, immaturity, poor judgment, and impulsivity. Her suicidal behavior is used to express anger or feelings of rejection and to force a change in the rebuffing person or to arouse guilt feelings in him. Much of the behavior is still verbal, some is impulsive acting out, and most of it contains an “appeal” element (Stengel & Cook 1958).
Less often the aim is the expiation of or the need to express the guilt the person feels for having done something either imaginary or real in the relationship with another person. Ambivalence about dying is relatively low, inasmuch as the person, despite the fact that he is engaging in suicidal behavior, does not usually wish to die.
Intrapersonal motivations appear most often in older persons and thus in situations in which ties with others have dissipated. The individual’s action seems aimed primarily at expressing the pressures and stresses from within and at fulfilling important needs in himself. The typical person is a male aged 60 or over who has recently suffered the death of a loved one, whose physical condition has deteriorated so that there is illness or pain, or whose children are married and so live their own separate lives. There are intense feelings of loneliness, feelings of not being needed any longer, of no longer being able to work effectively, perhaps because of physical condition, or of feeling that life has been lived and holds no more. The mood is often depressed, withdrawn, and physically and emotionally exhausted. There may be strong need for expiation and for atonement stemming from excessive feelings of guilt. An important dynamic is the need to maintain “psychological integrity” (Appelbaum 1963) or self-esteem or self-concept, even by the paradoxical act of self-destruction. Ambivalence is again low inasmuch as the person, if he embarks on a suicidal course, usually does so with full intent to die. [See Aging, article onpsychological aspects.]
Some cases of suicide occur in which it is difficult to distinguish whether interpersonal or intra-personal motivations are predominant. Rather it seems that each is equally present, although perhaps not always in the same strength at the same time. A typical example is a middle-aged person, the precipitating suicidal stimulus is the death of a loved one, separation, divorce, loss of job, loss of status, or sometimes a crippling, debilitating illness. Such a person is generally depressed, anxious, frustrated, and sometimes agitated, showing poor judgment and disorganization which will sometimes extend to psychotic or near-psychotic proportions. Marked symptoms of frustrated dependency, hostility, and aggression, perhaps because of rejection or masochism, and the two elements “appeal” and “ordeal” are readily seen (Stengel 1956). The ordeal element is especially apparent in the greater ambivalence about dying and the marked tendency to leave survival up to fate, destiny, or chance. Suicidal attempts are usually more lethal, but there are also more provisions for rescue, both conscious and unconscious.
Importance of work. Work takes on special significance for this group. Often with premature dissolution of relationships in the middle-aged group, work becomes the principal source of self-significance and self-esteem. The nonpersonal aspects of the work itself, rather than the people involved with whom interaction on the job occurs, become important. So long as the person is able to function in his job and to lose himself in its details, there is sufficient defense against suicidal impulses. For the very severely and chronically depressed person, work may provide a cover for the feeling of emptiness and void from which he is continually trying to escape. The routine of work keeps him busy and prevents him from thinking about himself. Not to work provides him with time during which he is free to think about himself and to feel useless and empty. Once the work is lost, perhaps through some personal difficulty, physical crisis, or enforced retirement, a crucial defense seems to be breached and suicidal impulses will burst through.
Can any suicide be entirely intrapersonal? One suggestion has been that this may occur only in the psychotic. However, the problem may well be only one of understanding on the part of the observer. The psychotic may be reacting entirely on an interpersonal basis but in a bizarre or devious process which simply is not comprehended by others.
Feelings about death and the afterlife. Most often the individual simply reflects the prevailing attitudes of his culture about suicide, death, or life after death. However, the individual may arrive at his own conceptualizations, which may vary markedly. Convictions of eternal peace after death, of the possibility of reunion with a deceased loved one, visions of hell-fire and brimstone, or of pain and unmitigated suffering, belief in the supernatural, or faith in magic may be key factors in an individual’s suicidal behavior.
Communication . Seen as a communication process, suicidal behavior often achieves clearer perspective. In most instances, the suicidal activity occurs at the end of a long train of events that have finally led the person to the decision that life is no longer worth living. Accompanied by many communications along this course, the suicidal act itself then becomes a communication which may have many meanings and much significance. The communication in suicidal behavior can be grouped under five headings. (1) Form: the communication may be verbal, including written, or nonverbal and behavioral. (2) Directness or indirectness: the communication may be straightforward and clear, or disguised and indirect. Withdrawal, giving away prized possessions, remarks about not needing articles, fantasies of death, burial, or rescue from dangerous situations may occur. (3) Substance or content: the communication may contain expressions of affect, either fixing or expiating guilt or blame, explanations of the suicidal act, or instructions and directions to survivors, as in wills and suicide notes (Shneidman & Farberow 1957a; Tuckman et al. 1959). (4) Object of the communication: in most interpersonal situations, the communication is directed to a specific person or persons; in intrapersonal motivations it is more often directed to society in general. (5) Purpose: the communication may be overt or indirect in aim. Sometimes it is a cry for help, a plea to be stopped or to be rescued, a means for expression of hostility and hate, a final fixing of blame, a way to cause shame or arouse guilt, or a way to assume blame, absolve others, and expiate one’s own guilt.
Countersuicidal controls
The factors that mitigate against suicide are as important as those that influence toward it. In many instances, the fact that self-destruction is not chosen as the way out of seemingly unbearable situations—as in the concentration camps of Germany, or when the individual is subject to continuous pain and discomfort in the terminal stages of cancer—impresses the observer. The controls may be external or internal.
External controls . External controls refer to all the controls that society may bring to bear on an individual to keep him conforming and alive, such as taboos, religion, myths, mores, group and subgroup identifications, marriage, family, children. Also significant are the actions of others toward the individual. Indications of support, understanding, interest, and concern, especially on the part of the “significant other” but also by hospital and professional personnel, may be the essential preventive factor.
Internal controls . Internal controls may stem from the ideals, standards, morality, conscience, or feelings of responsibility of the individual. In addition, the ego structure of the individual may provide him with flexibility, adaptability, independence, and feelings of self-esteem which will permit him to endure severe emotional stress. Or he may be more vulnerable because of rigidity, overdependence, and poor self-concept.
Psychology of the survivors
The suicide has great impact on the survivors, regardless of whether it had predominantly interpersonal or intrapersonal motives. These reactions generally vary directly in intensity with distance of relationship with the suicidal person. Among the group in a close relationship, the spouse, children, family, relatives, close friends, or therapist, a variety of feelings and reactions may be aroused. These may include (1) strong feelings of loss, accompanied by sorrow and mourning; (2) strong feelings of anger for (a) being made to feel responsible, or (b) being rejected in that what was offered was refused; (3) guilt, shame, or embarrassment with feelings of responsibility for the death; (4) feelings of failure or inadequacy that what was needed could not be supplied; (5) feelings of relief that the nagging, insistent demands have ceased; (6) feelings of having been deserted, especially true for children; (7) ambivalence, with a mixture of all the above; (8) reactions of doubt and self-questioning whether enough was attempted; (9) denial that a suicide has occurred, with a possible conspiracy of silence among all concerned; and (10) arousal of one’s own impulses toward suicide.
Among those in a more distant relationship, such as neighbors, employer or fellow employees, the hospital, or society, the reactions may also be those of (1) anger because of (a) a feeling that the suicidal person has rejected his social and moral responsibilities, or (b) being made to feel responsible, or (c) an implied accusation of not enough concern, interest, or caring about its members and fellow man; (2) guilt that not enough was offered to make the person want to live; (3) rejection, resulting from the suicidal person’s obvious choice to do without them; and (4) uneasiness, manifested by a vague need for self-examination to determine what was wrong or to rationalize the discomfort away.
Norman L. Farberow
[See alsoDeath. Other relevant material may be found in Depressive disorders; Medical care; and in the biography of Durkheim.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Suicide
Suicide
The word suicide covers a wide range of behaviors, including (1) completed suicide; in which the individual dies as a result of the self-destructive act; (2) attempted suicide, in which the individual survives the act; and (3) suicidal ideation, which refers to the individual thinking about and planning suicidal behavior, but not putting these thoughts into action.
A controversy exists over the term attempted suicide. Because many of the individuals who survive a suicidal action did not intend to die (for example, they may have intentionally taken only half of a lethal dose of a medication), some scholars object to the term. Europeans suggested parasuicide as an alternative, especially for suicide attempts of low lethality, but in recent years the terms self-injury and self-poisoning have become popular.
The Epidemiology of Suicide
Completed suicide rates vary widely by nation. According to the latest figures available from the World Health Organization, rates in the 1990s ranged from thirty to forty per 100,000 per year for Belarus, Estonia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Slovenia, and the Ukraine to zero to five per 100,000 per year for Armenia, Greece, and Thailand. National rates of attempted suicide are not available, but it is estimated that there may be eight to ten attempts at suicide for every completed suicide.
Completed suicide rates are higher in men than in women in every country except for mainland China, where the female suicide rate exceeds the male suicide rate (Phillips, Liu, and Zhang 1999). However, in every nation, female rates of attempted suicide exceed those for men in the small samples that have been studied.
Completed suicide rates rise with age in men, but in women the peak age for suicide varies with the level of economic development in the nation. Female suicide rates peak in middle age in the most developed nations, but in young women in the least developed nations (Girard 1993). In general, attempted suicides are younger than completed suicides.
In the United States, whites and American Indians have the highest completed suicide rates, whereas Filipino Americans have the lowest rates. African Americans, Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans have intermediate rates (Lester 1998). These ethnic differences in the United States match those in other nations. For example, in Zimbabwe and South Africa, whites have higher completed suicide rates than blacks, and Philippine suicide rates are lower than the rates in China and Japan.
Theories of Suicide
Research into why individuals become suicidal has identified psychiatric disturbance as the strongest predictor of future suicidality. In particular, depression, both unipolar and bipolar, is associated with the greatest suicidal risk, and even in schizophrenics and substances abusers, both groups with high rates of suicide, depression is the strongest predictor of which individuals in those groups will complete suicide (Maris, Berman, and Silverman 2000). Among the components of depression, the cognitive component, which has been called pessimism and hopelessness by Aaron Beck and his colleagues (1979), is a more powerful predictor than the somatic components of depression (such as loss of appetite) or the mood symptoms (such as guilt).
Suicidal individuals are found to have experienced a high level of stress for a long period of time, and often have an increasing level in the time leading up to their suicidal action. In addition, suicidal individuals are found to have few resources, and the resources that they have are often unavailable (Lester 2000). For example, the people available to turn to for help may be resented by the suicidal person, or the resources may be hostile toward the suicidal person.
The family plays a critical role in each of these factors. Physiological and psychological theories of psychiatric disorder stress the role of the parents, either in passing on the genes for the disorder (in physiological theories) or in creating a pathological home environment (in psychological theories) (Maris, Berman, Silverman 2000). Family members are often the cause of much of the stress that suicidal individuals experience, and they are the resources that may be unavailable to the suicidal individual.
Sociological theories of suicide attempt to explain the suicide rates of cultures or regions. They have focused on the role of social disorganization (social integration and social regulation in Durkheim's theory—see below) or in the opportunity to blame others for one's misfortunes rather than oneself (Henry and Short 1954). For example, African Americans have been oppressed by the racism in U.S. society and so have a clear source of blame for their misery, whereas white Euro Americans have been the oppressors. African Americans have higher murder rates whereas whites have higher suicide rates, in line with this argument.
Marital Status and the Family.
The Protective Effect of Children
The presence of children appears to have a protective effect with regard to suicide. In a study of a large sample of women in Norway, Georg Hoyer and Eiliv Lund (1993) obtained a sample of almost one million single and married women in Norway in 1970 and identified which of them had completed suicide by 1985. They found that unmarried women had a higher suicide rate than married women without children for those aged twenty-five to sixty-four, but not for those over the age of sixty-four. Thus, marriage appeared to reduce the suicide rate in women.
Hoyer and Lund also found that married women with children had lower suicide rates than married women with no children for all age groups. Thus, the presence of children further reduces the risk of suicide in women above and beyond the protective impact of marriage per se. Furthermore, the more children, the lower the suicide rate of the married women.
This study is the best study on the topic reported hitherto, but it confirms the results of earlier studies on smaller samples and without such detailed analyses. For example, in Portugal women with children were found to have a lower suicide rate than childless women, and those with more than five children had the lowest suicide rate (de Castro and Martins 1987).
There is also some evidence that the presence of children reduces the severity of suicidality in suicidal women, for example, making attempted suicide relatively less common and suicidal ideation relatively more common.
The Disturbing Effects of Families
Although the presence of children may protect their parents from suicide, the parents may increase the risk of suicide in the children. Even sibling position may play a role, as Alfred Adler (1958) suggested, with completed suicide being less common in last-borns and attempted suicide less common in first borns (Lester 2000).
Although in general, having a spouse and children reduces the risk of suicide, family members can play a role in precipitating suicide. For example, often family members feel and express a great deal of hostility toward one another. In psychic homicide, an individual commits suicide in response to the conscious or unconscious murderous impulses for them (Meerloo 1962). The role of murderous desires of parents toward their offspring may play a greater role in adolescent suicides than in the suicides of older adults. Transactional analysis has proposed that suicidal individuals had parents who experienced these desires (such as "I wish you had never been born") during the baby's first year of life.
It is difficult to show these effects with research, but the hostility has been observed at the time of the suicidal behavior. For example, Milton Rosenbaum and Joseph Richman (1970) in their study of attempted suicides reported a mother's first statement to her 24-year-old son in the hospital, "Next time pick a higher bridge." Or a wife whose 70-year-old husband said to her, "If I had a gun, I'd shoot myself," replied, "I'll buy you a gun." He used pills a few days later instead. A father said to his 17-year-old daughter, "We'd all be better off if you were dead. At least we'd know where you are."
There are many features of family life that impact on suicidal behavior. Abuse of children, both physically and sexually, appears to result in an increase in later suicidal behavior as well as other psychiatric disorders and symptoms.
Loss of parents during childhood, especially between the ages of six and sixteen, increases the risk of suicide. David Lester (1989) found that exactly half of a sample of famous suicides, for whom detailed biographies were available, had experienced such loss, such as the poet Sylvia Plath whose father died of natural causes when she was eight. If the parent dies from suicide, then suicide is even more likely in the children.
In general, research finds that married couples in which one partner attempts suicide have poorer communication between each other and more destructive conflicts (such as avoiding discussion and fleeing the home), and that the suicidal partner is more psychiatrically disturbed (Lester 2000).
Suicidal behavior in family members increases the risk of suicide in other family members, perhaps because this indicates a greater acceptance of suicidal behavior as a solution to problems in that family, or perhaps because the occurrence of suicide in many family members indicates the presence of an inherited psychiatric disorder. In the Hemingway family, for example, Ernest's father completed suicide, and so did three of his six children (including Ernest, of course). It is likely that an affective disorder was passed down in this family, but also completing suicide in middle age when suffering from severe medical problems appears to have become a learned strategy in the family.
However, this copycat (or contagion) effect is also found in social groups. A suicide in an adolescent is occasionally followed by "imitation" suicides among his or her peers (Maris, Berman, and Silverman 2000), and in these cases inheritance does not play a role.
Helping Suicidal Individuals
The most common tactic for suicidal individuals is to treat the underlying psychiatric disturbance using medication and psychotherapy. In recent years, the increasing prescribing of antidepressants appears to have resulted in a decline in suicide rates (Isacsson 2000). In addition, effective psychotherapies have been devised for suicidal individuals (Linehan 1993), and many countries now have networks of telephone crisis centers, functioning twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, for individuals to call during times when they are most distressed (Mishara and Daigle 2001).
However, because interpersonal factors are often involved in precipitating and maintaining the suicidality of people, family therapy is perhaps the most appropriate format for psychotherapy for suicidal individuals. Joseph Richman (1986) has been the leading advocate of this approach.
Problems for Survivors
Those who experience the suicide of a significant other are known as survivors. Survivors have great difficulty coping with the death, perhaps more so than those whose significant others die of natural causes. In some cases, it is the family members who discover the body of the suicide, often greatly disfigured by the suicide. For example, Leicester Hemingway, Ernest's brother, was only thirteen when he found his father dead from a firearm wound. Leicester was one of the three children who later completed suicide.
Furthermore, the grieving process after a suicide is different in significant ways from the grieving after natural deaths. There is more anger felt toward the suicide and guilt over what the survivors might have done to prevent the suicide. Group therapy is particularly helpful for survivors whether led by peers or by professionals (Farberow 2001).
In recent years, survivors have banded together to form organizations to help one another and to work for the prevention of suicide in general. There are survivor groups in many countries and, in some countries, in every region. In the United States, the American Association of Suicidology maintains a directory of these services and, inter-nationally, Befrienders International has services (usually under the name The Samaritans) in more than forty countries.
See also:Childhood, Stages of: Adolescence; Death and Dying; Depression: Adults; Depression: Children and Adolescents; Euthanasia; Grief, Loss, and Bereavement; Rape; Self-Esteem; Widowhood
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DAVID LESTER
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"Suicide." International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
"Suicide." International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (September 24, 2016).
"Suicide." International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. 2003. Retrieved September 24, 2016 from Encyclopedia.com:
Suicide
Suicide
Definition
Suicide.
Demographics of suicide.
High-risk factors
Research indicates that the following factors increase a person's risk of suicide:
- Male sex.
- Age over 75.
- A family history of suicide.
- A history of suicide attempts.
- A history of abuse in childhood.
- Traumatic experiences after childhood
- Recent stressful events, such as separation or divorce, job loss, or death of spouse.
- Chronic medical illness. Patients with AIDS have a rate of suicide 20 times that of the general population.
- Access to a gun. Death by firearms is now the fastestgrowing method of suicide among men and women. Nearly 57% of deaths caused by guns in the U.S. are suicides.
- Alcohol or substance abuse. While mood-altering substances do not cause a person to kill himself/herself, they weaken impulse control.
- High blood cholesterol levels.
- Presence of a psychiatric illness. Over 90% of Americans who commit suicide have a mental illness. Major depression accounts for 60% of suicides, followed by schizophrenia , alcoholism, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder , Huntington's disease, and epilepsy. The lifetime mortality due to suicide in psychiatric patients is 15% for major depression; 20% for bipolar disorder ; 18% for alcoholism; 10% for schizophrenia; and 5–10% for borderline and certain other personality disorders.
Low-risk factors
Factors that lower a person's risk of suicide include:
- a significant friendship network outside the workplace
- religious faith and practice
- a stable marriage
- a close-knit extended family
- a strong interest in or commitment to a project or cause that brings people together, including community service, environmental concerns, neighborhood associations, animal rescue groups, etc.
Suicide in other countries.
Suicide in children and adolescents.
Causes:
Neurobiological and genetic factors.
History and lifestyle
Other components of a diathesis include:
- Chronic illness
- Traumatic experiences after childhood
- Alcohol or substance abuse
- High blood cholesterol levels.
Factors in the wider society
In addition to factors at the individual level, factors in the wider society have been identified as contributing to the rising rate of suicide in the United States:
- Stresses on the nuclear family, including divorce and economic hardship.
- The loss of a set of moral values held in common by the entire society.
- The weakening of churches, synagogues, and other mid range social groups outside the family. In the past, these institutions often provided a sense of belonging for people from troubled or emotionally distant families.
- Frequent geographical moves, which makes it hard for people to make and keep long-term friendships outside their immediate family.
- Sensationalized treatment of suicide in the mass media. A number of research studies have shown that there is a definite risk of "contagion" suicides from irresponsible reporting, particularly among impressionable adolescents.
- The development over the past century of medications that allow relatively painless suicide. For most of human history, the available means of suicide were uncertain, painful, or both.
- The easy availability of firearms in the United States.
Treatment of attempted suicide.
Related issues
Survivors of suicide.
Assisted.
Media treatment of suicide it. One example concerns the suicide of the widow of a man who was killed in the collapse of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. Most newspapers that covered the story described her death as due solely to the act of terrorism, even though she had a history of depressive illness.
- Excessive, ongoing, or repetitive coverage of the suicide.
- Sensationalizing the suicide by inclusion of morbid details or dramatic photographs. Some news accounts of the suicide of an Enron executive in January 2002 are examples of this problem.
- Giving "how-to" descriptions of the method of suicide.
- Referring to suicide as an effective coping strategy or as a way to achieve certain goals.
- Glorifying the act of suicide or the person who commits suicide.
- Focusing on the person's positive traits without mentioning his or her problems.
Prevention.
Resources
BOOKS.
PERIODICALS
Byard, R. W., and J. D. Gilbert. "Cervical Fracture, Decapitation, and Vehicle-Assisted Suicide." Journal of Forensic Science 47 (March 2002): 392-394.
Fu, Q., A. C. Heath, K. K. Bucholz, and others. "A Twin Study of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Suicidality in Men." Psychology in Medicine 32 (January 2002): 11-24.
Gibb, Brandon E., Lauren B. Alloy, Lyn Y. Abramson, and others. "Childhood Maltreatment and College Students' Current Suicidal Ideation: A Test of the Hopelessness Theory." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 31(2001): 405-415.
Kara, I. H., and others. "Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Features of Cases of Organic Phosphorus Intoxication in the Southeast Anatolian Region of Turkey." Environmental Research 88 (February 2002): 82-88.
Mancinelli, Iginia, MD, and others. "Mass Suicide: Historical and Psychodynamic Considerations." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 32 (2002): 91-100.
Phillips, M. R., X Li, and Y. Zhang. "Suicide Rates in China, 1995-99." Lancet 359 (March 9, 2002): 835-840.
Plunkett, A., B. O'Toole, H. Swanston, and others. "Suicide Risk Following Child Sexual Abuse." Ambulatory Pediatrics 1 (September-October 2001): 262-266.
Vieta, E., F. Colom, B. Corbella, and others. "Clinical Correlates of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Bipolar I Patients." Bipolar Disorders 3 (October 2001): 253-258.
ORGANIZATIONS. <>.
OTHER.
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Suicide
SUICIDE
Among industrialized countries that provide statistics on suicide, nearly all report that suicide rates rise progressively with age, with the highest rates occurring for men age seventy-five and older. In the United States in 1997, older white males age eighty-five and older had a rate of 65.4 per 100,000. This latter rate is almost six times the rate of all ages combined. Reviewed here is the available research evidence on correlates and risk factors in later life suicidal behavior, and suggested opportunities for prevention.
Demographic correlates and methods of later life suicide
U.S. data on completed suicides by sex, age, race, marital status, and method are based on vital statistics information gathered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics, with each state reporting from death certificates. From this data source we know that increased age among persons sixty-five and older is associated with higher rates of suicide. Also, older adults as a group are more likely to use a firearm as a suicide method compared to the total U.S. rate; 70 versus 60 percent. In terms of demographic correlates of suicide deaths, male sex, white race, older age, and unmarried status are associated with higher rates of suicide.
Older suicide victims are more likely to have lived alone than younger suicides. However, older adults are also likely to be those members of the population who live alone, so the potency of living arrangement as a risk factor for suicide is not clear. A correlate associated with living arrangement is marital status. The suicide rate for unmarried older adults is higher than the suicide rate for married older adults. For older men, the suicide rate for those who are divorced or widowed is much higher when compared with older females or with their married counterparts (Buda and Tsuang).
Psychological status and life events associated with later life suicide
In the absence of adequate prospective studies, the psychological autopsy (PA) method has been used to reconstruct a detailed picture of the victim’s psychological state prior to death, including psychiatric symptomatology, behavior, and life circumstances during the weeks or months before death. This includes interviewing knowledgeable informants, reviewing available clinical records, and comprehensive case formulation by one or more mental health professionals with expertise in postmortem studies. The PA method has been used to provide an inclusive, well-defined sample of all persons who die by suicide within a defined catchment area, region, or population. One of the most striking and consistent findings of the PA method is that psychiatric disorder and/or substance use is present in about 90 percent of all suicides, with affective disorder as the most common psychopathology, followed by substance use and schizophrenia (Conwell and Brent).
When compared to younger suicide victims, older victims are more likely to have had a physical illness, and to have suffered from depression that is not comorbid with a substance disorder (Conwell and Brent). The type of depression found in the majority of later life suicides is usually a first episode of depression, uncomplicated by psychoses or other comorbid psychiatric disorders, and, ironically, is the most treatable type of late-life depression. Such age-related patterns have appeared in reports from a number of countries including the United States, Finland, and the United Kingdom.
Although substance use is less frequent among elderly suicides, there is some evidence that among the ‘‘young old,’’ alcohol may be a correlate. For men with early onset alcoholism who have survived to their fifties and sixties, the combination of continued alcohol abuse and burn out among their social support network may be lethal. Murphy and his associates described that for older male alcoholics, loss of the last social support can be a pivotal event in suicide risk (Murphy, Wetzel, Robins, and McEvoy). How current, as well as past alcohol abuse, lowers the threshold for suicidal behavior in later life requires further systematic examination. Although it is often assumed that medication misuse (e.g., benzodiazepine dependence, psychotropic medication with alcohol abuse) is a risk for late life suicide, there is little published information on this topic.
Despite high rates of dementia and delirium in later life, few studies have found these diagnoses to be risk factors for suicide (Conwell and Brent). Controlled PA studies are needed to determine what other factors in combination with mental and physical disorders are related to risk for later life suicide.
The PA has been used to explore possible personality traits that may increase risk for later life suicide (Duberstein). Duberstein used an informant-based personality inventory measure to examine possible personality traits among older and younger suicides, relative to age- and sex-matched controls. The inventory measured five general personality traits: neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Suicides were found to have higher neuroticism scores than normal controls, and older suicide victims had lower openness to experience scores than both younger suicides and normal controls.
Hopelessness, a set of beliefs related to lack of anticipated positive outcomes about the future, has also been examined in the context of later life suicide. A prospective investigation of a retirement community found a single item asking about hopelessness was related to later completed suicides (Ross, Bernstein, Trent, Henderson, and Paganini-Hill).
Suicide intent has also been examined in older adult suicide victims. Using the PA method, older adults were found to be more intent compared to younger suicide victims (Conwell, Duberstein, Cox, Herrmann, Forbes, and Caine). That is, older adults were more likely to have avoided intervention, taken precautions against discovery, and were less likely to communicate their intent to others. Moreover, older men, in particular, were less likely to have had a history of previous attempts.
The PA method has also been used to examine patterns of health services use among suicide victims. Health services for older adults who later suicided was typically available, and used. A number of reports indicate that approximately 70 percent of older suicide victims had seen a primary health care provider within a month (Conwell). In contrast, few older adult suicide victims have had a history of mental health care.
Neurobiological correlates of late life suicide
Postmortem brain tissue studies of suicide victims have found that the sertonergic systems (presynaptic and nontransporter nerve terminal binding sites) had reduced activity (Mann). Although there is optimism about new refinements and applications of neurobiological, brain imaging, and candidate gene markers to identify high risk individuals, there are currently no specific biological markers for suicidal behavior. With regard to older adults, it is conceivable that a ‘‘neurobiological vulnerability’’ to suicide might be modulated by age-related changes in neurobiological systems (Schneider). The consistency of increased suicide risk with age and male sex across nations also suggests a possible neurobiological process. Decreased brain concentrations of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and their metabolites (HVA, 5-HIAA); increased brain MAO-B activity; increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity; and increased sympathetic nervous system activity are associated with both depression and normal aging (Schneider). Although several reviews have examined the evidence for neurobiologic abnormalities among older suicide victims relative to controls, there are too few studies that included sufficient ‘‘older’’ subjects (older than sixty years) to draw any conclusions (Conwell and Brent). This is particularly true of the subgroup of the older adults most at risk: those eighty-five and older.
Suicide attempts in later life
There are currently no national surveillance data of suicide attempts in the United States. Using data from the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area study of five communities, Moscicki and her associates found a much lower prevalence of lifetime suicide attempts for older adults than younger populations. For persons age sixty-five and older, the lifetime prevalence for suicide attempts was 1.1 percent. By comparison, the rate was 4 percent for persons age twenty-five to forty-four. Other community-based studies have estimated lower attempt to completion ratios for older, compared to younger, adults (e.g., Nordentoft et al.). These findings support Conwell and colleagues’s 1998 report that older adults are more intent in their efforts to commit suicide.
Other information about attempted suicide in late life comes from studying the characteristics of older persons recently admitted to a hospital due to the attempt. Draper reviewed twelve studies of later life suicide attempts published between 1985 and 1994. Despite variation in sampling contexts and approaches to measurement, and lack of adequate control groups, he reported several consistent factors associated with attempted suicide in late life: depression, social isolation, and being unmarried. The degree to which physical health was a risk factor was unclear. In some studies it appeared to play a major role, while in another only about one-third of the patients identified health as a salient factor.
The relationship between hopelessness and suicide attempts in later life was examined by studying the course of hopelessness in depressed patients (Rifai et al., 1994). Patients who had attempted suicide in the past had significantly higher hopelessness scores than nonattempters during both the acute and continuation phases of psychiatric treatment. Moreover, a high degree of hopelessness persisting after the remission of depression in older patients appeared to be associated with a history of suicidal behavior. This study by Rifai and her associates also suggested that a high degree of hopelessness may increase the likelihood of premature discontinuation of treatment and lead to future attempts or suicide. One prospective study of older depressed inpatients followed over a year found that 8.7 percent attempted suicide (Zweig and Hinrichsen). Patients who attempted suicide were more likely to have an incomplete remission of depression, history of suicide attempts, and familial interpersonal strain compared to those who did not attempt within the one year follow-up.
Prevention strategies
Prevention strategies should follow the most potent risk factor findings. Since the majority of older adults use firearms as a means of suicide, some have proposed that reduction in access to firearms may be an effective, preventive measure. However, others have argued that substitution in suicide methods may minimize the potency of this prevention approach (1990).
Research findings of increases in intent with age suggest that older persons who are at risk for suicide may be more difficult to identify as being at imminent risk than is the case for younger persons. Thus, clinical intervention strategies that target individuals who are at high risk for suicide, as indicated by a variety of demographic and psychiatric variables, may be more effective for preventing suicide than interventions that solely target individuals with suicide ideation or behavior. The fact that the majority of older adults are seen in primary care settings within the month of their deaths, coupled with the finding that most later life suicide victims have had a late onset, depressive episode, suggests that detecting and treating depression in primary care may be an efficient way to prevent later life suicides.
Although the identification and adequate treatment of depression is proposed as the most promising research avenue when considering preventive interventions in late life suicide, there are a number of factors that work against these prevention efforts. Ageism works against out-reach efforts. Many health providers, family members, and older adults themselves believe that depression and suicidal ideation are part of the normal aging process. Prevention efforts will need to consider these issues in public education and provider training to advance efforts in increased detection and treatment of depression.
Jane L. Pearson
See also Depression; Euthanasia and Senicide; Suicide and Assisted Suicide, Ethical Aspects.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Buda, M., and Tsuang, M. T. ‘‘The Epidemiology of Suicide: Implications for Clinical Practice.’’ In Suicide Over the Life Cycle: Risk Factors, Assessment, and Treatment of Suicidal Patients. Edited by S. J. Blumenthal and D. J. Kupfer. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1990. Pages 17–37.
Conwell, Y. (1994). ‘‘Suicide in Elderly Patients.’’ In Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late-Life. Edited by L. S. Schneider, C. F. Reynolds, B. D. Lebowitz, and A. J. Friedhoff. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1994. Pages 397–418.
Conwell, Y., and Brent, D. ‘‘Suicide and Aging I: Patterns of Psychiatric Diagnosis.’’ International Psychogeriatrics 7 (1995): 149–181.
Conwell, Y.; Duberstein, P. R.; Cox, C.; Herrmann, J. H.; Forbes, N. T.; and Caine, E. D. ‘‘Age Differences in Behaviors Leading to Completed Suicide.’’ American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 6 (1998): 122–126.
Draper, B. ‘‘Attempted Suicide in Old Age.’’ International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 11 (1996): 577–587.
Duberstein, P. R. ‘‘Openness to Experience and Completed Suicide across the Second Half of Life.’’ International Psychogeriatrics 7 (1995): 183–198.
Mann, J. J. ‘‘The Neurobiology of Suicide.’’ Nature Medicine 4 (1998): 25–30.
Moscicki, E. K.; O’Carroll, P.; Rae, D. S.; Locke, B. Z.; Roy, A.; and Regier, D. A. ‘‘Suicide Attempts in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study.’’ Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 61 (1988) 259–268.
Murphy, G. E.; Wetzel, R. D.; Robins, E.; and McEvoy, L. ‘‘Multiple Risk Factors Predict Suicide in Alcoholism.’’ Archives of General Psychiatry 49 (1992): 459–463.
Nordentoft, M.; Breum, L.; Munck, L.; Nordestgaard, A. G.; Hunding, A.; and BjÆldager, P. A. L. ‘‘High Mortality by Natural and Unnatural Causes: A 10 Year Follow Up Study of Patients Admitted to a Poisoning Treatment Centre after Suicide Attempts.’’ British Medical Journal 306 (1993): 1637-1641.
Rifai, A. H.; George, C. J.; Stack, J. A.; Mann, J. J.; and Reynolds, C. F. ‘‘Hopelessness in Suicide Attempters After Acute Treatment of Major Depression in Late-Life.’’ American Journal of Psychiatry 151 (1994): 1687–1690.
Ross, R. K.; Bernstein, L.; Trent, L.; Henderson, B. E.; and Paganini-Hill, A. ‘‘A Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Traumatic Death in the Retirement Community.’’ Preventive Medicine 19 (1990): 323–334.
Schneider, L. S. ‘‘Biological Commonalities among Aging, Depression, and Suicidal Behavior.’’ In Suicide and Depression in Late-Life: Critical Issues in Treatment, Research and Public Policy. Edited by G. J. Kennedy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. Pages 39–50.
Szanto, K.; Reynolds, C. F., 3d; Conwell, Y.; Begley, A. E.; and Houck, P. ‘‘High Levels of Hopelessness Persist in Geriatric Patients with Remitted Depression and a History of Attempted Suicide.’’ Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 46 (1998): 1401–1406.
Zweig, R. A., and Hinrichsen, G. A. ‘‘Factors Associated with Suicide Attempts by Depressed Older Adults: A Prospective Study.’’ American Journal of Psychiatry 150 (1993): 1687–1692.
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Pearson, Jane L.. "Suicide." Encyclopedia of Aging. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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Suicide
Suicide
AMERICAN DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
SUICIDE AMONG THE ELDERLY
TEEN SUICIDE AND THE FAMILY
PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE
INTERNATIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
OTHER MANIFESTATIONS OF SUICIDE
Suicide can be the outcome of an individual’s difficult and stressful experiences or a response to an unbearable situation. Sometimes suicide is complicated by drug and/or alcohol use. The scope of suicide includes all ages, classes, races, and sexes, although some groups are at more risk than others. Children or family members of those who have attempted or completed suicide are more likely themselves to attempt or complete suicide, as suicide has a ripple effect and can convey the idea that self-destruction is an acceptable solution to distress. Casualties of suicide, or those left behind, experience traumatic grief, guilt, shame, stress, and self-doubt—sometimes keeping them from speaking of the event at all. Statistics of suicide are underrepresented and not always reliable because the action can be classified in some other way; legally, suicidal components must be established beyond a doubt. Additionally, it is sometimes difficult to categorize the intentionality of death.
Suicide rates are higher for those who suffer from depression or other psychiatric problems; use drugs or alcohol when depressed; suffer from physical, especially irreversible, illness; are divorced; have lost an important relationship through death or breakup; and live in certain areas. War combatants also face a high rate of suicide because of post-traumatic stress disorders. People with HIV/AIDS are at risk, with the decision of suicide based on the fear of loss of function or increase in suffering and the feeling of being isolated. In “suicide by cop” incidents, an armed suicidal individual forces a law officer to use deadly force resulting in death. Individuals name various other reasons for suicide, including as a means to reunite with the dead, a means to ensure rest and refuge, a way to take revenge, and a penalty for failure.
DURKHEIM’S STUDIES
In 1897 the French sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) conducted a study of suicide in France. He found lower suicide rates among women, Catholics, Jews, and married people and higher rates among men, Protestants, wealthy people, and unmarried individuals. Based on the data, he argued that categories of people with strong social ties had low suicide rates, and that categories of people with the lowest social integration had the highest suicide rates. Durkheim believed that too much or too little integration or regulation (cohesion) was unhealthy for society and accordingly established four conditions that can lead to suicide: (1) altruism, or too much integration, a willingness to sacrifice the self for the group’s ostensible interest (e.g., suicide bombers); (2) egoism, or too little integration (e.g., those not bound to social groups left with little guidance); (3) fatalism, or too much regulation with no perceived way out of a situation (e.g., slaves); and (4) anomie, or too little regulation and no fulfillment of needs (e.g., those coping with the death of a spouse, economic depression, institutional failure, or wealth insufficient to provide happiness). Durkheim focused on anomie as an unhealthy and destructive pathological state for society, resulting in a “milky-way-galaxy” of choices for normative behavior (read “normlessness”) and a lack of social regulation.
AMERICAN DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
In the United States, suicide ranks eleventh on the list of causes of death. Suicides occur most often among white males, and the rate increases with age; older white males have the highest suicide rates in the nation. Females and nonwhite males reach their peak for suicide vulnerability earlier in adult life. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in the age group fifteen to twenty-four. Bad economic times are usually associated with an increase of suicide rates. Rates for Native Americans are the highest of any ethnic population in the nation.
Suicide rates tend to be higher in areas where people live far apart from each other; more densely populated states have lower suicide rates. Accordingly, the highest suicide rates are in the western states, with Wyoming and Alaska at the top of the list, although California is ranked as having one of the lowest rates. The middle and eastern states are ranked lower in suicide rates than the western states (with the District of Columbia and Massachusetts as the lowest), although Vermont, West Virginia, and Oklahoma are ranked as high. Most of the New England states are ranked as having the lowest rates of suicide.
SUICIDE AMONG THE ELDERLY
Since 1990, in the United States there has been an increase in suicide rates in individuals eighty-five years or older, although suicide in the elderly does not elicit the same response as it does in younger individuals. Elderly individuals are more likely to be socially isolated for a longer time before death and are more likely to experience physical illness, other sources of distress and depression, and loss of relationships, making them at higher risk for suicide. Elders are less likely to give warning signs of suicide.
TEEN SUICIDE AND THE FAMILY
Since the 1980s the general incidence of suicide has increased in the United States; the rate for those between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four has tripled. Although suicide among adolescents is seriously underreported, researchers generally consider it to be the second- or third-most common cause of death in that group. More than eight out of ten kids who threaten suicide attempt it; females make more suicide attempts, although more males complete suicide, with firearms or explosives the most common method of self-destruction. Half of all children who have made one suicide attempt will make another, sometimes as many as two a year until they succeed. The majority of suicide attempts are expressions of extreme distress and not merely bids for attention; this distress is often related to others prior to suicide. Additionally, some children who take their own lives are indeed the opposite of the rebellious teen. They are anxious, insecure kids who have a desperate desire to be liked, to fit in, and do well. Their expectations are so high that they demand too much of themselves, thereby condemning themselves to constant disappointment. A traumatic event (such as the loss of a valued relationship or a change of residence), which can seem minor viewed from an adult perspective, is enough to push children and adolescents over the edge into a severe depression. Alcohol and drug use are associated with heightened suicide risk in youth.
The role of the family is also a variable in teen suicide. Two-thirds of suicidal teens report poor relationships with their parents. Increased levels of suicidal behavior in adolescents is associated with certain family characteristics: rigid rules, poor communication, overbearing parents, and long-term patterns of family dysfunction such as alcoholism and mental illness.
PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE
In some cases an individual may be too incapacitated by illness to end his or her life without assistance. The ethics of physician-assisted suicide, or euthanasia, has been the subject of vigorous debate. Active euthanasia refers to direct action being used to end a life; passive euthanasia refers to not taking steps to prolong life or “letting die.” Some argue that active euthanasia respects the principle of individual autonomy and the right to self-determination, that its foremost concert is the patient’s well-being, and that it adheres to the physician’s Hippocratic Oath to do no harm, where doing no harm means alleviating pain and respecting the wishes of a rational person. Many argue that a decision to kill oneself with the assistance of a physician is a private choice that society has no right to regulate; others argue that assisted suicide threatens the moral foundations of society.
INTERNATIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Suicide rates vary from nation to nation, with Belarus, Estonia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, and the Russian Federation having the highest suicide rates in the world. Suicide rates for men are substantially higher in all countries and are also high for indigenous populations who have been exploited, discriminated against, and deprived of their previous cultural existence. China is undergoing a national suicide crisis, with 21 percent of the world’s population, 44 percent of the world’s suicides, and 56 percent of the world’s female suicides. Those in China at a higher risk of suicide live in rural areas or areas where the government has policies that have increased stress through the disruption of traditional family patterns. Some argue that this level of suicidal behavior has changed attitudes in China about suicide, with self-destruction coming to be seen as an acceptable action.
OTHER MANIFESTATIONS OF SUICIDE
Suicide can also occur as a group response to extreme situations, notable examples being the mass suicide at the Masada fortress in 73 CE by besieged Jews choosing death over defeat by the Romans; the Jonestown cult’s mass murder-suicides in Guyana in 1978; and the Heaven’s Gate cult suicides in southern California in 1997.
Suicide bombings by terrorist groups became a phenomenon in the late twentieth century. Terrorism constitutes random acts of violence or the threat of such violence as a political or religious strategy, and suicide bombing is one of these strategies. The attacks of September 11, 2001, show how self-destruction can be used as a weapon.
The act of suicide has been interpreted in many ways and given various meanings. In Christianity and Judaism, suicide is sinful and forbidden. Historically, many societies have viewed suicide as a crime and have enacted laws to regulate the act and punish those who attempt it. Those who attempt or commit suicide have often been seen as psychotic or mentally ill; by contrast, in some cultures suicide is viewed as an honorable and glorious death. Some approve of suicide when it is seen as the only option left to alleviate pain and suffering from severe illness. Freud understood suicide as a drive or death instinct; from an existentialist standpoint, suicide removes the necessary choice for authentic existence.
SEE ALSO Alienation; Alienation-Anomie; Assisted Death; Death and Dying; Depression, Psychological; Durkheim, Émile; Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide; Morbidity and Mortality; Native Americans; Suicide Bombers
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Beckerman, N. L. 1995. Suicide in Relation to AIDS. Death Studies 19 (3): 223–234.
Brock, Dan W. 1994. Voluntary Active Euthanasia. In Contemporary Issues in Bioethics, 4th ed., eds. Tom L. Beauchamp and LeRoy Walters. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Colt, George Holt. 1991. The Enigma of Suicide. New York: Summit.
Conwell, Y. 2001. Suicide in Later Life: A Review and Recommendation for Prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 31 (Suppl.): 32–47.
Crosby, A. E., M. P. Cheltenham, and J. J. Sacks. 1999. Incidence of Suicide Ideation and Behavior in the United States, 1994. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 29 (2): 131–140.
Durkheim, Émile. 1951. Suicide. Trans. John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, ed. George Simpson. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Freud, Sigmund. [1917] 1959. Mourning and Melancholia. In Collected Papers. Trans. Joan Riviere, Vol. 4, 152–172. New York: Basic Books.
Hendin, Herbert. 1995. Suicide in America, expanded ed. New York: Norton.
Kastenbaum, Robert. 2000. The Psychology of Death. 3rd ed. New York: Springer.
Kochanek, Kenneth D., et al. 2004. Deaths: Final Data for 2002. National Vital Statistics Report 53 (5). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
Leenaars, Anton A., and Susanne Wenckstern. 1991. Suicide Prevention in Schools. New York: Hemisphere.
Mancinelli, I., A. Comparelli, P. Girardi, and R. Tatarelli. 2002. Mass Suicide: Historical and Psychodynamic Considerations. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 32 (1): 91–100.
Minois, Georges. 1999. History of Suicide: Voluntary Death in Western Culture. Trans. Lydia G. Cochrane. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Murray, Alexander. 1998–2000. Suicide in the Middle Ages. 2 vols. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
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Osgood, Nancy J. 1992. Suicide in Later Life. New York: Lexington.
Pedahzur, Ami. 2004. Suicide Terrorism. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.
Pellegrino, Edmund D. 1994. The Virtuous Physician and the Ethics of Medicine. In Contemporary Issues in Bioethics, 4th ed., eds. To m L. Beauchamp and LeRoy Walters. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994.
Phillips, M. R., H. Liu, and Y. Zhang. 1999. Suicide and Social Change in China. Medicine and Psychiatry 23 (1): 25–50.
Rachels, James. 1994. The Distinction between Active Killing and Allowing to Die. In Contemporary Issues in Bioethics, 4th ed., eds. To m L. Beauchamp and LeRoy Walters. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Reisman, David. [1961] 2000. The Lonely Crowd. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
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Ryan Ashley Caldwell
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Suicide
SUICIDE
SUICIDE.DonaldDonald..
See also Death and Dying ; Madness and Melancholy ; Religious Piety .Donald.
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MIDELFORT, H. C. ERIK. "Suicide." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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Suicide and Suicidal Behavior
Suicide execute a suicide attempt. Psychiatric risk factors, such as depression and substance abuse, become more frequent in adolescence , contributing to the increase in the frequency of suicidal behavior in older children. Some view the transition from primary to middle school as particularly stressful, especially for girls. Also, parental monitoring and supervision decrease with increasing age, so that adolescents may be more likely to experience emotional difficulties without their parents' knowledge. problems and may be able to suggest ways to cope which the teen will find useful..
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Suicide
SUICIDE.
The word suicide is a seventeenth-century English invention put together from Latin elements and meaning literally "self-slaughter," and from English the word spread to other European languages. An isolated scholar around 1179 had in fact coined a Latin word suicida, but it had not gained currency, and that fact highlights the question why so ancient an act should have had to wait so long for a name.
Taboo
One reason was taboo. People did not want to talk about suicide and, when they had to, used composite expressions like the medieval lawyers' "homicide (or felony) of oneself," or others, tinged with euphemism, like "to hasten death," "to die by one's own hand" (to quote from over a dozen expressions in classical Latin). A second reason, linked with the first, was an enduring difficulty in understanding the character of suicide. This is best seen in the history of a much older word, the Greek biaiothanatos. It literally meant "violent death" and included suicide along with deaths we would classify as accidents, like falling from a bridge, all of which were thought polluting, and had consequences for burial and for the dead person's status as a ghost. Although the Latinized successor-word, biothanatos, came increasingly to be confined to suicide, it still carried the old ambiguity as late as the twelfth century. The slowness of that discovery is confirmed by early legal texts, where rabbis, Christian canon lawyers, and commentators on the Koran all, in their turn, insist that it is intention that distinguishes suicide—as if people did not know.
So the mere linguistic history of suicide already reveals a lot about how it was conceived. It suggests, further, that the taboo extended beyond the topic to the act of suicide, however vaguely distinguished. Religion absorbed the taboo, and in time gave it force and rationale. Already in Greek antiquity we find indignities attached to the burial of suicides, so understood. Similarly, as ideas of hell became better defined, we find suicides assigned to it, first (this time) in India.
Rationale
As for rationale, it drew on two kinds of source, divine and social. Around the sixth century b.c.e., Pythagoreans taught that we mortals are on sentry duty and bound to stay at our watch until relieved, an image that clearly implied man's obligation to superior powers, sovereign beyond death. The image would be absorbed by Plato and his innumerable readers, who in the later Roman Empire included Neoplatonists and Christians, both of whom used it, with other borrowings, to fortify their faintly equivocal traditions. For the Christian tradition had until then itself been uncertain. In the Bible, keen eyesight is needed to find suicide expressly forbidden (as perhaps in Gen. 9:5 or Exod. 20:13). And although most suicides in the Bible—Judas the most notorious—are manifest villains, a "suicide guerilla" had slipped in among biblical heroes around the tenth century b.c.e., in the person of Samson (Judg. 16:18–30), and was joined around 70 b.c.e. by another hero, Razias, who had killed himself after military defeat, in the Roman manner (2 Macc. 14:43–46). The early church furthermore revered as saints certain women who had killed themselves to avoid rape. In the fourth century c.e., Christian opinion formers set about closing these loopholes, notably Pachomius (in respect of burial ritual) and Augustine (in argument). A few centuries later, Muslim commentators would do the same for the Koran, whose deficiencies in this particular were amply supplied by the Hadith (tradition).
A second main source for an antisuicide rationale was social.). The Jews, for their part, told sympathetically (in Tobit, c. 200 b.c.e.) of a woman restrained from suicide by the thought that it would hurt her father. Even suicide-prone Roman Stoics could be restrained by consideration for their friends. Illiterates meanwhile expressed their social feelings on the subject by ideas about pollution of the community cemetery and bad weather. Finally, social considerations could express themselves on the vertical plane, from master to dependent. A Roman slave who killed himself robbed his owner, who might make him an example by maltreating the corpse. In early medieval Europe—when nearly everyone was someone else's dependent—lords would punish an underling's suicide by confiscating the property. That prerogative gradually passed to monarchs. That suicide was in England classed as a felony until 1961 probably owed its origin to the defiance it had represented, in the early Middle Ages, to the king qua lord.
Justifications of Suicide.
See also Christianity ; Cynicism ; Judaism ; Stoicism .
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C. James Frankish
Robbin Jeffereys
.
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Suicide
Suicide
Suicide Historical Problem.
Children's Understanding of Suicide.
Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Drugs; Emotional Life; Mental Illness.
bibliography
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MISHARA, BRIAN L.. "Suicide." Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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Suicide
SUICIDE
The.
cross-references
Death and Dying; Euthanasia; Patients' Rights; Physicians and Surgeons.
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"Suicide." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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suicide
Kushner, H. I. (1989) Self-destruction in the Promised Land. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick and London.
Lieberman, L. (2003) Leaving You: the cultural meaning of suicide. Ivan R. Dee, Chicago.
See also euthanasia.
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Suicide
SUICIDE.
See also: Suicide Basics; Suicide Influences and Factors; Suicide over the Life Span; Suicide Types.
BRIAN L. MISHARA
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Suicide
SUICIDE. "Probably no one finds the mental energy required to kill himself unless, in the first place, in doing so he is at the same time killing an object with whom he has identified himself, and, in the second place, is turning against himself a death-wish which had been directed against someone else" .
Sophie de Mijolla-Mellor
See also: Bettelheim, Bruno: Bjerre, Poul; Great Britain; Morgenstern-Kabatschnik, Sophie: Rosenthal, Tatiana; Secret; Silberer, Herbert; Sokolnicka-Kutner, Eugénie; Stekel, Wilhelm; Tausk, Victor..
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Suicide
619. Suicide (See also Remorse, Self-Sacrifice.)
- Achitophel hanged himself when his advice went unheeded. [O. T.: II Samuel 17:23]
- Aegeus throws himself into the sea believing that his son, Theseus, has come to harm. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 12]
- Ajax (the Greater) kills himself in rage over loss of Achilles’ armor. [Rom. Lit.: Aeneid ]
- Antigone imprisoned, kills herself in despair. [Gk. Lit.: Antigone ]
- Antony, Mark thinking Cleopatra is dead, he falls upon his sword. [Br. Lit.: Shakespeare Antony and Cleopatra ]
- Bart, Lily social climber takes poison when all her scheming comes to naught. [Am. Lit.: The House of Mirth in Hart, 385]
- Brand, Ethan acknowledging “the unpardonable sin,” throws himself into a lime kiln. [Am. Lit.: Hawthorne “Ethan Brand” in Hart, 261]
- Butterfly, Madama (Cio-cio-san) stabs herself when her American lover returns with his lawful wife. [Ital. Opera: Madama Butterfly in Osborne Opera, 192]
- Calista stabs herself on disclosure of adultery. [Br. Lit.: The Fair Penitent ]
- Cassandra commits suicide to escape the Athenians. [Fr. Opera: Berlioz, The Trojans, Westerman, 174]
- Charmian kills herself after mistress Cleopatra’s death. [Br. Lit.: Antony and Cleopatra ]
- Chuzzlewit, Jonas wicked murderer, found out, takes poison. [Br. Lit.: Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit ]
- Cleopatra kills herself rather than being led through Rome in defeat. [Br. Lit.: Shakespeare Antony and Cleopatra ]
- Compson, Quentin unable to prevent the marriage of his sister, he drowns himself on her wedding day. [Am. Lit.: Faulkner The Sound and the Fury in Magill I, 917]
- Deianira accidentally kills husband, Hercules; kills herself out of guilt. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 76]
- Dido kills herself when Aeneas abandons her. [Rom. Myth.: Avery, 392–393; Rom. Lit.: Aeneid ]
- Dobson, Zuleika Oxford undergraduates commit suicide when she spurns them. [Br. Lit.: Magill II, 1169]
- Eden, Martin disgusted by society snobbery, he drowns him-self. [Am. Lit: Martin Eden ]
- Ekdal, Hedvig heartbroken by her father’s rejection, puts a bullet through her breast. [Nor. Drama: Ibsen The Wild Duck in Magill I, 1113]
- Enobarbus kills himself for deserting Antony. [Br. Lit.: Antony and Cleopatra ]
- Erigone hangs himself in grief over father’s murder. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 91]
- Evadne immolates herself on husband’s funeral pyre. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 100]
- Gabler, Hedda shoots herself upon realizing that she is in the power of a man aware that she drove another man to suicide. [Swed. Drama: Ibsen Hedda Gabler ]
- Goneril stabs herself when her murder plot is discovered. [Br. Drama: Shakespeare King Lear ]
- Hero grief-stricken when her beloved Leander drowns while swimming the Hellespont, she drowns herself. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 450]
- Iseult (Yseult, Isolde) of Ireland arriving too late to save Tristram (Tristan) from death, she kills herself. [Medieval Legend: Brewer Dictionary, 913]
- Javert French inspector drowns himself to escape self-perpetuating torment. [Fr. Lit.: Les Misérables ]
- Jonestown in Guyana; scene of mass-murder and suicides. [Am. Hist.: Facts (1978), 889–892]
- Julie, Miss compromised by a clandestine affair and thwarted in her plans to run away, she decides to kill herself. [Swed. Drama: Strindberg Miss Julie in Magill II, 675]
- Juliet stabs herself on seeing Romeo dead. [Br. Lit.: Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet ]
- Kamikaze WWII Japanese pilot corps plunge own planes into enemy ships in banzai attacks. [Jap. Hist.: Fuller, III, 618–619]
- Karenina, Anna throws herself in front of approaching train. [Russ. Lit.: Anna Karenina ]
- Little Father Time solemn child hangs his foster-brothers and himself because of the family’s misfortunes. [Br. Lit.: Hardy Jude the Obscure ]
- Loman, Willy crashes his car to bring insurance money to his family. [Am. Drama: Arthur Miller Death of a Salesman ]
- Mannon, Christine when her lover is killed she shoots herself. [Am. Drama: Eugene O’Neill Mourning Becomes Electra ]
- Nickleby, Ralph learning that poor Smike is his own son, hangs himself. [Br. Lit.: Dickens Nicholas Nickleby ]
- Ophelia driven insane by Hamlet’s actions, she drowns herself. [Br. Drama: Shakespeare Hamlet ]
- Panthea kills herself upon death of lover, Abradates. [Gk. Lit.: Walsh Classical, 3]
- Paul deluded youth kills himself when his grandiose yearnings come to nothing. [Am. Lit.: Willa Lather “Paul’s Case”]
- Phaedra Athenian queen drinks poison after confessing guilt. [Fr. Lit.: Phaedra, M agill I, 741–742]
- Romeo thinking that Juliet’s sleep is death, he drinks poison. [Br. Lit.: Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet ]
- Rudolf, Archduke crown prince of Austria (1858–1889) died in suicide pact with his mistress at Mayerling. [Aust. Hist.: Collier’s, XVI: 606]
- Saul falls on sword to avoid humiliation of capture. [O.T.: I Samuel 31:4–6]
- Sophonisba Carthaginian who took poison to avoid falling into Roman hands. [Rom. Hist.: Benét, 947]
- Suicide Club members wishing to die are chosen by lot, as are those who are to effect their deaths. [Br. Lit.: Stevenson “The Suicide Club”]
- Vane, Sibyl young actress kills herself after Dorian’s betrayal. [Irish Lit.: The Picture of Dorian Gray, Magill I, 746–748]
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"Suicide." Allusions--Cultural, Literary, Biblical, and Historical: A Thematic Dictionary. 1986. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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Suicidal Behavior
SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR
The term suicidal behavior is understood to mean both suicidal equivalents not recognized as such (accidents, repeated risk-taking) and repeated suicide attempts whose chronic and unsuccessful nature certainly constitutes a real risk, but which are also acts of essentially relational significance.
The idea that accidents can be interpreted as unconscious suicide attempts appeared in Sigmund Freud's The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901b): "[I]n addition to consciously intentional suicide there is such a thing as a half-intention self-destruction [sic] (self-destruction with an unconscious intention), capable of making skillful use of a threat to life and of disguising it as a chance mishap. There is no need to think such self-destruction rare. For the trend to self-destruction is present to a certain degree in very many more human beings than those in whom it is carried out" (pp. 180-181). This essentially involves the person waiting for the occasion that will divert the forces of personal preservation, and there is thus a "meeting" between the event and the unconscious intention. Involuntary mutilations, which constitute a compromise between the self-destructive tendency and self-preservation, are also included within the framework of accidental suicidal behaviors.
Similarly, with regard to accidents that happen to babies, Melanie Klein spoke of suicide attempts with inadequate means, as if the infant did not yet have the ability to fantasize and premeditate its own death, and that it could only realize by unconsciously putting itself in danger.
In a letter to Freud dated 1 June 1911, Ernest Jones proposed a comparison between accidental suicide and "with the way in which the unconscious seizes on unassociated indifferent material in dream making" (1993 [1908-39], p. 105).
Systematic risk-taking requires a different psychic disposition. The idea of the possibility of death is present and even hypercathected, but at the same time denied in a megalomaniacal narcissistic affirmation. Death is thus "provoked" in the sense of a challenge that is also a relational challenge to those whose fantasized omnipotence cannot effectively protect the subject, the idealized parents. These situations are very common, especially during adolescence, and can involve the risk of accidents, but also toxic risks or even anorexia. Such risk-taking has a function similar to that of the ordalia, or trial by ordeal, in the sense that the subject expects to get from it an affirmation, if not of their own innocence, at least of their invulnerability. In the face of this excessiveness, the accident imposes a limit and brings the person into contact with reality, including that of the body's fragility.
Authors such as Philippe Jeammet and Elisabeth Birot who have studied suicide attempts in adolescents have emphasized the fact that the idea of death has an organizing function during adolescence. It can be noted that the idea of death is unavoidable at this age in conjunction with the obligation to renounce childhood, to which there is no possible return. The idea of death is linked to a sense of the ephemeral—hence the ease during this period of identifying with romantic heroes (as seen in Freud's Manuscript N., 31 May 1897, regarding Goethe's hero Werther).
Beyond gambling with the idea of death, a suicide attempt can represent a way of trying to restore a lost identity (the prepubescent body of the anorexic) or a delusional identity. Similarly, the integration of the drives during adolescence, notably with respect to homosexuality, is a factor that can be conducive to suicidal behavior. Such behavior then appears in its relational significance, whether in the form of a threat, or even blackmail against those close to the subject, or a call for help when communication has broken down. Chronic suicidal behavior can have various etiologies; it remains the case that it cannot be dissociated from suicide proper, the potential for which is inherent in it.
Sophie de Mijolla-Mellor
See also: Suicide.
Bibliography
Freud, Sigmund. (1901b). The psychopathology of everyday life. SE,6.
Freud, Sigmund, and Jones, Ernest. (1993 [1908-1939]). The complete correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones, 1908-1939 (R.A. Paskauskas Ed.). London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Garfinkel, Barry D.; Froese, A.; and Hood, J. (1982). Suicide attempts in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 10, 1257-1261.
Jeammet, Philippe, and Birot, Elisabeth (Eds.). (1994)Étude psychopathologique des tentatives de suicide chez l 'adolescent et le jeune adulte. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Further Reading
Hartmann, H. P., and Milch, W. (2000). Efficacy treatment of suicidal patients: Transference and countertransference. Progress in Self Psychology, 16, 87-102.
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Durkheim chose to study suicide because it seemed to illustrate perfectly the necessity for and value of sociological explanation: a patently private, individual act, which was, none the less, subject to social forces and required a distinctively sociological explanation. He maintained that the tendency to suicide depended not on individual psychology or features of the physical environment, but on the nature of the individual's relation to society. Suicide as an individual action represented the failure of social solidarity and was indicative of the ineffectiveness of social bonds. He distinguished three main types of suicide according to causation. Altruistic and egoistic suicide depend on the individual's relations to social ideals and purposes. In altruistic suicide the individual is too strongly integrated into society—a society which encourages or even requires the individual to sacrifice his or her own life (as when a wife is expected to commit suicide on her husband's death). Conversely, in egoistic suicide the individual is insufficiently integrated into society, and so is not subject to the collective forces that prevent suicide—and, indeed, experiences an isolation and detachment conducive to it. Finally, anomic suicide depends on the social regulation of the individual's desires and ambitions. Where anomie—normlessness—is heightened in society, the individual's passions, ambitions, and appetites are increased to a level where they cannot find satisfaction.
Durkheim's analysis has been criticized on numerous grounds: for his definition of suicide and the mismatch between this definition and that embodied in the suicide statistics he employs to substantiate his argument; for his classification of types of suicide in terms of cause (so-called aetiological classification) which incorporates into the classification the very causal links he is seeking to establish; for his extreme polarization of social and psychological explanations (where complementarity should be assumed); and for using aggregate data to make inferences about individuals (the so-called ecological fallacy).
A major strand of subsequent sociological discussions concerns the limitations of official statistics of suicide. Jack D. Douglas, influenced by the work of interactionists and ethnomethodologists, argued in Social Meanings of Suicide (1967) that what was defined or treated as suicide differed from culture to culture, thereby calling into question cross-cultural and historical comparisons of suicide rates, or even data on suicide generated by different coroners. However, it does not follow that suicide statistics have no value in analysing the social causes of suicide; rather, that they need to be treated with exceptional care. One must assess the impact of social and cultural factors on the construction of suicide statistics as well as the tendency to commit suicide. Significantly, the tradition developed by Durkheim has continued, and a range of studies have provided some empirical support for his ideas and evidence of the impact of social factors (such as unemployment) on levels of suicide.
One important development has been the attention to attempted or parasuicide, frequently claimed to be a very different phenomenon from successful suicide, and representing a cry for help. However, some authors argue that the distinction between attempted and successful suicide is a matter of contingency, and it is wrong to exclude unsuccessful cases from the analysis.
The theoretical basis and empirical adequacy of Durkheim's explanation is most fully explored in Whitney Pope's Durkheim's Suicide (1976).
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Suicide
In Eastern religions, the ambiguous border is not so much between martyrdom and suicide as between suicide and sacrifice. Among Jains, the religious relinquishing of the body is taken to a marked extreme in sallekhanā. In Buddhism, the propriety of suicide to benefit another is recognized. But the consideration of ahiṃsā (of doing no harm to a sentient being) makes suicide generally forbidden. Japanese hara-kiri (seppuku) was originally a social rather than specifically religious act, but its endorsement by Zen Buddhism gave it a religious support.
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JOHN BOWKER. "Suicide." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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suicide
Revd Dr William M. Marshall
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JOHN CANNON. "suicide." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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su·i·cide / ˈsoōiˌsīd/ • n. the action of killing oneself intentionally: he committed suicide at the age of forty | gun control laws may reduce suicides. ∎ a person who does this. ∎ a course of action that is disastrously damaging to oneself or one's own interests: it would be political suicide to restrict criteria for unemployment benefits. ∎ [as adj.] relating to or denoting a violent act or attack carried out by a person who does not expect to survive it: a suicide bombing. • v. [intr.] intentionally kill oneself: she suicided in a very ugly manner.
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In Christian theology, suicide is regarded as a sin; it was also formerly a criminal act in the UK (see felo de se). A person who had killed themselves was regarded as someone whose ghost might walk; there was a traditional belief that this could be averted by a stake through the heart, or by the body's being buried at a crossroads. Suicides were also buried at the north side of a churchyard.
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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "suicide." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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Suicide
What Factors Make People More Likely to Commit Suicide?
What Are the Signs That a Person Is Thinking of Committing Suicide?
Why Do People Commit Suicide?
If You Suspect Someone Is Suicidal
Suicide is the intentional taking of a person’s own life.
KEYWORDS
for searching the Internet and other reference sources
Depression?
It is a myth that people who talk about killing themselves do not do it. Four of five people who attempt suicide have given clues about their intentions before they acted on them. It is important to take seriously any talk about suicide or any indication that suicide is a possibility.
Some common warning signs that a person is thinking about suicide include:
- talking about death or making suicide threats
- making such statements as“You would be better off without me”or“I’m no good to anybody”(even if these are said jokingly)
- having any of the symptoms or signs of depression
- exhibiting major personality changes or unexplainable odd behavior
- making a will or giving away cherished possessions
- seeking isolation and becoming uncommunicative
- being fascinated with death
- taking a sudden interest in religion if previously not religious, or rejecting religion if previously devout.
Trained adults staff a suicide hotline. These crisis lines are entirely confidential, and can be called 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Stock Boston
Why Do People Commit Suicide?
No one can explain why some people commit suicide and others do not. One theory is that suicide is an act of rage or anger. Another theory is that people may commit suicide because they feel they have no other choice. Hopelessness and distorted thinking may prevent a person from seeing solutions to their problems. or to seek help on their own. It is important to pay attention when people talk about wanting to die and to take their words seriously. Having another person approach the subject directly is often a relief to them. It is sometimes thought that speaking to people about their possible wish to commit suicide will“put thoughts in their heads.”But people who talk about suicide often are already thinking about suicide..
See also
Bipolar Disorder
Brain Chemistry (Neurochemistry)
Death and Dying
Depression
Substance Abuse
Therapy
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suicidal
su·i·cid·al / ˌsoōiˈsīdl/ • adj. deeply unhappy or depressed and likely to commit suicide: far from being suicidal, he was clearly enjoying life. ∎ relating to or likely to lead to suicide: I began to take her suicidal tendencies seriously. ∎ likely to have a disastrously damaging effect on oneself or one's interests: a suicidal career move. DERIVATIVES: su·i·cid·al·ly adv.
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"suicide." A Dictionary of Nursing. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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T. F. HOAD. "suicide." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 24 Sep. 2016 <>.
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I turned 75 in March. That means I probably won’t be around to see the worst impacts of climate change or any other looming environmental disasters—or the much brighter future that may emerge if we get off our butts to address the problems.
But I’m also a father and grandfather, and because I care about my children and grandchildren, and all the world’s children, I continue to work and to speak out about environmental challenges and solutions.
Climate change is already having noticeable impacts around the world, including food shortages, increasing extreme weather events, shrinking glaciers and ice caps, and rising sea levels.
We’ve already upset the atmospheric carbon balance, so the more we ignore the problem, the worse it will get.
It’s unconscionable that we would condemn our children and grandchildren to an increasingly bleak future, especially when readily available solutions would help to resolve many other global problems.
Cleaner sources of energy would reduce pollution and the health problems that go along with it. Improving social justice would help give people the time, resources, and inclination to focus on environmental issues and improving their quality of life.
Reducing our reliance on fossil fuels would resolve crises that threaten political and economic stability.
It shouldn’t be up to young people to clean up the messes we have made.
After all, we don’t even allow them to vote—to choose who will make decisions on their behalf.
And they will be most affected by the decisions made today.
But because so many adults have abdicated their responsibility to the world and its children, youth are taking matters into their own hands.
One young person in the U.S., 16-year-old Alec Loorz, is even taking his government to court over its inaction on climate change.
He and others have launched actions against state and federal governments in an attempt to have the atmosphere declared a “public trust” that must be protected, a concept that has been used to clean up polluted rivers and coastlines.
“We will let the world know that climate change is not about money, it’s not about power, it’s not about convenience,” he says.
“It’s about our future. It’s about the survival of this and every generation to come.”
Alec Loorz started an organization called iMatter when he was just 13.
He has rallied youth from around the world to march during the second week of May to raise awareness about climate change.
He argues that children have “the moral authority” to ask their parents and leaders, “Do I matter to you?”
It’s a question that deserves an answer. For many adults, the honest answer would have to be, “No, we’re more concerned about cheap gas, the economy, profits for the fossil fuel industry, and having more stuff.”
Reading about Alec Loorz reminded me of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
My daughter Severn, who was just 12, gave a speech that silenced the delegates and brought many to tears.
During her talk she asked the adults, “Are we even on your list of priorities?” She also reminded them that “losing a future is not like losing an election or a few points on the stock market.”
After her speech, a reporter said to her, “Yeah, we’ve done a pretty lousy job of taking care of the environment, but you kids are different; you’ll lead the way.”
I was astonished by her reply. “Oh,” she said, “Is that the excuse for adults to do nothing? Besides, you are our role models. We copy what you do, so how can you expect us to be any different?”
Severn is now a mother herself, and I’m proud that she takes her commitment to her child and to all children seriously.
As well as being a great mom, she works hard to raise awareness about environmental issues through her writing, speaking, and TV appearances.
We owe it to our children and grandchildren to help clean up the messes we’ve made.
We also owe them respect and support when they get involved and push us to do more for the world.
Parents must become eco-warriors on behalf of their children, because their future should be as important to us as it is to them.
Written with contributions from David Suzuki Foundation communications and editorial specialist Ian Hanington. |
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Art schools!Read more |
In this world where we exchange thousands of terabytes of data every day, it can be very difficult if you lose your precious data stored on various devices like camera, smartphones, memory card, USB drives etc. Most of the data is very precious and hold significant importance in your life like photos of childhood, or some event like a graduation ceremony. Old photos hold a special place in everyone’s heart and losing them can be very frustrating. So the demand for data recovery software free has increased more than ever now.
Photos and videos of friends and family are cherished by every person. Now we exchange much more quantity of data that it has become inevitable that you will lose your precious data someday. If you have properly backed up your important photos or other data, then the loss won’t hurt as much as losing the files permanently. Everyone has smartphones and camera in which they click photos every day. They keep those photos stored so that they can view them in the future and reminisce about the fun old days. But if you lose your data due to some reason for wrongful deletion, virus attack, accidentally formatting the SD card etc, it can be very saddening.
With the increasing demand, you can find many data recovery software free online, but keep in mind that choosing useless software can cost you your data permanently. So you should be careful when selecting data recovery software free. When data is deleted from a storage media, it is in a very critical position where one mistake can make it inaccessible permanently. chance of overwriting those files will increase the longer you wait for recovery.
- When you recover photos from a storage media, always change the destination folder photo recovery software
Photo recovery software has become very important in the present age. We all use our smartphones and cameras to capture photos of our loved ones. Getting a perfect shot inst easier and if you accidentally delete that photo, you may regret it as no two photos can be the same no matter how much you try. So photo recovery software helps you recover deleted photos. Below are given the most famous free photo recovery tools that you can find on the internet-
- EaseUS Data recovery
EaseUS is free data recovery software that you can use to recover photos from your smartphones, camera, SD card, hard drive and other devices easily. You can recover your photos from all data loss conditions like system crash, virus attack, accident deletion, partition loss etc.
- Stellar Phoenix Photo Recovery
Stellar Phoenix Data Recovery is recovery software that can use to recover deleted photos from hard drives, memory cards, cameras, USB drives etc. It supports photo recovery from storage devices with file system NTFS, FAT32 and exFAT. It makes the recovery of photos easier and convenient. |
Chinese media platform Odaily published its “Global Mining Cost Map”, showing the electricity cost of mining a Bitcoin in different countries across the world. Obviously, electricity makes up most of the cost for mining cryptocurrencies, hence this is a key consideration before choosing a location to start mining.
Unsurprisingly, China is on top of the list and has been the center of Bitcoin mining for many years. It is not only home to the largest mining rig manufacturers such as Bitmain and Canaan, there are also several large scale mining farms across the country, especially in places with low-cost electricity prices, including Xinjiang, Qinghai, Yunnan and Sichuan.
China can be found on the list several times (the red bars). Applying the lowest energy cost available in China, it would only cost $507 to mine a Bitcoin. The middle segment ($1,711), high segment ($4,277) and regular available electricity ($4,562) are remarkably more expensive.
As said before, these big differences depend on the source of energy. In January, China Crypto News already reported that miners across China were buying up old mining rigs and moving them to Sichuan for the upcoming flood season. As spring and summer arrives, snow starts melting and this on its turn provides almost free electricity from hydro plants deep inside the mountains of Southwestern China.
Other countries high on the list are Myanmar, Egypt and Iran. The bottom of the list is made up of European countries, with Belgium ($17,110), Germany ($18,821) and Denmark ($19,391) being the most expensive countries to mine Bitcoin.
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A top AIDS and vaccine researcher, who spent 20 years with the pharmaceutical giant Merck & Company, has joined IAVI, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. The global non-profit organization aims to speed research for an AIDS vaccine, with both private and public support.
Dr. Emilio Emini will now be IAVI’s senior vice-president and chief of vaccine development. From Philadelphia, Dr. Emini spoke to English to Africa reporter Joe De Capua about why he left Merck to join a non-profit organization.
He says, “It was a personal decision. It’s been 20 years. I’ve been at Merck for quite a long time and it’s been a wonderful experience. But at this stage of my life what I want to do is to dedicate myself full-time to HIV vaccine research. And IAVI is the only organization that is 100 percent fully dedicated to that problem.”
Regarding the status of vaccine research, Dr. Emini says, “It’s a difficult problem. Obviously the need for an HIV vaccine is pretty substantial and continues to grow. There are 17,000 estimated new infections that occur every day. Forty million people infected on the planet. We are still, despite many years of effort, very much at an early stage. And unfortunately there probably will still be many years of additional research required before we can even begin to proceed with the possibility of success.”
When asked why it might take so long, he replied, “This is a very difficult virus. It has some characteristics associated with it that are very different from other well known viral infections.” He says the body’s natural immune response is “incapable of eliminating the virus infection from the body.” He says a vaccine would have to teach the body how to respond to HIV.
The new senior vice-president for IAVI also says a lot more money should be spent on HIV vaccine research.
Click above links to download or listen to interview with Dr. Emini. |
3881057
9781413737639
A psychotic murderer, Jack Carter earns his place among serial killers of his day amidst an era of machine-gun-wielding gangsters, crooked cops and beautiful women. He learns to kill indiscriminately, leaving behind a trail of blood and a stack of bodies wherever he goes. Jack's adventures will keep you in suspense as he takes over the identities of the men he's murdered and travels by freight train from town to town, taking odd jobs for cash and then moving on to a different town and a different dangerous situation. What happens at the end becomes anyone's guess, as the story takes a shocking turn into the unexpected and evolves even further into complete surprise.Laurence, Reid is the author of 'Jack's Mess', published 2004 under ISBN 9781413737639 and ISBN 14137376. |
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Happy Saturday! I am rounding up some of my top picks in athleisure wear that are still in stock as part of the Nordstrom Anniversary Sale! With one week left to go in the biggest sale of the year, items are becoming very picked over! I am trying my best to make it as easy as possible for you to grab some amazing items, without digging through whats in stock and whats not! A lot of items will randomly become restocked in some sizes as people return them, so make sure you save these links if your size is currently sold out!
These leggings have been restocked in all sizes and let me tell you, they are SO comfy! I am usually a size 5/27 in bottoms and I did a size small in these. Make sure that you don’t size up and read the reviews — if you size up in leggings they will constantly feel like they are falling off. You are supposed to have those suckers tight!
I also really like these leggings – they were sold out and just restocked! I’ve seen a lot of my fellow blogger friends rocking these, and now knowing the amazing fit of Zella leggings, I’m going to need these of course!
I’ve linked the rest of the items below, scroll and shop! Definitely check out these Zella leggings as well! I’ve heard amazing things about these, and just purchased myself!
Have a wonderful weekend!
xoxo,
Jena |
A couple of years ago, we started what has become a tradition: the polar bear swim. Kids can choose to be awakened early and go to the pool for a quick dip. In the past couple of years, it's been so hot that the swim was warm, not chilly, as hoped.
Well...2016 was different! It was cool this morning, and campers had fun guessing how many "bags of ice" we added to the pool after they went to sleep last night. That rumor was one we just chose not to dispel. :)
As the sun came up, our campers jumped in. Check out our Facebook page for a video.
The high ropes class tackled the climbing wall today.
Woodworking class is making a candy dispenser.
Here's a design from T-shirt art.
Preparing to tie dye. Zip ties work so much better than rubber bands!
Creating decorative pennants in arts and crafts.
FCCs (Future Camp Counselors) working on teambuilding skills. |
Description
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Role Requirements:
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Must-Have-Skills:
- A Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) or related degree from an accredited university.
- Licensure in good standing to practice in the state in which the would like some more information on this role or to apply, please send your resume to: [email protected]. Alternatively, you can call the team on: (646) 569 9200 |
What are the cuatro Basics In the Dating?
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- 3rd base: Oral-stimulation
- Fourth foot (or Household Work on): Gender
These differences are nevertheless the same for everybody and do not differ because of the decades or location unless your pal classification identifies if you don’t. So, the newest bases inside a teenage relationship are exactly the same since exactly what they’d suggest for someone some time more mature. No, they do not alter with respect to the character of one’s relationship you have got. Hence, the answer to concerns eg “What is actually second feet from inside the relationship?” otherwise “What is next feet intimately?” continues to be the same.
Now that there is the essential story of everything out of the way, let’s get into a bit more outline about what the basics in the relationship include. It’s not easy to move from next ft to help you third, and sometimes anybody might jump around the 4th foot without actually getting it house.
1. Almost everything begins with the original legs
What is the earliest foot into the dating? It’s one issue your guarantee you will end up undertaking by the end of this nervous first date, the thing that enables you to immediately understand how well you a couple of will likely hook up: making out. We’re not talking good peck towards cheek otherwise a hair brush of mouth, however, complete-blown French-layout kisses having language and you can everything you. While the actual closeness ranging from two people always starts with brand new locking of your mouth area, they qualifies as the basic legs.
This is exactly a silky, romantic, emotional initiation that always goes to the basic or 2nd time. Obviously, this may include your hands wandering to the other individuals tresses, neck, and you may back, but make an effort to restrict they at this unless you will find clear signs which you each other need to simply take anything pass. Earliest ft is even tend to made use of as a measure to see if you will find a sexual ignite whenever it’d be really worth bringing things submit.
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Grattitude- a grateful attitude. I just made that up, feel free to use it.
I am grateful for……
- a Papa bigger than everything else
- health
- love
- tenacity
- friends
- my husband
- my children
- wholeness
- forgiveness
- crown and diet
- kid’s valentines
- the wisdom of others
- mexican food
- house hunters international
- under eye concealer
- music in my heart
- my down comforter
I could go on and on….its a good excercise to do, when you start thinking about your situation….mine is good. I am using it to change my atmosphere… bye !
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One thought on “A “grattitude””
Love House Hunters International!! |
i just had the best girl's night ever! my good friend came to visit and invited me to hang with her and some of her wonderful buds down in santa monica. i of course brought my girlie, b, and we had a blast sitting around two tables, drinking mojitos (well at least me anyways) and chatting away. it's quite lovely when sister girls can get together and talk about literally anything and make it sound clever and hilarious. i laughed my little butt off.
for all of you non cali folks i had a celebrity spotting too....none other than tyra banks...oh yes. i totally kept rubbernecking too and even tried to take a cell phone pic. yes i did. i should have taken pics with my cam of the whole group, but alas, i was three sheets to the wind so that wasn't happening.
there was one woman there who is an up and coming actress that you'll be seeing on the big screen soon. i couldn't help but stare at her. she's doing what i dream to do. i sat at the table, chowing down on spinach dip and mojitos while this gorgeous woman sipped her hot water with lemon lol...i've got some stuff to work on. it was cool to be in the presence of such women though. i'm glad i got to bring b too. los angeles has its handful of good girlfriends...when you find them you have to hang on to them for dear life. these girls just all came together like it was the most natural thing in the world.
gotta love my life. the same twists and turns that make me want to collapse are the same ones that me wonder how i got so lucky.
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First Match is a raw and beautiful coming of age story. Elvire Emanuelle stars as a teenager in foster care who joins her high school wrestling team to get the attention of her dad.
Mo (Elvire Emanuelle) is thrown out of her latest foster home, her clothing tossed like colorful birds to the sidewalk from an upstairs window. Mo doesn’t care where she lives, she’s just waiting for her dad to get out of jail so she can live with him.
She and her best friend Omari (Jharrel A. Jerome) happen upon her dad carrying out the trash from a local restaurant. Darrel (Yahya Abdul-Mateen II) doesn’t want anything to do with his daughter. The emotions on Mo’s face show her hope and need so clearly, it’s heartbreaking when he tells her she’s grown now and she should do her own thing while he does his. He says he’s been to busy to let her know he was out of jail.
Darrel was a champion wrestler in high school. The one thing he did with Mo and her friend Omari as youngsters was teach them wrestling moves. Omari’s on the wrestling team. A chance word from the coach (Colman Domingo) prompts Mo to try out. She makes the varsity team.
Mo is placed in Lucila’s (Kimberly Ramirez) home. Mo is so seldom there and so uninterested in the woman, she simply calls her the Spanish lady. But Lucila, like the Coach, is the kind of adult who tries to do the right thing. They have a knack for growing on you.
Darrel starts going to matches, watching Mo wrestle. She spends as much time as she can with him in his ratty apartment. They work on wrestling moves together. She wins matches. By extension, the team starts winning. The team, with Mo’s help, makes it to the finals.
Mo develops a crush on a good looking wrestler with college ambitions named Malik (Jared Kemp). He has a girl friend, but he talks to Mo about scholarships and college.
Darrel realizes he could make big money on Mo if she participated in illegal cage matches. He makes big promises to her to convince her to fight in these brutal bouts.
Mo has support from her team and the Coach as well as acceptance from Lucila. All that swirls around inside her as her father pushes her to fight with tough looking woman who seem ready to kill to win.
Elvire Emanuelle is brilliant as Mo. She conveys emotion with so much nuance and grace, she’s a pleasure to watch. Her anger is palpable, but so is her longing and loneliness.
Olivia Newman wrote and directed First Match, based on her short film of the same name. It’s her first full length feature. Ashley Connor did the cinematography, which was both creatively beautiful and right in the middle of sweaty action. Many more behind the camera names were women as well. This is the kind of female centric indie I’m always searching for.
First Match is available on Netflix. It’s a sensitive and passionate coming of age story. I recommend it. |
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The Organic Bumper Bed is made with a removable organic cotton cover, helping our Earth by reducing the amount of chemicals we put into the ground. The cushion/center pillow used on the inside of the bed is made from 100% recycled IntelliLoft,.
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Machine washable with a zippered opening for easy washing. Made in Montana, USA.
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CANNON BALL, N.D. (AP) — Law enforcement officers dressed in riot gear and firing bean bags and pepper spray evicted protesters Thursday from private land in the path of the Dakota Access oil pipeline, dramatically escalating a monthslong.
At least 117 people were arrested. No serious injuries were reported, though one man was hurt in the leg and received treatment from a medic.
Dozens of protesters in Portland gathered at Pioneer Courthouse Square to protests what they describe as “very intense today with police shooting guns and arrows and pepper spray at water protect that has been the main staging area for hundreds of protesters, including Native Americans from across North America, environmentalists and some celebrities.
Many protesters openly defied the officers, while others took part in prayer circles and burned sage. Enough people were arrested that Morton County sheriff’s spokeswoman Donnell Hushka said the county needed additional jails to house them. She said those charged with felonies would be held pending court appearances..”
KOIN 6 News Staff contributed to this report. |
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