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[ "A child is sitting on the seat of a motorcycle." ]

[ "The child is flying to the moon on the motorcycle.", "It was a hot, protracted fling.", "There is no table", "Black dogs are eating dog food.", "A dog is sleeping in his dog house.", "Funchal's primary landmark is a cathedral referred to as the Se.", "dog looks at birds" ]

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[ "Fallout (series) rights to the intellectual property, Bethesda licensed the rights to make a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) version of \"Fallout\" to Interplay. The MMORPG got as far as beta stage under Interplay, but a lengthy legal dispute between Bethesda Softworks and Interplay halted the development of the game and led to its eventual cancellation, as Bethesda claimed in court that Interplay had not met the terms and conditions of the licensing contract. The case was decided in favor of Bethesda. Released in 1997, \"Fallout\" takes place in a post-apocalyptic Southern California, beginning in the year 2161. The protagonist, referred" ]

[ "Fallout (series) PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and takes place in Boston, Massachusetts, of the in-game New England Commonwealth and features voiced protagonists. The Xbox One version has been confirmed to have mods . Bethesda also confirmed mods for PlayStation 4, after lengthy negotiations with Sony. A virtual reality version of the game was released on December 11, 2017.\"Fallout 4\" takes place in the year 2287, ten years after the events of \"Fallout 3\". \"Fallout 4\"s story begins on the day the bombs dropped: October 23, 2077. The player's character (voiced by either Brian T. Delaney or Courtenay Taylor), dubbed as the", "Fallout (series) Fallout (series) Fallout is a series of post-apocalyptic role-playing video games created by Interplay Entertainment. The series is set during the 22nd and 23rd centuries, and its atompunk retrofuturistic setting and artwork are influenced by the post-war culture of 1950s America, with its combination of hope for the promises of technology and the lurking fear of nuclear annihilation. A forerunner for \"Fallout\" is \"Wasteland\", a 1988 game developed by Interplay Productions to which the series is regarded as a spiritual successor. The series' first two titles \"Fallout\" (1997) and \"Fallout 2\" (1998) were developed by Black Isle Studios, with the", "Fallout (series) players. Unlike the previous two games, which are based in California, \"Fallout Tactics\" takes place in the Midwestern United States. The game was released in early 2001 to generally favorable reviews. \"Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel\" became the first \"Fallout\" game for consoles when it was released in 2004. It follows an initiate in the Brotherhood of Steel who is given a suicidal quest to find several lost Brotherhood Paladins. \"Brotherhood of Steel\" is an action role-playing game, representing a significant break from previous incarnations of the \"Fallout\" series in both gameplay and aesthetics. The game does not feature non-player characters", "Fallout (series) descendant of the Vault Dweller, the protagonist of \"Fallout\". The player assumes the role of the Chosen One as they try to save their village, Arroyo, from severe famine and droughts. After saving the village, the Chosen One must save it again, this time from the Enclave, the remnants of the pre-war United States Government. \"Fallout 3\" was developed by Bethesda Game Studios and released on October 28, 2008. The story picks up thirty years after the setting of \"Fallout 2\" and 200 years after the nuclear war that devastated the game's world. The player-character is a Vault dweller in", "Fallout: New California was scrapped. The first installment was released on May 31, 2013, the second installment was released on October 23, 2018. There are 11 possible endings. The story takes place in 2260, 21 years before the start of Fallout New Vegas. The first installment is set in Vault 18 near the San Bernardino mountains at the San Bernardino Cajon Pass, after the events of Fallout 2. The player can choose to be either a Warrior or a Scientist. It is revealed that one of the prominent members of the vault is part of the Enclave, after which the vault erupts into", "Fallout 2 Fallout 2 Fallout 2: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game is a turn-based role-playing open world video game developed by Black Isle Studios and published by Interplay Productions in September 1998. While featuring a considerably larger game world and a far more extensive storyline, it largely uses similar graphics and game mechanics to those of \"Fallout\". The game's story takes place in 2241, 80 years after the events of \"Fallout\" and 164 years after the war. It tells the story of the original hero's descendant and their quest to save their primitive tribe from starvation by finding an ancient environmental", "Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel is an action role-playing game developed and published by Interplay Entertainment, and distributed in Europe by Avalon Interactive for the Xbox and PlayStation 2. Released on January 14, 2004, \"Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel\" was the fourth video game to be set in the \"Fallout\" universe. It was also the first to be made for consoles, and the last to be made during Interplay's initial run on the series, before the rights passed to Bethesda Softworks. The game chronicles the adventures of an initiate in the fictional Brotherhood of Steel, a militant quasi-religious", "Fallout 4 Fallout 4 Fallout 4 is a post-apocalyptic action role-playing video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. It is the fifth major installment in the \"Fallout\" series and was released worldwide on November 10, 2015, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. The game is set within an open world post-apocalyptic environment that encompasses the city of Boston and the surrounding Massachusetts region known as \"The Commonwealth\". The main story takes place in the year 2287, ten years after the events of \"Fallout 3\" and 210 years after \"The Great War\", which caused catastrophic nuclear", "Fallout 4 will provide bonus Energy Resistance. However, they will leave if it drops low enough, and some actions can even turn them hostile on sight. \"Fallout 4\" takes place in the year 2287, ten years after the events of \"Fallout 3\" and 210 years after the Great War, a war between the United States and China over natural resources that ended in a nuclear holocaust in 2077. The setting is a post-apocalyptic retro-future, covering a region that includes Boston, Massachusetts and other parts of New England known as \"The Commonwealth\". Unlike the previous titles, \"Fallout 4\"s story begins on the day", "Fallout 3 a consequence of other events) or die in combat. One unique companion the player can have, that can allow a third to join without issue, is a dog named Dogmeat, who can be killed during the game if the player misuses him or places him in a severely dangerous situation; the release of the \"Broken Steel\" DLC, makes it possible to replace Dogmeat, provided the player acquires a Perk that grants the opportunity of getting another dog. \"Fallout 3\" takes place in the year 2277, and within the region that covers most of the ruined city of Washington, D.C., Northern", "Fallout (series) the U.S. annexation of Canada, and a Chinese invasion and subsequent military occupation of Alaska coupled with their release of the \"New Plague\" that devastated the American mainland. These eventually culminated in the \"Great War\" on the morning of October 23, 2077, eastern standard time, a two-hour nuclear exchange on an apocalyptic scale, which subsequently created the post-apocalyptic United States, the setting of the \"Fallout\" world. Having foreseen this outcome decades earlier, the U.S. government began a nationwide project in 2054 to build fallout shelters known as \"Vaults\". The Vaults were ostensibly designed by the government contractor Vault-Tec as public", "Fallout (video game) by GameSpot in 2000, and top openings by \"Game Informer\" in 2008, while Polish web portal Wirtualna Polska ranked it as the sixth most addictive classic game. Fallout (video game) Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game is an open-world turn-based role-playing video game developed and published by Interplay Productions in 1997. The game has a post-apocalyptic and retro-futuristic setting, in the aftermath of a global nuclear war in an alternate history timeline mid-22nd century. The protagonist of \"Fallout\" is an inhabitant of a Vault, long-term shelters, who is tasked to find a replacement Water Chip and save their Vault.", "Fallout (series) the song \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\". The trailer features scenes of Vault 76 (a location regarded in \"Fallout 3\" as being a \"control Vault\" in the Washington D.C. area, that was not subjected to experimentation), which is decorated to celebrate an event referred to as \"Reclamation Day\"; a Pip-Boy device listing the current date as October 27, 2102 (just over 25 years after the Great War); an unknown dweller of Vault 76 and a broadcast containing the statement: \"When the fighting has stopped and the fallout has settled, you must rebuild\". At the Bethesda E3 press conference on June", "Fallout (video game) However, if the player killed Killian for Gizmo, then Gizmo would help Junktown prosper for his own benefit. The game's publisher did not like this bit of moral ambiguity and had the outcomes changed to an alternate state, where aiding Killian results in a more palatable ending. \"Fallout\" ultimately \"took just under 4 years to make\", according to Tim Cain. The game was released on October 10, 1997. \"Fallout\" draws much from 1950s pulp magazines, classic science fiction films such as \"Forbidden Planet\" and superhero comics of Atomic Age: computers use vacuum tubes instead of transistors; energy weapons exist and", "Fallout: New Vegas Fallout: New Vegas Fallout: New Vegas is a post-apocalyptic action role-playing video game. It is a spin-off of the \"Fallout\" series and was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Bethesda Softworks. It was announced in April 2009 and released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 19, 2010. The game is set in a post-apocalyptic open world environment that encompasses a region consisting of parts of Nevada, California, and Arizona. It is set in a world that deviated onto an alternate timeline thanks to atomic age technology, which eventually led to its devastation by a nuclear", "Fallout 4 the bombs dropped: October 23, 2077. The game takes place in an alternate version of history that sees the 1940s and 1950s aesthetics such as diners and a drive-in theater. The design and technology advance in the directions imagined at the time. The resulting universe is thus a retro-futuristic one, where the technology has evolved enough to produce laser weapons, manipulate genes and create nearly-autonomous artificial intelligence, but all within the confines of 1950s solutions like the widespread use of atomic power and vacuum tubes, as well as having the integrated circuitry of the digital age. The architecture, advertisements and", "Fallout: New California Fallout: New California Fallout: New California is a fan-made modification made by Brandan Lee and Radian-Helix Media, and is an unofficial prequel to the action role-playing video game \"\". \"Fallout: New California\" was released in two installments, with the first installment released on May 31, 2013, and the second installment released as a beta on October 23, 2018. Originally known as \"Fallout: Project Brazil\", the modification was renamed to \"Fallout: New California\" on September 1, 2017. As of April 2018, the project entered private beta for the second installment. The public beta for Fallout: New California was released as planned", "Fallout (video game) Fallout (video game) Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game is an open-world turn-based role-playing video game developed and published by Interplay Productions in 1997. The game has a post-apocalyptic and retro-futuristic setting, in the aftermath of a global nuclear war in an alternate history timeline mid-22nd century. The protagonist of \"Fallout\" is an inhabitant of a Vault, long-term shelters, who is tasked to find a replacement Water Chip and save their Vault. \"Fallout\" is considered to be the spiritual successor to the 1988 role-playing video game \"Wasteland\". It was initially intended to use Steve Jackson Games' system \"GURPS\", but", "Red Faction to version 2.5 within \"Red Faction: Armageddon\". Though Volition had planned to include Geo-Mod in \"\", it did not make it into the final game. \"Red Faction\" is the first game in the \"Red Faction\" franchise that was originally released in mid-2001 and later re-released for other platforms. \"Red Faction\" was also the first game to run on the Geo-Mod engine that allowed for unparalleled environmental destruction. The game takes place on Mars in the year 2075. The protagonist, Parker, is a miner who came to Mars seeking a better life away from Earth. Instead, he finds that the Ultor", "Fallout: New Vegas the playing environment. While the standard adjustable difficulty level settings only affect combat difficulty, Hardcore mode adds statistics and encourages the player to consider resource management and combat tactics. Game director Josh Sawyer stated that the mode was inspired by several different \"Fallout 3\" mods. In this mode, the following occurs: \"Fallout: New Vegas\" takes place during the year 2281 and within the region surrounding the former city of Las Vegas (now called \"New Vegas\"), around four years after the events of \"Fallout 3\", and roughly around 204 years since the Great War of 2077. At the time the game", "Fallout (series) Sole Survivor, takes shelter in Vault 111, emerging 210 years later, after being subjected to suspended animation. The Sole Survivor goes on a search for their son who was taken away in the Vault. \"Fallout: New Vegas\" was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and released on October 19, 2010. The development team included developers who previously worked on \"Fallout\" and \"Fallout 2\". \"Fallout: New Vegas\" is not a direct sequel to \"Fallout 3\"; rather, it is a stand-alone product. Events in the game follow four years after \"Fallout 3\" and offer a similar role-playing experience, but no characters from that game", "Fallout 76 on the map. This irradiates the area, which the player can explore to find rare weapons, gear and items. However, it also attracts powerful enemies and the player needs to be sufficiently strong to survive. The game also includes a photo mode. The player has the ability to pose their character and choose from a variety of facial expressions and filters. \"Fallout 76\" is a narrative prequel to previous \"Fallout\" games. It is set in an alternate history, and takes place in 2102, twenty-five years after a nuclear war that devastated the Earth. The player character is a resident of", "Fallout (series) 10, 2018, Howard confirmed that \"Fallout 76\" would be the first online multiplayer game in the franchise, with a choice to play solo if the player wishes. It is set in West Virginia, with a majority of monsters and enemies based on regional folklore. There are no human non-player characters in the game. Some robot NPCs do exist, but the player does not have full dialogue options with these characters. The map of \"Fallout 76\" is four times larger than its predecessor \"Fallout 4\". It was released on November 14, 2018. \"Tactics\" is the first \"Fallout\" game not to require", "Fallout (series) was headed for nuclear war. \"Fallout 2\" was released in 1998, with several improvements over the first game, including an improved game engine, the ability to set attitudes of non-player character (NPC) party members and the ability to push people who are blocking doors. Additional features included several changes to the game world, including significantly more pop culture jokes and parodies, such as multiple Monty Python and \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\"-referencing special random encounters, and self-parodying dialogue that broke the fourth wall to mention game mechanics. \"Fallout 2\" takes place eighty years after \"Fallout\", and centers around a", "Fallout (series) reviews, garnering 94/100, 92/100, and 93/100 averages scores on Metacritic for the PC, PS3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game, respectively. It won IGN's 2008 Overall Game of the Year Award, Xbox 360 Game of the Year, Best RPG, and Best Use of Sound, as well as E3's Best of the Show and Best Role Playing Game. \"Fallout 4\", developed by Bethesda Game Studios, was released on November 10, 2015. On June 3, 2015 the game's website went live revealing the game along with its box art, platforms, and the first trailer. The game was released for Microsoft Windows,", "Fallout 3 Fallout 3 Fallout 3 is a post-apocalyptic action role-playing open world video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. The third major installment in the \"Fallout\" series, it is the first game to be created by Bethesda since it bought the franchise from Interplay Entertainment. The game marks a major shift in the series by using 3D graphics and real-time combat, replacing the 2D isometric graphics and turn-based combat of previous installments. It was released worldwide in October 2008 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. The game is set within a post-apocalyptic, open world", "Fallout (series) their Vault and its dwellers, sending them into the Wasteland on scouting missions and defending the Vault from attacks. \"Fallout Shelter\" was released for iOS on June 14, 2015, Android on August 13, 2015, and for PC on July 15, 2016. On February 7, 2017, Bethesda launched \"Fallout Shelter\" on Xbox One. On June 10, 2018, Bethesda announced and launched \"Fallout Shelter\" on Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4. In late 2016, Zen Studios developed a virtual pinball game based on the \"Fallout\" universe as part of the \"Bethesda Pinball\" collection, which became available as part of \"Zen Pinball 2\", \"Pinball", "Fallout 4: Far Harbor think this is perfectly okay.\" Fallout 4: Far Harbor Fallout 4: Far Harbor is an expansion pack for the 2015 video game \"Fallout 4\", developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. \"Far Harbor\" was released on May 19, 2016 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One as downloadable content (DLC). The game is set in the year 2287, in the aftermath of a nuclear war that destroys most of the United States. In the expansion, the player character is recruited by a detective agency to investigate the disappearance of a young girl living in a remote", "Fallout 76 Fallout 76 Fallout 76 is an online action role-playing game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks, part of the \"Fallout\" series. Released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on November 14, 2018, it is a prequel to previous series games. \"Fallout 76\" is Bethesda Game Studios's first multiplayer game; players explore the open world, which has been torn apart by nuclear war, with others. Bethesda developed the game using a modified version of its Creation Engine, which allowed the accommodation of multiplayer gameplay and a more detailed game world. \"Fallout 76\" was released to", "Jason D. Anderson nature of the vault dwellers, if the main character would actually be rejected by his former people. Cain was skeptical at first, given its unorthodox nature compared to other RPGs which were usually about empowering the player and becoming a hero. But he eventually gave in to the idea. \"Fallout\" shipped in October 1997 and became a commercial success, eventually selling around 600,000 copies. Therefore, Interplay began the initial design work for the sequel. However, the initial team, notably Cain, Anderson and Boyarsky, felt that many design decisions were being taken without their consent such as who should work on", "Fallout 76 as we learn more\". The publisher clarified that the only information leaked were details that the support site would have requested, rather than credit card numbers or passwords, and that they would notify all affected customers. Fallout 76 Fallout 76 is an online action role-playing game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks, part of the \"Fallout\" series. Released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on November 14, 2018, it is a prequel to previous series games. \"Fallout 76\" is Bethesda Game Studios's first multiplayer game; players explore the open world, which has been torn", "Fallout: New California on October 23, 2018. Project lead Brandan Lee of Radian-Helix Media, LLC was inspired by the games \"Fallout\" and \"Fallout 2\" from Black Isle Studios. With the help of friends in the film, TV, radio, and live theater industries, Lee set out to create a modification of \"Fallout 3\" for people who appreciated the style of the original Black Isle games. According to Lee, the mod was first conceptualized in 2010, but development didn't begin until 2012, with a prototype being released for Fallout 3, and the first full installment being released for New Vegas. Lee states that he headed", "Todd Howard and executive producer of \"Fallout 3\". He said Bethesda's philosophy for \"The Elder Scrolls\" games was to allow people to \"live another life, in another world\". He returned to \"The Elder Scrolls\" series to lead the development of its fifth installment, \"\", which was released in November 2011. Howard directed \"Fallout 4\", which was announced with the release of its first official trailer on June 3, 2015. He served as the executive producer in \"Fallout Shelter\", Bethesda Game Studios' first mobile game, which was announced and released at the 2015 E3 Showcase. Howard is a frequent speaker at industry events,", "Fallout (series) December 31, 2013. The \"Fallout\" series has been met with mostly positive reception. The highest rated title is \"Fallout 3\" and the lowest is \"Fallout 76\" according to review aggregator Metacritic. Not all fans are happy with the direction the \"Fallout\" series has taken since its acquisition by Bethesda Softworks. Notorious for their vehement support of the series' first two games, \"Fallout\" and \"Fallout 2\", members centered around one of the oldest \"Fallout\" fansites, \"No Mutants Allowed\", have cried foul over departures from the original games' stories, gameplay mechanics and setting. Minor criticisms include the prevalence of unspoiled food after", "Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel is a turn-based real-time tactical role-playing game set in the post-apocalyptic \"Fallout\" universe. Developed by Micro Forté and published by 14 Degrees East, \"Fallout Tactics\" was released on 14 March 2001 for Microsoft Windows. The game follows a squad of the Brotherhood of Steel as it becomes engaged in a desperate war. Although the game takes place in the \"Fallout\" universe, it does not follow or continue the story of either \"Fallout\" or \"Fallout 2\". \"Fallout Tactics\" shipped with a bonus CD when it was pre-ordered. The bonus CD included", "Fallout: New Vegas These are some of the most frustrating bugs I have ever encountered with any game, especially when attached to a series that I deeply enjoy.\" Fallout: New Vegas Fallout: New Vegas is a post-apocalyptic action role-playing video game. It is a spin-off of the \"Fallout\" series and was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Bethesda Softworks. It was announced in April 2009 and released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 19, 2010. The game is set in a post-apocalyptic open world environment that encompasses a region consisting of parts of Nevada, California, and Arizona. It", "Fallout (video game) engaging in an action that is seen as singularly and morally reprehensible. The effect of both karma and reputations is subtle, altering the reactions of some NPCs in game altering ways (for example, the player may complete a quest, but not receive the greatest possible reward due to their low karma). \"Fallout\" is set in a timeline that deviated from between the end of World War II and the start of the Apollo program, where technology, politics, and culture followed a different course. While technology advanced, cultural and societal progress stagnated, giving the general world a Raygun Gothic appearance with", "Fallout 4 downloadable content released on June 21, 2016. Like the \"Wasteland Workshop\", the \"Contraptions Workshop\" adds objects to the game's build mode—rather than story content—including prefabricated building models, manufactories that can produce equipment and items for the player, and items that the player can use to create elaborate Rube Goldberg-style machines. \"Vault-Tec Workshop\" is the fifth expansion pack and was released on July 26, 2016. The Sole Survivor picks up a radio beacon from Vault 88, an unfinished fallout shelter located outside Quincy. Raider activity in the area has triggered the Vault's distress beacon, forcing the Sole Survivor to fight them off to", "Fallout 3 year 2277, around 36 years after the events of \"Fallout 2\", of which it is not a direct sequel. Players take control of an inhabitant of Vault 101, one of several underground shelters created before the Great War to protect around 1,000 humans from the nuclear fallout, who is forced to venture out into the Capital Wasteland to find their father after he disappears from the Vault under mysterious circumstances. They find themselves seeking to complete their father's work while fighting against the Enclave, the corrupt remnants of the former U.S. government that seeks to use it for their own", "Leonard Boyarsky dialogs for the game. Before leaving Interplay to form Troika Games with Cain and Anderson, he designed the overall gameplay refinements and main story arc, quests, areas, and characters for \"Fallout 2\" in 1998. Boyarsky had different roles at Troika Games; among others he was project leader, art director, designer-writer and CEO. On their first project, \"\", which was released 2001, he filled similar positions as in \"Fallout\", doing the art direction, dialog writing-editing and story-quest design. He was the project leader and art director on Troika's last released game in late 2004, \"\". He worked also on an untitled", "Fallout 4: Nuka-World Fallout 4: Nuka-World Fallout 4: Nuka-World is an expansion pack for the 2015 post-apocalyptic action role-playing video game \"Fallout 4\". It was developed by Bethesda Game Studios, published by Bethesda Softworks, and released on August 30, 2016, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is set in the eponymous fictional amusement park Nuka-World. As with \"Fallout 4\", \"Nuka-World\" can be played in both first-person and third-person perspectives. The player controls the protagonist during their journey through Nuka-World, a former amusement park, now run by groups of raiders. \"Nuka-World\"s main gameplay consists of both questing and exploration. Upon completion", "Fallout: New Vegas apocalypse in the year 2077 in an event referred to as \"The Great War\". This war was caused by a major international conflict between the United States and China over natural resources. The main story of \"New Vegas\" takes place in the year 2281, four years after the events of \"Fallout 3\". It is not a direct sequel, but it does mark the return of a number of elements found in the Black Isle Studios-developed \"Fallout 2\". Players take control of a character known as the Courier. While transporting a package across the Mojave Desert to the city of New", "Tim Cain basic concept based on the GURPS system and began programming the isometric game engine. He also took over the producer role from Thomas R. Decker who had to supervise multiple other projects at the time. With a development cycle of three and a half years \"Fallout\" was released in 1997. During this time he was also a programming consultant on \"Stonekeep\" (1995) and helped out coding \"\" (1997). Before leaving Interplay to form his own company in January 1998, he wrote the main story arc as well helping designing The Den area of \"Fallout 2\". After forming Troika Games with", "Fallout 3 Ron Perlman, and he tried to be inspired by first \"Fallout\"s incipit, in 1997, which he considered vitally important to describe the story that \"Fallout 3\" would have to tell. To succeed in making this script effective, Pagliarulo, had to go in the opposite direction to his previous work on \"Oblivion\", which both for setting and characters, represented an extreme \"Fallout\" inverse. The main model to follow, for Pagliarulo, was always the first \"Fallout\", which by his own admission had more the peculiarity of synthesis in dialogues, rather than \"Fallout 2\", which had a more complex and articulated screenplay written", "Van Buren (video game) It was released October 28, 2008. Several Black Isle staff members went on to form Obsidian Entertainment, and many themes, factions and characters of \"Van Buren\" were incorporated in Obsidian's \"\", published by Bethesda Softworks in 2010. A trademark was filed for \"Van Buren\" on October 17, 2014 by Roxy Friday LLC, a company associated with inXile Entertainment. Prior to the development of \"Van Buren\", two attempts to make a new \"Fallout\" game were halted by Titus Software in favor for other of Interplay's titles, notably console titles. When Interplay lost the rights to make \"Icewind Dale\" and \"Baldur's Gate\"", "Fallout 4 downloadable content order of release, the expansions packs are \"Automatron\", \"Wasteland Workshop\", \"Far Harbor\", \"Contraptions Workshop\", \"Vault-Tec Workshop\" and \"Nuka-World\". \"Automatron\" was announced, along with \"Wasteland Workshop\", \"\" and teases of other expansion packs, on the Bethesda Game Studios' blog on February 16, 2016. It is the first expansion pack and was released on March 22, 2016. It consists of a series of quests, which will unlock the ability to build and customize robots at the player's settlements. The Sole Survivor intercepts a distress call from a trading caravan outside Cambridge, but arrives too late to save them from a horde of", "Fallout 4 the camera views can change depending on the player's preference from a first-person view to a cinematic third-person view—compared to \"Fallout 3\"s rigid and instanced conversation system. The protagonist features dynamic dialog, which is context sensitive and allows players to back out of a conversation. In Howard's words, \"you are free to walk away anytime if you want, or you can even shoot him in the face.\" On June 2, 2015, Bethesda published a countdown timer scheduled to expire on June 3, 2015, at 14:00 UTC. The game's website went live slightly ahead of schedule, revealing the game along with", "The Vault (wiki) The Vault (wiki) The Vault is a wiki about the \"Fallout\" fictional universe. It covers all of the \"Fallout\" video games, as well as all \"Fallout\" related content. The Vault runs on MediaWiki and is currently part of the Curse network. The site is also available in several other languages, including Bulgarian, Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish. The Vault was founded by Paweł Dembowski and launched on February 7, 2005, initially hosted by \"Fallout\" fansite Duck and Cover, as a general source of information about the \"Fallout\" universe, initially focusing mostly", "The Vault (wiki) The Vault (wiki) The Vault is a wiki about the \"Fallout\" fictional universe. It covers all of the \"Fallout\" video games, as well as all \"Fallout\" related content. The Vault runs on MediaWiki and is currently part of the Curse network. The site is also available in several other languages, including Bulgarian, Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish. The Vault was founded by Paweł Dembowski and launched on February 7, 2005, initially hosted by \"Fallout\" fansite Duck and Cover, as a general source of information about the \"Fallout\" universe, initially focusing mostly", "Fallout (series) appear. The player assumes the role of a courier in the post-apocalyptic world of the Mojave Wasteland. As the game begins, the Courier is shot in the head and left for dead shortly before being found and brought to a doctor in the nearby town of Goodsprings, marking the start of the game and the Courier's search for their would-be murderer. The city of New Vegas is a post-apocalyptic interpretation of Las Vegas. \"Fallout Shelter\" is a simulation game for Microsoft Windows, iOS, Android, Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch. The player acts as the Overseer, building and managing", "Fallout Shelter was announced by Bethesda during its press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo on June 14, 2015, where it was confirmed the game is a free-to-play title that would be released for iOS the same day. It was developed in a partnership with Behaviour Interactive, and was built using the Unity game engine. The game was also released for Android devices on August 13, 2015. According to Pete Hines, vice president of Bethesda, the game is inspired by other video games like \"Little Computer People\", \"Progress Quest\", \"XCOM\", \"SimCity\" and \"\". On June 30, 2015, the game added a character", "Black Isle Studios Black Isle Studios Black Isle Studios was a division of the developer and publisher Interplay Entertainment that developed role-playing video games. It also published several games from other developers. Black Isle was based in Irvine, California. The division was formed in 1996, adopting the name \"Black Isle Studios\" in 1998. The idea for the division's name came from the Black Isle in Scotland - founder Feargus Urquhart's ancestral country. Black Isle Studios is most famous for working on the first two games in the popular and influential \"Fallout\" series as well as the critically acclaimed \"\". They also achieved success", "Fallout 3 downloadable content would be made available for the PlayStation 3; the later two (\"Point Lookout\" and \"Mothership Zeta\") were released for all platforms. \"Operation: Anchorage\" is the first \"Fallout 3\" downloadable content pack, and takes place as a virtual reality \"military simulation\" in the main game where the player character is stripped of their equipment and is forced to use the replacements provided. The content focuses on the titular event in \"Fallout\"s alternate history. During the Great War, the United States Army liberated Anchorage, Alaska from Chinese forces. The pack contains several new quests, new items, and adds four new achievements. Gameplay", "Fallout (series) tactical role-playing game \"\" (2001) developed by Micro Forté and 14 Degrees East. In 2004, Interplay closed Black Isle Studios, and continued to produce \"\", an action game with role-playing elements for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, without Black Isle Studios. \"Fallout 3\", the third entry in the main series, was released in 2008 by Bethesda Softworks, and was followed by \"\" in 2010, developed by Obsidian Entertainment. The series' fourth main entry \"Fallout 4\" was released in 2015, and \"Fallout 76\" released on November 14, 2018. Bethesda Softworks owns the rights to produce \"Fallout\" games. Soon after acquiring the", "Fallout (series) Vault 101 who is forced to flee when the Overseer tries to arrest them in response to their father leaving the Vault. Once free, the player is dubbed the Lone Wanderer and ventures into the Wasteland in and around Washington, D.C., known as the Capital Wasteland, to find their father. It differs from previous games in the series by utilizing 3D graphics, a free-roam gaming world, and real-time combat, in contrast to previous games' 2D isometric graphics and turn-based combat. It was developed simultaneously for the PC, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 using the Gamebryo engine. It received highly positive", "History of Western role-playing video games decision to scrap plans for \"Fallout 3\" and Bethesda's subsequent acquisition of the \"Fallout\" brand created mixed feelings among that series' fan community. Bethesda released \"Fallout 3\" in North America on October 28, 2008, to critical acclaim and much fanfare, and the game was followed by five \"content packs\". The sequel \"Fallout: New Vegas\", created by Obsidian Entertainment, used the same engine as \"Fallout 3\" and was released to generally favorable reviews in 2010. Multi-platform releases were common in the early days of RPGs, but there was a period during the 1990s when this was not generally the case. The", "Fallout (series) after, the trial by jury which Bethesda requested on October 26, 2010, was changed to a trial by court because the APA contract (aka the second contract that sold \"Fallout\" to Bethesda) stated that all legal matters would be resolved via a trial by court and not a trial by jury. The trial by court began on December 12. In 2012, in a press conference Bethesda revealed that in exchange for 2 million dollars, Interplay gave to them full rights for \"Fallout Online\". Interplay's rights to sell and merchandise \"Fallout\", \"Fallout 2\" and \"Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel\" expired on", "Fallout: New California installments, the first was released in 2013, and the beta for the second installment was released on October 23 2018. As with \"Fallout 3\" and \"\", Fallout: New California has a radio station that comments on the actions of the player as the story progresses further. The radio stations in Fallout: New California debuted with a completely original soundtrack. The player's S.P.E.C.I.A.L stats have a greater impact on dialog choices with NPCs and player skills than in Fallout: New Vegas. Fallout: New California was planned to be broken into three segments, but as of December 13, 2013, the third installment", "Fallout 3 downloadable content to their desire to iron out all of the bugs before release as well as test compatibility between DLCs. \"Operation: Anchorage\", along with \"The Pitt\", were released on October 1, 2009, for PS3. The Brotherhood of Steel Outcasts are trying to acquire a stash of pre-war technology in a bunker near the metro. However, the armory can only be unlocked with a code, and the code can only be obtained from a virtual reality simulation of one of the greatest battles of the \"Fallout\" universe: the liberation of Anchorage, Alaska from invading Chinese troops. The Outcasts cannot use the simulation", "Bethesda Softworks Equity bought 25% of ZeniMax's stock in late 2007, and an additional stake in 2010. In 2004, the \"Fallout\" franchise was acquired by Bethesda Softworks from Interplay Entertainment and the development of \"Fallout 3\" was handed over to Bethesda Game Studios. \"Fallout 3\" was released on October 28, 2008. Five downloadable content packs for \"Fallout 3\" were released in the year following its release—\"Operation: Anchorage\", \"The Pitt\", \"Broken Steel\", \"Point Lookout\", and \"Mothership Zeta\". Obsidian Entertainment's new \"Fallout\" title, \"\" was published in 2010. \"Fallout 4\" was released on November 10, 2015. Between 2007 and 2010, Bethesda raised in new", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction nuclear exchange between the U.S and China in 2077. The games revolve around \"vaults,\" underground bunkers for long-term survival (in reality social experiments created by the ruling elite of the pre-war United States), and exploring the outside wasteland, in locations such as California, Las Vegas, Washington D.C., and New England. \"Fallout\" draws heavily from retro 1950s sci-fi, and the setting combines elements of mid-20th century technology, such as vacuum tubes and monochrome screens, with highly advanced artificial intelligences and energy weapons. In \"Metro 2033\" (2010), a nuclear war occurs in late 2013. Russia was targeted with atomic bombs, causing severe", "Fallout Shelter Fallout Shelter Fallout Shelter is a free-to-play simulation video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios, with assistance by Behaviour Interactive, and published by Bethesda Softworks. Part of the \"Fallout\" series, it was released worldwide for iOS devices in June 2015, for Android devices in August 2015, for Microsoft Windows in July 2016, Xbox One in February 2017, and PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch in June 2018. The game tasks the player with building and effectively managing their own Vault,a fallout shelter. Upon release, \"Fallout Shelter\" received mostly positive reviews. Critics enjoyed the game's extension of the \"Fallout\" universe, the core", "Red Faction (video game) Red Faction (video game) Red Faction is a first-person shooter video game developed by Volition and published by THQ for PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows in 2001, and Macintosh platforms in 2002. A version for the Nokia N-Gage was developed by Monkeystone Games, and the Mobile version was developed by Blue Beck. The game was inspired by several works of contemporary science fiction. \"Red Faction\" takes place on Mars in the late 21st century. The player controls a miner named Parker who helps lead a rebellion against the Ultor Corporation. The premiere feature of the game is its \"Geo-Mod\" technology,", "Bethesda Softworks those that the support site had requested, rather than any credit card numbers or passwords. In September 2009, Bethesda Softworks sued Interplay Entertainment over \"Fallout\" trademark infringement. After a lengthy legal battle the lawsuit was settled in January 2012, with Interplay receiving while Bethesda Softworks gained the right to develop a \"Fallout\" massively multiplayer online game, as well as the rights to \"Fallout\", \"Fallout 2\" and \"Fallout Tactics\" after December 31, 2013. In September 2011, Bethesda's parent company, ZeniMax Media, filed a lawsuit against Mojang, claiming that Mojang's planned trademark of the title \"Scrolls\" infringed upon Bethesda's trademark of \"The", "World War III in popular culture history. The \"Fallout\" series of video games, which began in 1997, took place in a world still gripped by Cold War hysteria late into the 21st century. This, among other factors, led to an eventual World War III between the global powers (notably the US and China), and the series involves exploring what is left of the United States following the conflict. \"Fallout\" is considered a spiritual successor to 1988's \"Wasteland\", which involved a similar premise and also mentions World War III. In the 1998 ZDF/TLC mockumentary \"Der Dritte Weltkrieg\", consisting largely of real-life footage of military and political figures", "Minerva (video game) timeline information. Minerva's communications are unusual in that each is prefixed by a time/date stamp in International Date Format (ISO 8601), giving an explicit timescale to the plot. These timestamps extend to several written pieces on the series' website that give background to the story. From these and the in-game messages it is possible to construct a partial timeline of events covered in the Minerva series. \"Minerva\" takes place in the \"Half-Life\" universe. Part of the first level is played in and around a World War II bunker, placing the location as somewhere in Europe or the Pacific Ocean. Furthermore,", "Fallout (series) attributes. From Bethesda's \"Fallout 3\" onward Vault Boy models all of the clothing and weaponry as well. The character was originally designed by Leonard Boyarsky, based partly on Rich Uncle Pennybags' aesthetic from the \"Monopoly\" board game, and drawn for \"Fallout\" by George Almond for the first few cards and by Tramell Ray Isaac, who finalized the look of the character. The series is set in a fictionalized United States in an alternate history scenario that diverged from our reality following World War II. In this alternative atompunk \"golden age\", a bizarre socio-technological status quo emerges, in which advanced robots,", "Fallout 4 destroying the Institute. After this feat, if the Survivor sided with the Minutemen, they must lastly wipe out any remaining hostile faction. Otherwise, they will remain neutral. The initial plans for \"Fallout 4\" were formed in 2009, when director Todd Howard wanted to explore the world of \"Fallout\" before the bombs fell. Thus, a team began production on the game that year, including Istvan Pely, lead artist of \"Fallout 3\", after finishing that game's downloadable content (DLC). Meanwhile, development on \"\" had Bethesda's full attention, and after that game released in 2011, the studio continued to regularly support it until", "Fallout 2 the NPCs. The player's actions dictate what future story or gameplay opportunities are available. Mature themes such as alcohol consumption, drug usage and sex are present. Organized crime, prostitution and slavery are major elements of the setting. Character creation is based on the SPECIAL role-playing system. In 2241, the primitive town Arroyo suffers the worst drought on record. Faced with the calamity, the village elder asks the direct descendant of the Vault Dweller, referred to as the Chosen One, to perform the quest of retrieving a Garden of Eden Creation Kit (GECK) for Arroyo. The GECK is a device that", "Fallout Online April 2, 2009 Interplay announced a binding letter of intent with Masthead Studios, a Bulgarian-based developer, to fund the development of \"Project V13\". Masthead and Interplay teams would work together under the direction and control of Interplay to complete development of the project. On June 15, 2010, the game was officially announced as \"Fallout Online\". The game was planned to be co-developed between Interplay and Masthead Studios, and to use Masthead's Earthrise Engine, used on Masthead's first game, \"Earthrise\". On April 15, 2009, Bethesda Softworks announced a move to rescind the \"Fallout\" MMO license. Interplay received notice from Bethesda that", "Old North Bridge form, at the starting area of the game. 9. The Old North Bridge, and surrounding location is used in the Bethesda game 'Fallout 4' set in a post apocalypse future. Old North Bridge The North Bridge, often colloquially called the Old North Bridge, is a historical site in the Battle of Concord, the first day of battle in the American War of Independence. The current wooden pedestrian bridge is a replica of the one that stood at the day of the battle. It and nearby sites are now part of the Minute Man National Historical Park of the National Park", "Maybe (Allan Flynn and Frank Madden song) Baby Back Home\". Maybe (Allan Flynn and Frank Madden song) \"Maybe\" is a pop song written by Allan Flynn and Frank Madden that was published in 1940. The first version to chart was recorded on June 11, 1940 by the Ink Spots featuring Bill Kenny and released by Decca Records as catalog number 3258, with the A-side \"Whispering Grass\". The recording reached #2 on the chart that year. The Ink Spots' version of the song was also used as the opening theme for the first game of the Fallout franchise. The game's sequels, \"Fallout 3\" and \"4\", also use this", "Doom (2016 video game) compete with other first-person shooters such as \"Call of Duty\" and \"Battlefield,\" as younger players were less familiar with the older \"Doom\" franchise. They also found it difficult to establish a game with its own identity while \"being faithful\" to other games in the series. The team consulted the game directors at Bethesda Game Studios, who Stratton considered \"[had gone] through the same thing when they were working on \"Fallout 3\".\" On July 2, 2015, Stratton revealed that the game would not take place on Earth and that, unlike \"Doom 3,\" the game was comic and \"very juvenile\". Director Hugo", "Maybe (Allan Flynn and Frank Madden song) Maybe (Allan Flynn and Frank Madden song) \"Maybe\" is a pop song written by Allan Flynn and Frank Madden that was published in 1940. The first version to chart was recorded on June 11, 1940 by the Ink Spots featuring Bill Kenny and released by Decca Records as catalog number 3258, with the A-side \"Whispering Grass\". The recording reached #2 on the chart that year. The Ink Spots' version of the song was also used as the opening theme for the first game of the Fallout franchise. The game's sequels, \"Fallout 3\" and \"4\", also use this song on their", "Troika Games formed their company on April 1, 1998, calling their new company Troika Games (a Russian word \"Тройка\" meaning \"three of any kind\"), since they were the three key Designers/Artists/Coders behind the critically acclaimed \"Fallout\". They initially planned to do games exclusively for one publisher (Sierra Entertainment), but every game was published by a different company. After being unable to secure funding for future projects, they were forced to lay off their staff in late 2004 and later closed their doors on February 24, 2005. In 1998, Troika started the initial design on a steampunk fantasy crossover role-playing video game named", "Fallout 1.5: Resurrection Fallout 1.5: Resurrection Fallout 1.5: Resurrection is a mod for \"Fallout 2\". Developed by four fans of the game from the Czech Republic, a version was released there on 3 October 2013. Working on the mod during their free time, the development took approximately 10 years. The mod offers a completely new story and locations. It is estimated that finishing the game takes 25 hours. The title Resurrection symbolizes not only a revival of an old Fallout but also the protagonist of the mod who is resurrected. The English version of the mod was released on 15 July 2016. The", "Fallout shelter Soviet Union (who were still active during the episode's creation). In 1999 the film \"Blast from the Past\" was released. It is a romantic comedy film about a nuclear physicist, his wife, and son that enter a well-equipped, spacious fallout shelter during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. They do not emerge until 35 years later, in 1997. The film shows their reaction to contemporary society. The \"Fallout\" series of computer games depicts the remains of human civilization after an immensely destructive global nuclear war; the United States of America had built underground vaults that were advertised to protect the population", "Van Buren (video game) In particular, the NCR-Brotherhood of Steel war is mentioned, a companion from \"Van Buren\" (Joshua Graham) appears in heavily modified form, as does an antagonistic faction known as Caesar's Legion. He said that the \"Van Buren\" codename was based on President Martin Van Buren. Of the locales planned to be in \"Van Buren\", only Hoover Dam appeared in \"Fallout: New Vegas\", due to the change in location. On May 3, 2007, the tech demo of \"Van Buren\" was leaked onto the Internet. The tech demo features three songs from the sampler \"Funeral Songs\", released June 26, 2001 as well as", "Fallout 3 environment that encompasses a scaled region consisting of the ruins of Washington, D.C. and much of the countryside to the west of it, referred to as the \"Capital Wasteland\". It takes place within \"Fallout\" usual setting of a world that deviated into an alternate timeline thanks to atomic age technology, which eventually led to its devastation by a nuclear apocalypse in the year 2077 (referred to as \"The Great War\"), caused by a major international conflict between the United States and China over natural resources and the last remaining supplies of untapped petroleum. The main story takes place in the", "Half-Life (video game) November 16, 2004. The player controls Gordon Freeman 20 years after the Black Mesa incident in the dystopic City 17, where he must fight as part of a rebellion against an alien regime. It was followed by two episodic sequels, \"\" and \"\", released on June 1, 2006, and October 10, 2007, respectively. To experience firsthand the processes mod-makers would have to go through with the new engine, Valve ported \"Half-Life\" (dubbed \"Half-Life: Source\") and \"Counter-Strike\" to their new Source engine. \"Half-Life: Source\" is a straight port, lacking any new content or the \"Blue Shift\" High Definition pack. However, it", "Interplay Entertainment factors. In 1995, after several years of delays, Interplay finally published its role-playing game \"Stonekeep\". Other PC games released during the mid- to late 1990s included \"Carmageddon\", \"Fragile Allegiance\", \"Hardwar\" and \"Redneck Rampage\". In 1997, Interplay developed and released \"Fallout\", a successful and critically acclaimed role-playing video game set in a retro-futuristic post-apocalyptic setting. Black Isle Studios, a newly created in-house developer, followed with the sequel, \"Fallout 2\", in 1998. Another successful subsequent Interplay franchise was \"Baldur's Gate\", a \"Dungeons & Dragons\" game that was developed by BioWare and which spawned a successful expansion, sequel and spin-off series. The spin-off", "Fallout 1.5: Resurrection the development and the original idea of what would story be about was completely changed. The mod was completed and released in 2013. The English translated version of the mod was released on July 15, 2016. The mod has received mostly positive reviews since its release, with an average score of 75% at Czech videogame database Databaze-her. The mod was elected 6th best game of the year by readers of Bonusweb. Readers of Eurogamer Czech elected it to be third best role-playing game of the year. Fallout 1.5: Resurrection Fallout 1.5: Resurrection is a mod for \"Fallout 2\". Developed by", "Shem Drowne £160. He died in 1774 and his estate bequested £6, 13s, 4d to the First Baptist Church of Boston. Shem Drowne is mentioned in the video game Fallout 4, and the grasshopper weathervane atop Faneuil Hall and the note Thomas placed within are central to the side-quest \"The Gilded Grasshopper\". Shem Drowne Deacon Shem Drowne (December 4, 1683 – January 13, 1774) was a colonial coppersmith and tinplate worker in Boston, Massachusetts and was America's first documented weathervane maker. He is most famous for the grasshopper weathervane atop of Faneuil Hall, well known as a symbol of Boston. He was", "Fallout (video game) Fantasy VII\". However, \"Fallout\" was named the best computer role-playing game of 1997 by \"Computer Gaming World\", \"PC Gamer US\", GameSpot and \"Computer Games Strategy Plus\". It also received GameSpot's \"Best Ending\" prize. The editors of \"Computer Gaming World\" summarized it as \"quite simply the best RPG to hit the PC in years\". Over the years since its release, \"Fallout\" was ranked as the fourth (2001), tenth (2005), 13th (2007), 21st (2008) and seventh (2010) best PC game of all time by \"PC Gamer\", fifth (2007) and 19th (2009) top PC game of all time by IGN, and 21st (2007)", "Fallout (video game) advanced technology. In the mid-21st century, a worldwide conflict is brought on by global petroleum shortage. Several nations enter Resource Wars over the last of non-renewable commodities, namely oil and uranium from 2052 to 2077. China invades Alaska in the winter of 2066, causing the United States to go to war with China and using Canadian resources to supply their war efforts, despite Canadian complaints. Eventually, the United States violently annexes Canada in February 2076 and reclaims Alaska nearly a year later. After years of conflict, on October 23, 2077, a global nuclear war occurs. It is not known who", "Fallout: New California civil war. With the player being able to side with the Enclave or defend Vault 18. The first installment has around 3 hours of gameplay time, and 7 hours including all of the branching content. In the beginning, the player is selected as a replacement for the \"Patriots\" Team, on the night of the final game of \"Vault Ball\" for the cup. During the match, the player can select to Tackle (Path of the Warrior) or Dodge (Path of the Scientist). Depending on the choice, the player can find himself in Coach Bragg's Office (Tackle), being praised for winning the", "Afterfall: Insanity \"Afterfall: Reconquest\", due to the developer's choice of changing the name. \"\" was to be set 63 years after the events of World War III. The previous page regularly posted the fictional chronicles of the survivors of the wasteland in the Afterfall universe. The game was to be episodic. The first episode was released on 19 February 2015. The game was taken down from Steam by June 2015 after a legal battle with Epic Games, whose engine was used to create it (Unreal Engine 3). Nicolas Games filed for bankruptcy shortly after. Afterfall: Insanity Afterfall: Insanity (stylized as Afterfall: InSanity)", "Fallout 3 with the direction the \"Fallout\" series was taken in since its acquisition by Bethesda Softworks. Notorious for their support of the series' first two games, \"Fallout\" and \"Fallout 2\", members centered on one of the oldest \"Fallout\" fansites, \"No Mutants Allowed\", have criticized departures from the original games' stories, gameplay mechanics and setting. Criticisms include the prevalence of unspoiled food after 200 years, the survival of wood-framed dwellings following a nuclear blast, and the ubiquity of Super Mutants at early levels in the game. Also criticized are the quality of the game's writing, its relative lack of verisimilitude, the switch", "Fallout 3 Softworks attended E3 2008 to showcase \"Fallout 3\". The first live demo of the Xbox 360 version of the game was shown and demonstrated by Todd Howard, taking place in downtown Washington, D.C. The demo showcased various weapons such as the Fat Man nuclear catapult, the V.A.T.S. system and the functions of the Pip-Boy 3000 as well as combat with several enemies. The demo concluded as the player neared the Brotherhood of Steel-controlled Pentagon and was attacked by an Enclave patrol. Howard confirmed that, in addition to thematics about slavery and cannibalism, there would be the presence of splatter scenes", "Fallout 3 finished, the site hosted the first teaser trailer for the game, and unveiled a release date of \"Fall 2008\". On June 5, 2007, Bethesda released the \"Fallout 3\" teaser trailer. The press kit released with the trailer indicated that Ron Perlman would be on board with the project, and cited a release date of fall 2008. The trailer featured The Ink Spots song \"I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire\", which the previous \"Fallout\" developer Black Isle Studios originally intended to license for use in the first \"Fallout\" game. The trailer, which was completely done with in-engine assets,", "Parallel universes in fiction and the characters have never met in the past. The \"Fallout\" series takes place in a subtly different universe. For example, the ship that landed the first men on the moon in 1969 is called \"Valiant 11\", rather than Apollo 11. This universe diverged from ours after World War II, which resulted in a lack of advanced computers, the Cold War, VHS, etc. The MMORPG \"City of Heroes\" features a Player vs Player (PvP) zone called Recluse's Victory. It is an alternative future in a constant state of flux, as heroes and villains battle for the future of Earth. In", "Interplay Entertainment 2019; renaming the title \"Descent\". Little Orbit has signed on to help market and distribute the \"Descent\" brand starting with this first chapter of the reboot of the \"Descent\" franchise. Interplay Entertainment Interplay Entertainment Corp is an American video game distributor, developer and publisher. It was founded in 1983 as Interplay Productions by Brian Fargo, Troy Worrell, Jay Patel and Rebecca Heineman. As a developer, Interplay is best known as the original creator of the \"Fallout\" series and as a publisher for the \"Baldur's Gate\" and \"Descent\" series. They are also known for their contributions to major developers such as", "Wasteland 2 with tactical combat. The player's party has room for seven characters, including the four player-designed characters and up to three non-player characters (NPCs). The player characters are highly customizable and the player's choice of statistics, skills, and appearance gives them an individualized personality. The non-player characters in the party each have their own personality, motivations, opinions, and agendas. The game is set in an alternate history timeline, in which a nuclear war between the United States and Soviet Union took place in 1998 in relation to an impact event involving a cluster of meteors that sparked a global nuclear war.", "Fallout (video game) Super Mutants, which results in a small video showing the Super Mutants rampaging through the Vault and ending the game. In early 1994, Interplay Entertainment announced that they had acquired the license to create video games using the \"GURPS\" role-playing game system. \"Fallout\" was then created by Interplay as a spiritual successor to their 1988 post-apocalyptic role-playing game \"Wasteland\". Although it was initially developed as an official sequel, Interplay did not have the rights to \"Wasteland\" at that point. The budget for the game was approximately US$3 million. In the early stages of planning, other settings based on the \"GURPS\"", "Fallout 3 restoring the Lincoln Memorial, a group that feast on blood, and a group who tend and care for a region of the wastes where plants have become abundant. For 19 years of their life from 2258 to 2277, the player character grows up within the confines of Vault 101 alongside their father James, a doctor and scientist who assists in the Vault's clinic. While growing up, their father comments about their deceased mother Catherine and her favorite passage from the Bible – Revelation 21:6, which speaks of \"the waters of life\". Upon reaching their 19th birthday, chaos erupts when James", "Fallout 4 its box art and platforms. The site was taken down later but was put back up again at the scheduled time. The trailer was released when the countdown timer expired, and the game was confirmed to take place in Boston and its surrounding Massachusetts countryside, as suggested by earlier rumors. More details were given during Bethesda's E3 2015 press conference on June 14, 2015. \"Fallout 4\" became available for pre-order following the product announcement. In addition to the standard edition of the game, there is a collector's edition which includes a wearable replica of the Pip-Boy. This is able to", "Fallout 4: Far Harbor time, unnecessary, or overly frustrating. In July 2016, Guillaume Veer accused Bethesda of copying his \"\" mod, named \"Autumn Leaves\", though Veer said that he was not upset even if Bethesda had deliberately incorporated material from \"Autumn Leaves\" in \"Far Harbor\". \"Fallout 4: Far Harbor\" is an expansion pack for the action role-playing game, \"Fallout 4\", the fifth installment in the \"Fallout\" series. It is set 210 years after \"The Great War\", which resulted in nuclear devastation across the United States. The expansion is similar to the base game in that the player character (the \"Sole Survivor\") is tasked with", "Fallout 4: Far Harbor Fallout 4: Far Harbor Fallout 4: Far Harbor is an expansion pack for the 2015 video game \"Fallout 4\", developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. \"Far Harbor\" was released on May 19, 2016 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One as downloadable content (DLC). The game is set in the year 2287, in the aftermath of a nuclear war that destroys most of the United States. In the expansion, the player character is recruited by a detective agency to investigate the disappearance of a young girl living in a remote area. The game can be", "Exodus (role-playing game) arose in mid-2007, when Bethesda Softworks' lawyers claimed Interplay was unable to license a role-playing game and thus the contract between Glutton Creeper and Interplay was annulled. In early 2009 Glutton Creeper and Interplay came to a resolution via a settlement over the license dispute. Glutton Creeper removed all references to a lawsuit, and redesigned their website. Despite breaking with the \"Fallout\" franchise, \"Exodus\" kept most of its fundamental post-apocalyptic setting and key concepts from Fallout and other popular Apocalyptic media sources. The game designer dropped the 1950s postmodern stylistic influences and references for a more 1970's B-Movie apocalyptic science-fiction", "Fallout 3 1940s American big band music, including the main theme, and a few other incidental songs recorded by The Ink Spots and The Andrews Sisters, as well as other artists like Roy Brown, Billie Holiday, Billy Munn, Cole Porter, and Bob Crosby. A teaser site for the game appeared on May 2, 2007, and featured music from the game and concept art, along with a timer that counted down to June 5, 2007. The artists and developers involved later confirmed that the concept art, commissioned before \"Oblivion\" had been released, did not reveal anything from the actual game. When the countdown" ]

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[ "In the late 12th-century, a school of polyphony was established at the Notre-Dame. A group of Parisian aristocrats, known as Trouvères, became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadors were also popular. During the reign of Francois I, the lute became popular in the French court, and a national musical printing house was established. During the Renaissance era, the French Boleroroyals \"disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy\". Baroque-era composers include Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and François Couperin and were popular. The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795. By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music. Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique), Charles Gounod (Faust), Camille Saint-Saëns (Samson et Delilah), Léo Delibes (Lakmé) and Jules Massenet (Thaïs), among others. Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon; Impressionist composers Claude Debussy ((La Mer) and Maurice Ravel (Boléro) also made significant contributions to piano (Clair de lune, Miroirs), orchestra, opera (Palléas et Mélisande), and other musical forms. Foreign-born composers have made their homes in Paris and have made significant contributions both with their works and their influence. They include Frédéric Chopin (Poland), Franz Liszt (Hungary), Jacques Offenbach (Germany), and Igor Stravinsky (Russia)." ]

[ "Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as \"gay\" and \"heterosexual\" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries. For example, in many English-speaking nations, it is assumed that same-sex kissing, particularly between men, is a sign of homosexuality, whereas various types of same-sex kissing are common expressions of friendship in other nations. Also, many modern and historic cultures have formal ceremonies expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends, even though homosexuality itself is taboo within the cultures.", "Of his eight encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968. In this encyclical he reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control. There were two Papal committees and numerous independent experts looking into the latest advancement of science and medicine on the question of artificial birth control. which were noted by the Pope in his encyclical The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially Pius XI, Pius XII and John XXIII and never changed, as he repeatedly stated them in the first few years of his Pontificate", "In June 1940, a German prisoner of war was overheard boasting that the British would never find the Knickebein, even though it was under their noses. The details of the conversation were passed to an RAF Air Staff technical advisor, Dr. R. V. Jones, who started an in-depth investigation which discovered that the Luftwaffe's Lorenz receivers were more than blind-landing devices. Jones therefore began a search for the German beams. Avro Ansons of the Beam Approach Training Development Unit (BATDU) were flown up and down Britain fitted with a 30 MHz receiver to detect them. Soon a beam was traced to Derby (which had been mentioned in Luftwaffe transmissions). The first jamming operations were carried out using requisitioned hospital electrocautery machines. A subtle form of distortion was introduced. Up to nine special transmitters directed their signals at the beams in a manner that widened its path, negating its ability to accurately locate targets. Confidence in the device was diminished by the time the Luftwaffe decided to launch large-scale raids. The counter operations were carried out by British Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) units under Wing Commander Edward Addison, No. 80 Wing RAF. The production of false radio navigation signals by re-transmitting the originals was a technique known as masking beacons (meacons).", "Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.", "The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or \"AUMF\" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973.", "Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864–65, The Reconstruction Era (1863–77) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s.", "Compared to neighbouring countries, Namibia has a large degree of media freedom. Over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country. The African Media Barometer shows similarly positive results.[citation needed] However, as in other countries, there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in Namibia. In 2009, Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index. In 2013, it was 19th. In 2014 it ranked 22nd " ]

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[ "The dog's fur is moving with the momentum of its jump." ]

[ "The dog is sleeping.", "I'm going to the book store to buy that.", "The bikers are pedaling stationary bikes in the gym.", "The boys are running on foot.", "A man is working on the street.", "Titus converted the islanders to Islam.", "The woman is wearing a hat." ]

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[ "Bubbles (painting) but was transferred to the Lady Lever Art Gallery in Port Sunlight in 2006. A reproduction of this painting hangs in a bomb shelter during the London blitz in the novel \"Life After Life\" by Kate Atkinson. Bubbles (painting) Bubbles, originally titled A Child's World, is a painting by Sir John Everett Millais that became famous when it was used over many generations in advertisements for Pears soap. During Millais's lifetime it led to widespread debate about the relationship between art and advertising. The painting was one of many child pictures for which Millais had become well known in his", "Bubbles (painting) Bubbles (painting) Bubbles, originally titled A Child's World, is a painting by Sir John Everett Millais that became famous when it was used over many generations in advertisements for Pears soap. During Millais's lifetime it led to widespread debate about the relationship between art and advertising. The painting was one of many child pictures for which Millais had become well known in his later years. It was modelled by his five-year-old grandson William Milbourne James and was based on 17th-century Dutch precursors in the tradition of vanitas imagery, which commented upon the transience of life. These sometimes depicted young boys", "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles was adopted by West Ham's supporters in the late 1920s and is now one of the most recognisable club anthems in English football along with the similarly adopted \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", \"Blue Moon\", \"Blue is the Colour\" and \"Blaydon Races\". \"I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles\" was introduced to the club by former manager Charlie Paynter in the late twenties. A player, Billy J. \"Bubbles\" Murray who played for the local Park School had a resemblance to the boy in the \"Bubbles\" painting by Millais used in a Pears soap commercial of the time. Headmaster Cornelius Beal began singing the tune" ]

[ "Barney Bubbles in the 2011 show \"Postmodernism: Style & Subversion 1970–1990\", and the following year's \"British Design 1948–2012\". Barney Bubbles Barney Bubbles (born Colin Fulcher; 30 July 1942 – 14 November 1983) was an English graphic artist whose work encompassed graphic design and music video direction. Bubbles, who also sketched and painted privately, is best known for his distinctive contribution to the design practices associated with the British independent music scene of the 1970s and 1980s. His record sleeves, laden with symbols and riddles, were his most recognisable output. Fulcher was born in Tranmere Road, Whitton, Middlesex (now Greater London), in July", "Barney Bubbles Barney Bubbles Barney Bubbles (born Colin Fulcher; 30 July 1942 – 14 November 1983) was an English graphic artist whose work encompassed graphic design and music video direction. Bubbles, who also sketched and painted privately, is best known for his distinctive contribution to the design practices associated with the British independent music scene of the 1970s and 1980s. His record sleeves, laden with symbols and riddles, were his most recognisable output. Fulcher was born in Tranmere Road, Whitton, Middlesex (now Greater London), in July 1942. He attended Isleworth Grammar School. In 1958 he embarked on a retail display course for", "Bubbles (The Wire) Bubbles (The Wire) Reginald \"Bubbles\" Cousins is a fictional character on the HBO drama \"The Wire\", played by actor Andre Royo. Bubbles is a recovering heroin addict. His real name is not revealed until a fourth-season episode when he is called \"Mr. Cousins\" and in the fifth-season premiere when he is called \"Reginald\". Bubbles has a son named KeyShawn, who lives with his mother. Bubbles is a crucial police CI throughout the series due to his extraordinarily detailed knowledge of the streets of Baltimore and their inhabitants. Bubbles is an intelligent and compassionate man who genuinely cares about his friend", "Bubbles (The Wire) assigned by the Barksdale gang to pick up their burner phones. Bubbles puts them in touch with an undercover Lester Freamon, allowing the unit to sell pre-tapped burner phones directly to the gang. During this time Bubbles' continued cooperation with the police starts to create a rift between Bubbles and Johnny, who encourages Bubbles to end his career as an informant – eventually Bubbles leaves Johnny to fend for himself. As the investigation progresses Bubbles begins to supplement the income he was earning as an informant by collecting discarded cell phones and T-shirts to sell out of a shopping cart;", "Bubbles (The Wire) boy to return to school. After a brief fall-out Sherrod returns to Bubbles. In Sherrod's absence, however, Bubbles has become the daily victim of another street addict who constantly robs him and beats him up. To stop this daily assault, Bubbles concocts a \"hot shot\" of heroin and sodium cyanide that he supposes the vagrant will steal from him and then consume. However, Sherrod uses the tainted drugs while Bubbles sleeps and Bubbles awakes to find that Sherrod has died. Consumed by guilt and grief, Bubbles goes to the police and confesses his actions, before unsuccessfully attempting suicide in the", "Bubbles (The Wire) a package of heroin and said he looked like he needed a fix. Royo calls this his \"street Oscar.\" Bubbles (The Wire) Reginald \"Bubbles\" Cousins is a fictional character on the HBO drama \"The Wire\", played by actor Andre Royo. Bubbles is a recovering heroin addict. His real name is not revealed until a fourth-season episode when he is called \"Mr. Cousins\" and in the fifth-season premiere when he is called \"Reginald\". Bubbles has a son named KeyShawn, who lives with his mother. Bubbles is a crucial police CI throughout the series due to his extraordinarily detailed knowledge of the", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) many state that Jackson had him purchased when Bubbles was eight months old. The acquisition was said to have been supervised by Bob Dunn, then one of Hollywood's most famous suppliers and trainers of animals for films, photoshoots and advertisements. Bubbles was kept at the Jackson family's Encino home until 1988 when he was moved to Jackson's newly acquired Neverland Ranch. Bubbles slept in a crib in Jackson's bedroom, ate candy in the Neverland movie theater, was fed at the dining table, wore a diaper, and used Jackson's personal toilet. At Jackson's 2005 \"People v. Jackson\" trial, jurors learned from", "Bubbles (The Wire) the scam, a nervous Johnny is unsuccessful. He is stopped and severely beaten by the Barksdale drug dealers, after which he ends up in hospital. Bubbles offers to inform on the Barksdale gang for Detective Kima Greggs, to get some measure of revenge for Johnny's beating. Bubbles' knowledge of the street proves invaluable to Lieutenant Cedric Daniels' unit as they investigate the Barksdale organization. He helps identify the crew members who run the Barksdale pit and those who work in the high-rise towers. When Omar Little robs the Barksdale stash, Bubbles is present, and gives the license plate number of", "Barney Bubbles and other musicians from Inner City Unit. The LP was released under the name of The Imperial Pompadours. Bubbles painted privately, increasingly in the early 1980s. Barney Bubbles committed suicide in London on 14 November 1983 by gassing himself, trapping the fumes in a plastic bag he placed over his head. He had considerable personal and financial worries, and had fallen out of fashion in the early 1980s. His designs for record sleeves were being rejected by musicians and record companies, and he was being investigated by the Inland Revenue for unpaid taxes dating back several years. He was also", "Bubbles (The Wire) Homicide Interrogation room. Jay Landsman sees that the death was unintentional, takes pity on Bubbles, and has him sent to a state psychiatric facility rather than charge him with murder. When the fifth season begins Bubbles has been clean for more than a year. He is living in his sister's basement and selling \"The Baltimore Sun\" to make money. His Narcotics Anonymous sponsor is Walon. Walon encourages Bubbles to open up about Sherrod's death in meetings but Bubbles is not ready to take that step. Walon suggests that Bubbles should find an outlet elsewhere and Bubbles begins volunteering at a", "The Painted Desert The Painted Desert The Painted Desert is a 1931 American pre-Code film released by Pathé Exchange. Produced by E. B. Derr, it was directed by Howard Higgin, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Tom Buckingham. It starred low-budget Western stars William Boyd (in his pre-Hopalong Cassidy days) and Helen Twelvetrees, and featured a young Clark Gable in his talking film debut. The picture was shot mostly on location in Arizona. Two cowboy friends, Jeff (J. Farrell MacDonald) and Cash (William Farnum), are traveling through the desert in the southwest U.S., when they come upon a baby who has been abandoned", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) diary\" was released in October 2009. Blake stated: Bubbles (chimpanzee) Bubbles (born April 30, 1983) is a common chimpanzee once kept as a pet by American recording artist Michael Jackson, who bought him from a Texas research facility in the early 1980s. Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, leading to media mockery and a public perception of Jackson as eccentric. During the \"Bad\" world tour, for example, Jackson brought Bubbles to Japan, where they drank tea with the mayor of Osaka. Bubbles was initially kept at the Jackson family home in Encino, Los Angeles, but was moved to Neverland Ranch in", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) Bubbles (chimpanzee) Bubbles (born April 30, 1983) is a common chimpanzee once kept as a pet by American recording artist Michael Jackson, who bought him from a Texas research facility in the early 1980s. Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, leading to media mockery and a public perception of Jackson as eccentric. During the \"Bad\" world tour, for example, Jackson brought Bubbles to Japan, where they drank tea with the mayor of Osaka. Bubbles was initially kept at the Jackson family home in Encino, Los Angeles, but was moved to Neverland Ranch in 1988. There, he slept in a crib in", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) might attack Jackson's newborn son, Prince Michael II. Jackson bought two more baby chimpanzees, Max and Action Jackson; the public believed these chimpanzees were also Bubbles. Bubbles' removal was a source of regret for Jackson, who stated that chimpanzees could live for up to 60 years. During the interview, Bashir was also told of how Jackson had planned to hold a \"celebrity animal party\" for Bubbles. Cheeta, the chimpanzee from \"Tarzan\", Benji and Lassie were to be invited. Bubbles was relocated to Bob Dunn's ranch in Sylmar, California. \"Bubbles is an adult chimp and a wild animal,\" Dunn stated at", "The Painted Angel audience about the picture. In September 1928, Warner Bros. Pictures purchased a majority interest in First National Pictures and from that point on, all \"First National\" productions were actually made under Warner Bros. control, even though the two companies continued to retain separate identities until the mid-1930s, after which time \"A Warner Bros.-First National Picture\" was often used. The film reel was 1972 m (7 reels) in length. The Painted Angel The Painted Angel (also known as The Broadway Hostess) is a 1929 black and white American film. The storyline is based on a story by Fannie Hurst, \"Give This", "Bubbles (The Wire) McNulty recruits Bubbles to find Omar Little, whom Bunk needs as a witness in the William Gant murder. Bubbles grudgingly agrees, and in a nervous encounter with a shotgun-wielding Omar, delivers McNulty's message. At the end of season two, he is arrested by Michael Santangelo while trying to steal needles and morphine from an ambulance; in exchange for his release, he tips off Greggs and McNulty to the new alliance between Proposition Joe and Stringer Bell. Bubbles is back to assisting the Major Crimes Unit once again. Bubbles is a former associate of Squeak, the girlfriend of Bernard, the runner", "Bubbles Hargrave a valve company. He died at age 76 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1962 and the Indiana Baseball Hall of Fame in 2005. Bubbles Hargrave Eugene Franklin \"Bubbles\" Hargrave (July 15, 1892 – February 23, 1969) was an American catcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, and New York Yankees. He won the National League batting title in 1926 while playing for Cincinnati. He was nicknamed \"Bubbles\" because he stuttered when saying \"B\" sounds. Bubbles' younger brother, Pinky Hargrave, was also a major league catcher.", "Bubbles Hargrave Bubbles Hargrave Eugene Franklin \"Bubbles\" Hargrave (July 15, 1892 – February 23, 1969) was an American catcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, and New York Yankees. He won the National League batting title in 1926 while playing for Cincinnati. He was nicknamed \"Bubbles\" because he stuttered when saying \"B\" sounds. Bubbles' younger brother, Pinky Hargrave, was also a major league catcher. Hargrave was born in New Haven, Indiana. He started his professional baseball career in 1911 in the Central League and made his major league debut in 1913 with the Chicago Cubs. He", "Bubbles & Cheesecake Music videos Bubbles & Cheesecake Bubbles & Cheesecake is a U.S. Internet-based, multimedia collaboration between multi-disciplinary artist Allee Willis and singer-songwriter Holly Palmer. The name Bubbles & Cheesecake refers to Willis' and Palmer's respective alter-egos. They jointly publish music, videos, art work, animation merchandise, online characters, stories and games online. Bubbles & Cheesecake grew out of the songwriting partnership of Willis and Palmer, who were originally introduced in 2001 by music publisher Marla McNally. At first they came together to compose songs for Palmer's third solo album, I Confess. Their collaboration was interrupted when Willis left to co-write the music", "Bubbles & Cheesecake Bubbles & Cheesecake Bubbles & Cheesecake is a U.S. Internet-based, multimedia collaboration between multi-disciplinary artist Allee Willis and singer-songwriter Holly Palmer. The name Bubbles & Cheesecake refers to Willis' and Palmer's respective alter-egos. They jointly publish music, videos, art work, animation merchandise, online characters, stories and games online. Bubbles & Cheesecake grew out of the songwriting partnership of Willis and Palmer, who were originally introduced in 2001 by music publisher Marla McNally. At first they came together to compose songs for Palmer's third solo album, I Confess. Their collaboration was interrupted when Willis left to co-write the music and lyrics", "The Painted Stallion The Painted Stallion The Painted Stallion is a 1937 Republic movie serial. It was the sixth Republic serial of the sixty-six made by that company. Western serials such as this made up a third of the serials from Republic, a studio that was also heavily involved in making B-Western feature films at the time. This serial saw the directorial debut of William Witney, who would become one of the star directors at Republic. It was not until \"Zorro Rides Again\", later in 1937, that he first worked with his famous directorial partner, John English. Witney had been working as an", "Bubbles (The Wire) upon discovering Major Howard \"Bunny\" Colvin's \"Hamsterdam\" zones he expands his inventory to suit the needs of the dealers and addicts there. While in Hamsterdam, Bubbles also comes back into contact with Johnny and, upon recognizing that his friend's health was failing due to drug abuse, encourages him to leave – his fears are realized at the end of the season, when Johnny dies from an overdose. Bubbles shares an abandoned garage with a teenager, peddling small goods from a shopping cart to support themselves. Sherrod has trouble with the arithmetic involved. Bubbles fails in his attempts to encourage the", "Bubbles & Cheesecake York Times\" reported that \"Bubbles the artist is Ms. Willis herself.\" Although most people who collected Bubbles were in on the joke, Willis continued to deny her dual identity. Palmer had recently been given the nickname \"MC Cheesecake\" by her husband while she was rhyming about food in the car one day. Palmer came up with the idea that Cheesecake should become Bubbles' protégé, paralleling her relationship as Willis'. In 2006, the two resumed composing together at the multi-media studio at Willis' Los Angeles-area home, an art deco house known as \"Willis Wonderland.\" They originally intended to write songs for", "Barney Bubbles displaying increasingly erratic behaviour, alarming close friends by lacerating his face with razorblades and making threats to kill. He committed suicide on his late parents' wedding anniversary. Barney Bubbles is recognized as a \"founding father\" of album cover art, who created \"hundreds of record sleeves that have sold in their millions across the world\". The first exhibition dedicated to Bubbles' work was held at London gallery Artomatic in 2001, and was curated by the art-design team Rebecca And Mike. A biography, \"Reasons to be Cheerful: The Life & Work Of Barney Bubbles\" by Paul Gorman, was published in 2008. The", "Bubbles (band) Bubbles (band) Bubbles was a Swedish pop girl group, also known as Bless. The group's original lineup consisted of lead singer Mari Caroline Ljungström (born 26 June 1987), twin sisters Patricia and Sandra Joxelius (born 7 April 1987), Jenny (Yenny) Andersén (born 10 October 1988), and Hannah Steffenburg (born 14 April 1988). The five girls of Bubbles met while attending dance classes a few years back. After a while their dance teacher, who is also a well known TV show host, was discussing young talents with a few friends and music producers. The producers were looking for a young band", "The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696) self-reliant. These were vigorous, independent and mobile people, unlike the agriculture-bound serfs of Central Russia. They made demands upon the church much like the demands made upon Catholicism in Western Europe during the Reformation. They produced heresies like bubbles on a boiling pot. Briusova takes the sectarian ferment as a sign of intellectual vigor, not of the \"breakdown\" of society. So also were the Koren Picture-Bible and the Koren School lubki. If Sakovich's interpretation is correct, The Koren Picture-Bible also represents an Erasmian road of tolerance, a road not taken, East or West. The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696) The Koren Picture-Bible", "Splash and Bubbles Splash and Bubbles Splash and Bubbles is an American computer-animated children's television series created by John Tartaglia. The series debuted on PBS Kids on November 23, 2016, after \"Wild Kratts: Creatures of the Deep Sea\". It is produced using motion capture that blends with animatronic interfaces which enables the crew to make animation. \"Splash and Bubbles\" follows a yellowback fusilier (though at times he and the narrator claim that he is a yellowtail fusilier), Splash, who settles in Reeftown after looking all over the ocean. He then befriends Bubbles, a mandarin dragonet, and the duo, along with friends Dunk and", "Bubbles (band) single together with ”I'll Be There” reaching #7 Sales Chart, even without a video. The single also reached gold status. By then Bubbles were very popular in the Netherlands where their debut CD album \"Rock The World\" also made it to gold status. They are mostly popular in Sweden although one of their songs was included in the motion picture \"Ice Age\". Their first major hit was \"Happy Girl\" which got to #6 on Swedish charts. Although it was also released in Australia as a single and on a compilation, it failed to chart. Their second single, \"Rock the World\",", "Scrubbing Bubbles Scrubbing Bubbles Scrubbing Bubbles is the brand name of a bathroom cleaner produced by S. C. Johnson & Son. The product was originally named Dow Bathroom Cleaner after the Dow Chemical Company, its manufacturer at the time. After some consumer product lines were sold to S.C. Johnson in 1997, the product had to be rebranded and took the name of the product's longtime \"Scrubbing Bubbles\" mascots (smiling anthropomorphic soap bubbles with brush bristles on their undersides creating lots of suds). Despite the image of the Scrubbing Bubbles mascots, the product does not actually feature bubbles with bristles, which could potentially", "The Painted Bird had actually been ghost-written by his \"assistant editors,\" pointing to striking stylistic differences among Kosiński's novels. The New York poet, publisher and translator George Reavey claimed to have written \"The Painted Bird.\" However, in the opinion of Kosiński's American biographer James Sloan, Reavey was simply embittered by his own lack of literary success. Regardless, Reavey's assertions were ignored by the press. The \"Village Voice\" article presented a different picture of Kosiński's life during the Holocaust – a view which was later supported by Joanna Siedlecka, a Polish biographer, and Sloan. The article revealed that \"The Painted Bird,\" assumed by reviewers", "Scrubbing Bubbles of the school's Media Lab building to celebrate the lab's tenth anniversary. Scrubbing Bubbles Scrubbing Bubbles is the brand name of a bathroom cleaner produced by S. C. Johnson & Son. The product was originally named Dow Bathroom Cleaner after the Dow Chemical Company, its manufacturer at the time. After some consumer product lines were sold to S.C. Johnson in 1997, the product had to be rebranded and took the name of the product's longtime \"Scrubbing Bubbles\" mascots (smiling anthropomorphic soap bubbles with brush bristles on their undersides creating lots of suds). Despite the image of the Scrubbing Bubbles mascots,", "Soul Bubbles Soul Bubbles Soul Bubbles is a puzzle video game for the Nintendo DS handheld console. It was developed by the French studio Mekensleep, and was published by Eidos Interactive in the PAL regions and North America in 2008. It was released in Japan in 2009 by Interchannel under the title . The core gameplay involves transporting \"spirits\" within protective bubbles through varying environments. Bubbles are moved by being blown by the main \"spirit herder\" character based on stylus strokes on the DS touch screen. Bubbles may be created, joined, split, deflate and burst using animal \"masks\", worn by the spirit", "Bubbles & Cheesecake artwork by Bubbles the artist, Willis' alter ego. The idea of creative collaboration with an alter ego began when Willis started painting and making ceramics as Bubbles the artist in 1999. At the time, Willis told people that she had stumbled across Bubbles online and that she had decided to manage her career. The initial spin was that Bubbles was a \"bad\" artist and Willis' most significant discovery since the musical Del Rubio Triplets, but in reality, Bubbles ultimately sold close to 1,000 paintings and ceramic pieces to collectors including Lily Tomlin and Tracey Ullman. In May, 1999, \"The New", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) entered City Hall.\" Though allowed to travel to Japan, Bubbles was unable to enter Britain and Sweden due to strict quarantine laws. Jackson also brought Bubbles for tea at Elizabeth Taylor's house. Taylor did not mind the fact that Jackson had brought a chimpanzee. At a party to celebrate and promote \"Bad\", Bubbles reportedly \"worked the room\" and was \"the life of the party\". Around this time, Bubbles and Jackson were photographed by Kenny Rogers for his book, \"Your Friends and Mine\". The photo shows Bubbles held on Jackson's hip, and has been cited as one of the best taken", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) for by public donations. Animal trainer Dunn, speaking to the \"News of the World\", said: \"Bubbles definitely missed [Jackson] when they parted and will miss him now. Chimpanzees are intelligent. They remember people and stuff. Bubbles and Michael were close friends and playmates. The last time Michael visited, Bubbles definitely recognized and remembered him.\" He said that Jackson thought of Bubbles as his first child, and added that he hoped Jackson's children would keep in touch with their \"stepbrother\" following their father's death. In 2010, Jackson's sister La Toya visited Bubbles at the Center for Great Apes in Florida. Jackson", "Water & Bubbles Water & Bubbles Water & Bubbles (Acqua in bocca) is an Italian animated television series. It was designed by Elena Mora and Guido Manuli and directed by the same Manuli. The third season of the series was the first animated TV series in stereoscopic 3D ever produced in Italy. Pippo is a sweet, naive fish who has always lived with the Caragutis and their two adolescent children, Sara and Chris. Then one day he is joined in the tank by Palla, a fish who has seen the world, but never anything like these bizarre teenage beings. Together with pippo (and", "Michael Jackson and Bubbles Michael Jackson and Bubbles Michael Jackson and Bubbles is a porcelain sculpture (42 x 70.5 x 32.5 in) by the American artist Jeff Koons. It was created in 1988 within the framework of his \"Banality\" series. The life-size porcelain sculpture depicts the American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson leaning back on a flower bed. On his lap reclines his domesticated chimpanzee Bubbles who clasps a white cloth. Jackson and his pet form an optical unit. They wear similar clothing, are colored homogeneously and parts of their bodies are paralleled with each other, such as Jackson's right hand and Bubbles' paw. The sculpture", "John W. Bubbles Bubbles spoke at the Variety Arts Theatre in Los Angeles as a participant in a seminar on vaudeville. Someone asked him who the best tap dancer was. Bubbles answered, \"You're looking at him.\" Then he added, \"Honestly, if I had to name the best dancer, it would be Fred Astaire. He could tap. He had a good teacher. But he could ballroom, dance with a partner. All in all, he's the best.\" That same night, Bubbles mentioned that Astaire had brought him into the rehearsal hall to work on \"Bojangles of Harlem\" and John's chops are right there in the", "Blossom, Bubbles and Buttercup also loves animals. She exhibits the ability to both understand multiple languages and communicate with various animals (squirrels, cats, monsters), and her unique power is emitting supersonic waves with her voice. In \"Powerpuff Girls Z\" the anime version of Bubbles is named as / Rolling Bubbles (ローリング・バブルス \"Rōringu Baburusu\") in the original Japanese version while she is still named Bubbles in the English dubbed version. She is depicted as the second member of the Powerpuff Girls Z team who uses a bubble wand as her signature weapon. Compared to her original counterpart, who is known for being the most childish", "Bubbles (The Wire) Johnny Weeks and Sherrod, the teenager he \"adopts\". His struggle to deal with his addiction and make a better life for himself is a major sub-plot over the course of the series. Bubbles is first seen as a homeless addict and best friend and mentor to Johnny Weeks. The two run a scam creating counterfeit money using a photocopier and coffee staining. Bubbles successfully uses the money to purchase drugs from a crew of dealers working for the Barksdale organization. However, when the money is passed on to D'Angelo Barksdale, it is recognized as fake. The next time they try", "Bubbles (The Wire) local Catholic Worker soup kitchen called Viva House. Eventually Bubbles comes to terms with his role in Sherrod's death and has his life story published in an article in the \"Baltimore Sun\". In his final scene of the series, he is seen being brought back into his sister's life when she allows him upstairs from the basement to have dinner with her and her child. A key allegiance in previous seasons, his and Greggs, is no longer presented in any way after Bubbles rehabilitates, especially after Greggs is unable to ultimately help him. The terms of their friendship and whether", "Barney Bubbles the exhibition White Noise at the 23rd International Poster & Graphic Design Festival in Chaumont, France. Under the heading \"Génération Bubbles!\", the cover and a 10-page feature in the July 2012 issue of French design magazine \"Étapes\" were dedicated to the exhibition and Bubbles' influence over contemporary design practice. The work of Barney Bubbles has been featured in general and group exhibitions, including \"Destroy: Punk Graphic Design in Britain\", held at London's Southbank Centre in 1998 and \"Communicate: British Independent Graphic Design since the Sixties\", staged at the Barbican Centre in 2004. The Victoria and Albert Museum included Bubbles' works", "Bubbles (song) receiving placement on BBC Radio 1's A Playlist, \"Bubbles\" began to receive increasing amounts of digital downloads throughout April 2010. The single entered the UK Singles Chart at #93 on 25 April 2010. The following week the single climbed 33 places to #60. On 9 May 2010, \"Bubbles\" climbed into the Top 40 at #40, making it the fifth consecutive single from \"Only Revolutions\" to enter the UK Top 40. The following week, the single climbed 6 places to its chart peak of #34, before falling back 6 places to #40 on 23 May 2010. Bubbles (song) \"Bubbles\" is the", "Barney Bubbles art into a \"sleek, forward-looking\" graphic format. His restyling included a fresh logo with \"clean, stencilled, military-style lettering\", which heralded the title's change from \"New Musical Express\" to \"NME\". In 1979 Derek Boshier curated an exhibition entitled Lives at the Hayward Gallery, London, and he commissioned Bubbles to design the catalogue and poster. Together with the photographer Chris Gabrin, Bubbles also exhibited a video and mixed-media installation in the exhibition. In the early 1980s Bubbles created furniture designs, some of which were featured in \"The Face\", November 1981. In 1982 Bubbles conceived the album \"Ersatz\", working primarily with Nik Turner", "Bubbles (band) Lenny Kravitz och Henri Salvador. February 2002 Bubbles recorded the hit single \"Somewhere\" to the 20th Century Fox animated world success film Ice Age. In their home country Sweden Bubbles managed to be #1 for several weeks at the most popular Top10 TV show \"Voxpop in competition with many worldwide artists. 2nd Album, \"Inbetween\" During spring 2002 Bubbles recorded the album \"Inbetween\". (Between childhood and adulthood.) Between was very successful and made Bubbles worldwide stars. The video for \"Round n Round\" was filmed in Amsterdam/The Netherlands at the end of summer 2002. Their second album Inbetween was very much delayed", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) Koons. Two of the sculptures are housed at The Broad Contemporary Art Museum in downtown Los Angeles and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. \"The Daily Telegraph\" reported in August 2009 that Bubbles was to publish a \"tell-all memoir\" about his time with Michael Jackson. The book, \"Bubbles: My Secret Diary, From Swaziland to Neverland,\" is a spoof diary by journalist John Blake, and book fictionally documents the \"darker aspects\" of Bubbles' life, including a \"$2,000-a-day banana addiction, depression, romantic conquests, and [his] 'vicious rivalry' with \"Tarzan\" star Cheeta\". The \"collection of very personal and honest entries from [Bubbles']", "Mr. Bubbles celebrated its 75th year of operation in 2008 with the release of several new products, such as a classic Mr. Bubbles Figure Bank, which converts to a bank when the solution is gone. Mr. Bubbles Mr. Bubbles is one of several brand names that have been used by an entity variously known as Chemtoy, Tootsietoy, and StromBecKer for its bubble-blowing solution. The company is currently owned by J. Lloyd International and markets under TootsieToy. J. Lloyd International also owns the rights to the name StromBecKer. It still contains a traditional \"magic wand.\" The formula of Mr. Bubbles is proprietary and", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) the time. \"We don't let him out to play.\" According to CNN, Jackson and his children visited Bubbles, and also played with the other animals at the ranch. \"[Jackson] still acts like a kid around them\", Dunn said. \"The Washington Times\", however, claimed Jackson did not visit Bubbles, despite Jackson's representative having stated that he would like to meet him again. Shortly afterward, in December 2003, it was claimed that Bubbles had attempted suicide. He was supposedly taken to a hospital in time to be saved. Since the closure of Dunn's facility in 2004, Bubbles has been kept at the", "Barney Bubbles book was welcomed as a long-overdue recognition of Bubbles' achievements and selected by British music magazine \"Mojo\" as its \"Book of the Year\". A revised second edition of \"Reasons to Be Cheerful\" was published in October 2010 to coincide with Gorman's curation of the exhibition \"Process: The Working Practices of Barney Bubbles\" at London gallery Chelsea Space. In January 2012, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a documentary, \"In Search Of Barney Bubbles\", written and produced by Mark Hodkinson. In summer 2012 Gorman curated \"The Past The Present & The Possible\", which presented 250 examples of Bubbles' finished artworks as part of", "Barney Bubbles Following the closure of Teenburger in 1970 as a result of the disappearance of Molton and Warwick, Bubbles worked as the designer of the underground newspaper \"Friends\" (later renamed \"Frendz\"). While he was working at Friends, Bubbles formed an association with Hawkwind and became responsible for a run of their album sleeves, including \"In Search of Space\", \"Doremi Fasol Latido\" and \"Space Ritual\". Bubbles engaged in many aspects of the group's visual identity, titling releases and designing posters, adverts, stage decoration and performance plans, some of which were adorned with mystical and mock-Teutonic insignia. In 1972 Bubbles produced the triple", "Charlie Bubbles of 1960. Shelagh Delaney had also achieved fame as the writer of another film in this genre, Tony Richardson's 1961 \"A Taste of Honey\". Further to this, Delaney wrote Lindsay Anderson's 1967 film \"The White Bus\" - like \"Charlie Bubbles\", set in part in Manchester and Salford - which has a distinctly surreal feel to it at times. \"Charlie Bubbles\" is referred to in the Kinks' song \"Where Are They Now?\", on the album \"Preservation Act 1\". The film was released on DVD in September 2008, and on Blu-Ray in November 2018. Charlie Bubbles Charlie Bubbles is a 1968 British", "Mr. Bubbles Mr. Bubbles Mr. Bubbles is one of several brand names that have been used by an entity variously known as Chemtoy, Tootsietoy, and StromBecKer for its bubble-blowing solution. The company is currently owned by J. Lloyd International and markets under TootsieToy. J. Lloyd International also owns the rights to the name StromBecKer. It still contains a traditional \"magic wand.\" The formula of Mr. Bubbles is proprietary and is among those preferred by bubble trick performers such as Sterling Johnson to make up part or all of the mixtures they use. It is also used by Cirque du Soleil. Mr. Bubbles", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) story, Jackson said: \"What kind of sicko would mess with a monkey? This is the final straw. Poor, poor Bubbles.\" Jackson found the story hilarious; his staff reported that they had never seen him laugh so much. The late 1980s were a busy period for Bubbles. Jackson took him on outings and would often talk to him. According to reports, he showed him how to moonwalk. Bubbles had an agent and was rumoured to have his own bodyguard. He sat in for the recording of the \"Bad\" album— Jackson insisted that Bubbles and Jackson's pet snake attend as spectators—and accompanied", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) Steve Huey, a public perception of Jackson as a \"bizarre eccentric, obsessed with recapturing his childhood.\" According to Robert Thompson, professor of popular culture at Syracuse University, \"This is when the weirdness began to reach mythic proportions.\" Jackson and Bubbles' bond, as well as Jackson's other alleged eccentricities, contributed to the media epithet \"Wacko Jacko,\" a nickname Jackson came to despise. The media often focused on Bubbles, rather than Jackson's music, and published false stories, such as the allegation that Bubbles was not a single ape, but one of several. A later claim suggested that Bubbles had died; Jackson's press", "Charlie Bubbles Bubbles heads to Manchester, a journey that is depicted as taking almost an age to complete. The scenes at the petrol station before they set off, and at the motorway service station with Yootha Joyce portrayed as an ostentatious millionairess and Alan Lake the RAF squaddie who cadges a lift and eventually drives the Rolls, tell a story of two tales. When they arrive in Manchester the reference to the colliery and the gas works further put forward the message that Bubbles has come a long way since he was a boy, but that even now after his success he", "Bubbles (band) Song Contest. Participating last year was a complete success, so when Bubbles was offered the cool song \"Blow The Spot\" they couldn't turn it down. \"Blow The Spot\" was written and produced by internationally successful RedFlyMusic/TwinProduction who has worked with Mary J. Blige, Kylie Minogue, Jamirouquai, S Club Junior, Sophie Ellis Bextor, and more. Bubbles made huge headlines and billboards making the most out of their performance doing the slick but groovy production of discofunky Blow The Spot. The song reached semifinal, but in the sales chart it showed great result reaching a stunning #2. Their latest release as of", "Water & Bubbles us), he observes the Caraguti's puzzling, entertaining and, in the end, wuite realistic behaviour, making for three minutes of gags, wisecracks and kids going through the struggle of growing up, plus and a close underwater friendship. Water & Bubbles Water & Bubbles (Acqua in bocca) is an Italian animated television series. It was designed by Elena Mora and Guido Manuli and directed by the same Manuli. The third season of the series was the first animated TV series in stereoscopic 3D ever produced in Italy. Pippo is a sweet, naive fish who has always lived with the Caragutis and their", "Painted Desert (1938 film) a valuable mineral deposit, so he and Carol, the granddaughter of the discoverer of the mine, who has been forced to sell it to a crook, start operations on it. Fawcett, the crook, schemes to get the mine back, but is outwitted at every turn and loses his life in the dynamiting which he inspired. Painted Desert (1938 film) Painted Desert is a 1938 Western film directed by David Howard and starring George O'Brien and Laraine Day (billed as \"Laraine Johnson\"). The picture is a remake of \"The Painted Desert\", which stars William Boyd and features an early appearance by", "Painted enigma same word,or a simple epigrammatic motto such as constituted the 'soul' of the emblem.\" First developed at the Jesuit college Pont a Mousson in 1588, it developed into an erudite courtly entertainment by the seventeenth century. The earliest verifiable painted enigmas from this era were painted by Charles Le Brun. Painted enigma Originally used by Jesuits as a learning aid for students, painted enigmas are visual riddles - generally speaking, a picture with an easily understood superficial subject that contains a hidden meaning, usually one word. This differed from similar visual riddles such as the emblem or hieroglyph (Horapollo's \"\"Hieroglyphica\"\"", "John W. Bubbles John W. Bubbles John William Sublett (February 19, 1902 – May 18, 1986), known by his stage name John W. Bubbles, was a vaudeville performer. He performed in the duo \"Buck and Bubbles.\" He is also known as the father of \"rhythm tap.\" Subblett was born in Louisville, Kentucky on February 19, 1902, but soon moved with his family to Indianapolis. There, he formed a partnership with Ford L. \"Buck\" Washington in 1919. Their duo was known as \"Buck and Bubbles.\" Buck played stride piano and sang, and Bubbles tapped along. They were so popular that the duo moved to", "Bubbles (The Wire) they came in contact after the events of season 4 is not revealed. Bubbles was based on a real police informant known as \"Possum\", whose true identity has not been made public at the request of his family. Possum was noted as having an incredible memory for faces, and was often very helpful in pointing out drug dealers to police. David Simon met with him twice, shortly before Possum's death from AIDS, intending to write an article about him. He ended up turning it into an obituary. While filming, Royo was once approached by a Baltimore resident, who handed him", "Bubbles (band) the group to try a solocarreer. She started her own band, the Obs. More than one years later, there is still little progress in it. The reason for all this delay is the fact that the girls are now very busy with working, studying and their social life. In early 2009, the band announced a yet-to-be released single, but a few days later the article is removed from the website. At the beginning of 2010 the manager announced that Bubbles are not coming back. Bubbles (band) Bubbles was a Swedish pop girl group, also known as Bless. The group's original", "Tiny Bubbles Tiny Bubbles \"Tiny Bubbles\" is a song written by Leon Pober and performed by Don Ho. The song comes from the album of the same name. The single peaked #57 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #14 on the Easy Listening charts. By 1968, the song was covered about 34 times. The song was considered to be Ho's signature song. The song itself was requested by producer Sonny Burke after Ho couldn't successfully perform the song \"Born Free\". \"Tiny Bubbles\" song was originally written for Lawrence Welk since he tended to perform \"champagne music\", but Welk turned it down, though", "Tiny Bubbles Tiny Bubbles \"Tiny Bubbles\" is a song written by Leon Pober and performed by Don Ho. The song comes from the album of the same name. The single peaked #57 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #14 on the Easy Listening charts. By 1968, the song was covered about 34 times. The song was considered to be Ho's signature song. The song itself was requested by producer Sonny Burke after Ho couldn't successfully perform the song \"Born Free\". \"Tiny Bubbles\" song was originally written for Lawrence Welk since he tended to perform \"champagne music\", but Welk turned it down, though", "Bubbles (band) big hits the year of 2000. Summer 2001 Bubbles performed with eight of their own hit songs at the summer gala tour - ABSOLUTE KIDZ TOUR together with Sweden's most popular artists. Despite them being youngest, Bubbles got the best reviews of all performing artists on stage from the critics in the papers. In January 2001 Bubbles appeared on the biggest national TV charity gala competing in a pop festival against a number of Sweden's most respected artists - and winning with the new Swedish song \"Regnbågens Barn\" (Children of the Rainbow). The winning track was released on a double-A-side", "Bubbles (band) began on 18 May and ended on 30 September, making more than 120,000 fans and families happy in 35 concerts all over the country. On 28 August the long-awaited third album \"Bless\" was released. Bless was a lot more mature compared to the other albums and songs released by Bubbles, along with Bubbles' maturing voices. The album was followed by the single release of \"Hit The Floor\" which reached #4 in the sales Charts in December. During spring 2004 Bubbles chose to compete a second consecutive year in the most popular TV show of all - Swedish finals for Eurovision", "Bubbles (band) managed to get up to #2 in the Swedish charts. They also went on tour between 2000 and 2004 with some big turnouts. During the fall the record company in Germany wanted Bubbles to start gaining fans in their country too. During Christmas 2001 they recorded a duet version of their hit single \"X-mas Time\" changing title to \"It's Christmas Time\"; The duet partner was the American born star Kathy Kelly (from the Kelly Family) Bubbles+Kathy performed at the biggest German TV shows and galas. In France Bubbles alone performed at the biggest TVshows alongside artists such as Janet Jackson,", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) Jackson for the filming of the \"Bad\" music video. In the short film for \"Liberian Girl\", Bubbles made a cameo appearance. When the Bad world tour began in September, 1987, he and Jackson shared a two-bedroom hotel suite in Tokyo. During the tour, Bubbles and Jackson made a social visit to the Mayor of Osaka, Yasushi Oshima; there, Bubbles drank Japanese green tea while seated quietly next to Jackson. Oshima said that he and his fellow officials were \"surprised to see the chimpanzee, but we understand he is [Michael's] good friend ... This is the first time an animal ever", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) agent Lee Solters quipped to the media that \"when Bubbles heard about his demise he went bananas ... Like Mark Twain, his death is grossly exaggerated and he's alive and doing well.\" The media also reported that Bubbles would be the ringbearer at Elizabeth Taylor's October 6, 1991, Neverland Ranch wedding; the report was untrue, but was, according to \"The New York Times\", \"an idea that some newspapers found too delightful not to report.\" Another story, reported in \"The National Enquirer\", claimed that the musician Prince, Jackson's longtime rival, had used extrasensory perception to turn Bubbles crazy. According to the", "Bubbles (film) Bubbles (film) Bubbles is a 1930 American Vitaphone Varieties short film released by Warner Brothers released in Technicolor. A Vitaphone short film, directed by Roy Mack, which starts with Marjorie Kane singing the introductory song \"My Pretty Bubble\". \"Bubbles\" features a land of make-believe where The Vitaphone Kiddies dance and sing. The Gumm Sisters appear alongside The Vitaphone Kiddies and perform \"In the Land of Let’s Pretend\". This short film now exists in black and white by television syndication, and was included as an extra on the deluxe DVD edition of \"Meet Me in St. Louis\" (1944) released in 2004.", "Bubbles (film) Bubbles (film) Bubbles is a 1930 American Vitaphone Varieties short film released by Warner Brothers released in Technicolor. A Vitaphone short film, directed by Roy Mack, which starts with Marjorie Kane singing the introductory song \"My Pretty Bubble\". \"Bubbles\" features a land of make-believe where The Vitaphone Kiddies dance and sing. The Gumm Sisters appear alongside The Vitaphone Kiddies and perform \"In the Land of Let’s Pretend\". This short film now exists in black and white by television syndication, and was included as an extra on the deluxe DVD edition of \"Meet Me in St. Louis\" (1944) released in 2004.", "Barney Bubbles Arts Lab, the Electric Cinema and Middle Earth. With Wills, Bubbles undertook freelance design commissions, including a redesign of \"Motor Racing\" magazine and a recipe book for the English Egg Marketing Board. With a team of contributors Bubbles and Wills art-directed \"Oz\" magazine issue 12, dubbed \"The Tax Dodge Special\" and published in May 1968. Early in 1969, Bubbles took the lease on a three-storey building at 307 Portobello Road in Notting Hill Gate, West London. He converted the ground-floor space into a graphic art studio, which he named Teenburger Designs. With a business association established with two entrepreneurs, Edward", "Barney Bubbles sell a record which might not do so well,\" Bubbles told \"Smash Hits\" magazine in 1982. \"The record companies know that. I think Chrysalis would agree that The Specials’ 'Ghost Town' video helped sales a good deal. This year I intend to make videos which are really inexpensive but really inventive. It can be done, you know.\" In 1979, riding on the reputation of his work for Stiff, Bubbles was engaged by the venerable UK music newspaper \"New Musical Express\" to spearhead a complete overhaul of its decades-old brand. Bubbles' redesign incorporated elements of Pop art and 1920's Soviet poster", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) of Jackson. In the black and white photograph, Bubbles is dressed casually in a long sleeved shirt and overalls. Jackson is also dressed casually; he wears jeans and a simple shirt. Rogers said: \"Bubbles was so human it was almost frightening. He would take Christopher [Rogers' son] by the hand, walk over to the refrigerator, open it, take out a banana and hand it to him. Christopher was amazed... we all were.\" In a 2003 documentary, \"Living with Michael Jackson\", Jackson told journalist Martin Bashir that Bubbles had become pugnacious. He was removed to an animal sanctuary over fears he", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) Jackson's bedroom, used Jackson's toilet and ate candy in the Neverland movie theater. By 2003, like many captive chimpanzees, Bubbles had matured into a large and aggressive adult chimp unsuitable as a companion animal, and was sent to a California animal trainer. When the trainer closed his operation in 2004, Bubbles was moved to the Center for Great Apes, a sanctuary in Wauchula, Florida, where he has lived since 2005. Bubbles was born in early 1983 in an Austin, Texas, research facility that bred primates for animal testing. There are conflicting reports as to how he came into Jackson's possession;", "Bubbles & Cheesecake what would be Palmer's fourth solo album, \"Songs For Tuesday\". Released in 2007, \"Songs For Tuesday\" features the Willis-Palmer co-write \"Girl In Lust,\" which, like \"I Confess\" from Holly's previous album, also was later recorded and performed by Bubbles & Cheesecake. Instead of continuing to work on Palmer's solo album, however, Willis and Palmer were inspired to write, perform, and record together in full collaboration under the name Bubbles & Cheesecake. Their first official single and video as Bubbles & Cheesecake is \"It's A Woman Thang\", which was introduced with the launch of their website in October 2007. EPs Songs", "Painted enigma Painted enigma Originally used by Jesuits as a learning aid for students, painted enigmas are visual riddles - generally speaking, a picture with an easily understood superficial subject that contains a hidden meaning, usually one word. This differed from similar visual riddles such as the emblem or hieroglyph (Horapollo's \"\"Hieroglyphica\"\" for instance)which were simpler in design and intended to represent moral precepts. The emblem and painted enigma were similar in that each usually contained some clue that the composition contained a hidden meaning, usually a \"written legend which might be a verbal riddle or rebus to be solved by the", "The Trouble with Bubbles The Trouble with Bubbles \"The Trouble With Bubbles\" is a 1953 science fiction short story by American writer Philip K. Dick. The story first appeared in \"If\" magazine, September 1953, and was first printed in book form in \"Second Variety\", volume two of the five-volume \"The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick\", in 1987. The story is set in a future where mankind has attempted to reach other intelligent lifeforms through space exploration, and found nothing. In light of this yearning to connect with other lifeforms, people can buy a plastic bubble known as a \"Worldcraft\", the tagline of which", "The Trouble with Bubbles about to drive through a newly built underground tunnel to Asia when an unexpected earthquake breaks it up, killing scores of people. The Trouble with Bubbles \"The Trouble With Bubbles\" is a 1953 science fiction short story by American writer Philip K. Dick. The story first appeared in \"If\" magazine, September 1953, and was first printed in book form in \"Second Variety\", volume two of the five-volume \"The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick\", in 1987. The story is set in a future where mankind has attempted to reach other intelligent lifeforms through space exploration, and found nothing. In light", "Bubbles (chimpanzee) they have arguments, too.\" According to animal keepers at the center, the 160-pound (73 kg) Bubbles—whose facial features have changed since his time with Jackson—is now \"huge and ugly\" but has a \"sweet character\". In 2009, the ape was spending most of his time sitting quietly in trees with Sam, a 40-year-old chimpanzee. On June 25, 2009, Jackson died at the age of 50, after suffering a cardiac arrest. News organizations reported that Bubbles was not brought to Jackson's memorial service. It has not been revealed whether Jackson left money to support Bubbles, whose care, to date, has been paid", "The Big Picture: Who Killed Hollywood? and Other Essays The Big Picture: Who Killed Hollywood? and Other Essays The Big Picture: Who Killed Hollywood? and Other Essays is a collection of writings by William Goldman on the film industry. Many of the pieces had previously been published in magazines such as \"Premiere\". It was published by Applause Books in 2000. Michael Sragow, reviewing \"The Big Picture: Who Killed Hollywood? and Other Essays\", writes, \"Much of his gruff humor and charm derives from emphatic statements of the obvious. In writing about movies, seeing the obvious is an undeniable gift—and pounding it home conveys how difficult it can be for common", "The Man from Painted Post filmed in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where many early film studios in America's first motion picture industry were based at the beginning of the 20th century. Location photography consisting of scenes of cattle country was taken near Laramie, Wyoming at Jelm. The Man from Painted Post The Man from Painted Post is a 1917 American Western drama film produced by and starring Douglas Fairbanks. The scenario by Fairbanks is based on a short story \"Silver Slippers\" by Jackson Gregory. Joseph Henabery is the official director, with probably a lot of input by Fairbanks himself, and future director Victor Fleming is", "Michael Jackson and Bubbles \"Michael Jackson and Bubbles\" by Jeff Koons, e.g. \"Michael Jackson and Bubbles (Gold)\" from 1997 to 1999 (today in the Christian Flick Collection) or \"Michael Jackson Fucked Up (Big Head)\" from 2002. In 2012 the Liebieghaus in Frankfurt attracted attention displaying \"Michael Jackson and Bubbles\" next to Egyptian mummies and thus established an aesthetic and ironic dialogue between the objects. Michael Jackson and Bubbles Michael Jackson and Bubbles is a porcelain sculpture (42 x 70.5 x 32.5 in) by the American artist Jeff Koons. It was created in 1988 within the framework of his \"Banality\" series. The life-size porcelain sculpture", "Michael Jackson and Bubbles has been arranged in a triangular and multi-perspective composition. Bubbles was Jackson's domestic animal who was bought by the artist from a Texas research facility in 1985. It has been claimed by the media that he was Jackson's best and faithful friend who even joined the singer on his world tours and helped in the household. Jeff Koons used a press photo of Jackson and Bubbles as a template for his sculpture. It is almost identical to the artist's work except for a slight variation of the posture. Koons changed Jackson's direction of view and thus adjusted the composition to", "Spin the Picture Spin the Picture Spin the Picture was an American game show which aired on the DuMont Television Network. The hosts telephoned home viewers to see if they could identify a famous person within a spinning photograph. The show was originally called \"Cut\" at the premiere on 4 June 1949, and was renamed \"Spin the Picture\" on 18 June. The show was hosted by Kathi Norris and Carl Caruso and was on Saturdays at 8 pm ET. The final show was broadcast 4 February 1950. Norris was also the host of the DuMont daytime television show \"TV Shopper\". Norris and Caruso", "Spin the Picture were married from 1979 to Norris's death in 2005. No copies of this show are known to exist. Spin the Picture Spin the Picture was an American game show which aired on the DuMont Television Network. The hosts telephoned home viewers to see if they could identify a famous person within a spinning photograph. The show was originally called \"Cut\" at the premiere on 4 June 1949, and was renamed \"Spin the Picture\" on 18 June. The show was hosted by Kathi Norris and Carl Caruso and was on Saturdays at 8 pm ET. The final show was broadcast 4", "The Trouble with Bubbles reads \"Own Your Own World!\". The owner of the \"Worldcraft\" is able to create a whole universe, controlling all the variables inherent to its development. Within the universe, lifeforms just like humans exist. In the story we see Nathan Hull, the protagonist, attending a contest to judge who has created the best \"Worldcraft\" universe. A contestant subsequently smashes and destroys her bubble after being announced the winner. Hull, feeling the immorality of the control owners have over the lives within the bubbles, works to have laws passed against creating any more \"Worldcrafts\". At the end of the story, Hull is", "Michael Jackson and Bubbles the requirements of a sculptural work which has to take into account many different viewing angles. At the time the sculpture was created, Jackson had already become a world-famous performer. Having achieved a sales record with his album \"Bad\", he was at the pinnacle of his career. Koons artwork can be read as a comment on the great media interest that has been directed at Jackson's life as musician and as a private person. Three of the \"Michael Jackson and Bubbles\" sculpture were made. One was sold at Sotheby's on 15 May 2001, when it was auctioned off to the", "John W. Bubbles techniques of tap to create a unique style and sound. Sublett received the 1980 Life Achievement Award from the American Guild of Variety Artists. He was inducted into the Tap Hall of Fame in 2002. Sublett was remembered by many celebrities; his catchphrase, \"Shoot the liquor to me, John Boy,\" has been quoted in songs by several artists, including The Manhattan Transfer, The Ink Spots, and Louis Armstrong. Michael Jackson admired Bubbles' dancing and studied his steps for inspiration. In the mid-1980s Jackson named his beloved pet chimpanzee \"Bubbles\" in memory of John Sublett. John W. Bubbles John William Sublett", "Bubbles (video game) game, \"Blaster\". Bubbles (video game) Bubbles is an arcade video game developed by Williams Electronics and released in 1982. The player uses a joystick to control a bubble in a kitchen sink. The object is to progress through levels by cleaning the sink while avoiding enemies. The game received a mixed reception from critics. Development was handled by John Kotlarik and Python Anghelo. Kotlarik wanted to create a non-violent game inspired by \"Pac-Man\". Anghelo designed the game's artwork and scenario as well as a special plastic cabinet that saw limited use. \"Bubbles\" was not ported to any contemporary systems, but", "Bubbles (video game) Bubbles (video game) Bubbles is an arcade video game developed by Williams Electronics and released in 1982. The player uses a joystick to control a bubble in a kitchen sink. The object is to progress through levels by cleaning the sink while avoiding enemies. The game received a mixed reception from critics. Development was handled by John Kotlarik and Python Anghelo. Kotlarik wanted to create a non-violent game inspired by \"Pac-Man\". Anghelo designed the game's artwork and scenario as well as a special plastic cabinet that saw limited use. \"Bubbles\" was not ported to any contemporary systems, but was later", "Splash and Bubbles Ripple, explore the reef to venture and make new friends. Each episode also includes a documentary segment, \"Get Your Feet Wet\", which features kids asking questions that are occasionally followed up by a musical number. Splash and Bubbles Splash and Bubbles is an American computer-animated children's television series created by John Tartaglia. The series debuted on PBS Kids on November 23, 2016, after \"Wild Kratts: Creatures of the Deep Sea\". It is produced using motion capture that blends with animatronic interfaces which enables the crew to make animation. \"Splash and Bubbles\" follows a yellowback fusilier (though at times he and", "Message picture and \"Blackboard Jungle\". Other famous message pictures by other parties include \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\" and \"In the Heat of the Night\" (the former directed by Stanley Kramer, who was also well-known for numerous message films). In Indian cinema, B.R. Chopra was known for message pictures. Examples include \"Kanoon\" (against capital punishment), \"Naya Daur\" (importance of labour), Waqt (importance of time and destiny), Nikaah (against triple talaq (divorce) among Muslims), etc. Message picture A message picture is a motion picture that, in addition to or instead of being for entertainment, intends to communicate a certain message or ideal about", "A Talking Picture A Talking Picture A Talking Picture () is a 2003 Portuguese film written and directed by Manoel de Oliveira and starring Catherine Deneuve, John Malkovich, Irene Papas, Stefania Sandrelli and Leonor Silveira. In July 2001, Rosa Maria (Leonor Silveira), a university teacher, takes her little daughter Maria Joana on a cruise from their home country of Portugal to Bombay, India, to see Rosa's husband who is an airplane pilot. Her motive is to visit the birthplaces of civilisation. At each port, a new person boards the ship. A famous businesswoman (Catherine Deneuve) boards in France, a famous model (Stefania Sandrelli)", "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles Manchester United to a 1–1 draw on the final day of the season, led by Tony Gale (an eleven-year West Ham veteran who had moved to Blackburn earlier in the season). On 16 May 1999, prior to a home game against Middlesbrough, 23,680 fans in the Boleyn Ground blew bubbles for a minute, setting a new world record. At the London Olympic Stadium, on 27 July 2012, during the Opening Ceremony, \"I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles\" was used as part of the soundtrack to the event. On 1 September 2018, to mark the centennial of the song's original debut, Alex Mendham", "Michael Jackson and Bubbles a kitschy object that is appealing for a wide public and the art market. Koons claims that he wanted to depict Jackson as a new redemptive figure who enables people to discover their own cultural mythology. \"Michael Jackson and Bubbles\" has also been read as a symbol of the human desire for self-discovery. Jackson demonstrated publicly his childlike personality and tried to reinvent himself by means of plastic surgery. Koons was fascinated by the self transformations of Jackson and the way he played with images such as himself against Bubbles. The American artist Paul McCarthy created some sculptures relating to", "The Painted Hills The Painted Hills The Painted Hills, also known as Lassie's Adventures in the Goldrush, is a 1951 action film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and directed by Harold F. Kress. Adapted by True Boardman from Alexander Hull's novel \"Shep of the Painted Hills\", the film stars Paul Kelly, Bruce Cowling, Ann Doran, and dog actor Pal (credited as \"Lassie\") in a story about a collie named Shep who seeks revenge after her master is murdered. Technical advisor Nipo T. Strongheart for Native American topics worked with the Miwok people for their role in the movie. \"The Painted Hills\" was the seventh," ]

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[ "Hanseatic League there were some experts who wrote about the resurrection of the Baltic Hansa. The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names: the German airline Lufthansa (i.e., \"Air Hansa\"); F.C. Hansa Rostock; Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands; Hanze oil production platform, Netherlands; the Hansa Brewery in Bergen and the Hanse Sail in Rostock. DDG Hansa was a major German shipping company from 1881 until its bankruptcy in 1980. Hansabank in the Baltic states has been rebranded into Swedbank). There are two museums in Europe dedicated specifically to the history of the Hanseatic League: the European Hansemuseum" ]

[ "Hanseatic League Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League (; Middle Low German: \"Hanse\", \"Düdesche Hanse\", \"Hansa\"; Standard German: \"Deutsche Hanse\"; Dutch: \"Hanze\"; Latin: \"Hansa Teutonica\") was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 1100s, the league came to dominate Baltic maritime trade for three centuries along the coasts of Northern Europe. Hansa territories stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages, and diminished slowly after 1450. \"Hanse\", later spelled as \"Hansa\", was the Old High German word", "Hanseatic League \"new Hanse\" in Zwolle. This league is open to all former Hanseatic League members and cities that share a Hanseatic Heritage. In 2012 the New Hanseatic league had 187 members. This includes twelve Russian cities, most notably Novgorod, which was a major Russian trade partner of the Hansa in the Middle Ages. The \"new Hanse\" fosters and develops business links, tourism and cultural exchange. The headquarters of the New Hansa is in Lübeck, Germany. The current President of the Hanseatic League of New Time is Bernd Saxe, Mayor of Lübeck. Each year one of the member cities of the New", "Hanseatic League in Lübeck and the Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene in Bergen. The members of the Hanseatic League were Low German merchants, whose towns were, with the exception of Dinant, where these merchants held citizenship. Not all towns with Low German merchant communities were members of the league (e.g., Emden, Memel (today Klaipėda), Viborg (today Vyborg) and Narva never joined). However, Hanseatic merchants could also come from settlements without German town law—the premise for league membership was birth to German parents, subjection to German law, and a commercial education. The league served to advance and defend the common interests of its heterogeneous", "Hanseatic People's League Hanseatic People's League The Hanseatic People's League () was a Weimar era political party in Lübeck, Germany. The party was founded in 1926. The party was formed by middle-class sectors that opposed the Social Democrats, in response to the takeover of the mayoral post of Lübeck by the Social Democrats. The Hanseatic People's League proclaimed itself as a 'gathering point for all non-Marxist, i.e. non-SPD/KPD, voters'. The party entered into an alliance with the German People's Party. In the 14 November 1926 Landtag election, the Hanseatic People's League became the largest party with 36 out of 80 seats in the", "Hanseatic League were manufactured in northern Germany. The same refinement of products out of cottage industry occurred in other fields, e.g. etching, wood carving, armour production, engraving of metals, and wood-turning. The century-long monopolization of sea navigation and trade by the Hanseatic League ensured that the Renaissance arrived in northern Germany long before the rest of Europe. In addition to the major \"Kontors\", individual Hanseatic ports had a representative merchant and warehouse. In England this happened in Boston, Bristol, Bishop's Lynn (now King's Lynn, which features the sole remaining Hanseatic warehouse in England), Hull, Ipswich, Norwich, Yarmouth (now Great Yarmouth), and York.", "Anglo-Hanseatic War not spare neutral ships nor vessels flying Burgundian flag. The war concluded with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1474 which confirmed the Hansa privileges and granted the League ownership of the London Steelyard, as well as the trading bases in Boston and Lynn. It virtually halted English trade with Germany and the Baltic region. Anglo-Hanseatic War The Anglo-Hanseatic War was a conflict fought between England and the Hanseatic League, led by the cities of Danzig (Gdańsk) and Lübeck, that lasted from 1469 to 1474. Causes of the war include increasing English pressure against the trade of the Hanseatic cities on", "Hanseatic League German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm I. Hence, only Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen retain the words \"Hanseatic City\" in their official German titles. Despite its collapse, several cities still maintained the link to the Hanseatic League. Dutch cities including Groningen, Deventer, Kampen, Zutphen and Zwolle, and a number of German cities including Bremen, Demmin, Greifswald, Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stade, Stralsund and Wismar still call themselves \"Hanse\" cities (their car license plates are prefixed \"H\", e.g. –\"HB\"– for \"Hansestadt Bremen\"). Hamburg and Bremen continue to style themselves officially as \"free Hanseatic cities\", with Lübeck named \"Hanseatic City\" (Rostock's football team is", "Hanseatic League abroad. Between 1361 and 1370, it waged war against Denmark. Initially unsuccessful, Hanseatic towns in 1368 allied in the Confederation of Cologne, sacked Copenhagen and Helsingborg, and forced Valdemar IV, King of Denmark, and his son-in-law Haakon VI, King of Norway, to grant the league 15% of the profits from Danish trade in the subsequent peace treaty of Stralsund in 1370, thus gaining an effective trade and economic monopoly in Scandinavia. This favourable treaty marked the height of Hanseatic power. After the Danish-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) and the Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428), the commercial privileges were renewed in the Treaty of", "Hanseatic League for a convoy, and this word was applied to bands of merchants traveling between the Hanseatic cities - whether by land or by sea. Merchant circles established the league to protect the guilds' economic interests and diplomatic privileges in their affiliated cities and countries, as well as along the trade routes which the merchants used. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and operated their own armies for mutual protection and aid. Despite this, the organization was not a state, nor could it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the", "Hanseatic League Hansa hosts the Hanseatic Days of New Time international festival. In 2006 King's Lynn became the first English member of the newly formed new Hanseatic League. It was joined by Hull in 2012 and Boston in 2016. The so-called \"New Hanseatic League\" was established in February 2018 by finance ministers from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden through the signing of a two-page foundational document which set out the countries' \"shared views and values in the discussion on the architecture of the EMU.\" Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League (; Middle Low German: \"Hanse\", \"Düdesche Hanse\", \"Hansa\";", "Hanseatic League in the early period of the Gotlander settlement. Later they established their own trading station in Novgorod, known as , which was further up river, in the first half of the 13th century. In 1229, German merchants at Novgorod were granted certain privileges that made their positions more secure. Hansa societies worked to remove restrictions to trade for their members. Before the official foundation of the league in 1356, the word \"Hanse\" did not occur in the Baltic language. Gotlanders used the word \"varjag\". The earliest remaining documentary mention, although without a name, of a specific German commercial federation is", "Hanseatic People's League assembly. In the 1929 Landtag election, the size of the party faction in the assembly shrunk to 29 seats. In total, the party had obtained 27,881 votes (35.51% of the votes cast). Following the 1932 Landtag election, the party supported the NSDAP (Nazi party) in the assembly. Hanseatic People's League The Hanseatic People's League () was a Weimar era political party in Lübeck, Germany. The party was founded in 1926. The party was formed by middle-class sectors that opposed the Social Democrats, in response to the takeover of the mayoral post of Lübeck by the Social Democrats. The Hanseatic People's", "Hanseatic League cities either started as independent cities or gained independence through the collective bargaining power of the league, though such independence remained limited. The Hanseatic free cities owed allegiance directly to the Holy Roman Emperor, without any intermediate family tie of obligation to the local nobility. Another similarity involved the cities' strategic locations along trade routes. At the height of its power in the late 14th century, the merchants of the Hanseatic League succeeded in using their economic clout, and sometimes their military might—trade routes required protection and the league's ships sailed well-armed—to influence imperial policy. The league also wielded power", "Hanseatic League was a source of timber, wax, amber, resins, and furs, along with rye and wheat brought down on barges from the hinterland to port markets. The towns raised their own armies, with each guild required to provide levies when needed. The Hanseatic cities came to the aid of one another, and commercial ships often had to be used to carry soldiers and their arms. Visby functioned as the leading centre in the Baltic before the Hansa. Sailing east, Visby merchants established a trading post at Novgorod called Gutagard (also known as Gotenhof) in 1080. Merchants from northern Germany also stayed", "World Flying Disc Federation World Flying Disc Federation The World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF) is the international governing body for flying disc sports, with responsibility for sanctioning world championship events, establishing uniform rules, setting of standards for and recording of world records. WFDF is a federation of member associations which represent flying disc sports and their athletes in 80 countries. WFDF is an international federation recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a member of ARISF, GAISF, and the International World Games Association, and it is a registered not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation in the state of Colorado, USA. WFDF has member associations in 80 countries,", "Hanseatic League Dutch against the core cities of the Hansa in northern Germany. After several naval wars between Burgundy and the Hanseatic fleets, Amsterdam gained the position of leading port for Polish and Baltic grain from the late 15th century onwards. The Dutch regarded Amsterdam's grain trade as the mother of all trades (\"Moedernegotie\"). Nuremberg in Franconia developed an overland route to sell formerly Hansa-monopolised products from Frankfurt via Nuremberg and Leipzig to Poland and Russia, trading Flemish cloth and French wine in exchange for grain and furs from the east. The Hansa profited from the Nuremberg trade by allowing Nurembergers to", "Hanseatic League Vordingborg in 1435. The Hansa also waged a vigorous campaign against pirates. Between 1392 and 1440, maritime trade of the league faced danger from raids of the Victual Brothers and their descendants, privateers hired in 1392 by Albert of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden, against Margaret I, Queen of Denmark. In the Dutch–Hanseatic War (1438–41), the merchants of Amsterdam sought and eventually won free access to the Baltic and broke the Hanseatic monopoly. As an essential part of protecting their investment in the ships and their cargoes, the League trained pilots and erected lighthouses. Most foreign cities confined the Hanseatic traders", "American Crane Corporation American Crane Corporation American Crane Corporation is an American manufacturer of construction cranes based in Wilmington, North Carolina. It manufacturers lattice boom crawler cranes with capacities ranging from 50 to 275 tons. The American Crane Corporation was founded in 1882 as the Franklin Manufacturing Company, and in 1892 the name changed to American Hoist & Derrick. The company manufacturers terrain cranes, crawler cranes and tower cranes. In 1998 American Crane Corporation was acquired by Terex for $27 million. The purchase of American Crane Corporation brought Terex a manufacturer of lattice boom cranes. The Franklin Manufacturing Company was established in 1884", "Hanseatic League the Yorkist side during the Wars of the Roses. In 1597, Queen Elizabeth I of England expelled the league from London, and the Steelyard closed the following year. Ivan III of Russia closed the Hanseatic \"Kontor\" at Novgorod in 1494. The very existence of the league and its privileges and monopolies created economic and social tensions that often crept over into rivalries between league members. The economic crises of the late 15th century did not spare the Hansa. Nevertheless, its eventual rivals emerged in the form of the territorial states, whether new or revived, and not just in the west:", "New Hanseatic League Republic and Slovakia. New Hanseatic League The New Hanseatic League was established in February 2018 by European Union finance ministers from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden through the signing of a two-page foundational document which set out the countries' \"shared views and values in the discussion on the architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU).\" The New Hanseatic League developed from an informal cooperation among like-minded fiscally conservative northern European states that has also been referred to at various points as 'The Vikings', and the 'Bad Weather coalition'. The grouping", "New Hanseatic League New Hanseatic League The New Hanseatic League was established in February 2018 by European Union finance ministers from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden through the signing of a two-page foundational document which set out the countries' \"shared views and values in the discussion on the architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU).\" The New Hanseatic League developed from an informal cooperation among like-minded fiscally conservative northern European states that has also been referred to at various points as 'The Vikings', and the 'Bad Weather coalition'. The grouping sees clubbing together", "American Crane Corporation & Derrick changed its name to Amdura. Also in that year a group of investors purchased the business. The result was a new company called American Crane Corporation. In 1998 Terex acquired American Crane Corporation. American Crane gradually built its market share after the 1998 acquisition with an estimated 70 crawler cranes purchased in 1999. American Crane Corporation American Crane Corporation is an American manufacturer of construction cranes based in Wilmington, North Carolina. It manufacturers lattice boom crawler cranes with capacities ranging from 50 to 275 tons. The American Crane Corporation was founded in 1882 as the Franklin Manufacturing Company,", "Hanseatic League they built a trading post or \"Kontor\" (literally: \"office\"). Although such alliances formed throughout the Holy Roman Empire, the league never became a closely managed formal organisation. Assemblies of the Hanseatic towns met irregularly in Lübeck for a \"Hansetag\" (Hanseatic diet), from 1356 onwards, but many towns chose not to attend nor to send representatives and decisions were not binding on individual cities. Over the period, a network of alliances grew to include a flexible roster of 70 to 170 cities. The league succeeded in establishing additional \"Kontors\" in Bruges (Flanders), Bergen (Norway), and London (England). These trading posts became", "Hanseatic League members: commercial ambitions such as enhancement of trade, and political ambitions such as ensuring maximum independence from the noble territorial rulers. Decisions and actions of the Hanseatic League were the consequence of a consensus-based procedure. If an issue arose, the league's members were invited to participate in a central meeting, the \"Tagfahrt\" (\"meeting ride\", sometimes also referred to as \"Hansetag\", since 1358). The member communities then chose envoys (\"Ratssendeboten\") to represent their local consensus on the issue at the \"Tagfahrt\". Not every community sent an envoy, delegates were often entitled to represent a set of communities. Consensus-building on local and", "Hanseatic League two \"Ältermänner\" and six members of the Eighteen Men's Council (\"Achtzehnmännerrat\") to administer the \"Kontor\" for a set period of time. In 1356, during a Hanseatic meeting in preparation of the first \"Tagfahrt\", the league confirmed this statute. The league in general gradually adopted and institutionalized the division into \"Drittel\" (see table). The \"Tagfahrt\" or \"Hansetag\" was the only central institution of the Hanseatic League. However, with the division into \"Drittel\", the members of the respective subdivisions frequently held a \"Dritteltage\" (\"\"Drittel\" meeting\") to work out common positions which could then be presented at a \"Tagfahrt\". On a more local", "Hanseatic League The league primarily traded timber, furs, resin (or tar), flax, honey, wheat, and rye from the east to Flanders and England with cloth (and, increasingly, manufactured goods) going in the other direction. Metal ore (principally copper and iron) and herring came southwards from Sweden. German colonists in the 12th and 13th centuries settled in numerous cities on and near the east Baltic coast, such as Elbing (Elbląg), Thorn (Toruń), Reval (Tallinn), Riga, and Dorpat (Tartu), which became members of the Hanseatic League, and some of which still retain many Hansa buildings and bear the style of their Hanseatic days. Most", "Jiangxi Air December 2015, Jiangxi Air received its first Boeing 737-800 aircraft, from parent XiamenAir, while unveiling its logo. Its livery consists of a crane, symbolising the environmental beauty of Jiangxi Province; and the colours blue and white, representing the famous porcelain of Jingdezhen in the province. On 30 December 2015, the airline conducted its first test flight, from Nanchang to Xiamen. It received its air operator's certificate on 8 January 2016, allowing it to commence commercial flights. Jiangxi Air operated its first flight on 29 January 2016, from Nanchang to Ürümqi via Xi'an. It is initially using pilots, flight attendants, maintenance", "Hanseatic League were granted Lübeck law (\"Lübisches Recht\"), after the league's most prominent town. The law provided that they had to appeal in all legal matters to Lübeck's city council. The Livonian Confederation incorporated modern-day Estonia and parts of Latvia and had its own Hanseatic parliament (diet); all of its major towns became members of the Hanseatic League. The dominant language of trade was Middle Low German, a dialect with significant impact for countries involved in the trade, particularly the larger Scandinavian languages, Estonian, and Latvian. The league had a fluid structure, but its members shared some characteristics; most of the Hansa", "Barbara Crane for the Arts Grant (1988, 1974), Polaroid Corporation Materials Grants (1979-1995), and John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship in Photography (1979). Crane has also been an honored educator for the National Society for Photographic Education (1993); a distinguished artist at the Union League Club in Chicago, Illinois (2006); and a distinguished artist at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (2006). Her awards also include the YWCA Outstanding Achievement Award (1987) and the Ruth Horwich Award to a Famous Chicago Artist (Chicago, Illinois, 2009). In 2013, Barbara Crane was named artist honoree at the Hyde Park Art Center in Chicago, Illinois. Crane's work", "Hanseatic League (e.g., the division adopted by the Stahlhof in London in 1554 grouped the league members into \"Dritteln\", whereby Lübeck merchants represented the Wendish, Pomeranian Saxon and several Westphalian towns, Cologne merchants represented the Cleves, Mark, Berg and Dutch towns, while Danzig merchants represented the Prussian and Livonian towns). The names of the Quarters have been abbreviated in the following table: Kontor: The Kontore were foreign trading posts of the League, not cities that were Hanseatic members, and are set apart in a separate table below. The remaining column headings are as follows: In 1980, former Hanseatic League members established a", "Hanseatic League significant enclaves. The London \"Kontor\", established in 1320, stood west of London Bridge near Upper Thames Street, the site now occupied by Cannon Street station. It grew into a significant walled community with its own warehouses, weighhouse, church, offices and houses, reflecting the importance and scale of trading activity on the premises. The first reference to it as the Steelyard (\"der Stahlhof\") occurs in 1422. Starting with trade in coarse woollen fabrics, the Hanseatic League had the effect of bringing both commerce and industry to northern Germany. As trade increased, newer and finer woollen and linen fabrics, and even silks,", "Hanseatic League closed, and the \"Kontor\" in Bruges had become effectively moribund. The individual cities making up the league had also started to put self-interest before their common Hanseatic interests. Finally, the political authority of the German princes had started to grow, constraining the independence of the merchants and Hanseatic towns. The league attempted to deal with some of these issues: it created the post of Syndic in 1556 and elected Heinrich Sudermann as a permanent official with legal training, who worked to protect and extend the diplomatic agreements of the member towns. In 1557 and 1579 revised agreements spelled out the", "International Medieval Combat Federation International Medieval Combat Federation The International Medieval Combat Federation, (IMCF) is a global historical full contact sport fighting revival movement, in which combatants use historically accurate reproduction medieval and early modern armour and blunted weapons to engage in competitive fights according to authentic historical tournament rules. Founded in 2013, the organisation now attracts hundred of fighters from 26 countries at various fighting competitions around the world. Most events are open to the public and major competitions are regularly seen by tens of thousands of spectators. The league holds dozens of smaller events throughout the year as well as a world", "International Medieval Combat Federation physical training techniques. International Medieval Combat Federation The International Medieval Combat Federation, (IMCF) is a global historical full contact sport fighting revival movement, in which combatants use historically accurate reproduction medieval and early modern armour and blunted weapons to engage in competitive fights according to authentic historical tournament rules. Founded in 2013, the organisation now attracts hundred of fighters from 26 countries at various fighting competitions around the world. Most events are open to the public and major competitions are regularly seen by tens of thousands of spectators. The league holds dozens of smaller events throughout the year as well", "Hanseatic League settle in Hanseatic towns, which the Franconians exploited by taking over trade with Sweden as well. The Nuremberger merchant Albrecht Moldenhauer was influential in developing the trade with Sweden and Norway, and his sons Wolf Moldenhauer and Burghard Moldenhauer established themselves in Bergen and Stockholm, becoming leaders of the local Hanseatic activities. At the start of the 16th century, the league found itself in a weaker position than it had known for many years. The rising Swedish Empire had taken control of much of the Baltic Sea. Denmark had regained control over its own trade, the \"Kontor\" in Novgorod had", "Richmond Flying Squirrels is a black, red, and grey flying squirrel with a patch in the shape of an \"R\" (for Richmond) on top of an acorn over its heart. The logo was designed by San Diego-based sports branding firm Brandiose. It was named the logo of the year by Ballpark Digest in 2010 and the best minor-league logo by Baseball America in 2015. Notes Sources Richmond Flying Squirrels The Richmond Flying Squirrels are a Minor League Baseball team based in Richmond, Virginia. The team, which is a part of the Eastern League, is the Double-A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants major", "Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors \"John Dixon, Air Hawk and the Flying Doctor Volume 1\", published by Comicoz in 2011. A second volume \"John Dixon's Air Hawk and the Flying Doctor: A Second Volume\", was published by Comicoz in late 2013. The comic book was adapted into the 1981 film \"Airhawk\" with Eric Oldfield as Jim Hawk. Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors was an Australian comic strip created by John Dixon. The strip began publication on 30 May 1959, premiering in the Saturday issue of Perth's \"Weekend Mail\". It was subsequently published by other Australian Sunday newspapers, Sydney's", "Hanseatic School for Life The plan for the near future is that the project will be able to largely finance itself on the basis of proceeds from \"culture sensitive tourism\" at the Beluga School for Life, which began in 2007. As guests of the Hanseatic School for Life, culturally interested vacationers receive insights into life in Southeast Asia on equal footing with the Thai residents. To this end, guest bungalows have been erected on the premises. On September 30, 2007, the Hanseatic School for Life was selected by the initiative \"Germany – Land of Ideas\" as a \"Landmark in the Land of Ideas\". In", "Air League the Air League is Roger Bone. The Current Chairman of the Council is John Steel. Founded in 1909 originally as The Aerial League of The British Empire, The Air League was formed to counter ‘the backwardness and apathy’ shown by the UK in the face of emerging aeronautical developments and to stress the ‘vital importance from a commercial and national defence point of view of this new means of communication’. The founders of the Air League were concerned that Britain was falling behind other nations in the development of its aviation capability. The popular image of early flying in this", "Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe while many uprisings occurred within towns and cities by tradesmen, thus the term is not fully encompassing of events as a whole for the period. For historical writing purposes, many modern historians will use the word \"peasant\" with care and respect, choosing other phrases such as \"Popular\" or \"from below\" or \"grassroots\", although in some countries in central and eastern Europe where serfdom continued up to the 19th century in places, the word \"peasant\" is still used by some historians as the main description of these events. Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe Popular revolts in late medieval Europe were uprisings", "Germany–United Kingdom relations English has become a dominant world language and is widely studied in Germany. German, in the 19th and the early 20th centuries, was an important language of science and technology, but it has now largely lost that role. In English schools, German was a niche language and much less important than French. German is no longer widely studied in Britain except at the A-level in secondary schools. There is a long history of trade relations between the Germans and the British. The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds, and is market towns dominated trade along", "Les Crane Les Crane Les Crane (born Lesley Stein; December 3, 1933 – July 13, 2008) was a radio announcer and television talk show host, a pioneer in interactive broadcasting who also scored a spoken word hit with his 1971 recording of the poem \"Desiderata\", winning a \"Best Spoken Word\" Grammy. He was the first network television personality to compete with Johnny Carson after Carson became a fixture of late-night television. Born in New York, Crane graduated from Tulane University, where he was an English major. He spent four years in the United States Air Force, as a jet pilot and helicopter", "Hanseatic Cross There were approximately 50,000 awards of the Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg, the largest Hanseatic city. The Bremen Hanseatic Cross was awarded approximately 20,000 times. Lübeck was the smallest of the Hanseatic cities, and its Hanseatic Cross was awarded approximately 8-10,000 times. The roll for the Lübeck Hanseatic Cross have been transcribed by an international team of phaleristic researchers from Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. The complete roll was expected to be available by fall 2008/spring 2009. Hanseatic Cross The Hanseatic Cross (\"Hanseatenkreuz\") was a military decoration of the three Hanseatic city-states of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck, who were members of", "Hanseatic League level, league members also met, and while such regional meetings were never formalized into a Hanseatic institution, they gradually gained importance in the process of preparing and implementing \"Tagfahrt\" decisions. From 1554, the division into \"Drittel\" was modified to reduce the circles' heterogeneity, to enhance the collaboration of the members on a local level and thus to make the league's decision-making process more efficient. The number of circles rose to four, so they were called \"Quartiere\" (quarters): This division was however not adopted by the \"Kontore\", who, for their purposes (like \"Ältermänner\" elections), grouped the league members in different ways", "Hanseatic League league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city. Historians generally trace the origins of the Hanseatic League to the rebuilding of the north German town of Lübeck in 1159 by the powerful Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, after he had captured the area from Adolf II, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein. Exploratory trading adventures, raids, and piracy had occurred earlier throughout the Baltic region—the sailors of Gotland sailed up rivers as far away as Novgorod, for example—but the scale of international trade in the Baltic area remained insignificant before the growth of", "Medieval ships and the Hanseatic League. These late hulks could be as large as contemporary great ships. \"Jesus of Lübeck\" of 1544 was a ship of 700 tons, the same as the \"Mary Rose\". However, how similar later medieval hulks were to their ancestors is unknown. There is some evidence of a hybridisation with the cog form, showing both hulk and post construction. Others have suggested that late hulks were partially carvel-built. The caravel was a ship developed by the Portuguese and used from the 15th century on for oceanic exploration voyages. Unlike the longship and cog, it used a carvel method", "Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene (\"Det Hanseatiske Museum og Schøtstuene\") is a museum in the city of Bergen, Norway. The main part of the museum is located in Finnegården, one of the conserved wooden buildings on Bryggen in Bergen, Norway. The museum covers the Hanseatic League period of time in Bergen. The German guild of merchants had created an overseas office at Bryggen by 1360. During the following four centuries, the site consisted of assembly halls for the Hanseatic merchants. It was forbidden to use fire in the other buildings on Bryggen, hence all cooking of food", "Hanseatic flags remained in use in addition to these flags. The oldest Hanseatic flag is the plain red banner used by Hamburg. Hanseatic flags were mostly red-white and some featured symbols, such as crosses. Many cities that were members of the Hanseatic league continue to use red and white as their city colours today. In addition to these banners, ships also flew a Hanseatic pennant (\"Hanseatenwimpel\") where the upper half is white (silver) and the lower half is red. Hanseatic flags Hanseatic flags are the banners of Hanseatic cities, that were flown by cogs and other ships of the Hanseatic league -", "Commercial Spaceflight Federation Commercial Spaceflight Federation The Commercial Spaceflight Federation is a private spaceflight industry group, incorporated as an industry association for the purposes of establishing ever higher levels of safety for the commercial human spaceflight industry, sharing best practices and expertise, and promoting the growth of the industry worldwide. Issues that the Commercial Spaceflight Federation work on include, but are not limited to, airspace issues, FAA regulations and permits, industry safety standards, public outreach, and public advocacy for the commercial space sector. The Commercial Spaceflight Federation was initially conceived as the Personal Spaceflight Federation (PSF) by a group of leaders in the", "Commercial Spaceflight Federation education community.\" Commercial Spaceflight Federation The Commercial Spaceflight Federation is a private spaceflight industry group, incorporated as an industry association for the purposes of establishing ever higher levels of safety for the commercial human spaceflight industry, sharing best practices and expertise, and promoting the growth of the industry worldwide. Issues that the Commercial Spaceflight Federation work on include, but are not limited to, airspace issues, FAA regulations and permits, industry safety standards, public outreach, and public advocacy for the commercial space sector. The Commercial Spaceflight Federation was initially conceived as the Personal Spaceflight Federation (PSF) by a group of leaders", "Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene Bryggen or from various surrounding farms by Johan Wilhelm Wiberg (1829–98). His son, Christian Koren Wiberg (1870–1945) later built up the museum which became the responsibility of Bergen municipality in 1916. Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene (\"Det Hanseatiske Museum og Schøtstuene\") is a museum in the city of Bergen, Norway. The main part of the museum is located in Finnegården, one of the conserved wooden buildings on Bryggen in Bergen, Norway. The museum covers the Hanseatic League period of time in Bergen. The German guild of merchants had created an overseas office at Bryggen by 1360. During", "Hanseatic Parliament the late Middle Ages, but its focus is on the Baltic Sea region, whereas the original League had a much larger field of operations. The Parliament seeks to foster a common identity in the Baltic Sea region, for example through the annual Hanseatic Conference, at which it academics, politicians and businesspeople discuss culturally related topics. The organisation is implementing several EU-funded projects, also flagship projects within the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, that was initiated in 2009. In 2010 the Hanseatic Parliament established the Baltic Sea Academy, a non-profit network of 15 academic institutions with the common goal", "Hanseatic League take grain from the city directly, to the dismay of Lübeck. Hollanders also circumvented the Hanseatic towns by trading directly with north German princes in non-Hanseatic towns. Dutch freight costs were much lower than those of the Hansa, and the Hansa were excluded as middlemen. When Bruges, Antwerp and Holland all became part of the Duchy of Burgundy they actively tried to take over the monopoly of trade from the Hansa, and the staples market from Bruges was transferred to Amsterdam. The Dutch merchants aggressively challenged the Hansa and met with much success. Hanseatic cities in Prussia, Livonia, supported the", "Hanseatic League in the 17th century. The Hansa-dominated maritime grain trade made Poland one of the main areas of its activity, helping Danzig to become the Hansa's largest city. The member cities took responsibility for their own protection. In 1567, a Hanseatic League agreement reconfirmed previous obligations and rights of league members, such as common protection and defense against enemies. The Prussian Quartier cities of Thorn, Elbing, Königsberg and Riga and Dorpat also signed. When pressed by the King of Poland–Lithuania, Danzig remained neutral and would not allow ships running for Poland into its territory. They had to anchor somewhere else, such", "S corporation show leniency with regard to late S elections. Accordingly, often, the IRS will accept a late S election. If a corporation that has elected to be treated as an S corporation ceases to meet the requirements (for example, if as a result of stock transfers, the number of shareholders exceeds 100 or an ineligible shareholder such as a nonresident alien acquires a share), the corporation will lose its S corporation status and revert to being a regular C corporation. An S corporation's election will also terminate if, for each of three consecutive years, (i) its passive investment income exceeds 25%", "Hanseatic League the Hanseatic League. German cities achieved domination of trade in the Baltic with striking speed during the 13th century, and Lübeck became a central node in the seaborne trade that linked the areas around the North and Baltic seas. The hegemony of Lübeck peaked during the 15th century. Lübeck became a base for merchants from Saxony and Westphalia trading eastward and northward. Well before the term \"Hanse\" appeared in a document in 1267, merchants in different cities began to form guilds, or \"Hansa\", with the intention of trading with towns overseas, especially in the economically less-developed eastern Baltic. This area", "World Flying Disc Federation 1986 Lucerne, Switzerland, 2–9 September 1984 Gothenburg, Sweden, 29 August – 3 September 1983 World Flying Disc Federation The World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF) is the international governing body for flying disc sports, with responsibility for sanctioning world championship events, establishing uniform rules, setting of standards for and recording of world records. WFDF is a federation of member associations which represent flying disc sports and their athletes in 80 countries. WFDF is an international federation recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a member of ARISF, GAISF, and the International World Games Association, and it is a registered not-for-profit 501(c)(3)", "Stephen Crane to notice it or care for it... Poor Maggie! She was one of my first loves.\" In March 1893, Crane spent hours lounging in Linson's studio while having his portrait painted. He became fascinated with issues of the \"Century\" that were largely devoted to famous battles and military leaders from the Civil War. Frustrated with the dryly written stories, Crane stated, \"I wonder that some of those fellows don't tell how they \"felt\" in those scraps. They spout enough of what they \"did\", but they're as emotionless as rocks.\" Crane returned to these magazines during subsequent visits to Linson's studio,", "Hanseatic School for Life this information is prohibited in this form. In addition, it is not awarded the German DZI seal, which certifies the proper use of donations. The shipowner Niels Stolberg, founder of the predecessor of the Hanseatic School for Life is, according to prosecutor Frank Passade, embezzling donations of school. Critical Reports in the media about the new Hanseatic School for Life: Hanseatic School for Life The Hanseatic School for Life is a non-profit organization in Thailand that cares for children and adolescents in need. The Hanseatic School for Life pursues an educational concept on the basis of the \"situational approach\", which", "Medieval renaissances that the \"medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent.\" In Northern Europe, the Hanseatic League was founded in the 12th century, with the foundation of the city of Lübeck in 1158–1159. Many northern cities of the Holy Roman Empire became Hanseatic cities, including Hamburg, Stettin, Bremen and Rostock. Hanseatic cities outside the Holy Roman Empire were, for instance, Bruges, London and the Polish city of Danzig (Gdańsk). In Bergen and Novgorod the league had factories and middlemen. In this period the Germans started colonizing Eastern Europe beyond the Empire, into Prussia and", "Hanseatic flags Hanseatic flags Hanseatic flags are the banners of Hanseatic cities, that were flown by cogs and other ships of the Hanseatic league - as illustrated on the 1350 seal of Elbing shown here. Originally, Hanseatic ships displayed red gonfalones on their masts, which had a cross at its peak to denote the protection of the sovereign. Red was also the colour used by Danish and English shipping, the English later adopting the St George's Cross. From the second half of the 13th century, the individual Hanseatic cities created various banners to distinguish themselves from other member cities. The red gonfalone", "Belarusian Federation of Air Sports Belarusian Federation of Air Sports The Вelarusian Federation of Air Sports (BFAS; ) is a non-profit organization and a member of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). As of 14 May 2018 BFAS has 265 individual members. The Вelarusian Federation of Air Sports is the national governing and coordinating body of air sport and recreational flying. Goals of the BFAS are, among others: a propagation and development of the aviation in Belarus, an organization of air sports and air recreation, a representation of Belarusian air sports abroad, a training of aviators. The BFAS is involved with the development of aviation initiatives", "Hanseatic League formal agreements for confederation and co-operation covering the west and east trade routes. The principal city and linchpin remained Lübeck; with the first general diet of the Hansa held there in 1356, the Hanseatic League acquired an official structure. Lübeck's location on the Baltic provided access for trade with Scandinavia and Kievan Rus', putting it in direct competition with the Scandinavians who had previously controlled most of the Baltic trade routes. A treaty with the Visby Hansa put an end to this competition: through this treaty the Lübeck merchants also gained access to the inland Russian port of Novgorod, where", "A-League like to recognise it as a derby, albeit, not the most important one. There most notable encounter was in the 2009–10 A-League season when they met in the 4v5 semi-final. Scores finished 1–1, thanks to goals from Chris Greenacre, and Scott Neville, before Wellington advanced 4–2 on penalties. The current A-League logo was unveiled in January 2017 by Football Federation Australia. The logo formed part of a wider rebranding branding of the A-League and its subsidiary competitions, the W-League and Youth League. The logo design was \"inspired by football’s three outstanding features – atmosphere, diversity and unity\" and has colour", "Six-Word Memoirs readers to tell their life story in just six-words. \"Smith\" readers submitted their six-words via www.smithmag.net, and \"Smith\"'s Twitter account. In early 2007, \"Smith\" signed with Harper Perennial to create the \"Six-Word Memoir\" book series. In May 2008, \"Smith\" announced three new \"Six-Word Memoir\" book projects: \"Six Word Memoirs on Love & Heartbreak\" (2009), then a book of Six-Word Memoirs by and for teens (\"Six-Word Memoirs by Teens Famous & Obscure\"), and a second general \"Six-Word Memoir\" sequel to the original. The first in \"Smith\"'s \"Six-Word Memoir\" book series, \"Not Quite What I Was Planning: Six-Word Memoirs from Writers Famous", "The Early Heidegger and Medieval Philosophy The Early Heidegger and Medieval Philosophy The Early Heidegger and Medieval Philosophy: Phenomenology for the Godforsaken is a 2006 book by Sean J. McGrath, in which the author critiques secularization through examining the relationship between Martin Heidegger's thought and late medieval and early Protestant Christianity. Struck by the analogies between the thought of the early Heidegger and late medieval and early Protestant Christianity, McGrath discovered that the similarities were far from accidental. Through careful archival work in Germany, McGrath argued (with Max Scheler and Jacques Derrida), that Heidegger, an ex-seminarian and formerly devout Catholic, had secularized Christian concepts in \"Being", "Hanseatic School for Life how to cater to vacationers and qualify for employment in the hotel business during a one-year training course. Six subject areas are offered: The organization of the school and the education on-site are the responsibility of a total of 60 employees. Five of them are German nationals, the rest are from Thailand. The Hanseatic School for Life primarily finances itself by means of donations and sponsorships. Legally the Hanseatic School for Life is operated by the charitable Hanseatic School for Life gGmbH. In October 2005, Thai Beluga S.L. Ltd. was founded, which acts as owner of the premises and buildings.", "Anglo-Hanseatic War Anglo-Hanseatic War The Anglo-Hanseatic War was a conflict fought between England and the Hanseatic League, led by the cities of Danzig (Gdańsk) and Lübeck, that lasted from 1469 to 1474. Causes of the war include increasing English pressure against the trade of the Hanseatic cities on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. In the 15th century, English merchants rivalled with the Hanseatic League to control the wool and cloth trade in England and with the Baltic cities. They urged the English crown to acknowledge their rights to participate in the Baltic trade and in 1447 King Henry VI finally", "Hanseatic Bank Hanseatic Bank As a private bank based in Hamburg, Hanseatic Bank operates throughout Germany. It specializes in four core businesses: deposit-taking , real-estate related financing, receivables management and credit cards. The company’s products are distributed by partners as well as directly in one of the ten branches, online or through its own service center. Additionally, within the framework of factoring collaborations, Hanseatic Bank acquires receivables from companies within and outside of the Otto Group. The bank has more than 470 employees working at the headquarter and the subsidiary Hanseatic Service Center GmbH in Hamburg as well as at the branches", "Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane The Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane is an American twin-engine heavy-lift helicopter. It is the civil version of the United States Army's CH-54 Tarhe. It is currently produced as the S-64 Aircrane by the Erickson Air-Crane company. The Sikorsky S-64 was designed as an enlarged version of the prototype \"flying crane\" helicopter, the Sikorsky S-60. The S-64 had a six-blade main rotor and was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JFTD12A turboshaft engines. The prototype S-64 first flew on 9 May 1962 and was followed by two further examples for evaluation by the German armed forces. The Germans did", "MS Hanseatic In 1997, Hapag-Lloyd purchased Hanseatic Tours, and she passed into their fleet. On June 13, 2013, the ship was in drydock at the Bredo Shipyard in Bremerhaven, Germany when a fire broke out in the shipyard. This caused a delay in drydock and additional repairs were required and so the June 17 and July 4 sailings were cancelled. MS Hanseatic RCGS Resolute as of October 2018, previously \"Society Adventurer\" and \"Hanseatic\" is a five-star cruise ship owned by \"One Ocean Expeditions\" cruise line. The vessel has been chartered as from October 2018 to One Ocean Expeditions of Canada and will", "Medieval Town of Toruń the Toruń Castle. The Medieval Town was established on the site of a former Slavic trading town that had existed for around 500 years and dates to the 13th century, when the city of Toruń (Thorn) was granted a town charter by the Teutonic Knights Hermann von Salza and Hermann Balk in 1233. The town, initially composed primarily of the district now known as the Toruń Old Town and the Toruń Castle, developed as a major commercial center, and was one of the key members of the Hanseatic League. As the town quickly grew, the Toruń New Town developed from", "Valiant Is the Word for Carrie Valiant Is the Word for Carrie Valiant Is the Word for Carrie is a 1936 drama film starring Gladys George, Arline Judge and John Howard. George was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress in 1936. The movie was directed by Wesley Ruggles and adapted by Claude Binyon from the novel of the same name by Barry Benefield. Carrie Snyder (Gladys George) is a prostitute, who is forced out of the fictional southern town of Crebillon, after forming a friendship with a young boy named Paul (Jackie Moran), whose dying mother (Janet Young) is unable to protest against her", "The Word for World Is Forest at interpreting dreams are seen as gods amongst the Athsheans. In the internal chronology of the Hainish universe, the events of \"The Word for World is Forest\" occur after \"The Dispossessed\", in which both the ansible and the League of Worlds are unrealised dreams. However, the novel is located prior to \"Rocannon's World\", in which Terran mindspeech is seen as a distinct possibility. A date of 2368 CE has been suggested by reviewers, although Le Guin provides no direct statement of the date. \"The Word for World is Forest\" begins from the point of view of Captain Davidson, who is", "Historic roads and trails modern roads. See also Roman roads in Britannia, Roman roads in Africa, and Roman roads in Morocco. Francia or the Frankish Empire was the largest post-Roman Barbarian kingdom in Western Europe. It was ruled by the Franks during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. It is the predecessor of the modern states of France and Germany. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, West Francia became the predecessor of France, and East Francia became that of Germany. The Old Salt Route or \"Alte Salzstraße\" (Hanseatic League) was a was a medieval trade route in northern Germany that transported salt", "Logo and corporate identities, including the famous logos for IBM, UPS, and ABC. The third pioneer of corporate identity design is Saul Bass. Bass was responsible for several recognizable logos in North America, including both the Bell Telephone logo (1969) and successor AT&T Corporation globe (1983). Other well-known designs were Continental Airlines (1968), Dixie (1969), and United Way (1972). Later, he would produce logos for a number of Japanese companies as well. An important development in the documentation of logo design is the study of French trademarks by historian Edith Amiot and philosopher Jean Louis Azizollah. Color is a key element", "Hanseatic Bank Employees also have the opportunity to attend training courses. These are held both internally and externally. For this purpose, the service center maintains its own training team. Hanseatic Bank As a private bank based in Hamburg, Hanseatic Bank operates throughout Germany. It specializes in four core businesses: deposit-taking , real-estate related financing, receivables management and credit cards. The company’s products are distributed by partners as well as directly in one of the ten branches, online or through its own service center. Additionally, within the framework of factoring collaborations, Hanseatic Bank acquires receivables from companies within and outside of the Otto", "Hanseatic Days of New Time Hanseatic Days of New Time The Hanseatic Days of New Time or the Hansa Days of New Time () is an annual international festival of member cities of the Hanseatic League of New Time (also known as the New Hansa). The Hanseatic Days are held annually in one of the member cities of the New Hansa since 1980, when it was decided to re-establish the Hanseatic League and the first Hanseatic Days were held in Zwolle, the Netherlands. During the festival, Hanseatic cities from different European countries try to position themselves as cities that have rich historic traditions but that", "Les Crane At the time of his death, he had been living in nearby Belvedere, California with his wife (coincidentally named Ginger, the character played by his ex-wife Tina Louise in Gilligan's Island). Les Crane Les Crane (born Lesley Stein; December 3, 1933 – July 13, 2008) was a radio announcer and television talk show host, a pioneer in interactive broadcasting who also scored a spoken word hit with his 1971 recording of the poem \"Desiderata\", winning a \"Best Spoken Word\" Grammy. He was the first network television personality to compete with Johnny Carson after Carson became a fixture of late-night television.", "Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors who operates the Air Hawk Charter service from Alice Springs. The charter service worked in conjunction with the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS). Dr Hal Mathews was a close friend of Jim Hawk who worked for the RFDS and Sister Janet Grant belonged to the Australian Inland Mission, whose medical clinic adjoined the air strip. In the mid-seventies, Jim Hawk was granted a franchise to supply a special Emergency Relief Unit. The Unit's function is to relieve any Flying Doctor base in need of assistance and to be available for special emergencies. Hal Mathews had been seconded to work with", "Hanseatic Legion (War-Medal of the three Hanseatic-League cities) in 1815. Hanseatic Legion The Hanseatic Legion was a military unit, first formed of a group of citizens from Hamburg. They had met in 1813 on the instigation of General Friedrich Karl von Tettenborn, in order to fight in the War of the Sixth Coalition. This association of volunteers was joined immediately by volunteers from Hamburg's Hanseatic sister cities Bremen and Lübeck. The Legion should not be confused with the \"Hamburger Bürgermilitär\" (Hamburg Citizen Militia). During their time of coexistence, the militia restricted itself to ejecting the French garrisons stationed in Hamburg and the", "Winthrop M. Crane 1902 when a speeding trolley car rammed into the open-air horse carriage carrying Roosevelt. The accident killed the president's Secret Service agent, William Craig. Crane was appointed October 12, 1904 by Governor John L. Bates to continue the U.S. Senate term of the late George F. Hoar. He was then elected in a January 18, 1905 special election to finish the term. he was re-elected in 1907, and served until 1913. As Senator, Crane was famous for his lack of public statements, and behind-the-scenes maneuvering. Chauncey Depew, another Senator, wrote of Crane that he \"never made a speech. I do", "Hanseatic League \"Tagfahrt\" levels followed the Low Saxon tradition of \"Einung\", where consensus was defined as absence of protest: after a discussion, the proposals which gained sufficient support were dictated aloud to the scribe and passed as binding \"Rezess\" if the attendees did not object; those favouring alternative proposals unlikely to get sufficient support were obliged to remain silent during this procedure. If consensus could not be established on a certain issue, it was found instead in the appointment of a number of league members who were then empowered to work out a compromise. The Hanseatic \"Kontore\", which operated like an early", "The Tribes of Crane The Tribes of Crane The Tribes of Crane is a play-by-mail game that was published by Schubel & Son. \"The Tribes of Crane\" was a turn-based game where players accumulate more warriors, gold, and other resources. Shannon Appelcline noted that games like \"Tribes of Crane\" were competitive with the PBM games from Flying Buffalo, but that Flying Buffalo outlasted its competitors. Forrest Johnson reviewed \"The Tribes of Crane\" in \"The Space Gamer\" No. 29. Johnson commented that \"[it] is the largest open-ended correspondence game around. But how open is it when an inexperienced GM appraises your turn, so that a", "Hanseatic Parliament Hanseatic Parliament The Hanseatic Parliament (Hanse Parlament) is an association of more than 50 business chambers (chambers of crafts, chambers of commerce and other similar bodies) around the Baltic Sea region with the common goal of promoting the small and medium-sized companies (SMEs), in particular in the fields of qualification, research and innovation. There is strong cooperation with the public sectors in the countries involved, but the Parliament is a non-governmental and non-profit organization. The Hanseatic Parliament was established in 2004. Originally its headquarters was located in Copenhagen, but moved to Hamburg. Its role model is the Hanseatic League of", "Commercial Revolution revolts led to the foundation of city-states throughout medieval Europe, such as in Russia (Novgorod Republic, 12th century), in Flanders (Battle of Golden Spurs, 14th century) in Switzerland (the towns of the Old Swiss Confederacy, 14th century), in Germany (the Hanseatic League, 14th–15th century), and in Prussia (Thirteen Years' War, 15th century). Some Italian city-states became great military powers very early on. Venice and Genoa acquired vast naval empires in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, some of which threatened those of the growing Ottoman Empire. During the Fourth Crusade (1204), Venice conquered a quarter of the Byzantine Empire. The Maritime", "Hanseatic School for Life Hanseatic School for Life The Hanseatic School for Life is a non-profit organization in Thailand that cares for children and adolescents in need. The Hanseatic School for Life pursues an educational concept on the basis of the \"situational approach\", which UNESCO classified as a \"... much needed world-class innovative effort in the field of education\" and a \"new standard of educational excellence for the world community of the 21st century\". Through family-like living and project-oriented learning, the children and adolescents gain skills which can give their life a positive direction. The intellectual father of the situational approach is the Berlin", "Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) The Dano-Hanseatic War from 1426–1435 (as was the \"Kalmar War with the Hanseatic League\") was an armed trade conflict between the Danish dominated Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the German Hanseatic League (Hansa) led by the Free City of Lübeck. When Danish king Eric opened the Baltic trade routes for Dutch ships and introduced a new toll for all foreign ships passing the Øresund (Sound Dues), six Hanseatic cities (Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar) declared war, put a naval blockade on Scandinavian harbours and allied with Eric's enemy Henry IV, count of Holstein. Therefore the", "Hanseatic School for Life November 2008, the Hanseatic School for Life received a personal award from Willi Lemke, UN Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Sport for Development and Peace. Sports, art and entertainment celebrities act as ambassadors for and sponsors of the Hanseatic School for Life: The HOME band, composed of eight German pop musicians, has recorded a CD in support of the Hanseatic School for Life. The band consists of organizer, vocalist and documentary director Kai Wingenfelder (former member of the band \"Fury In The Slaughterhouse\"), producer Jens Krause, vocalist Thomas Hanreich (\"Vivid\"), the artists Astrid North (\"Cultured Pearls\") and Maya Saban,", "Swedes modern Sweden. Shortly afterwards he rejected Catholicism and led Sweden into the Protestant Reformation. Economically, Gustav Vasa broke the monopoly of the Hanseatic League over Swedish Baltic Sea trade. The Hanseatic League had been officially formed at Lübeck on the sea coast of Northern Germany in 1356. The Hanseatic League sought civil and commercial privileges from the princes and royalty of the countries and cities along the coasts of the Baltic Sea. In exchange they offered a certain amount of protection. Having their own navy the Hansa were able to sweep the Baltic Sea free of pirates. The privileges obtained", "Sikorsky S-60 1961. The wreckage of the S-60 was transferred to the New England Air Museum in the 1970s, and is currently being restored by its new owners, the Connecticut Air and Space Center, in Stratford, Connecticut. Sikorsky S-60 The Sikorsky S-60 helicopter, a prototype \"flying crane\", was derived from the S-56 in 1958. Proving to be underpowered, the development of the S-60 led to the larger, turbine-engined Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe military transport helicopter, and its civil S-64 Skycrane variant, which were already on the drawing board by the time the sole example of the S-60 crashed on 3 April 1961. In", "Rugby league in Germany Exiles. The current list is of staff and players that have played for Germany in the full internationals. Rugby league in Germany Rugby league is a minor sport in Germany. The national governing body for the sport, Rugby League Deutschland, is an associate member of the Rugby League European Federation. The country's national team are regular competitors in the European Shield, winning the competition in 2006 and 2011. Rugby league was introduced into Germany in August 2004 with the formation of Rugby League Deutschland by Simon Cooper who was born in Halifax, England whose father is German. Prior to that", "Logo of the BBC class and a group of swimmers. These idents have been criticised for lacking in creativity. The current central logo of the BBC is still the BBC Blocks. It is the longest-used logo by the BBC, and as of 4 October 2017, it has been in use for 20 years. Logo of the BBC The BBC logo has been a brand identity for the corporation and its work since the 1950s in a variety of designs. Until the introduction of a logo in 1958, the corporation had relied on its coat of arms for official documentation and correspondence, although this crest", "Air Lease Corporation Air Lease Corporation Air Lease Corporation (ALC) is an American aircraft leasing company founded in 2010 and headed by Steven Udvar-Házy. Air Lease purchases new commercial aircraft through direct orders from Boeing, Airbus, Embraer and ATR, and leases them to its airline customers worldwide through specialized aircraft leasing and financing. As of the end of 2017, Air Lease reported that it owns 244 Airbus, Boeing, Embraer, and ATR aircraft, which it leases to over 91 airlines across 55 countries in every major geographical region in the world. Air Lease provides airlines with net operating leases, which require the lessee to", "Hanseatic Trade Center Hanseatic Trade Center The Hanseatic Trade Center (HTC) is a major office complex in the HafenCity of Hamburg, Germany. Developed after an urban design competition in the 1980s, and built in five phases during the 1990s, it was the first new construction in the urban renewal of this part of the Port of Hamburg. Parts of the Hanseatic Trade Center along Kehrwiederfleet complement the historic Speicherstadt, while its western end at Kehrwiederspitze features two high-rise structures. The Hanseatic Trade Center comprises a total floor area of . It is located on the western tip of HafenCity, surrounded by water on", "Johnny Comes Flying Home Johnny Comes Flying Home Johnny Comes Flying Home is a 1946 film directed by Benjamin Stoloff and starring Richard Crane and Faye Marlowe; the supporting cast features Harry Morgan. The plot involves postwar pilots starting a small aviation company. U.S. Army Air Forces fighter pilot Johnny Martin (Richard Crane) is diagnosed with nerve exhaustion at his discharge medical and is prevented from flying for a year. Instead he goes home with one of the other pilots, Miles Cary (Charles Russell), to his hometown in Iowa. While Miles returns to his family and his job at the bank, Johnny has a", "Dan Crane Crane was defeated for re-election in 1984 and returned to dentistry. He is the brother of the late Philip Crane, also a former Republican congressman from Illinois. Both men maintained conservative voting records in Congress. Crane's wife Judy (nee Miller) died in 2012. They had six children. Dan Crane Daniel Bever Crane (born January 10, 1936) is an American dentist and a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1983, he was censured by the House for having sex with a 17 year old page. He served as a Republican congressman from 1979 to 1984. Crane, a native", "Telekom S-League Telekom S-League The Telekom S-League, commonly known as just the Solomon Islands S-League or more simply the S-League for sponsorship reasons, is a semi professional league and the top division of the Solomon Islands Football Federation. It was known as the Solomon Islands National Club Championship from 2003 till 2010, when the official name was changed. In the current season, 2016, all teams compete in a round robin, where the team that ends at the first place are crowned champions. Together with the number 2nd, they qualify for the OFC Champions League. The bottom team is then relegated to the", "Savoia-Marchetti S.55 in an S-55. Four months later, they arrived back in Italy, having flown nearly in 193 flying hours and having made just over 50 stops, including Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires and New York City. On 20 June 1928 Savoia-Marchetti S.55 I-SAAT \"Santa Maria\", piloted by Ten. Col. Umberto Maddalena of the Italian air force, located survivors of Arctic explorer Umberto Nobile's crashed airship \"Italia\" on an ice floe about 120 km (75 mi) northeast of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. The Italian Air Marshall of the time, Italo Balbo became famous for organizing a squadron of S.55s for Atlantic crossings, culminating in" ]

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[ "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic." ]

[ "Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China; many other smaller-scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions.", "The tour in March 1987[citation needed] of Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour boosted house in the UK. Following the number-one success of MARRS' \"Pump Up The Volume\" in October, the years 1987 to 1989 also saw UK acts such as The Beatmasters, Krush, Coldcut, Yazz, Bomb The Bass, S-Express, and Italy's Black Box opening the doors to a house music onslaught on the UK charts. Early British house music quickly set itself apart from the original Chicago house sound;[citation needed] many of the early hits were based on sample montage, rap was often used for vocals (far more than in the US),[citation needed] and humor was frequently an important element.", "A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces the oxide, reforming water vapor and continuing this water cycle. The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening. Small amounts of substances such as zirconium are placed within the lamp as a getter to react with any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation.", "Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.", "Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.", "Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital.", "In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did \"more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda\". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed \"a rocking throne\", and tried \"to make it steady again\". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy." ]

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[ "What is Ascension Day? Question: What is Ascension Day?. Answer: Ascension Day is the celebration of Christ ascending into heaven after His death, burial and resurrection. Ascension Day is observed primarily in Catholic and Anglican churches, and it occurs on the Thursday 40 days after Easter.Ascension Day is also called the Feast of Ascension.uestion: What is Ascension Day?. Answer: Ascension Day is the celebration of Christ ascending into heaven after His death, burial and resurrection. Ascension Day is observed primarily in Catholic and Anglican churches, and it occurs on the Thursday 40 days after Easter." ]

[ "The Ascension and the Return of Christ And when the disciples saw Jesus rise, they were also left with the promise of the Holy Spirit. So there was no sadness involved, at least the way that Acts tells the story. There was no sorrow that the good ole days with Jesus in the flesh are a thing of the past. There was no idealizing of the past.irst, Jesus ascended into heaven. This is commonly known as the Ascension, which is celebrated each year 40 days after Easter, always on a Thursday. The second point this passage makes is that Jesus will return— he will return in the same way that he ascended.", "Frequently Asked Questions To wire funds to Marine Credit Union from another financial institution, provide the following information: Receiver: Marine Credit Union Address: 811 Monitor St., La Crosse, WI 54603 Routing/ABA#: 275977489 Your Name Your Address Your Account Number (Include sub account)", "First day of spring 2018 March 19, 2016 in Northern Hemisphere. The first day of Spring is in 2016 on March 19 (according to the astronomical definition). It is also called the spring quinox.", "- Today is Ascension Day! Today, Christians around the world remember the final scene of Jesus’ ministry on earth: his ascension to heaven.oday, Christians around the world remember the final scene of Jesus’ ministry on earth: his ascension to heaven.", "The Season of Easter Ascension Day, the fortieth day of Easter, thus always a Thursday (5 May 2016). Pentecost, the fiftieth day of Easter, thus always a Sunday (15 May 2016). You can find the date of Easter Day in (almost) any year. You can learn how to calculate the date of Easter Day.", "- Support and training for Tobii Dynavox devices and software. With downloads, specifications, recorded webinars, etc. Support and training for Tobii Dynavox devices and software.", "- How Many Days Until Spring 2017? Posted on January 29, 2016 by Chris Robbins. The spring (vernal) equinox will occur on Monday, March 20, 2017 at 10:29 UTC. In the United States, this translates to 6:29 am EST, 5:29 am CST, 4:29 am MST, and 3:29 am PST. In the Southern Hemisphere, the equinox will mark their first day of autumn.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders11 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > American Holidays > Patriots' Day > Patriots' Day 2018When is Patriots' Day in 2018?Patriots' Day 2018 is on Monday, April 16th.What is Patriots' Day?Patriots' Day, sometimes spelled Patriot's Day, is an annual civic holiday, celebrated in Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin, that commemorates the anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord that occured on April 19th, 1775. The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first battles of the Revolutionary War in the United States. Patriots' Day is celebrated every year on the third Monday in April.The Boston Marathon is held every year in Boston, Massachusetts, United States on Patriots' Day.11 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other American Holidays in 2018?Halloween 2018Mardi Gras 2018Patriots' Day 2018Patriot Day 2018Independence Day 2018Election Day 2018Labor Day 2018Memorial Day 2018Thanksgiving 2018Armed Forces Day 2018Mother's Day 2018Father's Day 2018Black Friday 2018Cyber Monday 2018Veterans Day 2018Columbus Day 2018Flag Day 2018Groundhog Day 201811 What Do You Think About Patriots' Day 2018?Nickname:* Patriots' Day 2018 is on Monday, April 16th. What is Patriots' Day? Patriots' Day, sometimes spelled Patriot's Day, is an annual civic holiday, celebrated in Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin, that commemorates the anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord that occured on April 19th, 1775.", "- Today Sunday, 27th of August of 2017, the sun rose in Hammond at 6:32 am and sunset will be at 8:02 pm. In the high tide and low tide chart, we can see that the first high tide was at 5:35 am and the next high tide will be at 5:43 pm. The only low tide of the day will be at 11:19 am.", "Liberation Day 2018 and 2019 Liberation Day is a national holiday celebrated in the Czech Republic on 8 May each year. This is the same date as the celebration known as V-E Day, VE Day or Victory in Europe Day that is celebrated across much of Europe.", "Eid al-Adha Dates and Time Eid al-Adha Dates and Time. Eid-ul-Azha which will be celebrated on September 1. Eid al-Adha 2017 begins in the evening of Thursday, August 31, 2017 and ends in the evening of Friday, September 1, 2017.", "Nairaland Forum (0) (Reply) (Go Down) Trinidad and Tobago's Emancipation Day. Trinidad and Tobago's Emancipation Day is celebrated to mark the end of slavery for Africans in the British Caribbean on August 1, 1838, and has been observed as a national holiday in Trinidad and Tobago since 1985, while Jamaica attained independence from Great Britain in 1962.", "- If a person wishes to take a course or courses in veterinary assisting, choosing a program that is taught by a veterinary professional, approved by a veterinary medical association or offered by a college that also offers an American Veterinary Medical Association accredited veterinary technology program would be a good idea.", "- Ascension Day commemorates the ascension of Christ into Heaven. Observed generally by Catholics and Anglicans, Ascension Day, also known as the Feast of Ascension, occurs on the Thursday 40 days after Easter.scension Day commemorates the ascension of Christ into Heaven. Observed generally by Catholics and Anglicans, Ascension Day, also known as the Feast of Ascension, occurs on the Thursday 40 days after Easter.", "Ascension Day in the United States Background. Ascension Day is one of the earliest Christian festivals dating back to the year 68 CE. According to the New Testament in the Bible, Jesus Christ met several times with his disciples during the 40 days after his resurrection to instruct them on how to carry out his teachings.ackground. Ascension Day is one of the earliest Christian festivals dating back to the year 68 CE. According to the New Testament in the Bible, Jesus Christ met several times with his disciples during the 40 days after his resurrection to instruct them on how to carry out his teachings.", "Halloween Ascension Day Definition and Summary. The Solemnity of the Ascension commemorates Jesus' return heaven 40 days after his resurrection. Thus Ascension Day falls 40 days after Easter, on the 6th Thursday of Easter.In 2015, Ascension Day falls on May 14th (dates in other years).In some parts of the world, the feast is transferred to the Sunday after the traditional date.scension Day Definition and Summary. The Solemnity of the Ascension commemorates Jesus' return heaven 40 days after his resurrection. Thus Ascension Day falls 40 days after Easter, on the 6th Thursday of Easter.", "Vernal Equinox Marks First Day of Spring Today The vernal equinox, which occurs at 7:02 a.m. EDT today (March 20), is probably the most important astronomical event of the year. Although popularly described as the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, the annual event is actually much more important than that.he vernal equinox, which marks the first day of the northern Spring season, occurs at 7:02 a.m. EDT on March 20, 2013. Credit: Starry Night Software View full size image.", "August 2nd 2027 - The Day of the LORD August 2nd 2027 - Jesus Christ will stand on the Mount of Olives. A total solar eclipse in Egypt, or the darkening of the sun and the moon, constitutes the sign of the Son of Man in heaven over Jerusalem (Matthew 24:29-30), and it occurs at exactly 12:00 PM Israel Standard Time (Amos 8:9, Isaiah 16:3, Job 5:14).", "Easter 2018 and Good Friday in Canada It's a complicated but precise foruma that determines the day Easter Sunday is celebrated: It is the first Sunday after the first full moon in spring (after March 21st) which can occur as early March 22 and as late as April 25.", "Ascension Day in 2018 Ascension day is the 40th day of Easter and commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven 39 days after resurrection on Easter Sunday.You will find the Biblical accounts of the Ascension in Matthew 28:16-20, Mark 16:19-20, Luke 24:50-53 and Acts 1:6-11.scension day is the 40th day of Easter and commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven 39 days after resurrection on Easter Sunday.", "Emancipation Day in the United States Emancipation Day is a holiday in Washington DC to mark the anniversary of the signing of the Compensated Emancipation Act, which president Abraham Lincoln signed on April 16, 1862.It is annually held on April 16.n 2007, the observance Emancipation Day in Washington DC had the effect of nationally extending the 2006 income tax filing deadline from April 16 to April 17.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders04 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Chinese Holidays > Army DayWhen is Army Day?When is Army Day in 2013?When is Army Day in 2014?When is Army Day in 2015?When is Army Day in 2016?What is Army Day?Army day is observed annually on August 1. It is a day to commemorate the PLA's contribution to China and army veterans are honored on this day.04 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican Holidays04 What Do You Think About Army Day ?Nickname:* Army day is observed annually on August 1. It is a day to commemorate the PLA's contribution to China and army veterans are honored on this day.", "- Some of these holidays include: 1 Palm Sunday. 2 Good Friday. 3 Easter Sunday. 4 Ascension Day. 5 Pentecost/Whitsunday.", "Fallacy Share. By Richard Nordquist. Definition: An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. A fallacious argument is a defective argument, says Michael F. Goodman, and a fallacy is the defect in the argument itself.", "What is Pascha? Pascha is the most important feast in the Eastern Orthodox calendar, and is better known to other Christians as Easter or the Feast of the Resurrection of Christ.ssentially, according to the council of Nicea, held in 326 AD, Pascha falls on the first full moon after the vernal equinox. In 326, the vernal equinox was on 20 March in the Julian calendar, and this is the date used to calculate Pascha.", "Ascension of Jesus The Ascension of Jesus (anglicized from the Vulgate Latin Acts 1:9-11 section title: Ascensio Iesu) is the Christian teaching found in the New Testament that the resurrected Jesus was taken up to Heaven in his resurrected body, in the presence of eleven of his apostles, occurring 40 days after the resurrection.he Feast of the Ascension, celebrated on the 40th day of Easter (always a Thursday), is one of the chief feasts of the Christian year. The feast dates back at least to the later 4th century, as is widely attested.", "- Easter is not only a movable holiday but a multiple one: in most years Western Christian churches and Eastern Orthodox churches celebrate Easter on different dates. In 2015, for example, Easter will be celebrated on April 5 by Western churches and April 12 by Orthodox churches.", "Easter Easter. Between March 22 and April 25 in the West and between April 4 and May 8 in the East; first Sunday after the first full moon on or following the vernal equinox. Easter is the principal feast of the Christian year, despite the popularity and commercialization that surrounds Christmas.", "- April 19th-The American Revolution Started-On April 19, 1775 the Revolution stated with the battles of Lexington and Concord. April 20th-Easter-Easter is celebrated on a different day each year in late March or April. April 22nd-Earth Day-Earth Day is celebrated every April 22nd.", "- (Getty) The first day of Lent is Ash Wednesday and for 2017, the date is Wednesday, March 1st. Ash Wednesday marks the beginning of Lent, which is the when Christians prepare for the celebration of Easter, which is on Sunday, April 16, 2017.", "Calculating the Easter Date According to the Gregorian calendar, Easter falls on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 from 1753 to 2400. In the Julian calendar, used by some eastern or Orthodox churches, Easter also falls on a Sunday from March 22 to April 25, which in the Gregorian calendar are from April 3 to May 10 from 1753 to 2400.", "- Independence Day Tuesday, July 4, 2017. Independence Day is a federal holiday in the US. In the United States, Independence Day, or more commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday to commemorate the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on 4 July 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.", "First day of spring 2016 is here -- almost It's the first day of spring -- but it's not official just yet. The vernal equinox is today, March 19, but won't be official until 11:30 p.m. CDT. The vernal equinox signals the beginning of spring and also marks the time of year when day and night are nearly equal, according to NASA.", "Easter In Western Christianity, using the Gregorian calendar, Easter always falls on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25, inclusively. The following day, Easter Monday, is a legal holiday in many countries with predominantly Christian traditions.Eastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian Calendar.ue to the 13 day difference between the calendars between 1900 and 2099, March 21 corresponds, during the 21st century, to the 3rd of April in the Gregorian Calendar.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders08 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Christian Holidays > Ascension DayWhen is Ascension Day?When is Ascension Day in 2013?When is Ascension Day in 2014?When is Ascension Day in 2015?What is Ascension Day?Ascension Day is a Christian holiday commemerating the ascension of Jesus into Heaven. Traditionally, Ascension Day is celebrated on a Thursday and is commonly known as Ascension Thursday, Holy Thursday, or the Feast of Ascension. Ascension Day is a ecumenical feast, meaning that it is celebrated universally by Christian churches. Other ecumenical feasts are the feasts of Passion, of Easter, and of Pentecost.08 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican Holidays08 What Do You Think About Ascension Day ?Nickname:* Ascension Day is a Christian holiday commemerating the ascension of Jesus into Heaven. Traditionally, Ascension Day is celebrated on a Thursday and is commonly known as Ascension Thursday, Holy Thursday, or the Feast of Ascension.Ascension Day is a ecumenical feast, meaning that it is celebrated universally by Christian churches.raditionally, Ascension Day is celebrated on a Thursday and is commonly known as Ascension Thursday, Holy Thursday, or the Feast of Ascension. Ascension Day is a ecumenical feast, meaning that it is celebrated universally by Christian churches.", "- 1 May 2017 This National holiday is in 11 days. This holiday is most commonly associated as a commemoration of the achievements of the ... 25 May 2017 This National holiday is in 35 days. Commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven forty two days after his crucifixion.", "Weather in Las Vegas in february 2019 The climate of Las Vegas in february is tolerable. In february in Las Vegas, the climate is quite dry (with 44mm of rainfall over 5 days). It should be noted a worsening from the previous month since in january there is an average of 29mm of rainfall over 3 days.", "- EARTH DAY - APRIL 22, 2017. Earth Day is celebrated each year on April 22 in 192 countries across the world. This Earth Day, take steps to make your world a little greener.", "Earth Day Saturday, April 22nd, 2017. 1 Earth Day | NATL - Public Interest. - Earth Day is an annual event, celebrated on April 22. 2 National Dance Day | NATL - Public Interest. - Participants across America organize events in every community to celebrate the spirit and diversity of dance of all kinds!", "Ascension Day Ascension Day is officially celebrated on a Thursday on the 40th day of Easter (or 39 days after Easter Sunday). In countries where it is a public holiday, Ascension Day is a free day for many workers. Many people take a long weekend off because the day falls on a Thursday.scension Day is officially celebrated on a Thursday on the 40th day of Easter (or 39 days after Easter Sunday). In countries where it is a public holiday, Ascension Day is a free day for many workers. Many people take a long weekend off because the day falls on a Thursday.", "When is the first day of spring 2018? Home > Holiday and Occasions > Spring > When is the First Day of Spring 2017? When is the first day of spring 2017? In 2017, spring begins on March 20, 6:28AM EDT or 10:28 UTC.", "Ascension Day 2018 The Solemnity of the Ascension of the Lord (colloquially known as Ascension Thursday or Ascension Day) is one of the great solemnities, in the Christian liturgical calendar, and commemorates the bodily Ascension of Jesus into heaven.scension Day 2015 has already passed-it was on Thursday, May 14, 2015, 153 days ago. Ascension of Christ by Garofalo, 1520. Ascension Day 2017 is on Thursday, May 25, 2017 (in 589 days).", "- When Is - Dates of Religious and Civil Holidays Around the World. Eid al-Fitr in 2016 is on Tuesday, the 5th of July. Based on sightability in North America, in 2016 Eid al-Fitr will start in North America a day later - on Wednesday, the 6th of July.", "Eid al Adha in 2018 1 Sep. Known as Eid al-Adha, Id-ul-Azha, Id-ul-Zuha, Hari Raya Haji, Greater Eid or Bakr-id; the Feast of Sacrifice is the most important feast of the Muslim calendar. Eid al-Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the twelfth and final month in the Islamic calendar. As the exact day is based on lunar sightings, the date may vary between countries.", "- Select another year-range: Emancipation Day is a holiday in Washington DC to mark the anniversary of the signing of the Compensated Emancipation Act, which president Abraham Lincoln signed on April 16, 1862. It is annually held on April 16.n some years, Emancipation Day may be the reason to extend the deadline for filing an income tax return (Tax Day). In 2007, the observance Emancipation Day in Washington DC had the effect of nationally extending the 2006 income tax filing deadline from April 16 to April 17.", "- Easter falls on the first Sunday following the first ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or after the day of the vernal equinox; this particular ecclesiastical full moon is the 14th day of a tabular lunation (new moon); and. the vernal equinox is fixed as March 21.", "- Earth Day is an annual event that raises public awareness of the importance of protecting the environment. It is celebrated each year on April 22 in the United States and across much of the world. In some countries, it is celebrated on the day of the spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, usually on March 21.", "Dates of Easterfrom 1980 to 2024Source: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/ The ecclesiastical rules are: 1 Easter falls on the first Sunday following the first ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or after the day of the vernal equinox; 2 this particular ecclesiastical full moon is the 14th day of a tabular lunation (new moon); and. 3 the vernal equinox is fixed as March 21.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders01 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Canadian Holidays > Victoria DayWhen is Victoria Day?When is Victoria Day in 2013?When is Victoria Day in 2014?When is Victoria Day in 2015?When is Victoria Day in 2016?When is Victoria Day in 2017?When is Victoria Day in 2018?When is Victoria Day in 2019?When is Victoria Day in 2020?What is Victoria Day?Victoria Day, also referred to as May Long, May Run, or May Two-Four Weekend, is a federal and public holiday in Canada that honors the birth of Queen Victoria as well as signlaing the official beginning to the summer season in Canada. Victora Day is observed on the Monday preceding May 25 as a celebration for the birthdays of both Queen Victoria and Canada's current monarch. Victoria Day celebrations include large firework displays and community parades.01 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican Holidays01 What Do You Think About Victoria Day ?Nickname:* Victoria Day, also referred to as May Long, May Run, or May Two-Four Weekend, is a federal and public holiday in Canada that honors the birth of Queen Victoria as well as signlaing the official beginning to the summer season in Canada.", "- Ascension Day commemorates the ascension of Christ into Heaven. Observed generally by Catholics and Anglicans, Ascension Day, also known as the Feast of Ascension, occurs on the Thursday 40 days after Easter.bserved generally by Catholics and Anglicans, Ascension Day, also known as the Feast of Ascension, occurs on the Thursday 40 days after Easter.", "Emancipation Day In Columbus, Mississippi, Emancipation Day is celebrated on May 8, known locally as Eighth o' May. As in other southern states, the local celebration commemorates the date in 1865 when African Americans in eastern Mississippi learned of their freedom.mancipation Day is widely observed in the British West Indies during the first week of August. In many Caribbean countries the Emancipation Day celebration is a part of Carnival, as the Caribbean Carnival takes place at this time.", "- When Is - Dates of Religious and Civil Holidays Around the World. Labor Day in 2017 is on Monday, the 4th of September. In the United States, Labor Day is always celebrated on the first Monday in September.", "Juneteenth Juneteenth, also known as Juneteenth Independence Day or Freedom Day, is a holiday that commemorates the announcement of the abolition of slavery in Texas in June 1865, and more generally the emancipation of African-American slaves throughout the Confederate South.uring the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, with an effective date of January 1, 1863.", "Ascension of Jesus The Ascension of Jesus (anglicized from the Vulgate Latin Acts 1:9-11 section title: Ascensio Iesu) is the Christian teaching found in the New Testament that the resurrected Jesus was taken up to Heaven in his resurrected body, in the presence of eleven of his apostles, occurring 40 days after the resurrection.he narrative of the Acts of the Apostles begins with the account of Jesus' appearances after his resurrection and his Ascension forty days thereafter in Acts 1:9-11. Acts 1:9-12 specifies the location of the Ascension as the mount called Olivet near Jerusalem.", "Vernal Equinox: Science Behind the First Day of Spring 2016 This year, the vernal equinox takes place on Sunday, March 20 at 12:30 a.m. EDT, or late in the evening on Saturday, March 19 if you live in the central (11:30 p.m.), mountain (10:30 p.m.) or pacific (9:30 p.m.) time zones.", "- Easter 2017 Dates. In Western Christianity, Easter is always celebrated on the Sunday immediately following the Paschal Full Moon. This statement was true in 325 AD, when it was established by the Council of Nicea.", "Juneteenth For the work by Ralph Ellison, see Juneteenth (novel). Juneteenth, also known as Juneteenth Independence Day or Freedom Day, is a holiday that commemorates the June 19, 1865 announcement of the abolition of slavery in Texas, and more generally the emancipation of African-American slaves throughout the Confederate South. Celebrated on June 19, the word is a combination of June and nineteenth.", "Definition: Ascension Definition: Ascension. Ascension is about humans clearing, healing and evolving our energies into a higher form...ascending to a higher vibrational level. The Angels, Light Beings and the Ascended Masters are flooding this plane with guidance, wisdom, information, and techniques.", "World Egg Day 2018 is on Wednesday, October 10, 2018: Is this the Truth about Easter-eggs? Monday, October 10, 2016 is World Egg Day 2016. It's World Egg Day! officially World Egg Day! Eggs really are a true nutritionally packed berry, that contains loaded with quality protein, minerals and vitamins – and they’re extremely affordable, and broadly accessible around the world.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders12 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > Boss' Day > Boss' Day 2016When is Boss' Day in 2016?The date of Boss' Day in 2016 is on Monday, October 17th. It is traditionally celebrated on the 16th of October but since that is a Sunday in 2016, Bosses Day is celebrated on the closest business day.What is Boss' Day?National Boss' Day, typically written out as Bosses Day or National Bosses Day, is a secular holiday in the USA that celebrates and honors bosses every year on the 16th of October. If October 16th falls on a weekend day then the holiday is celebrated on the closest business day to that date. This special day was created in hopes of stregthening the bond the between employers and their employees as the employees take a day to show appreciation for their boss' hard work throughout the year.12 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2016?Daylight Savings 2016Arbor Day 2016World Water Day 2016Earth Day 2016Summer Solstice 2016New Years 2016Half Christmas 2016Winter Solstice 2016International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2016International Women's Day 2016International Bacon Day 20162016Lunar New Year 2016Christmas In July 2016Harvest Moon 2016Blood Moon 2016Pink Moon 2016National Grandparents Day 2016National Ugly Christmas Sweater Day 2016National Sibling Day 2016Nurses' Day 2016National Margarita Day 2016National Day of Prayer 2016Boss' Day 2016Administrative Professionals' Day 2016Nurses' Week 2016National Doughnut Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016Teacher Appreciation Day 2016National Dog Day 2016National Cat Day 2016National Pancake Day 2016National Girlfriends' Day 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Sweetest Day 2016Constitution Day 2016Son and Daughter Day 2016Cinco de Mayo 2016National Ice Cream Day 2016National Beer Day 2016Nobel Prizes 2016International Beer Day 2016Marine Corps' Birthday 2016Record Store Day 2016Free Comic Book Day 2016Pi Day 2016Festivus 2016Calgary Stampede 2016Fantasy Fest 2016Turkey Trot 2016Cheese Pizza Day 2016Darwin Day 2016Rum Day 2016Star Wars Day 2016Tequila Day 2016eDay 2016Parade of Homes 2016World Cancer Day 2016Mole Day 2016National Coming Out Day 2016Bloomsday 2016Day of Silence 2016Cheeseburger Day 2016National Pie Day 2016Hot Dog Day 2016Cheesecake Day 2016Dance Day 2016Dapper Day 2016National Chocolate Day 2016Friendship Day 2016Army Birthday 2016Opposite Day 2016Wine Day 2016Hug Day 2016Towel Day 2016Pet Day 2016Navy Birthday 2016Cookie Day 2016Running Day 2016Bonfire Night 2016National Hamburger Day 2016National Cake Day 2016Chocolate Chip Day 2016World Kiss Day 2016Bicycle Day 2016Air Force Birthday 2016National Popcorn Day 2016Sandwich Day 2016Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2016Rare Disease Day 2016Grilled Cheese Day 2016Bike to Work Day 2016Burns Night 2016Womenâs Equality Day 2016World Book Day 2016World Elephant Day 2016World Down Syndrome Day 2016World Diabetes Day 2016World Youth Day 2016Cheese Day 2016Peanut Butter Day 2016Waffle Day 2016Chicken Wing Day 2016High Five Day 2016Cupcake Day 2016National Volunteer Week 2016National Wear Red Day 2016International Menâs Day 2016Childrenâs Day 2016White Day 2016Turkey Run 2016World Health Day 2016Mental Health Day 2016World Food Day 2016Peanut Butter and Jelly Day 2016Fried Chicken Day 2016National Lemonade Day 2016Pizza Month 2016Buy Nothing Day 2016World Turtle Day 2016World Environment Day 2016Military Spouse Appreciation Day 2016National Cancer Survivor Day 2016Human Rights Day 2016World Prematurity Day 2016World Toilet Day 2016Watermelon Day 2016Food Day 2016Kindness Day 2016Honesty Day 2016Take Your Dog to Work Day 2016Lefthanders Day 2016Guy Fawkes Night 2016America Recycles Day 2016Candy Corn Day 2016420 Day 2016Men Make Dinner Day 2016National Hangover Day 2016D-Day 2016New York Comedy Festival 2016Black Day 2016Lohri 2016Amazon Prime Day 2016National Coffee Day 2016National Puppy Day 2016Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2016National Pizza Day 201612 What Do You Think About Boss' Day 2016?Nickname:* The date of Boss' Day in 2016 is on Monday, October 17th. It is traditionally celebrated on the 16th of October but since that is a Sunday in 2016, Bosses Day is celebrated on the closest business day.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders01 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > National Girlfriends' Day > National Girlfriends' Day 2015When is National Girlfriends' Day in 2015?The date of National Girlfriend Day in 2015 is on Saturday, August 1st.What is National Girlfriends' Day?Time to buy some flowers and chocolates! National Girlfriends' Day is celebrated on August 1st of every year. It is a special day dedicated to celebrating and honoring girlfriends around the world, both romantic and platonic gf's. It is common for people to spoil their girlfriends on this day with flowers, cards, meals,massage, gift cards, and lots of love.01 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2015?Christmas In July 2015Half Christmas 2015Daylight Savings 2015Earth Day 2015New Years 2015Arbor Day 2015World Water Day 2015Summer Solstice 2015Full Moon 2015Winter Solstice 2015International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2015International Women's Day 2015International Bacon Day 2015World Water Day 2015Lunar New Year 2015Harvest Moon 2015Blood Moon 2015Pink Moon 2015Blue Moon 2015National Grandparents Day 2015National Ugly Christmas Sweater Day 2015National Sibling Day 2015Folsom Street Fair 2015National Pancake Day 2015Nurses' Day 2015National Margarita Day 2015National Day of Prayer 2015Boss' Day 2015Administrative Professionals' Day 2015Nurses' Week 2015National Doughnut Day 2015Teacher Appreciation Week 2015Teacher Appreciation Day 2015National Dog Day 2015National Cat Day 2015National Girlfriends' Day 2015National Boyfriend Day 2015Sweetest Day 2015Constitution Day 2015Son and Daughter Day 2015Cinco de Mayo 2015National Ice Cream Day 2015National Beer Day 2015Nobel Prizes 2015International Beer Day 2015London Fashion Week 2015New York Fashion Week 2015First Day of Spring 2015Celiac Disease Awareness Month 2015Marine Corps' Birthday 2015Record Store Day 2015Free Comic Book Day 2015Pi Day 2015Dapper Day 2015Festivus 2015Sturgis 2015Calgary Stampede 2015Fantasy Fest 2015Turkey Trot 2015Cheese Pizza Day 2015Darwin Day 2015Rum Day 2015Star Wars Day 2015Tequila Day 2015eDay 2015Parade of Homes 2015Mole Day 2015National Coming Out Day 2015Bloomsday 2015Cheeseburger Day 2015Hot Dog Day 2015Cheesecake Day 2015National Chocolate Day 2015Friendship Day 2015Army Birthday 2015Wine Day 2015Towel Day 2015Navy Birthday 2015Cookie Day 2015Running Day 2015Bonfire Night 2015National Hamburger Day 2015National Cake Day 2015World Kiss Day 2015Air Force Birthday 2015Sandwich Day 2015Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2015Womenâs Equality Day 2015World Elephant Day 2015World Diabetes Day 2015Waffle Day 2015Chicken Wing Day 2015Cupcake Day 2015International Menâs Day 2015Childrenâs Day 2015Turkey Run 2015Mental Health Day 2015World Food Day 2015Fried Chicken Day 2015National Lemonade Day 2015Pizza Month 2015Buy Nothing Day 2015World Environment Day 2015National Cancer Survivor Day 2015Human Rights Day 2015World Prematurity Day 2015World Toilet Day 2015Watermelon Day 2015Kindness Day 2015Food Day 2015Take Your Dog to Work Day 2015Lefthanders Day 2015Guy Fawkes Night 2015America Recycles Day 2015Candy Corn Day 2015Men Make Dinner Day 2015D-Day 2015New York Comedy Festival 2015Amazon Prime Day 2015National Coffee Day 2015Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2015National History Day 201501 What Do You Think About National Girlfriends' Day 2015?Nickname:* Time to buy some flowers and chocolates! National Girlfriends' Day is celebrated on August 1st of every year.", "Easter In Western Christianity, using the Gregorian calendar, Easter always falls on a Sunday between 22 March and 25 April inclusive, within about seven days after the astronomical full moon. The following day, Easter Monday, is a legal holiday in many countries with predominantly Christian traditions.s Easter is always a Sunday, many countries in the world also have Easter Monday as a public holiday. Some retail stores, shopping malls, and restaurants are closed on Easter Sunday. Good Friday, which occurs two days before Easter Sunday, is also a public holiday in many countries, as well as in 12 U.S. states.", "- Today – 16 April 2017 – is a holiday in Louisiana for Easter Sunday. This page contains a calendar of all 2017 state holidays for Louisiana. These dates may be modified as official changes are announced, so please check back regularly for updates.", "Emancipation Day in the United States Select another year-range: Emancipation Day is a holiday in Washington DC to mark the anniversary of the signing of the Compensated Emancipation Act, which president Abraham Lincoln signed on April 16, 1862. It is annually held on April 16.", "Ascension Day 2018 and 2019 It is a moveable holiday and depends on when Easter occurs. Ascension Day is celebrated on a Thursday, 40 days after Easter Sunday because, before his ascension, Jesus spent 40 days with his disciples after he rose from death.Around the world, many countries consider Ascension Day as a holy day, but many don’t take a public holiday on this day.scension Day is the day when Christians around the world celebrate the ascension of Jesus Christ into heaven in the fourth decade AD.", "Ascension Day in the United States Ascension Day is officially celebrated on a Thursday on the 40th day of Easter, or 39 days after Easter Sunday.Some churches in the United States join forces to celebrate a combined Day of Prayer and Ascension Day service, which may include a time for reflection.ackground. Ascension Day is one of the earliest Christian festivals dating back to the year 68 CE. According to the New Testament in the Bible, Jesus Christ met several times with his disciples during the 40 days after his resurrection to instruct them on how to carry out his teachings.", "- 1 Lafayette-- Lafayette’s 10th annual Earth Day Festival. 2 Sunday, April 26, from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. the Lafayette Library and Learning Center will host a diverse collection of organizations and businesses, all coming together to celebrate and promote a more sustainable lifestyle.", "Easter The foundation of the Christian faith from the New Testament is the resurrection of Jesus from his crucifixion 3 days earlier which is observed as Good Friday. This establishes Jesus as the Son of God.", "When is Eid al-Adha in 2016? When is Eid al-Adha in 2016? Eid al-Adha in 2016 is on Sunday, the 11th of September. Based on sightability in North America, in 2016 Eid al-Adha will start in North America a day later - on Monday, the 12th of September.", "Vernal Equinox: Science Behind the First Day of Spring 2016 It means that the vernal equinox is here, and astronomically speaking, spring has officially begun. Twice a year, around March 20 or 21 and September 22 or 23, the sun's most direct rays shine on the equator. These two days are known as the vernal (spring) equinox and the autumnal (fall) equinox, respectively.", "April 25 April 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Anniversary of the First Cabinet of Kurdish Government (Iraqi Kurdistan) Anzac Day (Australia, New Zealand) Arbor Day (Germany) DNA Day; Flag Day (Faroe Islands) Flag Day (Swaziland) Freedom Day (Portugal) Liberation Day (Italy) Military Foundation Day (North Korea) Parental Alienation Awareness Day; Red Hat Society Day", "- Well, the Easter is the day to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who was made to the crucifixion by the cross and was killed. Then, by the modern scientific technology, we know that April 17 (Sat.), 6 B.C. was the true birthday when Jesus Christ was really born in the earth.Let's celebrate both the Easter and the true birthday of Jesus Christ (April 17) among all the Christians all over the world every year, too!nd now we believe very strongly that the true birthday of our Savior, Jesus Christ, was April 17, 6 B.C. And, in the astrology, the constellation of the person's birthday is the constellation that the sun was located in when he or she was born.", "Orthodox Easter Day Millions of Orthodox Christians around the world often celebrate Easter Sunday at a different time to the date set by many western churches. Orthodox Easter Day 2018. 24 countries – Sunday, April 8, 2018. Ukraine – Monday, April 9, 2018. Orthodox Easter Day 2019. 24 countries – Sunday, April 28, 2019. Ukraine – Monday, April 29, 2019", "- Easter Day: Observance, Christian: Apr 30: Monday: Children's Day: Observance: May 1: Tuesday: Labor Day / May Day: National holiday: May 5: Saturday: Battle of Puebla: Observance: May 10: Thursday: Mother's Day: Observance: May 10: Thursday: Ascension Day: Observance: May 15: Tuesday: Teacher's Day: Observance: May 20: Sunday: Whit Sunday: Observance: May 31: Thursday: Corpus Christi: Observance: Jun 17: Sunday", "Calendars exhibit It was therefore decided to make Easter Sunday the first Sunday after the first full moon after vernal equinox. Or more precisely: Easter Sunday is the first Sunday after the official full moon on or after the official vernal equinox. The official vernal equinox is always 21 March.", "List of dates for Easter The following Sunday, April 20, was, therefore, Easter Day. According to the Orthodox (Julian) calendar (which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar), the Spring Equinox also falls on March 21. However, in the Gregorian Calendar, this is April 3. The first Orthodox Full Moon after the Equinox falls on (Julian) Tuesday, April 2, 2014 (Gregorian April 15). The following Sunday, (Julian) April 7, is, therefore, Easter Day (Gregorian April 20).", "- When Is - Dates of Religious and Civil Holidays Around the World. Presidents' Day in 2015 is on Monday, the 16th of February. In the United States, Presidents Day is always celebrated on the third Monday of February.", "- Both “inseam” and “outseam” are terms used to measure garments, especially pants or trousers. An inseam is a measurement of the inner pant leg, from the crotch to the hem of the pant. The outseam is a measurement of the outer pant leg, from the waistband to the hem of the pant.", "- Emancipation Day is a public holiday on 16 April each year that, in recent history, has been celebrated only since 2005.If the date falls on a weekend, the holiday is the nearest weekday, either Friday or Monday.Emancipation Day celebrates when President Abraham Lincoln signed the Compensated Emancipaton Act in 1862.mancipation Day is a public holiday on 16 April each year that, in recent history, has been celebrated only since 2005.", "- Switzerland. Ascension day is the 40th day of Easter and commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven 39 days after resurrection on Easter Sunday. You will find the Biblical accounts of the Ascension in Matthew 28:16-20, Mark 16:19-20, Luke 24:50-53 and Acts 1:6-11.scension day is the 40th day of Easter and commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven 39 days after resurrection on Easter Sunday.", "Dates of Easterfrom 1980 to 2024Source: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/ Easter is observed on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25. The commonly stated rule, that Easter Day is the first Sunday after the full moon that occurs next after the vernal equinox, is somewhat misleading because it is not a precise statement of the actual ecclesiastical rules.", "Easter 2019 The date of Easter Sunday can thus fall between March 22 and April 25. The date of Orthodox Easter (also known as Pascha) as celebrated in Eastern Christianity is the same as Easter in some years, but differs in other years. A common typographical error for Easter 2017 is to write Easter 2917. Easter 2018 is on Sunday, April 1, 2018 (in 350 days). 2018 Calendar.", "Holidays Calendar for April 25, 2016 Liberation Day, also referred to as the Anniversary of the Resistance and Anniversary of Liberation, is a public holiday in Italy celebrated on April 25. It commemorates the end of Nazi occupation and Benito Mussolini's regime in the country in 1945.he Faroe Islands celebrates the same public holidays as Denmark as it is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark. But it has its own holidays as well. For example, April 25 is National Flag Day in the Faroe Islands.", "Ascension Day Ascension Day is officially celebrated on a Thursday on the 40th day of Easter (or 39 days after Easter Sunday). In countries where it is a public holiday, Ascension Day is a free day for many workers. Many people take a long weekend off because the day falls on a Thursday.scension Day marks the end of the Easter season and occurs ten days before Pentecost. Depending upon the phases of the moon in a particular year, Ascension Day is celebrated on a Thursday. However, some churches, particularly in the United States, celebrate it on the following Sunday.", "Easter Easter 2017, 2018. This year Easter is celebrated/observed on Sunday April 16th, 2017. Easter celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The day of Easter falls on a Sunday based on the lunisolar calendar, not a fixed date on the Gregorian or Julian calendar. It has been determined to fall on the Sunday after the full moon following March 21 for Western Christians. Thus Easter will fall between March 22nd and April 25th each year.", "Independence Day 2018, 2019 and further Significance of Independence Day 2018. Independence Day 2018, also known as Fourth of July, is a federal holiday observed yearly on July fourth. It is the anniversary of the publication of the declaration of independence of the United States of America from Great Britain in 1776.", "Easter Updated April 08, 2017. Easter, the greatest feast day in the Christian calendar, is a moveable feast, which means that it falls on a different date each year. Easter always falls on a Sunday, but Easter Sunday can be as early as March 22 and as late as April 25. Here is the date on which we will celebrate Easter this year: Easter 2017: Sunday, April 16, 2017.", "Good Friday 2019 Good Friday 2018 is on Friday, March 30, 2018 (in 348 days). 2018 Calendar. Good Friday 2017 has already passed: it was on Friday, April 14, 2017 (2 days ago). 2017 Calendar. Good Friday, the Friday immediately preceding Easter Sunday, commemorates the crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ.", "Ascension Parish, Louisiana Ascension Parish (French: Paroisse de l'Ascension) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 107,215. Its parish seat is Donaldsonville. The parish was created in 1807.", "- Madagascar Martyrs' Day (Commemoration Day, Insurrection Day) March 29. Madagascar Martyrs' Day, also known as Commemoration Day or Insurrection Day, officially memorializes those who died in the Revolt of 1947 against the French.", "All Souls' Day All Souls' Day, in Christianity, is a day commemorating the faithful departed, particularly but not exclusively one's relatives. In Western Christianity the annual celebration is now held on 2 November and is associated with All Saints' Day (1 November) and its vigil, Halloween (31 October).", "How to Repair a Concrete Floor In spite of the concrete finisher's best efforts, sometimes the finished product has significant imperfections. Even a carpet laid on a pad or vinyl flooring cannot be expected to cover up every flaw, so repairing a slab is the builder or homeowner's best choice for correcting the problem.Before patching, make sure your concrete is structurally sound.mall areas of shallow surface irregularities may be concealed with a floor leveling compound, rather than chipping out and replacing the actual concrete. 3. Chip the surface of the concrete to remove any high material, and to create a rough surface for the repair cement mixture to bond to.", "- Trinidad & Tobago Emancipation Day Date: August 3. Trinidad & Tobago celebrates Emancipation Day as a public holiday. Emancipation Day is celebrated in many nations in the Americas. The dates do vary from country to country. This is because of the difference in the date on which they accepted or implemented the emancipation policy and abolished slavery.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders11 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > Administrative Professionals' Day > Administrative Professionals' Day 2017When is Administrative Professionals' Day in 2017?The date of Aministrative Professionals Day in 2017 is on Wednesday, April 26th. The entire Administrative Professionals Week in 2017 runs from Monday, April 23rd through Friday, April 29th.What is Administrative Professionals' Day?The term Administrative Professionals' Day, sometimes referred to as Secretaries Day or Administrative Assistant Day, refers to the unoffocial secular holiday that celebrates and honors administrative assistants, secretaries, receptionists, book keepers, and other administrative professionals for all the hard work and dedication they constantly display.The day is usually celebrated on the Wednesday that is part of the final full-week in the month of April. That entire week is known as Administrative Professionals' Week and is promoted by the International Association of Aministrative Professionals (IAAP). As part of Administrative Professionals Day, it is common for bosses to give their administrative staff flowers, gifts, candy, free lunch, or even give them the entire day off.11 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2017?Daylight Savings 2017Arbor Day 2017World Water Day 2017Earth Day 2017Summer Solstice 2017International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2017International Women's Day 2017Lunar New Year 2017Christmas In July 2017Pink Moon 2017National Grandparents Day 2017National Sibling Day 2017National Day of Prayer 2017Nurses' Day 2017Boss' Day 2017Administrative Professionals' Day 2017Nurses' Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Day 2017National Dog Day 2017National Cat Day 2017National Pancake Day 2017National Girlfriends' Day 2017National Boyfriend Day 2017Sweetest Day 2017Constitution Day 2017Son and Daughter Day 2017Cinco de Mayo 2017National Ice Cream Day 2017National Beer Day 2017International Beer Day 2017Marine Corps' Birthday 2017Record Store Day 2017Free Comic Book Day 2017Pi Day 2017Calgary Stampede 2017Fantasy Fest 2017National Margarita Day 2017Turkey Trot 2017Cheese Pizza Day 2017Darwin Day 2017Rum Day 2017Star Wars Day 2017Tequila Day 2017eDay 2017Parade of Homes 2017World Cancer Day 2017Mole Day 2017National Coming Out Day 2017Bloomsday 2017Day of Silence 2017Cheeseburger Day 2017National Pie Day 2017Hot Dog Day 2017Cheesecake Day 2017Dance Day 2017Dapper Day 2017National Chocolate Day 2017Friendship Day 2017Army Birthday 2017Opposite Day 2017Wine Day 2017Hug Day 2017Towel Day 2017Pet Day 2017Navy Birthday 2017Cookie Day 2017Running Day 2017Bonfire Night 2017National Hamburger Day 2017National Cake Day 2017Chocolate Chip Day 2017World Kiss Day 2017Bicycle Day 2017Air Force Birthday 2017National Popcorn Day 2017Sandwich Day 2017Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2017Rare Disease Day 2017Grilled Cheese Day 2017Bike to Work Day 2017Burns Night 2017Womenâs Equality Day 2017World Book Day 2017World Elephant Day 2017World Down Syndrome Day 2017World Diabetes Day 2017World Youth Day 2017Cheese Day 2017Peanut Butter Day 2017Waffle Day 2017Chicken Wing Day 2017High Five Day 2017Cupcake Day 2017National Volunteer Week 2017National Wear Red Day 2017International Menâs Day 2017Childrenâs Day 2017White Day 2017Turkey Run 2017World Health Day 2017Mental Health Day 2017World Food Day 2017Peanut Butter and Jelly Day 2017Fried Chicken Day 2017National Lemonade Day 2017Pizza Month 2017Buy Nothing Day 2017World Turtle Day 2017World Environment Day 2017Military Spouse Appreciation Day 2017National Cancer Survivor Day 2017Human Rights Day 2017World Prematurity Day 2017World Toilet Day 2017Watermelon Day 2017Food Day 2017Kindness Day 2017Honesty Day 2017Take Your Dog to Work Day 2017Lefthanders Day 2017Guy Fawkes Night 2017America Recycles Day 2017Candy Corn Day 2017420 Day 2017Men Make Dinner Day 2017National Hangover Day 2017D-Day 2017New York Comedy Festival 2017Black Day 2017Lohri 2017National Puppy Day 2017Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2017National Pizza Day 201711 What Do You Think About Administrative Professionals' Day 2017?Nickname:* Home > Important Days > Administrative Professionals' Day > Administrative Professionals' Day 2017. The date of Aministrative Professionals Day in 2017 is on Wednesday, April 26th. The entire Administrative Professionals Week in 2017 runs from Monday, April 23rd through Friday, April 29th.", "Flag Day (United States) Flag Day (United States) For other uses, see Flag day (disambiguation). In the United States, Flag Day is celebrated on June 14. It commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States, which happened on June 14, 1777, by resolution of the Second Continental Congress.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders11 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > Summer Solstice > Summer Solstice 2015When is Summer Solstice in 2015?The Summer Solstice, also known as the June Solstice, in 2015 is on Sunday, June 21st. The Summer Solstice also marks the longest day of the year in terms of the most sunlight in one single day.What is Summer Solstice ?The longest day of the year in 2014 falls on the Summer Solstice, also known as the June Solstice. This Summer Solstice occurs when the tilt of the earth's semi-axis is most inclined towards the sun. This occurs once every year in the month of June, which is why the Summer Solstice has become to be known by the name June Solstice in the northern hemisphere. The Summer Solstice marks the day with the most sunlight in one day, referred to as the longest day of the year.Opposite of the Summer Solstice is the Winter Solstice, which happens to be the shortest day of the year .11 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2015?Christmas In July 2015Half Christmas 2015Daylight Savings 2015Earth Day 2015New Years 2015Arbor Day 2015World Water Day 2015Summer Solstice 2015Full Moon 2015Winter Solstice 2015International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2015International Women's Day 2015International Bacon Day 2015World Water Day 2015Lunar New Year 2015Harvest Moon 2015Blood Moon 2015Pink Moon 2015Blue Moon 2015National Grandparents Day 2015National Ugly Christmas Sweater Day 2015National Sibling Day 2015Folsom Street Fair 2015National Pancake Day 2015Nurses' Day 2015National Margarita Day 2015National Day of Prayer 2015Boss' Day 2015Administrative Professionals' Day 2015Nurses' Week 2015National Doughnut Day 2015Teacher Appreciation Week 2015Teacher Appreciation Day 2015National Dog Day 2015National Cat Day 2015National Girlfriends' Day 2015National Boyfriend Day 2015Sweetest Day 2015Constitution Day 2015Son and Daughter Day 2015Cinco de Mayo 2015National Ice Cream Day 2015National Beer Day 2015Nobel Prizes 2015International Beer Day 2015London Fashion Week 2015New York Fashion Week 2015First Day of Spring 2015Celiac Disease Awareness Month 2015Marine Corps' Birthday 2015Record Store Day 2015Free Comic Book Day 2015Pi Day 2015Dapper Day 2015Festivus 2015Sturgis 2015Calgary Stampede 2015Fantasy Fest 2015Turkey Trot 2015Cheese Pizza Day 2015Darwin Day 2015Rum Day 2015Star Wars Day 2015Tequila Day 2015eDay 2015Parade of Homes 2015Mole Day 2015National Coming Out Day 2015Bloomsday 2015Cheeseburger Day 2015Hot Dog Day 2015Cheesecake Day 2015National Chocolate Day 2015Friendship Day 2015Army Birthday 2015Wine Day 2015Towel Day 2015Navy Birthday 2015Cookie Day 2015Running Day 2015Bonfire Night 2015National Hamburger Day 2015National Cake Day 2015World Kiss Day 2015Air Force Birthday 2015Sandwich Day 2015Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2015Womenâs Equality Day 2015World Elephant Day 2015World Diabetes Day 2015Waffle Day 2015Chicken Wing Day 2015Cupcake Day 2015International Menâs Day 2015Childrenâs Day 2015Turkey Run 2015Mental Health Day 2015World Food Day 2015Fried Chicken Day 2015National Lemonade Day 2015Pizza Month 2015Buy Nothing Day 2015World Environment Day 2015National Cancer Survivor Day 2015Human Rights Day 2015World Prematurity Day 2015World Toilet Day 2015Watermelon Day 2015Kindness Day 2015Food Day 2015Take Your Dog to Work Day 2015Lefthanders Day 2015Guy Fawkes Night 2015America Recycles Day 2015Candy Corn Day 2015Men Make Dinner Day 2015D-Day 2015New York Comedy Festival 2015Amazon Prime Day 2015National Coffee Day 2015Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2015National History Day 201511 What Do You Think About Summer Solstice 2015?Nickname:* The Summer Solstice, also known as the June Solstice, in 2015 is on Sunday, June 21st. The Summer Solstice also marks the longest day of the year in terms of the most sunlight in one single day. The longest day of the year in 2014 falls on the Summer Solstice, also known as the June Solstice. This Summer Solstice occurs when the tilt of the earth's semi-axis is most inclined towards the sun.", "- It begins on the Sunday nearest November 30, the feast day of St. Andrew the Apostle, and covers four Sundays. Because the day it begins changes from year to year, so does the length of each Advent season. In 2015, Advent begins on November 29.", "Independence Day in the United States Home Calendar Holidays the United States Independence Day. Independence Day is annually celebrated on July 4 and is often known as the Fourth of July. It is the anniversary of the publication of the declaration of independence from Great Britain in 1776.", "Eid al-Adha 2015: What is Greater Eid and when does it start? Eid al-Adha 2015: What is Greater Eid and when does it start? Eid al-Adha, known as Greater Eid or the Feast of the Sacrifice, is the second of two major Eid Muslim holidays. This year, the festival begins on the evening of 22 September, according to the lunar-based Islamic calendar.", "Easter The Council of Nicaea in 325 decreed that Easter should be observed on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring equinox (March 21). Easter, therefore, can fall on any Sunday between March 22 and April 25.", "Martyrsâ Day holiday announced in UAE Martyrs’ Day holiday announced in UAE. Official holiday on November 30 to mark sacrifice of those who died in the line of duty for their country. Published: 14:50 August 19, 2015.", "- Ascension Day is the day celebrating the bodily ascension of Jesus Christ to heaven 40 days after His resurrection from the dead on Easter Sunday. This day falls on a Thursday, though many American liturgical churches (and others) celebrate on the following Sunday, the sixth Sunday following Easter.scension Day is the day celebrating the bodily ascension of Jesus Christ to heaven 40 days after His resurrection from the dead on Easter Sunday. This day falls on a Thursday, though many American liturgical churches (and others) celebrate on the following Sunday, the sixth Sunday following Easter.", "Liberation Day 2018 and 2019 Liberation Day 2017 and 2018. Liberation Day is a Portuguese public holiday celebrated every April 25th, commemorating the overthrow on that day, in 1974, of the dictatorial Estado Novo (New State) fascist government. The holiday is also sometimes called “Freedom Day” or “Liberty Day”.", "Ascension Day in 2018 Switzerland. Ascension day is the 40th day of Easter and commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven 39 days after resurrection on Easter Sunday. You will find the Biblical accounts of the Ascension in Matthew 28:16-20, Mark 16:19-20, Luke 24:50-53 and Acts 1:6-11.witzerland. Ascension day is the 40th day of Easter and commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven 39 days after resurrection on Easter Sunday. You will find the Biblical accounts of the Ascension in Matthew 28:16-20, Mark 16:19-20, Luke 24:50-53 and Acts 1:6-11.", "Other Special Celebrations (non-national holidays) Footnotes: * 1 In Alsace and Lorraine only. 2 In years when Ascension Day concurs with Victory Day, we mark only the former, thus ignoring the latter. 3 Metal workers have the holiday of St. Eloi, July 24 (Festival of St. Eloi - French Basque).", "- Other holidays in April 2018 in the United States. 1 Easter Sunday – Sunday, April 1, 2018. 2 Easter Monday – Monday, April 2, 2018. 3 Orthodox Good Friday – Friday, April 6, 2018. 4 Last Day of Passover – Saturday, April 7, 2018. 5 Orthodox Easter – Sunday, April 8, 2018. 6 Orthodox Easter Monday – Monday, April 9, 2018.", "- The first day of Spring is in 2016 on March 19 (according to the astronomical definition).", "- In the Southern Hemisphere, it's known as the Spring (vernal) equinox. September Equinox in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. is on. Thursday, September 22, 2016 at 7:22 AM PDT (Change city). September Equinox in Universal Coordinated Time is on. Thursday, September 22, 2016 at 14:22 UTC.", "THE HOLY NEW MARTYRS OF THE URALS, SIBERIA AND CENTRAL ASIA Good Friday, April 14 - (No 8:30am Mass) 8am-7pm: Church is open. 7pm: the Service of the Lord’s Passion. Holy Saturday, April 15 - (No 8:30am Mass) 7pm: Easter Vigil: the blessing of the fire, and the first Mass of the Resurrection. Easter Sunday, April 16 - 8:30 a.m. and 11 a.m.", "- Opioid analgesics are useful agents for treating pain of various etiologies; however, adverse effects are potential limitations to their use. Strategies to minimize adverse effects of opioids include dose reduction, symptomatic management, opioid rotation, and changing the route of administration.pioid analgesics are useful agents for treating pain of various etiologies; however, adverse effects are potential limitations to their use. Strategies to minimize adverse effects of opioids include dose reduction, symptomatic management, opioid rotation, and changing the route of administration.", "Ascension Day in the United States Ascension Day is officially celebrated on a Thursday on the 40th day of Easter, or 39 days after Easter Sunday. Some churches in the United States join forces to celebrate a combined Day of Prayer and Ascension Day service, which may include a time for reflection.scension Day is one of the earliest Christian festivals dating back to the year 68 CE. According to the New Testament in the Bible, Jesus Christ met several times with his disciples during the 40 days after his resurrection to instruct them on how to carry out his teachings.", "Earth Day Earth Day. Earth Day is an annual event celebrated on April 22. Worldwide, various events are held to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First celebrated in 1970, Earth Day events in more than 193 countries are now coordinated globally by the Earth Day Network.", "- Easter is a moveable feast and is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first spring full moon. In Western Christianity (including Catholic and Protestant traditions) which uses Gregorian calendar the date of Easter varies between 22 March and 25 April.", "Father's Day In Germany, Father's Day (Vatertag) is celebrated differently from other parts of the world. It is always celebrated on Ascension Day (the Thursday forty days after Easter), which is a federal holiday. Regionally, it is also called men's day, Männertag, or gentlemen's day, Herrentag.", "Bahamians Public holidays in the Bahamas include the major holy days of the Christian calendar. Secular holidays include Labor Day (the first Friday in June), Independence Day (July 10), Emancipation Day (the first Monday in August), and Discovery Day (October 12).", "\"Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders12 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > Daylight Savings > Daylight Savings 2015When is Daylight Savings in 2015?Spring Forward: The clocks are set ahead one hour during Spring Forward. In 2015, this occurs on Sunday, March 8.Fall Back: The clocks are set back one hour during Fall Back. In 2015, this occurs on Sunday, November 1.What is Daylight Savings?Daylight Savings Time, or DST, begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. In March, you should expect to move your clock forward one hour for Spring Forward from 2am standard time to 3am DST, and in November, clocks are moved back one hour from 2am DST to 1am standard time. The phrase \"\"spring forward, fall back\"\" is a helpful reminder of these time changes.12 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2015?Christmas In July 2015Half Christmas 2015Daylight Savings 2015Earth Day 2015New Years 2015Arbor Day 2015World Water Day 2015Summer Solstice 2015Full Moon 2015Winter Solstice 2015International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2015International Women's Day 2015International Bacon Day 2015World Water Day 2015Lunar New Year 2015Harvest Moon 2015Blood Moon 2015Pink Moon 2015Blue Moon 2015National Grandparents Day 2015National Ugly Christmas Sweater Day 2015National Sibling Day 2015Folsom Street Fair 2015National Pancake Day 2015Nurses' Day 2015National Margarita Day 2015National Day of Prayer 2015Boss' Day 2015Administrative Professionals' Day 2015Nurses' Week 2015National Doughnut Day 2015Teacher Appreciation Week 2015Teacher Appreciation Day 2015National Dog Day 2015National Cat Day 2015National Girlfriends' Day 2015National Boyfriend Day 2015Sweetest Day 2015Constitution Day 2015Son and Daughter Day 2015Cinco de Mayo 2015National Ice Cream Day 2015National Beer Day 2015Nobel Prizes 2015International Beer Day 2015London Fashion Week 2015New York Fashion Week 2015First Day of Spring 2015Celiac Disease Awareness Month 2015Marine Corps' Birthday 2015Record Store Day 2015Free Comic Book Day 2015Pi Day 2015Dapper Day 2015Festivus 2015Sturgis 2015Calgary Stampede 2015Fantasy Fest 2015Turkey Trot 2015Cheese Pizza Day 2015Darwin Day 2015Rum Day 2015Star Wars Day 2015Tequila Day 2015eDay 2015Parade of Homes 2015Mole Day 2015National Coming Out Day 2015Bloomsday 2015Cheeseburger Day 2015Hot Dog Day 2015Cheesecake Day 2015National Chocolate Day 2015Friendship Day 2015Army Birthday 2015Wine Day 2015Towel Day 2015Navy Birthday 2015Cookie Day 2015Running Day 2015Bonfire Night 2015National Hamburger Day 2015National Cake Day 2015World Kiss Day 2015Air Force Birthday 2015Sandwich Day 2015Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2015Womenâs Equality Day 2015World Elephant Day 2015World Diabetes Day 2015Waffle Day 2015Chicken Wing Day 2015Cupcake Day 2015International Menâs Day 2015Childrenâs Day 2015Turkey Run 2015Mental Health Day 2015World Food Day 2015Fried Chicken Day 2015National Lemonade Day 2015Pizza Month 2015Buy Nothing Day 2015World Environment Day 2015National Cancer Survivor Day 2015Human Rights Day 2015World Prematurity Day 2015World Toilet Day 2015Watermelon Day 2015Kindness Day 2015Food Day 2015Take Your Dog to Work Day 2015Lefthanders Day 2015Guy Fawkes Night 2015America Recycles Day 2015Candy Corn Day 2015Men Make Dinner Day 2015D-Day 2015New York Comedy Festival 2015Amazon Prime Day 2015National Coffee Day 2015Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2015National History Day 201512 What Do You Think About Daylight Savings 2015?Nickname:*Jeff says: November 2, 2015DST - Is as useless as DHS and TSA. They simply want you to OBEY !Kathleen says: September 12, 2015Should keep it the same all the .Just change 1/2 hour and leave it.Tom says: May 25, 2015I believe the correct term is \"\"Daylight Saving Time\"\". In other words, no \"\"s\"\" after \"\"saving\"\"ernie says: March 7, 2015only the goverment would cut off the top of a blanket and sew it on the bottom and think they would have a longer blanket.time as usual says: March 4, 2015Its all mind over time e.g...you still get up at time specified by your time keeper ...so there's really all in your head ...doesnt save anything ,,,,its up you go ...and return by the same time as before e.g..what are you saving ? not sleep!!!!!Danny says: March 2, 2015I live in northern Indiana. Our state used to not recognize DST. Unfortunately, our current governor decided we needed to go with the rest of the flawed country. Now I live in EST, but ten miles away I have family that also live in Indiana, but are on CST. Daylight Saving Time is stupid and the whole state of Indiana should at least be on the same time zone.Nonya says: March 1, 2015The days are not longer because of daylight savings! It all depends on when you get up in the morning.Bella 1212 says: February 18, 2015i wish that daylight savings could be all year long. Everyone benefits from the time of daylight being longer. I still don't understand why we cannot keep it this way the entire year.Daylight Girl says: January 20, 2015I love daylight savings time wish it would stay that way all year. Love the longer days to be outside in the light.El Diablo says: January 6, 2015better than it was; shouldn't exist at all.Oso Blanco 65 says: November 4, 2014I have homes in both New Mexico and Arizona. I hate Daylight Savings. If a business wants to adopt summer hours, they can do so without Federal help. Leave the time alone!!!!!!!!!!\" Spring Forward: The clocks are set ahead one hour during Spring Forward. In 2015, this occurs on Sunday, March 8. Fall Back: The clocks are set back one hour during Fall Back. In 2015, this occurs on Sunday, November 1.", "- Emancipation Day is a holiday in Washington DC to mark the anniversary of the signing of the Compensated Emancipation Act, which president Abraham Lincoln signed on April 16, 1862.It is annually held on April 16.n some years, Emancipation Day may be the reason to extend the deadline for filing an income tax return (Tax Day). In 2007, the observance Emancipation Day in Washington DC had the effect of nationally extending the 2006 income tax filing deadline from April 16 to April 17.", "Emancipation Day in the United States Emancipation Day in the United States. Emancipation Day is a holiday in Washington DC to mark the anniversary of the signing of the Compensated Emancipation Act, which president Abraham Lincoln signed on April 16, 1862. It is annually held on April 16.", "- 28th Sunday | Ordinary Time. Catholic Mass celebrated from the National Shrine of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., for the 28th Sunday in Ordinary Time, October 11, 2015.", "- National Tartan Day is a US observance on April 6 each year. It commemorates the Scottish Declaration of Independence, from which the American Declaration of Independence was modelled on.", "- Say goodbye to winter and say hello to spring with temperatures slowly rising to greet the vernal equinox on Friday, March 20, 2015 at 5:45 PM Eastern time (4:45 PM Central; 3:45 PM Mountain; or 2:45 PM Pacific time) -- kicking off the first official day of spring.", "Spring (season) Astronomical and solar reckoning. In some cultures in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. Germany), the astronomical Vernal equinox (varying between 19 and 21 March) is taken to mark the first day of spring, and the Summer solstice (around 21 June) is taken as the first day of summer.", "When is the first day of spring 2018? Home > Holiday and Occasions > Spring > When is the First Day of Spring 2018? When is the first day of spring 2018? In 2018, spring begins on March 20, 12:15 PM EDT or 16:15 UTC.", "\"Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders09 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Hindu Holidays > Diwali > Diwali 2015When is Diwali in 2015?The dates of Diwali in 2015 will begin on Wednesday, November 11 and will continue for 5 days until Sunday, November 15.What is Diwali?Diwali, or the Festival of Lights, is observed on the fifteenth day of the Hindu month of Kartika and marks the beginning of the Hindu New Year. This event occurs in autumn of each year, between mid-October and mid-November, and signals the \"\"victory over darkness, knwoledge over ignorance, good over evil, and hope over despair.\"\"Prior to Diwali, it is common for people to completely clean, renovate, and redecorate their homes. During the festival, people dress up in new clothing or their finest clothes as they ignite lamps and candles, known as diyas, around their house both inside and outside. They also participate in prayer with their family, typically directed towards the goddess of wealth and prosperity, Lakshmi. Fireworks follow the time of prayer before the families partake in a meal together while exchanging gifts with their family, friends, and neighbors. As a result, Diwali 2015 results in a period of time where shopping is more common and more volume than usual.Diwali is a very important time for Hindus. The names of the days as part of the festival differ, mainly as a result of different rituals based on the location. In most parts of India, the festival begins with Dhanteras before Naraka Chaturdasi on the second day, Diwali on the third, Diwali Padva on the fourth, and Bhau-beej on the final day. Dhanteras typically occurs eighteen-days post Dussehra (Dasara), which is the tenth day of the Navrati Festival.09 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Hindu Holidays in 2015?Anant Chaturdashi 2015Diwali 2015Dussehra 2015Ganesh Chaturthi 2015Holi 2015Krishnashtami 2015Maha Shivaratri 2015Makar Sankranti 2015Navaratri 2015Raksha Bandhan 2015Ram Navami 2015Saraswati Puja 2015Gudi Padwa 2015Vaisakhi 2015Holi Festival 2015Kumbh Mela 201509 What Do You Think About Diwali 2015?Nickname:*\" This event occurs in autumn of each year, between mid-October and mid-November, and signals the victory over darkness, knwoledge over ignorance, good over evil, and hope over despair.. Prior to Diwali, it is common for people to completely clean, renovate, and redecorate their homes.", "- Other holidays in November 2017 in the United States. 1 All Saints' Day – Wednesday, November 1, 2017. 2 All Souls' Day – Thursday, November 2, 2017. 3 Election Day – Tuesday, November 7, 2017. 4 Marine Corps Birthday – Friday, November 10, 2017. 5 Thanksgiving Day – Thursday, November 23, 2017. 6 State Holiday – Friday, November 24, 2017.", "- 16 April 2017 This National holiday is Today!. On Easter Sunday, Christians celebrate the resurrection of the Lord, Jesus Christ. 17 April 2017 This National holiday is Tomorrow. Easter is probably the most important holiday of the Christian year, celebrating the Re... 18 April 2017 This National holiday is in 2 days.", "Flag Day (United States) For other uses, see Flag day (disambiguation). In the United States, Flag Day is celebrated on June 14. It commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States, which happened on June 14, 1777, by resolution of the Second Continental Congress.", "- Ascension day is the 40th day of Easter and commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven 39 days after resurrection on Easter Sunday.You will find the Biblical accounts of the Ascension in Matthew 28:16-20, Mark 16:19-20, Luke 24:50-53 and Acts 1:6-11.witzerland. Ascension day is the 40th day of Easter and commemorates the ascension of Jesus into heaven 39 days after resurrection on Easter Sunday. You will find the Biblical accounts of the Ascension in Matthew 28:16-20, Mark 16:19-20, Luke 24:50-53 and Acts 1:6-11.", "Gregorian calendar Computing the Date of Easter. The rule is that Easter is the first Sunday after the first ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or after March 21. The lunar cycles used by the ecclesiastical system are simple to program.", "Earth Day Celebrate Nature - 2016. Earth Day is Friday, April 22, and Arbor Day is Friday, April 29. See below for highlights of upcoming sustainability events that contribute to making Mesa a more sustainable and green community. Whether you are planning a Climate Rally or a tree-planting just for fun, let us know by submitting your event.", "Easter 2018 Here's a chart that shows what day Easter is celebrated from 2014-2021. Easter always falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon on or after the vernal equinox. Some years show Western Christian churches and Eastern Orthodox churches celebrating Easter on different dates.", "List of dates for Easter Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date. Despite using calendars that are apart by 13 days, Easter 2014 fell on the same date. According to the Western (Gregorian) calendar, the first Paschal Full Moon after the Spring Equinox (March 21) fell on Monday, April 14, 2014. The following Sunday, April 20, was, therefore, Easter Day.", "Ascension Day in the United States Ascension Day is officially celebrated on a Thursday on the 40th day of Easter, or 39 days after Easter Sunday. Some churches in the United States join forces to celebrate a combined Day of Prayer and Ascension Day service, which may include a time for reflection.ackground. Ascension Day is one of the earliest Christian festivals dating back to the year 68 CE. According to the New Testament in the Bible, Jesus Christ met several times with his disciples during the 40 days after his resurrection to instruct them on how to carry out his teachings.", "When is Flag Day in 2016? Flag Day in 2016 is on Tuesday, the 14th of June. In the United States, Flag Day is always celebrated on the 14th of June.lag Day in 2016 is on Tuesday, the 14th of June. In the United States, Flag Day is always celebrated on the 14th of June.", "- The first day of Spring is in 2016 on March 19 (according to the astronomical definition). It is also called the spring quinox.", "- Emancipation Day is a holiday in Washington DC to mark the anniversary of the signing of the Compensated Emancipation Act, which president Abraham Lincoln signed on April 16, 1862. It is annually held on April 16.", "Ascension Island Ascension Island. Ascension Island is an isolated and relatively young volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean, some 100 km (62 mi) west of the mid-Atlantic Ridge, 1,504 km (935 mi) from Liberia (Cape Palmas), and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) from Brazil (Recife). The nearest land is Saint Helena, 1,296 km (805 mi) to the south-east.", "- When Is - Dates of Religious and Civil Holidays Around the World. Presidents' Day in 2017 is on Monday, the 20th of February (20/2/2017). In the United States, Presidents Day is always celebrated on the third Monday of February.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders11 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > Summer Solstice > Summer Solstice 2017When is Summer Solstice in 2017?The Summer Solstice, also known as the June Solstice, in 2017 is on Wednesday, June 21st. The Summer Solstice also marks the longest day of the year in terms of the most sunlight in one day.What is Summer Solstice ?The longest day of the year in 2017 falls on the Summer Solstice, also known as the June Solstice. This Summer Solstice occurs when the tilt of the earth;s semi-axis is most inclined towards the sun. This occurs once every year in the month of June, which is why the Summer Solstice has become to be known by the name June Solstice in the northern hemisphere. The Summer Solstice marks the day with the most sunlight in one day, referred to as the longest day of the year.Opposite of the Summer Solstice is the Winter Solstice, which happens to be the shortest day of the year .11 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2017?Daylight Savings 2017Arbor Day 2017World Water Day 2017Earth Day 2017Summer Solstice 2017International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2017International Women's Day 2017Lunar New Year 2017Christmas In July 2017Pink Moon 2017National Grandparents Day 2017National Sibling Day 2017National Day of Prayer 2017Nurses' Day 2017Boss' Day 2017Administrative Professionals' Day 2017Nurses' Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Day 2017National Dog Day 2017National Cat Day 2017National Pancake Day 2017National Girlfriends' Day 2017National Boyfriend Day 2017Sweetest Day 2017Constitution Day 2017Son and Daughter Day 2017Cinco de Mayo 2017National Ice Cream Day 2017National Beer Day 2017International Beer Day 2017Marine Corps' Birthday 2017Record Store Day 2017Free Comic Book Day 2017Pi Day 2017Calgary Stampede 2017Fantasy Fest 2017National Margarita Day 2017Turkey Trot 2017Cheese Pizza Day 2017Darwin Day 2017Rum Day 2017Star Wars Day 2017Tequila Day 2017eDay 2017Parade of Homes 2017World Cancer Day 2017Mole Day 2017National Coming Out Day 2017Bloomsday 2017Day of Silence 2017Cheeseburger Day 2017National Pie Day 2017Hot Dog Day 2017Cheesecake Day 2017Dance Day 2017Dapper Day 2017National Chocolate Day 2017Friendship Day 2017Army Birthday 2017Opposite Day 2017Wine Day 2017Hug Day 2017Towel Day 2017Pet Day 2017Navy Birthday 2017Cookie Day 2017Running Day 2017Bonfire Night 2017National Hamburger Day 2017National Cake Day 2017Chocolate Chip Day 2017World Kiss Day 2017Bicycle Day 2017Air Force Birthday 2017National Popcorn Day 2017Sandwich Day 2017Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2017Rare Disease Day 2017Grilled Cheese Day 2017Bike to Work Day 2017Burns Night 2017Womenâs Equality Day 2017World Book Day 2017World Elephant Day 2017World Down Syndrome Day 2017World Diabetes Day 2017World Youth Day 2017Cheese Day 2017Peanut Butter Day 2017Waffle Day 2017Chicken Wing Day 2017High Five Day 2017Cupcake Day 2017National Volunteer Week 2017National Wear Red Day 2017International Menâs Day 2017Childrenâs Day 2017White Day 2017Turkey Run 2017World Health Day 2017Mental Health Day 2017World Food Day 2017Peanut Butter and Jelly Day 2017Fried Chicken Day 2017National Lemonade Day 2017Pizza Month 2017Buy Nothing Day 2017World Turtle Day 2017World Environment Day 2017Military Spouse Appreciation Day 2017National Cancer Survivor Day 2017Human Rights Day 2017World Prematurity Day 2017World Toilet Day 2017Watermelon Day 2017Food Day 2017Kindness Day 2017Honesty Day 2017Take Your Dog to Work Day 2017Lefthanders Day 2017Guy Fawkes Night 2017America Recycles Day 2017Candy Corn Day 2017420 Day 2017Men Make Dinner Day 2017National Hangover Day 2017D-Day 2017New York Comedy Festival 2017Black Day 2017Lohri 2017National Puppy Day 2017Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2017National Pizza Day 201711 What Do You Think About Summer Solstice 2017?Nickname:* The Summer Solstice, also known as the June Solstice, in 2017 is on Wednesday, June 21st. The Summer Solstice also marks the longest day of the year in terms of the most sunlight in one day.The longest day of the year in 2017 falls on the Summer Solstice, also known as the June Solstice. This Summer Solstice occurs when the tilt of the earth;s semi-axis is most inclined towards the sun.This occurs once every year in the month of June, which is why the Summer Solstice has become to be known by the name June Solstice in the northern hemisphere.The Summer Solstice marks the day with the most sunlight in one day, referred to as the longest day of the year.his Summer Solstice occurs when the tilt of the earth;s semi-axis is most inclined towards the sun. This occurs once every year in the month of June, which is why the Summer Solstice has become to be known by the name June Solstice in the northern hemisphere.", "Emancipation Day in the United States Select another year-range: Emancipation Day is a holiday in Washington DC to mark the anniversary of the signing of the Compensated Emancipation Act, which president Abraham Lincoln signed on April 16, 1862. It is annually held on April 16. Emancipation Day marks the signing of the Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862.", "When Is Easter 2018? (And Past and Future Years) Updated April 08, 2017. Easter, the greatest feast day in the Christian calendar, is a moveable feast, which means that it falls on a different date each year. Easter always falls on a Sunday, but Easter Sunday can be as early as March 22 and as late as April 25.", "- March 20, 2017. Most people consider the first day of spring to be the Spring Equinox, which will start this year at 6:29 a.m. EDT, March 20th. This is because, astronomically speaking, the sun is directly overhead of the Equator as the Earth`s tilt begins to point the northern hemisphere towards the sun.", "When is Easter 2017? Dates for Good Friday, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday (Picture: Getty) Easter falls on Sunday 16 April this year, meaning Good Friday will fall on April 14 and Easter Monday will be on April 17. As with every year, both the Friday and the Monday are public holidays.", "What Time Is the Spring Equinox 2017? Today is the spring equinox, aka the vernal equinox. It is the first official day of spring and it begins when the sun crosses directly over the earth’s equator. For 2017, the spring equinox occurs at 6:29 a.m. EDT in the northern hemisphere. However, today is only the first day of the astronomical spring. The meteorological spring started on March 1.", "First Day of Spring 2017 (Northern Hemisphere) March 20, 2017. First Day of Spring 2017 (Northern Hemisphere) Today is the spring equinox — when the day and night are equal in length. The word equinox comes from the Latin for equal and night. Almost everywhere in the world today, nighttime and daytime are each 12 hours.", "Juneteenth Juneteenth, also known as Juneteenth Independence Day or Freedom Day, is an American holiday that commemorates the June 19, 1865 announcement of the abolition of slavery in the U.S. state of Texas, and more generally the emancipation of enslaved African-Americans throughout the former Confederacy of the southern United States. Celebrated on June 19, the word is a portmanteau of June and nineteenth. Juneteenth is recognized as a state holiday or special day of observance in forty-five states. The holiday is observed primarily in local celebrations.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders11 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > American Holidays > Patriots' Day > Patriots' Day 2017When is Patriots' Day in 2017?The date of Patriots' Day 2017 is on Monday, April 17th.What is Patriots' Day?Patriots' Day, sometimes spelled Patriot's Day, is an annual civic holiday, celebrated in Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin, that commemorates the anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord that occured on April 19th, 1775. The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first battles of the Revolutionary War in the United States. Patriots' Day is celebrated every year on the third Monday in April.The Boston Marathon is held every year in Boston, Massachusetts, United States on Patriots' Day.11 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other American Holidays in 2017?Halloween 2017Mardi Gras 2017Patriots' Day 2017Patriot Day 2017Independence Day 2017Election Day 2017Labor Day 2017Memorial Day 2017Thanksgiving 2017Armed Forces Day 2017Mother's Day 2017Father's Day 2017Black Friday 2017Cyber Monday 2017Veterans Day 2017Columbus Day 2017Flag Day 2017Groundhog Day 2017St. Patrick's Day 2017Taco Day 2017Juneteenth 2017Vodka Day 2017Texas Independence Day 201711 What Do You Think About Patriots' Day 2017?Nickname:* When is Patriots' Day in 2017? The date of Patriots' Day 2017 is on Monday, April 17th. Patriots' Day, sometimes spelled Patriot's Day, is an annual civic holiday, celebrated in Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin, that commemorates the anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord that occured on April 19th, 1775.", "- The rule is that Easter is the first Sunday after the first ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or after March 21. The lunar cycles used by the ecclesiastical system are simple to program.", "Independence Day 2018, 2019 and further Independence Day 2018 is a federal holiday and falls on the fourth of July. The day of the week that the holiday falls on, changes each year. If July 4 is a Saturday, it is observed on Friday, July 3.", "Ascension Day 2021. Ascension Day is the Christian celebration of Jesus rising into Heaven after He had spent 40 days on Earth after the Resurrection. Ascension Day is celebrated forty days after Easter Sunday on Ascension Thursday. This date is also ten days before the celebration of the Pentecost.021. Ascension Day is the Christian celebration of Jesus rising into Heaven after He had spent 40 days on Earth after the Resurrection. Ascension Day is celebrated forty days after Easter Sunday on Ascension Thursday. This date is also ten days before the celebration of the Pentecost.", "- Valentine's Day (2/14) Lunar New Year (2/16) St. Patrick's Day (3/17) Passover (3/30) Easter (4/1) Administrative Professionals Day (4/25)", "Ascension Island The Ascension Island is named after the day of its recorded discovery, Ascension Day. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, of which the main island is St Helena.", "\"Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders07 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > National Boyfriend Day > National Boyfriend Day 2015When is National Boyfriend Day in 2015?The date of National Boyfriend Day in 2015 is on Saturday, October 3rd.What is National Boyfriend Day?National Boyfriend Day is celebrated on October 3rd of every year. Even though it is technically an \"\"unofficial\"\" holiday, the day is becoming increasingly popular in recent years. This special day is dedicated to honoring boyfriends around the world for all they have to offer in life. Although the term \"\"boyfriend\"\" usually infers an intimate relationship, this day is meant to celebrate boyfriends in both intimate and platonic situations. It is common for people to spoil their boyfriends with presents, clothing, meals, and lots of love.National Boyfriends Day was created in response to National Girlfriends' Day .07 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2015?Christmas In July 2015Half Christmas 2015Daylight Savings 2015Earth Day 2015New Years 2015Arbor Day 2015World Water Day 2015Summer Solstice 2015Full Moon 2015Winter Solstice 2015International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2015International Women's Day 2015International Bacon Day 2015World Water Day 2015Lunar New Year 2015Harvest Moon 2015Blood Moon 2015Pink Moon 2015Blue Moon 2015National Grandparents Day 2015National Ugly Christmas Sweater Day 2015National Sibling Day 2015Folsom Street Fair 2015National Pancake Day 2015Nurses' Day 2015National Margarita Day 2015National Day of Prayer 2015Boss' Day 2015Administrative Professionals' Day 2015Nurses' Week 2015National Doughnut Day 2015Teacher Appreciation Week 2015Teacher Appreciation Day 2015National Dog Day 2015National Cat Day 2015National Girlfriends' Day 2015National Boyfriend Day 2015Sweetest Day 2015Constitution Day 2015Son and Daughter Day 2015Cinco de Mayo 2015National Ice Cream Day 2015National Beer Day 2015Nobel Prizes 2015International Beer Day 2015London Fashion Week 2015New York Fashion Week 2015First Day of Spring 2015Celiac Disease Awareness Month 2015Marine Corps' Birthday 2015Record Store Day 2015Free Comic Book Day 2015Pi Day 2015Dapper Day 2015Festivus 2015Sturgis 2015Calgary Stampede 2015Fantasy Fest 2015Turkey Trot 2015Cheese Pizza Day 2015Darwin Day 2015Rum Day 2015Star Wars Day 2015Tequila Day 2015eDay 2015Parade of Homes 2015Mole Day 2015National Coming Out Day 2015Bloomsday 2015Cheeseburger Day 2015Hot Dog Day 2015Cheesecake Day 2015National Chocolate Day 2015Friendship Day 2015Army Birthday 2015Wine Day 2015Towel Day 2015Navy Birthday 2015Cookie Day 2015Running Day 2015Bonfire Night 2015National Hamburger Day 2015National Cake Day 2015World Kiss Day 2015Air Force Birthday 2015Sandwich Day 2015Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2015Womenâs Equality Day 2015World Elephant Day 2015World Diabetes Day 2015Waffle Day 2015Chicken Wing Day 2015Cupcake Day 2015International Menâs Day 2015Childrenâs Day 2015Turkey Run 2015Mental Health Day 2015World Food Day 2015Fried Chicken Day 2015National Lemonade Day 2015Pizza Month 2015Buy Nothing Day 2015World Environment Day 2015National Cancer Survivor Day 2015Human Rights Day 2015World Prematurity Day 2015World Toilet Day 2015Watermelon Day 2015Kindness Day 2015Food Day 2015Take Your Dog to Work Day 2015Lefthanders Day 2015Guy Fawkes Night 2015America Recycles Day 2015Candy Corn Day 2015Men Make Dinner Day 2015D-Day 2015New York Comedy Festival 2015Amazon Prime Day 2015National Coffee Day 2015Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2015National History Day 201507 What Do You Think About National Boyfriend Day 2015?Nickname:*\" National Boyfriend Day is celebrated on October 3rd of every year. Even though it is technically an unofficial holiday, the day is becoming increasingly popular in recent years. This special day is dedicated to honoring boyfriends around the world for all they have to offer in life.", "- MAIN Home Life Holidays & Observances Spring Guide. First Day of Spring 2017. Spring fun facts | Favorite spring recipes. Say goodbye to winter and say hello to spring with temperatures slowly rising to greet the vernal equinox on Sunday, March 20, 2017 at 6.28 AM Eastern Time -- kicking off the first official day of spring.", "Computus According to the English book of Common Prayer, Easter Day is the first Sunday after the full moon which happens upon, or next after the 21st day of March; and if the full moon happens upon a Sunday, Easter Day is the Sunday after..", "- Pentecost Sunday 2017 is on Sunday, June 4, 2017 (in 605 days).", "Calculating the Easter Date The date of Easter Day is usually the first Sunday after the first Full Moon occurring on or after the March equinox. An Easter Sunday date in the calendar. ©iStockphoto.com/tomch. Easter Sunday celebrates the Christian belief of Jesus Christ's resurrection. The Easter date is set around the time of the March Equinox.", "World Health Day World Health Day. The World Health Day is a global health awareness day celebrated every year on 7 April, under the sponsorship of the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as other related organisations. In 1948, the WHO held the First World Health Assembly.", "The First Day Of Spring Season The first day of spring is commonly associated with the vernal (spring) equinox. For 2016, the vernal (spring) equinox took place on March 20th, 2016 at 12:30 am. The equinox is the time when neither the Northern or Southern hemisphere is tilting away from the sun.", "- Parish Governmental Offices will be closed on Friday, April 14, 2017. All Ascension Parish Governmental Offices will be closed on Friday, April 14, 2017 in observance of Good Friday Offices will reopen on Monday, April 17.", "- Talk422 Share. Ascension is the eighth Zombies map included in the First Strike downloadable content pack for Call of Duty: Black Ops. It was released on February 1, 2011 on the Xbox 360, March 3 on the PlayStation 3, and PC on March 25, 2011 for $14.99 USD.", "- Liberation Day: Official holiday: Tue: Feb 26: 2013: Liberation Day: Official holiday: Wed: Feb 26: 2014: Liberation Day: Official holiday: Thu: Feb 26: 2015: Liberation Day: Official holiday: Fri: Feb 26: 2016: Liberation Day: Official holiday: Sun: Feb 26: 2017: Liberation Day: Official holiday: Mon: Feb 26: 2018: Liberation Day: Official holiday: Tue: Feb 26: 2019: Liberation Day: Official holiday: Wed: Feb 26: 2020", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders11 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > Boss' Day > Boss' Day 2017When is Boss' Day in 2017?The date of Boss' Day in 2017 is on Monday, October 16th.What is Boss' Day?National Boss' Day, typically written out as Bosses Day or National Bosses Day, is a secular holiday in the USA that celebrates and honors bosses every year on the 16th of October. If October 16th falls on a weekend day then the holiday is celebrated on the closest business day to that date. This special day was created in hopes of stregthening the bond the between employers and their employees as the employees take a day to show appreciation for their boss' hard work throughout the year.11 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2017?Daylight Savings 2017Arbor Day 2017World Water Day 2017Earth Day 2017Summer Solstice 2017International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2017International Women's Day 2017Lunar New Year 2017Christmas In July 2017Pink Moon 2017National Grandparents Day 2017National Sibling Day 2017National Day of Prayer 2017Nurses' Day 2017Boss' Day 2017Administrative Professionals' Day 2017Nurses' Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Day 2017National Dog Day 2017National Cat Day 2017National Pancake Day 2017National Girlfriends' Day 2017National Boyfriend Day 2017Sweetest Day 2017Constitution Day 2017Son and Daughter Day 2017Cinco de Mayo 2017National Ice Cream Day 2017National Beer Day 2017International Beer Day 2017Marine Corps' Birthday 2017Record Store Day 2017Free Comic Book Day 2017Pi Day 2017Calgary Stampede 2017Fantasy Fest 2017National Margarita Day 2017Turkey Trot 2017Cheese Pizza Day 2017Darwin Day 2017Rum Day 2017Star Wars Day 2017Tequila Day 2017eDay 2017Parade of Homes 2017World Cancer Day 2017Mole Day 2017National Coming Out Day 2017Bloomsday 2017Day of Silence 2017Cheeseburger Day 2017National Pie Day 2017Hot Dog Day 2017Cheesecake Day 2017Dance Day 2017Dapper Day 2017National Chocolate Day 2017Friendship Day 2017Army Birthday 2017Opposite Day 2017Wine Day 2017Hug Day 2017Towel Day 2017Pet Day 2017Navy Birthday 2017Cookie Day 2017Running Day 2017Bonfire Night 2017National Hamburger Day 2017National Cake Day 2017Chocolate Chip Day 2017World Kiss Day 2017Bicycle Day 2017Air Force Birthday 2017National Popcorn Day 2017Sandwich Day 2017Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2017Rare Disease Day 2017Grilled Cheese Day 2017Bike to Work Day 2017Burns Night 2017Womenâs Equality Day 2017World Book Day 2017World Elephant Day 2017World Down Syndrome Day 2017World Diabetes Day 2017World Youth Day 2017Cheese Day 2017Peanut Butter Day 2017Waffle Day 2017Chicken Wing Day 2017High Five Day 2017Cupcake Day 2017National Volunteer Week 2017National Wear Red Day 2017International Menâs Day 2017Childrenâs Day 2017White Day 2017Turkey Run 2017World Health Day 2017Mental Health Day 2017World Food Day 2017Peanut Butter and Jelly Day 2017Fried Chicken Day 2017National Lemonade Day 2017Pizza Month 2017Buy Nothing Day 2017World Turtle Day 2017World Environment Day 2017Military Spouse Appreciation Day 2017National Cancer Survivor Day 2017Human Rights Day 2017World Prematurity Day 2017World Toilet Day 2017Watermelon Day 2017Food Day 2017Kindness Day 2017Honesty Day 2017Take Your Dog to Work Day 2017Lefthanders Day 2017Guy Fawkes Night 2017America Recycles Day 2017Candy Corn Day 2017420 Day 2017Men Make Dinner Day 2017National Hangover Day 2017D-Day 2017New York Comedy Festival 2017Black Day 2017Lohri 2017National Puppy Day 2017Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2017National Pizza Day 201711 What Do You Think About Boss' Day 2017?Nickname:* What is Boss' Day? National Boss' Day, typically written out as Bosses Day or National Bosses Day, is a secular holiday in the USA that celebrates and honors bosses every year on the 16th of October. If October 16th falls on a weekend day then the holiday is celebrated on the closest business day to that date.", "- MAIN Home Life Holidays & Observances Spring Guide. Say goodbye to winter and say hello to spring with temperatures slowly rising to greet the vernal equinox on Sunday, March 20, 2016 at 12.30 AM Eastern Time -- kicking off the first official day of spring.", "- Astronomically speaking, the first day of spring is marked by the spring equinox, which falls on March 19 or 20 every year. This date signals spring’s beginning in the Northern Hemisphere (whereas it announces fall’s arrival in the Southern Hemisphere).", "- — Ascension level description. Ascension is the eighth Zombies map included in the First Strike downloadable content pack for Call of Duty: Black Ops. It was released on February 1, 2011 on the Xbox 360, March 3 on the PlayStation 3, and PC on March 25, 2011 for $14.99 USD.", "When Is Ascension? Determining the date of Ascension is also complicated by the fact that, in many dioceses of the United States (or, more accurately, many ecclesiastical provinces), the celebration of Ascension has been transferred from Ascension Thursday (40 days after Easter) to the following Sunday (43 days after Easter).o find the date Eastern Orthodox will celebrate the Ascension in any given year, see When Greek Orthodox Easter Is Celebrated (from the About Greece Travel), and simply add five weeks and four days to the date of Eastern Orthodox Easter.", "When Is Easter 2015? Why The Date For Easter Changes Every Year Thanksgiving is always the last Thursday in November, no matter what the date is. Mother’s Day is always the second Sunday in May, and Father’s Day is always the second Sunday in June. Valentine’s Day is always February 14. However, the date for Easter changes each year. A Christianity website explains why Easter is celebrated on any Sunday between Sunday, March 22, and Sunday, April 25.", "Advent: Dates, Traditions, and History It begins on the Sunday nearest November 30, the feast day of St. Andrew the Apostle, and covers four Sundays. Because the day it begins changes from year to year, so does the length of each Advent season.", "- In this This Day in History video, take a look at May 30, the day in 1431 when Joan of Arc was burned at the stake for heresy, the day in 1971 when NASA launched the space probe Mariner 9, and the day in 1989 when Chinese students were protesting at Tiananmen Square.", "- While Bosses Day is fixed to October 16 every year, Secretary's Day is a moveable feast celebrated on a Wednesday in the fourth week of April during Administrative Professionals Week. In 2017, admins and secretaries will be honored on Wednesday, April 26th in the US, UK, and Canada. Meanwhile, South Africa has it's own Secretary's Day celebration observed on the first Wednesday in September, this year celebrated on Wednesday, September 6, 2017.", "Easter Easter, also called Pascha (Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD.", "What is Ascension Day? Question: What is Ascension Day?. Answer: Ascension Day is the celebration of Christ ascending into heaven after His death, burial and resurrection. Ascension Day is observed primarily in Catholic and Anglican churches, and it occurs on the Thursday 40 days after Easter.Ascension Day is also called the Feast of Ascension.nswer: Ascension Day is the celebration of Christ ascending into heaven after His death, burial and resurrection. Ascension Day is observed primarily in Catholic and Anglican churches, and it occurs on the Thursday 40 days after Easter. Ascension Day is also called the Feast of Ascension.", "- Religion & Spirituality. Easter, the greatest feast day in the Christian calendar, is a moveable feast, which means that it falls on a different date each year. Easter always falls on a Sunday, but Easter Sunday can be as early as March 22 and as late as April 25.", "The Ascension and the Return of Christ Even after the Ascension, Scripture calls him a man. When Paul was preaching to the Athenians at the Areopagus, he said that God would judge the world by a man he has appointed, and that man is Jesus Christ. And when he wrote to Timothy, he called him the man Christ Jesus.He is still a human, and he still has a body.irst, Jesus ascended into heaven. This is commonly known as the Ascension, which is celebrated each year 40 days after Easter, always on a Thursday. The second point this passage makes is that Jesus will return— he will return in the same way that he ascended.", "- Traditionally, Ascension Day is celebrated on a Thursday and is commonly known as Ascension Thursday, Holy Thursday, or the Feast of Ascension. Ascension Day is a ecumenical feast, meaning that it is celebrated universally by Christian churches.raditionally, Ascension Day is celebrated on a Thursday and is commonly known as Ascension Thursday, Holy Thursday, or the Feast of Ascension. Ascension Day is a ecumenical feast, meaning that it is celebrated universally by Christian churches.", "Victory Day in the United States Rhode Island. Victory Day, also known as VJ Day, is an annual state holiday celebrated on the second Monday in August in Rhode Island in the United States. It marks the anniversary of the Allies’ victory over Japan during World War II. Monday, August 10, 2015 (local in Rhode Island). Monday, August 8, 2016 (local in Rhode Island).", "Juneteenth Juneteenth, celebrated on June 19, is the name given to emancipation day by African-Americans in Texas. On that day in 1865 Union Major-General Gordon Granger read General Orders, No.3 to the people of Galveston.", "- 323 days Until 4th of July 2017. Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the US commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Days Until: Bastille Day Labor Day Patriot Day Fall Columbus Day Halloween Election Day Veteranss Day Thanksgiving.", "- When Is - Dates of Religious and Civil Holidays Around the World. Memorial Day in 2017 is on Monday, the 29th of May. In the United States, Memorial Day is always celebrated on the last Monday of May.", "The Feast of the Annunciation The Greek Church, when the 25th of March occurs on one of the three last days in Holy Week, transfers the Annunciation to Easter Monday; on all other days, even on Easter Sunday, its office is kept together with the office of the day.", "History In the 1920’s, with the support of prominent locals, the colonial authorities proclaimed that August 1 would be observed as Discovery Day. Despite the offi cial pronouncement, commemorations of emancipation continued.", "What's the earliest and latest date Easter can fall on? Traditionally, Easter is the first Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox. This year, Easter is very late, because we have a full moon on the 19th of March, just before the spring equinox on the 20th, which gives almost another whole month until the next full moon on Monday April 18th.", "Earth Day Earth Day. Earth Day, annual celebration honouring the achievements of the environmental movement and raising awareness of the importance of long-term ecological sustainability. Earth Day is celebrated in the United States on April 22; throughout the rest of the world it is celebrated on either April 22 or the day the vernal equinox occurs.", "All Saints' Day In the United Methodist Church, All Saints' Day is celebrated on the first Sunday in November. It is held, not only to remember Saints, but also to remember all those that have died that were members of the local church congregation.", "Easter Easter celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The day of Easter falls on a Sunday based on the lunisolar calendar, not a fixed date on the Gregorian or Julian calendar. It has been determined to fall on the Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or closest to March 21.", "- When is Presidents' Day in 2017? Presidents' Day in 2017 is on Monday, the 20th of February (20/2/2017). In the United States, Presidents Day is always celebrated on the third Monday of February.", "- Well, the Easter is the day to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who was made to the crucifixion by the cross and was killed. Then, by the modern scientific technology, we know that April 17 (Sat.), 6 B.C. was the true birthday when Jesus Christ was really born in the earth.Let's celebrate both the Easter and the true birthday of Jesus Christ (April 17) among all the Christians all over the world every year, too!2) Baptist Johannes was born in Judea, Israel around 6:00 a.m. on Friday, October 30, 7 B.C. with the influence of the Sun & Neptune on the Scorpion. (The birthday of Baptist Johannes was the third day after October 28, 7 B.C. when the Neptune approached the sun very closely.", "- - thoughtco., Is the date of easter related to passover? when is easter 2017? here is the date on which we will celebrate easter this year: easter 2017: sunday, april 16, 2017. When mother' day 2017 & 2018? dates mother' day, Dates of mother's day in 2017, 2018 and beyond, plus further information about mother's day.", "Juneteenth ORIGINS. Juneteenth-an abbreviation for June 19-is the oldest African-American observance in the United States. Also known as Emancipation Day, Freedom Day, and Jun-Jun, it is a celebration of freedom from slavery that began spontaneously and spread across the country. Juneteenth is a holiday that commemorates a significant historical event.", "Emancipation Day in the United States People celebrate the end of slavery and citizens' rights on Emancipation Day in the United States. Emancipation Day 2018 Monday, April 16, 2018 (local in District of Columbia)", "- Create Benin calendar. Upcoming Holidays. Apr 2 - Easter Monday; May 1 - Labour Day; May 10 - Ascension Day; More Holidays in Benin", "- March 25, 2016 Northwoods’ veterans can receive care from Ministry clinicians through the Veterans Choice Program. March 23, 2016 Ministry participating in Program to Provide Care to Veterans. Ascension is the largest nonprofit health system in the U.S. and the world's largest Catholic health system.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders11 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > Boss' Day > Boss' Day 2017When is Boss' Day in 2017?The date of Boss' Day in 2017 is on Monday, October 16th.What is Boss' Day?National Boss' Day, typically written out as Bosses Day or National Bosses Day, is a secular holiday in the USA that celebrates and honors bosses every year on the 16th of October. If October 16th falls on a weekend day then the holiday is celebrated on the closest business day to that date. This special day was created in hopes of stregthening the bond the between employers and their employees as the employees take a day to show appreciation for their boss' hard work throughout the year.11 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2017?Daylight Savings 2017Arbor Day 2017World Water Day 2017Earth Day 2017Summer Solstice 2017International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2017International Women's Day 2017Lunar New Year 2017Christmas In July 2017Pink Moon 2017National Grandparents Day 2017National Sibling Day 2017National Day of Prayer 2017Nurses' Day 2017Boss' Day 2017Administrative Professionals' Day 2017Nurses' Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Week 2017Teacher Appreciation Day 2017National Dog Day 2017National Cat Day 2017National Pancake Day 2017National Girlfriends' Day 2017National Boyfriend Day 2017Sweetest Day 2017Constitution Day 2017Son and Daughter Day 2017Cinco de Mayo 2017National Ice Cream Day 2017National Beer Day 2017International Beer Day 2017Marine Corps' Birthday 2017Record Store Day 2017Free Comic Book Day 2017Pi Day 2017Calgary Stampede 2017Fantasy Fest 2017National Margarita Day 2017Turkey Trot 2017Cheese Pizza Day 2017Darwin Day 2017Rum Day 2017Star Wars Day 2017Tequila Day 2017eDay 2017Parade of Homes 2017World Cancer Day 2017Mole Day 2017National Coming Out Day 2017Bloomsday 2017Day of Silence 2017Cheeseburger Day 2017National Pie Day 2017Hot Dog Day 2017Cheesecake Day 2017Dance Day 2017Dapper Day 2017National Chocolate Day 2017Friendship Day 2017Army Birthday 2017Opposite Day 2017Wine Day 2017Hug Day 2017Towel Day 2017Pet Day 2017Navy Birthday 2017Cookie Day 2017Running Day 2017Bonfire Night 2017National Hamburger Day 2017National Cake Day 2017Chocolate Chip Day 2017World Kiss Day 2017Bicycle Day 2017Air Force Birthday 2017National Popcorn Day 2017Sandwich Day 2017Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2017Rare Disease Day 2017Grilled Cheese Day 2017Bike to Work Day 2017Burns Night 2017Womenâs Equality Day 2017World Book Day 2017World Elephant Day 2017World Down Syndrome Day 2017World Diabetes Day 2017World Youth Day 2017Cheese Day 2017Peanut Butter Day 2017Waffle Day 2017Chicken Wing Day 2017High Five Day 2017Cupcake Day 2017National Volunteer Week 2017National Wear Red Day 2017International Menâs Day 2017Childrenâs Day 2017White Day 2017Turkey Run 2017World Health Day 2017Mental Health Day 2017World Food Day 2017Peanut Butter and Jelly Day 2017Fried Chicken Day 2017National Lemonade Day 2017Pizza Month 2017Buy Nothing Day 2017World Turtle Day 2017World Environment Day 2017Military Spouse Appreciation Day 2017National Cancer Survivor Day 2017Human Rights Day 2017World Prematurity Day 2017World Toilet Day 2017Watermelon Day 2017Food Day 2017Kindness Day 2017Honesty Day 2017Take Your Dog to Work Day 2017Lefthanders Day 2017Guy Fawkes Night 2017America Recycles Day 2017Candy Corn Day 2017420 Day 2017Men Make Dinner Day 2017National Hangover Day 2017D-Day 2017New York Comedy Festival 2017Black Day 2017Lohri 2017National Puppy Day 2017Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2017National Pizza Day 201711 What Do You Think About Boss' Day 2017?Nickname:* National Boss' Day, typically written out as Bosses Day or National Bosses Day, is a secular holiday in the USA that celebrates and honors bosses every year on the 16th of October. If October 16th falls on a weekend day then the holiday is celebrated on the closest business day to that date.", "Seven dead after record-setting floods in Texas, Kansas Crews in Texas, Kansas search for missing children. ( 1 CNN)Seven people have died in flood-related incidents in southeast Texas after the region was inundated with rain, authorities said. 2 Four were killed in Washington County, about 75 miles west of Houston, an area hammered with 17 inches of rain Thursday.", "When is Eid al-Adha in 2016? Although Eid al-Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year, since the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar and the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar.id al-Adha in 2016 is on Sunday, the 11th of September. Based on sightability in. , in 2016 Eid al-Adha will start in North America a day later-on Monday, the 12th of September.", "- (For those of you who weren’t sure, Passover begins this year at sundown on April 17, while Easter Sunday is April 24.) The two observances occur around the same time of year, but they rarely coincide.", "World Health Day - 7 April 2014 About World Health Day. World Health Day is celebrated on 7 April every year to mark the anniversary of the founding of WHO in 1948. Each year a theme is selected that highlights a priority area of public health. The Day provides an opportunity for individuals in every community to get involved in activities that can lead to better health.", "When is Easter? When is Easter? Easter is observed by the churches of the West on the first Sunday following the full moon that occurs on or following the spring equinox (March 21). Easter is a “movable” feast which can occur as early as March 22 or as late as April 25. For more info – The Great Easter Date Debate.", "Holidays By Country »Holidays By Religion »Other Events »Calendar Builder Email Reminders12 Popular NowNational Pizza Day 2017The Masters 2016Marine Corps Marathon 2016PAX Prime 2016Ash Wednesday 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016DragonCon 2016Comic Con 2016Winter Solstice 2016Daytona 500 2016Chinese New Year 2016Ramadan 2016Columbus Day 2016Oktoberfest 2016Stagecoach Festival 2016Electric Daisy Carnival 2016Summer Solstice 2016Victoria Day 2016Thanksgiving 2016Memorial Day 2016Labor Day 2016Election Day 2016Independence Day 2016Coachella 2016Christmas 2016Daylight Savings 2016SXSW 2016Home > Important Days > Boss' Day > Boss' Day 2016When is Boss' Day in 2016?The date of Boss' Day in 2016 is on Monday, October 17th. It is traditionally celebrated on the 16th of October but since that is a Sunday in 2016, Bosses Day is celebrated on the closest business day.What is Boss' Day?National Boss' Day, typically written out as Bosses Day or National Bosses Day, is a secular holiday in the USA that celebrates and honors bosses every year on the 16th of October. If October 16th falls on a weekend day then the holiday is celebrated on the closest business day to that date. This special day was created in hopes of stregthening the bond the between employers and their employees as the employees take a day to show appreciation for their boss' hard work throughout the year.12 Calendar BuilderFULL YEARMONTHAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysEmail RemindersAmerican HolidaysAustralian HolidaysCanadian HolidaysChinese HolidaysUK HolidaysBuddhist HolidaysChristian HolidaysHindu HolidaysJewish HolidaysMuslim HolidaysIndian HolidaysGerman HolidaysNew Zealand HolidaysMalaysia HolidaysFrench HolidaysMexican HolidaysWhen are other Important Days in 2016?Daylight Savings 2016Arbor Day 2016World Water Day 2016Earth Day 2016Summer Solstice 2016New Years 2016Half Christmas 2016Winter Solstice 2016International Talk Like A Pirate Day 2016International Women's Day 2016International Bacon Day 20162016Lunar New Year 2016Christmas In July 2016Harvest Moon 2016Blood Moon 2016Pink Moon 2016National Grandparents Day 2016National Ugly Christmas Sweater Day 2016National Sibling Day 2016Nurses' Day 2016National Margarita Day 2016National Day of Prayer 2016Boss' Day 2016Administrative Professionals' Day 2016Nurses' Week 2016National Doughnut Day 2016Teacher Appreciation Week 2016Teacher Appreciation Day 2016National Dog Day 2016National Cat Day 2016National Pancake Day 2016National Girlfriends' Day 2016National Boyfriend Day 2016Sweetest Day 2016Constitution Day 2016Son and Daughter Day 2016Cinco de Mayo 2016National Ice Cream Day 2016National Beer Day 2016Nobel Prizes 2016International Beer Day 2016Marine Corps' Birthday 2016Record Store Day 2016Free Comic Book Day 2016Pi Day 2016Festivus 2016Calgary Stampede 2016Fantasy Fest 2016Turkey Trot 2016Cheese Pizza Day 2016Darwin Day 2016Rum Day 2016Star Wars Day 2016Tequila Day 2016eDay 2016Parade of Homes 2016World Cancer Day 2016Mole Day 2016National Coming Out Day 2016Bloomsday 2016Day of Silence 2016Cheeseburger Day 2016National Pie Day 2016Hot Dog Day 2016Cheesecake Day 2016Dance Day 2016Dapper Day 2016National Chocolate Day 2016Friendship Day 2016Army Birthday 2016Opposite Day 2016Wine Day 2016Hug Day 2016Towel Day 2016Pet Day 2016Navy Birthday 2016Cookie Day 2016Running Day 2016Bonfire Night 2016National Hamburger Day 2016National Cake Day 2016Chocolate Chip Day 2016World Kiss Day 2016Bicycle Day 2016Air Force Birthday 2016National Popcorn Day 2016Sandwich Day 2016Breast Cancer Awareness Day 2016Rare Disease Day 2016Grilled Cheese Day 2016Bike to Work Day 2016Burns Night 2016Womenâs Equality Day 2016World Book Day 2016World Elephant Day 2016World Down Syndrome Day 2016World Diabetes Day 2016World Youth Day 2016Cheese Day 2016Peanut Butter Day 2016Waffle Day 2016Chicken Wing Day 2016High Five Day 2016Cupcake Day 2016National Volunteer Week 2016National Wear Red Day 2016International Menâs Day 2016Childrenâs Day 2016White Day 2016Turkey Run 2016World Health Day 2016Mental Health Day 2016World Food Day 2016Peanut Butter and Jelly Day 2016Fried Chicken Day 2016National Lemonade Day 2016Pizza Month 2016Buy Nothing Day 2016World Turtle Day 2016World Environment Day 2016Military Spouse Appreciation Day 2016National Cancer Survivor Day 2016Human Rights Day 2016World Prematurity Day 2016World Toilet Day 2016Watermelon Day 2016Food Day 2016Kindness Day 2016Honesty Day 2016Take Your Dog to Work Day 2016Lefthanders Day 2016Guy Fawkes Night 2016America Recycles Day 2016Candy Corn Day 2016420 Day 2016Men Make Dinner Day 2016National Hangover Day 2016D-Day 2016New York Comedy Festival 2016Black Day 2016Lohri 2016Amazon Prime Day 2016National Coffee Day 2016National Puppy Day 2016Domestic Violence Awareness Month 2016National Pizza Day 201612 What Do You Think About Boss' Day 2016?Nickname:* Home > Important Days > Boss' Day > Boss' Day 2016. The date of Boss' Day in 2016 is on Monday, October 17th. It is traditionally celebrated on the 16th of October but since that is a Sunday in 2016, Bosses Day is celebrated on the closest business day." ]

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[ "Radio stations played Top 40 hits regardless of genre; although, most were in the same genre until the mid-1970s when different forms of popular music started to target different demographic groups, such as disco vs. hard rock. This evolved into specialized radio stations that played specific genres of music, and generally followed the evolution of artists in those genres." ]

[ "In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.", "The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (法王) and five Princes (王), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (大國師) and State Tutors (國師), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions.", "Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues.", "The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).", "On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation.\" Shell said, \"I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm.\"", "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that", "In 2004, SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. When Sony acquired BMG's half of the conglomerate in 2008, Sony BMG reverted to the SME name. The buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which then relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Out of the \"Big Three\" record companies, with Universal Music Group being the largest and Warner Music Group, SME is middle-sized." ]

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[ "It is night time." ]

[ "The bicycler is sitting down.", "It does include expenses for federal education training.", "The men lifted their spears.", "The woman and the two random people notice the four people listening into their conversation", "The toddler is playing in the dirt away from the fence.", "Auditors must avoid at all costs the use of cost models.", "Two men are getting ready to swim." ]

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[ "ভারতে সমকামীদের অধিকার\n২০১৮ সালের ৬ সেপ্টেম্বর থেকে ভারতে সমকামীদের যৌনাচরণকে আইনী বৈধতা প্রদান করা হয়। ১৮৬০ সালে ব্রিটিশ শাসনামলে সমকামিতাকে প্রথম অবৈধ ঘোষণা করা হয় ভারতে। এই আইনে বলা হয়েছিল যে, অপ্রাকৃতিক সঙ্গম শাস্তিযোগ্য অপরাধ। ২০০৯ সালে দিল্লী হাই কোর্ট সমকামিতাকে বৈধতা দিয়েছিল এই বলে যে, দুজন সমলিঙ্গ ব্যক্তির সম্মতিতে যৌনমিলন কোনো অপরাধ নয়, এবং এটা ভারতের সংবিধানের জনগনের মৌলিক অধিকার বিষয়ক আইনের পরিপন্থী। হাই কোর্টের অধ্যাদেশ অনুযায়ী ঐ আইনটি পুরো ভারতে চালু করার কথা বলা হয়, নির্দিষ্ট কোনো রাজ্যে নয়।[5] সমকামীদের অধিকার নিয়ে কাজ করা গ্রুপগুলোকে হয়রানি করার খবর পাওয়া গিয়েছিল।[6]" ]

[ "ভীমরাও রামজি আম্বেডকর\nআম্বেদকরের উইল একটি সামাজিক রাজনৈতিক সংস্কারক হিসেবে আধুনিক ভারতে এর প্রভাব লক্ষণীয় ছিলো। স্বাধীনতাত্তোর ভারতে তাঁর সামাজিক রাজনৈতিক চিন্তাধারা সমগ্র রাজনৈতিক ক্ষেত্রে সম্মান অর্জন করে। তাঁর যুগান্তকারী পদক্ষেপ অনেক জীবনাকাশে প্রভাব ফেলে এবং আজকের ভারতকে যেভাবে পরিচালিত করে আর্থ-সামাজিক বিচক্ষণভাবে, শিক্ষা ও স্বীকৃতি সূচক আর্থ-সামাজিক ও নৈতিক অভিপ্রায়। তাঁর পাণ্ডিত্য ভাবধারা তাঁকে স্বাধীন ভারতের প্রথম আইন-মন্ত্রী হতে ও সংবিধান খসড়া কমিটির সভাপতি হওয়ার নেতৃত্ব দেয়। তিনি একাগ্রভাবে ব্যক্তিগত স্বাধীনতা ও ধর্মীয় গোঁড়াবাদী সাম্প্রদায়িক তথাকথিত হিন্দু সমাজকে সমানভাবে সমালোচনা করেন। তাঁর হিন্দু নিন্দা ও বর্ণ প্রথার স্থাপনা, তাঁকে বিতর্কিত করে তুলে, যদিও তাঁর বৌদ্ধ ধর্মে ধর্মান্তরিত হওয়ার বিষয়টি ভারতে বৌদ্ধ দর্শন ও বিদেশে পূনর্জাগরণের সৃস্টি করে।", "ইসরায়েলে সমকামীদের অধিকার\nসমকামিনী, সমকামী, উভকামী, এবং হিজড়া (এলজিবিটি) অধিকারের ক্ষেত্রে ইসরায়েল পৃথিবীর মধ্যে অন্যতম সেরা। ১৯৮৮ সালে দেশটিতে সমকামিতা আইনগতভাবে বৈধতা পায় তবে ১৯৬৩ সালে উচ্চবিচারালয় সিদ্ধান্ত নেয় যে সডোমী আইন আর কার্যকরী থাকবেনা। ১৯৯৪ সালে সমকামী যুগলদের বিয়ে ছাড়াই একত্রবাসের অনুমতি দেয় ইসরায়েল এবং এশিয়ার মধ্যে এ ধরণের পদক্ষেপের ক্ষেত্রে ইসরায়েলই প্রথম। যদিও সম-লিঙ্গের মানুষের মধ্যে বিয়ের অনুমতি আসে ১২ বছর পর অর্থাৎ ২০০৬ সালে কিন্তু তারপরেও ঐ বিয়ের কার্যক্রম ইসরায়েলের মাটিতে করা যাবেনা বলে হুঁশিয়ারি দেয় ধর্মবাদীরা, এশিয়াতে ইসরায়েল প্রথম দেশ হিসেবে আত্মপ্রকাশ করে সমকামী বিবাহের বৈধতা দেওয়ার ক্ষেত্রে। ১৯৯২ সালে সমকামী ব্যক্তিবর্গদেরকে সামাজিক নিরাপত্তা দিয়ে আইন পাশ করা হয়। ২০০৮ সালে সম-লিঙ্গের যুগলদের সন্তান দত্তক নেওয়ার অনুমতি দেয় উচ্চবিচারালয়, এর আগেও সমকামীযুগলরা সন্তান দত্তক নিতে পারত যদিও কোনো আইনগত বৈধতা ছিলোনা আবার কোনো বাঁধাও ছিলোনা। ইসরায়েলী সামরিক বাহিনীতে সমকামীদের যোগদানের অনুমতি আছে (১৯৯৩ সাল থেকে)।", "সমকামিতার ইতিহাস\n\"সমকামিতা\" শব্দটি উদ্ভাবিত হয়েছিল উনিশ শতকে। এরপর একই শতকে এর বিপরীত শব্দ \"বিষমকামিতা\" শব্দটির উদ্ভব হয়। বিশ শতকে যৌন পরিচয় নির্ধারণে উভকামিতা শব্দটি উদ্ভব হয়। একই সাথে যারা সঙ্গমে আকৃষ্ট নয়, তাদের পরিচয় দানের জন্যও কোনো শব্দ উদ্ভবের প্রয়োজন ছিল। ইতিহাসের পাতায় যৌনতা শুধুমাত্র দুইটি ভিন্ন লিঙ্গে সীমাবদ্ধ ছিল না, তা সমলিঙ্গেও সম্প্রসারিত ছিল। কিন্তু ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনাকে বুঝতে অথবা দেখতে গেলে আধুনিক ধারণা অথবা আধুনিক যৌনতার ধারণায় দেখতে গেলে, তা সম্প্রসারিত দৃষ্টির আলোয় ও সাহিত্যভিত্তিক সংজ্ঞার আলোকে দেখতে হবে।", "ফ্রান্সে সমকামীদের অধিকার\nফরাসী বিপ্লবের আগে পায়ুকাম ছিল একটি বড় ধরণের অপরাধ। জন ডায়ট এবং ব্রুনো লেনয়ের ছিলেন সর্বশেষ সমকামী যাদেরকে আগুনে পুড়িয়ে মারা হয় ১৭৫০ সালের ৬ জুলাইয়ে। প্রথম ফরাসী বিপ্লব সমকামিতাকে বৈধ করে যখন '১৭৯১ সালের দণ্ডবিধি' সমলিঙ্গের মানুষের মধ্যে গোপন সম্পর্ক গুরুত্ব দেওয়া বাদ দেয়। ১৮১০ সালের দণ্ডবিধিতে এই নীতিটি রেখে দেওয়া হয় গোপন যৌনকর্মের ক্ষেত্রে, এবং ফ্রান্স যেসব দেশে উপনিবেশ স্থাপন করেছিল সেসব দেশ এই বিধি অনুসরণ করেছিল। এখনও সমকামিতা এবং ক্রস-ড্রেসিংকে অস্বাভাবিক বলে গণ্য করা হচ্ছিল এবং সমকামীদেরকে বিষমকামীরা মানসিকভাবে হেনস্তা করত কারণ এরকম অনেক আইন ছিল যেগুলো নৈতিকতার আইন হিসেবে পরিচিত ছিল। এ্যালসেস এবং লোরেইন এলাকার কিছু সমকামীকে ১৯৪০ সালে জার্মানীর নাৎসি বাহিনী অত্যাচার করে, হত্যা করে এবং জেলে আটকিয়ে রাখে।", "সমকামিতা: একটি বৈজ্ঞানিক এবং সমাজ-মনস্তাত্ত্বিক অনুসন্ধান\nসমকামিতা: একটি বৈজ্ঞানিক এবং সমাজ মনস্তাত্ত্বিক অনুসন্ধান হচ্ছে বাংলাদেশের বিজ্ঞানমনস্ক এবং প্রগতিবাদী লেখক অভিজিৎ রায় এর লেখা একটি গবেষণা এবং অনুসন্ধানমূলক বই। এই বইটির প্রথম সংস্করণ ঢাকার পুস্তক প্রকাশন সংস্থা 'শুদ্ধস্বর' থেকে ২০১০ সালে বের হয়। বইটিতে লেখক প্রমাণ করার চেষ্টা করেছেন যে সমকাম কোনো মনোবিকৃতি বা রোগ নয় এবং এটিকে অপরাধের আওতাভুক্ত করাও অনুচিৎ।", "ভারতে সমকামিতা\n২৩ ফেব্রুয়ারী ২০১২ তারিখে ভারতের সরকারের স্বরাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয় থেকে বলা হয় যে ভারত সরকার সমকামকে বৈধ করার বিরুদ্ধে কারণ সমকাম ভারতের সমাজে অনৈতিক কাজ হিসেবে বিবেচিত।[20] অবশ্য ২৮ ফেব্রুয়ারী ২০১২ কেন্দ্রীয় সরকার এমত সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণ করে যে, সমকামকে বৈধ ঘোষণা করে হলে কোনো আইনগত ব্যত্যয় হবে না।[21] কিন্তু সুপ্রিম কোর্ট ২০১৩ সালের ১১ ডিসেম্বর হাই কোর্টের সিদ্ধান্ত এই বলে বাতিল করে দেয় যে এ বিষয়ে আইন প্রণয়ন করবে ভারতের সংসদ।[22][23][24]", "সমলৈঙ্গিক বিবাহ\nরোমান সাম্রাজ্যের ইতিহাসে প্রথম সমলৈঙ্গিক বিবাহের ইতিহাস দেখতে পাওয়া যায়। l[11] ঐতিহাসিক জন বসওয়েল সর্বপ্রথম এ ব্যাপারে আলোকপাত করেন। যদিও সেসময় মূলতঃ সমলৈঙ্গিক বিবাহ নিয়ে ব্যাপারে রসাত্মক রচনা রচিত হয়েছিল।[12][13]", "ভারতীয় জনতা পার্টি\n২০১৩ সালে ভারতের সুপ্রিম কোর্ট ভারতীয় দণ্ডবিধির বিতর্কিত ৩৭৭ ধারাটিকে প্রত্যাহারের কথা বলে। এই ধারা মতে, অন্যান্য কয়েকটি বিষয়ের সঙ্গে সমকামিতাকে অপরাধী-তালিকাযুক্ত করা হয়েছিল। মুসলমান ধর্মনেতা সহ কিছু ধর্মগুরু এর বিরুদ্ধে মত প্রকাশ করলেও, ভারতে উক্ত ধারাটি প্রত্যাহারের দাবি জনসাধারণের মধ্যে জোরালো হয়।[85][86] বিজেপি সভাপতি রাজনাথ সিং বলেছিলেন, দল ৩৭৭ ধারা বিলোপের বিপক্ষে। কারণ, দল মনে করে সমকামিতা অস্বাভাবিক।[87] যদিও ২০১৪ সালের সাধারণ নির্বাচনে জয়লাভের পর বিজেপি তার অবস্থান নরম করে।[88]", "সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর\nজনগণের মধ্যে দেশাত্মবোধ সঞ্চারের উদ্দেশ্যে প্রবর্তিত হিন্দুমেলার সঙ্গে যুক্ত ছিলেন সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ। ১৮৬৭ সালের এপ্রিল মাসে হিন্দুমেলার প্রথম অধিবেশনের সময় তিনি পশ্চিম ভারতে ছিলেন। কিন্তু ১৮৬৮ সালের অধিবেশনে তিনি উপস্থিত ছিলেন এবং মেলা উপলক্ষে \"মিলে সবে ভারতসন্তান, একতান গাহ গান\" গানটি রচনা করেন। এই গানটিকে ভারতের প্রথম জাতীয় সংগীতের মর্যাদা দেওয়া হয়। সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ অনেকগুলি দেশাত্মবোধক গান লিখেছিলেন।", "ভারতে সমকামিতা\nভারতে সমকামিতা বৈধ।[1] সাম্প্রতিক বছরগুলিতে সমকামিতার প্রতি ভারতীয়দের মনোভাবে কিছু পরিবর্তন লক্ষিত হয়েছে। বিশেষত, ভারতের সংবাদমাধ্যম[2][3][4] ও বলিউডে [5] সমকামিতার প্রদর্শন ও আলোচনার পরিমাণ বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছে। ২০০৯ সালের ২ জুলাই, দিল্লি হাইকোর্টের একটি রায়ে স্পষ্টত জানানো হয়েছে প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের মধ্যে সম্মতিক্রমে সমকামিতার আচরণ অপরাধের আওতায় পড়ে না। এই রায়ে আরো বলা হয়েছে যে ভারতীয় দণ্ডবিধির ৩৭৭ ধারা ভারতীয় সংবিধানের মৌলিক অধিকার রক্ষা নীতির পরিপন্থী।[6] ২০১৩ সালে পুনরায় সমকামিতাকে অবৈধ ঘোষণা করে ভারতের সুপ্রিম কোর্ট ।[7] ভারতীয় জনতা পার্টি (বিজেপি) সমকামিতাকে অপ্রাকৃতিক বলেছে। [8][9] কিন্তু আবার তাদের আমলেই সমকামিতা আইনগতভাবে বৈধতা পায়।[10]", "দূরদর্শন\n১৯৮২ সালে দূরদর্শন জাতীয়স্তরের টেলিভিশন চ্যানেল হিসেবে আত্মপ্রকাশ করে এবং সেই বছরেই ভারতের বাজারে প্রথম রঙিন টেলিভিশন বিক্রীত হয়। ১৯৮২ সালের ১৫ অগস্ট স্বাধীনতা দিবস উপলক্ষে ভারতের তৎকালীন প্রধানমন্ত্রী শ্রীমতি ইন্দিরা গাঁধীর জাতির উদ্দেশে প্রদত্ত ভাষণ প্রথমবার সরাসরি সম্প্রচারিত হয় দূরদর্শনের পর্দায়। এরপরে ১৯৮২ সালেই দিল্লিতে অনুষ্ঠিত এশিয়ান গেমসও সরাসরি সম্প্রচার করে দূরদর্শন। সেই সময় দূরদর্শনই ছিল ভারতের একমাত্র টেলিভিশন মাধ্যম। তৎকালে অর্থাৎ বিংশ শতাব্দীর আশির দশকে দূরদর্শনে প্রচারিত কিছু উল্লেখযোগ্য ধারাবাহিক হল; হম লোগ (১৯৮৪), বুনিয়াদ (১৯৮৬-৮৭), এবং হাস্যরসাত্মক অনুষ্ঠান য়ে জো হ্যায় জ়িন্দেগি (১৯৮৪)। সর্বপ্রথম প্রচারিত ধারাবাহিক হম লোগ এবং পৌরাণিক ও মহাকাব্যভিত্তিক ধারাবাহিক রামায়ণ এবং মহাভারত জনপ্রিয়তার শীর্ষে আরোহণ করেছিল ও সেই সময়ের ভারতীয় দর্শকদের অমোঘ আকর্ষণে টেলিভিশনের পর্দার সামনে বেঁধে রাখতে সক্ষম হয়েছিল। বর্তমানে দূরদর্শনের প্রায় ৪৬টি কেন্দ্র এবং ১৪০০ টেরেস্ট্রিয়াল ট্রান্সমিটারের সাহায্যে নব্বই শতাংশ ভারতীয় দূরদর্শনের অনুষ্ঠান দেশের যেকোন প্রান্ত থেকে দেখতে পান।", "ভারতের জাতীয় পতাকা\nস্বাধীনতাপ্রাপ্তির কয়েকদিন পূর্বে বিশেষভাবে গঠিত গণপরিষদ এই সিদ্ধান্তে উপনীত হয় যে ভারতের জাতীয় পতাকাকে সব দল ও সম্প্রদায়ের নিকট গ্রহণযোগ্য করে হতে হবে।[4] এই কারণে, অশোকচক্র সম্বলিত গেরুয়া, সাদা ও সবুজ ত্রিবর্ণরঞ্জিত পতাকা গৃহীত হয়। সর্বপল্লী রাধাকৃষ্ণন, যিনি পরবর্তীকালে ভারতের প্রথম উপরাষ্ট্রপতি হয়েছিলেন, তিনি গৃহীত পতাকার প্রতীকতত্ত্বটি ব্যাখ্যা করে নিম্নলিখিত ভাষায় তার গুরুত্ব বর্ণনা করেন:", "ভারতে সমকামিতা\n৬ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১৮ ভারতের প্রধান বিচারপতি দীপক মিশ্রের পৌরহিত্যে গঠিত পাঁচ[27] সদস্য বিশিষ্ট সুপ্রিম কোর্টের কন্সটিটিউনাল বেঞ্চ এই রায় প্রদান করে যে অপ্রাকৃতিক যৌনসঙ্গমের আইনটি পুরুষ ও নারীসমকামী এবং ট্রান্সজেন্ডারদের জন্য প্রযোজ্য হবে না; তবে তা পারস্পরিক সম্মতির ভিত্তিতে, প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের মধ্যে এবং অপ্রকাশ্যে হতে হবে।[28] এর ফলে সমকামীদের মধ্যে পায়ূসঙ্গম ও সমরূপ যৌনাচার আইনী বৈধতা লাভ করলো। সুপ্রিম কোর্টের এই সিদ্ধান্তকে ঐতিহাসিক ও যুগান্তকারী বলে অভিহিত করা হয়েছে।[29]", "ভারতের জাতীয় পতাকা\n১৯১৭ সালে বাল গঙ্গাধর তিলক ও অ্যানি বেসান্ত পরিচালিত হোমরুল আন্দোলন একটি নতুন পতাকার জন্ম দেয়। এই পতাকায় পাঁচটি লাল ও চারটি সবুজ আনুভূমিক ডোরা ছিল। উপরের বাঁদিকে আয়তাকার ইউনিয়ন পতাকা ছিল আন্দোলনের আকাঙ্ক্ষিত ডোমিনিয়ন মর্যাদা লাভের প্রতীক। উপরের উড্ডয়নভাগে ছিল সাদা অর্ধচন্দ্র ও তারা। হিন্দুদের পবিত্র সপ্তর্ষি মণ্ডলের প্রতীকরূপে সাতটি সাদা তারা পতাকায় খচিত ছিল। এই পতাকাটি অবশ্য সর্বসাধারণ্যে জনপ্রিয়তা অর্জনে ব্যর্থ হয়।[5]", "ব্রিটিশ ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাসোসিয়েশন\nব্রিটিশ ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাসোসিয়েশন ১৮৫১ সালের ২৯ অক্টোবর কলকাতায় মহর্ষি দেবেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর দ্বারা প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়। রাজা রাধাকান্ত দেব এর প্রথম সভাপতি এবং প্রথম সম্পাদক ছিলেন দেবেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর । বিশিষ্ট সাংবাদিক কৃষ্ণদাস পাল প্রথমে এর সহকারী সম্পাদক এবং পরে (১৮৭৪-১৮৮৪) সম্পাদক ছিলেন। এই প্রতিষ্ঠানের মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল ব্রিটিশ ভারতের জনগণের কল্যাণার্থে আন্দোলন পরিচালনা করা। ১৮৫৩ সালের সনদ আইন-১৮৫৩কে কেন্দ্র করে ভারতবাসীর রাজনৈতিক আন্দোলন ও আশা-আকাঙ্ক্ষা সক্রিয় হয়ে উঠে। নতুন সনদ প্রাপ্তিকে সামনে রেখে ভারতবাসীর অভাব-অভিযোগগুলির প্রতি ইংল্যান্ডের কর্তৃপক্ষের দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণ ও আশু ফল লাভের উদ্দেশ্যে তৎকালীন নেতৃবৃন্দ এই অ্যাসোসিয়েশন প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। প্রতিষ্ঠার অল্প পরেই অ্যাসোসিয়েশনের পক্ষ থেকে ভারত সংস্কারসম্বন্ধীয় একটি স্মারকলিপি ব্রিটিশ পার্লামেন্টে প্রেরণ করা হয়। স্মারকলিপির প্রধান দাবি ছিল ভারতীয় আইন পরিষদের দুই-তৃতীয়াংশ সদস্য হবেন ভারতীয়। প্রতিষ্ঠালগ্ন হতে এ অ্যাসোসিয়েশন ভারতের শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, রাজস্ব, পুলিশ, আইনকানুন ও প্রশাসন বিষয়ে ভারতীয়দের বিভিন্ন দাবির প্রতি সরকারের দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণ করে। ব্রিটিশ ইন্ডিয়া অ্যাসোসিয়েশনই সর্বপ্রথম ভারতের বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলের মধ্যে পারস্করিক সহযোগিতার ওপর গুরুত্ব আরোপ করে। প্রায় ২৫ বছর এ সভা জাতির মুখপাত্র হিসেবে কাজ করে। ১৮৭০ সালে সরকার কর্তৃক উচ্চশিক্ষা নিয়ন্ত্রণের ব্যবস্থা প্রবর্তনে এ প্রতিষ্ঠান বাঁধা দেয়।", "প্রেম জিহাদ\n২০১৭ সালে, কেরালা হাইকোর্ট প্রেম জিহাদ বন্ধে আইন করে যে, হিন্দু মেয়েদের মুসলিম ছেলেদের বিয়ে করা অবৈধ। একজন মুসলিম স্বামী এটি পুনর্বিবেচনার জন্য ভারতের সর্বোচ্চ আদালতে আবেদন করেন যেখানে কোর্ট এনআইএ এর কাছ থেকে নিরপেক্ষ প্রমাণ চায় এবং এনআইকে প্রেম জিহাদ সম্পর্কিত সকল ঘটনা অনুসন্ধানের নির্দেশ দেয়। এটা এনআইএ কে বিভিন্ন সন্দেহজনক ঘটনা অনুসন্ধান করার সুযোগ দেয় যার মাধ্যমে তারা খোঁজ করতে পারে যে কোন নিষিদ্ধ সংস্থা যেমন সিমি হিন্দু মেয়েদের সন্ত্রাসী হিসেবে তৈরি করছে কিনা। এনআইএ পূর্বে আদালতকে জানায় এই মামলা শুধুমাত্র একটা বিচ্ছিন্ন ঘটনা নয়, রাজ্যের মধ্যে এধরনের অনেক ঘটনা ঘটে চলেছে। আরো বলে যে, সেই মামলার একই ব্যক্তি যে প্ররোচক হিসেবে কাজ করেছিল তার বিরুদ্ধে আরেকটি মামলা রয়েছে।", "রামগোপাল ঘোষ\nব্ল্যাক অ্যাক্টের ওপর রামগোপালের বক্তৃতায় এশীয় ও ইউরোপীয় মধ্যে বিতর্ক সৃষ্টি করে। বক্তৃতায় বিচার ব্যবস্থায় এশীয় ও ইউরোপীয়দের এক শ্রেণীতে আনার আহ্বান জানানো হয় যা ছিল একটি মাইলফলক। ১৮৫৩ সালে তিনি প্রথম ব্যক্তি হিসেবে সরকারি চাকুরিতে ভারতীয়দের প্রবেশাধিকারের দাবি তুলে ধরেন। ১৮৫৪ সালে তিনি প্রথম ভারতীয় হিসেবে ভারতে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্থাপনের প্রস্তাব করেন। তিনি দ্বারকানাথ ঠাকুরের চার শিক্ষার্থীকে চিকিৎসাশাস্ত্র অধ্যয়নের জন্য ইংল্যান্ডে পাঠানোকে সমর্থন করেন।", "ভারতে সমকামীদের অধিকার\n৬ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৮ ভারতের প্রধান বিচারপতি দীপক মিশ্রের পৌরহিত্যে গঠিত পাঁচ সদস্য বিশিষ্ট সুপ্রিম কোর্টের কন্সটিটিউনাল বেঞ্চ এই রায় প্রদান করে যে অপ্রাকৃতিক যৌনসঙ্গমের আইনটি পুরুষ ও নারীসমকামী এবং ট্রান্সজেন্ডারদের জন্য প্রযোজ্য হবে না; তবে তা পারস্পরিক সম্মতির ভিত্তিতে, প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের মধ্যে এবং অপ্রকাশ্যে হতে হবে।[14] এর ফলে সমকামীদের মধ্যে পায়ূসঙ্গম ও সমরূপ যৌনাচার আইনী বৈধতা লাভ করলো। সুপ্রিম কোর্টের এই সিদ্ধান্তকে ঐতিহাসিক ও যুগান্তকারী বলা হয়েছে।[15]", "ভারতে বাল্যবিবাহ\nবাল্যবিবাহের সংজ্ঞা ভারত শেষ সাম্প্রতিকীকরণ করেছে যাতে, দ্য প্রোহিবিশন অফ চাইল্ড ম্যারেজ অ্যাক্ট অফ ২০০৬, যেটা প্রয়োগ হয়েছে শুধু (ক) হিন্দু, খ্রিস্টান, জৈন, বৌদ্ধ এবং তারা, যারা ভারতের অ-মুসলমান; এবং (খ) জম্মু ও কাশ্মীর রাজ্যের বাইরে। ভারতের মুসলমানদের জন্যে, বাল্যবিবাহ সংজ্ঞা এবং বিধিসমূহ শরিয়া ও নিকাহ</i>র ওপর ভিত্তি করে ব্যক্তিগত আইনের বিষয় হিসেবে দাবি করে। অন্য সকলের জন্যে, দ্য প্রোহিবিশন অফ চাইল্ড ম্যারেজ অ্যাক্ট অফ ২০০৬ সংজ্ঞায়িত করে 'বাল্যবিবাহ' অর্থে একটা বিয়ে, অথবা একটা বিয়ে প্রায় বিধিসম্মত, যেকোনো একটা পক্ষের একজন শিশু, এবং ব্যক্তির লিঙ্গভিত্তিক বিয়ের ব্যাপারে শিশু--যদি পুরুষ হয়, এটা ২১ বছর বয়স, এবং যদি মহিলা হয়, ১৮ বছর বয়স।", "ভারতের প্রথম\nভারতের প্রথম", "সমকামিতা\n২৪০০ খ্রিঃ পূঃ মিশরের খ্‌নুমহোটেপ ও নিয়াঙ্খ্‌নুম-কে ইতিহাসে নথিভুক্ত প্রথম সমকামী যুগল বলে গণ্য করা হয়।[35] এরা পরস্পরের নাক চুম্বনরত অবস্থায় চিত্রিত হয়েছে; এই ভঙ্গি প্রাচীন মিশরীয় শিল্পে প্রদর্শিত সর্বাপেক্ষা ঘনিষ্ঠ ভঙ্গি। চিত্রে এই যুগলের চারদিকে আরও অনেক মানব-অবয়ব দেখতে পাওয়া যায়। এদেরকে উক্ত যুগলের উত্তরাধিকারী অনুমান করা হয়। নৃতত্ত্ববিদ স্টিফেন ও. মারে এবং উইল রস্কো প্রকাশিত প্রতিবেদন অনুযায়ী লেসোথোর মহিলারা সমাজ-কর্তৃক অনুমোদিত \"দীর্ঘমেয়াদী যৌনসম্পর্কে\" লিপ্ত হন। এই ব্যবস্থার স্থানীয় নাম \"মৎসোয়ালে\"।[36] ই. ই. ইভান্স প্রিচার্ড পর্যবেক্ষণ করেছেন গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী কঙ্গোর পুরুষ আজান্দে যোদ্ধারা নিয়মিত বারো থেকে কুড়ি বছর বয়স্ক প্রেমিক নির্বাচন করত। এই প্রেমিকেরা তাদের বয়োজ্যেষ্ঠ স্বামীদের বাড়ির কাজে সাহায্য করত ও উরুমৈথুনের মাধ্যমে তাদের সাথে শারীরিক সম্পর্ক করত।[37]", "বিভিন্ন ধর্মে সমকামিতা\nহিন্দু ধর্মের পৌরাণিক ইতিহাসে কামক্রিয়ার অস্বাভাবিকতার উপস্থিতি প্রচ্ছন্নভাবে দেখা গেলেও তা কোনোমতেই সমকামীতাকে সমর্থন করে না। কারণ হিন্দু ধর্মে পুরাণগুলি তিনভাগে বিভক্ত - সাত্বিক, রাজসিক ও তামসিক। তামসিক পুরাণগুলিতে সাধারণত কামকে (যৌনতাকে) সৃষ্টিরহস্যের এক অভুতপুর্ব নিদর্শন হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা হয়েছ। আসলে বিজ্ঞানীরা এসব পুরাণাদির তথ্যকে বিশ্লেষণ করে বিজ্ঞানের অভাবনীয় উৎকর্ষ সাধন করতে পারে। যেমন, মহাভারতে মাতা কুন্তীর কর্নকে জন্মদানের ঘটনাটি কেবল বর্তমান যুগের টেস্টটিউব বেবীর জন্মদানের বৈজ্ঞানিক নিদর্শনকে প্রতীকায়িত করছে। অনুরুপে, পৌরাণিক দেবতা বিষ্ণু ও মহাদেব শিবের হরিহর রুপে মিলনটি আসলে বৈজ্ঞানিক সেই নিদর্শনকে প্রতীকায়িক করছে - যা বর্তমানে বিজ্ঞানের অবদানে অপারেশনের মাধ্যমে পুরুষ থেকে নারী, কিংবা নারী থেকে পুরুষে রুপান্তরিত হওয়া যায় - চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানের এই অত্যাচর্য দিকটিকে ইংগিত করছে | পৌরাণিক সব চরিত্র আসলে কোনো না কোনো ভাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক কোনো গুঢ় অর্থ বহন করে - কোনো অবস্থাতেই তা সমকামিতাকে সমর্থন করে না। মনুসংহিতার অষ্টম অধ্যায়ের ৩৬৯ এবং ৩৭০ নম্বর শ্লোকে দুজন নারীর মধ্যে সমকামিতা সংঘটিত হলে কি শাস্তি হবে তার উল্লেখ আছে - এভাবে:", "বঙ্গভঙ্গ (১৯০৫)\nবঙ্গভঙ্গ বাংলার ইতিহাসে একটি অতি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অধ্যায়। ১৯০৫ সালের ১৬ই অক্টোবর ভারতের ভাইসরয় লর্ড কার্জনের আদেশে ১ম বঙ্গভঙ্গ[1][2] সম্পন্ন হয়। বাংলা বিভক্ত করে ফেলার ধারনাটি অবশ্য কার্জন থেকে শুরু হয়নি। ১৭৬৫ সালের পর থেকেই বিহার ও উড়িষ্যা[2] বাংলার অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। ফলে সরকারী প্রশাসনিক এলাকা হিসেবে বাংলা অতিরিক্ত বড় হয়ে যায় এবং বৃটিশ সরকারের পক্ষে এটির সুষ্ঠু শাসনক্রিয়া দুরূহ হয়ে পড়ে। বঙ্গভঙ্গের সূত্রপাত এখান থেকেই।", "সুনীতি সলোমন\nসলোমন তাঁর কর্মজীবনের শুরুতে বিদেশে, লন্ডনের কিংস কলেজ হাসপাতালে একজন জুনিয়র চিকিত্সক হিসেবে কাজ করেন।  ভারতে ফেরার পর, সলোমন, মাদ্রাজ মেডিকেল কলেজে  অণুজীব বিজ্ঞানী হিসাবে কাজ করেন এবং পদোন্নতি হয়ে অধ্যাপক হন।   তিনি ১৯৮১ সালে এইচআইভি আবিষ্কারের এবং এইডসের ক্লিনিকাল বিষয়ক লেখাগুলি পড়তে থাকেন এবং ১৯৮৬ সালে ১০০ জন মহিলা যৌনকর্মীকে পরীক্ষা করার সিদ্ধান্ত  নেন,  যেহেতু ভারতে কোন প্রকাশ্য সমকামী সম্প্রদায় ছিল না।  একশজনের  রক্তের নমুনার মধ্যে  ছয়টি নমুনা এইচআইভি পজিটিভ পাওয়া গেল।  সলোমন পরে বাল্টিমোরের জনস হপকিন্স বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে নমুনা পুনরায় পরীক্ষার জন্য পাঠান,যা ভাইরাসটির উপস্থিতি নিশ্চিত করে। ভারতে এই আবিষ্কারটি এইচআইভির প্রথম ডকুমেন্টেশন। তারপর থেকে, সলোমন তাঁর জীবন ও কর্মক্ষেত্র, এইচআইভি/এইডস গবেষণা, চিকিত্সা এবং সচেতনতা প্রসারে সমর্পণ করার সিদ্ধান্ত নেন। তিনি বর্ণনা করেছেন কিভাবে মানুষ এইচআইভি সংক্রমিত ব্যক্তিদের পরিত্যাগ করেছেন; এমনকি তাঁঁর স্বামীও চান নি, যে তিনি এইচআইভি পজিটিভ রোগীদের সঙ্গে কাজ করুন যাদের অধিকাংশই  ছিলেন সমকামী যাঁঁরা নিজেরা ইনজেকশনের মাধ্যমে ড্রাগ নিতেন ও যৌন কর্মী ছিলেন। সলোমন উত্তর করেন , \"আপনি তাঁঁদের সঙ্গে কথা বললে,  এই এক কথা বলবেন না।\" সলোমন ছিলেন প্রথম মানুষ যিনি   এইচআইভি ও তার পাশাপাশি অপযশের কথা প্রকাশ্যে আলোচনা করেন,  তিনি একবার বলেন, \" অপযশ এবং বৈষম্য এইডস আক্রান্ত মানুষগুলিকে বেশী হত্যা করছে।\" ", "ভারতীয় প্রজাতন্ত্রের ইতিহাস\nভারতীয় প্রজাতন্ত্রের ইতিহাস সূচিত হয় ১৯৫০ সালের ২৬ জানুয়ারি। ১৯৪৭ সালের ১৫ অগস্ট ভারত ব্রিটিশ কমনওয়েলথের অন্তর্গত একটি স্বাধীন অধিরাজ্য রূপে আত্মপ্রকাশ করেছিল। ১৯৫০ সালে প্রজাতন্ত্র ঘোষিত হওয়ার পূর্বাবধি ষষ্ঠ জর্জ (অ্যালবার্ট ফ্রেডেরিক আর্থার জর্জ) ছিলেন এই দেশের রাজা। একই সঙ্গে ভারত বিভাগের ফলে ব্রিটিশ ভারতের উত্তর-পশ্চিম ও পূর্বাংশ নিয়ে পৃথক পাকিস্তান অধিরাজ্য স্থাপিত হয়। দেশভাগের ফলে ভারত ও পাকিস্তানের প্রায় ১ কোটি মানুষকে দেশান্তরী হতে হয় এবং প্রায় ১০ লক্ষ মানুষের মৃত্যু ঘটে। প্রথমে লর্ড লুই মাউন্টব্যাটেন ও পরে চক্রবর্তী রাজাগোপালাচারী ভারতের গভর্নর জেনারেল নিযুক্ত হন। জওহরলাল নেহেরু হন দেশের প্রথম প্রধানমন্ত্রী এবং সর্দার বল্লভভাই প্যাটেল হন ভারতের প্রথম উপ-প্রধানমন্ত্রী তথা স্বরাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রী।", "কামিং আউট\n১৮৬৯ সালে, স্টোনওয়াল দাঙ্গার একশ বছর পূর্বে। জার্মানির সমকামি অধিকার এডভোকেট কার্ল হেনরিক উলরিখস সর্বপ্রথম স্বপরিচয় প্রদানকে সামাজিক ধারণা থেকে মুক্তি হিসেবে অভিহিত করেন। তাঁর মতে, সামাজিকভাবে সমকামিতাকে মেনে না নেয়ার অন্যতম কারন হল নিজের যৌন অভিমুখিতাকে প্রকাশ না করা। তাই তিনি, সমকামিরা যেন সমলিঙ্গের প্রতি তাদের আকর্ষনের ব্যাপার প্রকাশে এগিয়ে আসে সে ব্যাপারে জোর প্রচারনা চালান। ১৯০৬ সালে জার্মান-ইহুদী চিকিৎসক ইভান ব্লখ রচিত \"Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur\" (আমাদের সময়ে যৌন জীবন ও আধুনিক সভ্যতার সাথে এর সম্পর্ক) বইতে বয়স্ক সমকামিরা নিজেদের পরিবারের কাছে স্বীয় যৌন অভিমুখিতা তুলে ধরে। ১৯১৪ সালে ম্যাগনাস হিরসফেল্ড তাঁর অন্যতম বড় কাজ \"পুরুষ ও নারীর সমকামিতা\" তে এই বিষয় নিয়ে পুনরায়  আলোচনা করেন।", "বিভিন্ন ধর্মে সমকামিতা\nকাজেই সনাতন হিন্দু ধর্ম কোনো অবস্থাতেই সমকামীতাকে সমর্থন করে না, যদিও পৌরাণিক কিছু কাহিনী প্রতীকায়িত ভাবে উপস্থাপিত হয়েছে বলে যে কেউ মনে করতে পারে যে, সনাতন হিন্দু ধর্ম সমকামীতাকে সমর্থন করে। যা সম্পুর্ণ ভুল। কারণ সমর্থন করা হলে, সনাতন বৈদিক শাস্ত্রে সমকামিতার বিরুদ্ধে শাস্তির বিধান থাকতো না।", "ভারতরত্ন\nভারতরত্ন সম্মাননা প্রদান ইতিহাসে দু-বার রদ করা হয়েছিল।[12] ১৯৭৭ সালে মোরারজি দেশাই ভারতের চতুর্থ প্রধানমন্ত্রী হিসেবে শপথ গ্রহণের পর প্রথম বার ভারতরত্ন রদ করা হয়েছিল। ১৯৭৭ সালের ১৩ জুলাই তার সরকার সবকটি অসামরিক সম্মাননা প্রত্যাহার করে নিয়েছিল।[13][14] ১৯৮০ সালের ২৫ জানুয়ারি ইন্দিরা গান্ধী পুনরায় ভারতের প্রধানমন্ত্রী হলে এই সম্মাননা আবার চালু হয়।[15] ১৯৯২ সালের মধ্যভাগে দুটি জনস্বার্থ মামলার পরিপ্রেক্ষিতে অসামরিক সম্মাননাগুলি আবার রদ হয়েছিল। উক্ত মামলা দুটির একটি কেরল হাইকোর্টে এবং অপরটি মধ্যপ্রদেশ হাইকোর্টে দায়ের করা হয়েছিল। এই মামলা দুটিতে সম্মাননাগুলির \"সাংবিধানিক যৌক্তিকতা\" নিয়ে প্রশ্ন তোলা হয়েছিল।[12] ১৯৯৫ সালের ডিসেম্বর মাসে ভারতের সুপ্রিম কোর্টে এই মামলার পরিসমাপ্তির পর আদালতের রায়ের পরিপ্রেক্ষিতে আবার এই সম্মাননাগুলি চালু করা হয়।[14][16]", "স্মাইলিং বুদ্ধ\nস্মাইলিং বুদ্ধ (পোষাকি নাম পোখরান-১) হল ভারতের প্রথম পারমাণবিক অস্ত্র পরীক্ষার সাংকেতিক নাম। এটি ১৯৭৪ সালের ১৮ মে রাজস্থানের পোখরানে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। এই পরীক্ষা রাষ্ট্রসংঘ নিরাপত্তা পরিষদের পাঁচ স্থায়ী সদস্য রাষ্ট্র ব্যতীত অপর কোনো রাষ্ট্র কর্তৃক ঘোষিত প্রথম পারমাণবিক পরীক্ষা। কানাডা সরকার ভারত সরকারের কাছে যে উপাদান বিক্রয় করে তারই মাধ্যমে এই পরীক্ষা গৃহীত হয়। বোমাটির এক্সপ্লোসিভ ইয়েল্ডের পরিমাণ ছিল ৮ কিলোটন।", "ভারত\nমধ্যপ্রদেশ রাজ্যের ভীমবেটকা প্রস্তর ক্ষেত্র ভারতে মানববসতির প্রাচীনতম নিদর্শন। এক লক্ষ বছর আগেও এখানে মানুষের বসবাস ছিল।[25][26] প্রায় ৯০০০ বছর আগে এদেশে স্থায়ী মানববসতি গড়ে উঠে; যা কালক্রমে পশ্চিম ভারতের ইতিহাস-প্রসিদ্ধ সিন্ধু সভ্যতার রূপ ধারণ করে।[27] এই সভ্যতার আনুমানিক সময়কাল ৩৩০০ খ্রিষ্টপূর্বাব্দ। এরপর ভারতে বৈদিক যুগের সূত্রপাত হয়। এই যুগেই হিন্দুধর্ম তথা প্রাচীন ভারতীয় সমাজের অন্যান্য সাংস্কৃতিক বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলির আবির্ভাব ঘটে। বৈদিক যুগের সমাপ্তিকাল আনুমানিক ৫০০ খ্রিষ্টপূর্বাব্দ। আনুমানিক ৫৫০ খ্রিষ্টপূর্বাব্দ নাগাদ ভারতে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয় মহাজনপদ নামে অনেকগুলি স্বাধীন রাজতান্ত্রিক ও গণতান্ত্রিক রাজ্য।[28]", "ভারতে বাল্যবিবাহ\nভারতে বাল্যবিবাহের মধ্যে বৈবাহিক ধর্ষণ ছিল একটা দীর্ঘ আইনি টালবাহানা। ভারতে সহজাতভাবে বৈবাহিক ধর্ষণ একট অপরাধ ছিলনা; কিন্তু শিশুদের ব্যাপারে অবস্থাটা বিভ্রান্তিকর ছিল। ২০১৩ খ্রিস্টাব্দে শিশু অধিকার আইন নিয়ে কর্মরত এক সংস্থা ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্ট থট - www.ithought.in - একটা জনস্বার্থ মামলা (পিআইএল) দায়ের করে। জনস্বার্থ মামলাটা ফৌজদারি আইনের ব্যতিক্রমকে (ধারা ৩৭৫, ভারতীয় দণ্ডবিধি, ১৮৬০) মোকাবেলা করে, যেটা প্রাপ্তবয়স্ককে ব্যতিক্রমী রেখে এবং ১৫-১৮ বছরের শিশু কন্যাকে তার স্বামী কর্তৃক বৈবাহিক ধর্ষণকে মান্যতা দেয়; শিশুদের প্রগতিশীল আইনি রক্ষকবচ দাবি করে যৌন অপরাধ আইন, ২০১২ এরকম যৌন সম্পর্ক অমান্য করে এবং এই ধরনের বৈবাহিক অপরাধকে উত্যক্ত করা অপরাধের তকমা দেয়।", "স্বাধীনতা দিবস (ভারত)\n১৭শ শতাব্দীর মধ্যেই ইউরোপীয় বণিকেরা ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশে তাঁদের বাণিজ্যকুঠি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিলেন। ১৮শ শতাব্দীর মধ্যে অপ্রতিরোধ্য সামরিক শক্তির জোরে ব্রিটিশ ইস্ট ইন্ডিয়া কোম্পানি ভারতের প্রধান শক্তি হিসেবে নিজেদের প্রতিষ্ঠা করে। ১৮৫৭ সালে প্রথম স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধের পরের বছর ভারত শাসন আইন পাস হয় এবং উক্ত আইন বলে ব্রিটিশ রাজশক্তি কোম্পানির শাসনের অবসান ঘটিয়ে ভারতের শাসনভার স্বহস্তে তুলে নেয়। পরবর্তী কয়েক দশকের মধ্যে ভারতে আধুনিক শিক্ষায় শিক্ষিত এক নাগরিক সমাজের উদ্ভব ঘটে। এই সময়কার সর্বাপেক্ষা উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনাটি হল ১৮৮৫ সালে বোম্বাইয়ের গোকুল দাস তেজ পাল সংস্কৃত কলেজে ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেসের প্রতিষ্ঠা।[4][5]:১২৩ প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধের পর ব্রিটিশ সরকার ভারতীয় প্রশাসন ব্যবস্থার কিছু সংস্কার সাধনে প্রবৃত্ত হয়। মন্টেগু-চেমসফোর্ড সংস্কার ছিল এর মধ্যে অন্যতম। কিন্তু সেই সঙ্গে রাউলাট আইনের মতো দমনমূলক আইনও পাস হয় এবং ভারতীয় স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামীরা স্বায়ত্ত্বশাসনের দাবি তোলেন। এই পর্বের গণ-অসন্তোষ থেকে মোহনদাস করমচন্দ গান্ধীর (মহাত্মা গান্ধী) নেতৃত্বে অহিংস অসহযোগ ও আইন অমান্য আন্দোলন ঘনীভূত হয়।[5]:১৬৭", "গৌরব পদযাত্রা\n২০০৮ সালের ২৯ জুন দিল্লি, বেঙ্গালুরু, পুদুচেরি ও কলকাতায় গৌরব পদযাত্রা আয়োজিত হয়। পরদিন চেন্নাই শহরে আয়োজিত হয় একটি রঙধনু পদযাত্রা। সব মিলিয়ে ২,২০০ জন এই পদযাত্রায় অংশ নিয়েছিলেন। ১৯৯৯ সালে কলকাতা শহরে ভারতের প্রথম গৌরব পদযাত্রা আয়োজিত হয়েছিল। ডানপন্থী দলগুলি এই পদযাত্রার বিরোধিতা না করলেও বিজেপি এই পদযাত্রার সমালোচনা করে থাকে। ২০০৮ সালের ১৬ অগস্ট একটি বিশেষ মুম্বই শহরের একটি বিশেষ পদযাত্রার আয়োজন করে সমকামীরা দেশের সমকামিতা-বিরোধী আইনগুলি সংশোধনের দাবি জানান। ২০০৯ সালের ২ জুলাই, দিল্লি হাইকোর্ট রায় দিয়েছে যে দুজন ইচ্ছুক প্রাপ্তবয়স্কের মধ্যে সমকামী সম্পর্ক অপরাধমূলক আইনের ধারায় পড়বে না।", "চীনে সমকামীদের অধিকার\nসমকামিনী, সমকামী, উভকামী, হিজড়া (লেসবিয়ান, গে, বাইসেক্সুয়াল, ট্র্যান্সজেন্ডার/এলজিবিটি) অধিকার চীনে বৈধ ১৯৯৭ সাল থেকে যদিও এ ব্যাপারে সরকার অতটা উদারপন্থী নয়, কিন্তু সমাজের অধিকাংশ মানুষ সমকামিতাকে ঘৃণার চোখে দেখেনা।[2][3]", "আবুল কালাম আজাদ\n১৯৩১ সালে মৌলানা আজাদ ধারাসন সত্যাগ্রহ শুরু করেন। এই সময় তিনি দেশের অন্যতম প্রধান রাজনৈতিক নেতা হয়ে ওঠেন। তিনি ভারতে ধর্মনিরপেক্ষতা ও সমাজতান্ত্রিক ধ্যানধারণা এবং হিন্দু-মুসলমান সম্প্রীতির কথা প্রচার করেন। ভারত ছাড়ো আন্দোলনের সময় পাঁচ বছর (১৯৪০-৪৫) তিনি কংগ্রেস সভাপতির দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। এই সময় তিন বছর তিনি কারারুদ্ধ ছিলেন। যে সকল ভারতীয় মুসলমান মুসলমানদের জন্য পৃথক পাকিস্তান রাষ্ট্রের দাবির বিরোধিতা করেছিলেন, তাঁদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে উজ্জ্বল ব্যক্তিত্ব ছিলেন মৌলানা আজাদ। তিনি ভারতের অন্তর্বর্তী সরকারেও মন্ত্রীত্ব করেন। দেশভাগের অব্যবহিত আগে সাম্প্রদায়িক দাঙ্গার সময় তিনি হিন্দু-মুসলমান সম্প্রীতির প্রচেষ্টা চালান। স্বাধীন ভারতের শিক্ষামন্ত্রী হিসেবে তিনি বিনামূল্যে প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা ও উচ্চশিক্ষার জন্য আধুনিক শিক্ষাপ্রতিষ্ঠানগুলি চালু করেন। তিনিই ইন্ডিয়ান ইনস্টিটিউট অফ টেকনোলজি ও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মঞ্জুরি কমিশন স্থাপন করেন।", "ভারতে নারী\n১৯১৭ সালে ভারতের জাতীয় কংগ্রেস সমর্থিত প্রথম নারী প্রতিনিধিদল নারীর রাজনৈতিক অধিকার নিষ্চিত্ করার দাবি নিয়ে রাষ্ট্রসচিবের সঙ্গে সাক্ষাত করেন। ১৯২৭ সালে পুণেতে নিখিল ভারত নারীশিক্ষা বিষয়ক আলোচনাচক্র(অল ইন্ডিয়া উইমেনস এডুকেশন কনফারেন্স) অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, এবং এটি সামাজিক উন্নয়ণমূলক আন্দোলনের একটি প্রধান সংগঠন হয়ে ওঠে। ১৯২৯ সালে বাল্যবিবাহ নিবর্তন আইন পাস হয়, যেখালে একটি মেয়ের বিয়ে করার ন্যূনতম বয়স ১৪ বছর বলে স্থির করা হয়। যদিও মহাত্মা গান্ধী নিজে তেরো বছর বয়সে বিবাহ করেন, পরে তিনি বাল্যবিবাহ বর্জন করার জন্য এবং বাল-বিধবাদের বিয়ে করার জন্য দেশের যুবকদের আহ্বান জানান।", "স্বাধীনতা দিবস (ভারত)\n১৯৩০ থেকে ১৯৪৬ সাল পর্যন্ত ২৬ জানুয়ারি তারিখটি কংগ্রেস স্বাধীনতা দিবস হিসেবে পালন করেছিল।[9][10] সেই সময় স্বাধীনতা দিবস উপলক্ষে সভার আয়োজন করা হত এবং সেই সব সভায় আগত ব্যক্তিবর্গ \"স্বাধীনতার শপথ\" গ্রহণ করতেন।[8]:১৯-২০ জওহরলাল নেহেরু তাঁর আত্মজীবনীতে এই সভাগুলিকে শান্তিপূর্ণ, ভাবগম্ভীর এবং \"কোনওরকম ভাষণ বা উপদেশ বিবর্জিত\" বলে বর্ণনা করেছেন।[11] মহাত্মা গান্ধী সভার পাশাপাশি এই দিনটিতে আরও কিছু করার পরিকল্পনা করেন। তিনি মনে করেন, এই দিনটি পালন করা উচিত \"...কিছু সৃজনশীল কাজ করে। চরকা কেটে, বা ‘অস্পৃশ্য’দের সেবা করে, বা হিন্দু মুসলমান সম্প্রীতির আয়োজন করে, বা আইন অমান্য করে, অথবা এই সবগুলি একসঙ্গে করে\"।[12] ১৯৪৭ সালে ভারত স্বাধীন হওয়ার পর ভারতের সংবিধান বিধিবদ্ধ হয় ১৯৫০ সালের ২৬ জানুয়ারি। তদবধি ২৬ জানুয়ারি তারিখটি ভারতের প্রজাতন্ত্র দিবস হিসেবে পালিত হয়ে আসছে।", "জ্যোতি বসু\n১৯৪৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ব্রিটিশ ঔপনিবেশক শাসনের অবসান হলো, স্বাধীন হলো ভারত। স্বাধীনতা লাভের উৎসব শেষ হলে নতুন উদ্যমে সংগঠনের কাজে আত্মনিয়োগ করলেন জ্যোতি বসু। কমিউনিস্ট পার্টির নতুন বঙ্গীয় প্রাদেশিক কমিটি বা 'পশ্চিমবঙ্গ রাজ্য কমিটি' গঠন করা হলো - জ্যোতি বসু এ কমিটির অন্যতম সদস্য নির্বাচিত হলেন। ২১শে নভেম্বর পুনর্গঠিত পশ্চিম বঙ্গ বিধান সভার অধিবেশন। এ সময় এসপ্ল্যানেডে মিছিলের ওপর লাঠি চালালো পুলিশ, নিক্ষেপ করলো কাঁদানে গ্যাস। কংগ্রেস আবির্ভূত হলো জনগণের শত্রু হিসেবে। এ সময় 'পশ্চিম বঙ্গ বিশেষ ক্ষমতা আইন' নামে একটি জনবিরোধী প্রণয়ন করা হয়। জ্যোতি বসু এর তীব্র বিরোধিতা করেছিলেন। এই কালা কানুনের বিরূদ্ধে সংগঠিত আন্দোলনে সক্রিয়ভাবে অংশগ্রহণ করলেন তিনি। ১৯৪৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দের ২৬শে মার্চ তারিখে কংগ্রেস সরকার কমিউনিস্ট পার্টিকে নিষিদ্ধ ঘোষণা করলো। পরদিন জ্যোতি বসুকে পুলিশ গ্রেপ্তার করলো। প্রেসিডেন্সী জেলে শুরু হলো জ্যোতি বসুর প্রথম কারাজীবন। তিন মাস পর মুক্তি পেলেন তিনি। কারামুক্ত হয়ে আবার রেলওয়ে ট্রেড ইউনিয়নের কাজে মনোনিবেশ করলেন তিনি। বম্বে যাওয়ার পথে ট্রেনে উঠে পুলিশ তাকে আবার গ্রেপ্তার করলো। আলিপুর কোর্টে জামিন মিললো না; তাঁকে যেতে হলো আলীপুর কেন্দ্রীয় কারাগারে। তবে অচিরেই খালাস পেলেন তিনি। ৫ই ডিসেম্বর ১৯৪৮ আলিপুরের ডেপুটি ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট বীরেন্দ্রনাথ বসুর কন্যা কমল বসুর সঙ্গে বিবাহবন্ধনে আবদ্ধ হলেন তিনি। বিয়ের পর তিন মাস পুরো হওয়ার আগেই আবার তাঁকে গ্রেপ্তারের উদ্যোগ নিল পুলিশ। তাকেঁ এবার আত্মগোপন করে থাকতে হলো, ছদ্মবেশ নিয়ে পথে বেরুতেন। ১৯৫০ খ্রিস্টাব্দের ১লা সেপ্টেম্বর পুলিশের হাতে ধরা পড়লেন তিনি। হেবিয়াস কর্পাস করে হাইকোর্টের আদেশে ১৯৫১তে মুক্তি পেলেন তিনি। মুক্তি পেযে কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি পুনর্সংগঠনের কাজে ঝাঁপিয়ে পড়লেন জ্যোতি বসু। ইতিমধ্যে কমিউনিস্ট পার্টির ওপর আরোপিত নিষেধাজ্ঞা উঠে গেছে। তেলেঙ্গানায় কারাগারে আটক রাজবন্দীদের মুক্তির জন্য দিল্লী গিয়ে নেহরুর সঙ্গে দেখা করলেন তিনি। ১৮ই জানুয়ারি ১৯৫২'র বিধানসভার নির্বাচনে বরাননগর থেকে প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বীতা করে জিতে গেলেন জ্যোতি বসু। এবার বিধানসভায় তিনি বিরোধী পক্ষের নেতা মনোনীত হলেন। বিভিন্ন অগণতান্ত্রিক আইনের বিরূদ্ধে তিনি শক্ত অবস্থান নিয়ে অটল ছিলেন। ১৯৫৩-এ কমিউনিস্ট পার্টির পশ্চিম বঙ্গ রাজ্য কমিটির সাধারণ সম্পাদক নির্বাচিত হলেন তিনি। পার্টি সংগঠনের দায়িত্ব বেড়ে গেল অনেক।", "অসহযোগ আন্দোলন\n১৯৩০ থেকে ১৯৩৪ সালের মধ্যবর্তী সময়ে ভারতে পুনরায় অহিংস গণ আন্দোলন শুরু করেন গান্ধীজি। লক্ষ লক্ষ দেশবাসী লবণ সত্যাগ্রহের মাধ্যমে বিশ্বের সামনে ভারতের অহিংস আন্দোলনের উজ্জ্বল ভাবমূর্তিটি তুলে ধরেন। সত্যাগ্রহ শেষ হয় গৌরবময় সাফল্যমণ্ডিত হয়ে। ভারতীয়দের দাবি মেনে নেওয়া হয় এবং কংগ্রেস ভারতীয় জনগণের প্রকৃত প্রতিনিধির মর্যাদা লাভ করে। ভারত শাসন আইন ১৯৩৫ দেশের মানুষকে প্রথম গণতন্ত্রের স্বাদ দেয় – স্বায়ত্তশাসন।", "সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর\nরামমোহন রায় দেখেছিলেন সেযুগের হিন্দু নারীরা ছিলেন অশিক্ষিত ও নিরক্ষর; তাঁরা সম্পত্তির অধিকার থেকে বঞ্চিতা হতেন, বাল্যকালেই তাঁদের বিবাহ হয়ে যেত, তারপর সারা জীবন পর্দার আড়ালে কাটাতেন এবং স্বামীর মৃত্যুর সঙ্গে সঙ্গেই \"সতী\" করার নামে তাঁদের নৃশংসভাবে হত্যা করা হত। সতীদাহ প্রথা ১৮২৯ সালে অর্থাৎ সত্যেন্দ্রনাথের জন্মের বহু আগেই আইন দ্বারা নিষিদ্ধ হয়েছিল এবং মেয়েদের সামাজিক অধিকার প্রদানের প্রক্রিয়াগুলিও শুরু হয়ে গিয়েছিল।", "মোহনদাস করমচাঁদ গান্ধী\nগান্ধী কলকাতা কংগ্রেসে ১৯২৮ সালের ডিসেম্বরে ব্রিটিশ সরকারের প্রতি ভারতকে ডোমিনিয়নের মর্যাদা দেবার দাবি জানান, অন্যথায় নতুন অহিংস নীতির পাশাপাশি পূর্ণ স্বাধীনতান লক্ষ্যের হুমকি দেন। গান্ধী এর মাধ্যমে তরুণ নেতা সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু এবং জওহরলাল নেহরুর দর্শন সঞ্চালন করেন যারা অবিলম্বে স্বাধীনতার পক্ষপাতী ছিলেন। এই সিদ্ধান্তে তিনি দু'বছরের বদলে একবছর অপেক্ষা করারও প্রতিফলন ঘটান।[6] ব্রিটিশ রাজ এর প্রত্যুত্তর দেয়নি। ১৯২৯ সালে সালের ৩১শে ডিসেম্বর ভারতীয় পতাকার উন্মোচন হয় লাহোরে। ১৯৩০ সালের ২৬শে জানুয়ারি লাহোর মিলিত হয়ে ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেস দিনটিকে ভাতীয় স্বাধীনতা দিবস হিসেবে উৎযাপন করে। অন্যান্য প্রায় সকল প্রতিষ্ঠান ও এই দিনটিকে উৎযাপন করে। ঘোষণামত গান্ধী লবণের উপর কর আরোপের বিরুদ্ধে নতুন সত্যাগ্রহ অভিযান শুরু করেন। ১৯৩০ সালের মার্চে এই উদ্দেশ্যে তিনি ডাণ্ডির উদ্দেশ্যে লবণ হাঁটা আয়োজন করেন ও ১২ই মার্চ থেকে ৬ই এপ্রিল পর্যন্ত ৪০০ কিলোমিটার হেঁটে এলাহাবাদ থেকে ডাণ্ডিতে পৌঁছান নিজের হাতে লবণ তৈরির জন্য।", "স্বামী বিবেকানন্দের জন্ম-সার্ধশতবর্ষ\nস্বামী বিবেকানন্দ ছিলেন একজন ভারতীয় হিন্দু সন্ন্যাসী। তিনিই প্রথম ভারতীয় বেদান্ত ও যোগ দর্শন পাশ্চাত্যে প্রচার করেন। স্বামী বিবেকানন্দের জন্ম-সার্ধশতবর্ষ (১২ জানুয়ারি, ২০১৩) সারা ভারতে এবং বিশ্বের বিভিন্ন দেশে পালিত হয়। ভারতের যুবকল্যাণ ও ক্রীড়া মন্ত্রক ২০১৩ সালটিকে স্বামী বিবেকানন্দের সার্ধশতবর্ষ হিসেবে পালনের সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছিল। রামকৃষ্ণ মঠ, রামকৃষ্ণ মিশন, ভারত সরকার, ভারতের বিভিন্ন রাজ্য সরকার, বিভিন্ন শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠান ও যুব গোষ্ঠী এই উপলক্ষে বছর-ব্যাপী অনুষ্ঠানের আয়োজন করেছিল। বাঙালি চিত্র পরিচালক উৎপল সিংহ সার্ধশতবর্ষে বিবেকানন্দের প্রতি শ্রদ্ধা জানাতে \"\" নামে একটি ছবি নির্মাণ করেন। ছবিটি ২০১৩ সালের ২৩ অগস্ট মুক্তি পেয়েছিল।কর্ণাটক রাজ্যের দক্ষিণ কন্নড় জেলার রাজনৈতিক দলগুলি স্বামী বিবেকানন্দের স্মরণে জেলাসদরের বিভিন্ন অনুষ্ঠানের আয়োজন করেছিল। তামিলনাড়ুর মুখ্যমন্ত্রী জয়ললিতা বলেন, তাঁর জীবনে স্বামী বিবেকানন্দের জীবনী ও বাণী এক বিরাট অনুপ্রেরণার ক্কাজ করে। তিনি বিবেকানন্দকে তাঁর \"রাজনৈতিক গুরু\" বলে উল্লেখ করেন বং তামিলনাড়ুর বিবেকানন্দ সংস্কৃতি কেন্দ্রের জন্য অনুদান দেন।", "১৮৫৫\n১৮৫৫ গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জীর একটি সাধারণ বছর।০৪ অক্টোবরঃ ঈশ্বরচন্দ্র বিদ্যাসাগরের উদ্যোগে ও নেতৃত্বে ভারতে ‍\"বিধবা বিবাহ আইন\" প্রবর্তিত হয়।", "ভারতে বাল্যবিবাহ\nভারতের মুসলমান সংগঠনগুলোর দীর্ঘ যুক্তি [26] ছিল, ২০০৬ খ্রিস্টাব্দের বাল্যবিবাহ আইনের মতো যে ভারভীয় আইনগুলো এদেশের আইনসভায় পাস হয়েছিল, মুসলমানদের ওপর প্রয়োগ করবেননা, কারণ বিয়ে হল একটা ব্যক্তিগত আইনের বিষয়।(6)(8) দিল্লি উচ্চ আদালত, তথা অন্যান্য রাজ্যের উচ্চ আদালতগুলো অসম্মত হয়েছিল। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, দিল্লি আদালত নির্দেশ দেয় যে, দ্য প্রোহিবিশন অফ চাইল্ড ম্যারেজ অ্যাক্ট, ২০০৬ সকল ব্যক্তিগত আইন বাতিল করে এবং প্রত্যেক ভারতীয় নাগরিককে শাসন করে।[27] নির্দেশটা অনুযায়ী একটা নিচু বয়সের বিয়ে, যখানে ছেলে অথবা মেয়েটা ১৬ বছরের বেশি বয়সী, বাতিল বিয়ে হবেনা কিন্তু বাতিলযোগ্য হবে, যেটা বৈধতা পাবে যদি না এরকম কোনো আদালত উপায়(গুলোর)ওপর অন্যথায় ব্যবস্থা না-নেওয়ার আদেশ দেয়। যেকোনো এক পক্ষের বয়স ১৮ বছরের নিচে হলে, সেক্ষেত্রে বিয়ে বাতিল হয়, ভারতে সম্মতি দেওয়ার বয়স ১৮ বছর, ভারভীয় দণ্ডবিধির [27] ৩৭৬ ধারা মোতাবেক ১৮ বছরের কম বয়সীর সঙ্গে যৌনমিলন করা বিধিসম্মত অপরাধ। − ভারতের অন্যান্য বিভিন্ন উচ্চ আদালতগুলো - গুজরাত উচ্চ আদালতসহ,[28] কর্ণাটক উচ্চ আদালত [29] এবং মাদ্রাস উচ্চ আদালত - নির্দেশ দেয় আইনটা অন্য ব্যক্তিগত আইনের ওপর প্রভাব ফেলছে (মুসলমান ব্যক্তিগত আইনসহ)।", "ভারতের জাতীয় পতাকা\nঊনবিংশ শতাব্দীতে ভারত ছিল ব্রিটিশ শাসনের অধীনে। ভারতের স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন শুরু হওয়ার আগে বিভিন্ন দেশীয় রাজ্যের শাসকেরা ভিন্ন ভিন্ন নকশার একাধিক পতাকা ব্যবহার করতেন। ১৮৫৭ সালের মহাবিদ্রোহের পরে ভারত প্রত্যক্ষভাবে ব্রিটিশ সাম্রাজ্যের অধীনে এলে ভারতের তদনীন্তন ব্রিটিশ শাসকবর্গ একক ভারতীয় পতাকার ধারণাটি প্রথম উত্থাপন করেন। পাশ্চাত্য হেরাল্ডিক আদর্শে নির্মিত স্টার অফ ইন্ডিয়া ছিল কানাডা ও অস্ট্রেলিয়া সহ অন্যান্য ব্রিটিশ উপনিবেশের পতাকাগুলির সমরূপীয়। ব্লু ও রেড এনসাইন পতাকাদুটির ঊর্ধ্ব-বাম কোয়াড্র্যান্টে থাকত ইউনিয়ন ফ্ল্যাগ এবং দক্ষিণার্ধ্বের মধ্যভাগে রাজমুকুট-বেষ্টিত একটি \"স্টার অফ ইন্ডিয়া\"। স্টারটি যে \"ভারতীয়ত্ব\"-এর প্রকাশক, তা বোঝাতে রানি ভিক্টোরিয়া তাঁর ভারতীয় প্রজাবর্গের প্রতিনিধিস্বরূপ সাম্রাজ্যের সেবায় \"নাইট কম্যান্ডার অফ দি অর্ডার অফ দ্য স্টার অফ ইন্ডিয়া\" নামে একটি পদ সৃষ্টি করেছিলেন। এরপর সকল দেশীয় রাজ্য বিকৃত রেড এনসাইন উড্ডীয়নের অধিকার সহ ইউরোপীয় হেরাল্ডিক মাপকাঠি-সম্মত প্রতীকসহ পতাকা লাভ করে।[1][2] দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধের সময় রেড এনসাইন ব্রিটিশ ভারতের প্রতিনিধিরূপে সর্বাপেক্ষা অধিক গুরুত্ব অর্জন করেছিল। সম্মিলিত জাতিপুঞ্জ এবং ১৯৪৫-৪৭ সময়পর্বে জাতিসংঘে এই পতাকাটিই ভারতের পতাকা হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হত।[3]", "দাদাসাহেব ফালকে পুরস্কার\nভারতীয় চলচ্চিত্রে দাদাসাহেব ফালকের অবদানের স্বীকৃতিতে ভারত সরকার ১৯৬৯ খ্রিস্টাব্দে প্রথম এই পুরস্কার প্রচলন করে। ভারতীয় চলচ্চিত্রের জনক বলে পরিচিত ফালকে একজন ভারতীয় চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতা ছিলেন, যিনি ১৯১৩ খ্রিস্টাব্দে রাজা হরিশচন্দ্র নামক ভারতের প্রথম পূর্ণ দৈর্ঘ্যের চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাণ করেন।", "ভারতে বাল্যবিবাহ\n২০১৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দের ১১ অক্টোবর, আন্তর্জতিক শিশু কন্যা দিবসে ভারতের সুপ্রিম কোর্ট ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্ট থট ভার্সাস ইউনিয়ন অফ ইন্ডিয়া (ডব্লুপি সিভিল ৩৮২ অফ ২০১৩) ভারতীয় দণ্ডবিধির ২৭৫ ধারার ২ ব্যতিক্রমকে বাদ দিয়েছে, যেটা বৈবাহিক বাল্যবিবাহের অন্তর্গত ধর্ষণকে মেনেছিল। উচ্চতম আদালত নির্দেশ দেয়, \"ধর্ষণ আইনের ব্যতিক্রমটা ছিল পক্ষপাতমূলক, খামখেয়ালি এবং বিধিবহির্ভূত ... এটা শিশু কন্যার শারীরিক সংহতিকে লঙ্ঘন করে। যদি একজন পুরুষ ১৮ বছরর কমবয়সী একজন স্ত্রীর সঙ্গে যৌনসঙ্গম করে, এটা একটা ধর্ষণের অপরাধ হবে। অপ্রাপ্তবয়স্ক স্ত্রী এক বছরের মধ্যে স্বামীর বিরুদ্ধে অভিযোগ করতে পারে।\"", "তুরস্কে সমকামীদের অধিকার\nতুরস্কে সমকামিতা অধিকার রয়েছে। দেশটিতে ১৮৫৮ সাল থেকে (উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্যের সময়কাল থেকে) সমকামিতা বৈধ। ১৯২৩ সালের ২৯শে অক্টোবর আধুনিক তুরস্ক রাষ্ট্রের জন্মের সময়ও ১৮৫৮ সালের সেই সমকাম বিষয়ক আইন চালু রাখা হয়। ১৯৮৮ সাল থেকে হিজড়াদের লিঙ্গ পরিবর্তন করার রাষ্ট্রীয় অনুমোদন মেলে। তুরস্কে যৌনমিলনে লিপ্ত হওয়ার ন্যূনতম বয়স হচ্ছে ১৮।", "ভারতের ইতিহাস\nবিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথমার্ধে ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেস দেশব্যাপী এক স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামের ডাক দেয়। অবশেষে, ১৯৪৭ সালে ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশ গ্রেট ব্রিটেনের অধীনতাপাশ ছিন্ন করে ধর্মের ভিত্তিতে ভারত বিভক্ত হয়। উপমহাদেশের পূর্ব ও পশ্চিমাংশের মুসলমান অধ্যুষিত অঞ্চলগুলি নিয়ে পাকিস্তান ও অবশিষ্ট অঞ্চল ভারতীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র নামে পরিচিত হয়। পূর্ব পাকিস্তান নামে পরিচিত পাকিস্তানের পূর্বাঞ্চল ১৯৭১ সালে এক রক্তক্ষয়ী যুদ্ধের মাধ্যমে স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশ রাষ্ট্র হিসেবে আত্ম-প্রতিষ্ঠা করে।", "ভারতীয় দণ্ড বিধি\nভারতীয় দণ্ড বিধি (Hindi: भारतीय दण्ड संहिता) হল ভারতের মাটিতে সংঘটনীয় বিবিধ অপরাধের বিবরণ ও সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তি বা দণ্ডের বিধান সম্বলিত প্রধান আইন। ১৮৩৩ সালের চার্টার আইনের নির্দেশে ১৮৩৪ খ্রিস্টাব্দে থমাস ব্যাবিংটন মেকলের সভাপতিত্বে গঠিত প্রথম ভারতীয় আইন কমিশনের সুপারিশে ১৮৬০ খ্রিস্টাব্দে এই দণ্ড বিধির খসড়া তৈরী হয়।[1][2][3]ভারতে ব্রিটিশ রাজের শুরুর দিকে ১৮৬০ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ভারতে এই আইন বলবৎ হয়। তবে, দেশীয় রাজ্যগুলিতে নিজস্ব আইন-আদালত থাকার জন্য এই আইন ১৯৪০ খ্রিস্টাব্দ পর্যন্ত চালু হয়নি। চালু হবার পর থেকে এই বিধির অনেক সংশোধন ও সম্প্রসারণ হয়েছে।", "ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাসোসিয়েশন\nইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাসোসিয়েশন ঊনবিংশ শতাব্দীর দ্বিতীয়ার্ধে ভারত উপমহাদেশে যে আর্থ-সামাজিক পরিবর্তন দেখা দেয় এবং রাজনৈতিক সচেতনতার বিকাশ ঘটে তারই ফল হিসেবে গঠিত প্রথম রাজনৈতিক সংগঠন। সর্বভারতীয় আদর্শে ও উদ্দেশ্যে গঠিত এ প্রতিষ্ঠানের বাংলা নাম ‘ভারত সভা’। ইতোপূর্বে প্রাথমিক প্রচেষ্টা হিসেবে কলকাতায় ২৫ সেপ্টেম্বর ১৮৭৫ সালে অমৃত বাজার পত্রিকা-র সম্পাদক শিশির কুমার ঘোষ ও তাঁর ভাই মতিলাল ঘোষ ‘ইন্ডিয়া লীগ’ প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। জন্মলগ্ন হতে ইন্ডিয়া লীগ প্রাদেশিকতা ও সাম্প্রদায়িকতামুক্ত সর্বভারতীয় জনগণের কল্যাণ সাধনের আদর্শ ও দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি নিয়ে কার্যক্ষেত্রে অবতীর্ণ হয়েছিল। কিন্তু নানা কারণে নেতৃবৃন্দের মাঝে মতবিরোধ দেখা দেয়, ফলে ইন্ডিয়া লীগ বেশিদিন টিকে থাকে নি। এর অল্পদিন পরই ১৮৭৬ সালের ২৬ জুলাই কলকাতায় সুরেন্দ্রনাথ ব্যানার্জীর নেতৃত্বে তাঁর বন্ধু আনন্দমোহন বসু ‘ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাসোসিয়েশন’ প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। এ সংগঠনের সঙ্গে যুক্ত অন্যান্য নেতৃবৃন্দ ছিলেন পন্ডিত শিবনাথ শাস্ত্রী, মনোমোহন ঘোষ, কৃষ্ণদাস পাল, মহারাজা নরেন্দ্রকৃষ্ণ প্রমুখ।", "সমকামিতা\nমানবজাতির ইতিহাসের প্রায় সমগ্র সময়কাল জুড়ে সমকামী সম্পর্ক ও আচরণ নিন্দিত হয়ে এসেছে। তবে কখনো-কখনো সামাজিক ঔদার্য ও আনুকূল্যও পরিলক্ষিত হয়েছে। এই প্রশংসা ও নিন্দা নির্ভর করেছে স্থানভেদে সমকামিতার বহিঃপ্রকাশের রূপ, সমসাময়িক বিভিন্ন ধর্মবিশ্বাসের প্রভাব ও সাংস্কৃতিক মানসিকতার উপর।[127] তবে অধিকাংশ সমাজে এবং সরকার ব্যবস্থায় সমকামী আচরণকে দণ্ডণীয় অপরাধ হিসেবে গণ্য হয়। উদাহরণস্বরূপ ভারত এবং বাংলাদেশ (দশ বছরের থেকে শুরু করে আমরণ সশ্রম কারাদণ্ড)[128] সহ দখন এশিয়ার ৭টি দেশের সংবিধানে ৩৭৭ ধারা এবং ১৯টি দেশে সমপর্যায়ের ধারা এবং সম্পূরক ধারা মোতাবেক সমকামিতা ও পশুকামিতা প্রকৃতিবিরোধী যৌনাচার হিসেবে শাস্তিযোগ্য ও দন্ডনীয় ফৌজদারি অপরাধ।[128] ২০১৫ সালে জুলাইয়ের একটি পরিসংখ্যান অনুযায়ী, পৃথিবীর মোট ৭২টি দেশে [lower-alpha 1] এবং পাঁচটি দেশের উপ-জাতীয় আইনি বিধিমালায় [lower-alpha 2] সমকামিতা সরকারীভাবে অবৈধ, যার অধিকাংশই এশিয়া ও আফ্রিকাতে অবস্থিত এবং এদের মধ্যে বেশ কিছু দেশে সমকামী আচরণের অপরাধে মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেওয়ার বিধান রাষ্ট্রীয়ভাবে চালু আছে।", "ভারতে সমকামীদের অধিকার\n২ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৬ সুপ্রিম কোর্ট স্বীয় সিদ্ধান্ত পুনর্বিবেচনার আবেদন গ্রহণ করে।[12] ১০ জানুয়ারি ২০১৮ সুপ্রিম কোর্ট ভারতীয় দণ্ড বিধির ৩৭৭ ধারার বিধানাবলী পুন:পরীক্ষার সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণ করে।[13]", "কলকাতা\n১৮৮৩ সালে রাষ্ট্রগুরু সুরেন্দ্রনাথ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় জাতীয় সম্মেলনের আয়োজন করেন। এটিই ছিল ঊনবিংশ শতাব্দীর ভারতের প্রথম রাজনৈতিক সম্মেলন।[24] এরপর ধীরে ধীরে কলকাতা ভারতের স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনের এক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয়। বিশেষত বিপ্লবী সংগঠনগুলির অন্যতম প্রধান কেন্দ্রে পরিণত হয় কলকাতা শহর। ১৯০৫ সালে সাম্প্রদায়িক ভিত্তিতে বঙ্গভঙ্গের প্রতিবাদে কলকাতায় ব্যাপক গণবিক্ষোভ ও ব্রিটিশ দ্রব্য বয়কট (স্বদেশী আন্দোলন) শুরু হয়।[34] এই সব গণআন্দোলনের তীব্রতা এবং দেশের পূর্বভাগে অবস্থিত কলকাতা থেকে দেশ শাসনের প্রশাসনিক অসুবিধার কারণে ১৯১১ সালে ব্রিটিশ ভারতের রাজধানী দিল্লিতে স্থানান্তরিত করা হয়।[35] ১৯২৩ সালে ক্যালকাটা মিউনিসিপ্যাল অ্যাক্টের অধীনে কলকাতার স্থানীয় স্বায়ত্তশাসন কর্তৃপক্ষ কলকাতা পৌরসংস্থা প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়। ১৯২৪ সালে এই পৌরসংস্থার প্রথম মেয়র নির্বাচিত হন দেশবন্ধু চিত্তরঞ্জন দাশ। পরবর্তীকালে সুভাষচন্দ্র বসু, বিধানচন্দ্র রায়, আবুল কাশেম ফজলুল হক প্রমুখ বিশিষ্ট স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামীরা এই পদ অলংকৃত করেছিলেন।[36] দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ চলাকালীন জাপানি সেনাবাহিনী একাধিকবার কলকাতা শহর ও বন্দরে বোমা নিক্ষেপ করেছিল।[37] কলকাতায় জাপানি বোমাবর্ষণের প্রথম ও শেষ ঘটনাটি ঘটে যথাক্রমে ১৯৪২ সালের ২০ ডিসেম্বর[38] এবং ১৯৪৪ সালের ২৪ ডিসেম্বর।[39] যুদ্ধের সময় কলকাতায় পঞ্চাশের মন্বন্তরে লক্ষাধিক মানুষ অনাহারে মারা যান। এই মন্বন্তরের কারণ ছিল সামরিক তাণ্ডব, প্রশাসনিক ব্যর্থতা ও প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগ।[40] ১৯৪৬ সালে পৃথক মুসলিম রাষ্ট্র পাকিস্তানের দাবিতে এক ভয়ংকর সাম্প্রদায়িক দাঙ্গায় কলকাতায় চার হাজারেরও বেশি মানুষ প্রাণ হারান।[41][42][43] ভারত বিভাগের সময়ও বহু মানুষ সাম্প্রদায়িকতার শিকার হন। দেশভাগের পর বহুসংখ্যক মুসলমান পূর্ব পাকিস্তানে পাড়ি জমান এবং সেই দেশের লক্ষ লক্ষ হিন্দু কলকাতায় চলে আসেন। এর ফলে শহরের জনপরিসংখ্যানে একটি বিরাট পরিবর্তন সূচিত হয়।[44]", "আবুল কালাম আজাদ\nআবুল কালাম মহিউদ্দিন আহমেদ ; () (১১ নভেম্বর ১৮৮৮ - ২ ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৯৫৮) ছিলেন একজন বিশিষ্ট ভারতীয় স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামী ও স্বাধীন ভারতের প্রথম শিক্ষামন্ত্রী। তিনি মৌলানা আবুল কালাম আজাদ (তাঁর ছদ্মনাম ছিল আজাদ) নামেই অধিক পরিচিত। মৌলানা আজাদ ইসলামি ধর্মশাস্ত্রে সুপণ্ডিত ছিলেন। তরুণ বয়সে তিনি ভারতের স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনের সঙ্গে যুক্ত হন। তিনি হিন্দু-মুসলিম সম্প্রীতির প্রবক্তা ছিলেন এবং দ্বিজাতিতত্ত্বের ভিত্তিতে ভারত বিভাগের বিরোধিতা করেছিলেন। এমনকি নবগঠিত পাকিস্তান রাষ্ট্রে সামরিক শাসন ও পাকিস্তান ভাগ সম্পর্কেও তিনি ভবিষ্যবাণী করে গিয়েছিলেন। ১৯৯২ সালে তাঁকে ভারতের সর্বোচ্চ সম্মান ভারতরত্নে (মরণোত্তর) ভূষিত করা হয়। স্বাধীন ভারতে শিক্ষাবিস্তারে তাঁর উজ্জ্বল ভূমিকার কথা স্মরণে রেখে তাঁর জন্মদিনটি সারা দেশে \"জাতীয় শিক্ষা দিবস\" হিসেবে পালন করা হয়।", "ভারতের সংবিধান\n১৯৪৭ সালের ১৮ জুলাই ভারতীয় স্বাধীনতা আইন কার্যকরী হয়। এই আইনবলে ব্রিটিশ ভারতকে দ্বিখণ্ডিত করে ভারত ও পাকিস্তান রাষ্ট্রের সৃষ্টি করা হয়। স্থির হয়, সংবিধান প্রবর্তন পর্যন্ত এই দুই রাষ্ট্র কমনওয়েলথ অফ নেশনসের দুটি অধিরাজ্যের মর্যাদা পাবে। এই আইনবলে ব্রিটিশ পার্লামেন্টকে ভারত ও পাকিস্তান সংক্রান্ত বিষয় থেকে অব্যাহতি দেওয়া হয় এবং উভয় রাষ্ট্রের উপর সংশ্লিষ্ট গণপরিষদের সার্বভৌমত্ব মেনে নেওয়া হয়। ১৯৫০ সালের ২৬ জানুয়ারি সংবিধান প্রবর্তিত হলে ভারতীয় স্বাধীনতা আইন প্রত্যাহৃত হয় এবং ভারত ব্রিটিশ রাজশক্তির অধিরাজ্যের বদলে সার্বভৌম গণতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্রের মর্যাদা অর্জন করে। ১৯৪৯ সালের ২৬ জানুয়ারি ভারতের জাতীয় আইন দিবস হিসেবেও পরিচিত।", "ইলা মিত্র\nইলা সেন যখন বেথুন কলেজে বাংলা সাহিত্যে বি.এ সম্মানের ছাত্রী তখন থেকেই রাজনীতির সাথে পরিচয় ঘটে। নারী আন্দোলনের মধ্য দিয়ে তাঁর রাজনীতিতে প্রবেশ। সময়টা ছিল ১৯৪৩ সাল, ইলা সেন কলকাতা মহিলা সমিতির সদস্য হলেন। হিন্দু কোড বিলের বিরুদ্ধে ঐ বছরই মহিলা সমিতি আন্দোলন শুরু করে। সমিতির একজন সক্রিয় সদস্য হিসেবে তিনি এই আন্দোলনে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভুমিকা পালন করেন। এ সময় তিনি সনাতনপন্থীদের যুক্তির বিরুদ্ধে অবস্থান নিয়ে অনেক প্রচার আন্দোলনে অংশগ্রহণ করেন। মহিলা আত্মরক্ষা সমিতি নামক সংগঠনের মাধ্যমে নারী আন্দোলনের এই কাজ করতে করতে তিনি মাত্র ১৮ বছর বয়সে ভারতীয় কমিউনিস্ট পার্টির সদস্য পদ লাভ করেন।[2]", "ভারতীয় জনতা পার্টি\nজনসংঘের প্রথম প্রধান প্রচার অভিযান শুরু হয়েছিল ১৯৫৩ সালের গোড়ার দিকে। দলের দাবি ছিল জম্মু ও কাশ্মীর রাজ্যের সম্পূর্ণ ভারভভুক্তি।[12] ১৯৫৩ সালের মে মাসে জম্মু ও কাশ্মীর সরকারের নিষেধাজ্ঞা অমান্য করে কাশ্মীরে প্রবেশ করার জন্য শ্যামাপ্রসাদ মুখোপাধ্যায় গ্রেফতার হন। পরের মাসে কারাগারেই হৃদরোগে আক্রান্ত হয়ে তাঁর মৃত্যু ঘটে।[12] শ্যামাপ্রসাদ মুখোপাধ্যায়ের স্থলে দলের সাধারণ সম্পাদক হন মৌলীচন্দ্র শর্মা। যদিও আরএসএস-এর চাপে তাঁকে সরে যেতে হয়। দীনদয়াল উপাধ্যায় দলের সাধারণ সম্পাদক হন। ১৯৬৭ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনিই দলের সাধারণ সম্পাদক পদে আসীন ছিলেন। তিনিই আরএসএস-এর ছত্রছায়ায় দলের তৃণমূল স্তরের সংগঠন গড়ে তোলেন। জনসাধারণের সঙ্গে যোগাযোগ কমিয়ে দিয়ে দল প্রচারকাজের দিকে বেশি গুরুত্ব আরোপ করে। দীনদয়াল উপাধ্যায় ছিলেন একাত্ম মানবতাবাদ আদর্শের প্রবক্তা। এটিই দলের আনুষ্ঠানিক মতাদর্শ ছিল।[13] এই সময় অটলবিহারী বাজপেয়ী ও লালকৃষ্ণ আডবাণী দলের নেতৃত্ব দিতে শুরু করেন। ১৯৬৮ সালে দীনদয়াল উপাধ্যায়ের পর অটলবিহারী বাজপেয়ী দলের সভাপতি হন। এই সময়ের দলের প্রধান দাবিগুলি ছিল ভারতে অভিন্ন দেওয়ানি বিধি প্রবর্তন, গোহত্যা নিষিদ্ধকরণ, জম্মু ও কাশ্মীর রাজ্যের বিশেষ মর্যাদা বিলোপ।[14]", "ভারতের সংবিধান\nভারতের সংবিধান ভারতীয় প্রজাতন্ত্রের সর্বোচ্চ আইন। এই সংবিধানে সরকারের গঠন, কার্যপদ্ধতি, ক্ষমতা ও কর্তব্য নির্ধারণ; মৌলিক অধিকার, রাষ্ট্রপরিচালনার নির্দেশমূলক নীতি, এবং নাগরিকদের কর্তব্য নির্ধারণের মাধ্যমে দেশের মৌলিক রাজনৈতিক আদর্শের রূপরেখাটি নির্দিষ্ট করা হয়েছে। ১৯৪৯ সালের ২৬ নভেম্বর গণপরিষদে গৃহীত হওয়ার পর ১৯৫০ সালের ২৬ জানুয়ারি থেকে এই সংবিধান কার্যকরী হয়।[1] উল্লেখ্য, ১৯৩০ সালের ২৬ জানুয়ারি জাতীয় কংগ্রেসের ঐতিহাসিক স্বাধীনতা ঘোষণার স্মৃতিতে ২৬ জানুয়ারি তারিখটি সংবিধান প্রবর্তনের জন্য গৃহীত হয়েছিল। সংবিধানে ভারতীয় রাজ্যসংঘকে একটি সার্বভৌম, সমাজতান্ত্রিক, ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ গণতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্র রূপে ঘোষণা করা হয়েছে; এই দেশের নাগরিকবৃন্দের জন্য ন্যায়বিচার, সাম্য ও স্বাধীনতা সুনিশ্চিত করা হয়েছে এবং জাতীয় সংহতি রক্ষার জন্য নাগরিকদের পরস্পরের মধ্যে ভ্রাতৃভাব জাগরিত করে তোলার জন্য অনুপ্রাণিত করা হয়েছে। \"সমাজতান্ত্রিক\", \"ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ\" ও \"সংহতি\" এবং সকল নাগরিকের মধ্যে \"ভ্রাতৃভাব\" – এই শব্দগুলি ১৯৭৬ সালে একটি সংবিধান সংশোধনীর মাধ্যমে সংবিধানের সঙ্গে যুক্ত করা হয়।[2] সংবিধান প্রবর্তনের স্মৃতিতে ভারতীয়রা প্রতি বছর ২৬ জানুয়ারি তারিখটি প্রজাতন্ত্র দিবস হিসেবে উদযাপন করেন।[3] ভারতের সংবিধান বিশ্বের সার্বভৌম রাষ্ট্রগুলির মধ্যে বৃহত্তম[4] লিখিত সংবিধান। এই সংবিধানে মোট ২৪টি অংশে ৪৪৮টি ধারা, ১২টি তফসিল এবং ১১৩টি সংশোধনী বিদ্যমান।[5] ভারতের সংবিধানের ইংরেজি সংস্করণে মোট শব্দসংখ্যা ১১৭,৩৬৯। এই সংবিধানের প্রবর্তনের সঙ্গে সঙ্গে পূর্বপ্রচলিত ১৯৩৫ সালের ভারত শাসন আইনের অবসান ঘটে। দেশের সর্বোচ্চ আইন হওয়ার দরুন, ভারত সরকার প্রবর্তিত প্রতিটি আইনকে সংবিধান-অনুসারী হতে হয়। সংবিধানের খসড়া কমিটির চেয়ারম্যান ড. ভীমরাও রামজি আম্বেডকর ছিলেন ভারতীয় সংবিধানের প্রধান স্থপতি।", "ভারতে নারী\nভারতে নারীবাদী কর্মকান্ডের সক্রিয়তা ১৯৭০ এর দশকের শেষের দিকে গতি লাভ করে। জাতীয় স্তরের যে বিষয়গুলি প্রথম নারীবাদী সংগঠণগুলিকে সংঘবদ্ধ করে মথুরা ধর্ষণ মামলা তাদের মধ্যে একটি। ১৯৭৯-১৯৮০ সালে থানায় ভিতর মথুরা নামের একটি অল্পবয়সী মেয়েকে ধর্ষণে অভিযুক্ত পুলিশ কর্মীরা বেকসুর খালাস পাওয়ায় দেশব্যাপী বিক্ষোভ আন্দোলন শুরু হয়। জাতীয় প্রচার মাধ্যমগুলি দ্বারা ব্যাপকভাবে প্রচারিত এইসমস্ত বিক্ষোভ সরকারকে প্রমাণ সংক্রান্ত আইন(Evidence Act), ফৌজদারী কার্যবিধি(Criminal Procedure Code) এবং ভারতীয় দণ্ডবিধির(Indian Penal Code) সংশোধন করতে বাধ্য করে; এবং হেফাজতে থাকাকালীন ধর্ষণ(custodial rape) নামে একটি নতুন অপরাধ নথিবদ্ধ হয়। শিশুকন্যা হত্যা, লিঙ্গ বৈষম্য, নারী স্বাস্থ্য, নারী নিরাপত্তা এবং নারী শিক্ষার মতো বিষয়গুলি নিয়েও নারী আন্দোলনের কর্মীরা একতাবদ্ধ হন।", "চীনে সমকামীদের অধিকার\n১৯১২ সালে 'জি জিয়ান' (পায়ুকাম) শব্দটির অশ্লীল ব্যবহার উঠিয়ে দেওয়া হয়।[1]", "ভারতে সমকামিতা\nto the Government of India, Members of the Judiciary, and All Citizens from Vikram Seth", "মনমোহন ঘোষ\n১৮৬৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাসোসিয়েশনের প্রতিষ্ঠার সময় মনমোহন ঘোষ এর একজন উপদেষ্টা ছিলেন। সুরেন্দ্রনাথ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, আনন্দমোহন বসু এবং অন্যান্য সদস্যদের উপস্থিতিতে সংস্থাটির অনেক সম্মেলনের সাক্ষী ছিল তাঁর বাড়ি। ১৮৮৫ খ্রিস্টাব্দে প্রতিষ্ঠিত ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেসের অন্যতম প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সদস্য ছিলেন মনমোহন এবং ১৮৯০ খ্রিঃ কংগ্রেসের কলকাতা অধিবেশনের অভ্যর্থনা কমিটির চেয়ারম্যান ছিলেন। ভারতের শাসন ও বিচার বিভাগের পৃথকীকরণের জন্য তিনি সংগ্রাম করেছিলেন এবং এই মর্মে \"অ্যাডমিনিস্ট্রেশন অফ জাস্টিস ইন ইন্ডিয়া\" নামে একটি বইও লেখেন। তিনি বাল্যবিবাহের বিরোধী ছিলেন এবং ১৮৯১ খ্রিঃ বিয়ের সময় পারস্পরিক সম্মতির জন্য পাশ হওয়া বিলটির সমর্থন করেন।", "সমকামিতা\nসমকামিতা আবহমানকাল ধরে অসামাজিক বিবেচিত হয়েছে যার প্রধান কারণ হলো, এটি এমন একটি যৌনাচরণ যার মাধ্যমে সন্তানের জন্মদান সম্ভব নয়, ফলে মানুষের বংশরক্ষা সম্ভব নয়। এছাড়া সকল প্রধান ধর্ম সমকামী যৌনাচরণ নিষিদ্ধ করেছে।[129] বর্তমান সমাজেও অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই সমকামী যৌনাচরণ একপ্রকার যৌনবিকৃতি হিসাবে সাধারণভাবে পরিগণিত। তবে ১৯৭৩ খ্রিস্টাব্দে পাশ্চাত্য মনস্তাত্ত্বিকরা 'সমকাম প্রবণতাকে' মনোবিকলনের তালিকা থেকে বাদ দেন। ১৯৭৫-এ যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের আন্তর্জাতিক মনস্তত্ত্ব ফেডারেশন 'সমকাম প্রবণতাকে' স্বাভাবিক বলে দাবি করে। তবে পাশ্চাত্য ও উন্নত কিছু দেশ ছাড়া পৃথিবীর প্রায় সকল দেশে সমকামী যৌনাচারণের প্রতি সাধারণ মানুষের বৈরীভাব বহাল আছে। অধিকাংশ সমাজে সমকামী যৌনাচারণ একটি অস্বাভাবিক ও নেতিবাচক প্রবৃত্তি হিসেবে লজ্জার ব্যাপার এবং ধিক্কারযোগ্য। ধর্ম[129][130] এবং আইনের বিধান এবং সামাজিক অনুশাসনের কারণে কার্যকলাপ তথা সমকামী যৌনসঙ্গম বিশ্বের অধিকাংশ স্থানেই একটি অবৈধ ও গুপ্ত আচরণ হিসাবেই সংঘটিত হয়।", "স্বাধীনতা দিবস (ভারত)\nস্বাধীনতা দিবস হল ভারতীয় প্রজাতন্ত্রের একটি জাতীয় দিবস। ১৯৪৭ সালের ১৫ অগাস্ট ভারত ব্রিটিশ রাজশক্তির শাসনকর্তৃত্ব থেকে মুক্ত হয়ে স্বাধীনতা অর্জন করেছিল। সেই ঘটনাটিকে স্মরণীয় করে রাখার জন্য প্রতি বছর ১৫অগাস্ট তারিখটি ভারতে স্বাধীনতা দিবস হিসেবে পালন করা হয়। ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেসের নেতৃত্বে প্রধানত অহিংস, অসহযোগ ও আইন অমান্য আন্দোলন এবং বিভিন্ন চরমপন্থী গুপ্ত রাজনৈতিক সমিতির সহিংস আন্দোলনের পথে পরিচালিত এক দীর্ঘ স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামের পর ভারত স্বাধীনতা অর্জন করেছিল। স্বাধীনতার ঠিক পূর্ব-মুহুর্তে ব্রিটিশ ভারতীয় সাম্রাজ্য ধর্মের ভিত্তিতে বিভাজিত হয় এবং তার ফলে ভারত ও পাকিস্তান অধিরাজ্যের জন্ম ঘটে। দেশভাগের সময় সাম্রদায়িক দাঙ্গায় প্রচুর ক্ষয়ক্ষতির ঘটনা ঘটে। অনেক মানুষ প্রাণ হারান এবং ১ কোটি ৫০ লক্ষেরও বেশি মানুষ বাস্তুহারা হন। ১৯৪৭ সালের ১৫ অগস্ট জওহরলাল নেহেরু ভারতের প্রথম প্রধানমন্ত্রী পদে শপথ গ্রহণের পর দিল্লির লাল কেল্লার লাহোরি গেটের উপর ভারতের জাতীয় পতাকা উত্তোলন করেন। তদবধি প্রতি বছর স্বাধীনতা দিবস উপলক্ষে ভারতের প্রধানমন্ত্রী লাল কেল্লায় জাতীয় পতাকা উত্তোলন করেন এবং জাতির উদ্দেশ্যে ভাষণ দেন।[1]", "দ্বারকানাথ গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়\nরাজনীতিতে তিনি ছাত্রসমাজ, ভারত-সভা এবং ভারতের জাতীয় কংগ্রেসের সঙ্গে যুক্ত ছিলেন। কংগ্রেসে তিনি মহিলাদের প্রতিনিধিত্বের দাবি তোলেন। এর ফলস্বরূপ কাদম্বিনী গাঙ্গুলীর নেতৃত্বে ১৮৮৯ খ্রিস্টাব্দে প্রথম মহিলারা কংগ্রেসের বোম্বাই অধিবেশনে যোগ দেন। তিনি আসামের চা-বাগানের শ্রমিকদের অবস্থা নিজে দেখেন এবং ইউরোপীয় মালিকদের অত্যাচারের খবর তাঁর প্রতিষ্ঠিত এবং সম্পাদিত সাপ্তাহিক পত্রিকা সঞ্জীবনীতে প্রকাশ করেন। এবং এর ফলে আন্দোলন শুরু হয়েছিল। [1] রামকুমার বিদ্যারত্নের অসমে কুলীদের শোষণ নিয়ে নানা লেখার মধ্যে অন্যতম ছিল সুকুরমনি নামক এক কুলী রমণীর চার্লস ওয়েব নামক এক ব্রিটিশ সাহেবের হাতে খুন হওয়ার ঘটনাকে কেন্দ্র করে একটি লেখা। এক্ষেত্রে চার্লস ওয়েবের বিরুদ্ধে অভিযোগ ছিল যে সে সুকুরমনির অসহায় পরিস্থিতির সুযোগ নিয়ে তাকে প্রথমে ধর্ষণ ও পরে হত্যা করে। কিন্তু তার বিরুদ্ধে করা মামলা স্থানীয় আদালত থেকে কলকাতা হাই কোর্ট পর্যন্ত গড়ালেও পর্যাপ্ত প্রমাণের অভাবে সে প্রত্যেক বার ছাড়া পেয়ে যায়। এই ঘটনার প্রতিবাদে দ্বারকানাথ ভারত সভার পক্ষ থেকে একটি ইশতেহার প্রকাশ করে 'Justice Murdered in India' শিরোনামে।[6] এখানে ঘটনাটিকে আখ্যায়িত করা একপ্রকার জাতীয়তাবাদী ধাঁচে। লেখা হয় \"the sacrifice of a daughter of India to the lust of an Anglo- Indian\"। এই ইশতেহার তৎকালীন ঔপনিবেশিক বিচারব্যাবস্থাকে প্রশ্ন চিহ্নের মুখে ফেলে দেয় ও সর্বোপরি শাসন কাঠামোর বিরুদ্ধে পরোক্ষ ভাবে বর্ণ বৈষম্যের অভিযোগ আনে। ভারতবর্ষে জাতীয়তাবাদের ইতিহাসে এই ঘটনার গুরুত্ব অসীম।", "পতাকা সত্যাগ্রহ\nগান্ধীজি এবং ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেসের নেতৃত্বে, জাতীয়তাবাদী বিদ্রোহের সময় পতাকা সত্যাগ্রহ ছিল সবচেয়ে সাধারণ এক প্রতিবাদের ভাষা। বড় শোভাযাত্রায় এবং জাতীয়তাবাদী জমায়েতে নিয়মিতভাবে জাতীয় পতাকাকে সামনে রাখা হত। ৩১শে ডিসেম্বর ১৯২৯ সালে কংগ্রেস পূর্ণ স্বরাজের মাধ্যমে স্বাধীনতার দাবি গ্রহণের সিদ্ধান্ত নেয় এবং কংগ্রেস সভাপতি জওহরলাল নেহ্‌রু রাভি নদীর তীরে জাতীয় পতাকা উত্তোলন করেন। ১৯৪২ সালের ৭ই আগস্ট মুম্বইতে (তখনকার বোম্বে) ভারত ছাড়ো আন্দোলনের শুরুতে গোয়ালিয়া ট্যাঙ্ক মাঠে পতাকা উত্তোলন করা হয়। \n১৯২৩ সালে বহুদিন ধরে নাগপুর এবং জবলপুরের পতাকা সত্যাগ্রহ চলেছিল। পতাকা উত্তোলনের অধিকারের দাবিতে জাতীয়তাবাদী বিক্ষোভকারীদের গ্রেফতার ভারত জুড়ে হৈচৈ ফেলে দিয়েছিল, বিশেষতঃ গান্ধীজী গ্রেপ্তার হবার পর। জাতীয়তাবাদী নেতারা, যেমন সর্দার পটেল, যমুনালাল বাজাজ, চক্রবর্তী রাজাগোপালাচারী, ড. রাজেন্দ্র প্রসাদ এবং বিনোবা ভাবে বিদ্রোহ সংগঠিত করেন এবং দূর দক্ষিণের ত্রিভাংকোর রাজ্য সহ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলের হাজার হাজার মানুষ নাগপুর এবং কেন্দ্রীয় প্রদেশের (এখন মহারাষ্ট্র) বিভিন্ন জায়গা ও মধ্যপ্রদেশ গমন করেন, আইন অমান্য আন্দোলনে অংশগ্রহণ করতে। শেষ পর্যন্ত, ব্রিটিশরা পটেল ও অন্যান্য কংগ্রেস নেতৃত্বের সাথে একটি চুক্তি করেন, যাতে বিক্ষোভকারীরা বিনা বাধায় তাঁদের পদযাত্রা করতে পারেন এবং যাঁদের গ্রেপ্তার করা হয়েছিল তাঁদের মুক্তি দেওয়া হয়।", "সমকামিতা\nভারতের বৃহত্তম ধর্ম হিন্দুধর্মের প্রধান ধর্মগ্রন্থগুলিতে সমকামিতার সুস্পষ্ট উল্লেখ না থাকলেও, ধর্মগ্রন্থের কোনো কোনো ব্যাখ্যাকে সমকামিতার বিরোধী মনে করা হয়।[59] তবে ভারতের প্রধান ধর্মবিশ্বাসে সমকামিতার অবস্থান কোথায়, তা নিয়ে গবেষকদের মধ্যে দ্বিমত আছে। কেউ কেউ মনে করেন প্রাচীন হিন্দু সমাজে সমকামিতা শুধু প্রাসঙ্গিকই ছিল না, বরং তা গ্রহণীয়ও ছিল।[60] বর্তমানে ভারতে সমকামিতা বৈধতা পেয়েছে। [61] অতীতে সমকামিতা ভারতীয় নাগরিক সমাজ ও সরকারের কাছে একটি নিষিদ্ধ বিষয় হিসেবে পরিচিত হলেও সম্প্রতি তা আইনি বৈধতা পেয়েছে । ভারতে সমকামিতা নিয়ে সাধারণ আলোচনার সুযোগ কম। যদিও সাম্প্রতিক বছরগুলিতে সমকামিতার প্রতি ভারতীয়দের মনোভাবে কিছু পরিবর্তন লক্ষিত হয়েছে। বিশেষত, ভারতের সংবাদমাধ্যম[62][63][64] ও বলিউডে[65] সমকামিতার প্রদর্শন ও তৎসংক্রান্ত আলোচনা বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছে। ২০০৯ সালের ২ জুলাই, দিল্লি হাইকোর্টের একটি রায়ে স্পষ্টত জানানো হয়েছে প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের মধ্যে সম্মতিক্রমে সমকামিতার আচরণ অপরাধের আওতায় পড়ে না। এই রায়ে আরো বলা হয়েছে যে ভারতীয় দণ্ডবিধির ৩৭৭ ধারা ভারতীয় সংবিধানের মৌলিক অধিকার রক্ষা নীতির পরিপন্থী।[66] ২০১৩ সালের ১১ই ডিসেম্বর পুনরায় সমকামিতাকে অবৈধ ঘোষণা করে ভারতের সুপ্রিম কোর্ট।[67]", "ফ্রান্সে সমকামীদের অধিকার\nসমকামিনী, সমকামী, উভকামী এবং হিজড়া (লেসবিয়ান, গে, বাইসেক্সুয়াল, ট্র্যান্সজেন্ডার সংক্ষেপে এলজিবিটি) অধিকার প্রদানের ক্ষেত্রে ফ্রান্স ঐতিহ্যগতভাবেই উদার এবং ইউরোপ ও সারা বিশ্বের তুলনায়\nঅনেকটা এগিয়ে। যদিও প্রাচীন যুগে ফ্রান্সে সমকামিতাকে একটি বড় ধরণের অপরাধ হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হত এবং এটার সাজা হিসেবে মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেওয়া হত, ১৭৯১ সালে ফরাসী বিপ্লবের সময় সকল 'সডোমী আইন' (Sodomy শব্দের বাংলা প্রতিশব্দ পায়ুকাম) বাতিল করা হয়। তারপরেও, একটি কমজানা 'অশ্লীল পোশাক আইন' ১৯৬০ সালে চালু করা হয় যেটার মাধ্যমে মাঝেমাঝেই সমকামীদের লক্ষ্যবস্তুতে পরিণত করা হত, আইনটি ২০ বছর পর উঠিয়ে দেওয়া হয়। সম-লিঙ্গের মানুষের মধ্যে যৌন-সম্পর্ক স্থাপনের জন্যে ন্যূনতম বয়স ১৫ করা হয় ১৯৮২ সালে, তৎকালীন রাষ্ট্রপতি ফ্রাসোয়াঁ মিটার‍্যান্ড এর আমলে। সমলিঙ্গের যুগলদের জন্যে 'ডমেস্টিক পার্টনারশীপ' (যেটি 'সিভিল সলিডেয়ারিটি প্যাক্ট-১৯৯৯' হিসেবে পরিচিত) সুবিধা দেওয়ার পর ২০১৩ সালে ফ্রান্স বিশ্বের ১৩তম দেশ হিসেবে পরিগণিত হয় সম-লিঙ্গের মানুষের মধ্যে বিয়ের বৈধতার ক্ষেত্রে, দেশটিতে কিছুটা বিরোধিতা থাকা সত্ত্বেও। ১৯৮৫ সালে যৌন অভিমুখীতা এবং 'লিঙ্গ পরিচয়' এর ক্ষেত্রে বৈষম্য করা যাবেনা এ মর্মে একটি আইন করা হয়। লিঙ্গ পরিবর্তনে ইচ্ছুক মানুষেরা তাদের লিঙ্গ পরিবর্তন করতে পারবেন, এটি আইনগতভাবে বৈধ এবং ২০০৯ সাল থেকে ফ্রান্স লিঙ্গ-পরিবর্তনের মন-মানসিকতাসম্পন্ন ব্যক্তিদেরকে মানসিক রোগী আখ্যা দেওয়া বাদ দিয়ে দেয়, ফ্রান্সই পৃথিবীর প্রথম দেশ এই পদক্ষেপ নেওয়ার ক্ষেত্রে। ফ্রান্সকে বিশ্বের অন্যতম সমকামীবান্ধব রাষ্ট্র হিসেবে সবসময়ই ধরা হয়। জরিপে দেখা যায় যে অধিকাংশ ফরাসী মানুষ সম-লিঙ্গের মানুষের মধ্যে বিয়ে হওয়াটাকে সমর্থন করে এবং ২০১৩তে, একটি জরিপ নির্দেশ করে যে ৭৭% ফরাসী মানুষ বলেন যে সমকামিতাটা সমাজ দ্বারা সমর্থিত হওয়া উচিত, যেই সমর্থন করার প্রবণতাটা বিশ্বের অন্যতম সর্বোচ্চ। অনেক সংবাদমাধ্যম প্যারিস শহরটিকে বিশ্বের অন্যতম সমকামীবান্ধব হিসেবে ধরেছে, প্যারিসের 'লে মারাইস', 'কুয়ারটিয়ার পিগালে' এবং 'বইস ডে বউলগ্নে' কে বলা হয় 'সমৃদ্ধশালী সমকামী এবং হিজড়া'দের এলাকা এবং এ এলাকাগুলো সমকামীদের নৈশক্লাবের জন্য বিখ্যাত।", "ভারতে নারী\nযদিও ব্রিটিশ রাজত্বকালে বহুক্ষেত্রেই ইংরেজদের কোনও ইতিবাচক অবদান ছিল না, তবে এর বিপরীত ঘটনাও আছে। ক্রিশ্চান ধর্মপ্রচারকের(missionary) স্ত্রী মার্থা মোল্ট মিয়েড এবং তার কন্যা এলিজা ক্যাল্ডওয়েল মোল্ট দক্ষিণ ভারতে মেয়েদের প্রশিক্ষণ ও শিক্ষাব্যবস্থার পথিকৃত্ হিসেবে স্মরণীয় হয়ে থাকবেন। এই প্রচেষ্টা তত্কালীন প্রচলিত ধ্যানধারণার বিরোধী হওয়ায় প্রাথমিকভাবে স্থানীয় প্রতিরোধের মুখে পড়ে। রাজা রামমোহন রায়ের প্রচেষ্টায় ১৮২৯ সালে গভর্নর-জেনারেল উইলিয়াম ক্যভেণ্ডিশ-বেন্টিঙ্কের কার্যকালে সতীদাহ প্রথার বিলুপ্তি ঘটে। বিধবাদের অবস্থার উন্নয়নের জন্য ঈশ্বরচন্দ্র বিদ্যাসাগরের আন্দোলনের ফলে ১৮৫৬ সালে বিধবা পুনর্বিবাহ আইন পাশ হয়। নারী মুক্তি আন্দোলনে পন্ডিত রমাবাঈ এর মতো অনেক মহিলা সমাজ সংস্কারকেরও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা আছে।", "ভারত\nস্বাধীনতার পরে ধর্মীয় অসহিষ্ণুতা, জাতপাত, নকশালবাদ, সন্ত্রাসবাদ এবং জম্মু ও কাশ্মীর, পাঞ্জাব ও উত্তর-পূর্বাঞ্চলের আঞ্চলিক বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদীদের অভুত্থান দেশে মাথা চাড়া দিয়ে ওঠে। ১৯৯০-এর দশক থেকে ভারতের শহরাঞ্চলগুলি এই হানাহানির শিকার হতে থাকে। ১৯৬২ সালের ভারত-চীন যুদ্ধের ফলে চীনের সঙ্গে এবং ১৯৪৭, ১৯৬৫, ১৯৭১ ও ১৯৯৯ সালে পাক-ভারত যুদ্ধের ফলে পাকিস্তানের সঙ্গে ভারতের সীমান্ত নিয়ে বিরোধ তীব্র হয়। ভারত রাষ্ট্রসংঘ (ব্রিটিশ ভারত হিসাবে) ও জোট নিরপেক্ষ আন্দোলনের অন্যতম প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সদস্য। ১৯৭৪ সালে একটি ভূগর্ভস্থ পারমাণবিক পরীক্ষণ[37] ও ১৯৯৮ সালে আরও পাঁচটি পরমাণু পরীক্ষা চালিয়ে ভারত নিজেদের একটি পরমাণু শক্তিধর রাষ্ট্র হিসেবে প্রকাশ করে।[37] ১৯৯১ সালে শুরু হওয়া অর্থনৈতিক সংস্কারের ফলে[38] বর্তমানে পৃথিবীর অতিদ্রুত-বর্ধনশীল এক অর্থব্যবস্থা হিসাবে ভারত সারা বিশ্বে ব্যাপক প্রভাব বিস্তার করতেও সক্ষম হয়েছে।[19]", "বাঙালি হিন্দু বিবাহ\n১৮৫৫ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে বাঙালি হিন্দু সমাজে বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ আইনসিদ্ধ হয়। ১৮৫৬ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে বিধবা বিবাহ আইন পাস হয়। হিন্দু এই দুই প্রথা আজও সমাজের বৃহত্তর অংশে প্রচলিত নয়। নাগরিক সমাজে অসবর্ণ বিবাহও বর্তমানে প্রচলিত হয়েছে। বাংলায় রেজিস্ট্রি ছাড়া প্রথম অসবর্ণ বিবাহ সম্পন্ন হয় দেশবন্ধু চিত্তরঞ্জন দাশ ও বাসন্তী দেবীর কন্যা অপর্না দেবীর।", "ভারতে সমকামিতা\nভারতে সমকামিতার উপর থেকে অপরাধ আরোপত্ব অপনয়নে যেসকল সংস্থা প্রত্যক্ষ বা পরোক্ষভাবে সমর্থন করে সেগুলি হল ন্যাজ ফাউন্ডেশন (ভারত), জাতীয় এইডস নিয়ন্ত্রক সংস্থা,[13] ভারতের আইন কমিশন,[14] ভারতের স্বাস্থ্য ও পরিবারকল্যাণ মন্ত্রক,[15] জাতীয় মানবাধিকার কমিশন,[16] ও ভারতের পরিকল্পনা কমিশন।[17] এই সকল সংস্থা স্ত্রী সমকামী (লেসবিয়ান), পুরুষ সমকামী (গে), উভকামী ও রূপান্তরকামী মানুষদের প্রতি সহিষ্ণুতা ও সামাজিক ঐক্যের কথা বলে। অন্যদিকে ভারত সেই সকল দেশের একটি যার অন্যতম সামাজিক বৈষিষ্ট্য হলেন তৃতীয় লিঙ্গের মানুষেরা।", "সমকামিতার ইতিহাস\nগুয়েন ব্রোউড ও সারাহ গ্রিন ১৯৭৬ সালের নৃকুলবিদ্যা সংক্রান্ত গবেষণায় সমাজে সমকামিতার অবস্থা তুলে ধরেছেন। তারা দেখেছেন, ৪২ টি সম্প্রদায়ের মধ্যে ৯ টি সমাজে সমকামিতাকে স্বীকৃতি অথবা উপেক্ষা করা হয়েছে। ৫ টি সম্প্রদায়ে সমকামিতা সম্বন্ধে কোনো ধারণাই নেই। ১১ টি সম্প্রদায় একে অবাঞ্চিত ঘোষণা করেছে কিন্তু কোনো শাস্তির ব্যবস্থা করেনি এবং ১৭টি সম্প্রদায় সমকামিতার প্রতি অস্বীকৃতি জ্ঞাপন করেছে এবং শাস্তির ব্যবস্থা করেছে। ৭০টি সম্প্রদায়ের মধ্যে ৪১ টি সম্প্রদায়ে সমকামিতা অনুপস্থিত অথবা দুর্লভ এবং বাকি ২৯টি সম্প্রদায়ের মধ্যে এটি দেখা যায় ও দুর্লভ নয়।", "ভারতে যৌনতা\nযৌনতার প্রতি ভারতীয় মনোভাবের আপাতভাবে বিদ্যমান অসঙ্গতি ইতিহাসের প্রেক্ষাপটে ব্যাখ্যা করা যেতে পারে। প্রথমত সংস্কৃত সাহিত্যচর্চার মাধ্যমেই ভারত যৌনতার ইতিহাসে অবদান রেখেছে, যেখানে যৌনসঙ্গমকে বিবেচনা করা হয়েছে বিজ্ঞানসম্মত ভাবে; যা নতুন প্রজন্মের যৌন মনোভাবের দর্শন ভিত্তিকতার কেন্দ্রবিন্দু। এটা বেলা যেতে পারে যে, ভারতের শিল্প এবং সাহিত্যের মাধ্যমেই যৌনশিক্ষার প্রবর্তন ঘটেছে। ভারতের প্রায় সব সমাজে, সাধারণ মানুষ এবং শক্তিশালী শাসক গোষ্ঠির মধ্যে যৌনচর্চার পার্থক্য বিদ্যমান ছিলো। ভোগসর্বস্ব জীবনধারায় ক্ষমতাশীল ব্যাক্তিদের এক্ষেত্রে কোনো সাধারণ নৈতিক মনোভাব ছিলো না।\nসিন্ধু সভ্যতার দিকে তাকিয়ে বর্তমান ভারতীয় সংস্কৃতির উদ্ভবের রেখাপাত করা যায়, যা প্রায় ৫৫০০ বছর আগেকার প্রাচীন মিশরীয় এবং সুমেরীয় সভ্যতার সাথে সমসাময়িক ছিলো। ঐ সময়কালে, সামাজিক যৌন মনোভাব সম্পর্কে অনেকের অজানা ছিলো। যৌনতা সম্পর্কে সিন্ধু সভ্যতার মধ্যেই প্রজজন প্রথার চর্চা পরিলক্ষিত হয়েছে।", "ভারতে সমকামীদের অধিকার\n২০১৩ এর ১১ ডিসেম্বর সুপ্রীম কোর্ট ২০০৯ এর দিল্লী কোর্টের রায়কে বৈধতা দেয়।[9][10][11]", "অসহযোগ আন্দোলন\nঅসহযোগ আন্দোলন মহাত্মা গান্ধী ও ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেস পরিচালিত ভারতব্যাপী অহিংস গণ-আইন অমান্য আন্দোলনগুলির মধ্যে সর্বপ্রথম। ১৯২০ সালের সেপ্টেম্বর থেকে ১৯২২ সালের ফেব্রুয়ারি পর্যন্ত চলা এই আন্দোলন ভারতের স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনের ইতিহাসে “গান্ধী যুগ”-এর সূত্রপাত ঘটায়।", "ভারতের সংবিধান\n১৮৫৮ থেকে ১৯৪৭ সাল পর্যন্ত ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশের অধিকাংশ অঞ্চলই ছিল ব্রিটিশ রাজশক্তির প্রত্যক্ষ শাসনাধীনে। এই সময় দেশকে বিদেশি শাসকদের হাত থেকে মুক্ত করতে এক জাতীয়তাবাদী আন্দোলনের সূত্রপাত ঘটে। ১৯৪৭ সালের ১৫ অগস্ট ভারত অধিরাজ্য ও পাকিস্তান অধিরাজ্যের স্বাধীনতা অর্জনের মাধ্যমে এই আন্দোলনের পরিসমাপ্তি ঘটে। ১৯৫০ সালের ২৬ জানুয়ারি ভারতের সংবিধান গৃহীত হলে ভারতকে একটি সার্বভৌম গণতান্ত্রিক প্রজাতন্ত্র রূপে ঘোষণা করা হয়। স্বাধীনতা অর্জনের পরে ভারত শাসনের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় আইনের নীতি ও রূপরেখাগুলি এই সংবিধানে ঘোষিত হয়। সংবিধান কার্যকরী হওয়ার দিন থেকে ভারত ব্রিটিশ রাজশক্তির অধিরাজ্যের পরিবর্তে পূর্ণ সার্বভৌম রাষ্ট্রে পরিণত হয়।", "জওহরলাল নেহ্‌রু\nভারতে ফিরে আসবার পরে ১৯১৬ সালের ৮ ফেব্রুয়ারি জওহরলাল নেহেরু কমলা কাউলকে বিয়ে করেন। তখন তার বয়স ২৭ আর তার স্ত্রীর বয়স ছিল ১৬। পরের বছরেই কমলা কাউলের গর্ভে তাদের একমাত্র কন্যা ইন্দিরা প্রিয়দর্শীনির জন্ম হয়। প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধকালীন সময়ে একজন আইনজ্ঞ হিসেবে নিজেকে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করার সাথে সাথে নেহেরু ভারতীয় রাজনীতিতে জড়িয়ে পড়েন। ১৯১৬ সালে লক্ষ্মৌ সম্মেলনে কংগ্রেস ভারতের স্বাধীনতার জানায়।? সে সময় পিতার হাত ধরেই নেহেরু কংগ্রেসের রাজনীতিতে যোগ দেন; যদিও মহাত্মা গান্ধীর ভারত আগমনের পূর্বে নেহেরু কংগ্রেসের রাজনীতিতে তেমন সক্রিয় ভূমিকা রাখেন নি।", "ভারতে নারীবাদ\nভারতে নারীবাদের ইতিহাসকে তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। অষ্টাদশ শতাব্দীর মধ্যভাগে ব্রিটিশ শাসনের আরম্ভের পর সতীদাহ প্রথার বিরোধিতার মাধ্যমে সূত্রপাত হয় প্রথম পর্বের। ১৯১৫ থেকে ভারতের স্বাধীনতা পর্যন্ত স্থায়ী দ্বিতীয় পর্বে মহাত্মা গান্ধী ভারত ছাড়ো আন্দোলন ও অন্যান্য আন্দোলনে নারীদের সামিল করে নেন এবং দেশের নানা স্থানে স্বতন্ত্র নারী সংগঠন গড়ে উঠতে থাকে। স্বাধীনতা-উত্তর অর্থাৎ তৃতীয় পর্বে ভারতে নারীবাদী আন্দোলনের মূল লক্ষ্য হয়েছে বিয়ের পর, কর্মক্ষেত্রে ও রাজনৈতিক কর্মকাণ্ডে মেয়েদের মর্যাদা অক্ষুণ্ণ রাখা।", "তৃতীয় লিঙ্গ\n২৭ শে ডিসেম্বর, ২০০৭ তারিখে নেপালের সুপ্রিম কোর্টের একটি সিদ্ধান্ত জারি করা হয় যে, সরকার যৌনতা এবং / অথবা লিঙ্গ পরিচয়ের উপর ভিত্তি করে বৈষম্যমূলক সব আইনগুলিকে ভঙ্গ করে এবং সমকামী বিয়ের নীতি অধ্যয়নের জন্য একটি কমিটি গঠন করা হয়েছিল । আদালত একটি তৃতীয়-লিঙ্গ শ্রেণীও প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেছে। নেপালি সরকারি নথি নাগরিকদের তিনটি লিঙ্গ বিকল্প জুড়ে দেয়: পুরুষ, মহিলা, এবং \"অন্যান্য\"। এগুলি এমন ব্যক্তিদের অন্তর্ভুক্ত হতে পারে যারা জন্মের সময় তাদের পিতামাতার দেওয়া লিঙ্গ থেকে আলাদা হিসাবে উপস্থাপন করতে পারবে । নেপালের ২০১১ সালের আদমশুমারিতে প্রথম পুরুষ বা মহিলা ছাড়া অন্য একটি লিঙ্গ হিসাবে নিবন্ধন করার অনুমতি দেওয়া হয়েছিল। ২০০৭ সালের সুপ্রিম কোর্টের সিদ্ধান্তে বলা হয়েছিল যে নাগরিকত্ব আইডি কার্ডগুলিকে সরকার যেন \"তৃতীয় লিঙ্গ\" বা \"অন্য\" তালিকাভুক্ত করার অনুমতি প্রদান করে। [105] আদালত আরও আদেশ দেয় যে, তৃতীয়-লিঙ্গ হিসাবে চিহ্নিত করার প্রয়োজনীয়তাগুলি কেবল ব্যক্তির নিজস্ব স্ব-সনাক্তকরণ হবে।", "প্রেম জিহাদ\nভারতে আনুষ্ঠানিক বিয়ে সংস্কৃতি বিদ্যমান, যেখানে বর ও কনে স্বেচ্ছায় তার জীবনসঙ্গী বেছে নিতে পারেনা। ২০০০-এর দশক ও ২০১০-এর দশক জুড়ে ভারতে ভালোবেসে বিয়ের পরিমাণ বৃদ্ধি পায় যদিও দুটি ধর্মের মাঝে বিয়ে করা তখনও ভয়ের বিষয় ছিল। ২০১২ সালে,দ্য হিন্দু জানায় আন্তঃধর্মীয় বিয়েতে দম্পতীদের অবৈধভাবে ভয় দেখানোর পরিমাণ বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছে। একই বছর, উত্তর প্রদেশে যারা সমাজের কাছ থেকে তাদের আন্তঃধর্মীয় বিয়ে লুকিয়ে রাখছিল, তাদের উৎসাহ করতে বিয়ের নীতি অনুসারে, ধর্ম জানার প্রয়োজনীয়তাকে সংশোধনের প্রস্তাব করা হয়।", "ভারতের জাতীয় পতাকা\n১৯০৭ সালের ২২ জুলাই জার্মানির স্টুটগার্ট শহরে ভিখাজি কামা অন্য একটি ত্রিবর্ণরঞ্জিত পতাকা উত্তোলন করেন। এই পতাকার উপরে ছিল সবুজ, মধ্যে গেরুয়া ও নিচে লাল রং। সবুজ রং ছিল ইসলামের প্রতীক ও গেরুয়া হিন্দু ও বৌদ্ধধর্মের প্রতীক। সবুজ ডোরাটির উপর ব্রিটিশ ভারতের আটটি প্রদেশের প্রতীক হিসেবে আটটি পদ্মের সারি অঙ্কিত ছিল। মধ্যের ডোরায় দেবনাগরী হরফে \"বন্দে মাতরম\" কথাটি লিখিত ছিল এবং নিচের ডোরায় পতাকাদণ্ডের দিকে অর্ধচন্দ্র ও উড্ডয়নভাগের দিকে একটি সূর্য অঙ্কিত ছিল। ভিখাজি কামা, বীর সাভারকর ও শ্যামজি কৃষ্ণ বর্মা একযোগে এই পতাকাটির নকশা অঙ্কন করেছিলেন।[5] প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ ছড়িয়ে পড়লে বার্লিন কমিটিতে ভারতীয় বিপ্লবীরা এই পতাকাটি গ্রহণ করেন। সেই থেকে এটি বার্লিন কমিটি পতাকা নামে অভিহিত হয়। প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধে মেসোপটেমিয়ায় সক্রিয়ভাবে এই পতাকাটি ব্যবহৃত হয়েছিল।[6] মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে গদর পার্টি পতাকাটি কিছু সময়ের জন্য ভারতের প্রতীক হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।[7]", "চম্পারণ ও খেদা সত্যাগ্রহ\nসত্যাগ্রহ (সংস্কৃত: सत्याग्रह) মোহনদাস করমচাঁদ গান্ধীর প্রতিষ্ঠিত একটি দর্শন এবং অহিংস প্রতিরোধের অনুশীলন। ভারতের স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন মহাত্মা গান্ধীর মধ্যেমে প্রথম সত্যাগ্রহ অনুপ্রেরিত ১৯১৭ এবং ১৯১৮ এর বছরের মধ্যে বিহারের চম্পারণ এবং গুজরাট খেদা জেলায় হয়েছিল। চম্পারণের সত্যাগ্রহ ছিল প্রথম। তবে 'সত্যাগ্রহ' শব্দ প্রথম ব্যবহার হয় রাওলাট আইন এর বিরুধে আন্দলনের সময়।", "ইন্দিরা গান্ধী\n১৯৩৮ সালে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে ইন্দিরা গান্ধী ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেসে যোগ দেন৷ \n১৯৪৭ সালে ভারত স্বাধীনতা লাভ করে ব্রিটিশ শাসন থেকে৷ সে বছরই ইন্দিরার বাবা জওহরলাল নেহেরু স্বাধীন ভারতের প্রথম প্রধানমন্ত্রী হন৷ তখন থেকেই ইন্দিরা প্রায় ছায়ার মত বাবার পাশে পাশে থাকতেন৷", "ভারতে সমকামিতা\n(First edition) (Second edition)", "অপ্রাকৃতিক যৌনসঙ্গম\nসমকামীরা এই আইন রদ করার জন্য দাবী করে চলেছে। সমকামী পুরুষ একে অপরের মলদ্বারে লিঙ্গ প্রবিষ্ট করে জৈবিক কামনা চরিতার্থ করে। এই আইনের অর্থাৎ ভারতীয় দণ্ডবিধির ৩৭৭ ধারার ভাষ্য অনুযায়ী সমকাম এক প্রকার অপ্রাকৃতিক যৌনসঙ্গম এবং এ কারণে এটি শাস্তিযোগ্য অপরাধ। আইনটিতে বস্তুতঃ পুরুষে-পুরুষে পায়ূমৈথুনকে নিষিদ্ধ এবং দণ্ডযোগ্য অপরাধ গণ্য করা হয়েছিল। অপরাধটি ছিল জামিন অযোগ্য। আদালতে প্রমাণিত হলে সমকামের সর্বোচ্চ সাজা ছিল যাবজ্জীবন কারাদণ্ড। অপরাধ হয়েছে কিনা তার নিয়ামক কেবল লিঙ্গ প্রবিষ্টকরণ। এর মাধ্যমে বীর্যস্খলন আবশ্যিক শর্ত নয়।", "ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাসোসিয়েশন\n১৮৭৬ সালে ব্রিটিশ সরকার ভারতীয় সিভিল সর্ভিস পরীক্ষার্থীদের বয়স ২১ বছর হতে কমিয়ে ১৯ বছর করে যে বিধি প্রবর্তন করে তারই প্রতিবাদ দিয়ে ভারত সভার কাজ শুরু হয়। এ বিধি সারা ভারতে এক গভীর অসন্তোষের সৃষ্টি করে। কারণ ১৯ বছর বয়সে কোন ভারতীয় ছাত্রের পক্ষে সুদূর বিলেতে গিয়ে নতুন পরিবেশে সিভিল সার্ভিস পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হওয়া দুরূহ হয়ে পড়বে। ভারত সভা সুরেন্দ্র নাথের নেতৃত্বে এ আদেশের প্রতিবাদ করে এবং সিভিল সার্ভিসকে ভারতীয়করণের দাবি জানায় ও আন্দোলন গড়ে তোলে। এছাড়া দেশীয় মুদ্রণযন্ত্র আইন, অস্ত্র আইন, শুল্কনীতি প্রভৃতির বিরুদ্ধে আন্দোলনে ভারত সভা নেতৃত্ব দেয়। ভারত সভা আরও কয়েকটি বিষয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করে, যথা : ১। প্রতিনিধিত্বমূলক শাসন-পরিষদ গঠন ২। স্বায়ত্ব-শাসন প্রবর্তন, ৩। প্রজাস্বত্ব আইন পাস এবং ৪। মদ্যপান নিবারণকল্পে আন্দোলন পরিচালনা করা ইত্যাদি। এ সকল আন্দোলনের ফলে সরকার বাধ্য হয়ে ভারতীয়দের অণুকূলে নতুন আইন পাস এবং কোনও কোনও ক্ষেত্রে পুরনো আইন সংশোধন করতে বাধ্য হয়। ভারত সভার পক্ষে সুরেন্দ্রনাথ ভারতের অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ শহর ভ্রমণ করেন ও বক্তৃতার মাধ্যমে রাজনৈতিক ঐক্য ও ভারতীয় জাতীয়তাবাদের বীজ বপন করেন।", "সমকামিতা\nবিংশ শতাব্দীর দ্বিতীয় পদে ইউরোপ ও পাশ্চাত্যের বেশ কিছু দেশে সমকামী যৌনাচারণের অবৈধতা তুলে নেয়া হয়। কয়েকটি দেশ সমকামী ব্যক্তিদের বিবাহও আইনসিদ্ধ ঘোষণা করে। ২০১৫ সাল অনুযায়ী এই দেশসমূহের সংখ্যা ১৮ (পূর্ণ বা আংশিক, কিছু অঙ্গরাজ্য ব্যতীত), যার অধিকাংশই আমেরিকা, পশ্চিম ইউরোপ, ও যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে অবস্থিত[lower-alpha 8]। স্টোনওয়াল দাঙ্গার পর থেকে[132] সমকামী ব্যক্তিরা এলজিবিটি সামাজিক আন্দোলনের সূচনা ঘটায়। এই আন্দোলনের উদ্দেশ্য ছিল সমকামীদের প্রতি সমাজের দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণ, স্বীকৃতি, আইনি অধিকারদান এবং একই সঙ্গে সমলিঙ্গের বিবাহ, দত্তকগ্রহণ, সন্তানপালন, বৈষম্যবিরোধী আইন প্রয়োগ, পরিষেবা ও স্বাস্থ্য পরিষেবায় বৈষম্যের বিরুদ্ধে অধিকার প্রদানের দাবি উত্থাপন। এছাড়া একই সময়ে ধর্ম ও রাজনীতি প্রভাবিত বেশ কিছু প্রাক্তন সমকামী বা এক্স-গে সংগঠনের সূচনা ঘটে যারা সমকামী অভিমুখীতা পরিবর্তনের মাধ্যমে মনোভাব দুরীকরণ ও সমকামী প্রবনতা প্রতিকারের জন্য প্রাতিষ্ঠানিকভাবে উদ্যোগ গ্রহণ শুরু করে।[9]", "ভারতের জাতীয় পতাকা\n১৯৫০ সালে ভারতে সাধারণতন্ত্র প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়। তার এক বছর পরই, অর্থাৎ ১৯৫১ সালে, ভারতীয় মানক ব্যুরো (বিএসআই) প্রথম বার জাতীয় পতাকা উৎপাদন সংক্রান্ত কিছু বিনির্দেশ জারি করে। ১৯৬৪ সালে ভারত মেট্রিক পদ্ধতি গ্রহণ করলে এই বিনির্দেশে কিছু সংশোধনী আনা হয়। তারপর ১৯৬৮ সালের ১৭ অগস্ট পুনরায় সংশোধিত হয় এগুলি।[9] আকার, ডাই রং, ক্রোমাটিক মূল্য, উজ্জ্বলতা, ব্যবহৃত সুতোর সংখ্যা ও উত্তোলনরজ্জু সহ পতাকা উৎপাদনের সকল আবশ্যিক বিষয়ের উল্লেখ এই বিনির্দেশে পাওয়া যায়। এই নির্দেশনামা কঠোরভাবে অনুসৃত হয়। পতাকা উৎপাদনে কোনো খুঁত রাখা আইনত অপরাধ; এবং তার শাস্তি জেল, জরিমানা অথবা দুইই।[11]", "ভারতীয় দণ্ড বিধি\nপ্রাপ্তবয়স্ক—১৮ বছর বয়স বা তার বেশি বয়সি সবাই। সম্মতি—১৮ বছরের অনূর্ধ কেউ যৌন সংসর্গে সম্মতি দিতে পারবে না বলে ধরে নেওয়া হয়। দেহজ সহবাস (Carnal Intercourse)—অনুচ্ছেদ ৩৭৭-এ এই শব্দটি ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে, এবং এটি অনুচ্ছেদ ৩৭৫ ও ৪৯৭-এ উল্লিখিত যৌন সহবাসে</i>র (sexual intercourse)থেকে সম্পুর্ণ আলাদা। কোনো ব্যক্তির যৌনাঙ্গ অন্য ব্যক্তির শরীরের যৌনাঙ্গ ছাড়াও অন্য কোনো অঙ্গের সংস্পর্শে এলেই সেই কর্ম, আইনের চোখে দেহজ সহবাস হিসাবে গন্য হবে। দেহজ (Carnal)—শরীর বা দেহ সংক্রান্ত। সমকামী সম্প্রদায়—সেই সকল ব্যক্তিরা যারা সম লিঙ্গের ব্যক্তির সাথে যৌনতায় লিপ্ত হন, হোমোসেক্সুয়াল। অস্বাভাবিক—প্রকৃতির নিয়ম বিরূদ্ধ; উদাহরণ, মুখগহ্বর দেহজ যৌনতার জন্য সৃষ্ট নয়।", "আরেকটি প্রেমের গল্প\nআরেকটি প্রেমের গল্প (ইংরেজী: Just Another Love Story) ২০১০ সালে বাঙালি চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতা কৌশিক গাঙ্গুলী পরিচালিত ভারতীয় চলচ্চিত্র। চলচ্চিত্রটির কাহিনী লিখেছেন কৌশিক গাঙ্গুলী এবং প্রধান দুই চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেছেন ঋতুপর্ণ ঘোষ এবং ইন্দ্রনীল সেনগুপ্ত। এখানে ঋতুপর্ণ ঘোষ একজন সমকামী চলচ্চিত্র নির্মাতার চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেছেন। প্রখ্যাত বাঙালি যাত্রাশিল্পী চপল ভাদুড়ির ব্যক্তিজীবনের গল্পের সাথে এগিয়ে গেছে কাহিনী। ভারতে সমকামীদের স্বীকৃতি দেয়ার পরে এটিই প্রথম নির্মিত কোন সমকামী চলচ্চিত্র যা ভারতের বাইরে ৬০ তম বার্লিন চলচ্চিত্র উৎসবে প্রথম প্রদর্শিত হয়।", "ভারতে সমকামিতা\nভারত আয়তনে বিরাট একটি রাষ্ট্র এবং নানা জাতিগোষ্ঠীর সমবায়ে গঠিত। পরিব্যাপ্ত ভারতের সমাজে সমকাম অনৈতিক কর্ম হিসেবে বিবেচিত। সমকামকে ঘৃণ্য দৃষ্টিতে দেখা হয়। সমকামকে সমর্থন করে বা সমকামের বিষয়ে নির্লিপ্ত নাগরিকের সংখ্যা নগণ্য। সমকামীরা চিহ্নিত হয়ে পড়লে সমাজ তাদের হেয় দৃষ্টিতে দেখে। ভারতে সমকাম বিরোধিতা বা হোমোফোবিয়া প্রকট। একবিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথম ভাগে অবস্থার কিছুটা পরিবর্তন হয়েছে: পত্র-পত্রিকা, টেলিভিশন ও চলচ্চিত্রে সমকাম ও সমকামিদের নিয়ে আলোচনা স্থান লাভ করছে।", "ভারতের ইতিহাস\nভারতের স্বাধীনতা ও পাশ্চাত্য-ধাঁচের গণতান্ত্রিক রাষ্ট্রগঠনের প্রথম পদক্ষেপটি ছিল ব্রিটিশ ভাইসরয়ের উপদেষ্টা হিসেবে ভারতীয় কাউন্সিলরদের নিয়োগ।[47] এরপর ভারতীয় সদস্য সহ প্রাদেশিক কাউন্সিল স্থাপিত হলে আইনসভায় কাউন্সিলরদের যোগদান উত্তরোত্তর বৃদ্ধি পায়।[48] সুরেন্দ্র নাথ ব্যানার্জী, গোপালষ্ণ গোখলে, লাজপত রায়, বাল গঙ্গাধর তিলক, বিপিন চন্দ্র পালরা প্রথম স্বরাজের দাবী তোলেন৷ ১৯২০ সাল থেকে মোহনদাস করমচাঁদ গান্ধীর মতো ভারতীয় নেতৃবৃন্দ ব্রিটিশ রাজের বিরুদ্ধে গণ আন্দোলন সংগঠিত করে তোলেন। তার নেতৃৃত্বে অসহযোগ আন্দোলন, আইন অমান্য আন্দোলন ও ১৯৪২এর ভারত ছাড় আন্দোলোনকে ঘিরে সমগ্র ভারত অহিংস স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলোনে ঐক্যবদ্ধ হয়৷ জহরলাল নেহেরু, সর্দার বল্লভভাই প্যাটেল, মৌলানা আবুল কালাম আজাদ, চিত্তরঞ্জন দাশ, সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসুরাও গণআন্দোলোন গড়তে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করেন৷ পরে সুভাষচন্দ্র বসু ব্রিটিশ শাসনের বিরুদ্ধে আজাদ হিন্দ ফৌজ গড়ে সশস্ত্র সংগ্রামে অবতীর্ণ হন। ভারতীয় বিপ্লবীদের মধ্যে শহিদ ভগৎ সিং সূর্য সেন, বাঘা যতীন, চন্দ্রশেখর আজাদ, আশফাকউল্লাহ, রামপ্রসাদ বিসমিল, অরবিন্দ ঘোষরা ছিলেন সর্বাপেক্ষা প্রভাবশালী নেতা। অপর এক স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামী বীরাপাণ্ড্য কাট্টাবোম্মান কর দানে অসম্মত হয়ে ব্রিটিশ সরকারের বিরুদ্ধে আন্দোলন সংগঠিত করে তোলেন। সমগ্র ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশ জুড়েই বিপ্লবী কার্যকলাপ সংগঠিত হতে থাকে। ১৯৪৬এ বোম্বাই ও করাচীতে নৌবাহিনী বিদ্রোহ করে৷ এই সকল আন্দোলনের ফলস্রুতিতে ১৯৪৭ সালে ভারত স্বাধীনতা অর্জনে সক্ষম হয়। এক বছর বাদেই আততায়ীর গুলিতে নিহত হন গান্ধীজি।", "ভারতীয় দণ্ড বিধি\nভারতীয় দন্ড বিধির অনুচ্ছেদ ৩৭৭-কে দেখা হয় ভারতের যৌনপ্রবৃত্তিতে সংখ্যালঘু সম্প্রদায়ের অধিকার হরণকারী আইন হিসাবে। এমনকি এটাও মনে করা হয় যে এই আইনের জন্যই ভারতে এইডসের চিকিৎসাতেও প্রচুর সমস্যা হয়। স্বাস্থ্য মন্ত্রকও তাদের একটি হলফনামায় জানায়, দেশে প্রায় ২৫ লক্ষ সমকামী রয়েছেন। তাঁদের মধ্যে প্রায় ৭% অর্থাৎ ১ লক্ষ ৭৫ হাজার মানুষ এইডস সংক্রমণে ভুগছেন। সমকামিতা আইনি স্বীকৃতি পেলে তাঁদের চিকিৎসার সুযোগ বাড়বে।[8][9] ২রা জুলাই ২০০৯ দিল্লী উচ্চ আদালত এই অনুচ্ছেদের একটি উদার ব্যাখ্যা দেয় যে দুজন প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক যদি স্বেচ্ছায় যৌন সংসর্গ করেন তাহলে তাঁদের এই অনুচ্ছেদের ব্যবহারে শাস্তি দেওয়া যাবে না। ১১ই ডিসেম্বর ২০১৩, ভারতের সর্বোচ্চ আদালত, দিল্লী উচ্চ আদালতের রায়কে খারিজ করে জানায় যে, অনুচ্ছেদ ৩৭৭ অনুসারে, সমকামীতা প্রকৃতির নিয়ম বিরূদ্ধ সুতরাং বেআইনি ও শাস্তিযোগ্য অপরাধ। একই সাথে বিচারপতি জি. এস. সিঙ্ঘভি এও বলেন যে, ২০০৯ সালের দিল্লী উচ্চ আদালতের রায়ের বিরূদ্ধে করা আবেদনের প্রেক্ষিতেএই রায়। সংসদ চাইলে এই রায়কে খারিজ করতে অনুচ্ছেদ ৩৭৭-এর সংশোধন করতে পারে বা নতুন আইন তৈরি করতে পারে।", "বাংলাদেশে সমকামীদের অধিকার\nবাংলাদেশে প্রথম এলজিবিটি সংক্রান্ত জনসচেতনতা গড়ে তোলার প্রকাশ্য প্রয়াস শুরু হয় ১৯৯৯ সালে যখন রেংগ্যু নামক এক কানাডিয় নাগরিক (যিনি জাতিগতভাবে একজন চাকমা) বাংলাদেশের সমকামীদের জন্য প্রথম অনলাইন গ্রুপ \"গে বাংলাদেশ\" প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন।[14] অব্যবহিত পরে “বয়েজ অব বাংলাদেশ” নামে আরেকটি অনলাইন গ্রুপ প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয় যার মাধ্যমে বাংলাদেশের সমকামীদের মধ্যে যোগসূত্র স্থাপিত হতে শুরু হয়।[15] এটি ২০০৯ থেকে ঢাকায় এলজিবিটি সচেতনতাবর্ধক অনুষ্ঠান করে আসছে। এই দলটি বাংলাদেশে একটি সুসংহত এলজিবিটি সমাজ গড়তে চায়, এবং একই সঙ্গে বাংলাদেশ দণ্ডবিধির ৩৭৭ ধারাটির প্রযোজ্যতার অবসান চায়।[16]", "ইন্দিরা গান্ধী\nইন্দিরা প্রিয়দর্শিনী গান্ধী (হিন্দি: इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी \"ইন্‌দিরা প্রিয়াদার্‌শিনি গান্‌ধি\", নভেম্বর ১৯, ১৯১৭ - অক্টোবর ৩১, ১৯৮৪) ভারতের প্রধানমন্ত্রীর দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। তিনি ভারতের প্রথম ও আজ পর্যন্ত একমাত্র মহিলা প্রধানমন্ত্রী। প্রভাবশালী নেহেরু পরিবারে জন্ম গ্রহণ করায়, তিনি এক রাজনৈতিক পরিমণ্ডলে বেড়ে উঠেন। তার পিতামহ মতিলাল নেহেরু একজন প্রথম সারির কংগ্রেস নেতা ছিলেন। তার পিতা জওহরলাল নেহেরু ভারতের প্রথম প্রধানমন্ত্রী। তার ছেলে রাজীব গান্ধী ভারতের প্রধানমন্ত্রী ছিলেন। ১৯৪১ সালে অক্সফোর্ড থেকে ফিরে এসে ইন্দিরা গান্ধী পিতার সাথে ভারতের স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনে অংশগ্রহণ করেন। ১৯৫০ সাল থেকে অপেশাগত ভাবে জওহরলাল নেহেরুর অফিস সহকারীর কাজ করে আসছিলেন। ১৯৬৪ সালের জওহরলাল নেহেরুর মৃত্যুর পর ভারতের রাষ্ট্রপতি তাকে রাজ্যসভার সদস্য হিসেবে নিয়োগ দেন। তখন ইন্দিরা লাল বাহাদুর শাস্ত্রীর মন্ত্রীসভায় তথ্য ও প্রচার মন্ত্রনালয়ের দায়িত্ব পালন করেন।", "ভারতে পতিতাবৃত্তি\n১৯৫০ সালে নিউ ইয়র্ক শহরে সম্মিলিত জাতিপুঞ্জের পাচার-দমন সংক্রান্ত ঘোষণায় ভারত চুক্তিস্বাক্ষর করে; এর ফলস্বরূপ ১৯৫৬ সালে প্রবর্তিত একটি আইনের সংশোধন পাস করে ১৯৮৬ সালে অনৈতিক পাচার (রোধ) আইন আনা হয়। সেই সময় এই আইনটিকে বলা হত All India Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act (SITA) [সর্বভারতীয় পাচার দমন আইন]; একে সংশোধন করেই বর্তমান আইনটি বলবৎ করা হয়। এই আইনটির উদ্দেশ্যই ছিল প্রথমে সীমিতকরণ এবং এইরূপে যৌনকর্ম সংক্রান্ত বিভিন্ন কাজ ক্রমান্বয়ে অপরাধকরণের মাধ্যমে ভারতে পতিতাবৃত্তিকে নিশ্চিহ্ন করে ফেলা। আইটিপিএ - এর মূল দিকগুলি হল -\nপ্রকাশ্য স্থান অথবা \"বিজ্ঞাপিত স্থানের\" কাছাকাছি বেশ্যাবৃত্তির জন্যও যৌনকর্মীদের শাস্তি হবে (জরিমানাসহ তিনমাস পর্যন্ত কারাদণ্ড, পয়েন্ট ৭),", "প্রেম জিহাদ\nশিকাগো ট্রিবিউন, ফোরেইন পলিসি সাংবাদিক সিদ্ধার্থ মহন্ত প্রতিবেদন করেন যে বর্তমান প্রেম জিহাদের মূল ভিত্তি সুচিত হয় ১৯৪৭ সালের ভারত বিভাগের ঘটনায়। এই বিভক্তির কারণে পাকিস্তান অধিরাজ্য থেকে (যেটি পরবর্তীতে ইসলাম প্রজাতন্ত্রী পাকিস্তান ও গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশে ভাগ হয়) বিভিন্ন সার্বভৌম রাষ্ট্রের তৈরি হয় এবং ভারত অধিরাজ্যের (পরবর্তীতে ভারত প্রজাতন্ত্র) সৃষ্টি হয়। দুটি দেশের সৃষ্টি ও দেশে বিভিন্ন ধর্মের মানুষ থাকার কারণে বৃহৎ আকারে দেশান্তরতা দেখা দেয় যেখানে লাখ লাখ মানুষ এক দেশ থেকে অন্য দেশে গমন করে ও উভয় ধর্মের নারীরা পুরুষদের দ্বারা জোরপূর্বক ধর্মান্তরতার স্বীকার হয়। উভয় দেশের নারীরা এই ঘটনায় আক্রান্ত হয়, পাকিস্তানী ও ভারতীয় সরকার কর্তৃক পুনরুদ্ধার অপারেশন করে ১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬ সালের মধ্যে ২০০০০ মুসলিম এবং ৯০০০ অমুসলিম নারীকে পুনরুদ্ধার করা হয়। মাহান্তার মতে, উভয় ধর্মাবলম্বীদের মধ্যে আন্তঃবিবাহ একটি সাংস্কৃতিক চাপ হিসেবে সংকটপূর্ণ ইতিহাস হয়ে দুই ধর্মালম্বিদের ভেতর বিভিন্ন দশকে সংঘর্ষে রূপ নেয়, যা পরবর্তীতেও চলতে থাকে।", "ভারতে বাল্যবিবাহ\n১৯২৯ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ভারতীয় আইনে বাল্যবিবাহকে আইনবিরুদ্ধ করা হয়। যাই হোক, ব্রিটিশ ঔপনিবেশিক জমানায়, মেয়েদের আইনগত বিয়ের বয়স ১৫ এবং ছেলেদের ১৮ করা হয়। অবিভক্ত ব্রিটিশ ভারতে মুসলমান সংস্থাসমূহের প্রতিবাদে, ১৯৩৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে একটি ব্যক্তিগত বিধি শরিয়ত আইনসিদ্ধ হয়, যেখানে মেয়ের অভিভাবকের অনুমতিসাপেক্ষে বাল্যবিবাহতে সায় দেওয়া হোত। স্বাধীনতার পরবর্তীকালে এবং ১৯৫০ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ভারতীয় সংবিধান গৃহীত হলে বাল্যবিবাহ আইনে নানা সংশোধন হয়। ১৯৭৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দ থেকে আইনসিদ্ধ বয়স মেয়েদের ক্ষেত্রে ১৮ এবং ছেলেদের ২১ করা হয়। বাল্যবিবাহ বিরোধী আইনগুলি ভারতীয় আদালতসমূহে চ্যালেঞ্জ করা হয়, সঙ্গে কিছু ভারতীয় মুসলমান সংস্থা চাইছে নিম্নতম বয়স না-রেখে সেটা তাদের ব্যক্তিগত আইনে ছেড়ে দেওয়া হোক। বাল্যবিবাহ হল একটি সক্রিয় রাজনৈতিক বিষয় তথা ভারতের উচ্চতর ন্যায়ালয়সমূহে চলতি মামলাগুলির অধীনে সমীক্ষারত বিষয়ও বটে।" ]

[ 11.59375 ]

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[ "Lawn mower designed for large expanses of grass such as golf courses and municipal parks, although they are ill-suited for complex terrain. The first lawn mower was invented by Edwin Budding in 1830 in Thrupp, just outside Stroud, in Gloucestershire, England. Budding's mower was designed primarily to cut the grass on sports grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was granted a British patent on August 31, 1830. Budding's first machine was wide with a frame made of wrought iron. The mower was pushed from behind. Cast-iron gear wheels transmitted power from the rear roller to the", "Edwin Beard Budding Edwin Beard Budding Edwin Beard Budding (1796–1846), an engineer from Eastington, Stroud, was the English inventor of the lawnmower (1830) and adjustable spanner (1842). Budding had the idea of the lawnmower after seeing a machine in a local cloth mill which used a cutting cylinder (or bladed reel) mounted on a bench to trim the irregular nap from the surface of woollen cloth and give a smooth finish. Budding's mower was designed primarily to cut the lawn on sports grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was granted a British patent on 31 August 1830.", "Edwin Beard Budding On cutting, the grass clippings were hurled forward into a tray like box. It was soon realized, however, that an extra handle was needed in front of the machine which could be used to help pull it along. Two of the earliest Budding machines sold went to Regent's Park Zoological Gardens in London and the Oxford Colleges. In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding, dated 18 May 1830, Ferrabee paid the costs of development, obtained letters of patent and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other manufacturers in the production of lawn mowers. Budding realised that a", "Brimscombe and Thrupp that Lewis' machine was developed to use rotary cutters, and Budding realised that this machine could be adapted for other purposes. Using gears, a revolving horizontal shaft and three blades he developed a machine to cut grass, which until then had been cut manually, using a scythe. This resulted in the world's first lawn mower being invented at Thrupp. It received its patent in 1830. Budding is also credited with the invention of the screw adjustable spanner. Brimscombe was an important local centre during the Industrial Revolution with its canal and rail links, with Brimscombe Port serving as the hub", "Bowling green Bowling green A bowling green is a finely-laid, close-mown and rolled stretch of turf for playing the game of bowls. Before 1830, when Edwin Beard Budding of Thrupp, near Stroud, invented the lawnmower, lawns were often kept cropped by grazing sheep on them. The world's oldest surviving bowling green is the Southampton Old Bowling Green, which was first used in 1299. When the French adopted \"boulingrin\" in the 17th century, it was understood to mean a sunk geometrically shaped piece of perfect grass, framed in gravel walks, which often formed the centre of a regularly planted wood called a \"bosquet,\"" ]

[ "Edwin Beard Budding similar device could be used to cut grass if the mechanism was mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate close to the lawn's surface. Budding went into partnership with a local engineer, John Ferrabee, and together they made mowers in a factory at Thrupp near Stroud. Examples of the early Budding type mowers can be seen in Stroud Museum, the London Science Museum and at Milton Keynes Museum. Budding is also credited with the invention of the screw adjustable spanner in 1842. Edwin Beard Budding Edwin Beard Budding (1796–1846), an engineer from Eastington, Stroud, was the English", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham The Chase Nature Reserve. Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, one of the outer London boroughs, has over 25 parks, gardens and open spaces within its boundaries. These provide the \"green lungs\" for leisure activities. Apart from smaller green areas such as sports grounds and smaller gardens, the following are the major open spaces in the Borough: Mayesbrook Park, in the borough is one of 11 parks throughout Greater London chosen to receive money for redevelopment by a public vote in 2009. The park received £400,000 towards", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, one of the outer London boroughs, has over 25 parks, gardens and open spaces within its boundaries. These provide the \"green lungs\" for leisure activities. Apart from smaller green areas such as sports grounds and smaller gardens, the following are the major open spaces in the Borough: Mayesbrook Park, in the borough is one of 11 parks throughout Greater London chosen to receive money for redevelopment by a public vote in 2009. The park received £400,000 towards better footpaths, more lighting,", "Brimscombe and Thrupp was leased to Edward Ferrabee in 1793. By 1828 the entire premises were leased to the Ferrabees, and an iron works, the Phoenix Iron Works, had been established. The Ferrabees became well known for their production of cloth-making machines, steam engines, agricultural machinery and water wheels. It was here that John Lewis had invented a machine in 1815 to shear the surplus fibres or nap from the surface of cloth, using a horizontal blade. In the 1820s Edwin Beard Budding, a machinist or \"mechanician\", was employed by Edward's son, John, at Thrupp. It was while Budding was working at Thrupp", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Redbridge Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Redbridge The London Borough of Redbridge, one of the northern peripheral London boroughs, has within its boundaries parts of two large open spaces: Epping Forest and Wanstead Flats. Apart from many smaller parks, gardens and sports grounds, the following are the main open spaces in Redbridge: Fairlop Waters Country Park is one of 11 parks throughout Greater London chosen to receive money for redevelopment by a public vote, in 2009. The park received £400,000 towards better footpaths, more lighting, refurbished public toilets and new play areas for children. The parks are", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Redbridge patrolled by the Redbridge Community Police Team. Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Redbridge The London Borough of Redbridge, one of the northern peripheral London boroughs, has within its boundaries parts of two large open spaces: Epping Forest and Wanstead Flats. Apart from many smaller parks, gardens and sports grounds, the following are the main open spaces in Redbridge: Fairlop Waters Country Park is one of 11 parks throughout Greater London chosen to receive money for redevelopment by a public vote, in 2009. The park received £400,000 towards better footpaths, more lighting, refurbished public toilets and new", "Parks and gardens in Bratislava Bratislava: Parkettes: Other places considered to be parks: <br> \"(Squares)\" \"(Riverbanks)\" \"(Other)\" The list does not include the city's cemeteries and children's playgrounds. Parks and gardens in Bratislava The parks and gardens in Bratislava have formed a part of the landscape of the capital of Slovakia since the Middle Ages. Some of the historical gardens of Bratislava had such architectonic value that they were widely known outside of the city and well beyond the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary. Perhaps the best known garden in the city's history was the renaissance Pálffy Garden, with its famous landmark, a centuries-old", "Parks and gardens in Bratislava Parks and gardens in Bratislava The parks and gardens in Bratislava have formed a part of the landscape of the capital of Slovakia since the Middle Ages. Some of the historical gardens of Bratislava had such architectonic value that they were widely known outside of the city and well beyond the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary. Perhaps the best known garden in the city's history was the renaissance Pálffy Garden, with its famous landmark, a centuries-old linden tree encased in a wooden terrace frame, seven floors in height. Today, Bratislava's most famous park is Sad Janka Kráľa, established in", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Hackney at Risk Register in 2009 as one of Britain's historic parks and gardens at risk from neglect and decay. Apart from smaller green areas such as sports grounds and smaller gardens, the following are the major open spaces in the Borough: In the north of the Borough there are the two reservoirs (West and East) at Stoke Newington. The River Lee forms the eastern boundary of the borough. The towpath is suitable for walking and cyclists. It can be readily accessed from many places, and provides access to Hackney Marshes and the Lee Valley Park. The Regent's Canal and the", "South Gloucestershire and Stroud College in Queens Road, Clifton, Bristol. The academy was Bristol's first art gallery and constructed in 1857. The campus' only department is the Bristol School of Art. The SGS Clifton Campus is located at Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol. SGS Berkeley Green is UTC opening in September 2017. South Gloucestershire and Stroud College \"This article is about South Gloucestershire and Stroud College (SGS) made up of the former Filton and Stroud colleges.\" South Gloucestershire and Stroud College, also known as SGS College is a college of further education and higher education based in South Gloucestershire and Stroud, England. It was established", "Parks and gardens in Bratislava 1774-1776 it is the oldest public park in Central Europe. There are over 20 different caretakers of parks in Bratislava and all of the parks and gardens in the city lack long-term and consistent care. The level of park maintenance is low and the parks often lack functioning pathways, benches and lightning. There is basically no textual or pictorial evidence about gardens and parks from the Early Middle Ages and before. It wasn't until the High Middle Ages that gardens and parks expanded beyond the smallish utility gardens close to medieval cloisters and started to appear near castles, feudal mansions", "Parks and gardens in Bratislava Anno 1765 Aufgenomen Worden ist\" (). There are few detailed descriptions of the parks and gardens in the city that existed prior to that date. The Marquart plan shows both the houses and parcels of land within Bratislava's mediaeval city walls and all the surrounding properties that were located outside the walls. The plots of land belonging to Bratislava Castle are only shown schematically, showing which parcels are built upon. The Marquart plan is a colorful map hand-drawn on four pieces of paper glued together to form one canvas of 1249 x 84 centimeters. It features numerous items besides the", "Brimscombe & Thrupp F.C. Brimscombe & Thrupp F.C. Brimscombe and Thrupp Football Club is a football club based in Brimscombe, Gloucestershire, England. Affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA, they are currently members of the and play at the Meadow. Brimscombe Football Club was established in 1886. In 1894 they were founder members of the Mid-Gloucestershire League, and played the first match in the league's history on 29 September against Stroud. In 1902 they switched to the new Stroud & District League and were its inaugural champions. They finished as runners-up in 1903–04, 1904–05 and 1905–06 before winning it again in 1906–07 and 1907–08. After", "Brimscombe and Thrupp play in the Hellenic League Division 2 West. Their home ground is The Meadow, where they have been playing their games for over a hundred years. There are two Councillors who represent Brimscombe and Thrupp Parish: Stroud District Councillors Elizabeth Peters (Conservative Party) and Martin Whiteside (Green Party). Brimscombe and Thrupp Brimscombe and Thrupp () is a civil parish made up of two small linked villages situated in the narrow Frome Valley slightly southeast of Stroud, Gloucestershire, England. The parish also includes the hamlets of Upper and Lower Bourne, Lypiatt, Quarhouse, the Heavens and Claypits. The population taken at the", "Brimscombe and Thrupp Brimscombe and Thrupp Brimscombe and Thrupp () is a civil parish made up of two small linked villages situated in the narrow Frome Valley slightly southeast of Stroud, Gloucestershire, England. The parish also includes the hamlets of Upper and Lower Bourne, Lypiatt, Quarhouse, the Heavens and Claypits. The population taken at the 2011 census was 1,830. Early records indicate that there was a cloth mill at Thrupp dating back as far as 1381. By 1770 the premises had expanded to include a house, four fulling mills and a gig mill. The gig mill, which eventually became known as Thrupp Mill,", "Healthcare in Gloucestershire GP surgeries in South Gloucestershire. Out-of-hours services provided by South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust were transferred to Care UK in 2017. Gloucestershire Care Services NHS Trust is the main provider. Palliative care is provided by Sue Ryder at Leckhampton Court in Cheltenham, Longfield in Minchinhampton, Great Oaks in Coleford, and Longfield's Hospice in Stroud. 2gether NHS Foundation Trust Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and North Bristol NHS Trust provide most of the county's acute care. Specialist stroke services in the county were centralised at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital from summer 2012. Healthcare in Gloucestershire Healthcare in Gloucestershire is now", "Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England The Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England provides a listing and classification system for historic parks and gardens similar to that used for listed buildings. The register is managed by Historic England under the provisions of the National Heritage Act 1983. Over 1,600 sites are listed, ranging from the grounds of large stately homes to small domestic gardens, as well other designed landscapes such as town squares, public parks and cemeteries. The register aims to \"celebrate designed landscapes of note, and encourage", "Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England other countries of the United Kingdom: Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England The Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England provides a listing and classification system for historic parks and gardens similar to that used for listed buildings. The register is managed by Historic England under the provisions of the National Heritage Act 1983. Over 1,600 sites are listed, ranging from the grounds of large stately homes to small domestic gardens, as well other designed landscapes such as town squares, public parks and cemeteries. The register aims to \"celebrate", "Brimscombe & Thrupp F.C. season saw them win both the Supplementary and Floodlit Cups. In 2017–18 the club won the Gloucestershire Challenge Trophy, beating Bitton 3–1 in the final. Brimscombe & Thrupp F.C. Brimscombe and Thrupp Football Club is a football club based in Brimscombe, Gloucestershire, England. Affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA, they are currently members of the and play at the Meadow. Brimscombe Football Club was established in 1886. In 1894 they were founder members of the Mid-Gloucestershire League, and played the first match in the league's history on 29 September against Stroud. In 1902 they switched to the new Stroud &", "Stroud (UK Parliament constituency) Painswick, Rodborough, Severn, Slade, Stonehouse, The Stanleys, Thrupp, Trinity, Uplands, Upton St Leonards, Vale, and Valley. The extent of the constituency is almost all of the Stroud district (it also provides three wards to The Cotswolds seat). As such, the north-west boundary of the constituency is the River Severn, which meanders from Gloucester towards the River's estuary. Stroud lies south of Gloucester, between the two larger Gloucestershire rural constituencies of The Cotswolds and Forest of Dean. Though partially situated in the Cotswold Hills, Stroud is both smaller in area and more industrialised than these neighbours. Much of the constituency is", "Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England gardens that are legally protected through the designation system, has been incorporated into the National Heritage List for England currently available through the Historic England website. This shows the relevant list entry which describes the park or garden, and shows where it is on a map. Not all designated parks and gardens are open to the public. Information on historic parks and gardens can also be searched online via \"Parks & Gardens UK\" (a partnership between the Association of Gardens Trusts and the University of York). This site does not claim to have any statutory authority and includes a wider", "South Gloucestershire and Stroud College South Gloucestershire and Stroud College \"This article is about South Gloucestershire and Stroud College (SGS) made up of the former Filton and Stroud colleges.\" South Gloucestershire and Stroud College, also known as SGS College is a college of further education and higher education based in South Gloucestershire and Stroud, England. It was established in February 2012 following the merger of Filton College and Stroud College. The college is made up of five campuses located in and around North Bristol and Stroud. South Gloucestershire and Stroud College was formed when Filton College and Stroud College merged in early 2012. Filton College", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Southwark Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Southwark The London Borough of Southwark, occupying a roughly triangular area south of Tower Bridge over the River Thames, considers itself to be one of the greenest boroughs in London, with its of public parkland. There are more than 130 such green areas, ranging from the large areas around Dulwich and Southwark Park in Rotherhithe to the many sports grounds and squares. The main ones are: The centre of the following squares are laid to gardens: Southwark is a riverside borough, and one of the largest open spaces is the River", "South Gloucestershire and Stroud College Olympus Theatre and Studio 22 theatre which is host to over 40 productions a year. The Stroud campus is located in Stratford Road, Stroud. The campus has a remote education centre located in Dursley, Gloucestershire, and a co-operative sixth form site at Downfield Sixth Form with Marling School, Stroud High School and Archway School. The Stroud campus has a learning resource centre, construction workshops, learn IT centre, Envy hair and beauty salon, refectory, conference facilities as well as sports and leisure facilities. The SGS Queens Road Campus is located in the right wing of the Royal West of England Academy", "Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales The Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales is a heritage register of significant historic parks and gardens in Wales. It is maintained by Cadw, the historic environment service of the Welsh Government. The Register was completed in 2002, but new sites continue to be added. Sites are classed into grades I, II* and II, according to their importance, in the same way as listed buildings. The Register currently includes just under 400 sites, of which 10 per cent grade I and 23", "Healthcare in Gloucestershire Michael Lloyd on behalf of a well organised campaign, Stroud Against The Cuts, which claimed that social enterprises were a stepping stone to privatisation, allowing the private sector to compete for contracts after only a few years. It was successfully argued in court by David Lock QC that while services could be commissioned from NHS providers without the need for a procurement process, it had been unlawful for them to be transferred to a social enterprise without competition. It was therefore decided to set up a new NHS trust, Gloucestershire Care Services NHS Trust. Gloucestershire CCG supports an arts on", "Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England range of sites across the UK. Eligibility for the register is based around documentary research and field survey which attempts to classify and date each park according to set criteria. These are: As with listed buildings, parks and gardens are graded on a scale, Grade I being internationally significant sites are therefore the most important and constitute around 10% of the total number. Historically important gardens are Grade II* (about 30% of the total) and the remainder are of regional or national importance and are Grade II registered. Separate registers of parks, gardens and designed landscapes are maintained in the", "Parks and open spaces in the City of Westminster St. John's Wood Church Grounds. In addition to parks and open spaces within the borough, the City owns and maintains East Finchley Cemetery in the London Borough of Barnet. Parks and open spaces in the City of Westminster The City of Westminster, a central London borough, has 116 parks and open spaces; these include small gardens as well as larger areas of land. The open spaces are managed by Westminster City Council and private resident and business associations. Westminster is also home to four of the Royal Parks (Hyde Park,Green Park, St. James's Park and Kensington Gardens). The Royal Parks", "Parks and open spaces in Liverpool now either demolished or in public ownership, with their grounds and gardens given over to the city. Notable, however, are several parks which were conceived from the outset as public parks, modelled in part on the nearby Birkenhead Park, outwith Liverpool across the River Mersey, which was amongst the first of its type in the world. In 1833, the government's Select Committee on Public Walks emphasised the need to provide accessible space for recreation to improve the health of the urban population, to defuse social tensions and to allow social classes to mix. From the early 1850s onwards, Liverpool endorsed", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Croydon average. Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Croydon The London Borough of Croydon has over 120 parks and open spaces within its boundaries, ranging from the 200 acre (80ha) Selsdon Wood Nature Reserve to many recreation grounds and sports fields scattered throughout the Borough. Croydon covers an area of 86.52 km², the 256th largest district in England. Croydon's physical features consist of many hills and rivers that are spread out across the borough and into the North Downs, Surrey and the rest of South London. Some of the open spaces in Croydon form part of the well-known", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Croydon Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Croydon The London Borough of Croydon has over 120 parks and open spaces within its boundaries, ranging from the 200 acre (80ha) Selsdon Wood Nature Reserve to many recreation grounds and sports fields scattered throughout the Borough. Croydon covers an area of 86.52 km², the 256th largest district in England. Croydon's physical features consist of many hills and rivers that are spread out across the borough and into the North Downs, Surrey and the rest of South London. Some of the open spaces in Croydon form part of the well-known London", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Lewisham Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Lewisham Lewisham parks and open spaces are part of the \"green lung\" of London and include a diverse range of sites, from small urban parks and gardens to one of the most historic natural landscapes in Greater London at Blackheath. While overall control rests with London Borough of Lewisham, management of borough-owned parks and their facilities is contracted out to Glendale Grounds Management. Together with other smaller sites, such as ponds, woods, and railside areas there is a total of 1185 acres (474ha) of land defined as Sites of Importance for", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Ealing The Brent River Park is not only a public amenity but forms an important part of the borough’s Green Corridors with which to aid nature conservation. Also, by prohibiting development on what is much of the river Brent’s natural flood plain, it provides some measure of flood control. Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Ealing The London Borough of Ealing, one of the outer London boroughs although not on the periphery, has over 100 parks and open spaces within its boundaries. These include allotments, cemeteries, playgrounds, and golf courses in addition to the larger open spaces such", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Croydon (14 km) from its main source in Waddon. It forms a rough western boundary with the London Borough of Sutton, and for part of its length forms the boundary between the London Boroughs of Croydon and Lambeth The main river ends at Waddon with one of its tributaries ending in Selhurst. Another tributary starts in Thornton Heath as the Norbury Brook, becomes the River Graveney and joins the Wandle near Summerstown. The Wandle park is one of 11 parks throughout Greater London chosen to receive money for redevelopment by a public vote. The park received £400,000 towards better footpaths, more", "Sports in Toronto Bremner Boulevard. The Rogers Centre was the first stadium to have a fully retractable motorized roof. BMO Field (home of the Argonauts and Toronto FC) and Coca-Cola Coliseum (home of the Toronto Marlies) are located at Exhibition Place, situated just outside the downtown core, while also being within walking distance from one another. The city is known for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League, a team with passionate support in the city, and the most financially successful sports franchise in the country. The team built Maple Leaf Gardens, a sporting venue which served as the home arena", "Parks and open spaces in the Royal Borough of Greenwich Parks and open spaces in the Royal Borough of Greenwich The Royal Borough of Greenwich has over fifty parks and open spaces within its boundaries. They include: The \"Royal Arsenal Gardens\" is the most recent to be opened and occupies former industrial land. The Green Chain, a linked series of linear and circular walks, include some of those open spaces within Greenwich. The Chain originates at three points along the River Thames and stretches to Crystal Palace Park. Avery Hill Park is one of 11 parks throughout Greater London chosen to receive money for redevelopment by a public vote. The", "Parks and gardens in Bratislava and rich citizens' townhouses. In Bratislava (known under many different names), the medieval cloisters of Cistercians, Franciscans, Order of Poor Clares and Order of Anthony the Great had small utility gardens and the Franciscans and Poor Clares Order also had so-called \"paradise gardens\". Bratislava's oldest surviving city plan is the Marquart plan, which was drawn by Michael Marquart Dissin. It dates from 1765, when the city was known as Pressburg or Poszony and its official name is \"GRUND = RIS Der KoenigL. Freyen Stadt Presburg. Mit beygefúgten Nahmen, aller inn = und Ausserlichen Kirchen, Cloester, Tehoere, Gassen und Häuser, So", "Parks and gardens in Bratislava green areas are taken care of by the 17 city boroughs. Currently, the most endangered park in Bratislava is the Park on Belopotockého Street. After 15 years of civic activity to save the park, as of 2012, there is no construction at the place of the park, but the park itself is destroyed. In April 2011, the Mayor of Karlova Ves Iveta Hanulíková publicly presented a plan to establish a new park in the Karlova Ves district of Bratislava, located behind the Shell gas station and the Allianz company building. The following is a list of parks and gardens in", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Bexley Opened in 1925, it is often considered the finest green open space in the borough, and is Grade II listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The Hall Place estate is 65 hectares of landscaped gardens and grounds set around a 16th Century Grade I Listed stately home, including a topiary lawn, herb garden, tropical garden and long herbaceous cottage garden-styled borders. The gardens were first opened to the public in 1952 by Katharine, Duchess of Kent. Topiary replicas of the Queen’s Beasts were planted in 1953 to mark the coronation of Elizabeth II. Hall Place is a", "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In) \"Procrastinated Memoirs\" April 2018. Their version of the song brings out a hard more grungy sound while adding touches of mainstream influence to build and bring back a classic song that had such impact for its time. Their version of the song has already been making and name while reaching a new audience in the new millennial generation. The First Edition version appears in the following: Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In) \"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\" is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury and, in 1968,", "Gloucestershire County Cricket Club in 2005 seven, lost ten and abandoned one game, while eight Twenty20 matches resulted in three wins, three losses and two no-results. Their first first-class game was against Oxford UCCE, and Gloucestershire used it as batting practice. This was followed by a defeat by 48 runs in their first Championship game, away to Hampshire, and a defeat in the Sunday League at home to Northamptonshire. Gloucestershire then drew with Kent in the Championship. Match drawn Oxford Universities Cricketing Centre of Excellence and Gloucestershire started their 2005 first-class season at the Parks in Oxford on 9 April. Gloucestershire won the toss and chose", "Parks and open spaces in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea are: The area has the additional advantage of extending into Kensington Gardens and thus neighboring Hyde Park. Little Wormwood Scrubs is one of 11 parks throughout Greater London chosen to receive money for redevelopment by a public vote in 2009. The park received £400,000 towards better footpaths, more lighting, refurbished public toilets and new play areas for children. Parks and open spaces in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, an Inner London borough, has responsibility for some of the parks and open spaces within its boundaries. Most of them are relatively small:", "Bisley, Gloucestershire Bisley, Gloucestershire Bisley is a village in Gloucestershire, England, about east of Stroud. The parish is combined with adjoining Lypiatt, the two being styled Bisley-with-Lypiatt. The once-extensive manor included Stroud and Chalford, Thrupp, Oakridge, Bussage, Througham and Eastcombe. An electoral ward in the name Bisley exists. This ward has the same area and population as the civil parish. The area is noted for the wealth of its Cotswold stone houses of architectural and historic interest. They include Lypiatt Park, formerly the home of Judge H.B.D. Woodcock and then of the late Modernist sculptor Lynn Chadwick; Nether Lypiatt Manor, formerly the", "Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales per cent are grade II*. The following list includes all registered sites listed at Grade I. Separate registers of parks, gardens and designed landscapes are maintained in the other countries of the United Kingdom: Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales The Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales is a heritage register of significant historic parks and gardens in Wales. It is maintained by Cadw, the historic environment service of the Welsh Government. The Register was completed in 2002, but new sites continue to be added. Sites are classed", "South Gloucestershire and Stroud College partnership with the university of Gloucestershire It also runs EFL programmes for non-native speakers of English. The college offers a range of BA/BSc top ups, foundation degree and HNC courses in conjunction with the University of Gloucestershire. The college is a Centre of Vocational Excellence in gas engineering in partnership with Centrica and is a partner in a CoVE in aeronautical engineering led by City of Bristol College. South Gloucestershire and Stroud College (SGS) has six campuses, Filton, WISE, Queens Road, Clifton, Stroud and Berkeley Green. The Filton campus of the college is located in Filton Avenue, Filton, Bristol. A-level", "South Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency) \"Warmley Rural District was transferred to the new Kingswood constituency.\" From 1885 to 1950 much of the area of the constituency was represented by the Thornbury constituency, and from 1950 to 1955 by Stroud and Thornbury. When the constituency was abolished in 1983, 80.54% of it was transferred to the new constituency of Northavon, 14.75% to the redrawn Bristol North West and 4.70% to the redrawn Stroud. South Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency) South Gloucestershire, also known as Gloucestershire South, was a parliamentary constituency in Gloucestershire. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of", "3-In-One Oil 3-In-One Oil 3-in-One Oil is a general-purpose lubricating oil sold for household and do-it-yourself use. It was originally formulated in 1894 for use on bicycles, and remains a popular lubricant for their chains. Its name, given by inventor George W. Cole of New Jersey in 1894, reflects the product's triple ability to \"clean, lubricate and protect\". The product changed ownership many times throughout the 20th century and was bought by its current owners, the WD-40 Company, in 1995. The current marketing slogan is \"The Tool Kit In A Can,\" with the logo of the text \"3 in\" inside a large", "Edge, Gloucestershire Edge, Gloucestershire Edge is a village in the civil parish of Painswick, Gloucestershire, England. The village is situated in an area of the Cotswolds that falls within the Stroud District. For the purposes of local government, Edge is a constituent village of the Painswick civil parish, which also includes the neighbouring villages of Sheepscombe and Slad. The civil parish forms part of the district of Stroud and the county of Gloucestershire. For parliamentary purposes, Edge is within the UK constituency of Stroud and the European constituency of South West England. The village is served by the church of St John", "Parks and open spaces in Liverpool Parks and open spaces in Liverpool Liverpool, England, UK has a significant area of public parks and gardens. The English Heritage National Register of Historic Parks describes Merseyside’s as collectively the \"most important in the country\". The city of Liverpool has ten listed parks and cemeteries, including two Grade I and five Grade II*, more than any other English city apart from London. There are over of parks and open spaces in the city. Much of the open space was for centuries private estate land. In particular several of the city's grand houses of the Georgian and Victorian eras are", "Parks and gardens of Melbourne parks and rivers can also be found around the outer suburbs of Melbourne. These include: The Dandenong Ranges to the east of Melbourne are famous for their gardens, which are established on rich volcanic soil in a high rainfall area. A popular pastime during autumn is to drive through the hills viewing the vibrant foliage of deciduous trees. Some public gardens in the Ranges include: Residential gardening is a popular pastime throughout Melbourne, and the city is known for its leafy green suburbs. Many private gardens open for public viewing through Australia's Open Garden Scheme, which started in Melbourne. Parks", "Parks in Chicago this plan in 1869. The objective was to create a system of parks and boulevards that would form a circle around Chicago. The Chicago Park District manages 220 facilities in 570 parks covering more than of land throughout the city. This extensive network of parks also includes nine lakefront harbors over of lakefront, rendering the Chicago Park District the nation's largest municipal harbor system, along with 31 beaches, 17 historic lagoons, 86 pools, 90 playgrounds, 90 gardens, 66 fitness centers, nine ice skating rinks, 10 museums, a zoological park, and two plant conservatories. The Chicago Park District also maintains many", "Parks and open spaces in Liverpool regeneration. The team have worked to compile the first definitive chronology of the city’s parks over the past 200 years and a book should document the changing role of parks, from their prominence during the Victorian era through to the present day. Parks and open spaces in Liverpool Liverpool, England, UK has a significant area of public parks and gardens. The English Heritage National Register of Historic Parks describes Merseyside’s as collectively the \"most important in the country\". The city of Liverpool has ten listed parks and cemeteries, including two Grade I and five Grade II*, more than any other", "Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England in extreme cases, a prosecution may result. The register is also used in influencing management decisions, to improve public awareness of important parks and elements within them and to encourage their owners to preserve and maintain them. Gardening and landscape design have long been important preoccupations to the British and, although a wealth of historic parks and gardens exist, they are a fragile and finite resource: they can easily be damaged beyond repair or lost forever. Since 1995, the Garden History Society has been a statutory consultee in relation to planning proposals which affect historic designed landscapes identified by Historic", "Parks and open spaces in Wrexham is a popular green area within the town centre. The green was originally the landscaped grounds of a mansion house known as Llwyn Isaf. It now lies at the centre of Wrexham's civic centre just off Queens Square. The Welsh Children in Need concert was held at this location in 2005. Erddig Park () is situated two miles (3 km) south of the town centre, where the town meets the Clywedog Valley. The park is owned and managed by the National Trust, and is home to Erddig Hall and its formal gardens. The park is also home to a number", "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In) Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In) \"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\" is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury and, in 1968, a chart hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition. Said to reflect the glue sniffing experience, the song was intended to be a warning about the dangers of using the drug. First recorded on October 10, 1967, by Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul as a single on Rice Records (Rice 5028 b/w \"Stagger Lee\") and produced by Norro Wilson, Jerry Lee Lewis covered the", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Newham Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Newham The London Borough of Newham, in spite of being one of the more crowded areas of London, has over 20 parks within its boundaries, as well as smaller recreation grounds. The larger parks in the Borough include: Newham is a riverside borough, and one of the largest open spaces is the Thames itself. A riverside path exists, but flood prevention works can often make river views problematic. Other features: In 1998, the council set up a controversial new police force, the Newham Parks Constabulary, to police these parks. The force", "Parks and open spaces in the City of Westminster Parks and open spaces in the City of Westminster The City of Westminster, a central London borough, has 116 parks and open spaces; these include small gardens as well as larger areas of land. The open spaces are managed by Westminster City Council and private resident and business associations. Westminster is also home to four of the Royal Parks (Hyde Park,Green Park, St. James's Park and Kensington Gardens). The Royal Parks are managed by Royal Parks. Westminster has a selection of typical London squares and formal gardens. Among the sites are: The only Local Nature Reserve in the borough is", "Parks in Sydney Parks in Sydney Sydney is well endowed with open spaces and has many natural areas. A large number of these exist even within the tightly compact city centre. These include the Chinese Garden of Friendship and Hyde Park (which is named after London's Hyde Park). The metropolitan area contains several national parks, including the Royal National Park, the second oldest national park in the world (after Yellowstone National Park), which occupies an area of 132 km. Completing Sydney's wide array of green spaces, the leader is the Royal Botanical Gardens, with its large amount of green spaces, lush plants and", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Newham was renamed the Newham Community Constabulary and was subjected to an investigation into abuse of power and corruption, following considerable coverage in \"Private Eye\". The force was disbanded in July 2009. Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Newham The London Borough of Newham, in spite of being one of the more crowded areas of London, has over 20 parks within its boundaries, as well as smaller recreation grounds. The larger parks in the Borough include: Newham is a riverside borough, and one of the largest open spaces is the Thames itself. A riverside path exists, but flood", "Parks and gardens in Bratislava between the Castle and the 'Palisades' dates back the 17th century. Situated on the slopes of the hills of the Small Carpathian Mountains, the area featured Carpathian oak and hornbeam forests, fruit gardens, vineyards and renowned flower gardens. The gardens contained so-called 'old horse chestnut' trees, often planted into tree alleys. They also contained native oak and linden trees, which have proved to be long-lived. The north-west slope of Bratislava Castle's hill contained three important gardens, Pálffy, Prepostská and Jesenák. The Pálffy Garden (, , ) was a 17th-century Renaissance garden belonging to the Pálffy ab Erdöd family that was", "Sports in West Bengal Gardens stadium which is the largest cricket stadium in India. Eden gardens can house more than 100,000 people and is one of the only two 100,000-seat cricket amphitheaters in the world. Eden gardens is also the home for the East Zone and Bengal Cricket team. It also houses the Indian Premier League team Kolkata Knight Riders bought by Shah Rukh Khan which uses Eden gardens as its home turf. Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world. Indian sports like Kho Kho and Kabaddi are also popular among the masses here. The oldest polo club", "Stroud, New South Wales of the sports facilities, along with houses, property and camping grounds, where severely damaged in April 2015 in a large storm that caused flash flooding. The Stroud Show is usually the first weekend after Easter. The Stroud International Brick and Pin Throwing Contest is usually held on a Saturday in July This coincides with the same event in three other \"Strouds\": Oklahoma , Gloucestershire and Ontario. The Stroud Rodeo is usually the third weekend in September. Retreats and conferences are held at the Franciscan Monastery of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Stroud has a primary school which was established in 1884.", "Sports in Toronto Sports in Toronto The city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada has a long history of sport. It is home to a number of clubs, including the Granite Club (est. 1836), the Royal Canadian Yacht Club (est. 1852), the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club (est. pre-1827), the Argonaut Rowing Club (est. 1872), Toronto Argonauts football club (est. 1873), the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club (est. 1881), and the Badminton and Racquet Club (est. 1924). A number of heritage venues have developed in Toronto such as: Christie Pits (est. 1899), Ricoh Coliseum (est. 1921), Varsity Arena (est. 1926), Maple Leaf Gardens (est. 1931).", "Latino athletes in American sports and football were all developed in the United States, and these sports took time to spread throughout these Latino countries and are seen as foreign. Soccer, though invented in England, has a longer history throughout South American and the rest of the world whereas those sports that fight for the title of national pastime in the United States are homegrown. This is one possible explanation for why soccer is not quite as popular in the United States as it is in the majority of the world. One problem for soccer within the country is the fact that the MLS (Major", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Croydon burning and building purposes. Much of the surviving woodlands were cleared and developed as a result of the 1797 Croydon Inclosure Act and sale of the late Lord Thurlow's estates in 1806, although some substantial fragments remain, notably the nature reserves at Dulwich Wood and Sydenham Hill Wood. Apart from smaller green areas such as sports grounds and smaller gardens, and Selsdon Wood, which is National Trust property, the following are the major open spaces in the Borough: The River Wandle is also a major tributary of the River Thames, where it stretches to Wandsworth and Putney for 9 miles", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Hackney Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Hackney The London Borough of Hackney, one of the inner London boroughs, has 62 parks, gardens and open spaces within its boundaries, totalling 330 ha. These provide the \"green lungs\" for leisure activities. Hackney Marshes contain the largest concentration of football pitches in Europe. In July 2008, seven Hackney parks won Green Flag awards for Clissold, Springfield, Haggerston and Shoreditch parks, together with London Fields, St John's churchyard and Hackney Downs. St John's was also awarded 'Heritage Green Status'. However, by contrast, Abney Park in Hackney was included in the Heritage", "Parks in Atlanta Parks in Atlanta Piedmont Park, site of the 1895 Cotton States Expo, is Atlanta's iconic green space. The Midtown park, which underwent a major renovation and expansion in 2010, attracts visitors from across the region and hosts various cultural events throughout the year. Centennial Olympic Park forms a centerpoint for downtown visitors in and around which key visitor attractions are located; nearby Woodruff Park and Hurt Park cater to the downtown lunch crowd. Grant Park, located on the east side, is home to the city zoo, as well as the Cyclorama exhibit. Chastain Park, the primary recreational center for the", "Stroud, New South Wales It was not possible for the North Coast railway line to serve Stroud. A railway station was established at Stroud Road but this is now closed and the nearest station is at Dungog. Stroud has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK Stroud, New South Wales Stroud is a small country town one hour north of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Mid-Coast Council local government area. The major road through Stroud is the Bucketts Way. At the 2006 census, Stroud had a population of 669. The township of Stroud can trace its beginning", "Parks and open spaces in Birmingham Parks and open spaces in Birmingham Birmingham has 571 parks totalling over of public open space, more than any other equivalent sized European city. The centrepieces of Birmingham's park system are the five Premier Parks. Ten parks have received the prestigious Green Flag Award. The city also has five local nature reserves, one national nature reserve and a number of Wildlife Trust nature reserves. One of Birmingham's most popular parks is Cannon Hill Park which covers consisting of formal, conservation, woodland and sports areas. Recreational activities at the park include boating, fishing, bowls, tennis, putting and picnic areas. The largest", "Parks and open spaces in Birmingham spaces are provided for Birmingham's citizens and visitors\". Parks and open spaces in Birmingham Birmingham has 571 parks totalling over of public open space, more than any other equivalent sized European city. The centrepieces of Birmingham's park system are the five Premier Parks. Ten parks have received the prestigious Green Flag Award. The city also has five local nature reserves, one national nature reserve and a number of Wildlife Trust nature reserves. One of Birmingham's most popular parks is Cannon Hill Park which covers consisting of formal, conservation, woodland and sports areas. Recreational activities at the park include boating, fishing,", "Parks and open spaces in Oslo for growing vegetables, from the 18th century also as parks. Ponds were created for fish. The only one of these enclosures unsullied is the closure Rolighed at Professor Dahls gate 32. The garden on Marseli's enclosure (Marselienborg) is the current Eidsvolls plass, where German and Dutch gardeners around 1600 created what became the finest garden in the city. Around 1840 a public park was established on Eidsvolls plass. The area south of Eidsvolls plass was later developed. The nearby garden on Ruseløkken, the current Studenterlunden, was a Renaissance garden at that time. The garden around Munkedammen in Pipervika was around", "Parks and open spaces in Oslo east-west or north-south. The famous Monolith was erected as a single granite block in 1928; three stone cutters worked on the and tall sculpture until 1942 when it finally was unveiled. Norway was invaded by Germany on 9 April 1940, and already on April 16 the park administration initiated the use of all suitable areas the city owned for growing potatoes and turnip. Within short time voluntary communal work was organized to cultivate food production in parks, playgrounds and gardens, 35 different areas by the summer of 1940. Many parks were also used by the German Wehrmacht for baracks, parking", "Byodo-In Temple depicting Amitābha. It is covered in gold and lacquer. Outside is a three-ton, brass peace bell. Surrounding the temple are large koi ponds that cover a total of . Around those ponds are lush Japanese gardens set against a backdrop of towering cliffs of the Koʻolau Range. The gardens are home to sparrows and peafowl. The temple covers . The Byodo-In Temple is visited and used by thousands of worshippers from around the world. It welcomes people of all faiths to participate in its traditions. Apart from worship, the temple grounds are also used for weddings and office meetings. Byodo-In", "Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Bexley Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Bexley The London Borough of Bexley owns and maintains over 100 parks and open spaces within its boundaries, with a total of . They include small gardens, river and woodland areas, and large parks with many sporting and other facilities. Foots Cray Meadows is an area of parkland and woodland 100 hectares (240 acres) in size, and the largest open space in the borough. It borders the suburbs of Albany Park, Sidcup, Foots Cray, North Cray and Ruxley. The River Cray runs through it in a north-easterly direction. The London Loop,", "Parks and gardens in Bratislava map itself - scale, author's signature, coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary, City of Pressburg, Hungarian crown, \"Explication In Der Stadt\" - a list of streets and buildings in the inner city, \"Explication In Denen Vorsted\" - a list of streets and buildings in the suburbs. All texts inside the map are in German language and Latin language. There are four originally Gothic gardens inside the walled city depicted in the Marquart plan: The two greatest Renaissance gardens were the demolished Pálffy Garden and the Lippay Garden, which has partially survived. Written data relating to the green space", "Brimscombe and Thrupp the valley in 1815, Thrupp Lane was the main thoroughfare between Stroud and Chalford. The condition of this road was such that it required a whole day for a team of horses to draw a loaded waggon and return, a distance of only four miles each way. Brimscombe railway station was opened on 1 June 1845 as part of the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway from Swindon to Gloucester. It closed on 2 November 1964, and the nearest station is now at Stroud. The former port is to be regenerated as part of the canal restoration project by the", "Parks and gardens of Melbourne city for open space, parkland and gardens. Much of this land has since been excised for public infrastructure like sporting complexes, railways, hospitals and other public buildings, and also for residential development, but a substantial amount has remained. This allowed landscape designer Clement Hodgkinson and Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, William Guilfoyle, to landscape many of the parks and gardens. Many of these parks and gardens are within easy walking distance of the central business district. One of Melbourne's oldest parks is Flagstaff Gardens (7.2 ha). Used by office workers at lunchtime, the park contains a memorial to", "Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England England as being of national significance and which are included on the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. This means that when a planning authority receives a planning application which affects a site on the Register, or the setting of such a site, the planning authority must consult the Garden History Society. This applies to registered sites of all grades. In addition, Historic England must be consulted where a planning proposal affects a site which is included on the Register at Grade I or Grade II*. An online searchable register of all registered parks and", "Urban parks in Canada the incentives for cities to preserve parkland within municipal boundaries. Some Canadian urban parks may be neatly tended public gardens reminiscent of the old world, but many of the largest are completely undeveloped open spaces. Toronto’s urban parks system consists of approximately 1,600 parks, totalling nearly 8,000 hectares of city-owned and/or operated parkland, which amounts to 12.7% of the city’s land base. This translates to approximately of parkland per 1000 residents, in comparison to of parkland per 1000 residents in New York or of parkland per 1000 residents in Chicago. Toronto's urban park system is best known for its waterfront", "Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen Copenhagen is a green city well endowed with open spaces. It has an extensive and well-distributed system of parks that act as venues for a wide array of events and urban life. As a supplement to the regular parks, there are a number of congenial public gardens and some cemeteries doubling as parks. It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that all citizens by 2015 must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes. King's Garden the garden of Rosenborg Castle, is the oldest and most visited", "Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen lagoon crossed by three bridges. It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that all citizens by 2015 must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes. In line with this policy, several new parks are under development in areas poor in green spaces. One of those recently completed is Superkilen, an innovative park for the ethnic inhabitants of the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen. Besides the regular parks, a number of gardens open to the general public serve as important green spaces in central Copenhagen. These include: Characteristic of Copenhagen is that a number", "Sports in Brooklyn Lo Duca (MLB), Vinny Testaverde (NFL), and Vince Lombardi (NFL). Parks throughout the borough including Prospect Park, Marine Park, and the community sports complex at Floyd Bennett Field provide residents an opportunity to practice and hone their sports skills and talents. Brooklyn has been a hotbed of baseball going back to the sport's infancy. A box score from October 21, 1845, lists a game between the New York Base Ball Club and \"Brooklyn Players\". The New York Base Ball Club was one of the first to play under rules codified by the New York Knickerbockers only one month earlier but", "East Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency) vote in county elections, in the period when this constituency operated, was to be a 40 shilling freeholder. The parliamentary borough constituencies of Cheltenham, Cirencester, Gloucester, Stroud, and Tewkesbury were all located in East Gloucestershire. Qualified freeholders from those boroughs could vote in the county division. Bristol was a \"county of itself\", so its freeholders qualified to vote in the borough, not in any county division. East Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency) East Gloucestershire, formally the Eastern division of Gloucestershire and often referred to as Gloucestershire Eastern, was a parliamentary constituency in Gloucestershire, represented in the House of Commons of the", "South Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency) South Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency) South Gloucestershire, also known as Gloucestershire South, was a parliamentary constituency in Gloucestershire. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The constituency was created for the 1950 general election, and abolished for the 1983 general election. 1950-1955: The Urban Districts of Kingswood and Mangotsfield, and the Rural Districts of Sodbury and Warmley. 1955-1974: The Rural Districts of Sodbury, Thornbury, and Warmley. \"Thornbury Rural District was added to the seat from the abolished Stroud and Thornbury constituency.\" 1974-1983: The Rural Districts of Sodbury and Thornbury.", "Parks and open spaces in Birmingham of the parks is Sutton Park covering making it the largest urban nature reserve in Europe. Birmingham Botanical Gardens are a Victorian creation, with a conservatory and bandstand, close to the city centre. The Winterbourne Botanic Garden, maintained by the University of Birmingham, is also located close to the city centre. Public parks emerged in the 1830s to improve the health of the working classes living in the over-crowded conditions of the rapidly growing industrial town. It was hoped that parks would reduce disease, crime, and social unrest, as well as providing “green lungs” for the city and areas for", "Gloucestershire Agricultural University, and four higher and further education colleges, Gloucestershire College, Cirencester College, South Gloucestershire and Stroud College and the Royal Forest of Dean College. Each has campuses at multiple locations throughout the county. The University of the West of England also has three locations in Gloucestershire; an associate faculty (Hartpury College) specialising in animal behaviour and welfare, agricultural and sports related courses in Hartpury, Gloucestershire; a regional centre at the Gloucester Docks, Alexandra Warehouse, specialising in Adult and Mental Health Nursing; and Frenchay Campus in South Gloucestershire. Gloucestershire has one city and 33 towns: The towns in Gloucestershire are:", "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In) reversed a few riffs to create the intro; the solo played by Glen Campbell was heavily compressed and a tremolo effect was used to achieve its sound. Another studio guitarist, Mike Deasy, provided the acoustic lead guitar parts.Recorded by Jimmy Valentine at \"Valentine Recording Studios\" located in Valley Village California. When Rogers signed with United Artists Records, in the mid-1970s after the group split, he re-recorded the track for his \"Ten Years of Gold\" album. Jacob Needham & The Blue Trees, a Southern Rock Group from Nashville, Tennessee, released \"Just Dropped In\" with Spectra Music Group on their debut album", "Stroud and the Welsh border at Whitebrook, Monmouthshire, lies to the west as the crow flies. Although not part of the town's parish, the civil parishes of Rodborough and Cainscross are contiguous with Stroud and are generally considered as suburbs. Stroud acts as a centre for surrounding villages and small market towns including Amberley, Bisley, Bussage, Chalford, Dursley, Eastcombe, Eastington, King's Stanley, Leonard Stanley, Minchinhampton, Nailsworth, Oakridge, Painswick, Randwick, Selsley, Sheepscombe, Slad, Stonehouse, Thrupp and Woodchester. Stroud is known for its involvement in the Industrial Revolution. It was a cloth town: woollen mills were powered by the small rivers which flow", "Healthcare in Gloucestershire Healthcare in Gloucestershire Healthcare in Gloucestershire is now the responsibility of two Clinical Commissioning Groups covering Gloucestershire and South Gloucestershire. The health economy of Gloucestershire has always been linked with that of Bristol. The Gloucestershire sustainability and transformation partnership was one of four new integrated care systems established by NHS England in May 2018. People living in the most deprived areas of Gloucester - Barton and Tredworth, Matson, Podsmead, Tuffley and Westgate - live almost 14 years less than those in the most affluent areas like Longlevens and Quedgeley. From 1947 to 1974 NHS services in Gloucestershire were managed by", "Brimscombe and Thrupp for Thomas Keble School, Stroud High School, Marling School, Archway School, Cirencester Deer Park School, Sir William Romney, Maidenhill School and St Peter's School in Gloucester. Both villages fall in the 'Thrupp' electoral ward. This ward stretches from Rodborough in the north to Brimscombe in the south. The total ward population at the 2011 census was 2,327. There is a public house, the name of which reflects the local history, the Ship Inn at Brimscombe, which takes its name from the Severn trows which are mentioned earlier. Until recently there was another pub called the King and Castle. This acquired", "Parks in Windsor, Ontario and contains several bays and gardens of wildflowers. A restroom was built into the hill-side below the bike trail, with the roof providing a very large and beautiful overhang/lookout to observe the river and Detroit Skyline. Its walkways are brick-laid, compared to typical concrete, asphalt, tarmac, or even gravel in other parks. The park even used to hold an actual World War II Lancaster bomber. Mounting public pressure caused City Hall to finally take down the bomber, listening to the public's requests to fully restore the bomber and protect it from the elements, and from any further deterioration. The Queen", "Healthcare in Gloucestershire the South-West Regional Hospital Board. In 1974 the Boards were abolished and replaced by Regional Health Authorities. Gloucestershire came under the South Western RHA. Regions were reorganised in 1996 and Gloucestershire still came under the South Western Regional Health Authority. From 1974 there was one Area Health Authorities covering the county. From 1982 it was split into two District Health Authorities, Cheltenham and District and Gloucester. There were fourPrimary care trusts established in the county in 2002: South Gloucestershire PCT, West Gloucestershire PCT, Cotswold & Vale PCT, and Cheltenham & Tewkesbury PCT. They were managed by the Avon, Gloucestershire and", "Sport in England events, student sport has a very low profile in England, however, the largest inter-university sports tournament in Europe, the Roses Tournament (often just called 'Roses') is contested between Lancaster University and the University of York annually. While universities have significant sports facilities, there is no system of sports scholarships. However, students who are elite standard competitors are eligible for funding from bodies such as UK Sport on the same basis as anyone else. The university most focused on sports provision is probably Loughborough University. Budding professionals in the traditionally working class team sports of football and rugby league rarely go", "Stroud and District Football League Stroud and District Football League The Stroud and District Football League is a football competition based in England. This league was established in 1902. The league is affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA. It has a total of seven divisions with the highest, Division One, sitting at level 14 of the English football league system. It is a feeder to the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League. Reigning champions Barnwood United AFC have been promoted to the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League for the 2018–19 season. The Stroud and District League was founded in 1902 and serves the central part of Gloucestershire from", "Parks in Windsor, Ontario Titcombe Road as a street that goes through, connecting Matchette Road to the west, and Malden Road to the east, it actually was abandoned in the 1960s, and is now a bike trail, ending at two parks and parking lots. In the Sandwich Towne neighbourhood, the Parks and Rec. department maintains two medium-sized parks, the Mill Street Park (complete with windmill and pier), and the Chewett Beach Park (McKee Park), just west of the Ambassador Bridge. The beach at Chewett Beach/McKee Park used to allow swimming until recently, when it was completely redesigned, keeping only the small boardwalk and boat" ]

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[ "The management and oversight costs are likely to force SEC to discontinue its contract." ]

[ "She confirmed that SEC is going to renew its contract, as it is considered to be highly profitable.", "Women security officers standing in a group", "Everything has a negative side to it.", "The kids slid down the hill.", "It was my time once war was declared.", "He was a hugely fat man.", "There is no way to estimate it." ]

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[ "A young child is walking on concrete." ]

[ "The child is completely alone.", "A women is wearing yellow.", "Go ahead and paint it when it's greenware, it doesn't matter.", "People are indoors", "The drink cart is on top of the plane.", "It depends on the time.", "A man climbing rocks while others watch." ]

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[ "Marks & Spencer was part of the inspiration behind the 'Portfolio' brand. The men's Autograph brand was then launched in 2000 and continues to this day. In 2004, Sir Stuart Rose axed a number of brands including the menswear brand \"SP Clothing\", the \"View From\" sportswear range, the David Beckham children's range \"DB07\" and several food lines as he thought the company's stock inventory management had become 'too complicated'. A version of Per Una aimed at teenagers, \"Per Una Due\", was also discontinued, despite having launched earlier in the year, due to poor sales. The company also began to sell branded goods like", "Sutton High Street of Henry VIII's palace at Nonsuch. There are currently three large supermarket stores in the town centre – a new Sainsbury's, an Asda and a Morrisons. There is also a large Marks and Spencer foodhall within the M&S store in the High Street. As well as public art, there is a Green Wall, designed for aesthetics, to improve air quality and to encourage biodiversity. This \"vertical garden\" covers the façade of a large High Street store, and is in bloom all year round. The high street and town square also host street performers whose range includes live music, arts and" ]

[ "High and Mighty (clothing) with the new High and Mighty look. The online fashion retailer N Brown announced plans in June 2018 to close all 20 of its high street stores in the UK. The stores, trading under the names High & Mighty, Jacamo and Simply Be, have now closed with the loss of 270 jobs. High and Mighty (clothing) High and Mighty is a clothing retail chain for tall and/or wide men in the United Kingdom. After having been family-owned for more than fifty years, it was sold to mailorder group N Brown in September 2009. The company was founded in Hull in", "Una donna per amico (song) Una donna per amico (song) \"Una donna per amico\" (Italian for \"A Woman as a Friend\") is a song composed by Lucio Battisti and Mogol, and performed by Lucio Battisti. It was released as a single in October 1978, with \"Nessun dolore\" as B-side. The single peaked at first place fourteen consecutive weeks on the Italian hit parade between November 1978 and February 1979. It was the second most sold single of the year in Italy, behind Bee Gees' \"Stayin' Alive\". \"Una donna per amico\" was covered by several artists, including Mina, Giorgia, Rosario Fiorello. It named a 1998 television", "Una donna per amico (TV series) Una donna per amico (TV series) Una donna per amico is an Italian television series, which ran on Rai 1 for three seasons from September 27, 1998 to April 16, 2001. The series revolves around a group of doctors and nurses in the department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of a Roman hospital. Laura Andrei and Piero La Torre, both gynecologists in a hospital in Rome, have been married for years and have two children, Francesca and Dado. The couple begins to go through a period of crisis following the appointment of Laura to primary aid at the expense of Piero,", "Una donna per amico (song) series starring Elisabetta Gardini and a 2014 film directed by Giovanni Veronesi and starred by Fabio De Luigi and Laetitia Casta. Una donna per amico (song) \"Una donna per amico\" (Italian for \"A Woman as a Friend\") is a song composed by Lucio Battisti and Mogol, and performed by Lucio Battisti. It was released as a single in October 1978, with \"Nessun dolore\" as B-side. The single peaked at first place fourteen consecutive weeks on the Italian hit parade between November 1978 and February 1979. It was the second most sold single of the year in Italy, behind Bee Gees'", "The Una Group The Una Group 'The Una Group' is a range of businesses under 3 core areas: commercial property, business services and environmental activities. The Una Group is based at Airport Business Centre in Plymouth. This was originally home to Stafford Miller and Sensodyne toothpaste. It was developed into a business services & support space in 2004. The UNA Group was formed by individuals who got together for one business project and found that by working together, other opportunities arose which could be better tackled by the group than by any one individual working alone, hence UNA - Latin for \"all together", "High and Mighty (clothing) High and Mighty (clothing) High and Mighty is a clothing retail chain for tall and/or wide men in the United Kingdom. After having been family-owned for more than fifty years, it was sold to mailorder group N Brown in September 2009. The company was founded in Hull in 1956 by tailor Bernard Levy, as a mailorder company. The company's first store was opened in Edgware Road in London in 1959 as Northern Outsize Menswear, soon followed by several more stores. The company changed its name to High and Mighty in the 1970s, and in 1979 it opened stores in New", "Una (Sava) virgin forest, which stretches between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, and Croatia's Plitvice Lakes National Park makes Una National Park a top destination for visitors. More importantly, all of the facts about these two National Parks, their proximity, natural, cultural and historical richness, brings out the possibility and makes viable idea of joint management and promotion Una Republic Una (Sava) The Una (; ) is a river in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The river has a total length of and watershed area of . Una river got its name from Romans. The Romans found its beauty so unique that", "UNA Hotels & Resorts for UNA Hotel Napoli. UNA Hotels & Resorts UNA Hotels & Resorts is an Italian hotel chain with four-star hotels and resorts throughout Italy with more than 3000 rooms. The company also owns a country estate composed of 7 Italian luxury villas. In 2016 UNA Hotels has been purchased by UNIPOL creating together with Atahotels a whole Italian hotel chain with 42 hotels. UNA Hotels & Resorts was founded in November 2000 to create a new Italian hotel group focused on business. In few years the group opened hotels in all the main Italian cities: Bologna, Naples, Catania, Rome, Venice", "Le foto proibite di una signora per bene in January, threadbare story\". However, Condit felt the film was an example of the \"warmth and often gorgeously artistic composition of Italian cinema\", although he found the characters \"flat\" and the film's dénouement disappointing. Le foto proibite di una signora per bene Le foto proibite di una signora per bene, also known as Forbidden Photos of a Lady Above Suspicion, is a 1970 giallo film directed by Luciano Ercoli. Written by Ernesto Gastaldi and Mahnahén Velasco, the film stars Pier Paolo Capponi, Simon Andreu and Dagmar Lassander. The film, featuring a score written by Ennio Morricone, has received mixed to", "Le foto proibite di una signora per bene Le foto proibite di una signora per bene Le foto proibite di una signora per bene, also known as Forbidden Photos of a Lady Above Suspicion, is a 1970 giallo film directed by Luciano Ercoli. Written by Ernesto Gastaldi and Mahnahén Velasco, the film stars Pier Paolo Capponi, Simon Andreu and Dagmar Lassander. The film, featuring a score written by Ennio Morricone, has received mixed to positive reviews from critics. When bored housewife Minou (Lassander) is convinced by a stranger that her husband is a killer, she finds herself being manipulated by the stranger, who seduces her and uses photographs", "UNA Hotels & Resorts UNA Hotels & Resorts UNA Hotels & Resorts is an Italian hotel chain with four-star hotels and resorts throughout Italy with more than 3000 rooms. The company also owns a country estate composed of 7 Italian luxury villas. In 2016 UNA Hotels has been purchased by UNIPOL creating together with Atahotels a whole Italian hotel chain with 42 hotels. UNA Hotels & Resorts was founded in November 2000 to create a new Italian hotel group focused on business. In few years the group opened hotels in all the main Italian cities: Bologna, Naples, Catania, Rome, Venice and others in Milan,", "High-dynamic-range video content. High-dynamic-range video High-dynamic-range video (HDR video) describes video having a dynamic range greater than that of standard-dynamic-range video (SDR video), which uses a conventional gamma curve. SDR video, when using a conventional gamma curve and a bit depth of 8-bits per sample, has a dynamic range of about 6 stops (2=64:1). When HDR content is displayed on a 2,000 cd/m display with a bit depth of 10-bits per sample it has a dynamic range of 200,000:1 or 17.6 stops, a range not offered by the majority of current displays. In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first", "High-dynamic-range video High-dynamic-range video High-dynamic-range video (HDR video) describes video having a dynamic range greater than that of standard-dynamic-range video (SDR video), which uses a conventional gamma curve. SDR video, when using a conventional gamma curve and a bit depth of 8-bits per sample, has a dynamic range of about 6 stops (2=64:1). When HDR content is displayed on a 2,000 cd/m display with a bit depth of 10-bits per sample it has a dynamic range of 200,000:1 or 17.6 stops, a range not offered by the majority of current displays. In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time", "The Una Group is an Independent Committee Member of Plymouth College of Art, an Advisory Board Member for Common Purpose UK, a Trustee of HeartSWell cardiac support charity, and was the Chairman for the Americas Cup Plymouth, Task and Finish Group 2011. The Una Group is affiliated with following companies: Airport Business Centre, Crumb Rubber, COGEN UK, Carbonarius, Back2business, Verneos and Plymouth University through their Knowledge Transfer Partnership scheme The Una Group 'The Una Group' is a range of businesses under 3 core areas: commercial property, business services and environmental activities. The Una Group is based at Airport Business Centre in Plymouth. This", "Chain mail was imported as the armour of imperial guards and generals. In Japan mail is called \"\" which means chain. When the word \"kusari\" is used in conjunction with an armoured item it usually means that mail makes up the majority of the armour composition. An example of this would be \"kusari gusoku\" which means chain armour. \"Kusari\" \"\", \"\", \"\", \"\", \"\", shoulder, \"\", and other armoured clothing were produced, even \"\" socks. \"\" was used in samurai armour at least from the time of the Mongol invasion (1270s) but particularly from the Nambokucho period (1336–1392). The Japanese used many", "Si Una Vez band's image modern. The song makes use of the Guitarrón guitar under a cumbia beat. \"Si Una Vez\" is written in the key of D minor and is played in a moderate groove of 84 beats per minute. It incorporates music from several musical instruments, including the piano and guitar. Lyrically, Selena reminiscences her failed relationship and wonders why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner who betrayed and left her, vowing to never allow a man like that back into her life. The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment. \"Si Una Vez\" was named by the", "Mshasho Clothing Mshasho Clothing Mshasho Clothing is a Namibian clothing brand founded by Martin \"The Dogg\" Morrocky. The company is 100% owned by Mshasho closed corporation operating as a its subsidiary. The name Mshasho is derived from its original name Omushasho which is the Oshiwambo name for a shotgun. The company designs, outsource manufacture and supply a wide range of clothing, shoes and jewellery in Namibian. It lays claim to the most successful clothing label designed and manufactured locally. The line includes clothing and accessories inspired by The Dogg himself and street life. Mshasho Clothing produces cloths and accessories for men, women", "High-visibility clothing safety garments Garments for high risk applications from Standards Australia. Part 1: Garments for high risk applications - Sample of the standard. Safe Work Australia - general Personal Protective Equipment guide including references to high visibility clothing Canadian Standards: Z96-15 - High-visibility safety apparel Canadian Center for Occupational Health and safety (CCOHS): Guide High-Visibility Safety Apparel: \"Requirements for high-visibility safety clothing for Canadian workers are found in the CSA Standard Z96-15 High-Visibility Safety Apparel\". High-visibility clothing High-visibility clothing, sometimes known as \"hi-viz\", is any clothing worn that has highly reflective properties or a colour that is easily discernible from any", "High-visibility clothing High-visibility clothing High-visibility clothing, sometimes known as \"hi-viz\", is any clothing worn that has highly reflective properties or a colour that is easily discernible from any background. Most industrial employers require it as a type of personal protective equipment (PPE). Yellow waistcoats worn by emergency services are a common example. Occupational wearers of clothing with high-visibility features include railway and highway workers, airport workers, or other places where workers are near moving vehicles or in dark areas. Some cyclists wear high-visibility clothing when riding amongst motor vehicles. Hunters may be required to wear designated high-visibility clothing to prevent accidental shooting.", "Una, Bahia Refuge, which surrounds the biological reserve. It also contains part of the Serra das Lontras National Park, created in 2010. The municipality contains part of the Canavieiras Extractive Reserve, created in 2006. Una, Bahia Una is a city in Bahia, Brazil. Its population in 2008 was 25,287 inhabitants. It is located about south from Ilheus. The municipality was founded on August 2, 1890. The GDP per capita is R$ 2,649 (IBGE / 2005). Una-Comandatuba Airport serves both the city of Una and Transamérica Resort, located at nearby Comandatuba Island. The climate is hot and humid, with annual rainfall over .", "Jacob (clothing retailer) for the girls. Sizes range from XS - XXL in shirts and for pants from 2- 16. Common features of the Jacob logo included the number 1986 (or 86) and the squirrel. The Jacob Jr. brand has been discontinued as the company has decided to only focus on its adult female demographic. Jacob sold menswear under the \"Jacob Homme\" name for a few years in the 1980s and early 1990s Jacob (clothing retailer) Jacob (formally known as Boutique Jacob, Inc) is a private five store Canadian chain of women's and girls' clothing store chain based out of Montreal, Quebec. At", "High Street, Lincoln High Street, Lincoln The High Street of Lincoln, England, (road number B1262) is a long shopping high street. The street runs from the south at the St Catherines area roundabout and ends approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north at The Strait (in effect a continuation of the High Street). The High Street contains a number of public houses, restaurants, local shops, private homes, offices, car dealerships, department stores, chain stores, churches, a school, memorials, the River Witham, a level crossing and Sincil Bank drains. The street forms one of the busiest road access routes into the city centre of Lincoln.", "Una, Gujarat Una, Gujarat Una (or Unnatnagar) is a city and a municipality in Gir Somnath district of the Saurashtra region in the state of Gujarat, India . Una is located on the bank of Machchundri river. It has an average elevation of . Kodinar is located on the west, Diu is on the south. Una has the highest number of villages of all the Talukas in Gujarat state. As per 2011 India census, Una had a population of 130000. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. In Una, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. Una", "High and Mighty (clothing) quickly bought by the N Brown Group's main subsidiary, mailorder firm JD Williams, for £1.6 million. 14 of the 21 stores were included in the purchase, and the N Brown management said that they wanted to reinvigorate and expand the chain, which is N Brown's first branded foray on to the high street. The High and Mighty e-commerce was quickly expanded following the purchase, and several new stores were planned. By September 2010, the number of existing or soon to open stores had risen from 14 to 17, and the flagship store on Edgware Road had been revamped and relaunched", "Ladybird (clothing) was being promoted by \"The Ladybird Adventure Club\", a full-colour comic strip in the children's magazine Swift. This was drawn by John Canning, and depicted the unlikely adventures of three Ladybird-wearing children who contrived to flash their \"secret sign\" (the Ladybird label) in every episode. By the 1960s, Ladybird had established itself as one of the UK's best-known names in childrenswear, although it was often sold under a different brand name in chain stores like Woolworths and Littlewoods. At this time, Ladybird effectively sold two ranges; in high street stores, the clothing was cheaper and more accessible to ordinary families;", "Si Una Vez on her final performance on March 19, 1995 during the Calle Ocho Festival in Miami, which attracted over 100,000 fans. Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former manager of the singer's Selena Etc. clothing boutiques, on March 31, 1995. Selena's performance of the song during her Houston Astrodome concert on February 26, 1995, was emulated by Jennifer Lopez as her role as the singer for the 1997 biopic film about Selena. \"Si Una Vez\" is considered by \"Billboard\" magazine to be one of Selena's signature songs. Terra named \"Si Una Vez\" as one of Selena's", "Una Na fresh and different sound. The singer explained to \"Infobae\" that \"Una Na\" tells a love story, with the message \"once you start feeling something for someone after that first sight, it’s very difficult to go back and forget it, so you want to go deep with that story\", making reference to her relationship with her boyfriend and music producer Santiago Mocorrea. The song was originally going to be titled \"Una y Otra Vez\" (English: \"Once and Again\"), but was later changed to \"Una Na\", repeating the last two letters of the word \"Una\". According to the singer, this makes the", "High-visibility clothing and for those participants who reported 'high' use of the jackets vs 'low' use (60% vs 33%). The study was based on participants self-reporting data, and there was evidence of response bias, which the authors attempt to correct for, reducing the 47% figure to 38%. Since April 2013, New York City regulations require commercial cyclists, such as restaurant delivery persons or bike messengers, to wear high visibility clothing while riding. The American National Standards Institute published standard 107 for high-visibility clothing in 1999. The standard defines three classes of successively more-visible garments, to protect workers exposed to successively higher levels", "Una, Bahia Una, Bahia Una is a city in Bahia, Brazil. Its population in 2008 was 25,287 inhabitants. It is located about south from Ilheus. The municipality was founded on August 2, 1890. The GDP per capita is R$ 2,649 (IBGE / 2005). Una-Comandatuba Airport serves both the city of Una and Transamérica Resort, located at nearby Comandatuba Island. The climate is hot and humid, with annual rainfall over . The temperature varies from , with an average of . The municipality contains the Una Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit created in 1980. It contains most of the Una Wildlife", "Una donna per amico (TV series) who, frustrated and neglected by his wife, weaves an affair with Rita Lanceri Kraus, a pharmaceutical rep who has already had a relationship with Piero's dearest friend, the anesthesiologist Stefano Morandi. In the department of Gynecology and Obstetrics where Piero and Laura work there are other doctors and nurses, always under the watchful eyes of primary Luigi Conti: there are Sister Mary, an African midwife, the nurses Debora, Gina, Anna, and Caterina, the pediatrician and neonatologist Luca Liberati, the trainees Paoletta Malindri and Sandro Tonini, the primary aid Gianclaudio Russo, and the fellow Paride. Una donna per amico (TV series)", "High Street House of Commons in 2006 established an All Party Parliamentary Small Shops Group, which published a report titled \"High Street Britain 2015\", warning against trends in high streets that were disadvantageous to small shops. The report warns that the increase in chain stores on high streets contributes to the formation of clone towns, a concept set out by geographical theorists, which \"creat[es] a loss of sociability\" compared to traditional shopping. Members of the working group generally agreed that: \"The demise of the small shop would mean that people will not just be disadvantaged in their role as consumers but also", "The Range Convent and High School convent in North Queensland since 1873. The Range has associations with the first Bishop of Rockhampton Rev John Cani in whose house the convent was originally based and Archbishop James Duhig who, from 1905 until his death in 1956 was actively interested in the development of the place. The Range Convent and High School The Range Convent and High School is a heritage-listed private school at 263 Agnes Street, The Range, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from c.1880s to 1930s. It is also known as Our Lady of Good Counsel Convent and School and The Catholic College", "High-tensile chain High-tensile chain A high-tensile chain, also referred to as a transport chain, is a link chain with a high tensile strength used for drawing or securing loads. This type of chain usually consist of broad (thick/heavy) metal, oblong torus-shaped links for high strength. All the links of the chain are usually identical, and on the ends are usually two hooks of the appropriate size and strength to slide easily over one chain link but small enough not let the links slip by. When the ability to grasp the load is required, a slip hook is used. The chain used for", "Una-Una a location for scubadiving since the 1990s. The pioneer in diving in unauna from 2014 is Sanctum Una Una. Discovered many world class divesite. Right on the east of the best divesite Pinnacle 1. In 2017 the dive resort Pristine Paradise opened on the east side of the island. See http://www.pristine-paradise.com. Una-Una Una-Una (Indonesian: Pulau Una-Una) is an Indonesian island, part of the Togian Islands in the Gulf of Tomini. Una-Una is a small volcanic island created by the Colo volcano. Its vegetation primarily consists of coconut trees. Most of the island was devastated by pyroclastic flows following an eruption", "Una-Una Una-Una Una-Una (Indonesian: Pulau Una-Una) is an Indonesian island, part of the Togian Islands in the Gulf of Tomini. Una-Una is a small volcanic island created by the Colo volcano. Its vegetation primarily consists of coconut trees. Most of the island was devastated by pyroclastic flows following an eruption of the volcano in 1983. Currently its population is approximately 200 inhabitants and is concentrated in the island's 3 villages: Unauna, Kololio and Tampobatu. The island is part of the Central Sulawesi province. Una Una is surrounded by thriving reefs home to big schools of fish. It has been known as", "High-tensile chain B29.24 deals specifically with roller chains intended for hoisting duty. ASME B29.26 provides uniform procedures for fatigue testing on chains. In summary; transport chains are high strength chains used in imprecise applications where much strength is needed yet the task served is rather straightforward. High-tensile chain A high-tensile chain, also referred to as a transport chain, is a link chain with a high tensile strength used for drawing or securing loads. This type of chain usually consist of broad (thick/heavy) metal, oblong torus-shaped links for high strength. All the links of the chain are usually identical, and on the ends", "Una, Gujarat separate incidents in Saurashtra with the entire region erupting into a wave of protests against the thrashing of the seven Dalit men. Gujarat Dalit unrest Una, Gujarat Una (or Unnatnagar) is a city and a municipality in Gir Somnath district of the Saurashtra region in the state of Gujarat, India . Una is located on the bank of Machchundri river. It has an average elevation of . Kodinar is located on the west, Diu is on the south. Una has the highest number of villages of all the Talukas in Gujarat state. As per 2011 India census, Una had a", "The Range Convent and High School The Range Convent and High School The Range Convent and High School is a heritage-listed private school at 263 Agnes Street, The Range, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from c.1880s to 1930s. It is also known as Our Lady of Good Counsel Convent and School and The Catholic College Residential. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. The first Roman Catholic school in Rockhampton was established in about 1864 by Dean Murlay. When the Sisters of Mercy arrived in Rockhampton in 1873, they took over the running of the primary school and", "Una Padel Una Padel Una Padel OBE (21 July 1956 – 29 August 2006) was a British criminal-justice reformer, known for her work in penal reform. She was the director of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (CCJS) from 1999 until her death in 2006, after which the centre established the Una Padel Award. Born in Hampstead, London, to Sigrid and William H. Padel, Una grew up in Wembley and was educated at Preston Manor High School and at the universities of Durham, York, and Newcastle, where she took a degree in psychology and diplomas in social administration and social work.", "Clothing and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development. In most cultures, gender differentiation of clothing is considered appropriate. The differences are in styles, colors, and fabrics. In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but can nowadays be worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing", "Una Stella Abrahamson Una Stella Abrahamson Una Stella Abrahamson (August 6, 1922 – February 28, 1999) was an English-born Canadian artist and writer. She was born Una Golding in London and studied art in England. She married Roy Abrahamson before World War II and came to Canada in 1946. Abrahamson apprenticed as a painter with Henri Masson. She later worked as an economist and as domestic historian for the test kitchens at \"Chatelaine\" magazine. She was also a publicist for the kitchens of General Foods and later as director of Consumer Affairs for the Dominion chain of supermarkets. In 1975, Abrahamson was chair", "46 High Street, Nantwich and been the premises for two ironmongers, George Bros. (from 1900) and Frank Clayton (mid-20th century), and the electrical retailer, Rumbelows (c. 1970s–1990s). It became a bookshop in 1997, initially in the Bookland chain, and became the independent Nantwich Bookshop in 2003. 46 High Street is located at , on the corner of High Street and Castle Street, immediately south west of the town square. It is a timber-framed building of two storeys with attics. It has two gables to the front face on High Street and three gables to the side on Castle Street. The High Street face abuts", "High Range, New South Wales of vineyards. High Range, New South Wales High Range is a locality located in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia near Bowral and Mittagong. The village is centred just off the Wombeyan Caves Road east of the Wombeyan Caves. High Range has a church (St Thomas), a rural fire station, a bus stop and a cricket pitch. The \"High Range\" itself is an hill about to the NE. High Range is about above sea level and receives about of rain per year. It is south west of Sydney and south from Katoomba. It is a rural area with", "High Range, New South Wales High Range, New South Wales High Range is a locality located in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia near Bowral and Mittagong. The village is centred just off the Wombeyan Caves Road east of the Wombeyan Caves. High Range has a church (St Thomas), a rural fire station, a bus stop and a cricket pitch. The \"High Range\" itself is an hill about to the NE. High Range is about above sea level and receives about of rain per year. It is south west of Sydney and south from Katoomba. It is a rural area with a number", "Una Vita is engaged to his acquaintance Macario, whom he dislikes, he nevertheless feels jealous. He makes a last-ditch bid to speak to Annetta but is rejected. He attempts to assuage his conscience by giving a dowry to his landlady's daughter so that she can marry respectably, but following a demotion at the bank he accidentally insults Frederico, Annetta's brother, and is obliged to accept a duel. Before this can take place he decides to kill himself, with feelings of calm and relief at ending his maladjusted existence. Svevo, Italo. \"Una Vita\". Classici Moderni Oscar Mondadori, 1985, Milan Una Vita Una vita", "Una River (Una, Bahia) 2010. Una River (Una, Bahia) The Una River is a river of Bahia state in eastern Brazil. It discharges into the Atlantic Ocean between Canavieiras to the south and Ilhéus to the north. Tributaries include the Aliança and São Pedro rivers. Part of the river basin is in the Una Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit in the Una municipality created in 1980. In its lower reaches the river flows through the western part of the Una Wildlife Refuge, which surrounds the biological reserve. At least eight of the tributaries rise in the Serra das Lontras National Park, created", "Una River (Una, Bahia) Una River (Una, Bahia) The Una River is a river of Bahia state in eastern Brazil. It discharges into the Atlantic Ocean between Canavieiras to the south and Ilhéus to the north. Tributaries include the Aliança and São Pedro rivers. Part of the river basin is in the Una Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit in the Una municipality created in 1980. In its lower reaches the river flows through the western part of the Una Wildlife Refuge, which surrounds the biological reserve. At least eight of the tributaries rise in the Serra das Lontras National Park, created in", "Celia Birtwell for French fashion house Cacharel while it was under the design direction of Suzanne Clements and Inacio Ribeiro. In 2005, it was announced that she would design clothing for the high street chain Topshop, beginning with Spring/Summer 2006. The four collections were a sell-out success. In April 2008, Birthwell designed a limited collection for American fashion retailer Express. In 2008, Millets launched a camping and outdoor footwear and clothing range which she had designed. New lines were added to the range for Summer 2009. In 2010, she created a 25-piece collection for John Lewis. Her book \"Celia Birtwell\", written with", "The Una Group as one\". This reflects the Una Group's business philosophy. The Una Group has commercial property which includes offices and industrial units that are available on various sites across Plymouth. These are: Airport Business Centre, Broadley Park Road, Devonshire Meadows, Devon Enterprise Facility and Eaton Business Park. The Una Group offers business support including IT, book keeping, HR and health & safety, disaster recovery space, warehousing, logistics and has provided funding support & equity investment to some clients. The Una Group has previously invested in a rubber processing plant, Crumb Rubber Ltd; which while no longer actively producing, has developed some", "Coast (clothing) brand, such as the website and concessions in department stores (including the transfer of 600 jobs to Karen Millen). The deal left 24 stores to close, including the flagship store on Oxford Street, and 300 employees without a job. Coast (clothing) Coast is a British women's clothing retail chain. It was founded in 1996. Coast is owned by Aurora Fashions, as are women's fashion brands Warehouse and Oasis. Aurora in turn was owned by the Icelandic Kaupthing Bank, and has been in administration for some time, with the administrators looking for potential buyers, with a possible valuation of not more", "High-visibility clothing clothing, and that just over half of the collisions studied, nearly two-thirds of those involving another vehicle, were due to the motorist unintentionally violating the motorcyclist's right of way. \"This dominant culpability of the driver of the other vehicle... emphasizes the special need for high contrast conspicuity for the motorcycle and rider.\" A New Zealand case-control study found that the population attributable risks were 33% for wearing no reflective or fluorescent clothing; one third of motorbike accidents might have been prevented by wearing high-visibility clothing. Traffic risks to the cyclist are similar to those faced by motorcyclists (see ), with", "Una O'Hagan Una O'Hagan Una O'Hagan is an author, journalist and former newsreader with Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), Ireland's national radio and television station. She presented the main television news programmes Six One News, and including all other news bulletins on both radio and television. For nine years, from 1996 to 2005, she co-presented the station's flagship news programme Six One News with Bryan Dobson. Una presented her last news bulletin on Sunday 25 February 2018. Una was born in Dublin in 1962 and attended Dominican College, Eccles Street. She studied journalism at the Dublin Institute of Technology, graduating in 1982. The", "Sutton High Street High Street has in recent decades gained two covered shopping centres, both of which are situated in the central High Street area: The Sutton High Street area also has a number of restaurants, patisseries, coffee houses, gastro pubs, clubs and bars, including the country's first branch of All Bar One. The central area is pedestrianised, facilitating the setting up of outdoor tables by several establishments. Sutton's range of restaurants has expanded in recent years, with culinary offerings from around the world including French, Spanish, British, Mexican, Malaysian, Thai, Pakistani, Portuguese, Turkish, Japanese, Italian, Indian and Chinese cuisine These include a", "Una O'Hagan bestselling book Animal Crackers: Irish Pet Stories, published in June 2016. Una O'Hagan Una O'Hagan is an author, journalist and former newsreader with Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), Ireland's national radio and television station. She presented the main television news programmes Six One News, and including all other news bulletins on both radio and television. For nine years, from 1996 to 2005, she co-presented the station's flagship news programme Six One News with Bryan Dobson. Una presented her last news bulletin on Sunday 25 February 2018. Una was born in Dublin in 1962 and attended Dominican College, Eccles Street. She studied", "Peacocks (clothing) Street in autumn-winter 2010, worn by celebrities including Holly Willoughby, Natalie Imbruglia and Courtney Love. In January 2011, Daisy Lowe, daughter of Pearl confirmed that she was designing swimwear for spring to summer 2011. Currently, they have not signed with either Pearl or Daisy Lowe. Branded as \"Peacocks London\", Peacocks has more than 200 franchise outlets outside United Kingdom, in Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Kuwait, Malta, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine and United Arab Emirates. Peacocks (clothing) Peacocks is a fashion retail chain based in Cardiff, Wales. The chain is a part of the group", "High-visibility clothing the newly electrified WCML route from Euston to Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. The first version was worn as a jerkin and was \"visible at ... half a mile in normal weather conditions.\" Since then, features of high-visibility clothing such as the EN510 quick release standard and the EN471 high visibility standard, have improved the effectiveness and contributed to improved safety for rail workers. The specifications for high visibility clothing suitable for use on railways in the United Kingdom are published by the Rail Safety and Standards Board. The Hurt Report found that very few motorcyclists involved in collisions wore high-visibility", "Una district Office-going men wear shirts and pants. Women wear Salwar Kameez on most casual and formal occasions. A Sari is also worn, especially to weddings. Young people mostly wear western styled clothing: tight-fitted jeans and shirts. Unisex clothing is gaining acceptance, especially in the suburbs. Shawl is worn in the winters. They can be plain or embroidered (especially for women). Chintpurni is the most visited temple by Hindus and Sikhs, especially on weekends and on special religious days. The Hindu genealogy registers at Chintpurni, Himachal Pradesh are kept at Chintpurni. Mahakaal Mahakaali Temple is a temple situated in Rakkar Colony, Una", "Imperial Wireless Chain system were built at Marconi's New Street wireless factory in Chelmsford. Devizes was home to a receiving station until the outbreak of World War One. Imperial Wireless Chain The Imperial Wireless Chain was a strategic international communications network of powerful long range radiotelegraphy stations, created to link the countries of the British Empire. The stations exchanged commercial and diplomatic text message traffic transmitted at high speed by Morse code using paper tape machines. Although the idea was conceived prior to World War I, the United Kingdom was the last of the world's great powers to implement an operational system. The", "High Street (Lake District) only by experienced walkers. High Street (Lake District) High Street is a fell in the English Lake District. At 828 metres (2,718 ft), its summit is the highest point in the far eastern part of the national park. The fell is named after the Roman road which ran over the summit. The Roman road crosses the fell on its journey between the forts at Brougham (\"Brocavum\") near Penrith and at Ambleside (\"Galava\"). Situated in one of the quieter areas of the Lakes, the High Street range has quite gentle slopes with a flat summit plateau. It was these characteristics which", "High Street (Lake District) High Street (Lake District) High Street is a fell in the English Lake District. At 828 metres (2,718 ft), its summit is the highest point in the far eastern part of the national park. The fell is named after the Roman road which ran over the summit. The Roman road crosses the fell on its journey between the forts at Brougham (\"Brocavum\") near Penrith and at Ambleside (\"Galava\"). Situated in one of the quieter areas of the Lakes, the High Street range has quite gentle slopes with a flat summit plateau. It was these characteristics which persuaded Roman surveyors to", "Una Healy Ever, Amen, originally a hit for CMA winner Randy Travis. \"The Waiting Game\" was released in February 2017. She performed at Europe's largest country music festival, , in both 2017 and 2018, opening for country legend Reba McEntire in Dublin on 12 March. In January 2018, Una participated in And They're Off! in aid of Sport Relief. In March 2018 Una released a brand-new single entitled 'Never See Me Cry'. In April, Healy unveiled her first shoewear collection 'Una Healy Original' available in over 100 stores throughout the UK and Ireland with a dedicated online store. The shoe range was", "Blasius To Una two, Track four) or AMARI NA RA VIAN (Side one, Track two) and in English like LONELY EVENING (Side two, Track six). Blasius To Una might make you feel sad, but in the next song, he will cheer you up and really make you laugh. At fifty three, Blasius is still full of energy, and very much in love with music. Maybe that is what makes it very difficult not to fall in love with the man and his guitar.\" Blasius To Una Blasius To Una (born 1925) was a musician from Papua New Guinea. He composed hymns in his", "The Range Convent and High School are used by boarding students of this new college and the Sisters of Mercy still use the convent and chapel. The Range college is situated on the Athelstane Range facing the Rockhampton town centre. The property is bounded by Agnes, Corberry, Penlington, Bauhinia and Gordon Streets on a prominent site. The Range Convent and High School has a number of significant buildings, structures and garden areas. These include Middle Hall, a two storeyed timber building with tower erected in 1907-8 as a school hall; a collection of brick buildings along the Agnes Street boundary of the school including the convent", "Tojo Una-Una Regency Tojo Una-Una Regency Tojo Una-Una Regency is a regency of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The administrative centre is at Ampana town, on the Sulawesi 'mainland'. While the Regency includes a considerable area on the eastern peninsula of Sulawesi, it also includes the Togian Islands in the Gulf of Tomini. In 1999, Tojo Una-Una Regency was created out of a portion of Poso Regency. The Tojo Una-Una Regency was divided at 2010 into nine districts (\"kecamatan\"), tabulated below with their areas and their 2010 Census populations. The best place to do diving is Una Una volcano island. Based on Badan Koordinasi Survei", "High Street as members of communities – the erosion of small shops is viewed as the erosion of the 'social glue' that binds communities together, entrenching social exclusion in the UK.\" In 2011, business consultant, Mary Portas, best-known for the TV Series, \"Mary Queen of Shops\", was commissioned by the UK government to provide an independent review of High Street shopping. The report provided evidence for the decline of High Street precincts such as data indciating that retail spending in High Street shops had fallen to below 50 per cent.Her final report set out a vision for High Streets and a number", "Woolworths Group Woolworths Group Woolworths Group was a listed British company that owned the high-street retail chain Woolworths. It also owned other companies such as the entertainment distributor Entertainment UK, and book and resource distributor Bertram Books. The Woolworths store chain was the main enterprise of the group. Originally a division of the American F. W. Woolworth Company until its sale in the early 1980s, it had more than 800 stores in the UK prior to closure. Woolworths sold many goods and had its own Ladybird children's clothing range, Chad Valley toys, and WorthIt! value range. The chain was the UK's largest", "Regatta (clothing) Regatta (clothing) Regatta is a family-owned outdoor and leisure clothing company which has been established in the United Kingdom since 1981. It competes with Karrimor, Peter Storm and Slazenger. Regatta is an outdoor clothing company. The company's clothing is amongst the most popular in the leisurewear market, with products including jackets, fleeces, trousers and softshells. Many of Regatta's clothing is waterproof and/or water repellent. Jackets include; Matt, Hesper, Dover, Thronridge and Icebound. Regatta have clothing for women, men and children. Mens sizes range from Small to 6XLarge. Women's sizes range from 8 to 26. Children sizes for boys and girls", "High dynamic range High dynamic range High dynamic range (HDR) is a dynamic range higher than what is considered to be standard dynamic range. The term is often used in discussing display devices, photography, 3D rendering, and sound recording including digital imaging and digital audio production. The term may apply to an analog or digitized signal, or to the means of recording, processing, and reproducing such signals. High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is the compositing and tone-mapping of images to extend the dynamic range beyond the native capability of the capturing device. High-dynamic-range video (HDR video) is greater than standard dynamic range (SDR) video which", "Le foto proibite di una signora per bene artist Antônio Carlos Jobim. Several of Morricone's compositions for the film feature Edda Dell'Orso on vocals; Morricone and Dell'Orso frequently worked together on his film scores. Bruno Nicolai conducted the score for the film. \"Le foto proibite di una signora per bene\" was released in Italy on November 19, 1970. The film has also been released under the title \"Forbidden Photos of a Lady Above Suspicion\". An English-language DVD release under the title \"The Forbidden Photos of a Lady Above Suspicion\" was published by Blue Underground on March 28, 2006. The \"explicit connection between female sexuality and violence\" in \"Le", "Una Merkel her in her hometown of Covington, KY. Una Merkel Una Merkel (December 10, 1903 – January 2, 1986) was an American stage, film, radio, and television actress. Merkel was born in Kentucky and acted on stage in New York in the 1920s. She went to Hollywood in 1930 and became a popular film actress. Two of her best-known performances are in the films \"42nd Street\" and \"Destry Rides Again\". She won a Tony Award in 1956 and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1961. Una Merkel was born in Covington, Kentucky, to Arno Merkel and Bessie Phares, but in", "Una Merkel Una Merkel Una Merkel (December 10, 1903 – January 2, 1986) was an American stage, film, radio, and television actress. Merkel was born in Kentucky and acted on stage in New York in the 1920s. She went to Hollywood in 1930 and became a popular film actress. Two of her best-known performances are in the films \"42nd Street\" and \"Destry Rides Again\". She won a Tony Award in 1956 and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1961. Una Merkel was born in Covington, Kentucky, to Arno Merkel and Bessie Phares, but in her early childhood, she lived in many", "Music Makes Me High Music Makes Me High \"Music Makes Me High\" is the fourth single released from the Lost Boyz' debut album, \"Legal Drug Money\". The original version of the song was produced by Mr. Sex and Charles Suitt, the song's official remix was produced by L.T. Hutton and featured Tha Dogg Pound and a then unknown Canibus in one of his first official appearances. The remix had a music video released which showed the Lost Boyz, Tha Dogg Pound and Canibus at a pool party. The song was the second most successful single of the five released from \"Legal Drug Money\", after", "Music Makes Me High \"Renee\". It peaked at number 51 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot Rap Singles. Music Makes Me High \"Music Makes Me High\" is the fourth single released from the Lost Boyz' debut album, \"Legal Drug Money\". The original version of the song was produced by Mr. Sex and Charles Suitt, the song's official remix was produced by L.T. Hutton and featured Tha Dogg Pound and a then unknown Canibus in one of his first official appearances. The remix had a music video released which showed the Lost Boyz, Tha Dogg Pound and Canibus at", "Una Deerbon jugs carrying a decoration of hard-glazed earthenware flora or fauna: leaves, daisies, frogs, polar bears … in great variety and profusion. In 1934 she moved with her children to Melbourne and established the Una Deerbon School of Pottery in Collins Street. In 1937 she moved from the city to South Yarra and took her school with her; a \"small factory\" called Deerbon Pottery was set up there by Una and her daughter Diana in 1938. In 1939 she was principal of the Home Industries School of Design, also in Collins Street. She stayed in Melbourne for the rest of her", "Laura (clothing retailer) 2015, Laura filed for creditor protection. According to company's filing, the chain has liabilities of more than $20 million. Laura (clothing retailer) Laura's Shoppe Inc. is a Canadian women’s wear boutique chain founded in 1930 by Laura Wolstein, the first Laura store was located on St. Hubert Street, Montreal and later moved to Verdun Avenue in Verdun, a suburb of Montreal. Laura Canada remained a one-store operation until 1973 when Kalman Fisher, grandson of Laura Wolstein, and now President of Laura Canada, opened a second store in a small shopping centre in the Montreal suburb of St. Laurent. A third", "Le foto proibite di una signora per bene foto proibite di una signora per bene\" has been cited as a precursor to \"sexually-themed\" giallo films such as \"La ragazza dal pigiama giallo\" and \"Tenebrae\". AllMovie's Robert Firsching has also described the \"vibrant Ennio Morricone score and slick photography by Alejandro Ulloa\" as highlights of the film. Writing for DVD Talk, Ian Jane rated the film three-and-a-half stars out of five, praising Morricone's score and complimenting the film's plot and suspense. Jane noted that while the film is \"low on nudity and murderous mayhem, it does have some interesting suspense and enough underlying themes of kinky depravity to keep", "Le foto proibite di una signora per bene to amass as to Minou's sanity, leading to her suffering a nervous breakdown and taking an overdose of tranquilizers. \"Le foto proibite di una signora per bene\" marks the first collaboration between director Luciano Ercoli and screenwriter Ernesto Gastaldi, who would later work together on 1971's \"La morte cammina con i tacchi alti\" and 1972's \"La morte accarezza a mezzanotte\". The film has been cited as \"defin[ing] Ercoli's style\", featuring the recurring theme of \"the nightmare of being threatened by one's own sexual partner\". Composer Ennio Morricone's bossa nova-influenced score has been compared to the works of Brazilian bossa nova", "The Una The Una The Una was one of the first feminist periodicals owned, written, and edited entirely by women. Launched in Providence, Rhode Island by Paulina Wright Davis in February 1853, it eventually relocated to Boston. \"Out of great heart of nature seek we truth\" was the quote in volume 1 number 1. In 1853, The Una, a paper devoted to the enfranchisement of woman, owned and edited by Paulina Wright Davis, was first published in Providence, Rhode Island. \"The Una\" was the first ever paper focused on woman suffrage, and the first distinctively woman's rights journal ever published. Its mystical", "Una Jan Shatabdi Express Shatabdi seating coaches. As with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand. The 12057/58 New Delhi Una Janshatabdi Express covers the distance of 410 kilometres in 7 hours 35 mins (54.07 km/hr) as 12057 New Delhi Una Jan Shatabdi Express & in 7 hours 00 mins (58.57 km/hr) as 12058 Una New Delhi Jan Shatabdi Express. As the average speed of the train is above 55 km/hr, as per Indian Railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge. The 12057/58 New Delhi Una Janshatabdi Express runs from Una", "High-visibility clothing the main differences being that bicycling speeds are typically lower, and the bicyclist wears less protective gear. In a 2009 study, most UK cyclists and almost all motorists believed that high-visibility clothing would increase cyclists' visibility. Almost all drivers agreed that cyclists need to wear reflective clothing in low lighting environments, whereas less than three-quarters of cyclists (72%) agreed, and less than half claimed that they always did so. A Cochrane Systematic Review of research evidence for the effectiveness of visibility aids (fluorescent and retroreflective clothing and equipment) was carried out by Kwan and Mapstone in 2006. The authors found", "High-visibility clothing Experimental use of high-visibility clothing began in 1964 on the Scottish Region of British Railways. Fluorescent orange jackets, known as \"fire-flies\", were issued to track workers on the Pollokshields to electrified section in Glasgow; they were later tried in other areas, such as Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Inverness. Train drivers operating in these areas were asked their opinion as to the effectiveness of the jackets. Following trials, high-visibility clothing was issued to engineering and other staff working on the electrified lines of BR's London Midland Region in 1965. It was thought to be more important due to the higher speeds of", "British country clothing country house themselves, and therefore they required practical and durable clothing. Today many of the original tailors who produced some of the first country style clothing still exist; and some have been granted a royal warrant; where it was once basic and usually just worn in the country, the popularity of the style has led to productions on the high street, as well as variations in the colours used as opposed to just natural. Many elements of British country clothing have even been used by designers to develop styles which are suitable for everyday use; today people also choose to", "Range Line Road Range Line Road Range Line Road is the main commercial thoroughfare for Joplin, Missouri. The southern portion of Range Line is where most of Joplin's hotels are located, this is known as the hotel district. The hotel district is also home to many national chain restaurants, as well as a few retail stores. North of 32nd street you run into the main commercial district of Joplin, also known as the Range Line retail district. Along the retail district you can find many national chain stores as well as local merchants. On the northern end of Range Line is Northpark Mall,", "Clothing industry Clothing industry Clothing industry or garment industry summarizes the types of trade and industry along the production and life chain of clothing and garments, starting with the textile industry (producers of cotton, wool, fur, and synthetic fibre) via fashion industry to fashion retailers up to trade with second-hand clothes and textile recycling. The producing sectors build upon a wealth of clothing technology some of which, like the loom, the cotton gin, and the sewing machine heralded industrialization not only of the previous textile manufacturing practices. By the early 20th century, the industry in the developed world often involved immigrants in", "Clothing industry also projected that the e-commerce revenue will be worth 123 million in the United States by 2022. Clothing industry Clothing industry or garment industry summarizes the types of trade and industry along the production and life chain of clothing and garments, starting with the textile industry (producers of cotton, wool, fur, and synthetic fibre) via fashion industry to fashion retailers up to trade with second-hand clothes and textile recycling. The producing sectors build upon a wealth of clothing technology some of which, like the loom, the cotton gin, and the sewing machine heralded industrialization not only of the previous textile", "High Street (Sheffield) century. All of the older shops on the northern side were spared by the bombing. Buildings which were destroyed in the Blitz included the Marples Hotel (on the corner with Fitzalan Square) where 70 people lost their lives. The C&A Modes store was hit by three bombs and gutted, while Walsh's department store, the Grand Clothing Hall and the Westminster Hotel were all destroyed. Post-war rebuilding of the damaged High Street was slow; it was not until 1951 that the damaged Walsh's store was demolished with a new store designed by JS Beaumont and built by George Longden Ltd., opening", "Henry Street High School 2018. The school was originally known as \"Whitby District High School\"; the name was changed after the opening of Whitby's second high school, Anderson, in 1960. Henry Street High School Henry Street High School is located in Whitby, Ontario, within the Durham District School Board. The school offers programs for students in grades 9–12 and a wide range of academic and extracurricular activities. A large event during the spring is \"Rivalry Week\". Held for one week each year it represents the athletic rivalry between Henry Street High School and Anderson Collegiate Vocational Institute (another local high school). Henry Street won", "Main chain of the Alps m) and the Zuckerhütl (3,505 m) stand a little to the north. The Brenner (1,370 m) is almost the lowest of all the great Carriage-road passes across the main chain, and has always been the chief means of communication between Germany and Italy. For some way beyond it the watershed runs eastwards over the highest crest of the Zillertal Alps, which attains 3,510 metres in the Hochfeiler. But, a little farther, at the Dreiherrnspitze (3,499 m), the chain splits: the higher peaks of the High Tauern range branch off to the south, while the smaller divide of the Lower Tauern", "Henry Street High School Henry Street High School Henry Street High School is located in Whitby, Ontario, within the Durham District School Board. The school offers programs for students in grades 9–12 and a wide range of academic and extracurricular activities. A large event during the spring is \"Rivalry Week\". Held for one week each year it represents the athletic rivalry between Henry Street High School and Anderson Collegiate Vocational Institute (another local high school). Henry Street won the inaugural event in 2009, Anderson won the event in 2010 and 2011, and the Mayor's Cup is residing at Henry Street after their win in", "Range Line Road the regions largest shopping mall. Many national chain stores are in Northpark Mall, as well as the area surrounding the mall. As Range Line runs north of the mall it eventually runs into Webb City, Missouri and becomes Madison Avenue. Range Line Road Range Line Road is the main commercial thoroughfare for Joplin, Missouri. The southern portion of Range Line is where most of Joplin's hotels are located, this is known as the hotel district. The hotel district is also home to many national chain restaurants, as well as a few retail stores. North of 32nd street you run into", "Una, Mississippi Una, Mississippi Una is an unincorporated community in Clay County, Mississippi. The Una Post Office operated from 1890 to 1906. The Lawson Chapel is located in Una. Fire protection is offered by the Clay County Volunteer Fire Department Unit 400. Una was the site of a murder on March 21, 1991, which followed a confrontation between two women, Johnnie Mae Powell and Jennifer Hodges. Powell had recently won the \"Miss Got the Body Contest\", which aroused animosity between the two. Hostilities began first at \"Rabbit's Place\" (known also as the \"Una Disco Club\"), and ended at the \"OK Corral\", where", "Peacocks (clothing) Peacocks (clothing) Peacocks is a fashion retail chain based in Cardiff, Wales. The chain is a part of the group Edinburgh Woollen Mill, and employs over 6,000 people. There are currently over 400 Peacocks retail outlets located in the United Kingdom; and more than 200 stores located in twelve other countries throughout Europe. Originally selling home goods and basic clothing, Peacocks has been re branded over the years as a value fashion store. Richard Kirk, the former owner of the chain, worked hard to transform Peacocks into a major fashion player. The retailer won numerous awards, notably the \"Best Value", "Cortlandt Street (Manhattan) Cortlandt Street from around 1821 to 1824, during Melville's childhood, as part of their rise in status in the city after their relocation from Boston, where Melville's father was a successful merchant. In 1887, the Brill Brothers men's clothing store chain opened its first store at 45 Cortlandt Street. Max and Maurice Brill, whose name is on the Brill Building in midtown, expanded the one store into a chain of eight. Down the block, at 41 Cortlandt Street, the first Childs Restaurant was opened in 1889. Business owner and entrepreneur Harry L. Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in", "Plus-size clothing number of individual boutiques and national chain store outlets across the country. Sizing in Australia is not synchronous with the US; plus size garments are considered to be size 16 and upward, which is the equivalent of a US size 12. A recent study conducted by IBIS world that \"65.2% of the population aged 18 and over are expected to be overweight or obese in 2017-18. This is resulting in more interested and competition in the wider fashion industry resulting in more department stores that stocking plus size clothing. Notable Australian chain store brands for plus-size clothing include Plus Size", "Globus (clothing retailer) Globus (clothing retailer) Globus Stores Private Limited is a retail clothing store chain, based in Mumbai, India. It is part of the Rajan Raheja Group. As of April 2012, the chain has 35 locations in 22 cities in India. Globus was founded in January 1998. Its first location (at 35,000 square foot store) opened in Indore in June 1999, followed by two locations in Chennai. Its Mumbai flagship location opened in November 2001. By May 2008 the chain had expanded to 24 stores and started a push to greatly expand the number of locations. The chain has previously announced bold", "Ben Davis (clothing) Ben Davis (clothing) Ben Davis is a United States-based work clothing line. It was founded by its namesake in 1935. Ben Davis started in San Francisco, California. The clothing was mostly worn by construction workers because of its sturdy, rugged, high quality. It later was worn by Chicano, Caucasian, and Filipino youth. The original store was on Valencia street in the Mission district. Later the clothing would catch on in Los Angeles and other parts of the U.S. Ben Davis is popular in some music-related subcultures, especially West Coast rappers. The clothing is popular among Chicano and \"cholo\" youth culture.", "High-dynamic-range video and 4K UHD resolutions. It requires color depth of 10-bits per sample, a color gamut of Rec. 709 or Rec. 2020, a frame rate of up to 60 fps, a display resolution of 1080p or 2160p, and either standard dynamic range (SDR) or high dynamic range that uses Hybrid Log-Gamma (HLG) or Perceptual Quantizer (PQ) transfer functions. UHD Phase A defines HDR as having a dynamic range of at least 13 stops (2=8192:1) and WCG as a color gamut that is wider than Rec. 709. UHD Phase A consumer devices are compatible with HDR10 requirements and can process Rec. 2020", "The Una State, the Church, and the home; woman's equality and suffrage as a natural right. After the paper removed to the Boston publisher S. C. Hewitt, Caroline Healey Dall became associate editor, and for some time, assisted in the editorial department, where it continued to be published until October 1855. Davis viewed \"The Una\" as a reform journal, while Dall wanted to advance it as a literary journal. Its counterparts were \"Genius of Liberty\" and the \"Lily\". The Una The Una was one of the first feminist periodicals owned, written, and edited entirely by women. Launched in Providence, Rhode Island by" ]

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[ "The man is outside" ]

[ "The man is not carrying anything", "A lack of vision over the program.", "the art is from china", "Nobody reported on Hales getting his money back", "A plane crashed in the water.", "There are many types to choose from.", "Whenever ACI is applied, ESP or FF cannot be involved." ]

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[ "The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the colony of South Carolina at Fort Loudoun, near present-day Vonore. Fort Loudoun became the westernmost British outpost to that date. The fort was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm and constructed by forces under British Captain Raymond Demeré. After its completion, Captain Raymond Demeré relinquished command on August 14, 1757 to his brother, Captain Paul Demeré. Hostilities erupted between the British and the neighboring Overhill Cherokees, and a siege of Fort Loudoun ended with its surrender on August 7, 1760. The following morning, Captain Paul Demeré and a number of his men were killed in an ambush nearby, and most of the rest of the garrison was taken prisoner." ]

[ "Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.", "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities.", "By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well.", "By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion.", "Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in December 1939 and was assigned as a battalion commander and regimental executive officer of the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis, Washington. In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as chief of staff of the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce. In June 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. After successfully participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers, he was promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command above a battalion and was far from being considered by many as a potential commander of major operations.", "On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica, multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska. Around the same time period, a reporter for Fortune magazine spoke with Edward Itta, an Inupiat Eskimo leader and the former mayor of the North Slope Borough, who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell's plans in the Arctic, as he was very concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture, but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production; additionally, further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta's community.", "The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society. Because the term \"Greeks\" in the exchange was based on religion Cappadocian Greeks, Pontian Greeks, and non Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well. Many of these refugees couldn't even speak the language, and were from alien environments, such as the case of the non Greeks and Cappadocians. The refugees also made a dramatic post war population boost, as the amount of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population. The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains, where they would adapt better, and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities, where they were already adapted to." ]

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[ "Kenneth Choi Kenneth Choi (born October 20, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the character Henry Lin on the television series \"Sons of Anarchy\" (2008–2014). He is also known for his roles as Jim Morita in the film \"\" (2011), Chester Ming in Martin Scorsese's \"The Wolf of Wall Street\" (2013), Judge Lance Ito in \"\" (2016). and Lewis on the FOX comedy series \"The Last Man on Earth\".", "The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film) The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American biographical black comedy crime film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Terence Winter, based on the memoir of the same name by Jordan Belfort. It recounts Belfort's perspective on his career as a stockbroker in New York City and how his firm Stratton Oakmont engaged in rampant corruption and fraud on Wall Street that ultimately led to his downfall. Leonardo DiCaprio (who was also a producer) stars as Belfort, with Jonah Hill as his business partner and friend Donnie Azoff, Margot Robbie as his wife Naomi Lapaglia and Kyle Chandler as Patrick Denham, the FBI agent who tries to bring him down. Matthew McConaughey, Rob Reiner, Jon Favreau, Joanna Lumley and Jean Dujardin also star. The film marks the director's fifth collaboration with DiCaprio, after \"Gangs of New York\" (2002), \"The Aviator\" (2004), \"The Departed\" (2006) and \"Shutter Island\" (2010), as well as his second collaboration with Winter after the television series \"Boardwalk Empire\" (2010–14)." ]

[ "Dance with the Wind Dance with the Wind (Korean: 바람의 전설 ; \"Baramui jeonseol\") is a 2004 South Korean film starring Lee Sung-jae and Park Sol-mi, and is the directorial debut of Park Jung-woo. The story is adapted from a 1999 book by novelist Ji Seong-sa.", "Shiver (film) Shiver is a 2003 Hong Kong horror film directed by Billy Chung and starring Francis Ng, Athena Chu, Nick Cheung and Tiffany Lee.", "Wild Card (2003 film) Wild Card () is a 2003 South Korean film directed by Kim Yoo-jin.", "Off the Map (film) Off the Map is a 2003 drama film directed by Campbell Scott. The screenplay was written by Joan Ackerman, based on her play of the same title.", "Our Fragrance Our Fragrance (\"Urie Hyanggi\") is a 2003 North Korean film written by Ri Suk Gyong and produced and directed by Jon Jong Pal. It falls under the genre of comedy and reflects the period following the 2002 market-oriented economic reforms. Although an initial match-making attempt between Pyongho and Saebyol through their grandparents is unsuccessful, the two are brought together by fate to participate in the Pyongyang spring fashion show. Modelling both the fashion and the virtues of a wedding couple, their families convene to judge the potential unity. However, tradition versus the foreign influence seeping into society becomes the theme as misunderstandings come to create drama between the two families and the young couple.", "Wonderful Days (film) Wonderful Days (also known as Sky Blue) is a South Korean animated science fiction film, released in 2003, written and directed by Kim Moon-saeng. It features backdrops rendered using photo-realistic computer-generated imagery, comparable to those in the film \"\", along with the use of highly detailed models for some of the backdrops into which the cel animated characters were then animated. However, convincing CGI animation of humans (especially human movement) was not attempted. The backgrounds in the film were shot with traditional motion control techniques, then processed to look like CG. The vehicles were all rendered, and the characters were cel animated.", "With or Without You (2003 film) With or Without You is a 2003 comedy-drama film directed by G. Stubbs. The film stars Cynda Williams, Victor Williams, Mushond Lee, and Wendy Raquel Robinson. The film was Produced by Anita M. Cal and Lisa Diane Washington in Los Angeles, CA.", "Adam &amp; Steve Adam & Steve is a 2005 gay romantic comedy film directed by and starring Craig Chester, who also wrote the screenplay. It deals with the lives of two gay men, played by Chester and Malcolm Gets (\"Caroline in the City\"). The movie had its UK premier on November 19, 2005 at the Cardiff Film Festival but was not on general release in the UK.", "You Can't Stop the Murders You Can't Stop the Murders is a 2003 Australian comedy film, directed by Anthony Mir, and written by and starring Mir, Gary Eck and Akmal Saleh. The plot revolves around a series of Village People-themed murders in a small town, and the police who investigate the crimes. The title is a satirical reference to the 1980 film \"Can't Stop the Music\", in which the Village People star.", "All About Boy'z All About Boy'z is a Hong Kong television series released in the year of 2003.", "HanCinema HanCinema is an independent Korean Movie and Drama Database created by Cédric Collemine in 2003. It provides information related to Korean movies, television dramas, actors, and other related information.", "My Fair Princess III My Fair Princess III, also called My Fair Princess III: Heavenly Earth, is a 2003 television drama and the sequel of the 2-season series \"My Fair Princess\" (1998–1999). A joint production between Ho Jan Entertainment International Limited (可人國際影視文化傳播有限公司) in Hong Kong and Hunan Broadcasting System in Mainland China, it was also written by Taiwanese novelist Chiung Yao.", "Detention (2003 film) Detention is a 2003 action film directed by Sidney J. Furie. It stars Dolph Lundgren as a soon to be retired high school teacher Sam Decker who has one last detention to proctor and Alex Karzis as Chester Lamb. Unfortunately, drug runners have chosen to attack the school. Sam must band together the trouble makers and misfits in detention to defeat the criminals and stay alive.", "Cala, My Dog! Cala, My Dog! is a 2003 Chinese comedy film directed by Lu Xuechang. The film had its world premiere at the 2003 Berlin International Film Festival and its Chinese release a week earlier on February 2, 2003. The film follows a blue-collar worker (Ge You) in Beijing as he attempts to acquire a dog license in 18 hours for his beloved unlicensed Cala. The film was co-produced by the successful film director Feng Xiaogang.", "Dreamcatcher (2003 film) Dreamcatcher is a 2003 American science fiction horror film based on Stephen King's novel of the same name. Directed by Lawrence Kasdan and co-written by Kasdan and screenwriter William Goldman, the film stars Damian Lewis, Thomas Jane, Jason Lee and Timothy Olyphant as four friends who encounter an invasion of parasitic aliens.", "Man in Blues Man in Blues is a 2003 Hong Kong comedy-drama film directed by Yip Wai Ying and starring Wayne Lai and Nadia Chan. This film was rated Category III in Hong Kong.", "My Father and I My Father and I () is a 2003 Mainland Chinese drama directed by actress Xu Jinglei in her directorial debut. The film centers around a young girl, played by Xu, and her father, played by Ye Daying, following the death of her mother in an accident. It was critically well-received, winning the Best Directorial Debut Award for Xu Jinglei at the 2003 Golden Rooster Awards. Internationally, it screened at the 2003 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Blueprint (film) Blueprint is a 2003 German drama film directed by Rolf Schübel. It is based on the novel written by Charlotte Kerner. The film raises the ethical issue of human cloning.", "How to Deal How to Deal is a 2003 romantic comedy-drama film directed by Clare Kilner and starring Mandy Moore, Allison Janney and Trent Ford. It is based on Sarah Dessen's novels \"That Summer\" and \"Someone like You\".", "Hands Up! (2003 film) Hands Up! is a 2003 Chinese historical comedy film directed and written by Feng Xiaoning, and produced by Han Sanping. The film stars Pan Changjiang, Guo Da, and Liu Wei. It based on the Second Sino-Japanese War." ]

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[ "It would be at least five times harder to find a Dell computer today than a year ago." ]

[ "It is more common than ever to see Dell computers today.", "A girl is in an airplane.", "women crying", "Three men at the office are dressed the same as they work.", "federal groups", "To reach Little Venice, you must take a gondola through the canals east of the Old Town.", "Mail that goes long distances receives a comparatively better rate of cost." ]

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[ "Dominic Breazeale Dominic Breazeale (born August 24, 1985) is an American professional boxer and one of the division's most popular top contenders. As an amateur he fought at super heavyweight and was the number one rated U.S. amateur boxer in the division. Breazeale is best known for his 2016 IBF world heavyweight title defeat to current champion Anthony Joshua in London.", "Anthony Joshua As of May 2017, Joshua is ranked as the world's best heavyweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and BoxRec, and second best by \"The Ring\". His knockout-to-win ratio stands at 100%. Joshua is the second British boxer, after James DeGale, to win both a gold medal at the Olympics and a world title by a major professional sanctioning body, as well as being the first British heavyweight to do so. He is also the second boxer, after Joe Frazier, to win a world heavyweight title whilst still reigning as Olympic champion at the top weight." ]

[ "Christian and Joseph Cousins Christian and Joseph Cousins (born March 17, 1983) are American actors who are identical twins. As with most cases of actors who are twins, the roles they played were usually shared between the two. Their most famous role was as Dominic in the 1990 film \"Kindergarten Cop\" alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger.", "Backbone (Anthony Callea album) Backbone is the fifth studio album by Australian pop singer Anthony Callea. The album is produced by James Roche of Bachelor Girl and was released on 16 September 2016. It reunites Callea with Sony Music with whom he signed in 2004 and released two studio albums and two number 1 multi-platinum-selling singles. Callea said, \"I'm so fortunate that Denis Handlin and Sony Music have embraced my idea of \"Backbone\" and allowed me to make this exciting album with them.\"", "Dominic John Dominic John (born 1980) is a British pianist.", "Dominick Muzio Dominick Muzio (born May 5, 1975) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, writer, and actor. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.", "Dominic Savage Dominic Savage (born November 23, 1962 in Margate, Kent, England) is a BAFTA-award-winning British director, writer and actor.", "Dominic Brambani Dominic Brambani (born May 10, 1985 in Bradford) is an English rugby league player. He plays as a Scrum-half , and can play as a Stand-off .", "Joshua Venture Group Joshua Venture Group is a non-profit organization whose primary activity is the Dual Investment Program, a United States national initiative that provides social entrepreneurs working in the Jewish community with training, tools, and resources to help them start up or scale their ventures. A cohort of eight Fellows is selected bi-annually through a competitive application process, and the Program itself lasts two years. Fellows are involved with projects that span a variety of fields - from the arts and social justice to spirituality and the environment - and all strive to positively impact the American Jewish community.", "Joshua Onyango Joshua \"Poison\" Onyango ( (1975--) 01 1975 (age (2017)-(1975)-((11)<(12)or(11)==(12)and(30)<(01)) ) ) born in Kisumu, is a Kenyan professional welter/light middle/middleweight boxer of the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s who won the Kenya welterweight title, East & Central African Professional Boxing Federation welterweight title, and Commonwealth light middleweight title, and was a challenger for the International Boxing Federation (IBF) Inter-Continental light welterweight title against Sergey Bashkirov, his professional fighting weight varied from 144 lb , i.e. Welterweight to 160 lb , i.e. Middleweight.", "Anthony DeSando Anthony DeSando (born December 4, 1965), also known as Anthony Joseph De Santis, is an American actor. He is of Italian descent, his grandparents were immigrants from the southern Italian regions, they emigrated due to better work opportunities to the United States. De Sando is often being displayed as a jocker and dappered villain in mob films such as \"New Jack City\".", "Dominic Allen Dominic Allen (born 20 November 1980) is an Australian director and producer whose work includes short and feature films, music videos, commercials, and television documentaries.", "Dominic Jeeva Dominic Jeeva (Tamil: டொமினிக் ஜீவா; June 27, 1927) is a prominent minority Sri Lankan Tamil author and literary figure from Sri Lanka. He is also a member of the marginalized Dalit caste. Dominic Jeeva was for a period of time forgotten as a writer. He first became known to non-Tamil speaking readers after a review of his book Pathukai, a collection of short stories.", "Dominic Shabbo Dominic Shabbo born 26 January 1986 in Wimbledon, England is a rugby union player.", "Dominic Rouse Dominic Rouse (born Dominic Hugh Peter Rouse, 15 August 1959) is an English photographer and visual artist whose career has included photojournalism, advertising, commercial and fine art photography. He is an early practitioner of digital photography.", "Anthony Amorim Anthony Joseph Amorim (born November 22, 1997) is an American musician and actor.", "Ebenezer Joshua Ebenezer Theodore Joshua (23 May 1908 – 14 March 1991) was a Vincentian politician and the first chief minister of Saint Vincent from 1956 to 1967.", "Danny Mastrogiorgio Daniel \"Danny\" Mastrogiorgio (born October 26, 1964) is an American stage, film and television actor who has also provided voice work for video games. He is best known for providing the voice of Toni Cipriani in the 2005 video game \"\" and for his appearances in movies such as \"Brother Bear\" and \"Enchanted.\" He has also been in several television shows such as \"Law & Order\".", "Joshua (2007 film) Joshua (also known as The Devil's Child) is a 2007 American psychological thriller horror film about an affluent young Manhattan family and how they are torn apart by the increasingly sadistic behavior of their disturbed son, Joshua. The film was directed and co-written by George Ratliff, and stars Sam Rockwell, Vera Farmiga and Jacob Kogan. It was released on July 6, 2007 in the United States by Fox Searchlight Pictures.", "Joshua Dugdale Joshua Dugdale, FRSA (Birmingham 1974), is a British documentary film-maker. He studied economics at the University of Manchester.", "Love + Hate Love + Hate is a 2005 drama film directed by Dominic Savage.", "Joshua Davis (writer) Joshua Davis is an American writer, film producer and co-founder of \"Epic Magazine\". Davis is best known for writing a number of non-fiction pieces that have been optioned for film and television." ]

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[ "Waterloo (ABBA song) April 1974 respectively: the French version was adapted by Claude-Michel Schönberg, who would later go on to co-write \"Les Misérables\". \"Waterloo\" is about a woman who \"surrenders\" to a man and promises to love him, referencing Napoleon's surrender at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The band considered submitting another song to Eurovision, \"Hasta Mañana\", but decided on \"Waterloo\" since it gave equal weight to both lead vocalists Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, while \"Hasta Mañana\" was sung only by Fältskog. ABBA performed the song at Melodifestivalen 1974 in February, singing it in Swedish. The song won, and therefore advanced", "Waterloo (ABBA song) Waterloo (ABBA song) \"Waterloo\" is the first single from the Swedish pop group ABBA's second album, \"Waterloo\" and their first under the Epic and Atlantic labels. This was also the first single to be credited to the group performing under the name ABBA. On 6 April 1974 the song was the winning entry for Sweden in the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. The victory began ABBA's path to worldwide fame. The Swedish version of the single was a double A-side with \"Honey, Honey\" (Swedish version), while the English version usually featured \"Watch Out\" on the B-side. The single became a No.", "SOS (ABBA song) Lysette, comedian Sabrina Jalees, \"Elena of Avalor\" voice cast Aimee Carrero and \"Crazy Ex-Girlfriend\" cast member Vella Lovell, styled by fashion director William Graper in a similar style to the original ABBA video. Cher appeared on The Ellen Show on September 7, 2018, to promote her ABBA tribute album, \"Dancing Queen\". During her appearance on Ellen, Cher also performed her rendition of ABBA’s “SOS” and discussed her upcoming world tour. During her Here We Go Again Tour she performs \"SOS\" together with \"Waterloo\" and \"Fernando\". On October 31, 2018 \"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)\" and \"Take Me", "SOS (ABBA song) rock chorus in a major key, dominated by a distorted electric guitar and full vocals. Despite the song's catchiness, it was passed over as the lead single from the album; the track \"So Long\" was chosen instead. \"So Long\" was chosen primarily because it had the same uptempo beat as their 1974 hit single, \"Waterloo\". Lyricist Ulvaeus has said that, after three years of trying to figure out what style would define them, ABBA found its identity as a pop group with the release of \"SOS\". The song was the subject of one of the first pioneering music videos produced", "Waterloo (ABBA song) Svensktoppen (24 March – 2 June 1974), including 7 weeks at No. 1. Unlike other Eurovision-winning tunes, the song's appeal transcended Europe: \"Waterloo\" also reached the Top 10 in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Rhodesia and the United States (peaking at No. 6, their third highest-charting U.S. hit after No. 1 \"Dancing Queen\" and No. 3 \"Take a Chance on Me\"). The \"Waterloo\" album performed similarly well in Europe, although in the US it failed to match the success of the single. ABBA had originally cited the song \"See My Baby Jive\", by English glam rock band Wizzard, as a major", "Waterloo (ABBA song) for the contests between 1973 and 1976 contests (thus allowing \"Waterloo\" to be sung in English), then reinstated before ultimately being removed again in 1999. Compared to later ABBA releases, the singers' Swedish accents are decidedly more pronounced in \"Waterloo\". The song scored 24 points to win the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 final on 6 April, beating runner-up Gigliola Cinquetti of Italy's entry \"Sì\" by six points. The song shot to No. 1 in the UK and stayed there for two weeks, becoming the first of the band's nine UK No. 1's, and the 16th biggest selling single of the", "Waterloo (ABBA song) a. \"Waterloo\" (Swedish version) – 2:45 b. \"Honey Honey\" (Swedish version) – 2:55 a. \"Waterloo\" (English version) – 2:46b. \"Watch Out\" – 3:46 \"Waterloo\" was released on 1 June 2018 as the second single from the \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\" soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song is performed by Hugh Skinner (Young Harry) and Lily James (Young Donna) and was produced by Benny Andersson. Waterloo (ABBA song) \"Waterloo\" is the first single from the Swedish pop group ABBA's second album, \"Waterloo\" and their first under the Epic and Atlantic labels. This was also the first single", "SOS (ABBA song) Home\" were cut from her concert residency Classic Cher and \"Waterloo\", \"SOS\" and \"Fernando\" were added. SOS (ABBA song) \"SOS\" was the third single from Swedish pop group ABBA's self-titled 1975 album, their third for Polar Music and their second for Epic and Atlantic. It was released with \"Man in the Middle\" as the B-side. Agnetha Fältskog, who sang lead, recorded the song in Swedish on her 1975 solo album \"Elva kvinnor i ett hus\". \"SOS\" was ABBA's first major worldwide hit since \"Waterloo\". \"SOS\" (working title; \"Turn Me On\") was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson", "SOS (ABBA song) SOS (ABBA song) \"SOS\" was the third single from Swedish pop group ABBA's self-titled 1975 album, their third for Polar Music and their second for Epic and Atlantic. It was released with \"Man in the Middle\" as the B-side. Agnetha Fältskog, who sang lead, recorded the song in Swedish on her 1975 solo album \"Elva kvinnor i ett hus\". \"SOS\" was ABBA's first major worldwide hit since \"Waterloo\". \"SOS\" (working title; \"Turn Me On\") was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson and was recorded at Glen Studio in Långängen, Sweden on 22–23 August 1974. The title itself", "ABBA as songwriters, as well as the band itself. In late 1973, they were invited by Swedish television to contribute a song for the Melodifestivalen 1974 and from a number of new songs, the upbeat song \"Waterloo\" was chosen; the group was now inspired by the growing glam rock scene in England. ABBA won their national heats on Swedish television on 9 February 1974, and with this third attempt were far more experienced and better prepared for the Eurovision Song Contest. Winning the 1974 Contest on 6 April 1974 (and singing Waterloo in English instead of their native tongue) gave ABBA", "ABBA Iron Maiden's Eddie also made appearances in the video. It was not included in the official DVD release of the Eurovision Contest, but was issued as a separate DVD release, retitled \"The Last Video\" at the request of the former ABBA members. In 2005, all four members of ABBA appeared at the Stockholm premiere of the musical \"Mamma Mia!\". On 22 October 2005, at the , \"Waterloo\" was chosen as the best song in the competition's history. On 4 July 2008, all four ABBA members were reunited at the Swedish premiere of the film \"Mamma Mia!\". It was only the", "ABBA \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\", was released in 2018. ABBA were honoured at the of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005, when their hit \"Waterloo\" was chosen as the best song in the competition's history. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. In 2015, their song \"Dancing Queen\" was inducted into the Recording Academy's Grammy Hall of Fame. On April 27, 2018, it was announced that the band had recorded two new songs after 35 years of being inactive, with the first one – \"I Still Have Faith in You\" – to", "ABBA (album) album Kick Down in 1976. ABBA Additional musicians Production ABBA (album) ABBA is the third (second internationally) studio album by the Swedish pop group of the same name. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"Mamma Mia\" and \"SOS\". Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", \"ABBA\" saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA", "ABBA (album) ABBA (album) ABBA is the third (second internationally) studio album by the Swedish pop group of the same name. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits \"Mamma Mia\" and \"SOS\". Following the Eurovision success of \"Waterloo\", \"ABBA\" saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" topped the charts in Australia, as did \"Mamma Mia\" shortly after. \"SOS\" and \"Mamma Mia\" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble into reggae with \"Tropical Loveland\", and includes a" ]

[ "The Piper (ABBA song) The song has gained a small cult following among ABBA fans. \"ABBA: Uncensored on the road\" explains the song \"was also the flip side of the Super Trouper single\". \"From Abba to Mamma Mia!: The Official Book\" explains \"After a two-week break in March for the concluding tour of Japan, by the end of April ABBA had completed the songs \"Andante, Andante\", \"On And On And On\", \"Happy New Year\", \"Elaine\" and \"The Piper\".\" The Piper (ABBA song) \"The Piper\" is a 1980 track off the \"Super Trouper\" album by Swedish pop group ABBA. The song is loosely based on", "Soldiers (ABBA song) song under the \"Best cuts\" section of an album review, along with four other songs from the album. \"ABBA: Let The Music Speak\" says the song has an \"unsettling caution\" and also \"heart and humanity\". The synths \"gently inflame the sense of yearning throughout, driving along a backing track which features ...bass courtesy of Rutger Gunnarsson\". British singer Barbara Dickson covered the song on her 1985 album Gold Soldiers (ABBA song) \"Soldiers\" is an ABBA song, released on their 1981 album The Visitors. Its working title was \"Peasants\". The song is a critique of militarism. Billboard explains \"emphasizing that although", "Disillusion (ABBA song) recorded for her 1975 solo album \"Elva kvinnor i ett hus\" (Eleven Women In One House). The song was produced by Fältskog and entitled \"Mina Ögon\"; it was \"far more ambitious\". Disillusion (ABBA song) \"Disillusion\" is a ballad by the pop group ABBA, on their first album \"Ring Ring\" (1973). It is notable as the only song ABBA recorded to have a songwriting credit from Agnetha Fältskog. She, unlike Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was a songwriter as well as a singer, and had dabbled in that in her pre-ABBA career. She wrote the music, with lyrics added by fellow ABBA member Björn", "Disillusion (ABBA song) credit to appear on an ABBA album, she also co-wrote a song that ABBA performed in concert, \"I'm Still Alive\"; recordings of this often appears in bootlegs. The song itself is a folk-pop based ballad somewhat similar to her pre-ABBA solo work. This is Fältskog's first track where she has exclusive lead vocal, and her only one until \"The Winner Takes It All\" in 1980. (The 1976 song \"My Love, My Life\" has backing vocals by Fältskog). The track has \"sparse instrumentation\", and the song has no harmonies from other ABBA members. This is different to the Swedish version she", "Disillusion (ABBA song) Disillusion (ABBA song) \"Disillusion\" is a ballad by the pop group ABBA, on their first album \"Ring Ring\" (1973). It is notable as the only song ABBA recorded to have a songwriting credit from Agnetha Fältskog. She, unlike Anni-Frid Lyngstad, was a songwriter as well as a singer, and had dabbled in that in her pre-ABBA career. She wrote the music, with lyrics added by fellow ABBA member Björn Ulvaeus. Although she wrote several Swedish top 40 hits during her solo career, Fältskog did not feel her compositions were suitable for ABBA's albums. However, although this is her only songwriting", "Rock Me (ABBA song) Rock Me (ABBA song) \"Rock Me\" is a song recorded in 1974 by Swedish pop group ABBA, with Björn Ulvaeus singing the lead vocals. It was first released on the album \"ABBA\". It was used as the B-side to the group's 1975 single \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\". However, after \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" hit number 1 in both Australia and New Zealand, \"Rock Me\" was released as an A-side, reaching number 4 and number 2 respectively. It was also issued as an A-side in Yugoslavia and in 1979", "The Piper (ABBA song) The Piper (ABBA song) \"The Piper\" is a 1980 track off the \"Super Trouper\" album by Swedish pop group ABBA. The song is loosely based on the famous story of The Pied Piper of Hamelin. It is regarded by some ABBA fans as being very different from the more mainstream songs they had recorded until this time. In particular, the dark lyrics dealing with the seduction by fascistic leaders and a somewhat medieval sound (drums, flute, choral) are not seen in their earlier songs. It is also the only ABBA song where a part of the refrain is in Latin.", "SOS (ABBA song) by director Lasse Hallström for the band. Much of the video is filmed from an overhead camera, as if from a tower or lighthouse, with the bandmates' faces sometimes distorted, as though shot through a prism. During the band's first visit to the United States, ABBA performed \"SOS\" on the long-running television program \"American Bandstand\" on 15 November 1975. ABBA performs the song live in the concert film \"\", Hallström's first English-language feature film, filmed during the band's tour of Australia in 1977. ABBA performed the song on its 1979 tour of Europe and North America. While the track does", "Soldiers (ABBA song) Soldiers (ABBA song) \"Soldiers\" is an ABBA song, released on their 1981 album The Visitors. Its working title was \"Peasants\". The song is a critique of militarism. Billboard explains \"emphasizing that although there seems to be so little one can do to prevent the machinations of soldiers and those who control them, we must \"not look the other way/taking a chance/cos if the bugle starts to play/we too must dance\". The Telegraph describes the premise of the song as \"how warmongers convince themselves they are noble men\". The entire song rests upon a \"simple two-note\" statement\". The song has a", "Rock Me (ABBA song) recorded as \"Baby\" (with different lyrics to the final version) on 18 October 1974 at Glen Studio. This version \"tongue in cheek\" with vocals courtesy of Agnetha, was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the \"ABBA Undeleted\" section. Rock Me (ABBA song) \"Rock Me\" is a song recorded in 1974 by Swedish pop group ABBA, with Björn Ulvaeus singing the lead vocals. It was first released on the album \"ABBA\". It was used as the B-side to the group's 1975 single \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I", "Rock Me (ABBA song) it was included on the band's \"Greatest Hits Vol. 2\" album - notable as it was the only track not originally recorded between the years 1976 and 1979 on that particular release. ABBA also performed the track on both their world tours, as seen in \"\" (1977) and the 1979 \"ABBA In Concert\" documentary. The song was originally to be featured in the ABBA musical \"Mamma Mia!\", to be sung on a boat, as the three fathers and a deleted character Stanley rocked the boat from side to side. The song, whose working title had been \"Didn't I?\", was first", "Two for the Price of One (ABBA song) Two for the Price of One (ABBA song) \"Two for the Price of One\" is a song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, featured on their 1981 album \"The Visitors\". The song also appears on the 1986 album \"ABBA Live\". \"The Leader-Post\" explains that the song is about \"our pathetic love-starved hero answering an ad for the girl of his dreams\". \"Abba's Abba Gold\" describes it as the \"obligatory Bjorn-sung track\". \"ABBA - Uncensored on the Record\" says that \"Two for the Price of One\" is an \"extraordinary song\" and that it, along with another song from the album, \"attracted", "SOS (ABBA song) was coined by Stig, though the lyrics he provided were re-written by Ulvaeus. \"SOS\" was among the first of three songs recorded for the group's 1975 album, \"ABBA\". The song is unique among pop songs of the period, opening with an unaccompanied classical keyboard in a subdued D-minor key. Unlike most ABBA tracks that preceded it, the vocal begins with an emotional solo performance by Fältskog. The descending chords and ominous Minimoog synthesizer melody line of the introduction set the tone for Fältskog’s vocals, sounding almost as if she were breaking down in tears. The song then transitions to a", "Two for the Price of One (ABBA song) Pretty Ballerina\"! At least they were having fun with th[o]se ones.\" Two for the Price of One (ABBA song) \"Two for the Price of One\" is a song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, featured on their 1981 album \"The Visitors\". The song also appears on the 1986 album \"ABBA Live\". \"The Leader-Post\" explains that the song is about \"our pathetic love-starved hero answering an ad for the girl of his dreams\". \"Abba's Abba Gold\" describes it as the \"obligatory Bjorn-sung track\". \"ABBA - Uncensored on the Record\" says that \"Two for the Price of One\" is an \"extraordinary song\"", "Head over Heels (ABBA song) Head over Heels (ABBA song) \"Head over Heels\" is a 1981 song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, released as a single the following year. The song is the second track from their final studio album, \"The Visitors\", and was released as a double A-side with the title track of that album. \"Head over Heels\", whose working title was \"Tango\", was written and composed by both Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. Agnetha Fältskog sang the lead vocals, singing about her \"very good friend,\" played in the music video by Anni-Frid Lyngstad, an overactive high-society woman who rushes through the shops,", "I've Been Waiting for You (ABBA song) I've Been Waiting for You (ABBA song) \"I've Been Waiting for You\" was a song recorded in 1974 by Swedish pop group ABBA, released first as the B-side to the single \"So Long\". It was included on their album \"ABBA\" (released April 1975). It was, however, released as an A-side in Australia in 1974, where it reached number 49, and in New Zealand in 1977, where it reached number 8. \"I've Been Waiting for You\" was released on July 13, 2018, alongside the soundtrack of \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\", by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song is performed", "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) was released as a single to promote \"Gracias Por La Música\" in Latin America and other Spanish-speaking countries. \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was another highly successful song for ABBA. It hit no. 1 in Belgium, Finland, France, Ireland, and Switzerland, while reaching the Top 3 in Austria, Germany, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands, and Norway. It also proved to be ABBA's most successful song in Japan, hitting no. 17. \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" was A-Teens' third single (fourth in other territories) from their first album \"The ABBA Generation\", a collection of ABBA cover versions.", "Waterloo (ABBA song) beats (unusual for an ABBA song). Recording of the song commenced on 17 December 1973, with instrumental backing from Janne Schaffer (who came up with the main guitar and bass parts), Rutger Gunnarsson and Ola Brunkert. The song's production style was influenced by Phil Spector's \"Wall of Sound\": prior to recording \"Ring Ring\", engineer Michael B. Tretow had read Richard Williams' book \"Out of His Head: The Sound of Phil Spector\", which inspired him to layer multiple instrumental overdubs on the band's recordings, becoming an integral part of ABBA's sound. Subsequently, German and French versions were recorded in March and", "The Name of the Game (ABBA song) the Game\" was sampled in 1996 by the Fugees for their hit \"Rumble in the Jungle\", the first time that an ABBA song had been legally sampled by another act. Like most of ABBA's videos, the video was directed and shot by Lasse Hallström. During the video, the four members of the group are shown playing the board game \"Fia-spel\", the Scandinavian version of the German board game \"Mensch ärgere dich nicht\", which is a variation of the English board game Ludo and American Parcheesi. The Name of the Game (ABBA song) \"The Name of the Game\" is a 1977", "I've Been Waiting for You (ABBA song) by Amanda Seyfried, (Sophie) Julie Walters (Rosie) and Christine Baranski (Tanya) and it was produced by Benny Andersson. This version features new lyrics from Benny & Bjorn. I've Been Waiting for You (ABBA song) \"I've Been Waiting for You\" was a song recorded in 1974 by Swedish pop group ABBA, released first as the B-side to the single \"So Long\". It was included on their album \"ABBA\" (released April 1975). It was, however, released as an A-side in Australia in 1974, where it reached number 49, and in New Zealand in 1977, where it reached number 8. \"I've Been Waiting", "Abba-Zaba a song that appears on his 1967 \"Safe as Milk\" album. In fact, the album itself was originally to be entitled \"Abba Zaba\", changed only when the company would not allow the usage of their trademark name. The artwork on the reverse of the album sleeve still features a black and yellow checkerboard pattern reminiscent of the Abba-Zaba bar's wrapper. Abba Zaba bars are also referenced on a vinyl album titled \"A Child's Garden Of Grass\" in early '70s. Abba-Zaba is also mentioned the 1999 song \"Chocolate Jesus\" by Tom Waits. Abba-Zaba bars are featured prominently in the 1998 Dave", "Head over Heels (ABBA song) in Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria and France, by this time, ABBA's chart domination was all but over, and the group effectively disbanded a year later. The track was excluded from their retrospective double LP \"\", which was released later in 1982. George Starostin of Only Solitaire praised the song as the third best track from \"The Visitors\", and described the \"bouncy ballad\" as a \"slightly stupid, slightly corny, but immaculately written [song] notorious for...incorporating elements of a tango\". He also complemented the vocal melody, which he said less talented bands would \"simply kill for\". Head over Heels (ABBA song) \"Head", "Waterloo (ABBA song) to Eurovision. The song differed from the standard \"dramatic ballad\" tradition of the Eurovision Song Contest by its flavour and rhythm, as well as by its performance. ABBA gave the audience something that had more rarely been seen before in Eurovision: flashy costumes (including silver platform boots), plus a catchy uptempo song and even simple choreography. The group also broke from convention by being the first winning entry in a language other than that of their home country; prior to 1973 all Eurovision singers had been required to sing in their country's native tongue, a restriction that was lifted briefly", "ABBA the band might reunite for a new recording said: \"It's difficult to talk about this because then all the news stories will be: 'ABBA is going to record another song!' But as long as we can sing and play, then why not? I would love to, but it's up to Björn and Benny.\" On 20 January 2016, all four original members of ABBA made a public appearance at \"Mamma Mia! The Party\" in Stockholm. On 6 June 2016, the four members of ABBA appeared together at a private party at Berns Salonger in Stockholm, which was held to celebrate the", "Ben Zion Abba Shaul come from those tapes. The couple was childless for many years. After ten miscarriages, Abba Shaul visited the Chazon Ish and the Belzer Rebbe, refusing to leave until each gave him a blessing for a child. Their only son, Eliyahu, was named after Abba Shaul's father. After his marriage, Abba Shaul became a teacher at Talmud Torah Bnei Zion, which he had attended in his youth. He continued to study at Porat Yosef Yeshiva. In time, Attiya asked him to serve as rosh yeshiva, but he refused to accept that position as long as his first teacher, Tzadka, was still", "ABBA public appearance as four friends more than as ABBA in January 1986, when they recorded a video of themselves performing an acoustic version of \"Tivedshambo\" (which was the first song written by their manager Stig Anderson), for a Swedish TV show honouring Anderson on his 55th birthday. The four had not seen each other for more than two years. That same year they also performed privately at another friend's 40th birthday: their old tour manager, Claes af Geijerstam. They sang a self-written song titled \"Der Kleine Franz\" that was later to resurface in \"Chess\". Also in 1986, \"ABBA Live\" was", "The Name of the Game (ABBA song) The Name of the Game (ABBA song) \"The Name of the Game\" is a 1977 song by Swedish pop group ABBA, and was released as the first single from the group's fifth studio album, \"\". It became a UK number one, topping the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in November 1977. \"The Name of the Game\", first called \"A Bit of Myself\", was the first song to be recorded for ABBA's fifth studio album, following the band's European and Australian tour. It was their most complex composition yet – with Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad sharing the lead vocals", "One of Us (ABBA song) directed by Lasse Hallström. It sees Agnetha Fältskog playing a woman who is moving into a new house, presumably after a divorce or break-up with her partner, in reflection of the lyrics. This is interspersed with individual shots of the ABBA members in a studio standing against a wall of mirrors. In June 1995 Swedish eurodance singer Pandora released a cover version of the song. The track was included on the Japanese edition of her second studio album \"Tell the World\" (1995). The song peaked at No. 13 in Sweden, but did reach the top spot in neighbouring Finland. The", "Abba-Zaba Marty Pepper an Abba-Zaba. Fenix TX included a song entitled \"Abba Zabba\" on their 2001 second album \"Lechuza\". In the \"Salute Your Shorts\" episode \"Telly and the Tennis Match,\" Telly tries to buy a new tennis racket with her camp store account money but finds out there isn't enough because she spent most of the money on Abba-Zabas over the course of the summer. Ug suggests she join Abba-Zabas Anonymous. In the 2005 \"Gilmore Girls\" season 5 episode \"But I'm A Gilmore,\" Kirk attributes his candy hangover to Abba Zabbas. Actor John Wayne had a sweet tooth and Abba-Zaba bars", "Abba Garima Monastery 1805. He was told at the time that the building had been built by Gabra Masqal in 560. In around 1872 or 1873, Emperor Tekle Giyorgis II of Ethiopia was blinded, and imprisoned with his brother and mother at the Abba Garima Monastery, where he died or was executed some years later. In 1896, the monastery proved an important location during the Italian invasion when Menelik II spotted the advancing troops from the monastery, which contributed to his decisive victory over the Italians. The following year, Ras Alula died at Abba Garima after being wounded in a battle with his", "Abba Abba descendant of the Roman man-of-letters Giovanni Gulielmi (a character in Part One). An elaborate passage describes how the Italian Gulielmis were transformed into English Wilsons \"during a wave of anti-Italian feeling occasioned by alleged ice-cream poisoning in the 1890s in the Lancashire coastal resorts of Blackpool, Cleveleys, Bispham and Fleetwood\". \"J. J. Wilson\" is a thinly veiled \"John Anthony Burgess Wilson\". \"Abba Abba\" is the epitaph on Burgess's marble memorial stone, behind which the vessel with his remains is kept, in Monte Carlo. The phrase refers to Christ's words on the cross: \"Abba\" means \"father\". ABBA also refers to the", "ABBA released on CD. It later toured Scandinavia and even went to Beijing in the People's Republic of China for two concerts. In 2000, ABBA was reported to have turned down an offer of approximately US$1,000,000,000 (one billion US dollars) to do a reunion tour consisting of 100 concerts. For the 2004 semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest, staged in Istanbul 30 years after ABBA had won the contest in Brighton, all four members made cameo appearances in a special comedy video made for the interval act, entitled \"Our Last Video Ever\". Other well-known stars such as Rik Mayall, Cher and", "One of Us (ABBA song) One of Us (ABBA song) \"One of Us\" (\"En av oss\" in Swedish) is the first single from Swedish pop group ABBA's final studio album \"The Visitors\", their eighth for Polar, and their seventh for Epic and Atlantic. It was released in December 1981. The song is also included on the compilation albums \"\" and \"Number Ones\". \"One of Us\"—which had the working titles \"Number 1\" and \"Mio Amore\"—was one of the last songs recorded for ABBA's 1981 album \"The Visitors\", and features a lead vocal by Agnetha Fältskog. It was one of a number of tracks that explored the", "One of Us (ABBA song) Here We Go Again Tour she went into empty arena and sang \"One of Us\", claiming that it was \"not ready...but it was pretty good\" and that she was \"working on it\". One of Us (ABBA song) \"One of Us\" (\"En av oss\" in Swedish) is the first single from Swedish pop group ABBA's final studio album \"The Visitors\", their eighth for Polar, and their seventh for Epic and Atlantic. It was released in December 1981. The song is also included on the compilation albums \"\" and \"Number Ones\". \"One of Us\"—which had the working titles \"Number 1\" and \"Mio", "ABBA ABBA songs which topped the charts in 1992. As U2 arrived in Stockholm for a concert in June of that year, the band paid homage to ABBA by inviting Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson to join them on stage for a rendition of \"Dancing Queen\", playing guitar and keyboards. September 1992 saw the release of \"\", a new compilation album. The single \"Dancing Queen\" received radio airplay in the UK in the middle of 1992 to promote the album. The song returned to the Top 20 of the UK singles chart in August that year, this time peaking at number", "ABBA ABBA ABBA () are a Swedish pop group formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. The group's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names. They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982. ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 at The Dome in Brighton, UK, giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest. They are the most successful group to have taken part in the competition. Estimates of ABBA's total record sales", "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) longs for a romantic relationship and views her loneliness as a forbidding darkness of night, even drawing parallels to how the happy endings of movie stars are so different from her own existence. The song was recorded at Polar Music Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, in August 1979, and was ready for release in October of that year, in conjunction with the group's tour of North America and Europe. Originally, ABBA had recorded another song, \"Rubber Ball Man\", which was planned as a single. It featured the typical \"ABBA-arrangement\" with both Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad on lead vocals and the use", "Marta Abba a wheelchair. She died, at 87, from a cerebral hemorrhage. She published her autobiography in Italian, \"La mia vita di attrice\". Some of the plays written by Luigi Pirandello in which Marta Abba acted: Review of Marta Abba's film debut Marta Abba Marta Abba (25 June 1900 in Milan, Italy – 24 June 1988 in Milan) was an Italian actress. She was the sister of another actress, Cele Abba. After their meeting in 1925 and until his death in 1936, Marta Abba was the stimulus to the playwright Luigi Pirandello's creativity. She was an aspiring young 25-year-old actress when she", "Jeremiah b. Abba on the questions submitted from the Beth midrash of R. Samuel, associated with the period after the death of Abba Arika. Little is known about his family: His father was named \"Abba\", and was a famous \"Baal teshuva\" of his generation. (According to another version: the brother of his father, called \"Aha\" was the famous \"Baal teshuva\"). R. Huna b. Hiyya (of Pumbdita) was his son-in-law, and his son and grandson are also mentioned as sages. For a certain period of time he lived in a place called \"Shumtamya\", which is not known from any other sources. As mentioned above,", "ABBA very successful, earning her four Gold Records in the UK (where it peaked at number-six), Australia, Germany and Sweden. In the UK and Australia, \"A\" was in the top 100 albums of 2013. The same year the members of ABBA went their separate ways, the French production of a \"tribute\" show (a children's TV musical named \"Abbacadabra\" using 14 ABBA songs) spawned new interest in the group's music. After receiving little attention during the mid-to-late-1980s, ABBA's music experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s due to the UK synth-pop duo Erasure, who released a cover extended play featuring versions of", "ABBA one minute, were produced, each presenting the \"National Song\" performed by ABBA using the melody and instrumental arrangements of \"Fernando\" and revised lyrics. In September 2010, band members Andersson and Ulvaeus criticised the right-wing Danish People's Party (DF) for using the ABBA song \"Mamma Mia\" (with modified lyrics) at rallies. The band threatened to file a lawsuit against the DF, saying they never allowed their music to be used politically and that they had absolutely no interest in supporting the party. Their record label Universal Music later said that no legal action would be taken because an agreement had been", "One of Us (ABBA song) chart for 10 weeks. Upon exiting the Top 10 of the chart on 16 January 1982, \"One of Us\" would become ABBA's final appearance in the UK Top 10 to date. \"One of Us\" was not released as a single in the United States until February 1983, and proved to be ABBA's worst-ever performing charting song in that territory, reaching a high of No. 107, though it should be pointed out this came more than a year after its release elsewhere and ABBA had disbanded by that time. In November 1981, a music video for \"One of Us\" was filmed,", "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) sample, since the Swedish songwriting duo are reluctant to let other artists sample their material. It was only the second time that an ABBA track had been officially sampled, the first being the Fugees in 1996 with their hit \"Rumble in the Jungle\", sampling part of 1977's \"The Name of the Game\". Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" (working title \"\"Been and Gone and Done It\"\") is a song by Swedish band ABBA. It was recorded and released in 1979 with \"The King Has Lost His Crown\" as the B-side. It appears", "Abba bar Abba he was on terms of intimate friendship. When Levi died Abba delivered the funeral oration and glorified the memory of his friend. Abba bar Abba Abba bar Abba (Aramic: אבא בר אבא, or Father of Samuel, Aramic: אבוה דשמואל; Cited in the Jerusalem Talmud as Abba bar Ba, Aramic: אבא בר בא) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Babylonia, known as an amora of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, distinguished for piety, benevolence, and learning. He is known chiefly through his son Samuel of Nehardea, principal of the Academy of Nehardea, and is nearly always referred to as \"Samuel's", "Abba bar Abba Abba bar Abba Abba bar Abba (Aramic: אבא בר אבא, or Father of Samuel, Aramic: אבוה דשמואל; Cited in the Jerusalem Talmud as Abba bar Ba, Aramic: אבא בר בא) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Babylonia, known as an amora of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, distinguished for piety, benevolence, and learning. He is known chiefly through his son Samuel of Nehardea, principal of the Academy of Nehardea, and is nearly always referred to as \"Samuel's father.\" Abba traveled to Palestine, where he entered into relations with R. Judah I, the patriarch, with whose pupil Levi bar Sisi", "SOS (ABBA song) not appear on the filmed record of that tour—released on DVD as \"ABBA in Concert\"—it is featured on the 2014 audio release, \"Live at Wembley Arena\". For the first time on that tour, vocalists Fältskog and Lyngstad traded the line \"when you're gone\" responsively at the song's climax. The promotional video was directed by Lasse Hallström and released in the same year, along with the single. The music video features the quartet miming to the song outside and utilizes distortion effects achieved by mirrors. It was later uploaded to YouTube on 8 October 2009 under the channel AbbaVEVO, and has", "Abba, Imo Abba, Imo Abba is a town in Nwangele Local Government Area (LGA) in Imo State, Nigeria. The traditional ruler of Abba is HRH Sir Eze Emmanuel Madukwem Unaka (Uburu 1 of Abba & Eze Ahurukwe of Abba). Abba consists of four communities. Listed in order of seniority they are Umuokpara, Umudurunna, Ekiti-Afor, and Ogwuaga, which all consist of twenty-eight villages. Etymologically, the word Abba means father, which in common usage is called \"Abba Nna\". Historically, Abba in Nwangele LGA and Abam in Bende LGA of Abia State originated from the same place. Centuries ago, Field Marshall Ochiagha Uburu left Bende", "The Name of the Game (ABBA song) song was included on \"ABBA: The Album\". \"The Name of The Game\" also marks the last time Stig Anderson helped with the lyrics of a single. \"The Name of the Game\" topped the UK Singles Chart for 4 weeks. It was the second of three consecutive UK No. 1 singles after \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\", and before \"Take a Chance on Me\". The song was a Top 5 hit in ABBA's native Sweden, Belgium, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa and Rhodesia, while peaking inside the Top 10 in Australia, Germany, Switzerland and Mexico. On the US", "ABBA Richard Daniel Roman has recognised ABBA as a major influence. Swedish metal guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen covered \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" with slightly altered lyrics. Two different compilation albums of ABBA songs have been released. \"ABBA: A Tribute\" coincided with the 25th anniversary celebration and featured 17 songs, some of which were recorded especially for this release. Notable tracks include Go West's \"One of Us\", Army of Lovers \"Hasta Mañana\", Information Society's \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", Erasure's \"Take a Chance on Me\" (with MC Kinky), and Lyngstad's a cappella duet with the Real Group of \"Dancing", "ABBA Live ABBA Live ABBA Live is an album of live recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 1986. A live album was something that many ABBA fans had demanded for several years. ABBA themselves had toyed with the idea on a couple of occasions, but always decided against it. Finally, four years after the members went their separate ways, a live collection was released after all. The resultant album, \"ABBA Live\", contained recordings from 1977, 1979 and 1981. The tracks were mostly taken from ABBA’s concerts at Wembley Arena in London in November 1979, with a few", "Abba Yossi Abba Yossi Abba Yossi appears in a Leviticus Rabba (one of the Midrashim of Judaism) around the fourth century, in both Hebrew and Aramaic and in several sources. Abba Yossi was at a spring in Zeitur, which appears to be in Galilee, when a female spirit appears to him and reveals to him that now, after her years of peace and service, there is a male spirit who is demanding her attentions and trying to drive her away from her spring. The Abba asks what he can do and the spirit tells him to bring the townspeople and any iron", "Abba Abba Abba Abba Abba Abba was published in 1977. It is English writer Anthony Burgess's 22nd novel. The theme is the last months in the life of John Keats. The sonnets of Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli that feature in the novel were translated by Burgess's Italian wife, Liana Burgess. In Part One, the poet has various adventures, meeting the Roman (dialectal) poet Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli in the Sistine Chapel, and Pauline Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon, in the Pincio. Part Two consists of about seventy (from a total of 2,279) amusingly blasphemous sonnets by Belli, purportedly translated by one \"Joseph Joachim Wilson\", a", "Abba Abba Enclosed Rhyme, commonly used by both Keats and Belli Abba Abba Abba Abba was published in 1977. It is English writer Anthony Burgess's 22nd novel. The theme is the last months in the life of John Keats. The sonnets of Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli that feature in the novel were translated by Burgess's Italian wife, Liana Burgess. In Part One, the poet has various adventures, meeting the Roman (dialectal) poet Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli in the Sistine Chapel, and Pauline Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon, in the Pincio. Part Two consists of about seventy (from a total of 2,279) amusingly blasphemous sonnets by", "Jeremiah b. Abba some identify Jeremiah b. Abba with R. Jeremiah Rabbah who is only cited once in the Talmud, a sage living in the city of Basra. According to this assertion he also lived in Basra. Some are in the opinion that there were two sages named Jeremiah b. Abba, one in the second Amora generation, and the other in the third generation, and it is based on the words of Ulla, that Rabbi Jeremiah b. Abba was the student of Rav Huna, the pupil of Abba Arika. According to that opinion, the statements of Jeremiah b. Abba in the name of", "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) musical and movie. In 2008, the song was covered in a jazz/lounge style by American group BNB on its album \"Bossa Mia: Songs of ABBA\". Tribute group Abbacadabra released numerous dance cover remixes of the song through Almighty Records in the late 1990s. Mixes of the group's cover version were most recently included on the its 2008 compilation \"We Love ABBA: The Mamma Mia Dance Compilation\". Audio samples can be heard on the official Almighty Records website. The British sitcom comedy \"Gimme Gimme Gimme\" used this song as its title theme. The Unix/Linux computer operating system command line utility \"man\"", "One of Us (ABBA song) 13 July 2018, alongside the soundtrack of \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\", by Capitol and Polydor Records. The song is performed by Amanda Seyfried (Sophie) and Dominic Cooper (Sky) and it was produced by Benny Andersson. \"One of Us\" was chosen as the third and final single from Cher's 2018 ABBA tribute album \"Dancing Queen\", released by Warner Bros. Records on 28 September 2018. The track was digitally released on 21 September 2018, at each country's individual midnight time. The song is yet to debut on any national music chart. Marc Snetiker from \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the album a", "Abba-El II Abba-El II Abba-El II (reigned middle 16th century BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Halab (formerly Yamhad) who reigned after the withdrawal of the Hittites. Abba-El is known through his Royal Seal used by his descendant Niqmepa king of Alalakh as a dynastic seal, in the seal he is described as the mighty king, servant of Hadad, beloved of Hadad, devotee of Hadad, which were the titles that the old kings of Yamhad used. According to prof. Trevor Bryce Aleppo was restored by Abba-El's father Sarra-El, however other Historians such as Michael C. Astour consider Abba-El II to", "ABBA: The Tour become more \"present\" to North American audiences. He further felt that the media would not consider ABBA to be a \"real\" group if they had not toured. In January 1979, ABBA performed alongside the Bee Gees, John Denver and Earth, Wind & Fire at the \"A Gift of Song—Music for UNICEF Concert\" at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City. The concert benefited the United Nations Children's Fund. Shortly after, it was revealed that members Björn Ulvaeus and Agnetha Fältskog had been separated for several months. Despite this, Agnetha assured the media that the group was united, stating,", "ABBA solo songs. The single \"På Söndag\" (\"On Sunday\") was much played at the radio and even made the Swedish top 10, unique for a song made for kids to enjoy. Also in 1987, Fältskog released her third post-ABBA solo album, the Peter Cetera-produced \"I Stand Alone\", which also included the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary duet with Cetera, \"I Wasn't the One (Who Said Goodbye)\", as well as the European charting singles \"The Last Time\" and \"Let It Shine\". The album was extremely successful in Sweden, where it spent eight weeks at number-one and was awarded double-platinum. Shortly after some minor European", "ABBA allt\"\" (\"He Who's Won It All\") for actor/singer Anders Ekborg. Björn wrote English lyrics for two older songs from Benny's solo albums: \"I Walk with You Mama\" (\"Stockholm by Night\", 1989) and \"After the Rain\" (\"Efter regnet\", 1987) for opera singer Anne Sofie von Otter, for her Andersson tribute album \"I Let the Music Speak\". Barbara Dickson recorded (but not yet released) a Björn & Benny song called \"The Day The Wall Came Tumbling Down\"; the song eventually was released by Australian \"Mamma Mia!\" musical star Anne Wood 201 album of ABBA covers, Divine Discontent. , Björn Ulvaeus has mentioned", "ABBA group some independence. The group's first album, \"The ABBA Generation\", consisting solely of ABBA covers reimagined as 1990s pop songs, was a worldwide success and so were subsequent albums. The group disbanded in 2004 due to a gruelling schedule and intentions to go solo. In Sweden, the growing recognition of the legacy of Andersson and Ulvaeus resulted in the 1998 \"B & B Concerts\", a tribute concert (with Swedish singers who had worked with the songwriters through the years) showcasing not only their ABBA years, but hits both before and after ABBA. The concert was a success, and was ultimately", "Abba Kolon \"a father of a colony,\" not without the mental reservation that \"Ḳolon\" is the Aramaic equivalent of \"shame.\" An attempt has been made to identify the name with that of Deucalion, to which it bears no philological or historical relation. The most probable identification is that by Brüll, who refers to a legend in John Malalas' \"Chronicles,\" p. 301, of a magician named Ablaccon, under the emperor Tiberius. This Ablaccon protected the city of Antioch, by the aid of a rampart of stone, against the overflow of the mountain streams. Abba Kolon Abba Kolon is a mythical Roman mentioned in", "Abba River Abba River The Abba River is a river in the South West of Western Australia. The headwaters of the river rise in the Whicher Range in the Millbrook State Forest then flow in a northerly direction. The river crosses the Vasse Highway and then through Wonnerup Siding before discharging into the Vasse Estuary East of Busselton and finally the Indian Ocean. The river was named in 1834 by Frederick Ludlow. The name is Aboriginal in origin and is a greeting word used by the local peoples. Construction of a bridge over the Abba and the Sabina River commenced in 1860,", "ABBA released, featuring selections of live performances from the group's 1977 and 1979 tours. The four members were guests at the 50th birthday of Görel Hanser in 1999. Hanser was a long-time friend of all four, and also former secretary of Stig Anderson. Honouring Görel, ABBA performed a Swedish birthday song \"Med En Enkel Tulipan\" a cappella. Benny Andersson has on several occasions performed old ABBA songs. In June 1992, he and Ulvaeus appeared with U2 at a Stockholm concert, singing the chorus of \"Dancing Queen\", and a few years later during the final performance of the B & B in", "ABBA Concert in Stockholm, Andersson joined the cast for an encore at the piano. Andersson frequently adds an ABBA song to the playlist when he performs with his BAO band. He also played the piano during new recordings of the ABBA songs \"Like an Angel Passing Through My Room\" with opera singer Anne Sofie von Otter, and \"When All Is Said and Done\" with Swede Viktoria Tolstoy. In 2002, Andersson and Ulvaeus both performed an a cappella rendition of the first verse of \"Fernando\" as they accepted their Ivor Novello award in London. Lyngstad performed and recorded an a cappella version", "Abba Judan later the name \"Abba Judan\" seems to have been applied in Palestine to every unusually benevolent man. It is thus the Jewish parallel to the name Mæcenas which is still applied, two thousand years after the life of its original bearer, to every great patron of art. Abba Judan Abba Judan (or Judah) was a philanthropist who lived in Antioch in the early part of the second century. As an example of his generosity, it is recorded that once he sold half of his property, already considerably reduced by the demands of charity, to avoid turning away empty-handed Rabbis Eliezer,", "Well Done Abba Berde and Ashok Saraf. \"Well Done Abba\"'s music is by Shantanu Moitra and the main promotional song \"Jab Bhi Muh Kholta\" was composed by Vishal Khurana. The lyrics are penned by Ashok Mishra, Swanand Kirkire and Ila Arun. The film received favourable reviews from top critics in India. It received 6.5/10 at ReviewGang. Anupama Chopra of NDTV writes \"The end result is that Well Done Abba is heart-felt and intermittently funny\", while Nikhat Khazmi of the \"Times of India\" writes \"The film is a sheer delight, with the events unfolding in a breezy, comic vein which keeps the ribs relentlessly", "Abba-esque ABBA tribute band Björn Again, which featured two Erasure tracks (\"A Little Respect\" and \"Stop!\") performed in the style of ABBA as an answer record. The music video for \"Take a Chance on Me\" was directed by Philippe Gautier. \"Take a Chance on Me\" reached #51 on the US Radio Songs Abba-esque Abba-esque is an EP by the British pop duo Erasure. Released in 1992, it was their first and only number one on the UK Singles Chart. As big fans of the Swedish group ABBA, Erasure (Vince Clarke and Andy Bell) had often performed ABBA songs in concert over", "Dimi Mint Abba Dimi Mint Abba Dimi Mint Abba (‎; 25 December 1958 – June 2011) was one of Mauritania's most famous musicians. She was born Loula Bint Siddaty Ould Abba in Tidikdja Mauritania in 1958, into a low-caste (\"iggawin\") family specializing in the griot tradition. Dimi's parents were both musicians (her father had been asked to compose the Mauritanian national anthem), and she began playing at an early age. Her professional career began in 1976, when she sang on the radio and then competed, the following year, in the Umm Kulthum Contest in Tunis. Her winning song \"Sawt Elfan\" (\"Art's Plume\") has", "Story of a Heart (song) band, Steps had previously covered two songs by ABBA, \"I Know Him So Well\" and \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", as well as the medley \"Thank ABBA for the Music\", for the \"ABBAmania\" tribute album (1999), They also covered \"Dancing Queen\" as a bonus track for their second greatest hits album \"The Ultimate Collection\" (2011). Brandon Veevers of \"Renowned for Sound\" wrote that Steps covering another ABBA song, or a song written by some of its members, as \"destined to happen at some point during the Steps story\" and that it seemed right that they accepted Andersson's offer for", "ABBA both the single and album holding down the No. 1 positions on the charts for months. In March 1976, the band released the compilation album \"Greatest Hits\". It became their first UK number-one album, and also took ABBA into the Top 50 on the US album charts for the first time, eventually selling more than a million copies there. At the same time, Germany released a compilation named \"The Very Best of ABBA\", also becoming a number-one album there whereas the \"Greatest Hits\" compilation followed a few months later to number-two on the German charts, despite all similarities with \"The", "ABBA magazine Bravo. On the photo, the ABBA members held a giant initial letter of his/her name. After the pictures were made, Heilemann found out that Benny Andersson reversed his letter \"B\"; this prompted discussions about the mirrored \"B\", and the members of ABBA agreed on the mirrored letter. From 1976 onwards, the first \"B\" in the logo version of the name was \"mirror-image\" reversed on the band's promotional material, thus becoming the group's registered trademark. Following their acquisition of the group's catalogue, PolyGram began using variations of the ABBA logo, using a different font and adding a crown emblem to", "Abba Sakkara Abba Sakkara Abba Sakkara was an insurrectionary leader who lived in the first century in Palestine. According to Talmudic accounts, he took a very prominent part in the uprising against Rome in 70, being then at the head of the Zealots at Jerusalem. He was the nephew of Johanan ben Zakkai, at that time leader of the Peace party. After the Zealots had destroyed all storehouses, thus causing a famine in the besieged city, Johanan ben Zakkai invited Abba to an interview and asked him: \"Why do you act in such a manner? Will you kill us by famine?\" Abba", "Abba Seru Gwangul Abba Seru Gwangul Abba Seru Gwangul (died 1778) was a Wara Seh chieftain from Yejju, an ethnic group of Oromo. The Wara Seh began to have prominence with the emergence of Gwangul who was elected by a council of elders of present-day Gubalafto. He came to control Begemder and parts of Wollo, and his heirs were Enderases (Regents) of the Ethiopian Empire and significant warlords of the Zemene Mesafint. Abba Seru Gwangul claimed to be a descendant of an Arab named Omar, who had served in the armies of Ahmad Gragn. The Scottish explorer Bruce Lee met him in 1770,", "Abba Gorgoryos queries which were presented to Abba Gorgoryos. The Duke took particular interest in the legend of Prester John, while Ludolf was interested in Christianity in Ethiopia and the teaching of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The findings of Ludolf is included in his work \"Theologica aethiopica\". Abba Gorgoryos worked with Hiob Ludolf in co-authoring the earliest grammar of the Amharic language, as well as an Amharic-Latin dictionary, which became the first African language to be translated to Latin. Ludolf's book \"A History of Ethiopia\" was based in part on Abba Gorgoryos's conceptualization of Ethiopia and letters. Abba Gorgoryos also developed", "Abba Mari ben Eligdor with the difference that what Eliphaz accepts as a matter of faith, Elihu demonstrates philosophically. It can thus be seen that Abba Mari was a loyal student of Maimonides, and that, like him, he considered revelation and true philosophy as identical. Whether a philosophical and allegorical commentary on the Song of Songs, in manuscript in the Cambridge and Oxford libraries and ascribed to him, is really his, or should be credited to Moses of Narbonne, with whom Abba Mari is elsewhere confounded, is uncertain. The same doubt holds concerning the Hebrew translation of Gazzali's \"Tendencies of Philosophers,\" which is ascribed", "Marta Abba Marta Abba Marta Abba (25 June 1900 in Milan, Italy – 24 June 1988 in Milan) was an Italian actress. She was the sister of another actress, Cele Abba. After their meeting in 1925 and until his death in 1936, Marta Abba was the stimulus to the playwright Luigi Pirandello's creativity. She was an aspiring young 25-year-old actress when she met the 58-year-old playwright, whose wife had been confined to a mental asylum in 1919. From their correspondence it comes out how she not only inspired him but she also gave the writer confidence in his work. Their relationship was", "ABBA (album) it featured (with a slight audio tweak, for many years mistakenly referred to as a 'remix') as the B-side of the \"Summer Night City\" single. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\", then the 1978 version appeared as a bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album \"ABBA\". \"Rikky Rock 'N' Roller\" was recorded on 15 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the \"ABBA Undeleted\" section. Later released by Jerry Williams on the", "Dick Cavett Meets ABBA and the musical performances were recorded on 28–29 April 1981. During the interview ABBA also sang \"Don't Fence Me In\". Benny also performed his new song \"Lottis Schottis\", a new instrumental version played on accordion of their unreleased track \"Hamlet III\", but was never included in any broadcast of the show . There are three versions of the program; none of them included all nine songs that ABBA performed. There were also two promotional videos shown; \"When All Is Said and Done\" and \"One Of Us\", which included different scenes to the original promotional videos . Björn: \"We wanted to", "One of Us (ABBA song) A-Teens released a version on their debut album \"The ABBA Generation\" in 1999. As an attempt to promote the A-Teens a bit more, Universal Music Group released a one-track promo single of \"One of Us\" on radio in late 1999. The song was promoted in Scandinavia, Mexico, Chile, Argentina and Japan. A special music video was filmed for a TV special in Sweden. It was not used as an official video. It shows parts of shows in Sweden and behind-the-scenes footage of the band having fun, waiting in a room at Stockholm Records' building. \"One Of Us\" was released on", "Abba-El I Abba-El I Abba-El I (reigned - Middle chronology ) was the king of Yamhad (Halab), succeeding his father Hammurabi I. Hammurabi I left Yamhad a prosperous country, and Abba-El's reign was relatively peaceful. He maintained good commercial relations with Babylon. The main event of his reign was the rebellion of Zitraddu, governor of the city Irridu which belonged along with its district to Abba-El's brother Yarim-Lim A tablet discovered at Alalakh explains the circumstances which led to the forming of the kingdom of Alalakh; it revealed that Abba-El destroyed Irridu and compensated his brother by giving him Alalakh as a", "SOS (ABBA song) Nineties, she finds subtle changes that update ABBA classics without totally stripping them of the catchiness that made those songs beloved hits well beyond their heyday. \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight),\" “SOS” and “Mamma Mia” are given just enough of a knob turn that they’re transformed from upbeat FM radio pop into club bangers, pulsating with every beat.\" An accompanying music video for \"SOS\" was directed by Jake Wilson, and was premiered through Cher's official YouTube channel on September 18, 2018. The video features a slew of women like actress Rumer Willis, singer Betty Who, \"Transparent\" star Trace", "More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits is a compilation album by Swedish pop group ABBA. Released in 1993, it was the follow-up to the highly successful \"\", released the previous year, and went on to sell 3 million copies. While \"Gold: Greatest Hits\" had showcased nineteen of the group's biggest and most recognisable hits, this left out a number of other sizeable international hits, such as \"Summer Night City\", \"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do\" and \"Angeleyes\". These were included here as well as some of ABBA's lesser-known hits from", "ABBA (album) bonus track on the CD re-issue of the album \"ABBA\". \"Here Comes Ruby Jamie\" was recorded on 16 September 1974 at Glen Studio, and is one of the rare occasions where Benny Andersson sings the lead vocals. The song was first released on CD on the box set \"Thank You for the Music\" as part of the \"ABBA Undeleted\" section. Recording began on 6 May 1975 at Glen Studio. It remains ABBA's only studio recorded release of material not written by themselves, and was originally released on the 1975 German charity album \"Stars Im Zeichen Eines Guten Sterns\". In 1978,", "More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits 5:46 version, while a 3:18 alternate mix of \"Lovelight\" was replaced by the 3:46 version originally released in 1979. In 2008 the album was re-released with a different design. More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits is a compilation album by Swedish pop group ABBA. Released in 1993, it was the follow-up to the highly successful \"\", released the previous year, and went on to sell 3 million copies. While \"Gold: Greatest Hits\" had showcased nineteen of the group's biggest and most recognisable hits, this left out a number of other sizeable international hits, such", "ABBA Queen\". A second 12-track album was released in 1999, entitled \"ABBAmania\", with proceeds going to the Youth Music charity in England. It featured all new cover versions: notable tracks were by Madness (\"Money, Money, Money\"), Culture Club (\"Voulez-Vous\"), the Corrs (\"The Winner Takes It All\"), Steps (\"Lay All Your Love on Me\", \"I Know Him So Well\"), and a medley entitled \"Thank ABBA for the Music\" performed by several artists and as featured on the Brits Awards that same year. In 1997, an ABBA tribute group was formed, the ABBA Teens, which was subsequently renamed the A-Teens to allow the" ]

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[ "a scarred pitbull attempts to take a toy from another" ]

[ "the pitbulls were sleeping together on the bed", "A whale's gas chambers.", "The Biggest Liar in the World Competition is only open to a select few professionals.", "The horse knows nothing.", "The players are outside", "A lady wearing makeup.", "The man is fishing on a boat." ]

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[ "The lovely small fishing village and artists colony has a covered harbor and boutiques." ]

[ "There is nothing left at the small fishing village.", "A boy is running on the beach while girls watch.", "So you'll definitely help us?", "Americans are always late.", "They are playing baseball.", "The people are outside.", "A human with a musical device." ]

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[ "الفَرَس، جماعته الخَيْل، وذكره الحِصَان، وأنثاه الحِجْر وصغيره المُهْر، هو حيوان ثديي وحيد الحافر، من الفصيلة الخيلية، يستعمل للركوب وللجر وغيرها. وللخيول أنواع متعددة، تتفاوت فيما بينها تفاوتاً كبيراً في الشكل والحجم والسرعة والقدرة على التحمل، فمنها: الفرس العربي والفرس المهجن الأصيل بين العربي والإنجليزي والمخصص لسباقات الأرض المنبسطة الأشهر في العالم والفرس البربري.\n\nللخيول ألوان كثيرة، ومن أشهر ألوانه الكميت والأشقر والأحمر والعسلي والأسود والأشهب والأبيض. من صفات الجمال والمحاسن للخيول هو وجود الحجل لديها (البياض فوق الحافر)، وكذلك الغرة (البياض في الجبهة)، وسعة العينين والمنخارين واتساع الجبهة واستقامة الظهر وانتظام القوائم وتقوس الرقبة وقوة العضلات وضيق الخصر.\nيمتلك الفرس 32 زوجًا من الصبغيات (الكروموسومات). في حين يمتلك الإنسان 23 زوجًا.\n\nعرف الإنسان الفرس منذ العصر الحجري، واعتمد المؤرخون على ظهوره وفترة تحديدها بالنسبة للرسوم الصخرية التي سجلت صوراً للأفراس. جلبت الخيول من آسيا من قبل البدو حيث يعتقد بأنهم أول من استأنسها، ثم نقلوها إلى الصين فآسيا الصغرى وأوروبا وسوريا والبلاد العربية ومصر، ومن الشعوب التي اشتهرت بذلك الأمازيغ في بليبيا. ويعتبر اقتناء الخيل والاهتمام بها في الماضي مظهراً من مظاهر القوة والجاه والسلطان، وكان للخيل الدور الهام في حياة العرب.\nولكن لم يكن ترويض الفرس لدى الإنسان القديم ممكناً حتى تمكن من ابتكار بعض الأدوات ومنها أدوات الصيد النافعة والرائعة.\n\nالفرس العربي \n\nيُعد الفرس العربي من أعرق سلالات الخيول في العالم وأغلاها ثمناً، ويرجع ذلك إلى عناية العرب بسلالات خيولهم الممتازة والمحافظة على أنسابها، مما جعلها أفضل الخيول الموجودة الآن في العالم، وأجودها على الإطلاق. فهي تجمع بين جمال الهيئة، وتناسب الأعضاء، ورشاقة الحركة، وسرعة العدو من جهة، وحدة الذكاء، والمقدرة العالية على التّكيُف فالفرس العربي الأصيل يعتبر من أقدم الجياد على الإطلاق بدمه الأصيل، بل إن الحقائق التاريخية تشير إلى أن بلاد العرب لم تعرف إلا سلالة واحدة من الخيل الأصيل استخدمت لغرضين اثنين هما الحرب والسباقات.\nيمتاز الفرس العربي بصفات الجمال والشجاعة ولهُ خمس عائلات عرفت عند العرب كل عائلة تمتاز بصفة تميزت بها عن الأخرى وتجتمع كل العائلات الخمس في صفة موحدة وهي أن قدرة حمل الأوكسجين في كريات الدم لديه أكثر من غيرهِ من الخيول الأخرى. وكما عرف عنه حدة الذكاء ومعرفة صاحبه وحفاظه على سلامته، وقد أعجب الأوروبيون بالفرس العربي عندما رأوه في الحملات الصليبية لجمالهِ ورشاقتهِ وخفة حركته مما يزيد من مهارة المحارب فوقه، وحرص القادة على اقتنائه ومن ثم هجن مع خيول أوروبا فنتج عنه خيول السباق التي نراها اليوم، ومن الملاحظ على خيول السباق سرعة إصابتها في أوتار القوائم، وعند الأمهار تحت سن الخمس سنوات حدوث التهاب وكسور ميكروسكوبية في الجهة الأمامية لعظمة الساق الأمامية (عظمة المدفع) والمتعارف عليه بالشرشرة (شور شن) وأصلها (Sore Shin)، مع قلة الإصابات في الخيول الأصيلة التي لم تهجن.\n\nمعنى الأصالة \n تعتبر الأصالة للخيل إحدى أهم الخصائص التي يبحث عنها، وتعود الأصالة في الخيل إلى أن ميلادها كان من سلالة أصلية دون الاختلاط بأعراق أخرى من جنس الفرس، إضافة إلى ضرورة وجود سلالة بصفة مستمرة. وحسب رأي المؤرخين فإن الخيل العربية الأصيلة هي الخيل ذات السلالة الأصيلة الوحيدة للخيول العربية؛ أي أن خيول السلالات الأخرى تسمى خيول (هجينة) وليست خيولا أصيلة ذات عرق نقي، فالفرس العربي الأصيل هجن لإعطاء أنواع أخرى وهي جميع الأنواع التي تسمى هجينة، وكلمة أصيل يعتقد البعض أنها تطلق على الخيل العربية فقط، وهي تطلق على جميع الخيول التي تحتفظ بصفات سلالتها دون مخالطة، سواء كانت عربية أو أوروبية أو غيرها. ومن سلالات الخيل المصرية والكردية وخيول هضبة الأناضول والمنغولية وغيرها الكثير.\n\nخصائص الخيول الأصيلة\n\nشكله الخارجي \n\n'''الرأس:إنه أول ما يلفت النظر في الفرس العربي، وهو مؤشر مهم على أصالته، على مزاجه وصفاته. إن الانطباع الأول الذي يأخذه المشاهد عن رأس الفرس وحجمه الإجمالي، وشكله، ونعومة جلده، وشفافيته. فإذا كان الرأس صغيراً بعض الشيء، ناعم الجلد، خالياً من الوبر عند العينين والفم، وإذا كانت العينان كبيرتان صافيتان، والأذنان صغيرتان، نستطيع القول إن هذا الفرس من عرق أصيل، لأن هذه الصفات تدل على أصالة العروق ونقاء دمها. وقد نصادف أحياناً عروقاً على درجة كبيرة من الأصالة، ولا تتمتع بهذه الأوصاف كاملة، كأن يكون الرأس كبيراً في الوقت نفسه التي تدل فيه ملامحه وأعضاؤه على الأصالة. وقد يكون صغيراً وفي الوقت نفسه غير أصيل. ولكن الرأس الصغير هو المفضل غالباً، وخاصةً عند الذين يعشقون ركوب الخيل.\n\n'''العنق:\nالعنق هو العضو الذي يصل الرأس بالجذع، ويحكم على عنق الفرس من خلال طولها، وسمانة عضلاتها، وشكلها، وطريقة اتصالها بالجذع. إن شكل العنق يؤثر تأثيرا مباشراً على عملية القيادة، فإذا كانت تشبه عنق الأيل، أصبح بإمكانه التخلص من تأثير اللجام عليه، فيصبح بالتالي صعب الانقياد، فلا ينصاع لأوامر قائده، وخاصة إذا كان ذا طبع عصبي، وهذه الأمور تفقده الكثير من قيمته. أما إذا كانت عنقه طويلة، فإنه يكون طائعاً في الانقياد، والعنق الطويلة لا تزعج راكبي الأفراس عند العدو السريع.\nللعنق أهمية كبيرة في جسم الجواد، فعلى طولها وقصرها تتوقف حركته، ويعرف عتقه أو هجنته، وللعنق تأثير كبير على ميكانيكية الحركة عند الفرس، كما لها تأثير كبير على توازنه أثناء عدوه، فالعنق الطويلة تساعد الخيول على العدو السريع ولذلك نرى أن خيول السباق جميعها تتمتع عادة بعنق طويلة على شيء من النحافة.\n\n'''الجذع:الجذع هو الأهم بالنسبة إلى الفرس، فعليه تتوقف قوة الفرس، وسرعته، ومقدار صبره وأفضله ما كان أملس الجلد، ناعمه، قوي العضلات، عالي المتن، مشرف الغارب، خالياً من الدهن، متناسق الأعضاء، جميل الشكل، واسع القفص الصدري، متوسط الحجم، علماً أن وزن الفرس العربي الأصيل يتراوح بين 350 و400 كيلو جرام، وأن قامته تتراوح بين 1.40 متر و1.60 متر، لكن القامة الغالبة تتراوح بين 1.45 متر و1.50 متر.\n\nويتكون الجذع من الصدر، المنكبان، الغارب أو الكاهل أو الحارك، المحزم، الظهر أو الصهوة أو المتن، الأضلاع، البطن، القطاة، والغرابان.\n\n'''القائمتان الأماميتان:\nتتألف كل قائمة من قائمتي الفرس الأماميتين من الكتف، العضد، المرفق، الساعد، الركبة، الوظيف، الحوشب، الرسغ، وأخيرا الحافر.\n\n'''القائمتان الخلفيتان:'''\nإن القائمتين الخلفيتين للفرس تشكلان مع الردف مصدراَ للحركة، وعليها تتوقف قوة الاندفاع. ونميز فيها الحجبات، الأليتين، المجر، الفرج، الوركين، الفخذين، العرقوبين، الساقين أو الوظيفين، الحوشبين أو الرمانتين، الإكليلين، الثنن، الرسغين، والحافرين.\n\nغذاؤه \n\nيتغذى الفرس عادة على الحشائش، وأمعاؤه الغليظة تحورت لهضم الأعلاف. إن الاحتياج اليومي الطبيعي من الغذاء له حوالي 1 كلغم (2 باوند) من الغذاء الجاف لكل 50 كلغم (100 باوند) من وزن الجسم، ويمكن أن تكون بكاملها من التبن أو الحشائش وذلك للخيول البالغة منها، ولمزيد من الطاقة لخيول السباق أو التي تقوم بأعمال جرّ أو حرث أو لنمو الصغار فيتم حساب 0.5 كلغم لكل 50 كلغم من وزن الجسم من الحبوب كجزء من العليقة.\n\nمشيته \n\nإن المشيات المعروفة للفرس أربعة وهي :\n\n• المسار (Walk) : وهو المشي العادي.\n\n• الخبب (Trot) : وهي نقل القوائم اليمنى معاً تارة واليسرى معاً تارة أخرى.\n\n• العدو (Canter) : وهو العدو بانتظام.\n\n• العدو السريع (Gallop) : وهو الجري السريع.\n\nأماكن عيشه \n\nتعيش الأفراس في مساكن مختلفة ومتنوعة تتراوح من المناطق الاستوائيّة إلى الغابات إلى الحقول والسهول. وبما أن الأفراس محبوبة من طرف المربين فهي منتشرة في جميع القارات والبلدان. وقد نجد الأفراس حتى في الصحراء وتكون هذه الأفراس مختلفة في خصائصها الجسمانية عن باقي الخيول العادية من أجل التكيف مع الظروف المناخية الجافة.\n\nميزات الفرس العربي الأصيل \n\nيمتاز الفرس العربي بالجمال الفائق الذي يميزه عن بقية الخيول في العالم. فمن الصفات الجميلة في الفرس العربي أنه يمتاز بوجه صغير جميل وعينين واسعتين وأذنين صغيرتين وتقعر خفيف في الوجه مما يضفي عليه نوعا من الجمال الوحشي في بعض الأحيان. وكذلك يتميز الفرس العربي بكبر حجم الصدر الذي إن دل على شيء فإنما يدل على كبر حجم رئتيه، ما يؤهله للقيام بالأعمال الشاقة وتفرده في سباقات الخيل للمسافات الطويلة (الماراثون). ويتميز أيضا الفرس العربي بوجود تقعر خفيف في منطقة الظهر والتي تعتبر من محاسن الفرس العربي. وتتميز أرجل الفرس العربي بالقوة والمتانة وهي التي تؤهله للقيام بأعمال شاقة سواء في الحرب أو السباق.\n\nالفرس في التاريخ \n\nفي الفترات الأولى استخدم الفرس للحرب والمباهاة والتفاخر. ظهر الفرس في أفريقيا مع غزو الهكسوس لمصر في حوالي القرن الخامس عشر قبل الميلاد وذلك لجر العجلات الخفيفة، ولم يستخدم الحصان في أعمال المزارع والجر إلا في القرن الـ 19. وكان في البداية يركب عاري الظهر ولم يستخدم السرج ولا اللجام حيث لم يكن قد اكتشف ذلك، وأول ما استخدمت كان مع الفرس العربي الأصيل.\n\nلم يفقد الفرس منزلته مع التقدم الحضاري الحاصل بل في الواقع زاد الاهتمام به وخصوصاً الخيول الأصيلة فلها الإسطبلات الراقية والاستعراضات والسباقات والأطباء البيطريون الذين يعتنون ويشرفون عليها ويضمنون راحتها.\n\nالسلالات \n\n قائمة سلالات الخيل\n\nانظر أيضًا \n\n إجهاض الخيل\n إلتواء قدم الفرس\n شعر الفرس\n زاد الراكب\n دارتمور\n قائمة سلالات الخيل\n\nمراجع \n\nأحصنة\nأصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس\nالنقل بواسطة الحيوانات\nتسلسل الجينوم\nثدييات وصفت في 1758\nجنس الحصان\nحيوانات أليفة\nحيوانات الأحمال\nرموز بوركينا فاسو الوطنية\nرموز تركمانستان الوطنية\nرموز ليسوتو الوطنية\nرموز منغوليا الوطنية\nرموز نيجيريا الوطنية\nرموز نيوجيرسي\nمخلوقات ذكرت في القرآن\nمواشي\nنويعات الخيل" ]

[ "الفهرسة هي عملية إنشاء الفهارس أو هي الوصف الفني لمواد المعلومات لتكون في متناول المستفيد بأيسر الطرق في أقل وقت ممكن.\n\nيمكن تعريف الفهرس بأنه : «قائمة بالكتب وغيرها من المواد المكتبية مرتبة وفق نظام معين أو قائمة تسجل وتصنف وتكشف مقتنيات مجموعة معينة أو مكتبة معينة أو مجموعة مكتبات»، ويعتبر الفهرس مفتاح المكتبة ودليلها الذي يحدد أماكن المواد المكتبية المختلفة على رفوف المكتبة. وإذا كانت وظيفة المكتبة هي توفير المواد المكتبية للقارئ فإن الفهرس هو تلك الأداة التي تقوم بدور حلقة الوصل بين القارئ والمواد المكتبية المتوفرة له على رفوف المكتبة وفي أقسامها المختلفة.\n\nوظائف الفهرس \n حصر أو تسجيل للمواد المكتبية في مكتبة معينة.\n أداة للاسترجاع أو تحديد مكان مواد معينة في مجموعة المكتبة.\n أداة للضبط الببليوجرافي.\n أداة لاسترجاع المعلومات.\n أداة لتقييم المجموعات وفقا لموضوعاتها.\n قائمة حصرية لتسجيل المواد في المكتبة.\n\nأشكال الفهارس\n\nالفهرس في شكل كتاب \nيعد أقدم أشكال الفهارس التي اِستخدمها المكتبات حتى نهاية القرن 19 عشر تقريباً.\n\nالفهرس المحزوم \nشكل حديث وابتكار إيطاليّ عبارة عن غلاف جلدي يحتوي بين دَفّتيه حوالي 100 بطاقة ولم يحقق اِنتشاراً، بدأ استخدامه في المكتبات في الربع الثالث من القرن 19.\n\nالفهرس البطاقي \nشكل حديث بدأ يحقق اِنتشاراً كبيراً بداية القرن العشرين وخاصة بعد أن قامت مكتبة الكونغرس بإصدار البطاقة المطبوعة.\n\nالفهرس في شكل مصغر \nعبارة عن استنساخ فوتوغرافي مصغر لبيانات الفهرسة التي ينبغي ان تكبر للقراءة عن طريق جهاز معين. وهناك شكلان شائعان :\n\nأ) الفهرس الميكروفيشي.\nب) الفهرس الميكروفيلمي.\n\nالفهارس الآلية \nظهر الآن ما يسمى فهرس الاتّصال المباشر للجُمهور إصدار مكتبة الكونغرس عام 1967م يوزع على مشتركيه على هيئة أشرطة ممغنطة.\n\nأنواع الفهارس \n1- الفهرس المجزأ :\n\n1/1 – فهرس المؤلف : «فهرس المؤلفين والأسماء».\n2/1 - فهرس العنوان.\n3/1 - فهرس الموضوع.\n\n2- الفهرس القاموسي : نظام أَمريكيّ يُنظم مداخل المؤلفين والعناوين والموضوع وترتب هجائي واحد ويصلح للمكتبات الصغير.\n\n3- الفهرس المصنف : وهو الفهرس الذي يرتب حسب أرقام التصنيف.\n\nأنواع البطاقات \n1- البطاقة الرئيسية : يكون فيها المدخل الرئيسي ( المؤلف أو العنوان ).\n\n2- البطاقة الإضافية : تكون البطاقة الإضافية بأحد المداخل الإضافية ( العنوان، المؤلف المشارك، المترجم، المحرر أو رأس الموضوع ...الخ ) ويسجل المدخل الإضافي على البعد الثاني وفي حالة ان المدخل الإضافي يكون طويلا فاِنهُ يكمل على البعد الثالث.\n\n3- بطاقة إحالة ( انظر See ) وتستخدم لإحالة المستفيد من رأس غير مستخدم إلى رأس آخر مستخدم.\n\n4- بطاقة إحالة ( انظر أيضا See Also ) وتستخدم لإحالة المستفيد من رأس مستخدم إلى رأس آخر مستخدم.\n\nأجزاء البطاقة \nتتكون بطاقة الفهرسة من أربع أجزاء رئيسية :\n\nالجزء الأول : رقم التصنيف.\n\nالجزء الثاني : المدخل الرئيسي.\n\nالجزء الثالث : الوصف الببليوجرافي.\n\nالجزء الرابع : المتابعات.\n\nحقول الوصف الببلوجرافي \nيتكون الوصف الببليوجرافي من عدد ثمانية حقول كالتالي :\n\n1- العنوان وبيان المسئولية.\n\n2- الطبعة ووصفها والبيانات التابعة لها إن وجدت.\n\n3- مكان النشر، الناشر، تاريخ النشر.\n \n4- الوصف المادي.\n\n5- السلسلة.\n\n6- التبصرات المرجعية.\n\n7- الترقيم الدولي الموحد ردمك أو تدمك أو ISBN.\n\n8- فقرة المتابعة.\n\nنبذه مختصرة عن تطور قواعد الفهرسة\n\nقواعد بانتزي \n\nأول قواعد وضعت من قبل شخص يدعى بانتيزي وهو إيطاليّ وهي عبارة عن 19 قاعدة عام 1841م وطبقت هذه القواعد لغاية 1887م وبعد ذلك بدا التغير في هذه القواعد\n\nقواعد جويت \nبعد بانتزي ظهر شخص جديد أسمة جويت وهو أَمريكيّ وضع قواعد للفهرسة عام 1852م وصدرت تحت عنوان لبناء فهارس المكتبات ...الخ\n\nقواعد كتر \n \nوضع أوّل قواعد للفهرس القاموسي صدر 1876م ويغطي مداخل المؤلفين والعناوين والموضوعات ...الخ\n\nالقواعد الپروسية \nوهي القواعد التي ظهرت بواسطة المكتبي ( كارل ) في عام 1886م ...الخ\n\nقواعد الفاتيكان \nحيث نشرت هذة القواعد عام 1931م وذلك للمساعدة في إعداد فهرس قاموسي جديد لمكتبة الفاتيكان ...الخ\n\nتقنين الفهرس المصنف \nوهذا التقنين من إعداد عالم المكتبات الهندي رانجانتان وصدرت الطبعة الأولى عام 1934م ...الخ\n\nالتقنين الانجلو – أمريكي \nاشتركت في إصدارة برِيطَانيَا وأمريكا، أصدرت جمعية المكتبات البريطانية قواعد الفهرسة 1883م ونفس السنة أصدرت جمعية المكتبات الأمريكية تحت عنوان القواعد المركزة لفهرس المؤلف والعنوان ...الخ\n\nالتقنين الدولي للوصف البيبليوغرافي \nهو المعيار الذي يحدد عناصر البيانات التي يتم تسجيلها في البطاقة الفهرسية وفق ترتيب محدد. يتم تعريف كل عنصر بستخدم علامة الترقيم المقررة كوسيلة للتعرف على عناصر البيانات وعرضها وجعلها مفهومة للمسفيد. تم نشر اخر نسخة من لمبادئ الفهرسة الدولية من قبل الإفلا في عام 2011.\n\nفوائد استخدام الفهارس الآلية \n1- أمداد المستفيدين بنقاط إتاحة أكثر.\n\n2- تحسين كفاءة الفهرس.\n\n3- تقليل مشكلات تزايد تكاليف صيانة الفهارس البطاقية.\n\n4- تقليل الحيز المكاني الذي يشغله الفهرس البطاقي.\n\n5- استيعاب عدد ضخم من البطاقات مخزنة على إسطوانات لا يزيد قطره عن 3.50 أو 5.25 بوصة.\n\n6- سرعة تحديث البيانات.\n\n7- فهرسة المادة مرة واحدة واستخدامها بواسطة العديد من المكتبات المشتركة في نظام الفهرس الآلي.\n\n8- إصدار الفهرس بشكل مطبوع بسرعة كبيرة على شكل ( كتاب مطبوع – فهرس بطاقي – شكل مصغر )\n\nانظر أيضاً \n قواعد الفهرسة الأنجلو أمريكية (AACR)\n ضبط استنادي\n ببليوجرافيا\n تبصرة\n سهولة البحث\n عمارة المعلومات\n استرجاع المعلومات\n التقنيين الدولي للوصف الببليوجرافي (ISBD)\n تنظيم المعرفة\n فهرس مكتبة\n بيانات وصفية\n\nالمراجع \n\nفهرسة\nمكتبات الفهرسة والتصنيف", "نُفارة أو نُفارا أو (نقحرة: نوفارا) ، مدينة شمال إيطاليا، عاصمة مقاطعة نُفارة. وبعدد سكانها البالغ 102.595 نسمة تعد ثانية أكبر مدن إقليم بيمُنتة بعد مدينة تورينو.\n\nتعد المدينة مفترق طرق تجارية هامة من بينها الطريق الرابط بين ميلانو وتورينو، وذلك الذي يربط جنوى بسويسرا.\n\nرمز المدينة هي قبة كنيسة سان غاودنسيو، التي يصل ارتفاعها إلى 122 متراً.\n\nالسكان \n\nفي سنة 1861 بلغ عدد السكان نسمة، وتطور العدد ليصل في سنة 2011 لـ نسمة.\n\nالجغرافيا \nأراضيها المقاطعية يحدها غرباً نهر سيزيا ونهر تيتشينو. وتبعد عن مدينة ميلانو 38 كيلومتراً غرباً، و 95 كيلومتراً شرقاً عن مدينة تورينو.\n\nيعبر جدول أغونيا الضاحية الغربية للمدينة، وجدول تردوبيو تلك الشرقية. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يعبر الجزء الشمالي الشرقي قناة مسماة على كوينتينو سيلا والتي بدورها تصب في قناة كافور.\n\nالتاريخ \nأسس الرومان نُفارة في العصور القديمة. يتكون اسمها من Nov أي «جديدة» وAria وهو الاسم الذي أطلقه الغال الألبيون على المنطقة المحيطة.\n\nنوفاريا القديمة التي يرجع تاريخها إلى عصر الليغوريين، كانت بلدية رومانية وتقع على الطريق من فرسيلاي (فرشيلي) إلى (ميديولانوم (ميلانو). ويعود موقعها على مفترق الطرق (لا يزال حتى اليوم) إلى العصر الرومان. بعد أن دمـّر ماكسيموس ماغنوس المدينة في عام 386 لدعمها منافسه فالنتينيان الثاني، أعاد ثيودوسيوس الأول بناءها. بعد ذلك نـَهَبَهَاراداغايسوس (عام 405)، ثم أتيلا (452).\n\nجعل اللومبارديون نُفارة دوقية ؛ ثم جعلها الإمبراطور شارل السمين كونتية. وتطورت المدينة حتى صارت بلدية حرة. في عام 1110 كان استولى عليها هنري الخامس ودُمـّرَت، وفي عام 1167 انضمت إلى الرابطة اللومباردية. عند نهاية القرن الثاني عشر قبلت حماية ميلانو وصارت هكذا تابعةً لآل فيسكونتي ولاحقاً لآل سفورزا. في معركة نُفارة (1513) ألحق المرتزقة السويسريون المدافعون عن نُفارة لصالح آل سفوزا هزيمةً منكرةً بالقوات الفرنسية المحاصرة للمدينة. وأنهت هذه الهزيمة الغزو الفرنسي لإيطاليا إبان حرب رابطة كانبراي.\n \nبعد أن عهد فيليبو ماريا فيسكونتي بنُفارة إلى أميديو الثامن دي سفويا لمدة طويلة احتلتها قوات سافوية عام 1706. بصلح أوتريخت أصبحت المدينة إلى جانب ميلانو جزءاً من الإمبراطورية الهابسبورغية. بعد أن احتلها كارلو إمانويلي الأول في عام 1734 آلت في السنة التالية لعائلة سافويا.\n\nإثر حملة نابليون بونابارت في إيطاليا، أصبحت نُفارة عاصمة منطقة أغونيا، لتعود إلى آل سفويا في عام 1814. في سنة 1821 كانت موقعاً لمعركةٍ هـَزَمـَت فيها القوات النظامية السردينية الدستوريين الليبراليين البييمونتيين. في معركة نُفارة الأضخم في 23 مارس 1849 انهزم الجيش البييمونتي أمام الجيش النمساوي بقيادة مارشال يوزيف ريديتسكي فون راديتس ؛ أدت هذه الهزيمة إلى تنازل ملك سردينيا كارلو ألبيرتو عن العرش وإلى احتلال النمساويين للمدينة. ويمكن اعتبار أن هزيمة البييمونتيين شكلت البداية لحركة توحيد إيطاليا.\n\nأُصدر مرسوم في 23 أكتوبر من سنة 1859 بإنشاء مقاطعة نُفارة، وكانت تضم آنذاك فضلا عن أراضي مقاطعة نُفارة الحالية أراضي المقاطعات الحالية التالية : مقاطعة فرشيلي ومقاطعة بييلا ومقاطعة فربانو كوزيو أوسولا.\n\nبلغ عدد سكان مدينة نُفارة في عام 1861 25.144 نسمة. أدى التحول إلى التصنيع خلال القرن الماضي إلى حصول زيادة في عدد السكان وصلت إلى 102.088 في عام 1981، ولم يتغير عدد السكان كثيرا في السنوات اللاحقة.\n\nلعل أبرز نوفاري في العصر الحديث هو أوسكار لويجي سكالفارو رئيس الجمهورية السابق وعضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي مدى الحياة. وقد ولد سكالفارو في نُفارة عام 1918.\n\nمعرض الصور\n\nمراجع \n\nنوفارا\nقلاع في إيطاليا\nمدن وبلدات بييمونتي\nمدن وبلدات في بييمونتي\nبلديات مقاطعة نوفارا", "فرنسا الفيشية (10 يوليو 1940 - 9 أغسطس 1944) هو الاسم المتداول لنظام الدولة الفرنسية التي تزعمها الماريشال فيليب بيتان خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. كانت طبيعة النظام سلطوية، وتتسم بمعاداة السامية. كانت الدولة مستقلة رسميًا، لكنها تبنّت سياسة التواطؤ مع ألمانيا النازية التي احتلّت أجزاءً في الشمال والغرب الفرنسيان، وأكملت احتلال باقي فرنسا الأوروبية (فرنسا متروبوليتان) في نوفمبر عام 1942. كانت باريس عاصمة الدولة ظاهريًا، لكن حكومة فيشي تأسست في مدينة فيشي السياحية، والواقعة ضمن «المنطقة الحرّة» غير المحتلة. بقيت حكومة فيشي مسؤولة عن الإدارة المدنية لفرنسا ومستعمراتها أيضًا.\n\nبدأت الجمهورية الفرنسية الثالثة الحرب العالمية إلى جانب الحلفاء في سبتمبر عام 1939. في 10 مايو عام 1940، غزت ألمانيا النازية فرنسا. تمكّن النازيون من عبور خطوط الحلفاء سريعًا عبر تجاوز خط ماجينو الدفاعي وغزو فرنسا من الأراضي البلجيكية. بحلول منتصف يونيو، كان الوضع العسكري في فرنسا مخيفًا، وبدا من الواضح أن الفرنسيين سيُهزمون في معركة الدفاع عن فرنسا الأوروبية (فرنسا متروبوليتان). بدأت الحكومة الفرنسية مناقشة إمكانية توقيع هدنة. استقال رئيس الوزراء الفرنسي بول رينو من منصبه بدلًا من توقيع الهدنة، وحلّ محله الماريشال فيليب بيتان، أحد أبطال الحرب العالمية الأولى. عقب فترة قصيرة، وقّع بيتان هدنة 22 يونيو عام 1940. في 10 يوليو، حُلّت الجمهورية الثالثة فعليًا بعدما منحت الجمعية الوطنية الفرنسية سلطات دكتاتورية لفيليب بيتان.\n\nفي فيشي، أسس بيتان حكومة استبدادية أبطلت العديد من السياسات الليبرالية، وفرضت رقابة صارمة على الاقتصاد. برزت شهرة الكاثوليك المحافظين في تلك الفترة، وفقدت باريس مكانتها الطليعية في الفنون والثقافة الأوروبية. فُرضت على وسائل الإعلام رقابة صارمة، وروّجت الأخيرة الدعاية المعادية للسامية. بعد شروع ألمانيا في عملية بارباروسا خلال شهر يونيو عام 1941، انتهجت وسائل الإعلام موقفًا معاديًا للشيوعية أيضًا. وفّرت شروط الهدنة بعض الامتيازات، كإبقاء السلطة الفرنسية على قوات البحرية والإمبراطورية الاستعمارية، وتجنّب الاحتلال الكامل للبلاد على يد ألمانيا. على الرغم من تعرّض حكومة فيشي الفرنسية إلى ضغوط جمّة، رفضت الأخيرة الانضمام إلى قوى المحور، وبقي البَلدان في حالة حربٍ رسمية. في المقابل، حكم فرنسا الفيشية نظامٌ سياسي متواطئ مع دول المحور.\n\nاتخذت فرنسا بعد الحرب موقفًا رسميًا من حكومة فيشي باعتبارها دولة دمية بيد الألمان. رفض المؤرخون منذ سبعينيات القرن الماضي هذا الادعاء، قائلين أن «لحكومة فيشي أجندات سياسية خاصة، سعت إلى تحقيقها بدون أي ضغط يُذكر من طرف ألمانيا». اعتقلت ألمانيا مليوني سجين فرنسي من أسرى الحرب، وفرضت العمل الإجباري على الذكور الشباب. احتُجز الجنود الفرنسيون رهينة لضمان تقليص القوة العسكرية لحكومة فيشي، ودفع إتاوة باهظة من الذهب والطعام والمؤن لألمانيا. طُلب من الشرطة الفرنسية جمع اليهود والمجموعات الأخرى «غير المرغوب بها»، كالشيوعيين واللاجئين السياسيين، ويُقدر عدد القتلى من اليهود الفرنسيين بنحو 72500 شخص.\n\nدعم عامة الشعب الفرنسي النظام الجديد، لكن الرأي العام انقلب على الحكومة الفرنسية والقوات الألمانية، تدريجيًا، عندما لاحت في الأفق معالم خسارة ألمانيا في الحرب العالمية، وتزايد تدهور الظروف المعيشية في فرنسا. عملت المقاومة الفرنسية بالتنسيق مع حركة شارل ديغول خارج البلاد، وتعاظمت قوتها مع مرور فترة الاحتلال. عقب عملية غزو نورماندي على يد قوات الحلفاء في يونيو 1944، وتحرير فرنسا في وقتٍ لاحق من ذلك العام، نُصّبت الحكومة المؤقتة للجمهورية الفرنسية الحرة في السلطة، وترأسها الجنرال شارل ديغول.\n\nأُلقي القبض على آخر المنفيين من حكومة فيشي في جيب زيغمارينغن خلال شهر أبريل عام 1945. أدانت الحكومة المؤقتة فيليب بيتان بالخيانة، وحكمت عليه بالإعدام، لكن ديغول عدّل الحكم ليصبح سجنًا مدى الحياة. أُدين 4 مسؤولين بارزين من حكومة فيشي بجرائم ضد الإنسانية، على الرغم من عدة مسؤولين آخرين في ترحيل اليهود إلى معسكرات الاعتقال النازية، وارتكاب انتهاكات بحق السجناء وأعمال وحشية بحق أعضاء المقاومة.\n\nنظرة عامة \n\nفي عام 1940، اعتُبر الماريشال فيليب بيتان بطلًا من أبطال الحرب العالمية الأولى، وخرج منتصرًا من معركة فردان. كان بيتان آخر رئيس وزراء للجمهورية الثالثة، وكان ميالًا إلى الرجعية، فألقى باللوم على ديمقراطية الجمهورية مدعيًا أنها سبب هزيمة فرنسا المفاجئة أمام ألمانيا. أسس بيتان نظامًا دكتاتوريًا أبويًا، وكان متعاونًا مع ألمانيا النازية على الرغم من من الحياد الرسمي الذي تبنته حكومة فيشي. شاركت حكومة فيشي أيضًا في تطبيق السياسة العنصرية النازية.\n\nالاصطلاح \nبعدما صوّتت الجمعية الوطنية الفرنسية، التابعة للجمهورية الثالثة، على منح السلطات الكاملة لفيليب بيتان في 10 يوليو عام 1940، اختفى اسم الجمهورية الفرنسية République française من كافة الوثائق الرسمية. منذ تلك الفترة، اصطُلح اسم الدولة الفرنسية État Français كاسم رسمي لفرنسا. يُشار إلى الدولة الفرنسية حاليًا بـ«نظام فيشي» أو «حكومة فيشي» بسبب الوضع الخاص لهذه الفترة من تاريخ فرنسا، وجراء تحدي شرعية النظام الحاكم والطبيعة العامة لمصطلح الدولة الفرنسية.\n\nطُبقّت قوانين فيشي المعادية للسامية في الأراضي الخاضعة لسلطة الحكومة، وهي القسم الجنوبي غير المحتل من فرنسا متروبوليتان، جنوب خط الهدنة الفاصل الذي وُضع جراء هدنة 22 يونيو عام 1940، والممتلكات الفرنسية في ما وراء البحار، كأفريقيا الشمالية الفرنسية التي كانت جزءًا متممًا لفرنسا الفيشية. أطلق الألمان على القسم الجنوبي غير المحتل اسم «المنطقة غير المحتلة»، وعُرفت باسم «المنطقة الحرة» في فرنسا، أو «المنطقة الجنوبية»، وهو الاسم غير الرسمي لها، خصوصًا بعد عملية «واقعة أنطون» التي شهدت احتلال القوات الألمانية للمنطقة الحرة في شهر نوفمبر عام 1942. ترتكز المصطلحات الرائجة والمعاصرة للمنطقة الحرة على الاختزال والتورية (التفنن في استخدام الكلمات)، كلقب «المنطقة نونو»، للدلالة على كونها منطقة غير محتلة.\n\nالسلطة القضائية \nنظريًا، شملت السلطة القضائية في حكومة فيشي منطقة فرنسا الأوروبية، وامتدت صلاحياتها لتشمل مستعمرة الجزائر الفرنسية والحماية الفرنسية على كلّ من المغرب وتونس، بالإضافة إلى باقي مستعمرات الإمبراطورية الفرنسية التي قبلت سلطة حكومة فيشي، بينما وُضعت المنطقة الحدودية المتنازع عليها في الألزاس واللورين تحت الإدارة الألمانية المباشرة. كانت أراضي الألزاس واللورين، رسميًا، جزءًا من فرنسا لأن الرايخ لم يضم المنطقة إلى ألمانيا. لم تكن حكومة الرايخ حينها مهتمة في محاولة فرض الضم التدريجي غرب الحدود، على الرغم من أنها ضمّت لوكسمبورغ لاحقًا. اتبعت الحكومة الألمانية هذا المسار لاعتقادها أن حدود ألمانيا الغربية تحددها مفاوضات السلام اللاحقة، والتي ستحضرها قوى الحلفاء الغربية، وبالتالي توسيع الحدود باعتراف كافة القوى العظمى. لم تقتصر طموحات هتلر التوسعيّة على استعادة الألزاس واللورين فقط، وبما أن بريطانيا لم تضطر إلى خوض شروط الاستسلام، لم تحدث مفاوضات السلام تلك إطلاقًا.\n\nالتأسيس \nخلال الحرب العالمية الثانية قسمت اتفاقية الهدنة الفرنسية-الألمانية الموقعة بتاريخ 22 حزيران/يونيو 1940 فرنسا لمنطقتين، الأولى خاضعة للسلطة العسكرية الألمانية المباشرة والمنطقة الثانية تبقى للحكم والسيادة الفرنسية وذلك بشكل اسمي في الواقع. وفي اليوم التالي لتوقيع الهدنة انضم بيير لافال للحكومة ليصبح فيها المهندس الرئيسي للنظام الفيشي، فهو الذي قام بتاريخ 10 تموز/يوليو 1940 بإقناع الجمعية الوطنية الفرنسية أن تعطي بيتان الصلاحيات اللازمة لإصدار دستور جديد للبلاد، حيث صوت 569 نائبا لصالح هذا الطلب بينما عارضه 80 وامتنع 18 عن التصويت، فأصبح بيتان بذلك يتمتع بنفس الوقت بالسلطتين التشريعية والتنفيذية في الدولة الفرنسية، وكانت جلسة الجمعية الوطنية قد عقدت في بلدة فيشي للتصديق على اتفاقية الهدنة مع ألمانيا النازية.\n\nالسياسة العامة \nوهكذا استمرت حكومة فيشي للسنوات الأربع اللاحقة دون تغيير الدستور، وكانت سياساتها تتناغم مع أحوال ومستجدات الحرب. وفي 13 كانون الأول/ديسمبر 1940 سقط لافال من السلطة إثر مؤامرة حيكت ضده، وخلفه في منصب رئيس الوزراء بيير ايتيان فلاندين وبعده الأدميرال فرانسوا درلان. تميزت حينها فترة حكومة فيشي (بالانتظار والترقب) في تعاملاتها مع الألمان، وأصبحت فرنسا فيشي حينها ولو ظاهرياً دولة نقابية.\n\nأبدلت حكومة فيشي شعار الجمهورية الفرنسية (والذي هو نفسه شعار الثورة الفرنسية) «حرية. مساواة. أخوة» بشعار جديد: «العمل. الأسرة. الوطن»، وأصدرت ميثاق العمل، وأطلقت ما سميت بالثورة الوطنية كإيديولوجية رسمية للنظام الفيشي.\n\nالانهيار \n\nفي 18 نيسان/أبريل من عام 1942 عاد لافال للسلطة مجددا بعد أن تمكن من إقناع الألمان بأنه سيتعاون معهم بنشاط كبير لتحقيق أهدافهم، ففي تلك الفترة كانت ألمانيا النازية تخوض حروباً هائلة ضد الاتحاد السوفييتي والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وكان النازيون مهتمين جداً بضمان استقرار مناطق نفوذهم من جهة أوروبا الشرقية، ولكن بعد ستة أشهر تغيير الوضع بأكمله، حيث حطت القوات البريطانية والأمريكية على شواطئ أفريقيا الشمالية، وقامت طواقم الوحدات الرئيسية من الأسطول الفرنسي بإغراق قطعها البحرية في تولون لئلا تقع بيد الألمان، وفي 11 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 1942 احتلت ألمانيا كامل أجزاء فرنسا وحلت اتفاقية الهدنة مع حكومة فيشي.\n\nفي نفس الوقت كانت حركات المقاومة ضد النازيين وضد حكومة فيشي تتنامى في أنحاء البلاد بسرعة، وكانت تتزايد قوة وخطورة حيث غذتها الأعداد الضخمة من الشبان الفرنسيين الذين كانوا يلجؤون للتلال والأرياف للفرار من قبضة السلطات الألمانية ومن قوانين العمل القسري التي كانت تفرضها عليهم.\n\nفكان الثوار يعيشون في الريف كخارجين عن القانون، يتلقون الدعم والمساعدة من الفلاحين ومن الإمدادات التي كانت تلقيها لهم من الجو الطائرات البريطانية، وكانوا عاملا رديفا للحلفاء أثناء قيامهم بعمليات الإنزال في فرنسا وذلك من خلال تعطيلهم لقنوات الاتصال والنقل بين القوات الألمانية.\n\nشهدت الأشهر الستة التي سبقت إنزال الحلفاء في النورمندي حرب أهلية خاضتها خلايا المقاومة الفرنسية ضد رجال الجيستابو وميليشيات فيشي، وبعد تمكن الحلفاء من دخول فرنسا وطرد القوات الألمانية منها غادرت الحكومة الفرنسية المؤقتة (حكومة فرنسا الحرة) برئاسة شارل ديغول لندن لتعود إلى البلاد وتأخذ مقاليد السلطة من حكومة فيشي المنهارة، وفي أيلول/سبتمبر 1944 بعد تحرير باريس أعلنت حكومة ديغول إلغاء دولة بيتان الفرنسية مع جميع قوانينها وتشريعاتها.\n\nأثناء ذلك كان لافال هاربا في ألمانيا ومن ثم في النمسا ولكن ألقي القبض عليه لاحقا وأعيد إلى فرنسا، حيث حوكم وأعدم عام 1945. أما فيليب بيتان فقد أخذ قسراً إلى ألمانيا ولكنه عاد طواعية إلى فرنسا للمحكمة حيث أدين وحكم عليه بالإعدام، ولكن تدخل ديغول حول الحكم إلى السجن الانفرادي المؤبد، ومات بيتان في المعتقل عام 1951.\n\nانظر أيضًا \n الثلاثية (حكومة فرنسا 1944 - 1947)\n الحكومة المؤقتة للجمهورية الفرنسية (1944 -1946)\n\nمراجع \n\n الموسوعة البريطانية\n\nالاحتلال الألماني لفرنسا خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية\nالتاريخ السياسي لفرنسا حسب الحقبة\nالسياسة في الحرب العالمية الثانية\nالعلاقات الألمانية الفرنسية\nالكاثوليكية واليمين المتطرف\nالهولوكوست في فرنسا\nانحلالات سنة 1944 في أوروبا\nانحلالات سنة 1944 في فرنسا\nبلدان سابقة في تاريخ فرنسي\nتأسيسات سنة 1940 في أوروبا\nتأسيسات سنة 1940 في فرنسا\nتاريخ فرنسا الحديث\nدول بحكومات عميلة\nدول عميلة لألمانيا النازية\nدول وأقاليم انحلت في 1944\nدول وأقاليم تأسست في 1940\nعقد 1940 في فرنسا\nفرنسا في الحرب العالمية الثانية\nفيشي\nفيليب بيتان\nقوى المحور\nمعاداة البروتستانتية\nمعاداة السامية في فرنسا\nمعاداة الشيوعية في فرنسا\nمعاداة الماسونية\nولايات وأقاليم سابقة", "كوسيلة أدبية، الحكاية الرمزية (بالإنجليزية: allegory) هي حكاية تُستخدم فيها شخصية، أو مكان، أو أحداث لإيصال رسالة أشمل حول قضايا ووقائع العالم الحقيقي. استخدم الأدباء الحكاية الرمزية عبر التاريخ في كافة أشكال الفن لإيضاح أو نقل أفكار ومفاهيم معقدة بطرق مفهومة أو ملفتة بالنسبة للمشاهد، أو القارئ، أو المستمع.\n\nعادةً ما يستخدم الكُتّاب والمؤلفون الحكايات الرمزية لنقل معانٍ شبه مخفية أو معقدة عبر شخصيات أو أفعال أو صور أو أحداث رمزية، تخلق سوية المعنى الأخلاقي أو الروحي أو السياسي الذي يرغب الكاتب بإيصاله. تستخدم العديد من الحكايات الرمزية تجسيد المفاهيم المجردة في شخصيات.\n\nاصطلاحًا \nكان أول ظهور للمصطلح في اللغة الإنجليزية عام 1382، كلمة allegory مشتقة من الكلمة اللاتينية allegoria، وهي اللفظة المحولة إلى اللاتينية من الكلمة الإغريقية ἀλληγορία (allegoría)، «لغة مستترة، مجازية»، التي تأتي بدورها من الكلمتين اليونانيتينἄλλος  (allos)، وتعني: «آخر، مختلف»، وἀγορεύω  (agoreuo)، التي تعني: «أن تحاضر، أن تتكلم في الجمع»، والتي يعود أصلها إلى كلمة ἀγορά  (agora)، «جَمع».\n\nأنواعها \nناقش نورثروب فراي ما أطلق عليه اصطلاحًا «استمرارية الحكاية الرمزية»، وهي طيف يتراوح مما سماه «الحكاية الرمزية الساذجة» لملكة الجن، إلى حكايات أدب المفارقة المعاصر الأكثر خصوصية. من هذا المنظور، لا تكون الشخصيات في الحكاية الرمزية «الساذجة» ثلاثية الأبعاد بصورة كاملة، لأن كل جانب من جوانب شخصياتهم الفردية والأحداث التي تحيق بهم تجسد بعض الجودة الأخلاقية أو تجريدًا آخر؛ لذا يجري اختيار الرمز أولًا، ثم يُكسى بالتفاصيل ببساطة.\n\nالحكاية الرمزية الكلاسيكية \nيمكن تتبع أصول الحكاية الرمزية على الأقل إلى هوميروس في استخدامه «شبه الرمزي» لتجسيدات الترويع (ديموس) والخوف (فوبوس) مثلًا في الفصل الثاني الصفحة 115. يُمنح لقب «المرمز الأول»، مع ذلك، إلى أي كان أول من قدم تفسيرات رمزية لأعمال هوميروس. يقود هذا النهج إلى إجابتين ممكنتين: ثياجينيس الريغيومي (الذي يدعوه بورفيري «المرمز الأول»، بروف. كايست. هوم. 1.240. 14-241. 12 شراد.) أو فرسيديس السيروسي، اللذان يُفترض أن كلاهما كان فاعلًا في القرن السادس ق.م، رغم أن فرسيديس أقدم وغالبًا ما يُفترض أنه أول كاتب للنثر. إن الجدال معقد، إذ أنه يتطلب منا إدراك الفرق بين استخدامين غالبًا ما يُخلط بينهما للفعل اليوناني «allēgoreīn» الذي من الممكن أن يعني كلًا من «التكلم برمزية» و «التفسير برمزية».\n\nفي حالة «التفسير برمزية»، يظهر أن ثياجينيس كان مثالنا الأقدم. يُفترض أن ثياجينيس قد اقترح تفسيرات رمزية ردًا على الانتقادات الفسلفية الأولية لأعمال هوميروس (مثل زينوفانيس .11 وديلس – كرانز)، رمزت فيها آلهة الإلياذة إلى عناصر فيزيائية فعلًا. إذًا، يمثل هيفيستوس النار، على سبيل المثال. يجادل بعض الباحثين مع ذلك في أن كتابات فرسيديس المتعلقة بنشأة الكون توقعت أعمال ثياجينيس الرمزية، ويتضح ذلك بصورة خاصة في وضعه المبكر للزمان (كرونوس) في سلسلة نسب الآلهة، ما اعتُقد أنه إعادة ترجمة للعملاق كرونوس، من أنساب آلهة أكثر تقليديةً.\n\nاثنتين من أشهر الحكايات الرمزية في الأدب الكلاسيكي هما الكهف في جمهورية أفلاطون (الكتاب السابع) وقصة المعدة وأعضائها في الحديث عن مينينيوس أغريبا (ليفي الفقرة 32).\n\nمن بين أشهر أمثلة الحكايات الرمزية، حكاية كهف أفلاطون، التي تشكل جزءًا من عمله الأكبر الجمهورية. في هذه الحكاية الرمزية، يصف أفلاطون مجموعة من الناس الذين عاشوا مقيدين في كهف طيلة حياتهم، قبالتهم حائط خالٍ (514 أ – ب). يشاهد المساجين ظلالًا تسقط على الحائط نتيجة مرور أشياء أمام نار خلفهم ويبدؤون بنحل هذه الظلال أشكالًا، مستخدمين اللغة للتعرف على عالمهم (514 سي – 515 أيه). وفقًا للحكاية، الظلال هي أقرب ما يمكن للمساجين رؤيته من الواقع، إلى أن يجد أحدهم طريقه إلى العالم الخارجي حيث يرى الأشياء الحقيقية التي تُنتج هذه الظلال. يحاول أن يخبر من بالكهف باكتشافه، لكنهم لا يصدقونه ويقاومون جهوده المبذولة في سبيل تحريرهم كي يروا بأنفسهم بشدة (516 إي – 518 أيه). هذه الحكاية الرمزية، على المستوى الأساسي، هي عن فيلسوف يسعى إثر إيجاده معرفة أكبر خارج كهف الفهم البشري إلى مشاركتها معتبرًا هذا الفعل واجبه، وحماقة هؤلاء الذين رفضوها لأنهم يعتقدون أنفسهم مثقفين بالقدر الكافي.\n\nفي أواخر القصور القديمة نظم مارتيانوس كابيلا كل المعلومات التي قد يحتاج ذكر من الطبقة العليا في القرن الخامس معرفتها في حكاية زواج ميركوري وفيلولوجيا، والفنون المتحررة السبعة التي يحتاج الشاب معرفتها بصفتها الضيوف. طورت الفلسفة الأفلاطونية الجديدة أيضًا نوعًا من القراءة الرمزية لهوميروس وأفلاطون.\n\nالرمزية الكتابية \nتوجد حكايات رمزية أخرى في الكتاب العبري، كالاستعارة الموسعة في المزمور الثمانين حول الكرمة وانتشارها ونموها المذهلين، ممثلة الاحتلال الاسرائيلي وسكناهم في الأرض الموعودة. حكاية أخرى في سفر حزقيال الإصحاح الـ 16 والـ 17، حيث يمثل التقاط النسر العظيم الكرمة ذاتها نفي الإسرائيليين إلى بابل. كان التفسير الرمزي للكتاب لمقدس ممارسة مسيحية شائعة وما زال. مثلًا، من بين التعليقات على الأناجيل بقلم فورتوناتيانوس الأكويلي المعاد اكتشافها مؤخرًا تعليق كتبه مترجمها إلى الإنجليزية: «إن السمة الأساسية لتفسير فورتوناتيانوس هي النهج المجازي، الذي يعتمد على جملة من المفاهيم المقترنة بالمصطلحات الأساسية بغية خلق ترجمة رمزية للنص».\n\nانظر أيضًا \n كهف أفلاطون\n\nمراجع \n\nأساليب بلاغية\nأساليب شعرية\nتقنيات بلاغية\nتقنيات سردية\nخطابة\nلسانيات", "وزارة الخارجية هي الوزارة المسؤولة عن علاقات مصر الخارجية والتعبير عن السياسة الخارجية المصرية وحماية مصالح الدولة المصرية ومصالح المواطنين المصريين بالخارج، فضلاً عن تمثيل الدولة المصرية لدى الدول الأخرى والمنظمات الدولية. يقع مقر الوزارة في منطقة ماسبيرو بالقاهرة. الوزير الحالي هو السفير سامح شكري.\n\nتاريخ \nيعود تاريخ الوزارة إلى النصف الأول من القرن التاسع عشر في عهد الوالي محمد علي باشا، لم تكن وزارة بالمعنى المعروف حاليًا وإنما كانت ديوان يهتم بشئون «التجارة والمبيعات»، وعٌرفت بإسم «ديوان الأمور الإفرنكية» وكانت مهامها تنحصر في نظر معاملات العامة ومسائل التجارة.\n\nوزارة الخارجية والحرب العالمية الأولى \nمع قيام الحرب العالمية الأولى، وإلغاء السيادة العثمانية على مصر وفرض الحماية البريطانية عليها في أواخر عام 1914، تم إلغاء «نظارة الخارجية» كرمز للسيادة المصرية الخارجية. ولم تتبلور ملامح الدبلوماسية المصرية في شكلها الحديث إلا بحلول 15 مارس 1922، مع إعادة إنشاء وتأسيس وزارة الخارجية المصرية بمعناها الحالي، وكان أحمد حشمت باشا وزيراً للخارجية وقام بتأسيس الهيكل التنظيمي للوزارة حيث قام بإيفاد مبعوثين دبلوماسيين إلى الخارج، كما أصدر أول مرسوم خاص بالنظام القنصلي عام 1925 وكذلك المرسوم الخاص بنظام الوظائف السياسية.\n\nوزارة الخارجية بعد ثورة 23 يوليو 1952 \nكان لقيام ثورة 23 يوليو أثر بالغ في التحولات التي شهدها الهيكل التنظيمي للوزارة وذلك مواكبة للتحولات الكبرى على الساحة الدولية في تلك الفترة. كما كان لها تأثير كبير في وضع حجر الأساس لتنظيم العمل الدبلوماسي المصري حتى الآن: ففي 21 سبتمبر 1955، صدر القانون 453 لتحديد مهام الوزارة في تنفيذ السياسة الخارجية لمصر وكافة الشؤون المتعلقة بها والاهتمام بعلاقات مصر مع الحكومات الأجنبية والمنظمات الدولية ورعاية مصالح المصريين هذا إلى جانب إصدار الجوازات الدبلوماسية ومتابعة مسائل الحصانات والإعفاءات الدبلوماسية.\n\nالمهام \nتختص الوزارة بكافة مجالات العمل الدبلوماسي الخارجي وحماية مصالح الدولة المصرية ومصالح المواطنين المصريين بالخارج كما تقوم بجذب الاستثمارات الأجنبية ونشر الوعي بالثقافة المصرية.\n\nسياسة مصر الخارجية \nتقوم سياسة مصر الخارجية على 5 مبادئ هي:\n\n1. دعم السلام والاستقرار في المحيط الإقليمي والدولي.\n\n2. الالتزام بسياسة خارجية متزنة ترتبط بالأهداف والمصالح الاستراتيجية في إطار استقلال القرار المصري.\n\n3. دعم مبدأ الاحترام المتبادل بين الدول والتمسك بمبادئ القانون الدولي واحترام العهود والمواثيق ودعم دور المنظمات الدولية وتعزيز التضامن بين الدول والدفع نحو إصلاح الأمم المتحدة.\n\n4. الاهتمام بالبعد الاقتصادي للعلاقات الدولية.\n\n5. اعتبار الإطار العربي مجال تحرك رئيسي لسياسة مصر الخارجية، مع استمرار التركيز على النشاط الخارجي المتصل بالأطر الحيوية الأخرى المتمثلة في الإطارين الإسلامي والأفريقي وارتباط مصر بدول حوض النيل.\n\nأهداف السياسة الخارجية المصرية \nتسعى السياسة الخارجية المصرية لضمان إنجاز هدفين مترابطين وهما:\n\n1. حماية الأمن القومي المصري والمصالح المصرية العليا.\n\n2. تحقيق التنمية الشاملة بأبعادها المختلفة بما يحقق الهدف الأول.\n\nدور وزارة الخارجية في رعاية المواطنين المصريين بالخارج \nتحرص وزارة الخارجية على توفير كافة المساعدات للمصريين في الخارج من خلال تقديم الخدمات القنصلية عن طريق البعثات الدبلوماسية والقنصلية المصرية، إضافة إلى شبكة مكاتب الخدمات القنصلية التابعة لوزارة الخارجية والمنتشرة في كافة أرجاء جمهورية مصر العربية، كما تعمل على حل المشكلات التي قد يواجهونها، وبعد الخامس والعشرين من يناير بدأت في الاشراف على انتخابات المصريين بالخارج، والتي جرت في الانتخابات البرلمانية والرئاسية والتي بدأت في أبريل 2011 وتعد وزارة الخارجية المصرية هي الجهاز المصري الوحيد الذي تولى إدارة عملية انتخابات المصريين بالخارج بكافة مراحلها.\n\nيوم الدبلوماسية المصرية \n\nتحتفل وزارة الخارجية يوم 15 مارس من كل عام بيوم الدبلوماسية المصرية والذي يتوافق مع ذكرى عودة عمل وزارة الخارجية المصرية بعد إعلان الاستقلال عن بريطانيا في 22 فبراير 1922 وذلك إثر إلغاء وزارة الخارجية المصرية لمدة سبع سنوات بعد إعلان الحماية البريطانية على مصر عام 1914 باعتبارها أحد أهم مظاهر السيادة والاستقلال.\n\nالمنشآت التابعة \n الوكالة المصرية للشراكة من أجل التنمية: أنشئت الوكالة بقرار رئيس مجلس الوزراء رقم 959 لسنة 2013 بدمج «الصندوق المصري للتعاون الفني مع دول الكومنولث والدول الإسلامية والدول المستقلة حديثاً» و«الصندوق المصري للتعاون الفني مع إفريقيا». وعين أول أمين عام للوكالة وهو السفير حازم فهمي في 7 مايو 2014.\n معهد الدراسات الدبلوماسية: يعد معهد الدراسات الدبلوماسية الأكاديمية التدريبية التابعة لوزارة الخارجية والمسؤول عن إعداد وتخريج الدبلوماسيين المصريين بمجرد التحاقهم بالعمل بالسلك الدبلوماسي والقنصلي المصري، كما يقوم المعهد أيضاً بتنظيم دورات تدريبية للدبلوماسيين من دول أخرى خصوصاً من الدول العربية والأفريقية، نظراً لما يتمتع به المعهد من سمعة طيبة وعراقة بين أقرانه على مستوى العالم.\n مركز المعلومات الدبلوماسية.\n مركز القاهرة لتسوية النزاعات وحفظ السلام في أفريقيا.\n النادي الدبلوماسي المصري.\n اللجنة الوطنية التنسيقية لمنع ومكافحة الهجرة غير الشرعية والاتجار بالبشر (تتبع رئيس الوزراء ومقرها وزارة الخارجية).\n الهيئة العامة لصندوق تمويل مباني وزارة الخارجية.\n\nالوزراء\n\nانظر أيضا \n\n قائمة وزارات مصر\n وزارة الدولة للشئون الخارجية (مصر)\n وزارة الخارجية\n علاقات مصر الخارجية\n قائمة وزراء خارجية مصر\n الدرجات الدبلوماسية للسلك الدبلوماسي المصري\n\n قائمة البعثات الدبلوماسية في مصر\n مجلس الدفاع الوطني المصري\n مبنى وزارة الخارجية المصرية\n\nمصادر\n\nوصلات خارجية \n\n موقع وزارة الخارجية المصرية\n صفحة وزارة الخارجية المصرية على موقع التواصل الاجتماعي فيس بوك\n حساب المتحدث الرسمي باسم وزارة الخارجية المصرية على موقع التواصل الاجتماعي تويتر\n قناة وزارة الخارجية المصرية على موقع يوتيوب\n\nعلاقات مصر الخارجية\nوزارات تأسست في 1922\nوزارات حكومة مصر\nمصر\nوسط القاهرة", "العُصفُور الدُّوري المُغَرِّد، أو الدُّوري المُغَرِّد، أو العُصفُور المُغَرِّد، هو أحد أنواع عصافير الدوري الأمريكيَّة متوسطة الحجم، وأغزرها عددًا وأكثرها تميزًا وتأقلمًا.\n\nهو نوعٌ واسع الانتشار استوفيَ دراسة، بعض جمهراته آبد وبعضها الآخر من القواطع في أمريكا الشماليَّة. موطن التفريخ لهذا النوع آخِذ، في الوقت الحاضر، في التَّوسّع في الجنوب الشرقي من الولايات المتحدة، وقد وَصل الآن إلى الأجزاء الشماليَّة من تلك الولايات وإلى ساحل خليج المكسيك في بعض الأنحاء.\n\nسُلالاتٌ مُختلفة من هذا الطَّائر تُظهرُ تغيُّرات كبيرة في القد واللون، ومن هذه السُلالات على سبيل المِثال: السُلالة الكبيرة (Melospiza melodia maxima) مِن جُزُر ألُوشان، وهي أكبر السُلالات، والسُلالة السَّلطُونيَّة أو الصَّحراويَّة الفاتحة (M. m. saltonis) من جنوبيّ غرب الولايات المتحدة. كما أنَّ التغريد يختلف من جَمهرة إلى أخرى. حتى أنَّ بعض الباحثين يَستطيعون معرفة هويَّة الطيور من «لهجاتها». يعتقد بعض العلماء أنَّ كِسوة العصافير المُغرِّدة قاطنة المناطق الساحليَّة أقتم لونًا لتُشكِّل دفاعًا ضد الطُفيليَّات المُختلفة وعوامل العفن العديدة التي تعيش في البيئات الرطبة.\n\nأثناء موسم التفريخ ترفع الذكور عقيرتها بالغناء من الفجر إلى الغسق، وقد تستمر أحيانًا في الليل. تبدأ كل أغنية بمُقدمة موسيقيَّة يّعقبها تَرجيع لِتنتهي بِسلسلة من النَّغمات المُفتقرة إلى الانتظام. والذكر على درجةٍ عالية من الإقليميَّة، يُدافعُ عن مساحة تقل قليلاً عن 0.4 هكتارات من موقع سكناه الرَّئيسيّ. يتغذى العُصفُور الدُوري المُغَرِّد بالبزور بالدرجة الأولى، غير أنَّ الحشرات واللافقاريات الأخرى تُشكِّلُ ما يصل إلى ثُلث قُوته.\n\nالوصف\n\nالكِسوة \n\nالقسم العلوي من أجساد عصافير الدوري المُغرِّدة بُنيّ اللون، وظهرها مُخطط بخطوط داكنة، أمَّا قسمها السفليّ فأبيض ومُخطط بخطوط داكنة أيضًا، وتظهر في وسط الصدر بُقعةٌ بُنيَّة قاتمة. الرأس ذو قلنسوة بُنيَّة والذيل طويل مُستدير بُنيّ اللون. أمَّا الرأس فرمادي يعبره خط بُني من جهة إلى أخرى.\n\nالقدّ \nيختلفُ حجم هذه الطيور باختلاف سُلالاتها اختلافًا واضحًا. يتراوح طول الجسد بين 11 إلى 18 سنتيمتر (4.3 إلى 7.1 إنش)، ويتراوح باع الجناح بين 18 إلى 25.4 سنتيمترات (7.1 إلى 10.0 إنشات). أمَّا الزنة فتتراوح بين 11.9 إلى 53 غرامًا (0.42 إلى 1.9 أونصات).\n\nأنواعٌ مُشابهة \n\nيُمكنُ لغير العارف أن يُخطأ بسهولة بين هذه العصافير وأنواعٌ أخرى بحال شاهدها في البريَّة، ومن أكثر الأنواع التي يُخطأ الناس بينها وبين العصافير المُغرِّدة: عُصفُور الدوري للنكولن، وعُصفُور الدوري السڤنائيّ، المُتجانسان شكلاً مع عصافير الدوري المُغرِّدة. يُمكنُ تمييز الأوَّل عبر ذيله الأقصر والأكثر ميولاً للون الرمادي، ورأسه مُختلف النمط، ووجنتاه البُنيتان التي تُشكّلُ كُلاً منها لطخةً بارزةً للعيان. أمَّا العُصفُور الدوري السڤنائيّ فيمكن تمييزه عبر ذيله المتشعب والرقط المصفرَّة على وجهه عند رؤيته من قرب.\n\nالصوت \n\nذكور هذا النوع مناطقيَّة عدائيَّة، تلجأ إلى تغريدها الموسيقيّ المُعقَّد لتحديد حدود حوزها ولاجتذاب الإناث إليها. يتألَّفُ تغريد عصافير الدوري هذه من مزيجٍ من النغمات المُتكررة، سُرعان ما تتحول إلى نغماتٍ وزغردات مُسقلَّة. تغريدها هشٌ ناضر، وصافٍ، وواضح للسامع، مما يعني أنه بالإمكان التعرّف عليها عبر السمع فقط. يُمكنُ تمييز تغريدةٍ عن أخرى عبر النغمة والإيقاع، وعبر تردد الزغردات بشكلٍ خاص. مُعجم التغريدات عند هذه العصافير غنيّ واسع، فالطائر منها قد يُصدر ما يقرب من 20 نغمة، وحوالي 1000 شكل مُختلف من التغريدة الأساسيَّة، لكنَّها على العكس من السمَّان، تُكرر أغنيتها عدّة مرّات قبل أن تنتقل لأغنية أخرى.\n\nتتعلَّمُ عصافير الدوري المُغَرِّدة تقليد تغريدات العصافير وحتى الأنواع الأخرى المُجاورة لها، ويُحتمل أنها تتعلم تلك المُشتركة بين الطيور مُتجاورة الحوز، وفي نهاية المطاف تنتقي حوزها على مقربةٍ من حوز الطائر الذي تلقنت منه التغريد، أو تحل مكانه في حوزه إن كان قد هجره. تسمحُ هذه الخاصيَّة للعصافير أن تتواصل بنفس الطريقة مع بعضها البعض على الرغم من اختلاف الأفراد المُتواصلة. أظهرت التجارب أن عصافير الدوري المُغَرِّدة قادرة على تمييز تغريد جيرانها من تغريد العصافير الغريبة، وأنَّ الإناث منها قادرة على تمييز تغريد أليفها من تغريد غيره من الذكور، وأنَّ كُلاً منها تنجذب إلى وتُفضّل تغريد شريكها على تغريد جيرانها. بعض أنواع الطيور الأخرى، مثل المُحاكي، لا تقدر على تقليد تغريد عصافير الدوري هذه بأسلوبٍ فعَّال.\n\nالانتشار\n\nالموطن \nتنتشرُ هذه الطيور عبر القِسم الأعظم من أمريكا الشماليَّة. الجمهرات الجنوبيَّة مُقيمة دائمة، أمَّا الجمهرات الشماليَّة فتُهاجرُ إلى جنوب الولايات المتحدة والمكسيك في الشتاء، والجدير بالذكر أنَّ تلك المناطق سالفة الذكر تأوي أيضًا بضعة جمهرات مُقيمة طيلة السنة. يُعثرُ في بعض الأحيان النادرة على أفرادٍ من هذه العصافير في أوروبا الغربيَّة، بعد أن تكون قد شردت عن سربها، أو حملتها عاصفةٌ ما عبر المحيط الأطلسي وألقتها على إحدى شواطئ الدول المُطلَّة عليه، ومن الدول التي سُجِّل فيها وجود هذه العصافير: بريطانيا والنرويج.\n\nالموائل الطبيعيَّة \nهذه الطيور عموميَّة المسكن، أي تقطن طائفةٌ واسعة من الموائل الطبيعيَّة،، لكنها تُظهرُ تفضيلاً لأراضي الأشجار القمئية والسبخات، بما فيها سبخات الملح، عبر مُعظم أنحاء كندا والولايات المتحدة. كذلك يُمكن العثور عليها في الموائل البشريَّة، مثل ضواحي المدن، وأطراف الأراضي الزراعية، وعلى طول الطرق والشوارع.\n\nالإيكولوجيَّة\n\nالغذاء \n\nتسعى هذه الطيور وراء غذائها على الأرض، أو في الآجام، أو المياه شديدة الضحولة. تقتات بشكلٍ رئيسيّ على الحشرات والبزور، والطيور قاطنة سبخات الملح تأكل القشريات الصغيرة أيضًا. كما أنَّ بعض الأفراد منها شوهدت وهي تبحث عن الطعام في براز النوارس مزرقَّة الجناح.\n\nالتفريخ \nيقوم كلٌ من الذكر والأنثى بالبحث عن موقعٍ مُلائم لإنشاء العُش، وغالبًا ما ينتقيان موقعًا بين الأعشاب الكثيفة أو الحشائش، وفي بعض الأحيان يجعلانه على الأرض، وفي أحيانٍ أخرى في موقعٍ مُرتفع يصل إلى 15 قدمًا؛ وكثيرًا ما تُفضَّلُ المواقع قرب المياه. كما يُمكن أن يُعثر على أعشاشها على مقربة من الموائل البشريَّة، وحتى في أحواض الزهور بالحدائق أو على الشرفات والنوافذ.\n\nتتولَّى الأنثى مُهمَّة بناء العش، وتعمل غالبًا خلال وضح النهار وبالأخص عند الفترة الصباحيَّة. والعُش عبارة عن كأسٍ بسيطة متينة البنيان مصنوعة من الأعشاب، والحشائش الضارَّة، ويُغلَّف من الخارج ببعض اللحاء، ويُبطَّن في الداخل بواسطة الأعشاب والجُذيرات، وشعر الحيوانات. يتطلب إنشاء العش حوالي 4 أيَّام، ويتراوح عرضه بين 4 و8 إنشات، وعمقه بين 2.5 و4 إنشات، عند الانتهاء. تضعُ الأنثى حضنةً يتراوح عدد البيوض فيها بين 3 و5 بيضات بُنيَّة اللون مُبرقشة برُقطٍ بيضاء مُخضرَّة.\n\nالمُفترسات \nتتعرَّض عصافير الدوري المُغَرِّدة لافتراس طائفةٍ واسعة من الضواري، أبرزها: القطط، والبيزان، والبوم. كذلك يُمكن للعواسق الأمريكيَّة، والكلاب، والأفاعي، أن تُشكِّلَ خطرًا على حياة هذه الطيور، لكنها تتعامل معها بطريقةٍ غامضة، مما يُفيد بأنها قد لا تُشكِّلُ خطرًا كبيرًا عليها. تتعرَّفُ العصافير على الخطر عبر وسائل غرائزيَّة وأخرى تكتسبها عبر التعلُّم (بما فيه التعلم الثقافي)، فتُكيّف سلوكها المُستقبلي بحسب خبراتها المُكتسبة مع المُفترسات، وعبر مُراقبة كيفيَّة تعامل الطيور الأخرى مع الخطر المُحدق بها جمعاء. أظهرت المقارنة بين طيورٌ نشأت في الأسر وأخرى بريَّة، أن خوفها من البوم والبيزان خوفٌ غريزيّ، أمَّا خوفها من القطط فمُكتسب، تتعلمه من خلال المُواجهة مع إحداها.\n\nالمُتطفلات \nتتعرَّضُ أعشاش عصافير الدوري المُغَرِّدة إلى التطفّل من قِبل شحارير البقر بُنيَّة الرأس. تتشابه بيوض النوعان بشكلٍ ملحوظ، على أنَّ بيضة الشُحرُور أكبر حجمًا بعض الشيء، والعصافيرُ تُميّزُ الشحارير على أنها خطرٌ مُحدقٌ بذريتها، فتطاردها ما أن تراها على مقربةٍ من العش، وبعضُ الأدلَّة تُشير إلى أنَّ هذا السلوك مُكتسب وليس بغريزيّ. أظهرت دراسةٌ حديثة أن مُهاجة أنثى الشُحرُور على مقربة من العُش قد يؤدي إلى نتائج عكسيَّة لا تُحمد عُقباها في واقع الأمر، فيرفع من نسبة تطفّل الشحارير على العُش، ذلك أنَّ أنثى الشُحرُور تتعرف بذلك على إناث العصافير الأكثر نشاطًا وقوَّة ومُثابرة، وأشدها حمايةً للعش، أي تلك التي تزيد نسبة نجاحها في تربية حضنة من البيض على فشلها، فتبذلُ جهدًا في وضع بيضتها داخل عُشها إيمانًا منها بارتفاع نسبة بقاء فرخها. أظهرت إحدى الدراسات التي أجريت على إحدى جمهرات العصافير قاطنة جزيرة ما، أنَّ إدخال شُحرُور البقر بُني الرأس إلى الجزيرة لم يكن لهى تأثيرٌ مهم على أعداد العصافير، على الرغم من أنَّ نسبة الفشل في تربية الحضنات قد ارتفعت، ومن الأسباب التي أشارت إليها تلك الدراسة وأفادت بأنها ما حمى العصافير من تطفّل الشحارير: إنتاج العصافير عدّة فقساتٍ في السنة، وقدرتها على تربية فرخ الشُحرُور بنجاح إلى جانب فراخها الأصليَّة.\n\nالسُلالات \nالعُصفُور الدُّوري المُغَرِّد هو أحد أغزر أنواع الطيور بالسُلالات في أمريكا الشماليَّة، ومُنافسٌ عالميّ على المركز الأوَّل حتى، حيث يقرب عدد سُلالاته من سُلالات أنواع أخرى من شاكلة: القبّرة القرناء، والذعرة الصفراء، والصفَّار الأسترالي الذهبي، وسُمنة الجزر. حدد العُلماء 52 سُلالة من هذه الطيور، منها 24 مؤكدة في الوقت الحالي، مما يجعل هذا النوع نوعًا «مُلغزًا» حسب التعبير العلمي، أي يُمكن اعتباره نوعًا مُستقلاً على الرغم من أنَّ جمهراته بعضها معزولٌ عن بعض وتشكّلها العلميّ غير معروف على وجه اليقين بعد.\n\nالمجموعة الشرقيَّة \nطيورٌ صغيرة لونها ضاربٌ إلى البُنيّ، ذات أجنحةٍ طويلة وظهورٍ مُقلَّمة بخطوط سوداء. \n السُلالة المُغرِّدة (Melospiza melodia melodia): السُلالة النمطيَّة. تقطنُ القسم الشرقيّ من أمريكا الشماليَّة عدا المنطاق الساحليَّة من ولاية نيويورك. تُهاجرُ إلى الجنوب الشرقي شتاءً. ألوانها مُتناقضةٌ للغاية، فهي باهتة ومُخططة على قسمها السُفليّ، وريش ظهرها وحوافها رماديّ. تضم هذه السُلالة الجمهرات التالية، التي كانت تُعتبر سُلالات: M. m. juddi ،M. m. acadica ،M. m. beata ،M. m. euphonia ،M. m. callima وM. m. melanchra.\n السُلالة الأطلسيَّة (Melospiza melodia atlantica): تقطنُ سبخات الملح الواقعة على طول ساحل المحيط الأطلسي ابتداءً من ولاية نيويورك شمالاً؛ وهي مُقيمة مُفرخة لا تُهاجر. تختلف عن السُلالة النمطيَّة عبر ظهرها الرماديّ. تضم السُلالة السابقة M. m. rossignolii. \n السُلالة المونتانيَّة (Melospiza melodia montana): تقطن المناطق الواقعة غرب موطن السُلالة المُغرِّدة، وصولاً إلى الجبال الصخريَّة، أي جبال الروكي. تُهاجرُ بعض الطيور قاطنة القسم الشمالي من موطنها إلى شمال غرب المكسيك في الشتاء. شبيهةٌ في شكلها بالسُلالة النمطيَّة، لكنها أكبر حجمًا وألوانها كامدة، ومنقارها أنحف. تضم السُلالة السابقة M. m. fisherella.\n\nالمجموعة الشماليَّة الغربيَّة \nطيورٌ أكبر حجمًا وأقتم لونًا وتخطيطًا. أظهرت الدراسات التي أُجريت على الحمض النووي للمتقدرات أنَّ التباين في ألّوزيمات أغلب أشكال هذه المجموعة أن جميع أفرادها تفرَّعت من أصلٍ واحد مؤخرًا، وأنَّ تلك قاطنة الجُزر مُستقلَّةُ عن بعضها من ناحية الأصل.\n\n السُلالة الكبيرة (Melospiza melodia maxima): العُصفُور الدوري المُغرِّد العملاق، تنتشر عبر غربيّ جزر ألُوشان (من جزيرة أتو إلى جزيرة أتكا)، وهي مُقيمةٌ مُفرخة. أضخم السُلالات بلا مُنازع، يصلُ حجمها إلى حجم الطُّوهيّ الكاليفورنيّ. يغلبُ عليها اللون الرمادي والخطوط المُبعثرة. المنقار طويل ونحيل.\n السُلالة السناكيَّة (Melospiza melodia sanaka): العُصفُور الدوري المُغرِّد الألُوشي، تنتشرُ من جزيرة سيگوام شرقًا إلى خليج ستپوڤاك بألاسكا، وباقي الجزر الواقعة جنوب شبه الجزيرة الألاسكيَّة. طيورٌ مُقيمة مُفرخة، شبيهة بالسُلالة الكُبرى غير أنها أكثر رماديَّةً ونحولاً. تضم العُصفُور الدوري المُغَرِّد السيميديّ (M. m. semidiensis)، على أنه يُحتمل أن يُشكّل الأخير سُلالة مُستقلَّة بذاتها. كما تضم جمهرة جزيرة أماك، المُسماة العُصفُور الدوري المُغَرِّد الأماكيّ (M. m. amaka)، التي أُبيدت عن بُكرة أبيها بفعل تدمير موائلها الطبيعية، قرابة رأس سنة 1981/1980 (أفادت بعض المُشاهدات العينيَّة غير الموثقة عن وجودها خلال عاميّ 1987 و1988).\n السُلالة الواضحة (Melospiza melodia insignis): عُصفُور بيشوف المُغرِّد، تنتشر في جزر كودياك، وأفوگانك، وسيتكاليداك، وراسبيري، وكوكاك، وكتماي، الواقعة في شبه الجزيرة الألاسكيَّة. كثيرٌ منها يُهاجرُ جنوبًا لتمضية الشتاء. متوسطة الحجم ولونها رمادي داكن.\n السُلالة الكينائيَّة (Melospiza melodia kenaiensis): عُصفُور كناي المُغَرِّد، طيورٌ مقيمة مُفرخة، تقطن ساحل المحيط الهادئ لشبه جزيرة كناي، وجزر خليج الأمير وليام. أصغر حجمًا ويغلب عليه اللون البُنيّ أكثر من السُلالة السالفة.\n السُلالة الكاورينيَّة (Melospiza melodia caurina): العُصفُور الياكوتيّ المُغَرِّد، تقطن الساحل الشمالي لخليج ألاسكا، كثيرٌ منها يُهاجر إلى منطقة شمال غرب المحيط الهادئ في الشتاء. أصغر حجمًا من السُلالة الكينائيَّة.\n السُلالة المغراء (Melospiza melodia rufina): العُصفُور الدوري المُغَرِّد الداكن، تنتشرُ في الجزر الخارجيَّة من أرخبيل ألكسندر وجزر الملكة شارلوت. أغلبها مُقيمٌ مُفرخ. طيورٌ داكنة للغاية، ومنها من هو أمغر، أمَّا حجمها فصغير. تضم السُلالة السابقة M. m. kwaisa. \n السُلالة الطفريَّة (Melospiza melodia morphna): تقطن المناطق الساحاية من أواسط كولومبيا البريطانية حتى شمال غرب أوريغون. مُقيمة مُفرخة، أبهت لونًا وأكثر غنى باللون المغريّ من السُلالة المغراء. كان يُعتقد أن السُلالتين M. m. cinerea و M. m. phaea تُشكلان هجائن بين هذه السُلالة والسُلالة البنيَّة. \n السُلالة الميريليَّة (Melospiza melodia merrilli): تنتشرُ في المناطق الواقعة بين موطنيّ السُلالة المونتانيَّة والطفريَّة، جنوبًا حتى شمال نيڤادا. بعض الأفراد تُهاجر جنوبًا لتمضية الشتاء. تضم السُلالتين السابقتين M. m. ingersolli وM. m. inexspectata (عُصفُور رايلي المُغرِّد). مُميزة عن باقي السُلالات ولو أنَّ هذا غير مؤكد، فتأتي وسطًا بين السُلالة المونتانيَّة والطفريَّة، ويُحتمل أنها هجينة طبيعيَّة. \n السُلالة البُنيَّة (Melospiza melodia cleonensis): تنتشرُ في جنوب غرب أوريغون غرب سلسلة جبال الكاسكيد جنوبًا حتى شمال غرب كاليفورنيا. بُنيَّةٌ مُصفرَّة في اللون، وبالأخص على جوانبها، ولا يظهر أي أثرٌ للون الرمادي على ظهرها؛ القِسم السفلي مُبعثر التقليمات كستنائيَّة اللون.\n\nالمجموعة الكاليفورنيَّة \nطيورٌ صغيرة الحجم، واضحة التقليم، وقصيرة الأجنحة، ولونها يميل إلى البُنيّ. كُلها مقيمة، عدا بعض الجمهرات قاطنة المناطق المُرتفعة، فتلك قد تهبط أو تُهاجر إلى مواقع أكثر دفئًا في الشتاء.\n السُلالة الگولديَّة (Melospiza melodia gouldii): تقطن سواحل كاليفورنيا الوسطى، عدا خليج سان فرانسيسكو. يغلبُ عليها اللون البني، وتقليماتها داكنة واضحة للعيان، وأطراف ظهرها العلويّ تميل لأن تكون مُصفرَّة. السُلالة السنتاكروزيَّة (M. m. santaecrucis)، هي في واقع الأمر هجينة طبيعيَّة بين أفرادٍ من هذه السُلالة قاطنة جنوب الوادي المركزي وأخرى من خارجه. \n السُلالة الصموئليَّة (Melospiza melodia samuelis): عُصفُور سان پابلو المُغرِّد، تنتشر في شمال خليج سان فرانسيسكو وسبخات ملح خليج سان پابلو. سُلالةٌ صغيرة الحجم ضئيلة المنقار، ذات قسمٍ علويّ زيتونيّ مُتسخ. \n السُلالة كبيرة الفك (Melospiza melodia maxillaris): عُصفُور سوسون المُغرَّد، تقطن سبخات خليج سوسون. قسمها العلويّ قاتم، يغلب عليه اللون البُنيّ، وأطراف الشملة رماديَّة. أكثر ما يُميزها هو قاعدة المنقار المنتفخة. \n السُلالة الضئيلة (Melospiza melodia pusillula): عُصفُور ألامادا المُغرِّد، تقطنُ سبخات الملح الواقعة شرقيّ خليج سان فرانسيسكو. أكثرُ السُلالات اصفرارًا، أبهت لونًا من الصموئليَّة، وتتمتع بمسحةٍ صفراء واضحة على قسمها الأسفل.\n سُلالة هيرمان (Melospiza melodia heermanni): تنتشرُ في وسط كاليفورنيا الساحليَّة والوادي المركزيّ، جنوبًا حتى شمال باها كاليفورنيا. لونها شبيه بلون السُلالة كبيرة الفك، وحجمها متوسط. تظهرُ بعض الاختلافات بين الجمهرات الشماليَّة والجنوبيَّة، حيث يستحيل وجه بعضها أكثر سوادًا من الأخرى. كانت تضم السُلالتين M. m. cooperi و M. m. mailliardi. يُحتمل أن تُشكِّل الأخيرة فعلاً سُلالة مُستقلة بذاتها.\n السُلالة المُعشوشبة (Melospiza melodia graminea): توجد في جزر القناة في كاليفورنيا. أصغر حجمًا وأبهت لونًا من سُلالة هيرمان. تُعرف أحيانًا باسم عُصفُور سانتا بربارا المُغرِّد، أو عُصفُور القديسة بربارة المُغرِّد. تضم حاليًا طيور جزيرة كورونادو M. m. coronatorum، وطيور جزيرة القديس ميخائيل M. m. micronyx، بالإضافة لطيور جزر القديس كليمنت والقديسة روزا والأناكاپا M. m. clementae. منها جمهرات هجينة مع سُلالة هيرمان على جزيرة سانتا كروز. أُبيدت من جزيرة القديسة بربارة خلال الفترة المُمتدة بين عاميّ 1967 و1970 بسبب إدخال الهررة المستأنسة.\n\nالمجموعة الجنوبيَّة الغربيّة \nطيورٌ صغيرة باهتة، مغراء التقليم؛ كلها مُقيمة.\n السُلالة المُخادعة (Melospiza melodia fallax): عُصفُور الصحراء المُغرَّد. توجد في صحراء سونورا وبعض أنحاء صحراء موهاڤي في شرق أريزونا. لونها متورِّد باهت. من مُرادفات تسميتها العلميَّة: السُلالة السَّلطُونيَّة (M. m. saltonis) والڤرجينيَّة (M. m. virginis) والبندريَّة (M. m. bendirei). \n السُلالة الغديريَّة (Melospiza melodia rivularis): تقطن وسط باها كاليفورنيا. شبيهة بالسُلالة سالفة الذكر، لكن منقارها أطول وأنحف، وصدرها أبهت تقليمًا. \n سُلالة گولدمان (Melospiza melodia goldmani): مقصورة في وجودها على منطقة إل سالتو في سلسلة جبال الأم الشرقيَّة. كِسوتها بُنيَّة محمرَّة قاتمة على الظهر، وتقليمها ضارب للبُنيّ كما السُلالة الطفريَّة.\n\nمجموعة الهضبة المكسيكيَّة \nطيورٌ سوداء الرُقط، بيضاء الحلق، كُلها مقيمة.\n السُلالة الفاقعة (Melospiza melodia adusta): توجد في مصب نهر ليرما من مدينة زاكاپو إلى بُحيرة يوريريا. ظهورها وبطونها سوداء التقليم، وحلقها أبيضٌ ناصع. تستحيل أقل احمرارًا عند الاتجاه شرقًا. \n السُلالة القُرويَّة (Melospiza melodia villai): تنتشرُ في منبع نهر ليرما بالقرب من مدينة تولوكا. أقتم لونًا وأكبر حجمًا من السُلالة السالفة. \n السُلالة المكسيكيَّة (Melospiza melodia mexicana): تنتشرُ من ولاية هيدالگو إلى ولاية پويبلا. أبهت لونًا وأكثر كمودًا من السُلالة الفاقعة. تستحيل الجمهرات أكثر رماديَّةً مع الاتجاه جنوبًا. تضم السُلالات السابقة M. m. azteca وM. m. niceae.\n\nحالة الانحفاظ \nيُصنِّفُ الاتحاد العالمي للحفاظ على الطبيعة (IUCN) هذه الطيور على أنها غير مُهددة بالانقراض، وذلك لسعة موطنها وكثافة أعدادها. أمَّا السُلالات mailliardi ،maxillaris ،samuelis، pusillula، وgraminea، فمُصنَّفة في كاليفورنيا على أنها أنواعٌ ذات شانٍ خاص.\n\nالمراجع\n\nمصادر مكتوبة \n Arcese, P.; Sogge, M.K.; Marr, A.B. & Patten, M.A. (2002): Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). In: Poole, A. & Gill, F.: The Birds of North America 704. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.\n Beecher, M.D.; Campbell, S.E. & Stoddard, P.K. (1994): Correlation of Song Learning and Territory Establishment Strategies in the Song Sparrow. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(4): 1450-1454. PDF fulltext\n Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern\n California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) (2006): California Bird Species of Special Concern.\n Gabrielson, Ira N. & Lincoln, Frederick C. (1951): The Races of Song Sparrows in Alaska. Condor 53(5): 250-255. PDF fulltext\n Hare, M.P. & Shields, G.F. (1992): Mitochondrial-DNA variation in the polytypic Alaskan song sparrow. Auk 109(1): 126-132. PDF fulltext\n O'Loghlen, A.L. & Beecher; M.D. (1997): Sexual preferences for mate song types in female song sparrows. Animal Behavior 53(4): 835-841. PDF fulltext\n Patten, M.A. (2001): The roles of habitat and signalling in speciation: evidence from a contact zone of two Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) subspecies. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California, Riverside.\n Pruett, Christin; Gibson, Daniel D. & Winker, Kevin (2003): Amak Island Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia amaka) are not evolutionarily significant. Ornithological Science 3: 133–138. PDF fulltext\n Smith, J.N.M.et al. (1997): A metapopulation approach to the population biology of the Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia. Ibis 138:4, 120-128 Online publication date: 1-Jan-1997.\n Stoddard, Beecher, M.D.; Horning, C.L. & Campbell, S.E. (1991): Recognition of individual neighbors by song in the song sparrow, a species with song repertoires. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29(3): 211-215.\n\nوصلات خارجية \n حقائق مُثيرة للاهتمام عن عصافير الدوري المُغرِّدة من موقع BirdHouses101.com.\n ملف العُصفُور الدوري المُغرِّد - مُختبر كورنيل لعلم الطيور.\n صور ومعلومات عن عصافير الدوري المُغرِّدة - الطيور وهُواتها في داكوتا الجنوبيَّة.\n عُصفُور الدوري المُغرِّد Melospiza melodia مركز معلومات. \n ڤيديوهات عن عصافير الدوري المُغرِّدة على موقع مجموعة الطيور على شبكة الإنترنت.\n معرض صور لعصافير الدوري المُغرِّدة.\n\nأنواع القائمة الحمراء غير المهددة\nالعصافير المغردة\nحيوانات شمال المكسيك\nطيور ألاسكا البلدية\nطيور أمريكا الشمالية\nطيور أمريكا الشمالية المهاجرة\nطيور المكسيك\nطيور جزر ألوتيان\nطيور كندا\nطيور وصفت في 1810", "فريديريك فروبل (* 21 نيسان 1782 في أوبرفايسباخ و † 21 حزيران 1852 في شفاينا)هو مربِ ألماني اوجد فكرة روضة أطفال\n\nلمحة عن حياته \nولد في الريف الألماني بادبلانكنبيرج، وبدأ حياته العملية كمدرس في فرانكفورت، ثم زار العالم بستالوتزى في معهده في إيفردون وأمضى فترة كطالب ثم كمدرس في المعهد.\n\nبعدها عاد لبلاده وافتتح مدرسة خاصة طبق فيها آراء بستالوتزى في التربية إلا أنه اضطر لإغلاقها لسوءحالته المادية، وكرس جهده بعدها في تأليف أشهر كتبه (تربية الإنسان).\n\nتناول في كتابه قانون الوحدة الذي حاول من خلاله أن يفسر جميع مظاهر الوجود الحقيقي، فالإنسان من خلال اشتراكه واندماجه في شتى مظاهر الحياة حوله يحقق وحدة الذات، وهذه الذات في حالة نشاط دائم، نابع من الداخل، أطلق عليه فروبل النشاط الذاتي.\n\nبعدها سافر مرة أخرى إلى سويسرا للتدريس هناك، ثم عاد إلى ألمانيا وفتح مدرسة للأطفال في بلاكنبرج أسماها - معهد تربية الطفال الصغار-\n\nتأسيس رياض الأطفال\n\nفي النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر أنشأ فريدريك فروبل أول روضة للأطفال في ألمانيا عام 1838 م، واختار لها هذا الاسم Kindergarten أي روضة الأطفال فكلمة Kinder وتعنى أطفال وكلمة Garten حديقة أو روضة، فروبل كان يرى ان الطفل كالنبات الذي ينمو والذي يحتاج إلى بستانى جيد (مربي جيد)\nالفكرة الأساسية التي تقوم عليها رياض الأطفال برأيه هي مساعدة الطفل على أن يعبر عن نفسه، وبذلك يحدث النمو.\nلكي نصل لذلك يقول: يجب أن نبدأ بميوله الطبيعية ونزعاته للعمل، والعمل المدرسي أساسه النشاط الذاتي، ولفت نظرنا إلى صور تعبير الطفل عن طبيعته أفضل ما تكون في الحركة أو الإشارة التعبيرية وفي الغناء وأخيرا في اللغة.\nفاللغة عندما ينطق بها المعلم يجب أن يعبر بها الطفل لا بلغته الخاصة فحسب ولكن عن طريق الأغاني أو الحركات أو الصور أو تكوين الأشياء البسيطة المصنوعة من الورق والصلصال ونحوها.\n\nالأسس التي تقوم عليها رياض الأطفال عند فروبل:\n\n- جعل الطبيعة مجالا لتربية الطفل، لأنها ملائمة لنموه، وتعلمه القوانين التي تتحكم في الكائنات الحية، والتي ترجع جميعها إلى قانون واحد هو القانون الأبدي الذي يشير إلى وحدانية الله.\n- تنمية الحواس التي هي أساس تنمية الطفل جسميا وعقليا وانفعاليا.\n- مبدأ اللعب أمر ضروري للطفل لأن من خلاله يكون تنمية وتهذيب الحواس.\n- العامل الخـُلقي عامة والديني خاصة أساس في تربية الطفل في سن ما قبل المدرسة.\n- النشاط الذاتي والتلقائي للطفل يعتبر من أهم أركان التربية.\n- التعاون اتجاه اجتماعي يجب الاهتمام به في هذه المرحلة، والعمل على تنمية صلة الطفل بأقرانه.\n\nفلسفة فروبل التربوية\n\nتقوم أفكاره على أسس فلسفية وسيكلوجية، ويتجلى فيها وبوضوح نشأته الدينية التي انعكست على أعماله ومؤلفاته، وأكد على الناحية الخـُلقية في التربية، واعتبار التربية في حد ذاتها خـُلقية لأنها تربط الطفل بالحياة، واهتم بالأغاني واللعب التي أطلق عليها اسم الهدايا، ولشدة اهتمامه باللعب قام بابتكار مجموعة من الألعاب تعرف ليومنا هذا بـ (هدايا فروبل).\n\nالتربية في رأيه ليست إعدادا لحياة في المستقبل، وليست الحياة التي يعمل الطفل على الاندماج فيها وهي حياة البالغين، ولكنها الحياة التي يراها من خلال ذاته في الأشياء المحيطة به، وعندما يندمج الطفل بكل قواه وبتلقائية كاملة في وحدة مع الحياة فإنه يحقق النمو، وهذا هو هدف التربية.\n\nهدايا فروبل\n\nهدايا فروبل (بالألمانية: Fröbelgaben ، بالإنجليزية: Froebel Gifts) هي عبارة عن مجموعة من المواد التعليمية تتخذ أشكال هندسية مختلفة كالمثلثات والمربعات.تتضمن اليوم هدايا فروبل على 11 هدية، خمسة منها ابتكرت من قبل فروبل. تزداد هذه الهدايا تعقيداً مع نمو الطفل.\n\nالروضة أو رياض الأطفال أو الحضانة (بالألمانية: Kindergarten) مؤسسة تعليمية للأطفال قبل دخولهم المدرسة. يختلف عمر الالتحاق بالروضة باختلاف البلدان ففي أغلب الدول يطبق هذا النظام للأطفال ما دون سن السادسة وتحديدا بين عمر 3-5 سنوات. يرتكز هذا النظام على امرين، الأول تعريف الطفل بمجتمع أوسع من الذي تعود عليه واكسابه مهارات الاختلاط والثاني هو تعليم الطفل من خلال اللعب.\n\nروابط خارجية\n\nمراجع \n\nأشخاص من أوبرفايسباخ\nأشخاص من إمارة شفارتسبورغ رودولشتات\nتعليم في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة\nلوثريون ألمان\nمنظرون تربويون ألمان\nمنظرون تربويون في القرن 19\nمواليد 1782\nمواليد في أوبرفايسباخ\nوفيات 1852", "إريك فروم (23 مارس، 1900 - 18 مارس، 1980) عالم نفس وفيلسوف إنساني ألماني أمريكي. ولد في مدينة فرانكفورت، وهو الابن الوحيد لوالدين يهوديين أرثوذكسيين، هاجر إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في 1934. والتحق بجامعة فرانكفورت وهايدلبيرغ حيث درس فيها العلوم الاجتماعية والنفسية والفلسفية.\n\nالتعليم والحياة العملية \nبدأ فروم دراسته الأكاديمية عام 1918م في جامعة فرانكفورت التي درس فيها فلسفة القانون (Jurisprudence) لفصلين دراسيين ولكن لم يكن يرغب في أن يصبح محاميا، فغير اتجاهه عام 1919م نحو دراسة علم الاجتماع في جامعة هايدلبيرغ تحت إشراف عالم الاجتماع ألفريد فيبر، والفلسفة تحت إشراف هاينريش ريكيرت، وعلم النفس بإشراف كارل جاسبرز، حصل على درجة الدكتوراه من نفس الجامعة عام 1922م، وبعدها تدرب على التحليل النفسي في مصحة التحليل النفسي في هايدلبيرغ على يد الطبيبة النفسية فريدا رايخمان التي أخذته لمنعطف مهم في حياته العلمية والعملية بتعريفه على عالم التحليل النفسي الفرويدي، بدأ تحليلاته السريرية الفعلية عام 1927م، وبعدها بثلاثة أعوام التحق بمعهد فرانكفورت للبحوث الاجتماعية، وأتم تدريبه في التحليل النفسي. انتقل فروم إلى جنيف بعد استيلاء النازيين على السلطة في ألمانيا، ومن ثم انتقل إلى جامعة كولومبيا في نيويورك، وفي عام 1943م ساهم فروم في تأسيس فرع لمدرسة واشنطن للتحليل النفسي في نيويورك، كما شارك في تأسيس معهد وليام آنسون وايت للتحليل والطب النفسي، كان فروم ضمن أعضاء هيئة التدريس في كلية بنينجتون من عام 1941م إلى 1947م، وكان يقدم دورات تعليمية في المدرسة الجديدة للبحوث الاجتماعية في نيويورك من عام 1941م وحتى 1959م.كما كان أستاذًا في علم النفس بجامعة ميشيغان من 1945م إلى 1947م، وأستاذًا زائرًا في جامعة ييل من 1948م إلى 1949م.\n\nانتقل فروم إلى المكسيك عام 1949م وأصبح أستاذا في الجامعة الوطنية المستقلة في المكسيك (ْUNAM)، وأنشأ قسما للتحليل النفسي في كلية الطب هناك، وفي الوقت نفسه، عمل أستاذاً لعلم النفس بجامعة ولاية ميشيغان في الفترة من 1957م إلى 1961م وكأستاذ مساعد لعلم النفس في قسم الدراسات العليا للفنون والعلوم بجامعة نيويورك بعد عام 1962م.استمر في عمله في (UNAM) حتى تقاعده عام 1965م، وفي الجمعية المكسيكية للتحليل النفسي (SMP) حتى عام 1974م الذي انتقل فيه إلى مورالتو في سويسرا.\n\nأعماله \nالهروب من الحرية (1941) التحليل النفسي والدين (1950) اللغة المنسية : مدخل إلى فهم الأحلام والقصص الخيالية والأساطير (1951) المجتمع العاقل (1955) رسالة سيجموند فرويد : تحليل لشخصيته وتأثيره (1959) أزمة التحليل النفسى : مقالات عن فرويد وماركس وعلم النفس الاجتماعي (1970) تشريح نزوع الإنسان إلى التدمير (1973) كما حرر كتبا، بأقلام كتاب متعددين عن بوذية زن ومفهوم ماركس للإنسان وغيرها.\n\nاقرأ أيضاً \n قائمة بالكتب المترجمة في علم النفس\n\nروابط خارجية\n\nمصادر \n\nاشتراكيون ديمقراطيون أمريكيون\nاشتراكيون ديمقراطيون أوروبيون\nاشتراكيون يهود\nأشخاص من فرانكفورت\nأشخاص من مدينة مكسيكو\nأعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كولومبيا\nأعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ميشيغان\nأعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ولاية ميشيغان\nأكاديميون وكتاب في النرجسية\nألمان ناشطون ضد الأسلحة النووية\nأمريكيون متجنسون\nأمريكيون مغتربون في سويسرا\nأمريكيون من أصل يهودي ألماني\nإنسانويون ألمان\nإنسانويون أمريكيون\nإنسانويون يهود\nتاريخ الطب النفسي\nخريجو جامعة نيويورك\nخريجو جامعة هايدلبرغ\nعلماء اجتماع ألمان\nعلماء نفس ألمان\nعلماء نفس أمريكيون\nعلماء يهود\nفلاسفة الحب\nفلاسفة أخلاق\nفلاسفة ألمان في القرن 20\nفلاسفة ملحدون\nفلاسفة يهود\nكتاب ألمان\nكتاب ماركسيون\nكتاب من فرانكفورت\nماركسيون أمريكيون\nماركسية فرويدية\nمحللون نفسيون ألمان\nمحللون نفسيون يهود\nمختصون بالعلوم الاجتماعية أمريكيون يهود\nمدرسة فرانكفورت\nملحدون ألمان\nملحدون أمريكيون\nملحدون يهود\nمنظرون ماركسيون\nمهاجرون ألمان إلى الولايات المتحدة\nمواليد 1900\nوفيات 1980\nيهود ألمان\nيهود ألمان هاجروا للولايات المتحدة هربا من النازية", "قاعدة البيانات انجرس هي نظام إدارة قواعد البيانات العلائقية مفتوح المصدر ومدعومة تجاريا.\nظهرت انجرس أول مرة كمشروع بحثي في جامعة كاليفورنيا في بيركلي بدأ في منتصف السبعينيات وانتهى في منتصف الثمانينيات. المصدر الأصلي - وكما هي عادة المشاريع في بركيلي - كان متوفرا بأقل تكلفة تحت نسخة من ترخيص BSD\n\nومنذ منتصف 1980، كانت انجرس أساسا لعدد من تطبيقات قواعد البيانات التجارية، وتشمل Sybase، وMicrosoft SQL Server وNonStop SQL، وقواعد أخرى. ومشروع Postgres - PostIngres- بدأ في منتصف الثمانينيات ولاحقا تطور لقاعدة البيانات PostgreSQL.\n\nتاريخ انجرس \n\nفي عام 1973 بدأ مشروع System R وهو عبارة عن قاعدة بيانات في شركة IBM، وأصدر فريق البحث سلسلة من الأوراق تصف النظام الذي يعكفون على تصميمه، مما جذب اهتمام باحثين من جامعة بركيلي وهما مايكل ستونبراكر وإوجني وانج للفكرة، وقررا البدء بمشروع قواعد البيانات العلائقية خاصة بهم.\n\nوقد كانوا حصلوا على تمويل لنظام قاعدة بيانات الجغرافية لجماعة بركيلي الاقتصادية، وأطلقوا عليها Ingres وهي الحروف الأولى من بداية الكلمات التالية INteractive Graphics REtrieval System والتي تعني «نظام استرداد الرسومي المتفاعل». وقد فكر الباحثان باستخدام هذا التمويل لمشروعهما الجديد بدلا عن المشروع السابق، واستخدماه كبذرة للمشروع الجديد والأضخم. وللحصول على مزيد من التمويل طرح ستونبراكر الفكرة على «داربا» (وكالة مشاريع أبحاث الدفاع المتقدمة DARPA) وهي أشهر مصدر لتمويل بحوث الحوسبة والتطوير في ذلك الوقت، ولكن كل من داربا ومكتب البحوث البحرية ONR لم يستطيعا مساعدتهما لأنها يمولوا بالفعل بحوث في قواعد البيانات في مكان آخر. بعد ذلك طرح ستونبراكر فكرته على الوكالات الأخرى، وبمساعدة من زملائه حصل في النهاية على دعم متواضع من مؤسسة العلم القومية وثلاث وكالات عسكرية: مكتب سلاح الجو للبحوث العلمية، ومكتب أبحاث الجيش وقيادة نظم الإلكترونية التابع للبحرية.\n\nوبهذا التمويل، طورت انجرس خلال منتصف السبعينيات بفريق متناوب من الطلاب والموظفين. مرت انجرس بمرحلة تطور مماثلة لنظام R، بداية من النموذج الأولي في 1974 تلتها تنقيحات رئيسية لجعلها قابلة للصيانة. وبعد ذلك وزعت انجرس إلى مجتمع صغير من المستخدمين، وقد أعاد أعضاء المشروع كتابة النموذج الأولي مرارا للتكامل مع الخبرة المتراكمة وردود فعل المستخدمين والأفكار الجديدة. بقيت انجرس تشبه إلى حد بعيد فكرة نظام R من شركة IBM ولكنها مبنية على أنظمة «منخفضة النهاية»، المسماة يونكس التي تعمل على أجهزة شركة المعدات الرقمية.\n\nالتسويق \n\nوخلافا لنظام R، فإن مصدر انجرس كان متوفرا على أشرطة برسوم متواضعة. وبحلول 1980، وزعت أكثر من 1000 نسخة على الجامعات بشكل رئيسي. وقام العديد من طلاب جامعة بركيلي وجامعات أخرى (التي تعمل فيها انجرس) باستخدام مصدر انجرس في العديد من أنظمة تطبيقات قواعد البيانات التجارية.\nانتقل جيري هيلد أحد طلاب بركيلي ولاحقا كاريل يوسفي إلى Tandem Computers حيث طوروا نظام تطور لاحقا إلى NonStop SQL. كان نظام قاعدة بيانات Tandem إعادة استخدام تكنولوجيا انجرس. وقد طورالنظام ليعمل بشكل فعال على الحواسيب المتوازية، والتي تحوي على وظائف للبيانات الموزعة والتنفيذ الموزع، والمعاملات الموزعة (الأخيرة من الصعوبة بمكان). مكونات النظام أطلقت أول مرة في أواخر السبعينيات. وبحلول 1989 استطاع النظام تشغيل الاستعلامات بشكل متوازي، وإلى حدٍ ما أصبح المنتج الشهير لكونه أحد الأنظمة القليلة التي تتمدد بشكل خطي بحسب عدد المعالجات في الآلة: فإضافة وحدة معالجة ثانية إلى خادم NonStop SQL الموجود سيضاعف أداءه مرتين بشكل عام. قامت شركة Compaq بشراء Tandem لاحقا، وبدأت بإعادة كتابة النظام في 2000، والآن هو منتج في شركة HP.\n\nشكل روبرت إبتشاين Britton-Lee - المبرمج الرئيسي على المشروع بينما كان في بيركلي -جنبا إلى جنب مع الطلاب الآخرين في مشروع انجرس، بولا هاوثورن ومايك أوبل، وإنضم إليهم لاحقا إريك ألمن. ولاحقا، كونوا نظام Sybase. لقد كان Sybase ثاني منتج (بعد أوراكل المبنية على System R) لبعض الوقت من الثمانينات إلى التسعينيات، قبل أن تأتي Informix وتستولي عليه في 1997. وتم ترخيص منتج Sybase أيضا إلى مايكروسوفت في 1992، والتي بدورها سوقت لها باسم Microsoft SQL Server. هذه العلاقة توترت في أواخر التسعينات، واليوم تجاوزت مبيعات سكول سيرفر سيبيز بهامش كبير.\nالعديد من الشركات استخدمت مصدر انجرس لإنتاج منتجاتها. وكان أنجح هذه الشركات شركة تسمى Relational Technology والتي يرمز إليها RTI، أسست في 1980 بواسطة ستونبراكر ووانج ولورانس أ.راو وهو أستاذ آخر في بيركلي. أعيد تسمية RTI إلى شركة انجرس في أواخر الثمانينات. قامت الشركة بتحويل شفرة انجرس إلى DEC VMS والذي كان نظام تشغيلي تجاري لأجهزة VAX إنتاج شركة المعدات الرقمية، وقامت أيضا بتطوير مجموعة من الأدوات النهائية لإنشاء ومعالجة القواعد البيانات، وأدوات تطوير التطبيقات. وبمرور الوقت الكثير من مصدر انجرس أعيد كتابته لإضافة وظائف جديدة (مثل تعدد المعاملات ولغة SQL ونوع البيانات الوقت والتاريخ إلخ) وتحسين الأداء (مثل الاستعلامات المترجمة وخادم متعدد المسالك إلخ). في نوفمبر 1990، قامت شركة ASK بشرائها. وغادر المؤسسون الشركة في الأشهر التالية. في 1994، قامت شركة Computer Associates بشراء ASK/ Ingres، واستمرت في توفير انجرس تحت عدة علامات تجارية (على سبيل المثال OpenIngres - IngresII - advantage Ingres).\n\nوفي عام 2004 أطلقت Computer Associates انجرس r3 تحت رخصة مفتوحة المصدر. الشفرة احتوت على خادم DBMS وأدوات خدمية وأدوات تطوير التطبيقات. وفي الجوهر، كل شي ما عدا OpenROAD والتي هي بيئة التطوير الرسومية لـ 4GL.\nفي نوفمبر 2005، في شراكة برأس المال من Garnett & Helfrich وشركة Computer Associates، أنشأت شركة جديدة أطلق عليها شركة انجرس، والتي تزود الدعم والخدمات لقاعدة البيانات انجرس وOpenROAD والمنتجات الرابطة.\nفي فبراير 2006، أطلقت شركة انجرس قاعدة البيانات انجرس 2006 تحت رخصة جنو العمومية.\n\nبوستجرس \n\nبدأ مشروع بوستجرس لمعالجة أوجه القصور القائمة في إعدادات إدارة قواعد البيانات للنموذج العلائقي. الشيء الرئيسي كان العجر عن السماح للمستخدم بتعريف مجالات جديدة (أو أنواع) والتي تتألف مع المجالات المتشابهة (راجع النموذج العلائقي لشرح مفردة «مجال»). سبر المشروع أفكار أخرى مثل إدراج الكتابة مرة واحدة على الوسائط (مثل الأقراص الضوئية) واستخدام وحدات تخزين ضخمة والتواصل ونموذح كائني المنحى. والاعدادات أيضا أجرت تجارب مع واجهات جديدة بين قاعدة البيانات وبرامج التطبيقات.\nنتيجة المشروع أطلق عليها بوستجرس، وهدفت إلى تقديم العدد الأقل من المميزات الضرورية لإضافة دعم الأنواع الكاملة. وتشمل على القدرة على تعريف الأنواع، ولكن أيضا القدرة على وصف لكامل العلاقات التي حتى هذا الوقت تستخدم على نطاق واسع ولكنها تصان بشكل كامل بواسطة المستخدم. في بوستجرس قاعدة البيانات «تفهم» العلاقات وتستطيع استرجاع المعلومات ذات الصلة في الجدوال بطريقة طبيعية باستخدام القواعد.\n\nفي التسعينات بدأ ستونبراكر شركة جديدة لتسويق بوستجرس، تحت مسمى Illustra. ولكن الشركة والتكنولوجيا اشترتها Informix لاحقا.\n\nالمصادر \n\n شركة انجرس\n مقالة تعريفية حول قاعدة البيانات انجرس\n\nبرمجيات متعددة المنصات\nنظم إدارة قواعد بيانات علائقية\nنظم إدارة قواعد بيانات مفتوحة المصدر", "شكلة أو إسكيا، كومبانيا هي جزيرة بركانية في بحر طبرانة. تقع في الطرف الشمالي لخليج نابُل، على بعد حوالي 30 كيلومترًا من مدينة نابولي. وهي أكبر الجزر الفليغرية. على نهر شبه منحرف الشكل تقريبًا، يبلغ طوله حوالي 10 كيلومترات (6 أميال) من الشرق إلى الغرب و 7 كيلومترات (4 أميال) من الشمال إلى الجنوب ولديها حوالي 34 كيلومترًا (21 ميلاً) من الخط الساحلي ومساحة 46.3 كيلومتر مربع (17.9 ميل مربع)). تكاد تكون جبلية بالكامل. أعلى قمة هي جبل إيبوميو، على ارتفاع 788 مترًا (2585 قدمًا). تتميز الجزيرة بكثافة سكانية عالية، حيث يبلغ عدد سكانها 60.000 نسمة (أكثر من 1300 نسمة لكل كيلومتر مربع). تتكون الجزيرة شبه المنحرفة تقريبًا من بركان معقد جنوب غرب منطقة كامبي فليغري في الجانب الغربي من خليج نابولي. ثوران بركانيجرين تاف إجنيمبرايت القصبي منذ حوالي 56000 عام تلاه تشكيل كالديرا. أعلى نقطة في الجزيرة، مونتي ايبوميو (788 م (2,585 قدمًا))، عبارة عن هور بركاني يتكون من طوف أخضر تم غمره بعد ثورانه ثم رفعه. تأثر النشاط البركاني في الجزيرة بشكل كبير بالتكتونية التي شكلت سلسلة من الهورست والمضارب؛ أنتجت القبة الصاعدة ما لا يقل عن 800 متر (2600 قدم) من الارتفاع خلال الـ 33000 سنة الماضية. تشكلت العديد من البراكين الصغيرة أحادية الجين حول الكتلة المرتفعة. أنتج النشاط البركاني خلال الهولوسين سلسلة من التيفرا الخفافية، وحلقات التوف، وقباب الحمم البركانية، وتدفقات الحمم.\n\nأحدث ثوران بركان إسكيا، في عام 1302، مخروطًا ترشيشًا وتدفق حمم أرسو، الذي وصل إلى ساحل شمال شرق البلاد.\n\nالمياه المحيطة بها بما في ذلك خلجان جايتا، نابولي وبوزولي غنية وصحية، وتوفر موطنًا لنحو 7 أنواع من الحيتان والدلافين بما في ذلك الزعانف العملاقة وحيتان العنبر. تم إجراء برامج بحث خاصة عن الحيتانيات المحلية لرصد وحماية هذا التنوع البيولوجي.\n\nأشار إليها فيرجيل بشكل شعري باسم ايناريمي (الجحيم بالإنجليزية) وما زال لاحقًا باسم إيناريمي. مارتيانوس كابيلا تبع فيرجيل بهذا الإسم الملمح، والذي لم يكن شائعًا أبدًا: أطلق عليه الرومان اسم أيناريا، والإغريق، بيثيكوساي.\n\nيبدو أن كلا من إيناريم وبيتكوساي مشتق من كلمات «قرد» (إتروسكان أريموس، في اليونانية القديمة.\n\nومع ذلك، يستمد بليني الإسم اليوناني من رواسب الطين الخزفية المحلية، وليس من بيتيكوساي؛ يشرح الاسم اللاتيني أناريني باعتباره مرتبطًا بهبوط أنيس (موسوعة برينستون). إذا كانت الجزيرة في الواقع، مثل جبل طارق، موطنًا لسكان من القردة، فقد انقرضت بالفعل في العصور التاريخية حيث لم يتم ذكر أي سجل لها في المصادر القديمة.\n\nيظهر الاسم الحالي لأول مرة في رسالة من البابا لاوون الثالث إلى شارلمان في 813: يُزعم أن الاسم اسكلا المذكور هناك مشتق من انسولا، على الرغم من وجود حجة حول أصل سامي في\n\nايشرا، «الجزيرة السوداء» .\n\nالتاريخ والعصور القديمة \nكان موقع الأكروبوليس في منطقة مونتي فيكو مأهولًا بالسكان من العصر البرونزي، كما تشهد اكتشافات الفخار الميسيني والعصر الحديدي. وصل الإغريق يوبوين من إيريتريا وتشالتشي في القرن الثامن قبل الميلاد لإنشاء مركز تجاري للتجارة مع الأتروسكان في البر الرئيسي. كانت هذه المستوطنة موطنًا لسكان مختلط من اليونانيين والإتروسكيين والفينيقيين. بسبب مرفأها الجيد وأمانها من الغارات التي يوفرها البحر، أصبحت مستوطنة بيثوكيساي ناجحة من خلال التجارة في الحديد والبر الرئيسي لإيطاليا؛ في عام 700 قبل الميلاد، كانت بيثوكيساي موطنًا لـ 5000-10000 شخص.\n\nتم اكتشاف القطعة الأثرية الخزفية إيوبين المنقوشة بالإشارة إلى «كأس نيستور» في قبر بالجزيرة في عام 1953. ونقشت على الكأس بضعة أسطر مكتوبة بالأبجدية اليونانية. يؤرخ من ج. عام 730 قبل الميلاد، هو أحد أهم شهاداتنا على الأبجدية اليونانية المبكرة، والتي انحدرت منها الأبجدية اللاتينية عبر الأبجدية الأترورية. وفقًا لبعض العلماء، قد يكون النقش أيضًا أقدم مرجع مكتوب للإلياذة.\n\nفي عام 474 قبل الميلاد، جاء هيرو الأول من سيراكيوز لمساعدة كوميانز، الذين عاشوا في البر الرئيسي مقابل إسكيا، ضد الأتروسكان وهزمهم في البحر. احتل إسكيا والجزر البارثينوبية المحيطة بها وترك ورائه حامية لبناء حصن أمام مدينة إسكيا نفسها. كان هذا لا يزال موجودًا في العصور الوسطى، لكن الحامية الأصلية هربت قبل ثورات 470 قبل الميلاد واستولى النابوليتانيون على الجزيرة. استولى الرومان على إسكيا (ونابولي) عام 322 قبل الميلاد.\n\nمن القرن الأول الميلادي إلى القرن السادس عشر \n\nمنظر محلي لـ الفطر الثاني أو فونغو الثاني بالإيطالي.\n\n(ذا مشروم- الفطر)\n\nفي 6 بعد الميلاد، أعاد أغسطس الجزيرة إلى نابولي مقابل كابري. عانت إسكيا من الغزوات البربرية، حيث استولى عليها الهيرولي أولاً ثمالقوط الشرقيين، وتم استيعابهم في نهاية المطاف في الإمبراطورية الرومانية الشرقية. أعطى البيزنطيون الجزيرة لنابولي عام 588 وبحلولعام 661 كانت تدار من قبل الكونت لييج إلى دوق نابولي.\n\nدمر المسلمون المنطقة في عامي 813 و 847 ؛ في عام 1004 احتلها هنري الثاني ملك ألمانيا. استولى نورمان روجر الثاني على جزيرة صقلية عام 1130، ومنح الجزيرة للنورمان ألدوين دي كانديدا كونت دي إيشيا؛ تم اقتحام الجزيرة من قبل البيزانيين في 1135 و 1137 ثمسقطت لاحقًا تحت حكم هوهنشتاوفن ثم حكم أنجفين. بعد صلاة الغروب الصقلية في عام 1282، تمردت الجزيرة واعترفت ببيتر الثالث منأراغون، ولكن الأنجفين استعادتها في العام التالي. تم احتلالها عام 1284 من قبل قوات أراغون، ولم يتمكن تشارلز الثاني من أنجو مناستعادة السيطرة عليها بنجاح حتى عام 1299.\n\nنتيجة للانفجار الأخير للجزيرة في عام 1302، فر السكان إلى بايا حيث مكثوا لمدة 4 سنوات. في عام 1320، قام روبرت أوف أنجو وزوجتهسانسيا بزيارة الجزيرة واستضافهما سيزار ستيرليش، الذي أرسله تشارلز الثاني من الكرسي الرسولي ليحكم الجزيرة في عام 1306 وكان في ذلك الوقت حوالي 100 عام من العمر.\n\nعانت إسكيا بشدة في الصراعات بين سلالتي أنجفين ودورازو. استولى عليها كارلو دورازو عام 1382، واستعادها لويس الثاني ملك أنجوعام 1385 واستولى عليها لاديسلاوس من نابولي مرة أخرى عام 1386 ؛ تم نهبها من قبل أسطول انتيبوب يوحنا الثالث والعشرون تحتقيادة جاسباري كوسا في عام 1410 واستعادها لاديسلاوس في العام التالي. في عام 1422، أعطت جوان الثانية الجزيرة لابنها بالتبنيألفونسو الخامس من أراغون، ومع ذلك، عندما وقع في العار، استعادت الجزيرة بمساعدة جنوة في عام 1424. في عام 1438 أعادألفونسو احتلال القلعة، وطرد جميع الرجال وأعلنها. مستعمرة أراغونية، يتزوج زوجات وبنات المطرودين من حاميته. شرع في بناء جسريربط القلعة ببقية الجزيرة ونشأ رواقًا كبيرًا، وكلاهما لا يزالان قيد المشاهدة حتى اليوم. في عام 1442، أعطى الجزيرة لواحدة منالمفضلين لديه، لوكريتيا دي ألجنو، التي عهدت بدورها بإدارة الجزيرة إلى صهرها جيوفاني توريلا. عند وفاة ألفونسو عام 1458، أعادواالجزيرة إلى جانب أنجفين. أمر فرديناند الأول من نابولي أليساندرو سفورزا بمطاردة توريلا خارج القلعة وأعطى الجزيرة، في عام 1462، إلى جارسيرالدو ريكويسينز. في عام 1464، بعد تمرد قصير في توريلان، تم تعيين مارينو كاراتشولو كحاكم.\n\nفي فبراير 1495، مع وصول تشارلز الثامن، هبط فرديناند الثاني على الجزيرة واستولى على القلعة، وبعد أن قتل كاستيلان الخائنجوستو دي كانديدا بيديه، غادر الجزيرة تحت سيطرة إينيكو د. أفالوس، ماركيز بيسكارا وفاستو، الذين دافعوا عن المكان باقتدار منالأسطول الفرنسي. جاءت معه أخته كوستانزا ومن خلالهما أسسوا سلالة دافالوس التي استمرت في الجزيرة حتى القرن الثامن عشر.\n\nالقرنين السادس عشر والثامن عشر \nطوال القرن السادس عشر، عانت الجزيرة من غزوات القراصنة والقراصنة البربرية من شمال إفريقيا - في 1543 و 1544، دمر بارباروسا الجزيرة، وأخذ 4000 سجين في هذه العملية. في عامي 1548 و 1552، حاصر إيشيا خليفته دراغوت رايس. مع تزايد ندرة هجمات القرصنة وتضاؤل شدتها في وقت لاحق من هذا القرن وبناء دفاعات أفضل، بدأ سكان الجزيرة في الخروج منالقلعة، ثم بدأ المركز التاريخي لمدينة إيشيا. ومع ذلك، لا يزال العديد من السكان عبيدًا للقراصنة، وآخرهم تم أسرهم عام 1796. أثناء ثورة ماسانييلو عام 1647، كانت هناك محاولة تمرد ضد الإقطاعيين ملاك الأراضي.\n\nمنذ القرن الثامن عشر \nمع انقراض خط دافالوس في عام 1729، عادت الجزيرة إلى ملكية الدولة. في مارس 1734 استولى عليها البوربون وأدارها حاكم ملكيجالس داخل القلعة. شاركت الجزيرة في جمهورية نابولي التي لم تدم طويلاً بدءًا من مارس 1799، ولكن بحلول 3 أبريل، قام العميدالبحري توماس تروبريدج تحت قيادة اللورد نيلسون بإخماد الثورة في إيشيا وكذلك في بروسيدا المجاورة . بموجب مرسوم من الحاكم، تمشنق العديد من المتمردين في ساحة في بروسيدا تسمى الآن ساحة دي مارتيري (ساحة الشهداء). من بين هؤلاء كان فرانشيسكو بونوكورالذي استلم الجزيرة لإدارة من كامبيونيت الفرنسية في نابولي. في 13 فبراير 1806 تم احتلال الجزيرة من قبل الفرنسيين وفي الرابعوالعشرين تعرضت لهجوم غير ناجح من قبل البريطانيين.\n\nفي 21 و 22 يونيو 1809 تعرضت جزر إيشيا وبروسيدا لهجوم من قبل أسطول أنجلو بوربون. استسلمت بروسيدا في 24 يونيو وأيشيا بعدذلك بوقت قصير. لكن سرعان ما عاد البريطانيون إلى قواعدهم في صقلية ومالطا\n\nفي عام 1936 كان عدد سكان إسكيا 30418 نسمة.\n\nفي 21 أغسطس 2017، تعرضت جزيرة إسكيا أدى إلى مقتل شخصين وإصابة 42 آخرين.\n\nاليوم، تعد إسكيا وجهة سياحية شهيرة، حيث تستقبل ما يصل إلى 6 ملايين زائر سنويًا، معظمهم من البر الرئيسي الإيطالي وكذلك ألمانيا (يعيش حوالي 5000 ألماني في الجزيرة)، على الرغم من أنها أصبحت وجهة شائعة بشكل متزايد للبئر- القيام بأوروبا الشرقية (خاصة روسيا وبولندا). [ بحاجة لمصدر ] يمكن الوصول بسهولة إلى إسكيا بالعبارة من نابولي، وتستغرق الرحلة التقريبية ما بين 40 دقيقة وساعة واحدة. إن عدد المنتجعات الحرارية في الجزر يجعلها ذات شعبية خاصة لدى السياح الباحثين عن عطلات «العافية». زائر دائم هو أنجيلاميركل، المستشارة الألمانية.\n\nفي الادب والفنون \nإسكيا الجزيرة هي موطن لمهرجان إسكيا السينمائي وهي مسابقة سينمائية دولية يتم الاحتفال بها في يونيو أو يوليو، وهي مخصصة لجميع الأعمال التي عززت قيمة الأراضي المحلية.\n\nضيوف وأعمال بارزة \n•\tبقي السياسي الإيطالي جوزيبي غاريبالدي، أحد أهم الشخصيات في التوحيد الإيطالي، في الجزيرة لشفاء نفسه من إصابة خطيرة وإيجاد الراحة في منطقة كاساميكيولاتيرم الهادئة (في فندق مانزي)\n\n في مايو 1948 كتب دبليو إتش أودن قصيدته «في مديح الحجر الجيري» هنا، وهي أول قصيدة كتبها في إيطاليا. [20]\n في عام 1949، استقر الملحن البريطاني الكلاسيكي ويليام والتون في إيشيا. في عام 1956، باع منزله في لندن وأقام إقامة بدوام كامل في إسكيا.\n\nالمعالم السياحية الرئيسية \nكاستيلو اراغونيز\nلاكو امينو\nانجيلو دي إسكيا\nلامورتيلا\nشجرة لامورتيلا القديمة\n\nقلعة اراغونيز \nتم بناء قلعة أراغونيز  على صخرة بالقرب من الجزيرة في عام 474 قبل الميلاد، بواسطة هاييرو أوف سيراكوس وفي نفس الوقت تم بناء برجين للسيطرة على تحركات أساطيل العدو. ثم احتل البارثينوبون (سكان نابولي القدامى) الصخرة . في عام 326 قبل الميلاد، استولىالرومان على القلعة، ثم مرة أخرى من قبل البارثينوبين. في عام 1441 قام ألفونسو الخامس ملك أراغون بربط الصخرة بالجزيرة بجسرحجري بدلاً من الجسر الخشبي السابق، وحصن الجدران من أجل الدفاع عن السكان ضد غارات القراصنة. حوالي عام 1700، عاشت حوالي 2000 عائلة في الجزيرة، بما في ذلك دير بوركلاريس، دير للرهبان الباسيليين (من الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية اليونانية)، الأسقف والندوة، والأمير، مع حامية عسكرية. كانت هناك أيضًا ثلاث عشرة كنيسة. في عام 1912 تم بيع القلعة لمالك خاص. اليوم القلعة هي النصب التذكاري الأكثر زيارة في الجزيرة. يتم الوصول إليه من خلال نفق به فتحات كبيرة تسمح بدخول الضوء. على طول النفق توجد كنيسة صغيرة مكرسة للقديس يوحنا جوزيف الصليب (سان جيوفان جوزيبي ديلا كروس)، شفيع الجزيرة. يمكن أيضًا الوصول بشكل أكثر راحة من خلال المصعد الحديث. بعد الوصول إلى الخارج، من الممكن زيارة كنيسة إيماكولاتا وكاتدرائية اسسونتا. تم بناء الأول عام 1737 في موقع كنيسة صغيرة مخصصة للقديس فرانسيس، وأغلق بعد قمع الأديرة عام 1806، وكذلك دير الفقراء كلاريس.\n\nحدائق فيلا رافينو \nالحديقة النباتية، التي تقع في خليج فوريو سيتارا، هي نتيجة 50 عامًا من العمل المتفاني للكابتن، قارديني رافينو دامبرا هي حديقة نباتية بها واحدة من أغنى مجموعة من نباتات الصبار والعصارة المزروعة في الهواء الطلق في أوروبا. حصلت جيارديني رافينو على جائزة من اوبي أي (المرصد البرلماني الأوروبي) للممتلكات الأكثر صداقة للبيئة في جنوب إيطاليا.\n\nجارديني رافينو هو أيضًا موقع ميريستيما فير، وهو معرض مخصص لكل من البستانيين المحترفين وذوي الجودة العالية، وهو غنيبالندوات والخبرات العملية المتعلقة بالتنوع البيولوجي في الطبيعة. يعد جارديني رافينو أيضًا المقر الرئيسي للعديد من الجمعيات الاجتماعية التي تنظم الأحداث، بالتعاون مع منظمات المعونة الإنسانية، مثل ومنظمة اطباء بلا حدود غير الربحية المدعومة من قبل الأعضاء والعديد منالمعارض الثقافية الأخرى خلال حول العام.\n\nمشاكل بيئية \nأدت الزيادة الحادة في عدد السكان بين عامي 1950 و 1980 والتدفق المتزايد للسياح (في عام 2010 زار أكثر من 4 ملايين سائح الجزيرة لمدة يوم واحد على الأقل) إلى زيادة الضغط البشري على الجزيرة. تم تطوير مساحة كبيرة من الأراضي المستخدمة سابقًا للزراعة لبناء المنازل والمباني السكنية. وقد حدث معظم هذا التطوير دون أي تصريح تخطيط وبناء. في نهاية عام 2011، كانت الجزيرة تفتقر إلى النظام الأساسي لمعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي. يتم إرسال مياه الصرف الصحي مباشرة إلى البحر.\n\nفي عام 2004، بدأت إحدى المجتمعات الخمس في الجزيرة الأعمال المدنية لبناء محطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي ولكن منذ ذلك الحين لم يكتمل البناء وتم إيقافها حاليًا.\n\nانظر أيضًا \n بروسيدا\n جزيرة أوكيناوا\n جزر فرسان\nhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Italy\n\nمراجع \n\nhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program\n\nالبحر التيراني\nبراكين طبقية في إيطاليا\nبراكين مركبة\nجزر البحر الأبيض المتوسط\nجزر كامبانيا\nجغرافيا المدينة الحضرية لنابولي\nقلاع في إيطاليا\nكالديرات إيطاليا\nكالديرات تحت الماء\nمواقع رومانية في كامبانيا", "فيما يلي قائمة بالمجموعات الإثنية المعاصرة. النقاش حول تصنيف المجموعات الإثنية مازال مستمرا. الانتماء إلى مجموعة إثنية يميل إلى أن يكون محدد بالاشتراك بالتراث الثقافي، أو السلف، أو التاريخ، أو الوطن، أو اللغة، أو اللهجة، مصطلح «الثقافة» بما في ذلك على وجه التحديد يشمل جوانب المطبخ، أسلوب الملابس، والطقوس، إلخ.\n\nوفقا لطبيعة هذا المفهوم، تميل الجماعات الإثنية إلى الانقسام إلى مجموعات إثنية فرعية، والتي قد تكون هي نفسها أو لا يمكن تحديدها على أنها جماعات إثنية مستقلة وفقا للمصدر المتشار.\n\nأبجديًا\n\nأ \n\n آفار (روسيا)\n آينو (الصين)\n أبازين/أباظا (جورجيا، روسيا)\n أبخاز (جورجيا)\n أبقال (الصومال)\n أبوريجين (أستراليا)\n أبيبون (الأرجنتين)\n أبيناكي (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، كندا)\n أبييا\n أتراك (تركيا، قبرص)\n أتسوجيوي (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n أتسينا (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n أتيكاميكو (كندا)\n أجاريون (جورجيا)\n أجا (بنين)\n أجول\n أخفاخس\n أدجاريون (جورجيا)\n أدي (عرقية أفريقية)\n أديغا (روسيا)\n أديهاف\n أذريون (إيران، أذربيجان)\n آريون (إيران، الهند، أفغانستان)\n أرفانيت (اليونان)\n أرمن (أرمينيا)\n آراميون (سوريا، لبنان)\n أروبيون (أروبا، جزر الكراييب)\n أرومونيون\n آزتك (المكسيك)\n إسبان (إسبانيا)\n أستوريان (إسبانيا)\n إسكندنافيون (السويد، النرويج، الدانمارك، فنلندا)\n أسمات (أندونيسيا)\n أسينيبوان (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n أشينينكا (البيرو)\n أشكناز (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، إسرائيل، روسيا، كندا، الأرجنتين، ألمانيا، جنوب أفريقيا، المكسيك، الشيلي)\n أشانتي (غانا)\n أشانغ (الصين)\n آشوريون (العراق، تركيا، سوريا)\n أشولي (أوغندا، جنوب السودان)\n أشوماوي (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n أغاو (أثيوبيا)\n أغتا (الفلبين)\n أغني (كوت ديفوار)\n أغول (داغستانيون) (روسيا)\n أفارقة ترينيداديون (ترينيداد توباغو)\n إفرنج (فرنسا)\n أفريكان (جنوب أفريقيا، ناميبيا)\n أقباط (مصر)(السودان)\n أكا\n أكاد (العراق)\n أكان (غانا، كوت ديفوار)\n أكاديين (كندا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n أكراد (تركيا، العراق، إيران، سوريا)\n أكشين\n أكوابم (كوت ديفوار، غانا)\n أكيام (كوت ديفوار، غانا)\n أكوما (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، المكسيك)\n أكوهانوك (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n أكي\n ألاباما (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n ألاك (لاووس)\n ألبان (ألبانيا، كوسوفو، صربيا، جمهورية مقدونيا، الجبل الأسود)\n ألتاييك (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، روسيا)\n ألغونكيان (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، كندا)\n ألمان (ألمانيا، النمسا، سويسرا، ليختنشتاين، فرنسا)\n ألمانيك (ألمانيا، النمسا، سويسرا، ليختنشتاين، فرنسا)\n ألطايون\n ألويت (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، روسيا)\n أليوتورس\n أمازيغ (المغرب، الجزائر، مالي، النيجر، ليبيا، تونس، مصر، بوركينا فاسو، موريتانيا)\n أمريكيون أفارقة (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n أمهريون\n أماهواكا (بوليفيا)\n إنجليز (بريطانيا)\n أنغوش (روسيا)\n إنويت (كندا، غرينلاند، روسيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n أهتنا (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية)\n أوا (البرازيل)\n أوبيخ\n أوروكن (الصين)\n أوزبك (أوزبكستان)\n أوستيون\n أوكرانيون (أوكرانيا)\n أويغور (الصين)\n أيسلندون (إيسلندة)\n أيسوريون/أفتساريون\n إيرلنديون (إيرلندا)\n إيفنك (الصين)\n أيمرا (البيرو، بوليفيا)\n أيمك (أفغانستان)\n أينو (اليابان، روسيا)\n الأويغور (تركستان الشرقية، تحت احتلال الصين)\n\nب \n بوشناق (البوسنة والهرسك)، (تركيا)، (صربيا)\n بني ميزاب (الجزائر)\n باي (الصين)\n بلانغ (الصين)\n بونان (الصين)\n بويي (الصين)\n بشتون (أفغانستان، باكستان، إيران)\n بلوش (إيران، باكستان، أفغانستان)\n بشكيريين\n بولنديين (بولندة)\n بلغار (بلغاريا)\n برتغاليون (البرتغال)\n باسك (إسبانيا، فرنسا)\n بيلاروس (بيلاروس)\n بنغال (بنغلاديش)\n بنجابون\n باوآن\n باولي\n بيتي\n بقارة (السودان)\n بشارية\n البجا (السودان، مصر، إريتيريا)\n باسا\n بامبارا (مالي)\n بومي (الصين)\n بريطون (فرنسا)\n\nت \n الشعب التاهيتي\n ترك\n تركمان (تركمنستان)\n تتار (روسيا، أوزبكستان، كازكستان، الصين)\n تيجيريون\n تاميل (سريلانكا، الهند)\n تات\n تاي (تايلندا)\n تايلانديون (تايلندا)\n تبتيون (الصين، الهند)\n توفان\n تبساران\n تساخور\n توتسي (الكونغو الديمقراطية، روندا، بورندي)\n تامازيغت (المغرب)\n تايليش (إيران)\n تو\n توجيا (الصين)\n التبو ليبيا، التشاد، السودان، النيجر\n تيلوغويون الهند\n\nج \n جورانيون\n جورجين\n جرمان\n جولا (الصين)\n جاويونا\n جيو\n جريبو\n جابندي\n جعليون\n جيلاو (الصين)\n جينغ (الصين)\n جينغبو (الصين)\n جينو (الصين)\n جيلاكي (إيران)\n\nخ \n خقاسيون\n خمير (كامبوديا)\n\nد \n دنماركيون (الدانمارك)\n دارجين\n دونغشيانغ (الصين)\n دينكا\n ديفيهي\n داي (الصين)\n دور (الصين)\n دي أنغ (الصين)\n ديرونغ (الصين)\n دونغ (الصين)\n\nر \n روس (روسيا)\n رومانيون (رومانيا)\n رتول\n رومانشيون\n ريفيون (المغرب)\n روهنجيا (مينيمار)\n\nز \n زايان (المغرب)\n زازاكيون\n زازيون\n زولو (جنوب أفريقيا)\n قبائل الزغاوة\n زناتيون (المغرب)\n زهوانغ (الصين، فيتنام)\n\n سريان (سوريا، لبنان، فلسطين، العراق)\n سنهاليون\n سلوفينيون (سلوفينيا)\n سلوفاكيون (سلوفاكيا)\n سنديون\n سيرير (السنغال)\n قومية سامي\n سينوفو\n سيليزيون\n سالار (الصين)\n سيوي (مصر)\n سومريون(العراق)\n سوسيون (المغرب)\n\nش \n شلوح (المغرب)\n شاوية (الجزائر)\n شبك (العراق)\n شيشان (روسيا)\n شلك\n شايقيون\n شركس (جورجيا، روسيا)\n شي (الصين)\n شوي\n شناوة (الجزائر)\n\nص \n صوماليون (القومية الصومالية)\n صرب (صربيا، البوسنة والهرسك)\n صنهاجيون (شمال أفريقيا)\n صابئه مندائيون (العراق)\n\nط \n طوارق (مالي، النيجر، الجزائر، ليبيا، بوركينا فاسو)\n طاجيك (أفغانستان، طاجيكستان)\n طليان (إيطاليا، سويسرا)\n\nع \n عرب (الوطن العربي - شمال أفريقيا - القرن الأفريقي)\n عفار (إثيوبيا، إريتيريا، جيبوتي)\n عبرين\n عبابدة\n\nغ \n غانيين (غانا)\n غاغازية\n غاليزية\n غجر (الهند)\n غبري (إيران)\n غاوشان (الصين)\n غاليون (بريطانيا)\n غاليسيون (إسبانيا)\n\nف \n فلسطينيون (فلسطين)\n فرس (إيران)\n فنلنديون (فنلندا)\n فرنسيون (فرنسا، بلجيكا، سويسرا، لكسمبورغ)\n فيتناميون (فيتنام)\n فلبينيون (الفلبين)\n فلامون (بلجيكا)\n الفي\n فور (السودان)\n فا\n فينيقيون (سوريا، لبنان)\n\nق \n قبائل (الجزائر)\n قبائل (بنو هوية)\n قبائل الحضرة (الجزائر)\n قمريون (جزر القمر)\n قراشاي (قرة جاي)\n قرمية\n قرة تشاي\n قبرطاي\n قوط غربيون\n قوط شرقيون\n\nك \n قيرغيز (قيرغيزستان)\n كازاخ (كزاكستان)\n كوميك\n كروات (كرواتيا، البوسنة والهرسك)\n كوريون (كوريا الشمالية، كوريا الجنوبية)\n كورسيكيون (فرنسا)\n كتلونيون (إسبانيا، فرنسا، إيطاليا، أندورة)\n كبيلي\n كرد (كردستان إيران، العراق،تركيا، سوريا،القفقاس، روسيا،الاتحاد السوفيتي)\n كرو\n كران\n كسي\n شعوب كلتية\n كاكوا\n كيانغ (الصين)\n كسيبي (الصين)\n كنعانيين (فلسطين)\n كلدان- كلدانيون (العراق- سوريا- تركيا- أيران)\n\nل \n لوكسمبرغيون (لكسمبرغ)\n لاو\n لاتينيون (إسبانيا، البرتغال، فرنسا، إيطاليا)\n لاتفيون (لاتفيا)\n ليتوانيون (ليتوانيا)\n لزجين\n لاك\n لازيون\n لوما\n لوري (أكراد الفيلية) (إيران، العراق)\n لاهو (الصين)\n لوبا (الصين)\n لوند\n لي (الصين)\n ليزو (الصين)\n\nم \n ماوري\n مصريين (مصر).\n مقدونيون (مقدونيا)\n مايلاميون\n ملاويون (أندونيسيا، ماليزيا، تايلندا، الفلبين)\n مالطيون (مالطا)\n مولدافيون (مولدوفا)\n منغول (منغوليا، الصين، روسيا)\n مندينكا (السنغال)\n مالينكي (السنغال)\n ماندنجو\n مانو\n مورافيون\n مون\n قبائل المساليت\n مستيزو (أمريكا الجنوبية)\n قبيلة الميما (السودان)\n موري (موريتانيا، مالي)\n مزندراني (إيران)\n مانشو (الصين)\n ماونان (الصين)\n مياو (الصين)\n مونبا (الصين)\n مولاو (الصين)\n ميغماك (كندا)\n مزابيون (الجزائر)\n مابوتشي (تشيلي)\n ميتي كندا\n\nن \n نيباليون (نيبال)\n نوبيون\n نورمانديون\n نوجاي\n النوير\n نوبيون\n نور\n ناخي (الصين)\n نو\n نفوسة (ليبيا)\n النمامشة (الجزائر)\n\nهـ \n هان (الصين)\n هوي (الصين)\n قبائل الهاوسا\n هنود (الهند، باكستان، بنغلاديش، نيبال، سريلانكا)\n هرريون\n هزاره (أفغانستان، إيران)\n الهنود الحمر (كافة بلدان قارتي أمريكا)\n هوتو (الكونغو الديمقراطية، روندا، بورندي)\n هاني (الصين)\n هزهن (الصين)\n\nو \n ولف (السنغال)\n ولون (بلجيكا)\n الأويغور (الصين)\n\nي \n يزيديون (العراق، سوريا، تركيا)\n يوغوسلاف (صربيا، البوسنة والهرسك)\n يوربا\n يونانيون (اليونان، قبرص)\n يابانيون (اليابان)\n ياو\n يي (الصين)\n يوغور (الصين)\n\nقائمة المجموعات العرقية حسب انتشارها وأعداد أفرادها ودياناتهم \n\nالقائمة الاتية للجماعات العرقية المعاصرة\n\nالمراجع \n\nقوائم متعلقة بالمجتمع\nقوائم مجموعات عرقية\nمجموعات عرقية\nمجموعات عرقية حسب المنطقة", "فرخ البط القبيح هي قصة خيالية كتبها الكاتب والشاعر الدنماركي هانس كريستيان أندرسن. القصة تدور حول فرخ صغير فقس في مزرعة ويعاني من الاضطهاد وسوء المعاملة من قبل الحيوانات الأخرى بسب مظهره القبيح، لكنه سرعان ما يفاجئ الجميع (ونفسه) عندما يصبح في غايه الجمال عندما يكبر، ليكون أجمل طير على الإطلاق.\n\nالقصة عبارة عن كيفية تحول الشخص إلى شخص أحسن. نشرت القصة لأول مرة في 11 تشرين الثاني 1843 مع ثلاث قصص قصيرة أخرى لنفس الكاتب في الدنمارك. فرخ البط القبيح تحولت لعدة أفلام كارتونية ومسرحيات موسيقية وحتى أوبرا. تتميز هذه القصة أنها قصة من وحي خيال هانس كرستيان أندرسون ولا تمت لأي فلكلور أو قصة خيالية في أي بلد ثاني.\n\nالقصة \nكانت هناك بطة ترقد على البيض، وتنتظر صابرة أن يفقس. وأخيراً فقس البيض، وخرجت منه سبعة فراخ صغيرة شديدة المرح والنشاط. لكن أكبر بيضة لم تفقس بعد، وهكذا رقدت الأم عليها مستعينة بالصبر، وبعد أيام قليلة فقست البيضة، وخرج منها فرخ بط في غاية القبح؛ حتى أن الجميع سخروا منه. وأصبح فرخ البط المسكين حزيناً جداً لأنه كان مختلفاً عن إخوانه الفراخ الأخرى.\n\nوفي أحد الأيام أخذت الأم صغارها إلى الحظيرة ليلعبوا مع الحيوانات الأخرى. ولاحظ فرخ البط القبيح أنه ما من أحد يرغب في اللعب معه فشعر بالحزن لأن الجميع كانوا يصدونه ويركلونه، أو يهزؤون منه ويضحكون عليه. شعر فرخ البط القبيح باليأس وفر هارباً، وتوارى قرب ترعة صغيرة، بين طيور الإوز البري. شعر بالسعادة، ولكن في أحد الأيام جاء الصيادون فطار الإوز محلقاً وهو يصيح: «الفرار، الفرار، الأعداء هنا! فروا من الأعداء!». فر هارباً بعيداً، ولكن أينما ذهب في أي مكان كان يعاني من سخرية الحيوانات الأخرى منه، وفكر في نفسه قائلاً: «إنني قبيح وغليظ المنظر أنا أكثر حيوانات العالم حزناً ووحدة.. ما من أحد يريد أن يصادقني أو يقترب مني».\n\nوفي أحد الأيام، عطفت عليه امرأة عجوز طيبة، وسمحت له بالبقاء في بيتها، ولكن في أثناء المساء قام القط والدجاجة بطرده من المنزل لشعورهما بالغيرة منه! واقترب فصل الشتاء، وراحت الرياح العاتية تنتزع أوراق الأشجار، نظر فرخ البط القبيح إلى السماء فرأى سرباً من طيور البط الجميلة، ريشها طويل ومصفوف.. كانت تطير باتجاه الجنوب لتبتعد عن الشتاء شديد البرودة. قال فرخ البط متنهداً وكأنه يحلم حلماً جميلاً: «أتمنى أن أصبح بهذا الجمال!».\n\nكان فصل الشتاء طويلاً وقاسياً؛ حتى كاد فرخ البط القبيح أن يموت من شدة البرودة القاسية. كان يربض تحت الجليد وحده طوال الوقت، وعندما جاء الربيع أخيراً، نشر فرخ البط القبيح جناحيه ورأى في سعادة صورته التي تنعكس على الماء، وكم كانت دهشته عندما وجد نفسه وقد أصبح طائر بجع أبيض جميلاً. وفجأة سمع من يناديه ونظر نحو السماء فرأى سرباً من طيور البجع يناديه: «تعال معنا، وسنكون أصدقاء» وفي فخر حلق طائراً سعيداً والتحق بهم، ولم يكن أبداً على هذه الدرجة من السعادة طوال عمره!\n\nوذات يوم طار فوق المزرعة التي ولد فيها، فرفعت كل الحيوانات أنظارها نحوه، وكم كانت دهشتها عندما رأت ذلك البجع الجميل يطير برشاقة فوق رؤوسها.\n\nتاريخ وخلفية نشر القصة \nكتب أندرسن القصة في عام 1842 خلال مكوثه في بيته الريفي في مدينه بريغنتفيد واستمتاعه بالطبيعة. اختار أندرسن عنوان «البجعات الصغيرات» عنوانا للقصة، لكنه ما أن لبث لتغييره ل«فرخ البط القبيح» حتى لايفسد عنصر المفاجأة والتغيير في القصة. اعترف أندرسن لاحقا أن القصة هي عبارة عن «قصة حياته». حيث سأله أحد النقاد ويدعى «جورج براندس» عن ما إذا أراد أندرسن أن يكتب سيرته الشخصية في كتاب..كان جواب أندرسن أنه بالفعل كتبها وأنها قصة «فرخ البط القبيح».\n\nالتعليقات والانتقادات للقصة \nلقد كتبت الكاتبة البريطانية أن كشولم\"Ann Chisholm\" بعد معاينتها لكتاب كتبته جينس أندرسن \"Hans Christian Andersen: A New Life\n\" أندرسن كان طويلا وقبيحا مع أنف كبير وأرجل كبيرة وبعد أن كبر وأصبح لديه صوت جميل وشغف للمسرح..أصبح يعاني من سوء المعاملة والاضطهاد من الأطفال الآخرين.\n\nهناك اعتقادات أن أندرسن كان الابن غير الشرعي للأمير كرستيان فريدرك الذي أصبح فيما بعد الملك كريستيان الثامن ملك الدنمارك، ولقد اكتشف الكاتب أندرسن هذه الحقيقة قبل أن يكتب القصة. لذلك فإن اختيار الأوز ليس فقط للتعبير عن الجمال الخارجي والداخلي، ولكنه إشارة للدم الملكي. حيث يعتبر الأوز طائراً رقيقاً وملكياً، ولكن الأكاديمية الأمريكية ماريا تاتار المتخصصة في أدب الطفل تنتقد في كتابها The Annotated Hans Christian Andersen هذه النظرة التي يقترح أندرسون بها أن تفوق فرخ البط القبيح نابع من كونه ينتمي إلى نسل مختلف عن الرعاع الذين كانوا حوله وبالتالي تصبح الكرامة والقيمة والتفوق الجمالي والأخلاقي مبنية على النسل أكثر من كونها إنجازاً شخصياً محققاً.\n\nالمراجع \n\nأدب الشخصيات التجسيمية\nأعمال هانس كريستيان أندرسن\nبط خيالي\nحكايات\nحكايات خرافية أوروبية\nروايات دنماركية\nروايات عن الحيوانات\nشخصيات أطفال في شخصيات خرافية\nشخصيات في حكايات خرافية\nقصص أطفال\nقصص قصيرة 1843\nقصص قصيرة دنماركية", "محافظة فيفاء أو محافظة فيفا هي محافظة سعودية تتبع لإمارة منطقة جازان، جنوب غرب المملكة العربية السعودية، وحاضرتها مدينة فيفاء التي تبعد حوالي 100 كم شمال شرق مدينة جيزان، ويتبع المحافظة عدد من القرى والمراكز.\n\nنبذة \nذكر الهمداني في صفة جزيرة العرب بوصف سراة خولان، قرية شهيرة في سراة فيفاء وهي قرية «أنافية» في جنوب بلاد فيفاء ولاتزال باسمها ليومنا هذا وسكانها هم قبيلة آل مدر من فيفاء وقال البعض أن قرية أنافية الحالية كانت مسمى جبال فيفاء قديماً، وذكر أيضاً الكبسي (أنه توجه إلى بلاد فيفاء وهي أرض نازحة، متصلة ببلاد قحطان ومن التهائم إلى قرب وادي ضمد)، أما الحجري فقال أن بلاد فيفاء بلد واسع من بلاد خولان بن عمرو بن ألحاف.\n\nجغرافياً\n\nالموقع \nتقع فيفاء في الجزء الجنوبي الغربي من السعودية، وتتوسط جبال السروات بين منطقة نجران شرقاً وجيزان غرباً ومنطقة عسير شمالاً والحدود اليمنية جنوباً، وتقع على خط عرض 17 وخط طول 43، ويقدر ارتفاعها عن مستوى سطح البحر بحوالي 2800 - 3000 متر.\n\nالمساحة والحدود \nتقدر مساحة المحافظة بحوالي 600 كيلو متر مربع تقريباً. ويحيط بمحافظة فيفاء وادي ضمد من الشرق إلى رأس القوس غرباً، ووادي جورا في الشمال والغرب، حيث يلتقيان في نقطة المحة غرب الجبل.\n\nالتضاريس \nيتكون جبل فيفاء من سلسلة من القمم المتفاوتة الارتفاع، أشهرها قمة العبسية ويتموضع الجبل فيما يشبه القوس من الشمال إلى الجنوب، ويحيط به وادي ضمد، من الشرق إلى رأس القوس غرباً ووادي جورى في الشمال والغرب حيث يلتقيان في نقطة المحة غرب الجبل. وفيفاء وعرة الطرق ولكن هذه الوعورة لم تصمد أمام من استوطنوا هذه المنطقة فبتعاونهم شقوا الطرق في عرض تلك الجبال لتنقلاتهم بمواشيهم من والي الجبل وخلاله، طوعوا الطبيعة لصالحهم فمن حجارته بنوا بيوتهم ولضيق المساحات المسطحة أولاً ولمقاومة العوامل الطبيعية وكذلك للتحصين جعلوا هذه البيوت اسطوانية الشكل وأنشؤوا المدرجات لتحتوي التربة لاستغلالها في الزراعة.\n\nالمناخ \nالمناخ في محافظة فيفاء معتدل تقريباً طوال العام، إلا أنه يميل في الشتاء إلى البرودة في أعالي جبال فيفاء، وإلى الحرارة صيفاً في سفوح تلك الجبال، وتترواح درجة الحرارة في هذه الجبال صيفاً ما بين 16 و28 درجة مئوية تقريباً، وشتاءً ما بين 3 و25 درجة مئوية.\n\nتصل نسبة الرطوبة في الشتاء إلى 50 بالمئة، وصيفاً إلى 30 بالمئة، وبهذا يكون الجو معتدلاً في فصل الصيف، وأقرب إلى البرودة في فصل الشتاء. تكثر الأمطار في فصل الصيف أكثر من أي فصل آخر من فصول السنة، وتكون الأمطار عادة مصحوبة بالعواصف الرعدية، وتترواح نسبة الأمطار ما بين 35 إلى 45 سنتيمتر مكعب في السنة.\n\nالسكان \n\nيقدر سكان محافظة فيفاء عام 2018م بنحو 29793 نسمة في محافظة فيفاء بمنطقة جازان حسب التقرير الصادر من الهيئة العامة للإحصاء بمنطقة جازان.\n\nاللهجة \nلأهالي جبال فيفاء لهجة مبنيّة على اللغة العربيّة القديمة وقد وجد الباحثون - من أبناء فيفاء - أن معظم مفردات هذه اللهجة تنتمي لأصول اللغة العربية الفصحى، لغة خولانية، إذا استثنينا منها المصطلحات الخاصة ببعض المسميات.\n\nالزراعة \nتعتبر المدرجات الزراعية في فيفاء من أبرز العناصر الجمالية لهذه المنطقة، وتشكل المدرجات في فيفاء نمطاً مميزاً من حيث بنائها. كما تشير نتائج وتحاليل التربة التي أخذت من أماكن مختلفة من المحافظة إلى أن التربة تختلف من مكان إلى آخر، وبصفة عامة فهي تربة طينية رملية، كما تختلف درجة الملوحة فتتراوح بين الخفيفة إلى المتوسطة، وتتوفر بها كميات من الكالسيوم والبوتاسيوم والمغنسيوم.\n\nوتنقسم المحاصيل الزراعية إلى ثلاث أقسام:\n محاصيل حبوب وأهمها (البن -القمح - الذرة بنوعيها - الشعير - الدخن- البر)\n محاصيل فاكهة وأهمها (المانجو - الليمون - السفرجل - الموز - الجوافة - التين بنوعية)\n نباتات عطرية وأهمها (الكادي - النرجس - البعيثران - الريحان - البردقوش - الخزام)\n\nالقرى التابعة \nيتبع المحافظة مركز الجوة، بالإضافة إلى عدد من القرى، منها:\n\nأهم الأماكن السياحية \nتوجد في فيفاء أماكن سياحية كثيرة أهمها:\n العبسية: وهي أعلى قمة في جبال فيفاء، وتطل على معظم أنحاء جبال فيفاء من جميع الجهات، ويمكن الوصول إلى الموقع من خلال طريق العبسية المتفرع من الطريق العام.\n الخوشين: وهو عبارة عن غابات وعرة كثيفة وخلابة تقع في ذراع آل يحيى علي وتمتد شمالاً من (بئر المعاين) حتى نهاية (المفرة)، ويشتهر الخوشين بتنوع نباتي كبير استفاد منه الكثير من الباحثين في الطب الشعبي، وكان قديماً مورداً مشهوراً للمياه لوقوعه في منتصف الجبل، ويعد الخوشين من الأمكان المغرية للاستكشاف خصوصاً أنه يحتوي على الكثير من الحيونات المعمرة والأفاعي الضخمة الخطيرة.\n السمّاع: وهو موقع يطل على بقعة العذر ذات المناظر الطبيعية، كما يطل على النفيعة، ووادي الحجوري، والدفرة، ومعظم مواطن قبيلة آل عبدل، ويمكن الوصول إلى الموقع من خلال طريق السماع المعبد، والمتفرع من طريق العبسية.\n اللعثة: تقع في أعلى قمة جبل آل عبدل وهي مطلة على مواقع ذات طبيعة خلابة، كما يمكن مشاهدة العبسية والدفرة والنقيل وسهول تهامة.\n الوشر: وهي بقعة منبسطة بها أراضي زراعية، وتقع في مواطن قبيلة المشنوي، في موقع متوسط الارتفاع من جبال فيفاء، ويمكن الوصول إلى الموقع من خلال طريق الوشر، المتفرع من الطريق العام رقم 12 في غرب جبال فيفاء.\n الصامل: يقع في شرق جبل المشنويّ ويتميز بوجود بئر جوفية تتدفق من بين الصخور كان يستخدم سابقاً للسقيا وبه غابات كثيفة.\n الخطم: وهو موقع يوجد في بقعة حيدان، يطل على غرب مواطن قبيلة آل عبدل، وغرب مواطن قبيلة آل الداثر، ومن هذا الموقع يمكن مشاهدة جبال بلغازي، ومنه يمكن مشاهدة المدرجات والمزارع، كما يمكن رؤية جذيمة وهي عبارة عن صخرة شاهقة الارتفاع، ويمكن الوصول إلى هذا الموقع من خلال طريق بقعة حيدان، المتفرع من الطريق العام.\n العذر: هي منطقة تتوسط جبال فيفاء، وتتميز باستواء سطحها، وكثرة خضرتها وعمرانها، وتشتهر بكثرة مياهها ووفرة محاصيلها الزراعية، ويقع بها العديد من الدوائر الحكومية والمدارس.\n النقيل: يقع في الجهة الشمالية والغربية لجبال فيفاء، ويطل على العديد من الأودية والسفوح.\n الدحرة: تقع في الجهة الغربية من جبال فيفاء وهي منطقة ذات مناظر طبيعية، وتطل على العديد من الأماكن، وتقع تقريباً في قمة جبال فيفاء إذ لا يبعد بينها وبين القمة إلا حوالي 100 متر.\n وادي الفاحم: يعد من أجمل الأودية وأكثرها خضرة، ويقع في الجهة الغربية من الجبل.\n\nبالإضافة إلى مواقع أخرى، منها مطل المحبا، وادي الفرع، وادي ذبوب، وادي الموهر وغيرها.\n\nانظر أيضًا \n فيفاء\n جبال فيفاء\n قبائل فيفاء\n\nالمصادر\n\nوصلات خارجية \n موقع فيفاء اون لاين\n\nأماكن مأهولة في منطقة جازان\nمحافظات منطقة جازان", "النوردية القديمة أو النُرمانية القديمة (نسبة إلى النُرمان ) هي لغة جرمانية شمالية كان يتحدثها سكان إسكندناوة وما وراء بحارها خلال عصر الفايكنغ وحتى القرن الرابع عشر. وقد ميزت عمليات التغير البطيئة اللغة الإسكندنافية القديمة عن شكلها الأقدم، وهو الإسكندنافية المبكرة، والتي انتهى استخدامها في أواخر القرن الثامن الميلادي، وهناك فترة انتقالية أخرى أدت إلى تحول الإسكندنافية القديمة إلى شكلها الحديث (اللغات الجرمانية الشمالية الحديثة) بدأت فيما بين أواسط وأواخر القرن الرابع عشر، وأنهت بذلك ما يُعرف بالإسكندنافية القديمة. ولكن هذه التواريخ ليست مُطلقة، فهناك كتابات بالإسكندنافية القديمة تعود إلى القرن الخامس عشر، لكن اللغة كانت ضئيلة الاستخدام بعد القرن الرابع عشر على أي حال وماتت بسرعة.\n\nمعظم المتحدثين باللهجات الإسكندنافية القديمة كانوا يتحدثون اللهجة الإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة، وذلك في ما هو الدنمارك والسويد اليوم (أي كانوا يتحدثونها في هذين البلدين). والنصوص الآيسلندية التي تعود إلى العصور الوسطى كانت مكتوبة باللهجتين الآيسلندية القديمة والنرويجية القديمة، وهاتان اللهجتان اشتُقّا من اللهجة الإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة.\n\nلا يوجد إقليم جغرافي واضح يتحدث واحدة فقط من اللهجتين، حيث وجدت آثار للإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة في شرق النرويج وآثار للإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة في شرق السويد.\n\nاللهجات\n\nالإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة \n\nفي القرن السابع الميلادي نشأت للمرة الأولى اللهجة الإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة، لتُصبح لهجة قائمة بحد ذاتها. وأبرز ما ميَّز هذه اللهجة وجعلها تُصبح لهجة منفصلة عن اللهجات الأخرى هو أن تركيبات \"mp\" و\"nt\" و\"nk\" تغيَّرت فيها إلى \"pp\" و\"tt\" و\"kk\"، والجدول الآتي يُوضح هذا التغير الذي طرأ عليها بالمقارنة بين طرق كتابة بعض الكلمات في مختلف اللهجات الإسكندنافية القديمة (بالإضافة إلى اللغة العربية لتوضيح المعاني):\n\nومن ضمن التغيرات المبكرة الأخرى في الإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة التي ميزتها عن اللهجات الأخرى هو تغير كتابة كلمات \"bú\" (يقطن) و\"kú\" (صيغة المفعول به لكلمة «بقرة») و\"trú\" (إخلاص) فيها، حيث كانت هذه الكلمات تُكتَب في الإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة كـ\"bō\" و\"kō\" و\"trō\". تميَّزت الإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة أيضاً بمُحافظتها على شكلة \"u\" وهذا معناه أن الكلمة الإسكندنافية المُبكرة \"*tanþu\" (أي سن) ستُنطق في الإسكندنافية الغربية كـ\"tǫnn\" بدلاً من \"tann\" كما في الإسكندنافية الشرقية.\n\nظهرت النصوص المكتوبة الأولى باللهجة الإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة خلال فترة أعوام 1150 - 1200م، وقد كانت هذه النصوص تتناول بشكل أساسي المواضيع التاريخية والدينية المتعلقة بحضارات تلك الفترة. خلال القرنين الثالث عشر والرابع عشر الميلاديين اكتسبت منطقتا وسط النرويج (ترونديلاغ) وغرب النرويج في النرويج أهمية خاصة كمناطق متحدسة بالإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة، وازدهرت فيهما اللغة وتطورت بحيث أصبحت تضم مجموعة متنوعة وغنية من التصريفات اللغوية. حتى بداية القرن الرابع عشر كانت لا زالت لهجات الإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة مختلفة عن بعضها اختلافاً طفيفاً وبسيطاً فحسب، ولم تكن الآيسلندية القديمة قد أصبحت بعد مختلفة عن اللهجات الأخرى أكثر مما كانت تختلف لهجات النرويجية القديمة عن بعضها البعض.\n\nلكن منذ مرحلة مبكرة كانت قد بدأت النرويجية القديمة تنفصل عن الآيسلندية القديمة، حيث أنها أصبحت تتغاضى عن كتابة ونطق حرف \"h\" الساكن عندما يَسبق حروف \"l\" و\"n\" و\"r\"، فعلى سبيل المثال بينما كانت تُدوَّن كلمة «قبضة» في الآيسلندية القديمة بهجاء \"hnefi\" فإنها كانت تُهجى كـ\"nefi\" في نصوص النرويجية القديمة.\n\nمنذ أواخر القرن الثالث عشر الميلادي بدأت اللهجتان الآيسلندية والنرويجية القديمتان بالاختلاف والانفصام عن بعضهما أكثر وأكثر، إذ يَبدو أن اختلاف اللهجات قد ازدادَ وتسارع في النرويج على إثر أحداث الموت الأسود والاضطرابات الشعبية الأخرى التي جاءت في فترة ما بعد عام 1350. ومنذ أواخر القرن الرابع عشر أصبحَ يُشار إلى اللغة المستخدمة في النرويج عُموماً باسم النرويجية الوسيطة.\n\nفي فترة ما من تاريخ اللهجة الإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة أصبحت أصوات حروف العلة الأساسية فيها أكثر طولاً، خصوصاً في اللهجة النرويجية، بحيث أن كلمة \"eta\" الإسكندنافية الغربية تُصبح \"éta\" في النرويجية القديمة، و\"akr\" في النرويجية القديمة تُصبح \"ákr\" في الآيسلندية القديمة، و\"ek\" تُصبح \"ék\".\n\nالآيسلندية القديمة \n\nفي اللغة الآيسلندية القديمة كان يُتغاضى عن كتابة الحرف الاستهلالي \"w\" عندما يَتبعه \"ɾ\". ويُمكن رؤية هذا الاختلاف عندَ مُقارنة كلمة \"rangur\" بالآيسلندية القديمة بـ\"vrangr\" في النرويجية القديمة و\"vrangʀ\" في الإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة، وقد طرأ نفسُ هذا التغير أيضاً على اللغة الغوتلندية القديمة.\n\nدُمجَ حرفا \"w\" و\"v\" معاً في الآيسلندية القديمة خلال القرن الثاني عشر، وقد أدى هذا إلى أن يُصبح حرف \"v\" حرفاً مختلفاً عن \"f\"، وأصبحَ من المهم التفريق بينهما في الكتابة.\n\nكما دُمج أيضاً صوت \"Œ/Ǿ\" (الذي يُنطق في الأبجدية الدولية كـ\"ø:\") إلى \"Æ\" (ɛ:) خلال القرن الثالث عشر الميلادي. وبذلك أصبحت كلمة «أخضر» التي كانت تُكتب \"grœnn\" قبل القرن الثالث عشر تُكتَب كـ\"grænn\" في الآيسلندية القديمة. وبحلول نهاية القرن الثالث عشر دُمج أيضاً صوت \"Ę\" (أي ɛ) إلى \"E\" (e).\n\nالنرويجية القديمة \n\nكانت اللغة النرويجية القديمة مرحلة وسطية فيما بين اللغتين الإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة والنرويجية الوسطى، وقد تحدث بها سكان منطقة النرويج في الحقبة بين القرنين الحادي عشر والرابع عشر الميلاديَّين.\n\nالإسكندنافية الغرينلاندية \n\nكان الناس يَتحدثون اللهجة الإسكندنافية الغرينلاندية في المستعمرات الآيسلندية في غرينلاند، لكن عندما ماتت هذه المستعمرات في القرن الخامس عشر الميلادي انقرضت اللهجة معها.\n\nالإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة \n\nظهرت اللهجة الإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة في فترة أعوام 800 إلى 1100م، وهي تسمى في السويدية «السويدية الرونية»، فيما تُسمى في الدنماركية «الدنماركية الرونية». ولكن السبب وراء هذه التسميات ليسَ لغوياً (إنما هو لأن نصوصها المكتوبة الأولى ظهرت في الألواح الرونية القديمة)، حيث أن الاختلافات بين هذه اللغات كانت بالكاد موجودة في المراحل المُبكرة من تاريخ مجموعة اللهجات هذه. يَبدو أن منطقة الدنمارك كانت دائماً الأكثر تعرضاً من بين هذه اللهجات للتغيرات اللغوية، لكن مع ذلك فحتى هذا اليوم لم تدخل الكثير من التغيرات التي طرأت على الدنماركية القديمة إلى السويدية، حيث أن السويدية في كلا شكليها القديم والحديث كانت دائماً الأقل تغيراً والأكثر حفاظاً على أصلها اللغوي من بين كافة اللغات الإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة.\n\nتتميز اللغات الإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة بقدمها وحفاظها على أصلها إلى حد كبير في الآن ذاته، وخصوصاً السويدية (التي لم تتغير كثيراً عن شكلها القديم إذا ما قورنت مثلاً بالدنماركية). حيث أن السويدية تعادل أو تتفوق في قدمها وحفاظها على أصلها على الإسكندنافية الغربية القديمة في جوهرها، والإسكندنافية الغربية بدورها تفوق الإسكندنافية الشرقية في حفاظها على أصلها.\n\nكان الحرف \"ʀ\" (الذي تطوَّر من الحرف \"z\" في حقبة الإسكندنافية المبكرة) لا يَزال منفصلاً عن حرف \"r\" في مُعظم المواضع اللغوية على أيام اللغات الإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة، وأما في الإسكندنافية الغربية فكان قد اندمجَ بالفعل مع \"r\".\n\nالدنماركية القديمة \n\nحتى مطلع القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي كانت لا تزال الإسكندنافية الشرقية القديمة لهجة واحدة في جوهرها، لكن عندَ هذه المرحلة بدأت الدنماركية القديمة أولى انفصالات اللهجات عندما بدأت بالاختلاف والتفرُّع عن السويدية القديمة. ومع انتشار هذه اللهجة بشكل غير كامل نحوَ الشمال (بمَعنى أن تؤثر على اللهجات الأخرى، فتقتبس منها اللهجات مفردات وخصائص محددة، لكنها لا تُصبح متحدثة باللهجة الدنماركية ككل) فقد وُلدت سلسلة معقدة من الحدود اللغوية تمتدُّ من زيلاند إلى سفيلاند.\n\nدُمج حرف \"hɾ\" مع الحرف \"ɾ\" في الدنماركية القديمة خلال القرن التاسع الميلادي. وفيما بين القرنين الحادي عشر والرابع عشر الميلاديين بدأت حروف العلة غير المُشددة \"-a\" و\"-o\" و\"-e\" بالاندماج في حرف \"-ə\"، حيث يُمثلها الحرف \"e\". وكان يُزاد وسط هذا الحرف عند نطقه، خصوصاً عندما يَسبق حرف \"-ʀ\" حينما يَكون ذلك آخر حرف في الكلمة.\n\nالسويدية القديمة \n\nكانت اللغة السويدية القديمة مُتحدثة في مناطق السويد وفنلندا وأولند خلال العصور الوسطى، وهي تتألف من لغتين منفصتلين، هُما السويدية القديمة المُبكرة التي كانت متحدثة بين عامي 1225 و1375م، والسويدية القديمة المتأخرة التي كانت متحدثة بين عامي 1375 و1526م.\n\nالغولتندية القديمة \n\nنظراً إلى انعزال غولتند منذ زمن طويل عن باقي إسكندنافيا فإن العديد من مزايا اللغة الإسكندنافية القديمة لم تصل إليها، ونتيجة لذلك فقد تطورت الغولتندية القديمة كفرع من الإسكندنافية القديمة منفصل تماماً عن اللهجتين الشرقية والغربية، وهي لا تندرج تحت جناح أي منهما.\n\nمراجع\n\nوصلات خارجية \n\n مجموعة على الإنترنت من مواد مصدرية بالنوردية القديمة \n عينة صوتية بالنوردية القديمة\n قاموس أساسي للغة النوردية القديمة على قاعدة البيانات الإحصائية المعجمية العالمية \n استعارات النوردية القديمة في اللغة الإنجليزية القديمة والوسطى وإرثها في لهجات إنجلترا والإنجليزية المعيارية الحديثة \n\nاللغة الإسكندنافية القديمة\nانحلالات القرن 14 في أوروبا\nتأسيسات القرن 8 في أوروبا\nلغات العصور الوسطى\nلغات جرمانية شمالية\nلغات ذات رمز أيزو 2-639", "الوَقْوَاقِيَّة أو كوكيات هي من الطيور تنتمي إلى واقواقيات، بينهما قرابة وتنتشر في أغلب أنحاء العالم، ويبلغ عدد أنواعها 26 نوع تقريبا.\n\nالشكل الخارجي \nلهذه الطيور مناقير طويلة نوعاً ما، ومقوسة قليلاً، وتختلف عن معظم الطيور في أن إثنتين من أصابعها تتجهان للأمام والاثنتين الأخرى ين تتجهان للخلف. ويصل طول طائر الوقواق الشائع الذي يقطن العالم القديم إلى حوالي 30 سم، وله في كل من الذكور والإناث صدور بيضاء اللون، وعليها أشرطة داكنة اللون ؛ وتكون رؤوس الذكور وظهورها رمادية اللون، أما الإناث فإن رؤوسها وظهورها تكون رمادية أو بنية.\n\nالتوزيع والمواطن \nيوجد وقواق العالم القديم الشائع في كل أنحاء أوروبا، ومعظم آسيا، وفي أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى.\n\nالسلوك \nتميل طيور الوقواق للتغذي على اليساريع ( جمع يسروع، وهو يرقة الفراشات وأبو دقيق؛ ومن أمثلة اليساريع دودة القز ودودة ورق القطن )، بما في ذلك اليساريع سامة الشعيرات التي لا تأكلها الطيور الأخرى.\n\nطائر الوقواق الشائع لا يهتم برعاية صغاره مثل الكثير من أنواع الوقواق الأخرى في العالم القديم، وهو يضع بيضه في عش طائر آخر ويتركه يفقس ليتولى الآخر رعايته. ويكتمل تكوين بيضة الوقواق بسرعة كبيرة، وعادة تكون أول ما يفقس من البيض. ويأخذ فرخ الوقواق الحديث الفقس في التنقل داخل العش؛ حتى يتلامس الجزء الغائر الموجود في ظهره مع بيضة أخرى أو فرخ صغير، وعندئذ يتسلق الوقواق جوانب العش برجليه القويتين، ويقذف بالبيض والأفراخ الأخرى إلى خارج العش. ويظل فرخ طائر الوقواق يكرر هذه الحركة؛ حتى يخلو العش تماماً من سائر البيض والأفراخ، ويبقى فرخ الوقواق وحده ليتلقى كل الغذاء الذي\nيجلبه أبواه البديلان.\n\nالتصنيف \n Subfamily وقواقاوات\n جنس : Eocuculus ، Eocuculus\n جنس : كوكو أرقط ، Clamator\n جنس : Pachycoccyx ، Pachycoccyx\n جنس : كوكو ، Cuculus\n جنس : Cercococcyx ، Cercococcyx\n جنس : وقواق كستنائي ، Cacomantis\n جنس : وقواق برونزي ، Chrysococcyx\n جنس : Rhamphomantis ، Rhamphomantis\n جنس : Surniculus ، Surniculus\n جنس : Caliechthrus ، Caliechthrus\n جنس : Microdynamis ، Microdynamis\n جنس : زعاق ، Eudynamys\n جنس : Scythrops ، Scythrops\n Subfamily ملاكوهاوات\n جنس : Ceuthmochares ، Ceuthmochares\n جنس : مالكوها رافلز ، Rhinortha\n جنس : ملاكوهاوات ، Phaenicophaeus\n جنس : عصعوص رسغي ، Carpococcyx\n جنس : كوا ، Coua\n Subfamily Coccyzinae – American cuckoos\n جنس : عصعوص ، Coccyzus\n جنس : Coccycua ، Coccycua\n جنس : Piaya ، Piaya\n Subfamily طيور جديدة الشكل\n جنس : عصعوص حديث ، Neococcyx\n جنس : وقواق مخطط ، Tapera\n جنس : عصعوص عداء ، Dromococcyx\n جنس : وقواق أرضي صغير ، Morococcyx\n جنس : جواب ، Geococcyx\n جنس : حديث الشكل ، Neomorphus\n Subfamily كوكال\n جنس : كوكال ، Centropus\n Subfamily Crotophaginae\n جنس : Crotophaga ، Crotophaga\n جنس : Guira ، Guira\n\nمراجع\n\nمصادر أخرى \n Feduccia, Alan (1996): The Origin and Evolution of Birds. Yale University Press, New Haven. ISBN 0-300-06460-8\n Olson, Storrs L. (1985): Section VII.C. Cuculidae. In: Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.): Avian Biology 8: 110-111. Academic Press, New York.\n\nوصلات خارجية \n\n Cuckoo sounds on xeno-canto.org\n Cuckoo videos on the Internet Bird Collection\n\nأصنوفات سماها وليام ليتش\nالظهور الأول في عصر الإيوسين\nطيور الوقواق\nطيور الوقواق\nطيور حسب الاسم المألوف\nطيور الوقواق\nطيور الوقواق\nوقواق", "الكلمة اليونانية المترجمة «رسول» في العهد الجديد هي «أبوستولوس» (ἀπόστολος) وهي مشتقة من الفعل أبوستِّلين (ἀποστέλλειν) بمعنى يرسل، فمعناها: «رسول مرسل، مبعوث» وقد استعملت الترجمة السبعينية للعهد القديم نفس الكلمة اليونانية لترجمة كلمة «أرسل».\n\nالعهد الجديد \n\nاستخدمت كلمة «رسول» في العهد الجديد عن يسوع نفسه: «رسول اعترافنا ورئيس كهنته» ، فهو مرسل من الله الآب بحسب الاعتقاد المسيحي. ويُذكر كثيراً في إنجيل يوحنا أن «الآب ارسل المسيح» «ليتكلم بكلام الله» «وليعمل أعمال الله» ويتمم مشيئة الله ، وليعلن الله وليعطى حياة أبدية.\n\nوكل رسول بعد ذلك، إنما هو مرسل من يسوع المسيح ، ومن يقبله المسيح ، ومن يسمع منه يسمع من المسيح.\nفقد استخدمت الكلمة بمعناها المطلق في قول المسيح: «ليس عبد أعظم من سيده، ولا رسول أعظم من مرسله» واستخدمت الكلمة في الإشارة إلى مبعوثين من الكنائس كما استخدمت للدلالة على الذين أرسلهم الله إلى شعبه قديما، إذ «قالت حكمة الله إنى أرسل إليهم أنبياء ورسلاً فيقتلون منهم ويطردون» (لو 10: 49).\n\nوترد كلمة «رسول» أو رسل عشر مرات في الأناجيل، وثمانى وعشرين مرة في سفر أعمال الرسل، وثمانى وثلاثين مرة في الرسائل، وثلاث مرات في سفر الرؤيا، وفي معظم هذه المرات، تشير إلى أشخاص دعاهم المسيح بخدمة معينة في الكنيسة.\n\nوأول ما يتبادر إلى الذهن عند ذكر كلمة «رسول» أسماء الاثنى عشر رسولا وبولس الرسول، ولكن الكلمة اطلقت على غير هؤلاء أيضا، فيبدو أن يعقوب البار كان يعتبر رسولاً ، كما كانت كلمة «رسول» تطلق على برنابا ، ويجمع الرسول بولس بينه وبين برنابا في قوله: أم أنا وبرنابا وحدنا ليس لنا سلطان أن لا نشتغل\" (1 كو 9: 6) رغم أنهما لم يكونا من الاثنى عشر كما يمكن اعتبار سلوانس وتيموثاوس رسولين ، وكذلك \"أندونكوس ويونياس … الذين هما مشهورين بين الرسل\" ويبدو أن الرسول بولس يضم اليه \"أبلوس\" ضمن الرسل الذين\" صاروا منظر للعالم للملائكة والناس \". ويوصى في رسالته الثانية إلى الكنيسة في كورنثوس، بأخوين – لم يذكر اسميهما – يقول عنهما إنهما \" رسولا الكنائس ومجد المسيح\". وقد وجد من الضروى أن يكشف بعض الأشخاص باعتبار أنهم: \"رسل كذبة فعلة ماكرون مغيرون شكلهم إلى شبه رسل المسيح\" ، وفي هذا دليل على أنه في الكنيسة الأولى، لم تكن فكرة الرسولية قاصرة على الاثنى عشر أو الثلاثة عشر،\" إذ لو كان عدد الرسل محدداً، لبطلت من ذاتها دعوى أولئك المتطفلين \"\n\nالاثنا عشر رسولاً الملقبون التلاميذ هم مَنْ إختارهم يسوع المسيح من ضمن تلاميذه لنشر رسالته.\n\nرسل المسيح \n في أثناء خدمة يسوع: كان ليسوع المسيح عدد كبير من التلاميذ في أثناء عمله التبشيري لكن لم يكونوا جميعهم رسلاً، فقد اختار الاثنى عشر من بين عدد كبير «ليكونوا معه (تلاميذا له) وليرسلهم ليكرزوا» ، وقد «سماهم أيضا رسلاً: سمعان الذي سماه أيضاً بطرس واندراوس أخاه.. يعقوب ويوحنا. فيلبس وبرثلماوس. متى وتوما. يعقوب بن حلفى وسمعان الذي يدعى الغيور. يهوذا أخا يعقوب ويهوذا الاسخريوطى». وكان لأولئك الرسل أن يعملوا باسم المسيح (مرقس 9: 38 – 41). وقد اختار في أثناء خدمته هنا اثنى عشر رسولاً على عدد أسباط إسرائيل الاثنى عشر. ويذكرهم لوقا دائما باسم «الرسل» ، بينما لا يذكرهم يوحنا بهذا اللقب مطلقا.\n بعد القيامة: نقرأ في الأناجيل الأربعة وفي أعمال الرسل كيف أرسلهم يسوع المقام لكل العالم. وكان من أول الواجبات أن يختاروا من يحل محل يهوذا الأسخريوطى، فتتم انتخاب «متياس» كما أن بولس قد اختاره يسوع بنفسه، وقد اضطر مراراً أن يؤكد ذلك دفاعاً عن رسوليته فلا بديل إطلاقاً للدعوة المباشرة من المسيح إلى الخدمة.\n\nأسماء رسل المسيح \nأسماء الرسل حسب ذكرهم في الأناجيل القانونية الأربعة:\n أندراوس: صياد من بيت صيدا في الجليل وهو أول رسول دعاه يسوع وكان قبل ذلك تلميذ ليوحنا المعمدان.\n سمعان بطرس: أخو أندراوس وهو صياد من بيت صيدا في الجليل.\n فيلبس: صياد من بيت صيدا في الجليل\n يعقوب بن زبدي: صياد من بيت صيدا في الجليل\n يوحنا بن زبدي: صياد وهو الملقب بإبن الرعد وأخو يعقوب.\n برثولماوس أو نثنائيل: صياد هو صديق فِيلُبُّسُ وأكيد بَرْثُولَمَاوُسُ كان يعمل مثل فِيلُبُّسُ صياد\n يعقوب بن حلفى: (يَعْقُوبَ الصَّغِيرِ)\n يهوذا لَبَّاوس الملقب تَدَّاوس: أخو يعقوب بن حلفى وذُكر اسمه كيهوذا بن حلفى في بعض آيات الإنجيل وهو ليس يهوذا الإسخريوطى.\n متى العشار: من كفرناحوم في الجليل وكان عشار يجمع الجباية.\n توما: كان يقال له التَّوأم أيضاً حيث أن اسمه مشتق الاسم الآرامى «توماس» الذي يعنى التَّوأم.\n سمعان القانوي: ويلقب أيضاً بسمعان الغيور\n يهوذا الإسخريوطي: الذي باع يسوع بثلاثين من الفضة. تم استبداله بماتياس بعد موته منتحراً.\n\n(متى 4: 21-22) «ثُمَّ اجْتَازَ مِنْ هُنَاكَ فَرَأَى أَخَوَيْنِ آخَرَيْنِ: يَعْقُوبَ بْنَ زَبْدِي وَ يُوحَنَّا أَخَاهُ، فِي السَّفِينَةِ مَعَ زَبْدِي أَبِيهِمَا يُصْلِحَانِ شِبَاكَهُمَا، فَدَعَاهُمَا. فَلِلْوَقْتِ تَرَكَا السَّفِينَةَ وَ أَبَاهُمَا وَ تَبِعَاهُ»\n\nتُومَا وسِمْعَانُ بُطْرُسُ و (بَرْثُولَمَاوُسُ/ نَثَنَائِيلُ) وابْنَا زَبْدِي (يَعْقُوبُ ويُوحَنَّا) كلهم كانوا يصطادون السمك وهذا معناة إنهم كانوا يعملون صيادين سمك.\n\n(يوحنا 21: 2-3) «كَانَ سِمْعَانُ بُطْرُسُ، وَ تُومَا الَّذِي يُقَالُ لَهُ التَّوْأَمُ، وَ نَثَنَائِيلُ الَّذِي مِنْ قَانَا الْجَلِيلِ، وَ ابْنَا زَبْدِي، وَ اثْنَانِ آخَرَانِ مِنْ تَلاَمِيذِهِ مَعَ بَعْضِهِمْ» قَالَ لَهُمْ سِمْعَانُ بُطْرُسُ: «أَنَا أَذْهَبُ لأَتَصَيَّدَ». قَالُوا لَهُ: «نَذْهَبُ نَحْنُ أَيْضًا مَعَكَ». فَخَرَجُوا وَ دَخَلُوا السَّفِينَةَ لِلْوَقْتِ. وَ فِي تِلْكَ اللَّيْلَةِ لَمْ يُمْسِكُوا شَيْئًا»\n\n(مرقس 6: 3) «أَلَيْسَ هذَا هُوَ النَّجَّارَ ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ، وَ أَخُو يَعْقُوبَ وَ يُوسِي وَ يَهُوذَا وَ سِمْعَانَ؟ أَوَ لَيْسَتْ أَخَوَاتُهُ ههُنَا عِنْدَنَا؟»\n\nبحسب التقليد الكنسي فأن جميع الرسل الإثني عشر استشهدوا في سبيل إيمانهم بالمسيح وهناك روايات تتحدث عن أن يوحنا بن زبدي كان الرسول الوحيد الذي مات موتا طبيعيا بعد الشيخوخة.\n\nذكر أسماء الرسل في الإنجيل \n\nقد ذكر أسماء التلاميذ المختلفة في الإنجيل في كثير من الآيات لكن الآيات التي جمعت أسمائهم هي:\n «1 ثم دعا تلاميذه الإثني عشر واعطاهم سلطانا على ارواح نجسة حتى يخرجوها ويشفوا كل مرض وكل ضعف. 2 واما أسماء الإثني عشر رسولا فهي هذه الأول سمعان الذي يقال له بطرس واندراوس اخوه. يعقوب بن زبدي ويوحنا اخوه. 3 فيلبس وبرثولماوس. توما ومتى العشار. يعقوب بن حلفى ولباوس الملقب تداوس. 4 سمعان القانوي ويهوذا الاسخريوطي الذي اسلمه».\n «13 ولما كان النهار دعا تلاميذه واختار منهم اثني عشر الذين سماهم أيضا رسلا. 14 سمعان الذي سماه أيضا بطرس واندراوس اخاه. يعقوب ويوحنا. فيلبس وبرثولماوس. 15 متى وتوما يعقوب بن حلفى وسمعان الذي يدعى الغيور. 16 يهوذا أخا يعقوب ويهوذا الاسخريوطي الذي صار مُسَلِماً أيضاً» \n «3 ثم صعد إلى الجبل ودعا الذين ارادهم فذهبوا اليه. 14 واقام اثني عشر ليكونوا معه وليرسلهم ليكرزوا. 15 ويكون لهم سلطان على شفاء الأمراض واخراج الشياطين. 16 وجعل لسمعان اسم بطرس. 17 ويعقوب بن زبدي ويوحنا أخا يعقوب وجعل لهما اسم بوانرجس أي ابني الرعد. 18 واندراوس وفيلبس وبرثولماوس ومتى وتوما ويعقوب بن حلفى وتداوس وسمعان القانوي. 19 ويهوذا الاسخريوطي الذي اسلمه ثم اتوا إلى بيت»\n\nالرسل والروح القدس \n قوة الروح القدس: كان الرسل يشهدون ليسوع بقوة الروح القدس -كما يؤمن المسيحيون-، فكان عليهم أن يقيموا في أورشليم إلى أن يلبسوا قوة من الأعالى بحسب الكتاب المقدس. وكانت مناداتهم بالغفران بسلطان الروح القدس ، ولم يدركوا حقيقة دعوتهم تماماً، إلا يوم الخمسين، فالروح القدس هو الذي كان يعلمهم ويذكرهم بكل شيء ويرشدهم إلى جميع الحق المختص بيسوع فالروح القدس كان هو الشاهد في الرسل وخدمة الإنجيل هي خدمة الروح.\n مواهب الروح القدس: كانت هناك أنواع من المواهب من الروح القدس للكنيسة، كان في مقدمتها موهبه «الرسول». وكانت خدمة الرسل مصحوبة بآيات وعجائب ، ولكن هذه كانت تعتبر أمورا ثانوية بالمقارنة بما تثمره الخدمة من متجددين. وكانت تحدث بعض ظواهر لعمل الروح القدس، نتيجة لوضع أيدى الرسل على أفراد أو جماعات من الناس في بعض مراحل العمل الكرازي ولكن ليس ثمة إشارة إلى أن هذه الظواهر دائمة وفي موقف هام، حدثت هذه الظاهرة دون وضع أيدى الرسل.\n\nالرسل والكنيسة \nكان «الرسل» عطية الله للكنيسة، فكانت خدمتهم أهم الخدمات (1كو 12: 28، أف 4: 11) ولذلك نقرأ أن الكنيسة بنيت على أساس الرسل والأنبياء (أف 2: 20) وقد منح الله لهم السلطان (مرقس 6: 7) والقوة (اع 1: 8)، لا للمنادة بالإنجيل فحسب، بل ولبنيان الكنيسة أيضا فبجانب الكرازة كان عليهم أن يعملوا (اع 2: 42) وأن يقوموا ببعض الشؤون الإدارية كما ظهر سلطانهم في إجراء التاديب في الكنيسة (اع 15: 36، 1 كو 4: 15 و16). والمشكلات الهامة في الكنيسة بت فيها «الرسل والمشايخ» (أع 15: 6).\nويقول الرسول بولس إنه \" إذ علم بالنعمة المعطاة لى يعقوب وصفا ويوحنا المعتبرون أنهم اعمدة، أعطونى وبرنابا يمين الشركة لنكون نحن للأمم وأما هم فللختان (غل 2: 9) ولكن لم يكن هذا مانعاً من أن يكرز الرسول لليهود (أع 13: 4.. الخ)، كما لم لم يمنع بطرس من أن يكرز للأمم (أع 10) وقد خرج الرسل بعد ذلك إلى مختلف الأقطار حاملين الإنجيل إلى أماكن جديدة (رو 15: 14 – 24).\n\nالخدمة والإنجيل \nعندما اختار يسوع الاثنى عشر كان ذلك ليكونوا معه، وليرسلهم ليكرزوا \" (مرقس 3: 14). وكان هذا من أهم ما قاموا به كما نرى في سفر أعمال الرسل. وشروط الانضمام للاثنى عشر مذكورة في سفر أعمال الرسل (1: 21 و22) إذ كان يجب أن يكون ممن كانوا مع يسوع منذ معمودية يوحنا إلى صعود المسيح، فقد وقعت في تلك الفترة كل الأحداث المتعلقة بعمل الفداء وقد بدأ البشيرين الأربعة اناجيلهم بمعمودية يوحنا (مت 3: 1، مرقس 1: 2، لو 3: 1، يوحنا 1: 6)، مع مقدمة تاريخية في إنجيل متى ولوقا ومقدمة لاهوتية موجزة في إنجيل يوحنا. كما كانت معمودية يوحنا نقطة البداية في الكرازة بالإنجيل كما تختم الأناجيل بصعود المسيح وقد امتدت الكرازة لتشمل حلول الروح القدس الذي المحت الاناجيل إلى عملة في الكنيسة. وقد كان هناك تأكيد خاص على أنهم شهود للقيامة (أع 2: 32، 3: 15، 13: 31).\nولم يكن لبولس أن يعد من الاثنى عشر لأنه لا يستوقى كل الشروط المذكورة، لكنه كان شاهداً للقيامة. والكيفية التي يصف بها ظهور المسيح له، تدل على أنه اختبر اختباراً موضوعياً فريداً شبيها بما اختبره التلاميذ قبل الصعود، كما أن يعقوب البار قد رأى المسيح المقام (1 كو 15: 7) كما رآه أكثر من خمسمائة أخ (1 كو 15: 6) وكان لابد للذين لم يكونوا من التلاميذ في أثناء خدمة يسوع على الأرض، أن يستندوا إلى أقوال الرسل عن أحداث تلك الفترة.\nولم يكن الرسل مجرد شهود لتلك الحقائق، بل كانوا مقرية ا أيضاً. وكرازة الرسل ورفقائهم وكتاباتهم هي التي تزودنا بمعرفة حقائق عن يسوع المسيح وما تسميه المسيحية «فدائه الكامل».\n\nفي الإسلام \n\nقد ورد ذكر الحواريون في بالقرآن:\n في سورة آل عمران: ((فَلَمَّا أَحَسَّ عِيسَى مِنْهُمُ الْكُفْرَ قَالَ مَنْ أَنصَارِي إِلَى اللّهِ قَالَ الْحَوَارِيُّونَ نَحْنُ أَنصَارُ اللّهِ آمَنَّا بِاللّهِ وَاشْهَدْ بِأَنَّا مُسْلِمُونَ {52} رَبَّنَا آمَنَّا بِمَا أَنزَلَتْ وَاتَّبَعْنَا الرَّسُولَ فَاكْتُبْنَا مَعَ الشَّاهِدِينَ)) آل عمران {52-53}.\n في سورة المائدة: ((وإذ أوحيت إلى الحواريّين أن آمنوا بي وبرسولي قالوا آمنّا واشْهَدْ بأننا مسلمون {111} إِذْ قَالَ الْحَوَارِيُّونَ يَا عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ هَلْ يَسْتَطِيعُ رَبُّكَ أَن يُنَزِّلَ عَلَيْنَا مَآئِدَةً مِّنَ السَّمَاءِ قال اتقوا الله إن كنتم مؤمنين {112} قالوا نريد أن نأكل منها وتطمئنّ قلوبُنا ونعلمَ أن قد صدقتنا ونكون عليها من الشاهدين {113} قال عيسى بن مريم اللهمَّ ربَّنا أنْزِل علينا مائدة من السماء تكون لنا عيدًا لأولنا وآخرنا وآية منك وارزقنا وأنت خير الرازقين {114} قال اللهُ إني مُنَزِّلها عليكم فمن يكفر بعدُ منكم فإني أعذبه عذابًا لا أعذّبه أحدًا من العالَمين)) المائدة {111-115}.\n في سورة الصف: ((يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُونُوا أَنصَارَ اللَّهِ كَمَا قَالَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ لِلْحَوَارِيِّينَ مَنْ أَنصَارِي إِلَى اللَّهِ ۖ قَالَ الْحَوَارِيُّونَ نَحْنُ أَنصَارُ اللَّهِ ۖ فَآمَنَت طَّائِفَةٌ مِّن بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَكَفَرَت طَّائِفَةٌ ۖ فَأَيَّدْنَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا عَلَىٰ عَدُوِّهِمْ فَأَصْبَحُوا ظَاهِرِينَ)) الصف {14}\n\nالمصادر \n\nرسل المسيح الاثنا عشر\nأدوار قيادية دينية\nالمسيحية في القرن 1\nبعثات تبشيرية مسيحية\nتاريخ العهد الجديد\nشخصيات دينية مسيحية\nشخصيات من العهد الجديد\nعبارات مسيحية\nمقالات عن مجموعات أشخاص\nمهن دينيون مسيحيون", "ألفارادو هي مدينة أمريكية تقع في ولاية تكساس.تبلغ مساحة هذه المدينة 10.1 (كم²)،ويبلغ عدد سكانها 4289 نسمة حسب إحصاء سنة 2010 م. تشير إحصاءات سنة 2000م بأن الكثافة السكانية في هذه المدينة تقدر بـ(404.65) نسمة/كم2.\n\nالتركيبة السكانية \nحدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لألفارادو في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.\n\nتعداد عام 2000 \nبلغ عدد سكان ألفارادو 3,288 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 1,151 أسرة وعدد العائلات 835 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 1,266 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .\nوتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 81.30% من البيض و7.15% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.61% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.43% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و9.25% من الأعراق الأخرى و1.28% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و18.46% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.\n\nبلغ عدد الأسر 1,151 أسرة كانت نسبة 42.8% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 51.8% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 13.6% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 7.1% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 27.5% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 23.5% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 11.3% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.77، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.26.\n\nبلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 32.2 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 29.6% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 28.4% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 19.8% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 10.2% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 101.3 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 94.9 ذكر.\n\nبلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 31,166 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 36,471 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 30,690 دولارًا مقابل 22,181 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 14,476 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 11.7% من العائلات ونسبة 14.1% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 16.3% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 17.4% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.\n\nتعداد عام 2010 \nبلغ عدد سكان ألفارادو 3,785 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 1,315 أسرة وعدد العائلات 971 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 1,500 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .\nوتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 83.25% من البيض و5.55% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.45% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.48% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و7.45% من الأعراق الأخرى و2.83% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و20.11% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.\n\nبلغ عدد الأسر 1,315 أسرة كانت نسبة 44.6% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 49.3% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 16.2% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 8.4% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 26.2% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 21.7% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 8.8% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.82، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.26.\n\nبلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 32.5 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 29% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9.8% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 28.1% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 21.2% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 11.9% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 48.3% ذكور و51.7% إناث.\n\nأعلام \n تيري ساوثرن\n\nطالع أيضا \n\n قائمة مدن ولاية تكساس\n ولاية تكساس\n\nالمراجع \n\nأماكن مأهولة أسست في 1885\nدالاس فورت ورث متروبليكس (تكساس)\nمدن تكساس\nمدن في مقاطعة جونسون (تكساس)", "الإمبراطورية الأخمينية ( ؛ الفارسية القديمة: 𐎧𐏁𐏂، بالحروف اللاتينية: Xšāça، مضاءة «الإمبراطورية»)، يُسمى أيضًا الإمبراطورية الفارسية الأولى، كانت إمبراطورية إيرانية قديمة ومقرها غرب آسيا أسسها كورش العظيم. بدءًا من البلقان وأوروبا الشرقية في الغرب إلى وادي السند في الشرق، كانت أكبر من أي إمبراطورية سابقة في التاريخ، تمتد . وهي جديرة بالملاحظة في نموذجها الناجح لإدارة مركزية بيروقراطية (من خلال مرزبان تحت ملك الملوك)، لسياستها تعدد الثقافات، لبناء البنية التحتية مثل الطريق أنظمة ونظام بريدي، واستخدام لغة رسمية عبر أراضيها، وتطوير الخدمات المدنية وجيش محترف كبير. ألهمت نجاحات الإمبراطورية أنظمة مماثلة في الإمبراطوريات اللاحقة.\n\nبحلول القرن السابع قبل الميلاد، استقر الفرس في الجزء الجنوبي الغربي من الهضبة الإيرانية في منطقة فارس، والتي أصبحت قلبهم. من هذه المنطقة، تقدم كورش الكبير ليهزم الميديين، ليديا، والإمبراطورية البابلية الجديدة، ليؤسسوا الإمبراطورية الأخمينية. الإسكندر الأكبر، من أشد المعجبين بكورش الكبير، غزا معظم الإمبراطورية الأخمينية بحلول عام 330 قبل الميلاد. عند وفاة الإسكندر، وقعت معظم أراضي الإمبراطورية السابقة تحت حكم المملكة البطلمية والإمبراطورية السلوقية، بالإضافة إلى الأراضي الصغيرة الأخرى التي حصلت على الاستقلال في ذلك الوقت. استعادت النخب الإيرانية في الهضبة الوسطى السلطة بحلول القرن الثاني قبل الميلاد تحت الإمبراطورية الفرثية.\n\nيُشار إلى الإمبراطورية الأخمينية في التاريخ الغربي على أنها خصم دول المدن اليونانية أثناء الحروب اليونانية الفارسية وقامت بتحرير اليهود. تجاوزت العلامة التاريخية للإمبراطورية بكثير التأثيرات الإقليمية والعسكرية وتضمنت التأثيرات الثقافية والاجتماعية والتكنولوجية والدينية أيضًا. على سبيل المثال، اعتمد العديد من أثينا العادات الأخمينية في حياتهم اليومية في تبادل ثقافي متبادل، يتم توظيف البعض من قبل الملوك الفارسيين أو المتحالفين معهم. إن تأثير مرسوم كورش مذكور في النصوص اليهودية-المسيحية، وكان للإمبراطورية دور فعال في انتشار الزرادشتية في أقصى شرق الصين. حددت الإمبراطورية أيضًا نغمة السياسة وتراث وتاريخ إيران (المعروفة أيضًا باسم بلاد فارس).\n\nالاسم \nيعني مصطلح «الأخمينية» من العائلة الأخمينية ( 'Haxāmaniš' ؛ أخمينيس كان هو نفسه حاكمًا ثانويًا في القرن السابع لأنشان في جنوب غرب إيران، وتابعيًا لآشور. استخدم الأخمينيون المصطلح الفارسية \"Xšāça\" () للإشارة إلى دولتهم متعددة الجنسيات.\n\nالتاريخ والحضارة \n\nاستقرت القبائل الفرس البدوية في الجنوب عند منطقة سموها «فارس» قرب شيراز اليوم. ولا تكاد توجد أي نقوش تتكلم عن الفرس قبل قوروش الأكبر (الثاني). بحوالي 550 ق.م. قاد قوروش الأكبر ثورة على الميديين وأنهى سيطرتهم، وبعد قيام قوروش باحتلال مملكة مديا أولاً، عن طريق تأليب المعارضين لها وإثارة الفتن، وبعدما استولى عليها، قام بالهجوم على بابل مركز حضارة العالم القديم، ثم توسع إلى بلاد الشام، وكذلك إلى غرب الأناضول إلى بحر إيجة، وتوسع شمالاً إلى جبال القوقاز، كما توسع شرقاً في آسيا الوسطى إلى أقصى ما وصلت إليه الحضارة (يعتقد بوصوله إلى حدود قرقيزستان)، وقام ابنه من بعده باحتلال مصر، ثم انشغل أحفاده بحروب ضد اليونان وشعوب البحر الأسود.\n\nمات قورش عام 530 ق.م. وتولى إبنه قمبيز الثاني الذي استولى على مصر عام 525 ق.م. وأصبحت إمبراطوريته تمتد من نهر السند حتى نهر النيل وفي أوروبا حتى مقدونيا التي كانت تعترف بالسيادة الفارسية. وبعد موته إما انتحاراً أو نتيجة لحادث، عام 533 ق.م. تولى إبنه داريوس (دارا) الأول (الأكبر) وأخمد الحروب وحكم الإمبراطورية الفارسية حكما مطلقا وكانت البلدان التابعة له تتمتع بحكم ذاتي وكان الحكام بها أقوياء يتجسسان لحسابه، وأنشأت هذه الإمبراطورية الطرق المتفرعة والتي كانت توصل مدينة سوس العاصمة بالخليج جنوبا وبالبحر الأبيض المتوسط وبحر إيجه. وظل داريوس في حرب مع الإغريق حتى وفاته عام 486 ق.م. وكان قد أخضع المدن الإغريقية في آسيا الصغرى.\n\nوبعده تولى إبنه إجزركسيس الذي أخمد ثورة المصريين على حكم الفرس، وأراد أن ينتقم من أثينا واليونانيين بعد تمرد الأيونيين أيام أبيه، فتواصلت مسيرة جيشه حتى بلغت الأكروبول على مشارف أثينا، لكنه انهزم أمام صمود الأثينيين عام 497 ق.م. وأغرقوا الأسطول الفارسي في مياه ميكال. في القرن الرابع ق.م. ضعفت دولة الفرس، وكانت فريسة سهلة للإسكندر الأكبر ودارت بينه وبينها حروب استمرت منذ عام 334 ق.م. وحتى 330 ق.م..\n\nيرى الباحث الفارسي ناصر بوربيرار في كتابه 12 قرناً من السكوت، أن تلك السلالات الثلاثة (الاخمينيين والاشكانيين والساسانيين): غريبة عن محيطها الجغرافي وعن السكان الاصليين في هضبة إيران، إذ لم يبق لهم أثر في هذه الأرض بعد هزائمهم النهائية، ويقول: «لم يبق من هذه السلالات الثلاث التي حكمت بالقوة والسيف والاستبداد على الشعوب القاطنة في نجد إيران (الهضبة الإيرانية)، لم يبق منها أي أثر حضاري هام يُذكَر قياساً باليونانيين والرومان وحتى العرب الجاهليين، ما عدا أنها كانت تتقن استخدام الرمح الفارسي لمحو الشعوب التي سبقتها في نجد إيران وفتح أراضي الغير وإغراق الشعوب الأخرى ومنهم اليونانيون والمصريون والهنود ببحور من الدم». وأنهم جاؤوا متأخرى ن قياساً لشعوب عاشت قبلهم بآلاف السنين، وقد قام علماء الآثار والمستشرقون اليهود بتهويل منزلتهم وسمعتهم خلافاً لحقيقتهم في التاريخ، ويرى كذلك «أنهم لم يتمتعوا لا بثقافة ولا بفن ولا باقتصاد ولا بسياسة» حيث عاشت المنطقة بفترة ظلام إلى مجئ الفتح الإسلامي.\n\nويتحدث بوربيرار عن دور إسرائيل في إعلاء الحضارة الإيرانية الساطعة قبل الإسلام لتعميق الهوة بين الإيرانيين والعرب، فالتاريخ الإيراني يستند في كتابته إلى بحوث قام بها اليهود، إذ بذلوا جهدا لإعلاء شأن الاخمينيين كمحررين لهم وكمدمرين لحضارة مابين النهرين، فاليهود يسعون أن يقدموا الاخمينيين كمبدعين للثقافة والحضارة أو أي شيء يرغبونه وذلك بسبب الخدمة التي قدمها لهم الاخمينيون بتحريرهم من سبي نبوخذ نصر ملك بابل، فخذ على سبيل المثال علماء الآثار والمؤرخون اليهود كـ غيريشمن وداريشتيد واشكولر، كما أن 90% من مؤرخي التاريخ الإيراني هم من اليهود، أي أن اليهود قاموا بتهويل تاريخ الاخمينيين، فهؤلاء حاولوا خلال المئة سنة الماضية أن يصوروا قورش في التاريخ الإيراني بشكل يتطابق وصورته في التوراة حيث تقدمه كصورة نبي، وقد نجحوا في ذلك، إذ لم يُعرف قورش في إيران حتى قبل 100 عام.\n\nتأسيس المملكة الأخمينية \nتنتمي الأسرة الأخمينية إلى الفرس، أحد الشعوب الإيرانية القديمة، الذي كان الموجة الأخيرة من موجات الشعوب الهندية - الأوربية (الآرية) التي اجتاحت أراضي إيران في مطلع الألف الأول ق.م. ظهرت الأسرة الأخمينية التي لايعرف أصلها، في مطلع القرن السابع ق.م. وبدأ نفوذ الأسرة يقوى بعد أن تخلصت تدريجياً من تبعيتها للعيلاميين [ر] واستقلت بإمارة أنشان التي كشفت آثارها في تل مليان والممتدة إلى الجنوب الشرقي من سوسة، ثم استولى أمير أنشان المدعو تشاهبيش (675-645 ق.م) على بلاد بارسا في إقليم شيراز اليوم، وانقسمت الأسرة على نفسها بعد ذلك فكان لفرع منها حكم فارس ولفرع ثان حكم أنشان. وكانت الغلبة لهذا الفرع بعد أن تزوج قمبيز الأول (600-556ق.م) الأميرة ماندان ابنة أستياج ملك الميديين، وكان من ثمار هذا الزواج قوروش (الثاني) الذي كان حكمه انعطافاً وتحولاً حاسماً في دور الأسرة الأخمينية في تاريخ إيران القديم.\n\nالتوسع شرقاً وغرباً \n\nاستطاع قوروش إعادة وحدة الأسرة الأخمينية وتطلع إلى السيطرة على ميدية وتمكن بذلك من توحيد البلاد الإيرانية ثم انتقل إلى بسط سيطرته المطلقة على عواصم الشرق مستفيداً من الأوضاع الدولية واضطراب الأحوال الداخلية في الدول القديمة. وفي 538 ق.م دخل قوروش بابل فكان ذلك مؤشراً على تغير كبير في «عالم بلغ الشيخوخة، والأهم من ذلك أن العالم القديم كان مدركاً لشيخوخته» كما قال أولمستد. وكان يُظن لفداحة الأحداث والتغيرات المتلاحقة، بعد اجتياح الفرس مملكة ليدية [ر] في غربي آسيا الصغرى على بحر إيجه وبعد توغلهم في بلاد الشرق، أن تاريخ الشرق القديم كان يتجه إلى نهايته، لكن المفارقة كانت في تجديد العالم القديم ضمن وحدة سياسية - اقتصادية امتدت من بلاد الهند إلى ليبية وحوض بحر إيجه. وهكذا قامت إمبراطورية جديدة في المشرق على أنقاض الإمبراطوريات والممالك القديمة، اجتمعت فيها شعوب وتلاقت ثقافات ولغات وصنائع وعقائد وعادات. ولكن قوروش سقط في ميدان القتال بعد أن توغل في أعماق السهوب الشمالية الشرقية من آسيا الوسطى، ثم خلفه بعد مرحلة انتقالية مضطربة ابنه قمبيز الثاني (529-522ق.م) الذي قاد حملة على مصر سنة 525 ق.م وأسقط عرش الفراعنة ولكنه أثار المصريين بتصرفاته وبفرض ضرائب مرهقة وبالتعرض للتقاليد الدينية، ثم عمل داريوس الأول (522-486 ق.م) على التوسع باتجاه الشرق إلى حوض نهر السند وغرباً إلى ضفاف نهر الدانوب، وتمكن من وضع حد للمنازعات الداخلية التي أثارها الأرستقراطيون والكهان المجوس، أما أكبر منجزاته فهو استكمال بناء الجهاز الإداري للدولة.\n\nلكن المبالغة في فرض الضرائب والتدابير القاسية على السكان الإغريق المقيمين على الساحل الإيوني، في غربي آسيا الصغرى، أدت إلى اندلاع ثورة لاهبة بين 499-493 ق.م كانت الشرارة التي أوقدت نار الحروب الميدية التي اجتاحت العالم الهليني بين الفرس من جهة والمدن الإغريقية من جهة أخرى.\n\nكانت هذه الحرب عند الهلينيين مسألة حياة أو موت، فقد سجل المؤرخون (هيرودوت وتوقيديدس وكزينوفون) دفاعهم عن بلادهم وانتصاراتهم على جيوش الإمبراطورية الفارسية عند ماراثون (490 ق.م) Marathon ثم في معركة سلاميس Salamis البحرية (480 ق.م). وبعدها بعام واحد في معركة بلاتيا (479 ق.م) Plataia. وفيما استطاع الهلينيون أن يقيموا بينهم بزعامة أثينة تحالفاً قاد الحرب إلى الساحل الأيوني الآسيوي اشتد أوار الأزمات الطاحنة في داخل الإمبراطورية الفارسية، فاندلعت الثورات في مصر (486-485 ق.م) وفي بابل (482-479 ق.م) وتوالت تحركات الأمراء الإقطاعيين الساعين إلى الانفصال والاستقلال والمؤامرات والاغتيالات في داخل القصر الإمبراطوري.\n\nنظم الدولة الأخمينية \n\nكان قيام الإمبراطورية الفارسية حدثاً مثيراً، فهي من صنع شعب لم يكن له ماض عريق كالعيلاميين، ولم تكن له حتى ذلك الحين ثقافة مميزة كالثقافات البابلية والمصرية والإغريقية والسورية، ولكن هذه الإمبراطورية ورثت تراث كل الدول القديمة التي قامت على أرض إيران، فقد قامت إمارة أنشان على أرض مملكة عيلام، وورثت أيضاً تقاليد دول الرافدين في الاستراتيجية وفي الإدارة ومنها فكرة الدولة العالمية، وحلّت المملكة الفارسية محل الميدية وورثت منها مطامعها التوسعية في بلاد الشرق القديم، وكان نظام الحكم ملكياً مطلقاً، ويستند الملك، لفرض سلطانه، إلى حاشية مميزة، وقد أعفي الفرس في هذه الدولة من دفع الضرائب لقاء الخدمة العسكرية، وكان لهم المقام الأول ويأتي بعدهم الميديون، ويساعد الملك حكام إقطاعيون كانوا يملكون الأراضي ويجندون الجيوش ويؤلفون طبقة أرستقراطية شغل كبارها الوظائف في قيادة الجيش والوزارة والقضاء والإدارة والولاية، وحصل زعماء القبائل الرئيسية على امتيازات أضحت لها مع مرور الزمن صفة وراثية، وقد تلقى أبناء الأرستقراطيين تعليماً ممتازاً تضمّن الرماية والفروسية وقول الحق وهي المؤهلات اللازمة للعمل في خدمة الملك.\n\nأما الجيش فكان يؤلف من مجنّدين من الشعوب المغلوبة، وأما القادة والفرسان فكانوا يختارون من بين الفرس أو الإيرانيين، وأهم الفرق العسكرية «الخالدون»، وهم عشرة آلاف من حملة الأقواس والقنّاصين في الحرس الملكي الذين لا ينقص عددهم، وفي كل ولاية يعيّن والٍ، ساتراب، وكان مكلفاً قيادة الجيش في ولايته والمحافظة على النظام والأمن وجمع الضرائب والهبات والغنائم، ولما كان الفرس غير قادرين على إدارة الإمبراطورية الأخمينية الواسعة الأرجاء إدارة مباشرة فإنهم اكتفوا بالقضاء على الدول الكبرى وتركت الممالك الصغيرة التابعة مثل قبرص وكيليكية وممالك المدن الفينيقية على الساحل السوري وترك الزعماء المحليون الدينيون وأمراء القبائل كالعرب والسكيذيين، ولم يكن ثمة حرج في تأسيس دول داخل الإمبراطورية كمملكة بيتينيا في الأناضول إذا ما ارتضت التبعية لملك الملوك.\n\nوقد عُني ملوك الفرس بتنظيم جهاز الأمن، الذي كان يتولاه موظفون عرفوا باسم عيون الملك وآذانه، وكانت مهمته المراقبة والتفتيش في الولايات وإطلاع الملك على أحوالها، ولتنظيم الاتصال بين العواصم والولايات شقت الطرق وطُوّر البريد وأُصلحت الطرق القديمة المعروفة قبل قرون، ونفذت مشروعات كبيرة لتشجيع المواصلات البحرية فشُقت قناة تصل بين النيل والبحر الأحمر عند خليج السويس، ونظمت الرحلات البحرية الاستكشافية لتعرف خطوط جديدة للاتصال بين مصب نهر السند في الهند ودلتا النيل في مصر عن طريق محطات على الساحل الإيراني وعلى السواحل العربية، وتراكمت، نتيجة لذلك النشاط، ثروات كبيرة بلغت أطناناً كبيرة من الفضة والذهب، وقد ضُربت النقود، وأرفعها الدنانير الذهبية وعليها صورة رامي القوس المتوّج، وكانت هذه الدنانير تنفق في تجنيد الجنود المرتزقة وشراء ضمائر العملاء قبل تحريك الجيوش، ولقلة النقد من المعادن الثمينة لجأ ملوك فارس إلى الاستقراض والاستدانة بالفائدة، وفي القرن الرابع ق.م لجأت الدولة إلى فرض تصنيع ما كانت تحتاج إليه من الفخار والزيت والخمور على الولايات الغربية في آسيا الصغرى وسورية ومصر، ولكن فرض الضرائب كان يؤدي إلى انتفاضات محلية وإقليمية، كما وقع في مصر التي قاومت الاحتلال الفارسي واستردت استقلالها مرتين (460-456 ق.م) و (405-343 ق.م)، أما العالم الهليني فقد قاوم الغزو الفارسي منذ بدايته في مطلع القرن الخامس ق.م حتى النهاية في أواخر القرن الرابع ق.م. وقدّم المؤرخون اليونانيون المعاصرون صورة أسطورية عن الإمبراطورية الفارسية بعد احتكاكهم بها في بلاد الشرق ومقابلتها وجهاً لوجه.\n\nالحضارة الفارسية في العصر الأخميني وموقعها في التاريخ القديم \n\nلم تتوقف الأسرة الأخمينية في مرحلة تأسيسها وفي أوج قوتها عند توحيد العالم الإيراني بل إنها عملت عندما سنحت لها الظروف المناسبة من أجل التوسع في بلاد الشرق القديم للسيطرة على طرق مواصلاته وأسواقه، وهكذا ورث قوروش وخلفاؤه عروش بابل وسارديس ومنفيس المتداعية التي سرعان ما انهارت أمام القوة الناشئة الجديدة.\n\nولكن الدولة الأخمينية لم تتردد، للمحافظة على كيانها السياسي، في نقل السكان وفي نزع ملكية بعضهم لإقامة جاليات فارسية على الأراضي المصادرة أو المستملكة في آسيا الصغرى أو في بابل، أما التعذيب والبطش بالثائرين فكانا من الأمور الشائعة والمعروفة وابتدعت لها أساليب فاقت في فظاعتها ما عرف عند السابقين، أما التسامح الديني الذي عُزي إلى قوروش وبعض الملوك الأخمينيين فلم يكن سياسة فريدة في بابها في دول الشرق القديم، فقد عرفت حضارات الشرق القديم غالباً التعايش بين العقائد الدينية المحلية فلم يكن للعامل الديني الدور الأول في توسع الدول وفي إنشاء الإمبراطوريات عند الفراعنة أو ملوك الرافدين والأناضول، ولكن الحكام كانوا يتخلون عن تسامحهم الظاهري كلما تطلبت مصلحة الحكم ذلك للقضاء على الثائرين.\n\nومما لا شك فيه أن الإنجاز الذي حققه قوروش الثاني، ملك أنشان، ملك الفرس، ملك الملوك، كان كبيراً في عصره، ولكن ملوك الفرس الأخمينيين لم يكن باستطاعتهم أن يقبضوا بسهولة على زمام الأمور في دولة امتدت على نحو خمسة ملايين كم2، وكان الإخفاق واضحاً في قدرة الفرس على الاندماج سريعاً في المجتمعات الشرقية التي اختلطوا بها بعد انحدارهم من جبالهم إلى السهول التي استقرت فيها المجتمعات الريفية في القرى والحضرية في المدن، كما أنهم لم ينجحوا في تأسيس مجتمعات مدنية مميزة كما فعل الهلينيون بعدهم عند نزولهم في بلاد الشرق.\n\nومع هذا فلقد مثلت الإمبراطورية الفارسية الأخمينية بالفعل «مملكة عالمية» ورثت المثل الأعلى القديم للمملكة التي كانت تضم «جهات العالم الأربع»، وهو المثل الأعلى الذي كان يتطلع إليه ملوك سومر وأكد وبابل وآشور، وقد جعله الملوك الأخمينيون واقعاً ملموساً بتوحيد معظم الشرق القديم تحت سلطانهم، إلا أن الغرب الناشئ على أطراف المتوسط بقي خارج هذه المحصلة، بل إنه قاوم الدخول فيها، كما حدث في الحروب الميدية التي نشبت بين الفرس والهلينيين، وهو ما ترتب عليه صراع حاسم حمل نتائج خطيرة للعالم القديم كله.\n\nولم يأت توحيد الشرق القديم على أيدي الأخمينيين فجأة إذ كان الكيان السياسي لدول الشرق القديم قد تضخم واتسع حتى بلغ مرحلة المملكة المركزية الكبرى، وعندما وصل إلى درجة عجز فيها عن المحافظة على ما بلغه من تماسك تغلبت الأطراف على المركز، فالدول القديمة التي كانت لها الغلبة والسيادة في السابق أصابها الضعف والوهن على مر السنين نتيجة للحروب والصراعات والأزمات المتلاحقة والعنف والكوارث مما أدى إلى تقويض أسس النظم التي كانت قائمة وإلى إتاحة الفرصة لدخول عوامل تاريخية فعّآلة حملتها دائماً شعوب الجبال والسهوب والبوادي المحيطة بالسهول وأحواض الأنهار حيث كانت تقوم دول الشرق القديم وترتفع مدنه وتشمخ حضاراته الأولى.\n\nولقد نجم عن انتقال مركز الثقل السياسي من العواصم التاريخية المعروفة على الفرات ودجلة إلى سوسة ومدن أخرى وراء جبال زاغروس، توسيع حدود المشرق القديم لتتصل بالعالم الهندي من جهة وبالغرب الأوربي عند المضايق الواصلة بين البحرين الأسود وإيجه من جهة أخرى، وأطال قيام الإمبراطورية الأخمينية عمر الشرق قرنين آخرين في وحدة سياسية - اقتصادية هشّة تفككت أجزاؤها المكونة بعد ذلك تباعاً قبل أن يقع الصدام العسكري الذي قاد الهلِّينيين إلى بلاد الشرق الضعيف والمنهار.\n\nلقد بدأ تضعضع أسس الحضارات الشرقية القديمة ونظمها فكرياً وروحياً قبل هزيمتها الحاسمة عسكرياً، فقد اهتزت العقائد الدينية القديمة مع تنامي فكرة التوحيد في المجتمعات الشرقية القديمة كما في تراتيل أخناتون في مصر ونابونيد في بابل ثم مع ارتفاع هذه الفكرة إلى مستوى التوحيد التجريدي كما في بعض أسفار التوراة التي أعيدت كتابتها أو كتبت في العصر الأخميني كسفر عزرا الذي يتحدث عن رب السماوات والأراضي (عزرا: 19-20)، وهكذا أخذت تتطور الفكرة التي تتحدث عن الإله المنزه الذي يمكن أن يكون منفصلاً عن مظاهر الطبيعة التي قدستها العقائد القديمة وعن الإنسان، كما تتحدث عن الإلهي الذي يمكن أن يمثل قوة روحية مستقلة تتجاوز المناحرات السياسية.\n\nوفي سياق هذا التطور الروحي - الفكري ظهرت تجربة روحية أخرى في إيران تختلف في بنيتها عما سبقها من تجارب دينية، وهي تؤكد الطبيعة الأخلاقية للإله وتجعله يتجاوز الحدود السياسية للدولة وكذلك الحدود الإثنية، فالديانة الزرادشتية تبدّت بصورة مستقلة تماماً عن الصورة التي تبدّت فيها الدولة، وإذا كانت محاولة التوفيق بين الدولة والعقيدة الزرادشتية مصدراً لمشكلات خطيرة في تاريخ الفرس القديم فإن خطورة هذه التجربة نفسها تكمن في أن هذه النظرية الكونية قد ظهرت في الشرق أيضاً ولم تكن صادرة عن الدولة ولا مرتبطة، بالضرورة، بشعب بعينه، ويعد هذا الإنجاز، على حد قول س. موسكاتي، «أعظم منجزات حضارات الشرق القديم، إنه الانتصار على الذات، لكنه في الوقت نفسه نقطة النهاية في تاريخ هذا الشرق، لأنه كان بداية لعصر جديد».\n\nعلى أن أهم مظاهر الضعف في كيان الإمبراطورية الأخمينية عجزها عن احتواء الثورة الإيونية ومقاومة المدن اليونانية، فبعد حشويرش الأول (485 / 486 - 465 ق.م) تسارع التدهور ولم يكن لعواهل فارس من هدف سوى مقاومة الدول الصغيرة في العالم الهلّيني، التي أرادت أن تفيد من الصراع الداخلي في الإمبراطورية، كما في مصر، للحد من وطأة ضغط الجيوش الفارسية الكثيفة عليها، وقد رد الفرس بنثر الدنانير لزرع الشقاق في صفوف الهلّينيين وإيقاف هجماتهم على الحدود الغربية للإمبراطورية ثم أخذوا بمصالحة بعض المدن على حساب مدن أخرى، ومهما يكن فإنه كان من المستحيل على أية دولة من دول المدن الإغريقية أن تتوسع في أراضي الإمبراطورية الفارسية القوية المترامية الأطراف والتي امتدت حياتها بعد ذلك قرناً ونصف القرن.\n\nوكان موت حشويرش مأساة كبيرة في داخل القصر، وربما تم على أيدي الحريم، وهو ما صار من المألوف تكراره بعد ذلك عند كل تبديل للحاكم عندما لا يكون بفعل الحاشية، وخلف الملك الصريع ابنه أرتا حشويرش (465-424 ق.م) الذي كان له ضلع في الجريمة بوساطة قائد حرسه الذي قتل أيضاً، وقبل هذا الملك آخر الأمر بالتخلي عن الساحل الغربي لآسيا الصغرى ومجموعة من الجزر على أن تتعهد أثينا بألا تمضي في مساعدة ثورة مصر، ثم جاءت الحروب البلوبونيزية [ر] (431-404ق.م) التي عمّقت انقسام العالم الهلّيني فتمكن حاكم الأناضول الفارسي من استرداد مواقعه على الساحل الغربي الذي اندلعت فيه الثورة على الأثينيين.\n\nتدهور الإمبراطورية ونهاية الأسرة المالكة الأخمينية \n\nيتألف تاريخ الأسرة المالكة الأخمينية من سلسلة من الصراعات الدامية التي عجلت بتدهور الإمبراطورية وحفرت طريق نهايتها، فعندما مات أرتا حشويرش الأول (424 ق.م) خلّف ثمانية عشر ولداً، وورث العرش حشويرش الثاني لمدة خمسة وأربعين يوماً وانتهت حياته مسموماً على يد مغتصب لم يحتفظ بالعرش أكثر من ستة أشهر إذ قتل على يدي داريوس الثاني (423-404 ق.م) الذي ضمن العرش لنفسه بعد أن تخلّص من إخوته وجعل أخته تحكم معه وتزوج باريزاتيس التي كانت امرأة شرسة صعبة المراس، وكان التنافس شديد في القصر الإمبراطوري على قيادة الجيوش وعلى طريقة إدارة الصراع مع الهلِّينيين.\n\nوعندما مات داريوس الثاني ورثه ابنه البكر أرتا حشويرش الثاني (404-358 ق.م) وكان لا يملك إلا مؤهلات ضعيفة، وقد وفر حياة أخيه قوروش الذي تآمر عليه مع زوجة أبيه باريزاتيس، ولكن الأمير الفتي حشد جيشاً في آسيا الصغرى وعاد للإطاحة بأخيه ولكنه قتل في عام 401 ق.م في معركة قرب بابل، وقد تبددت قواته ولكن عشرة آلاف من المرتزقة اليونانيين الذين كانوا مهددين بالإبادة والفناء استطاعوا الانسحاب في ظروف صعبة ووصلوا إلى شاطئ البحر الأسود بعد مسيرة سبعة أشهر.\n\nوقد وصف المؤرخ كزينوفون (430-355 ق.م) هذا الانسحاب الملحمي في كتابه «الصعود» Anabasis، ولقد تسبب هذا الإنجاز الذي حققه الهلّينييون في تبديد رصيد الإمبراطورية الفارسية لدى حلفائها وشجع الإغريق وحلفاءهم على المضي في تحدّيها، فهاجمت اسبرطة ممتلكات فارس في آسيا الصغرى، ووجد الملك الفارسي صعوبات في إخماد الاضطرابات العنيفة في مصر وقبرص.\n\nومن الأمثلة الفاضحة على التدهور في آخر الإمبراطوريات الشرقية القديمة أنه كان لأرتا حشويرش مئة وخمسة عشر ولداً من ثلاثمئة وستين جارية، وقد حاول بعض أفراد أسرته اقتناص الحكم واختصار مدة ملكه، فحصلت فواجع من جرّاء ذلك فقتل ابنه البكر، وتمكّن ولد آخر من اعتلاء العرش بعد قتل اثنين من إخوته ودعي باسم أرتا حشويرش الثالث (358-338 ق.م)، واشتهر هذا الملك بقسوته وفظاظته ولكنه نجح لأمد في ترميم كيان المملكة فضرب على أيدي الأمراء والولاة المتطلعين إلى الاستقلال وقمع ثورة أخرى قامت في مصر (346-343 ق.م)، ولكنه كان قلقاً من صعود مقدونية وتقدم نفوذها في العالم الهلّيني فأخذ يساعد خصوم الملك فيليب الثاني سراً وعلانية، ولكنه مات آخر الأمر مسموماً على أيدي أحد رجال القصر الخصي باجواس الذي قتل خلفه أوراسيس (أرسيس) بالسم أيضاً بعد أن حكم مدة قصيرة (338-336 م) وساعد باجواس على اختيار داريوس الثالث من أحفاد داريوس الثاني لوراثة العرش (336-330 ق.م)، واستطاع داريوس (دارا) أن يجعل الخصي المتآمر يتجرع السم الذي أعده لقتل ملكه، وتحرك فيليب الثاني المقدوني بإرسال جيش لتخليص آسيا الصغرى من حكم الفرس ولكن الجيش أوقف تقدمه بعد اغتيال العاهل المقدوني (336 ق.م)، إلا أن وراثة الاسكندر عرش أبيه القتيل دفع الأحداث إلى منعطف جديد فاستؤنفت الحرب باندفاع جديد لم يسبق له مثيل لتحقيق أهداف إستراتيجية لم يعلن عنها من قبل هي إيقاع هزيمة حاسمة بالإمبراطورية الفارسية. وهكذا توالت المجابهات بين الملك المقدوني الشاب وجيوش الإمبراطورية الفارسية الأخمينية وتوالت الهزائم في كيليكية وفي خليج الاسكندرونة عند أبواب سورية وفي أربيل في بلاد آشور، وبعد أن دخل الاسكندر بابل وسوسة وبرسبوليس انسحب آخر الملوك الأخمينيين شرقاً إلى هركانية حيث قتل (330 ق.م) على يد أحد الولاة المحليين الذي كان يأمل في مكافأة الاسكندر له لكنه لقي ما يستحق من جزاء على غدره وفعلته الشنعاء، وهكذا انهارت الإمبراطورية الشرقية الشاملة لتحل محلها الإمبراطورية العالمية التي جمعت لأول مرة بلاداً من الشرق والغرب.\n\nالحكام الأخمينيون \n أخمينس الفارسي †\n تايسبس من أنشان، ابن أخمينس †\n كورش الأول من أنشان، ابن تايسبس †\n أريا رامنس الفارسي، ابن تايسبس ومشارك في الحكم مع قورش الأول †\n قمبيز الأول من أنشان، ابن قورش الأول †\n أرساميس الفارسي، ابن أريا رامنس ومشارك في الحكم مع قمبيز الأول †\n كورش الثاني، الأكبر، ابن قمبيز الأول، حكم من ح.550–530 ق.م. (حاكم أنشان ح. 559 ق.م. – فتح ميديا 550 ق.م.)\n قمبيز الثاني، ابن قورش الأعظم، حكم 529–522 ق.م.\n سميردس (برديا), ابن مزعوم لقورش الأكبر، حكم 522 ق م (محتمل أن يكون غاصباً للعرش)\n داريوش الأول (داريوس الأول، الأكبر)، صهر سميردس، وحفيد أرساميس، وحكم 521–486 ق.م.\n خشايارشا الأول (خرخس الأول)، ابن داريوش الأول، وحكم 485–465 ق.م.\n أردشير الأول الأخميني (أرتاخرخس الأول لونجيمانوس ابن خرخس الأول)، حكم 465–424 ق.م.\n خشايارشا الثاني (خرخس الثاني)، ابن أردشير الأول، حكم 424 ق.م.\n سجديانوس، أخ غير شقيق ومنافس لخشایارشا الثاني، حكم 424–423 ق م\n داريوش الثاني (داريوس الثاني نوثوس)، أخ غير شقيق ومنافس لخشایارشا الثاني، حكم 423 ق م–405 ق.م.\n أردشير الثاني الأخميني (أرتاخرخس الثاني الشهير (منيمون))، ابن داريوش الثاني، حكم 404–359 ق.م. (انظر أيضاً خينوفون)\n أردشير الثالث الأخميني (|أرتاخرخس الثالث اوخوس)، ابن أردشير الثاني، حكم 358–338 ق.م.\n أردشير الرابع الأخميني (أرتاخرخس الرابع أرسيس) ابن أردشير الثالث، وحكم 338 ق م–336 ق.م.\n داريوس الثالث (داريوس الثالث كودومانّوس)، ابن حفيد داريوش الثاني، حكم 336 ق م–330 ق.م.\n الإسكندر المقدوني هزيمة الإمبراطورية الأخمينية 330 ق.م.\n\n† الأدلة المكتوبة لهؤلاء الحكام لا يمكن التأكد منها، وكثيراً ما يعتقد أنها مختلقة من قبل داريوش الأول.\n\nمستعمرات الأخمينيون \n\nاحتل قمبيز الثاني مصر، والمؤرخون لحكام مصر يعدون الأخمينيين الأسرة السابعة والعشرون من حكام مصر القديمة.\n\n عنصر قائمة مرقمة\n\nمعرض صور\n\nانظر أيضاً \n جانجنيهيسو\n كاروفاكي\n\nمراجع \n\n محمد حرب فرزات، تاريخ فارس القديم (جامعة دمشق 1990).\n\nالأسرة المصرية السابعة والعشرون\nالقرن 4 ق م في إيران\nالقرن 5 ق م في إيران\nالقرن 6 ق م في إيران\nأنظمة ملكية في فارس وإيران\nإمبراطوريات سابقة في آسيا\nإمبراطوريات سابقة في إفريقيا\nإمبراطوريات سابقة في أوروبا\nتاريخ الزرادشتية\nتاريخ الشرق الأوسط\nتاريخ القرم\nتاريخ الهند\nتاريخ أفغانستان\nتاريخ أوروبا الشرقية\nتاريخ إيران\nتاريخ باكستان\nتاريخ جنوب آسيا\nتاريخ شمال إفريقيا\nتاريخ غرب آسيا\nتاريخ فارسي\nتأسيسات القرن 6 ق م في آسيا\nدول إفريقيا القديمة\nدول سابقة في إيران\nدول عظمى\nدول وأقاليم انحلت في القرن 4 ق م\nدول وأقاليم تأسست في القرن 6 ق م\nسلالات حاكمة إيرانية\nعقد 330 ق م\nعقد 550 ق م\nفارس القديمة\nفن فارسي\nمصر القديمة\nملكيون", "دوقية ميلانو كانت دولة في شمال إيطاليا من 1395 م إلى 1797 م. وكانت جزءا من الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة بحلول ذلك الوقت كيان مركزي، ويحكمها العديد من السلالات الحاكمة معظمهم من القوى الكبرى من خارج إيطاليا . ورغم اختلاف أراضي الدوقية على مر القرون، كانت تغطي عموما جزء كبير من إقليم لومبارديا، بما في ذلك كل من ميلانو وبافيا المراكز التقليدية لمملكة إيطاليا في القرون الوسطى.شملت أيضا أجزاء من أقاليم بييمونتي، فينيتو، إميليا رومانيا، توسكانا ، بالإضافة إلى كانتون تيسينو و واللتان توجدان اليوم في سويسرا. بارما كانت أيضا جزءا من دوقية ميلانو حتى انقسمت إلى دوقية خاصة بها وذلك في القرن السادس عشر.\n\nالتاريخ \n\nتم تأسيس الدوقية في عام 1395 من قبل جان غالياتسو فيسكونتي دوق ميلانو الأول. وأعلنت ميلانو جمهورية عندما تم انتهاء وجود أسرة فيسكونتي في عام 1447 م، وعلى الرغم من حقيقة أن دوق أورليانز كان الوريث الشرعي بموجب معاهدة، إلا أن فرانشيسكو سفورزا الذي تزوج الابنة غير الشرعية لفيسكونتي، استولى على ميلان في عام 1450 م ونصب نفسه دوقا.\n\nوفي عام 1498 م كان دوق أورليانز قد أصبح ملك فرنسا وهو لويس الثاني عشر الذي سعى فورا إلى للمطالبة بضم ميلانو. وقد غزاها عام 1499، وسرعان ما أطاح بلودوفيكو سفورزا. استمر الحكم الفرنسي للدوقية حتى 1512م، عندما أطاح بها السويسريون الذين نصبوا ماسيميليانو سفورزا ابن لودفيكو على العرش، إلا أن حكم ماسيميليانو لم يستمر طويلا. حيث كانت فرنسا تحت حكم فرانسوا الأول والذي غزى ميلانو مجددا عام 1515 م وأكد سيطرته عليها بعد معركة ماريجنانو الذي أسر فيها ماسيميليانو. وقد تم طرد الفرنسيين مجددا عام 1521م، ولكن هذه المرة من النمساويين الذين قاموا بتثبيت الشقيق الأصغر لماسيميليانو وهو فرانشيسكو سفورزا الثاني.\n\nوفي أعقاب هزيمة فرنسا الحاسمة في معركة بافيا في عام 1525م، الذي يبدو أنه ترك القوات الإمبراطورية لشارل الخامس المهيمنة في إيطاليا، وانضم فرانشيسكو للكونياك ضد الإمبراطور جنبا إلى جنب مع البندقية وبابا فلورنسا والفرنسيين. و أدى هذا إلى سرعة طرده من ميلانو من قبل القوات الإمبراطورية، ولكنه تمكن من البقاء في السيطرة على عدة مدن أخرى في الدوقية، أعيد مرة أخرى إلى ميلانو نفسها بالسلام المبرمة في كامبراي في عام 1529م.\n\nعندما توفي فرانسيس دون ورثة عام 1535م، برزت مرة أخرى مسألة الخلافة للدوقية بين كل من الإمبراطور وملك فرنسا مما أدى إلى مزيد من الحروب. وفي عام 1545م تم إنشاء دوقية بارما من جزء من دوقية ميلانو الجنوب من نهر بو، بوصفها إقطاعية لابن البابا بولس الثالث الغير الشرعي بيير لويجي فارنيزي، وتركزت على مدينة بارما.\n\nوعقد الإمبراطور الدوقية طوال الفترة واستثمرها في نهاية المطاف لابنه فيليب. وأخيرا اعترف الفرنسيون في معاهدة كاتو- كامبرازي في عام 1559م على أنه تم حيازة الدوقية من قبل إسبانيا.\n\nدوقية ميلانو ظلت في أيدي الإسبان حتى حرب الخلافة الإسبانية في أوائل القرن الثامن عشر عندما غزاها النمساويون. ومن خلال والتي أنهت الحرب في عام 1714م وتم التنازل بموجبها عن ميلانو للنمسا. بقيت الدوقية تحت الحكم النمساوي حتى تم السيطرة عليها من قبل الجيش الفرنسي بقيادة نابليون بونابرت في عام 1796م، ورآه الكثير من المتفاؤلين حينها في ذلك الوقت بأنه يمثل رمز لروح الإصلاح الديمقراطي. فتم تنازل النمساويين عن الدوقية بموجب معاهدة فورميو كامبو في عام 1797م، وبذلك شكلت جزءا أساسيا من الجمهورية الألبية الجديدة.\n\nولكن بعد هزيمة نابليون، ووفقا لمقررات مؤتمر فيينا في 9 حزيران من عام 1815م لم يتم استعادة دوقية ميلانو، ولكن أصبحت جزءا من مملكة لومبارديا فينيشيا، مكونة من الإمبراطورية النمساوية ومع إمبراطور النمسا كملك لها. ولم تعد هذه المملكة موجودة عندما تم ضم الأجزاء المتبقية منها إلى مملكة إيطاليا عام 1866م.\n\nالمراجع \n\nموقع عن تاريخ ميلانو\n\nانحلالات سنة 1796 في أوروبا\nانحلالات سنة 1796 في إيطاليا\nأنظمة ملكية سابقة في أوروبا\nتاريخ ميلانو\nتأسيسات سنة 1395 في الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة\nتأسيسات سنة 1395 في أوروبا\nتأسيسات عقد 1390 في الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة\nدوقيات سابقة\nدول-مدن إيطالية\nدول مسيحية\nدول وأقاليم انحلت في 1796\nدول وأقاليم تأسست في 1395\nسفورزا\nعائلة هابسبورغ-لورين\nفيسكونتي", "التَّفَلْوُر أو أو اللَّصَف أو الإِسْتِشْعاع (Fluorescence) تعرف بشكل عام بأنها إصدار ضيائي لمادة عندما يتوافق طول موجة الشعاع الساقط عليها مع مستويات الطاقة لذرات أو جزيئات تلك المادة. يحدث أن تثار تلك المستويات للطاقة، ثم تحدث ظاهرة الفلورية فتصدر المادة الإصدار الضيائي المميز لها، حيث يكون أحمرَ أو أخضرَ أو أصفرَ أو غير ذلك. ويتوقف هذا الإصدار فجأة عندما تتوقف الطاقة المحفزة (الشعاع المحفز).\n\nطريقة تعريف \n\nعندما يمتص أحد إلكترونات ذرة المادة فوتونا (شعاع ضوء) ذو طاقة عالية من المصدر، يـُثار الإلكترون ويرفع إلى مستوى طاقة أعلى في الذرة s1 , ويهتز. ثم يهدأ اهتزاز الإلكترون في الذرة نازلا إلى مستوى طاقة أسفل منه مرسلا ضوءا مميزا للمادة ذو طول موجة أطول من طول موجة الشعاع الساقط (الشعاع الأخضر في الرسم). تعتمد طول موجة الشعاع الصادر من الذرة على مستويات الطاقة التي ينتقل بينها الإلكترون في الذرة (انظر الشكل) . فقد يكون التوهج اللاحق للإصار ذو لون احمر أو أخضر أو غير ذلك حسب نوع المادة.\n\nالزمن بين امتصاص الذرة لطاقة الفوتون ثم إصدار شعاع الضوء باللون المميز لها يكون قصيرا جدا 10−8 ثانية ، ويسمى هذا الزمن زمن الاضمحلال .\nفي محاولة لجعل هذا التعريف ذو معنى مفهوم، نذكر أن زمن الاضمحلال أو زمن التوهج الاللاحق . وربما يكون أوضح فرق بين المواد الفلورية ونظائرها ذات زمن التوهج اللاحق الأكبر، والمسماة بالمواد الفسفورية، ليس مقدار زمن الاضمحلال بحد ذاته، بل الفرق هو أن اضمحلال المواد الفلورية غير مرتبط بدرجة الحرارة.\n\nإذا أخذ هذا الفرق الأخير بعين الاعتبار، فإن الإصدار الضيائي من بعض المواد مثل اليورانيل (uranyl) والفلزات النادرة الفلورية يمكن أن يسمى بالتألق البطيء بدلا من الوميض الفسفوري. فزمن التوهج اللاحق لإصدارها الضيائي يحدث في الميلي ثانية إلى الثانية، بدلا من 10−8 ثانية، مظهرًا أن التحولات البصرية إلى حد ما \"ممنوعة\"، ولكن الاضمحلال يكون غير مرتبط بدرجة الحرارة على مجال واسع من تلك الدرجات، وهو يتبع قانون التحلل الأسي التالي:\n\nالشدة الضيائية Io تتناسب مع عدد الذرات المثارة عند الوقت 0 ، والشدة الضيائية I تتناسب مع معدل إصدار الذرات للاشعة المميزة لها . هذا المعدل يتبع دالة أسية بالنسبة للزمن t . أي أن الذرات تعود إلى مستوى طاقتها الأرضي واحدة تلو الأخرى وتكون في البدء كثيرة، وتقل بعد ذلك وتضمحل . زمن الاضمحلال هذا من خواص المادة ويرمز له بالرمز (حيث مقلوب العمر الإشعاعي الطبيعي أو عمر المواد الفلورية). في هذه المعادلة، I هي الشدة الضيائية في زمن t، وI0 هي الشدة عند t = 0، وهو الزمن الذي تزول به الطاقة المثارة. علامة الناقص (-) في المعادلة تعني إضمحلال شدة الضوء الفلورنسي مع الزمن.\n\nيجب الأخذ بعين الاعتبار شرط أن جميع الأنظمة المتألقة تخسر فعاليتها عند درجات الحرارة العالية. ولكل نظام درجة الحرارة الخاصة به، ويسمى هذا بالإطفاء الحراري (thermal quenching). يحدث الإطفاء نتيجة أن زيادة الحرارة تحفز الذرة أو الجزيء على تفريغ الحالة المثارة وتبديد الطاقة المثارة بشكل غير إشعاعي.\n\nفي المراجع العلمية للمواد العضوية المتألقة، يستخدم مصطلح المواد الفلورية حصرًا للإشارة إلى التألق الذي يحدث عندما تقوم الذرة أو جزيء بتحول ضوئي مسموح. والتألق له زمن اضمحلال مميز للمادة ويتبع قانون الاضمحلال الأسي. كما أن لكل مادة فسفورية توزيع طيفي مختلف عن التوزيع الطيفي للمواد الفلورية.\n\nالمواد الفلورية \nيمكن للمواد الفلورية أن تحفز بشكلها الغازي أو السائلي أو الصلب. تسمى المواد الفلورية الصلبة بالفوسفوريات، بغض النظر عن زمن الاضمحلال الذي يغطي مجالا كبيرًا من رتبة 5 × 10−9 ثانية، وذلك للعديد من المواد البلورية العضوية وحتى 2 ثانية بالنسبة لسيليكات اليوروبيوم والسترونتيوم الفوسفورية.\n\nالتطبيقات \nتستخدم المواد الفلورية ذات زمن اضمحلال بين 10−9 و 10−7 ثانية لتحديد وقياس الإشعاعات عالية الطاقة، مثل الأشعة السينية وأشعة غاما، والجسيمات عالية الطاقة مثل جسيمات ألفا، وجسيمات بيتا، والنترونات. هذه المواد تحدث ومضات في بعض الأجسام الصلبة البلورية، وفي محاليل بعض الهيدروكربونات العطرية عديدة النوى، أو المواد اللدائنية المغطسة في هذه الهيدروكربونات.\n\nتطبيق آخر للمواد الفلورية المحفزة بالأشعة السينية هي في تكثيف الشاشات في التصوير الشعاعي الطبي. فهذه الشاشات، توضع على تماس مع فيلم التصوير شعاعي، فتخفض التعرض للأشعة السينية اللازمة لتشكيل الصورة بسبب التأثير التصويري المضاف من قبل المواد الفلورية. تستخدم عادة تنغستات الكالسيوم الفلورية الزرقاء.\n\nالإظهار الإلكتروني \nإن المواد الفلورية المثارة بواسطة الحزمة الإلكترونية المصطدمة بالطلاء الفسفوري على واجهة أنبوب الأشعة المهبطية يولد الصورة التي نشاهدها في الرائي. ولهذا السبب، يجب استخدام الفسفوريات ذات زمن اضمحلال قصير، لأن كل عنصر من عناصر الصورة الفسفورية يمسح بواسطة حزمة إلكترونية حوالي 30 مرة في الثانية، وبالتالي فإن التألق الناتج عن كل إثارة يجب أن يتناقص إلى مستوى منخفض لا يتداخل مع الإشارة التالية. ويمكن التسامح باستخدام الفسفوريات ذات زمن اضمحلال يزيد عن بضعة أجزاء مئوية من الثانية، بالرغم من أن الفسفوريات ذات زمن الاضمحلال الأقل تكون محبذة أكثر.\n\nالتأثيرات البصرية \nتعتبر المبيضات البصرية تطبيق آخر للمواد الفلورية. هذه المواد هي أصبغة عضوية عديمة اللون ذات أساس فينيلي. يمكن إثارة الأصبغة بكمية صغيرة من الأشعة الضوئية فوق البنفسجية الموجودة في ضوء النهار لإعطاء اللون الأزرق الفلوري، والذي يعوض امتصاص اللون الأزرق المسؤول عن اللون الشاحب لمعظم الأقمشة الطبيعية المبيضة. المواد الفلورية الموجودة في بقية الأصبغة والفسفوريات اللاعضوية المطبقة على الأقمشة أو المواد الأخرى تستخدم للحصول على التأثيرات البصرية الخاصة من أجل الدعاية، والمسرح، وأغراض الإظهار الأخرى، تحت تأثير ظروف الإثارة بضوء النهار أو الأشعة فوق البنفسجية.\n\nالأبحاث، والتشخيص، والتنقيب \nتستخدم المواد الفلورية بشكل واسع في الأبحاث والتشخيص في علم الأحياء الدقيقة والطب، حيث تستخدم الأصبغة الفلورية، مثل الفلورسين، والرودامين، وأزرق الأنيلين، في تمييز ووتعقب البروتينات. ومن بين التطبيقات الأخرى للمواد الفلورية استخدام الأصبغة الفلورية المنحلة في الماء لتعقب جريان التيارات الخفية، وكمساعد في التنقيب عن بعض الفلزات، مثل السكليت sceelite (تنغستات الكالسيوم) التي تعطي لون فلوري أزرق، والويلميت (willemite) (سيليكات الزنك) التي تعطي لونًا أخضرًا تحت تأثير التحفيز بالأشعة فوق البنفسجية قصيرة الموجة.\n\nالمصباح الفلوري \nتوظف المصابيح الفلورية تظافر تألق الغازات والمواد الصلبة لإنتاج الضوء المرئي. يتألف المصباح الفلوري من أنبوب زجاجي ممتلئ بمزيج منخفض الضغط من غاز الأرغون وبخار الزئبق، مطلي من الداخل بمسحوق تألقي أو مزيج من هذه المساحيق، ومزود بقطبين كهربائيين في كلتا نهايتيه. تمر شحنة تفريغ كهربائي خلال الغاز بين القطبين. يثير اصطدام الإلكترونات والأيونات ذرات الزئبق إلى حالة طاقية أعلى، التي تعود إلى حالتها الأخفض بتحولات إشعاعية منتجة إصدارات مرئية وفوق بنفسجية. وعند استخدام ضغط منخفض، فإن نصف الطاقة الكهربائية الداخلة إلى المصباح تتحول إلى 253,7 نانومتر وهو خاصية إشعاعية لذرة الزئبق.\n\nيختار الطلاء الفسفوري من أجل الفعالية التي تثار عندها المادة بطول موجة تحت البنفسجية ولون التألق المرئي المرغوب. يغلب استخدام مواد الهالوفسفات القاعدية الأرضية في المصابيح الفلورية، والتي يرمز لها بـ (Ca,Sr)5(PO4)3(F,C1)، وتثار باستخدام الإثمد والمنغنيز.\n\nاللون الصافي للمصباح الفلوري هو عبارة عن لون أبيض يتحدد بالتركيب المضبوط للفسفور أو مزيج الفسفوريات المستخدمة. الكمية الصغيرة من الضوء المرئي المتولد نتيجة التفريغ الكهربائي المنتقل بواسطة الطلاء الفسفوري تضاف إلى الضياء الناتج من المصباح. الفعالية الضوئية للمصابيح الفلورية أعلى بكثير من المصابيح المتوهجة (incandescent lamps)، والتي تحول معظم الطاقة الكهربائية الداخلة إلى حرارة.\n\nانظر أيضًا \n فسفورية\n وذمة برلين\n فلورية مستحثة بالليزر\n قائمة المنابع الضوئية\n\nالمراجع \n\nأصبغة\nعلم الأحياء الجزيئي\nكيمياء إشعاعية" ]

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[ "Eszterhas realized his personal goal of being a larger-than-life celebrity." ]

[ "Eszterhas was a meek and modest person.", "A woman watches as a man laughs with cotton candy in his hands.", "The skateboarder slides down a ramp.", "mother and son playing on beach", "The people sleeping.", "I have never been in a relationship, so I could not comprehend the complex emotions portrayed in the flick.", "Kid rides bike for the first time." ]

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[ "انقلاب 1969 في ليبيا\nانقلاب 1969 في ليبيا أحد أهم أحداث ما يعرف بثورة الفاتح فهو عبارة عن انقلاب عسكري جرى في 1 سبتمبر عام 1969م ليقوض حكم المملكة الليبية ويعلن نشوء الجمهورية العربية الليبية، حيث تشكلت حركة الضباط الوحدويين الأحرار في الجيش الليبي بقيادة الملازم أول معمر القذافي وقامت بالزحف على مدينة بنغازي لتحتل مبنى الإذاعة وتحاصر القصر الملكي بقيادة الضابط الخويلدي محمد الحميدي لتستولي على السلطة في الأول من سبتمبر عام 1969 م، وسارع ولي العهد وممثل الملك بالتنازل عن الحكم حيث كان الملك محمد إدريس السنوسي خارج البلاد في رحلة لتلقي العلاج في تركيا." ]

[ "انتفاضة الأحرار\nصحيفة انتفاضة الأحرار هي أول صحيفة شبابية ليبية منوّعة نصف شهرية تصدر باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية. صدر أول عدد يوم 13 مارس، 2011 في بنغازي خلال ثورة 17 فبراير، تصدر عن لجنة الصحافة التابعة لـجمعية التواصل لشباب ونساء وأطفال ليبيا الحرة.", "محمد فرج الجاسم\nساهم في تشكيل مجموعة الضباط الأحرار في فلسطين مع الشهيد رفعت الحاج سري\nكان من الضبا ط المشاركين في ثورة 2011حيث كان من القلة المبلغة بالثورة وكذلك قـــام عبد الكريم بارساله إلى اللواء الأول في المسيب وبرفقته العقيد أحمد حسن البكر لاخبــــــار العقيد فاضل المهداوي واخيه الملازم محمود فرج حيث كان ضابط التموين والنقل في اللواء بواجاتهم في السيطرة على اللواء الأول في المسيب وإفشال تحركه إلى بغداد بأي ثمن وبامر من الزعيم عبد الكريم قاسم شخصـــــيا، وعندما عا د إلى بغداد توجه إلى مقر وزارة الدفاع وحسب الخطة وعند بداء الثورة قام بالسيطرة علــى مقـــر الوزارة وبجهد شخصي كونه محبوب وموثوق ومحترم من قبل جميع الضباط لدوره فـــــي فلسطين وايمانه بالله وحسن خلقه وشجاعته. \nاعتقل في عهد عبد الكريم قاسم واحيل على التقاعد لكونه انتقد المد الشيوعي وبشكل علني وأثناء خطبة الجمعة وفي منطقة المشتل وهي بؤرة للشيوعيين في حينه.", "هدى السراري\nهدى السراري شاعرة ليبية شغلت خلال احداث ثورة 17 فبراير منصب المدير العام لقناة ليبيا لكل الأحرار التي اطلقت في بداية الأحداث من دولة قطر، وتعتبر السراري امرأة مثيرة للجدل وذلك بسبب توجهاتها الفكرية التي تجعل منها متهمة بالعلمانية من قبل التيارات الإسلامية ,وذلك بمقولة أن المرأة يحق لها أن تجمع بين 4 أزواج وتسلط عليها الأضواء بشدة خاصة وانها على رأس أهم وانجح قناة تلفزيونية ليبية حتى الآن.\nتركز نشاط هدى السراري في مجال الاعلام واشتهرت بارائها الجريئة في الدفاع عن حقوق المرأة الليبية وخطابها الناقد للقوانين السائدة في ليبيا تحديدا والمعتقدات المهينة لآدمية المرأة.\nهدى السراري متزوجة من الكاتب الليبي المعارض مجاهدالبوسيفي الذي قضى أكثر من عقد ونيف لاجئا سياسيا في المملكة الهولندية وذلك بسبب كتاباته الناقدة لسياسات نظام القذافي.", "لواء الضباط الأحرار\nبعد تأسيس الحركة، تزايدت الانشقاقات عن الجيش خلال الشهرين اللاحقين، وتوسَّعت الحركة بسُرعة حتى ضمَّت مئات المنشقين مع استمرار التحاق العسكريين المنشقين حديثاً بها. وعلى الرُّغم من توسعها إلى محافظات جديدة، غيرَ أن تمركز الحركة ظلَّ بشكل أساسي بمنطقة جبل الزاوية في محافظة إدلب شمال غرب البلاد، وقامت هُناك بعدد من العمليَّات ضد قوات الأمن والشبيحة، وقتلت العشرات منهم. كما ظلَّ حسين هرموش قائدها بصفته مؤسسها.", "محمد فرحات الزاوي\nالطاهر أحمد الزاوي، أعلام ليبيا، دار الفرجاني، 1972. الطاهر أحمد الزاوي، أعلام ليبيا، وثائق مجلس المبعوثان العثماني، دفتر الدورة الأولى، 1908 - 1912. جورج ريمون، من داخل معسكرات الجهاد في ليبيا، ترجمة محمد عبد الكريم الوافي، طرابلس - ليبيا، 1972 دار المحفوظات التاريخية بطرابلس، ملف الجهاد، حيث توجد نسخ من البرقية باللغة العربية. وهي بتاريخ 31 مارس 1328 هـ/ الموافق 13 أبريل 1912م محمد امحمد الطوير، من معارك الزاوية 1917 - 1922 م، مركز دراسة جهاد الليبيين، 1988 جراتسياني، نحو فزان هنريكو دي أغسطيني، سكان ليبيا، ترجمة خليفة محمد التليسي محمد امحمد الطوير، الشيخ محمد فرحات الزاوي أحد قادة الجهاد الليبي ضد الغزو الإيطالي، دار الجماهيرية، طرابلس - ليبيا، 1993؛ دار المحفوظات التاريخية ملف الجهاد، وثيقة غير مصنفة.", "الجماعة الليبية المقاتلة\nالجماعة الليبية المقاتلة تنظيم مسلح يحمل فكر السلفية الجهادية. أنشأه مجموعة من الشباب الليبيين الذين عادوا إلى ليبيا بعد أن شاركوا في الحرب الأفغانية السوفيتية. قام بعمليات مسلحة في مواقع مدنية وأمنية بليبيا في تسعينات القرن العشرين بهدف (إسقاط نظام العقيد معمر القذافي). إلا أن القوات المسلحة الليبية وأجهزة الأمن قضت عليهم، واعتقلت مجموعة كبيرة منهم، وفي عام 2009 قام زعماء الجماعة بمراجعة أفكارهم وقدموا اعتذاراً للدولة، الأمر الذي أدى إلى إطلاق سراحهم.", "القوات المسلحة اليمنية\nيأتي نجاح تنظيم الضباط الأحرار في تفجير الثورة وإسقاط النظام الإمامي إلى استفادتهم من أسباب النكبات التي مُنيت بها حركة المعارضة بين عامي 1948 - 1961م، وتنسيق علاقاتهم مع مختلف قوى المعارضة مدنية وعسكرية، والسرية التي اتسم بها تنظيم الضباط، وكذلك الظروف التي كانت تعيشها المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية إبان تلك الفترة، والمتمثلة في تدهور صحة الإمام أحمد، والصراع على العرش بين ولي العهد محمد البدر وعمه سيف الإسلام الحسن، وتعميق الضباط وغيرهم من قوى المعارضة لهوة هذا الخلاف، وزاد من نجاح تنظيم الضباط الأحرار في تفجير الثورة الدعم الخارجي المؤيد لعملية التغيير السياسي في اليمن.", "معمر القذافي\nفي عام 1989، شعر القذافي بسعادة غامرة بعد تأسيس اتحاد المغرب العربي، وتوحيد ليبيا في اتفاقية اقتصادية مع موريتانيا والمغرب وتونس والجزائر، معتبرا إياها بدايات اتحاد القومي العربي الجديد. وفي الوقت نفسه، صعدت ليبيا عن دعمها لمتشددين مناهضين للغرب مثل الجيش الجمهوري الايرلندي المؤقت، وفي عام 1988، تم تفجير طائرة بان آم رحلة 103 فوق قرية لوكربي في اسكتلندا مما أسفر عن مقتل 243 راكبا و16 من أفراد الطاقم، بالإضافة إلى 11 شخصا على الأرض. تحقيقات الشرطة البريطانية حددت الليبيين عبد الباسط المقرحي وفحيمة خليفة امين باعتبارهما المشتبه بهما الرئيسيين، وفي نوفمبر 1991 أصدرت إعلانا تطالب ليبيا تسليمهم. وعندما رفض القذافي، نقلا عن اتفاقية مونتريال، الأمم المتحدة فرض قرار 748 مارس 1992، لتبدأ العقوبات الاقتصادية ضد ليبيا والتي كان لها تداعيات عميقة بالنسبة لاقتصاد البلاد. ونتيجة للذلك عانت ليبيا ما يقدر ب 900 مليون دولار أمريكي خسائر مالية. نشأت مشاكل أخرى مع الغرب، عندما اطاحت الولايات المتحدة طائرتين من الطائرات الحربية الليبية قبالة الساحل الليبي في يناير كانون الثاني عام 1989. عارضت العديد من الدول الأفريقية عقوبات الأمم المتحدة، وانتقدهم مانديلا خلال زيارته للقذافي في أكتوبر 1997، عندما أشاد بليبيا لعملها في مكافحة الفصل العنصري ومنح القذافي وساما.", "موحدون دروز\nكان لهم الفضل الكبير في الاستقلال عام 1943م مع الراحل الأمير مجيد أرسلان. شاركوا في عدة ثورات ضد الحكم بقيادة كمال جنبلاط مؤسس وقائد الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي. شاركوا أيضاً في الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية بين الأعوام 1975م إلى 1990م بوصفهم أحد أقوى الميليشيات في الحرب اللبنانية، تحت لواء الجيش الشعبي بقيادة وليد جنبلاط. ولديهم اليوم زعامتين سياسيتين بقيادة الأمير طلال أرسلان رئيس الحزب الديمقراطي اللبناني ووليد جنبلاط رئيس الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي. وكانت لهم عدة مراكز قيادية في المجالس التمثلية والحكومات. يرأس نعيم حسن المجلس المذهبي لطائفة الموحدين الدروز في لبنان وهو مشيخة عقل من 5 نوفمبر 2006.[49]", "هشام بن غلبون\nساهم مع الشهيد أحمد عبد القادر الثلثي وآخرون في تأسيس اتحاد الطلبة الليبي المعارض (فرع بريطانيا) سنة 1979، وشارك في المناشط الطلابية المناوئة للنظام في بريطانيا، وفي تحرير وتوزيع دورية \"شهداء أبريل\" الصادرة عن الاتحاد، وفي تنظيم المظاهرة التي خرجت أمام السفارة الليبية في لندن في 11 يونيو 1980 للإحتجاج على حملة الاغتيالات التي شنتها \"فرق الموت\" التي أرسلها نظام القذافي لتنفيذ قراره بـ \"التصفية الجسدية\" لمعارضيه في الخارج والذين كان يطلق عليهم تسمية \"الكلاب الضالة\" في وسائل اعلامه، والتي سقط ضحيتها في بريطانيا وحدها كل من الاعلامي في إذاعة بي بي سي محمد مصطفى رمضان الذي اغتيل في ساحة مسجد ريجنتس بارك بوسط العاصمة لندن عقب خروجه من صلاة الجمعة يوم 11 ابريل 1980، والمحامي محمود نافع الذي اغتيل يوم 25 ابريل 1980 والطالب أحمد أبورقيعة الذي اغتيل في مانشستر يوم 29 نوفمبر 1980.", "الضباط الأحرار (اليمن)\nملازم أول عبدالكريم السكري", "عملية الحماية الموحدة\nوبدأت العملية في 23 مارس 2011 وتوسعت تدريجيا خلال الأسابيع التالية، عن طريق إدماج المزيد من عناصر التدخل العسكري المتعدد الجنسيات، التي بدأت في 19 مارس استجابة لنفس قرارات الأمم المتحدة ذاتها. وحتى 31 مارس 2011، شملت جميع العمليات الدولية في ليبيا. وكان دعم منظمة حلف شمال الأطلسي حيويا لانتصار المتمردين على القوات الموالية للقذافي. وقد انتهت العملية رسميا في 31 أكتوبر 2011، بعد أن أعلن قادة المتمردين، الذين أضحوا طابعا رسميا في المجلس الوطني الانتقالي، أن ليبيا حررت في 23 أكتوبر.", "الميليشيات في ليبيا\nالميليشيات أو الكتائب الأمنية في ليبيا هي مجموعات مسلحة اما تسليحاً خفيفاً أو متوسطاً أو ثقيلاً. هذه الأجهزة أو الكتائب أو الميليشيات تفرض قوانينها الخاصة في ليبيا بعد سقوط نظام القذافي في 2011، وكثير منها يدعي تبعيته للدولة اما تحت وزارت كالداخلية أو العدل أو الدفاع بينما العديد منها هي جماعات غير منضوية تحت لواء الدولة. والعديد منها بما فيها تلك المنضوية (إسمياً) ضمن وزارات كالداخلية أو الدفاع أو العدل متهمة حسب تقارير منظمات حقوقية ليبية ودولية بارتكاب انتهاكات لحقوق الإنسان. \nمصطلح الميليشيات أو الكتائب في ليبيا عُرفت بعد بـثورة 17 فبراير والحرب التي اندلعت بين الموالين لنظام العقيد السابق معمر القذافي والمعارضين له والتي تشكلت كمجموعات من قبل أشخاص ذوي أيدولوجيات مختلفة وكان هدفها المعلن اسقاط نظام حكم معمر القذافي بغرض (انشاء دولة ديمقراطية تعددية) وهو ماكان يصرح به مسؤولي وأعضاء المجلس الانتقالي الليبي السابق وقادة بعض من هذه التنظيمات والذين كانوا يقولون أن دورهم سينتهي ما أن يسقط النظام. لكن عدداً منها ما زال يجوب الشوارع بل وفي أحيان كثيرة تطبق القانون بنفسها وبعضها تشكل لاحقاً من مجموعة ميليشيات أخرى وتغيرت أهدافها. ففي سبتمبر 2014 تسبب سيطرة مجموعة من الميليشيات التابعة لمصراته وعدد من الميليشيات الإسلامية ضمن تحالف عرف باسم فجر ليبيا في السيطرة على مدينة طرابلس ما تسبب بقيام الحكومة المؤقتة بنقل أعمالها بشكل مؤقت إلى مدينة البيضاء في شرق البلاد.", "الاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي الليبي\nالعديد من جوانب وأساسيات الحزب قادمة من أفكار جمال عبد الناصر؛ وهذا ما يُفسر الثورة الاشتراكية التي قام بها نظام معمر القذافي كما يُفسر استيلاء الحزب على السلطة جنبا إلى جنب مع حركة الضباط الأحرار عام 1971. يُعد الحزب مقابلا لنظيره المصري حيث يعمل بنظام الحزب الواحد وقد تم تأسيس الحزب كأداة وطنية متكاملة للتعبير بدلا من حزب سياسي ينخرط في الأمور الانتخابية وهلم جرا.", "الضباط الأحرار (اليمن)\nوفيما يلي أسماء أعضاء القاعدة التأسيسية لتنظيم الضباط الأحرار في صنعاء وتعز والحديدة:", "لواء الضباط الأحرار\nلواء الضباط الأحرار أو حركة الضباط الأحرار هو أوَّل تنظيم عسكري للجنود المنشقين عن الجيش السوري أسُّسَ إبان أحداث سوريا 2011-2012، وقد كان تأسيسه في أوائل شهر يونيو عام 2011 على يد المقدم المنشق حسين هرموش، وذلك في مدينة جسر الشغور في محافظة إدلب. لكن في أواخر شهر سبتمبر من العام نفسه، أُعلنَ عن انضمام اللواء إلى الجيش السوري الحر بقيادة رياض الأسعد وانضوائهما معاً تحت جناحه، وبذلك لم يَعد للتنظيم وجودٌ رسميّ، وأصبحَ عسكريُّوه يعدون أفراداً من الجيش الحر.", "رابطة علماء ليبيا\nرابطة علماء ليبيا هي رابطة تضم علماء الدين المسلمين في ليبيا. وأول مجموعة من علماء الدين تتشكل وتطالب بالاطاحة بنظام العقيد معمر القذافي. وتشكلت قبل تشكل المجلس الوطني الانتقالي الليبي ومكتبه التنفيذي حيث وافقت على تشكيل حكومة مؤقتة. كانت تحمل في بداية تشكلها اسم (شبكة العلماء الأحرار).\nرئيسها الحالي هو الشيخ عمر مولود عبد الحميد.", "القوات الخاصة الليبية\nتم تأسيس القوات الخاصة الليبية في مدينة بنغازي بأمر من الملازم عبد الفتاح يونس حيث تم جلب أطقم من المعلمين من مصر. أسست بعده مدرسة الصاعقة والمظلات وبدأت في إعداد كوادر القوات الخاصة الأولى ومن ثم بعد ذلك تم تأسيس المقر العام وتلاه تأسيس الكتائب العسكرية الرئيسية وحسب الترتيب: (ك 219 طرابلس العجيلات / ك 221 درنة بنغازى / ك 236 بنغازي / ك 223 طرابلس ومهمتها كانت حماية مطار طرابلس العالمى / ك 297 بنغازي / ك 264 مصراتة / ك 374 سبها / ك 647 / ك مدفعية بنغازي / مركز التدريب / شعبة الإمداد بالجو بنغازي / ثانوية الصاعقة بنغازي / مدرسة ضباط الصف ببنغازى).واعتبرت شعبة الإمداد بالجو وحدة مميزة في القوات الخاصة الليبية بين مثيلاتها بين القوات الخاصة في العالم.", "ثوار ليبيا (مصطلح)\nظهر مصطلح ثوار ليبيا أو الثوار الليبيون عقب انطلاق المظاهرات المناهضة لحكم معمر القذافي في ليبيا في 15 فبراير 2011 أمام مقر مديرية الأمن في بنغازي وماتلاها من اعتصامات احتجاجية أمام احدى ساحات المدينة.", "القوات البرية الليبية\nبعد عام 1969 اصبحت (القوات المسلحة العربية الليبية). تم الاهتمام بالقوات المسلحة الليبية فترة من الزمن استطاع فيها الجيش الانتقال بسرعة إلى صفوف الجيوش المتقدمة اكاديميا وعلميا، إلى ان فقد العقيد معمر القذافي رئيس ليبيا آنذاك ثقته في القوات المسلحة نتيجة تعدد العمليات الانقلابية ضده. تم على اثرها انشاء (رئاسة أركان الوحدات الأمنية) عام 1979. ", "الضباط الأحرار (اليمن)\nملازم ثاني عبدالوهاب الشامي", "الحرب الأهلية الليبية (2011)\nالحرب الأهلية الليبية هي ثورة اندلعت وتحولت إلى نزاع مسلح إثر احتجاجات شعبية بداية في بعض المدن الليبية ضد نظام العقيد معمر القذافي، حيث انطلقت في يوم 15 فبراير اثر اعتقال محامي ضحايا سجن بوسليم فتحي تربل في مدينة بنغازي فخرج أهالي الضحايا ومناصريهم لتخليصه وذلك لعدم وجود سبب لاعتقاله، وارتفعت الأصوات مطالبة بإسقاط النظام وإسقاط العقيد القذافي شخصيا مما دعا الشرطة إلى استخدام العنف ضد المتظاهرين واستمرت المظاهرات حتى صباح اليوم التالي.. وفي اليوم التالي انتفضت الرقدالين و الجميل و العحيلات في غرب البلاد لكن البيضاء شهدت سقوط أول شهداء في الثورة يوم السادس عشر من فبراير[1] وتلتها يوم 16 فبراير مظاهرات للمطالبة باسقاط النظام بمدينة البيضاء[2] فاطلق رجال الامن الرصاص الحي وقتلوا بعض رالمتظاهرين، كما خرجت مدن جبل نفوسه الزنتان ويفرن ونالوت والرجبان[3] في نفس اليوم وقام المتظاهرون في العجيلات بحرق مقر اللجان الثورية، وكذلك مركز الشرطة المحلي، ومبني المصرف العقاري بالمدينة،[4] وازدادت الاحتجاجات اليوم التالي وسقط المزيد من الضحايا وجاء يوم الخميس 17 فبراير/شباط عام 2011 م على شكل انتفاضة شعبية شملت بعض المدن الليبية في المنطقة الشرقية فكبرت الاحتجاجات بعد سقوط أكثر من 400 ما بين قتيل وجريح برصاص قوات الامن ومرتزقة تم جلبهم من قبل النظام. وقد تأثرت هذه الاحتجاجات بموجة الاحتجاجات العارمة التي اندلعت في الوطن العربي مطلع عام 2011 م وبخاصة الثورة التونسية وثورة 25 يناير المصرية اللتين أطاحتا بالرئيس التونسي زين العابدين بن علي والرئيس المصري حسني مبارك. قاد هذه الثورة الشبان الليبيون الذين طالبوا بإصلاحات سياسية واقتصادية واجتماعية. كانت الثورة في البداية عبارة عن مظاهرات واحتجاجات سلمية، لكن مع تطور الأحداث وقيام الكتائب التابعة لمعمر القذافي باستخدام الأسلحة النارية الثقيلة والقصف الجوي لقمع المتظاهرين العزّل، تحولت إلى ثورة مسلحة تسعى للإطاحة بمعمر القذافي الذي قرر القتال حتى اللحظة الأخيرة. وبعد أن أتم المعارضون سيطرتهم على الشرق الليبي أعلنوا فيه قيام الجمهورية الليبية بقيادة المجلس الوطني الانتقالي، وفي يوم 20 انتفضة مدينة طرابلس وهي العاصمة الليبية وقد افلح شباب العاصمة بإسقاط العاصمة ونظام القذافي في تسع ساعات وكان ذلك بسبب رفض الكتيبة المسيطرة على طرابلس القتال ورغبتها في حقن الدماء وبعدها في يومي 21 و22 أغسطس دخل الثوار إلى العاصمة طرابلس المحررة من شبابها بالاحتفال وقامو جميع الثوار بسيطرة على آخر معاقل القذافي وقتل الأخير في سرت بحلول يوم 20 أكتوبر.", "حزب الوحدة والحرية\n2 - مفكرة الإسلام", "الضباط الأحرار (اليمن)\nنقيب عبدالله الجايفي", "درع ليبيا\nفي يوليو 2014 وخلال شهر رمضان قامت (درع ليبيا 1) التي يقودها وسام بن حميد بالتعاون مع تنظيم أنصار الشريعة تحت مسمى (مجلس شورى ثوار بنغازي) بالهجوم المسلح على معسكرات القوات الخاصة الليبية (الصاعقة) في مدينة بنغازي\nمسفرة عن سقوط عشرات القتلى والجرحى في صفوف الطرفين وفي صفوف المدنيين جراء القصف العشوائي بالمدفعية، حيث استعملت صواريخ غراد طالت المعسكر الرئيس للقوات الخاصة والمباني السكنية المجاورة.", "الاتحاد الدستوري الليبي\nوكان الاتحاد الدستوري الليبي التنظيم الوحيد من تنظيمات المعارضة الليبية الذي رفع العلم الوطني واتخذه شعارا، بينما رفضه الآخرون بحجة أنه شعار الملكية الليبية المنتهية. وقد استمر ذلك لمدة 24 سنة إلى أن رفعت فصائل المعارضة المنضوية تحت \"المؤتمر الوطني للمعارضة الليبية\" الذي عقد بلندن في يونيو 2005 العلم الوطني واتخذت قرارا باعتماد دستور 1951 مرجعية للشرعية الدستورية، فقد جاء في البيان الختامي الصادر عن \"هيئة المتابعة\" بتاريخ 26 يونيو 2005 والمعروف بـ \"اعلان التوافق الوطني\" أن \"\"الشرعية الدستورية الوحيدة تتمثل في دستور عام 1951 بتعديلاته اللاحقة، الذي أقرته وصادقت عليه الجمعية الوطنية التأسيسية تحت إشراف مجلس الأمم المتحدة الخاص بليبيا. وإن ما أقدم عليه الإنقلابيون بإصدار قرار تعسفى يقضي بإلغاء الدستور هو إجراء غير شرعي ولا يعتد به\"\".\nواهتم مؤسس الاتحاد الدستوري الليبي وعائلته بالملك والملكة في غربتهما وتجندوا لخدمتهم ومؤانستهم والذبّ عنهم حتى آخر أيامهم .\nفي بداية ثورة 17 فبراير 2011 كان الاتحاد الدستوري الليبي من أوائل المتواجدين النشطين في وسائل الاعلام العالمية لدعم الثورة وشرح أهدافها وأسبابها وتقديمها للعالم \nوما أن أعلن المجلس الوطني الانتقالي عن تبنيه \"الاعلان الدستوري\" حتى انسحب الاتحاد من الإعلام بعد أن عجز عن إقناع المجلس الوطني الانتقالي وبقية الناشطين والوطنيين في عدة تصريحات صحفية ورسائل مفتوحة بتبني الدستور لمنع كارثة بدى أنه متيقّن من أن الوطن يتجه نحوها.", "مصرف الوحدة\nمصرف الوحدة هو أحد المصارف العاملة في ليبيا ومقره الرئيسي في مدينة بنغازي شرق البلاد. ويعتبر شركة مساهمة ليبية تأسست بموجب القانون رقم (153) لسـنة 1970 الصادر بتاريخ 22 / 12 / 1970.", "محمود لبيب\nالصاغ محمود لبيب.. من رموز الإخوان المسلمين (1882م-1951م) والقائد العام لمتطوعي الإخوان المسلمين في فلسطين مؤسس تنظيم الضباط الأحرار الذي يعد الامتداد التنظيمي لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين داخل الجيش المصري ولد بالقاهرة عام 1882م, انتخب عام 1947م وكيلاً ثانيًا للإخوان المسلمين للشئون العسكرية.كتاب حماة السلوم الذي قدم له محمد صالح حرب باشا وصدر عن دار الأنصار.\nفاضت روحه إلي ربه يوم الثلاثاء 18 / 12 / 1951 حيث صادف اليوم اجتماعاً إخوانياً ضخماً بالمركز العام للإخوان المسلمين احتفالاً بافتتاحه وأعلن نبأ الوفاة أثناء حديث الثلاثاء ووقف الأستاذ عبد الحكيم عابدين ناعياً إياه في كلمة مؤثرة أثرت في جموع الإخوان الذين آلمهم الخبر.\nوقد أم سماحة مفتي فلسطين المصلين بمسجد الظاهر في صلاة الجنازة التي حضرها رموز وقيادات ووجهاء الشعب المصري من رجال الجيش والبوليس والطلاب.", "المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية\nيأتي نجاح تنظيم الضباط الأحرار في تفجير الثورة وإسقاط النظام الإمامي إلى استفادتهم من أسباب النكبات التي مُنيت بها حركة المعارضة بين عامي 1948 -1961م، وتنسيق علاقاتهم مع مختلف قوى المعارضة مدنية وعسكرية، والسرية التي اتسم بها تنظيم الضباط، وكذلك الظروف التي كانت تعيشها المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية إبان تلك الفترة، والمتمثلة في تدهور صحة الإمام أحمد، والصراع على العرش بين ولي العهد محمد البدر وعمه سيف الإسلام الحسن، وتعميق الضباط وغيرهم من قوى المعارضة لهوة هذا الخلاف، وزاد من نجاح تنظيم الضباط الأحرار في تفجير الثورة الدعم الخارجي المؤيد لعملية التغيير السياسي في اليمن.", "الحركة الجزائرية للضباط الأحرار\nالحركة الجزائرية للضباط الأحرارهي حركة معارضة للنظام الجزائري تأسست في جوان 1997 وهي تضم عسكريين من مختلف الرتب أنشقوا عن الجيش الجزائري بعضهم يوجد في الخارج وبعضهم يوجد داخل الجزائر.", "لواء الضباط الأحرار\nهربَ حسين هرموش في وقت لاحق من شهر يونيو إلى تركيا واستقرَّ فيها، واستمرَّ من هناك بإدارة عمليات حركة لواء الضباط الأحرار. لكن في صباح يوم الإثنين 29 أغسطس 2011 ذهب مؤسس الحركة ورئيسها إلى لقاءٍ مع مسؤولين أمنيِّين أتراك في أحد مخيَّمات اللاجئين على الحدود السورية التركية، وبعد ذهابه إلى هذا الاجتماع اختفى في ظروف غامضة، وتمكنت قوات الأمن السورية من القبض عليه وتهريبه إلى الأراضي السورية. وقد تضاربت الروايات كثيراً حول كيفية اختطاف حسين هرموش ووصوله إلى أيدي الأمن، وهُناك عدة آراء مختلفة في هذا الشأن.", "عبد الكريم قاسم\nفي سنة 1956 لفت عبد الكريم انتباه اللجنة العليا للضباط الأحرار، ولقد اجتمعت في أول اجتماع لها في دار الرائد محمد سبع واتخدت قرار بمفاتحة العميد الركن عبد الكريم قاسم الذي كان آمر لواء مشاة المنصور للانضمام للحركة بعد معرفة اتجاهه الوطني والتأكد من أنه كان محسوباً على جماعة المنصورية، فُكلف المُقدم وصفي طاهر بمفاتحته، ومن أسباب مُفاتحة عبد الكريم، أنه كان من الضباط اللامعين في الجيش، وأثبت شجاعة نادرة في جميع الحركات وخاصة حرب فلسطين، وكان ذا شخصية محبوبة مُحترمة من قبل ضباط الجيش، وكان قاسم آمراً للواء المشاة الذي يستفاد منه التنظيم في الثورة.[35]", "الجمهورية العربية الليبية\nفي عام 1971، غيرت حركة الضباط الأحرار اسمها إلى \"الإتحاد الإشتراكي العربي\" (إيه إس يو) وأصبح الحزب القانوني الوحيد في البلاد. كان الحزب يهدف إلى رفع \"درجة الوعي السياسي\". اندمجت اتحادات العمال في الحزب وتم منع الإضرابات. راقبت الصحافة رسميًا منذ 1972 وأصبحت وكيل الثورة. فيما تم طرد الإيطاليين ومن بقي من الجالية اليهودية الليبية وصودرت ملكياتهم في أكتوبر 1970.", "سوق الأحد (ترهونة)\n1- المجاهد المبروك المنتصر هو أحد قادة الجهاد ضد الإحتلال الإيطالي و أحد أبرز الرجال الوطنيين في ليبيا شارك في معارك عديدة في ترهونة و طرابلس و ما حولهما أهم هذه المعارك معركة الهاني و معركة الشقيقة معركة عين زارة و معركة بير ترفاس معركة أبو عرقوب سافر إلى مصر بعد إعادة احتلال إيطاليا للمدينة \n2- عبد العاطي الطبيب نائب بالبرلمان الليبي في العهد الملكي عن دائرة ترهونة \n3- عبد الخالق الطبيب محافظ طرابلس 1968-1969\n4- خليفة الطبيب مجاهد ليبي من مواليد فم ملغة - سوق الاحد", "الجمهورية العربية الليبية\nأول تغيير وزاري حدث كان في ديسمبر 1969 عندما تم اعتقال أحمد سعيد حواز وزير الدفاع، وموسى أحمد وزير الداخلية بتهمة التخطيط لانقلاب. في التشكيل الوزاري الجديد، احتفظ القذافي بمنصبه كرئيس مجلس قيادة الثورة وأصبح رئيسًا للوزراء والقائد الأعلى للقوات المسلحة. فيما أصبح الرائد عبد السلام جلود الرجل الثاني في الجمهورية بعد القذافي وأصبح نائب رئيس الوزراء ووزير الداخلية وأصبح النقيب أبو بكر يونس وزيرا للدفاع ضمت التشكيلة الوزارية الجديدة ثلاثة عشر عضوًا خمسة منهم كانوا من أعضاء مجلس الثورة. حدثت ثاني محاولة انقلابية في يوليو 1970 عندما اتهم كلا من عبد الله عبيد السنوسي وأحمد السنوسي وهم أبناء عم الملك إدريس بتدبير محاولة انقلابية. بعد إحباط مؤامرة الانقلاب، شكل الضباط الأحرار للمرة الأولى منذ إعلان الجمهورية، شكلوا أغلبية بين الوزراء الجدد.\nمنذ البداية، قال أعضاء مجلس الثورة أنهم سيقدمون \"\"النظام المُباد\"\" للمحاكمة. وفي الفترة من 1971 و1972، حوكم أكثر من 200 مسؤول حكومي سابق بضمن ذلك سبعة رؤساء وزراء وعدة وزراء آخرون والملك إدريس وأعضاء الأسرة المالكة، حوكموا في المحكمة الشعبية الليبية على تهم تتعلق بالفساد. الكثير ممن يحبون الملك إدريس واتباعه، كان في الخارج، وجرت محاكمتهم غيابيًا. وعلى الرغم من كثرة المسئولين المحاكمين، إلا أنهم قد حصلوا على أحكام بالبراءة وتم الحكم على آخرين بالسجن لمدة 15 سنة وغرامات مالية ضخمة. وتم الحكم بالإعدام شنقًا على خمسة أشخاص حوكموا غيابًا بضمنهم الملك إدريس. فيما تم الحكم غيابًا على الملكة فاطمة ووولي العهد الحسن الرضا بالسجن لمدة ثلاث سنوات على التوالي.", "تاريخ ليبيا المعاصر\nومن هنا بدأ المجاهدون حركتهم يحدوهم الايمان بالحق والدفاع عن العرض والأرض وكان عدد المتطوعين نحو 15000 ليبي وتحرك نواب البلاد وزعمائها في ضواحى مدينة طرابلس نحو معسكرات الجهاد ومنهم الشيخ سليمان الباروني نائب الجبل الغربي والشيخ أحمد سيف النصر من زعماء الجنوب والوسط. والسيد احمد الشريف السنوسي في الشرق. وبرزت شخصية شيخ الشهداء عمر المختار في برقة ورفاقه المجاهدين منهم الشهيد عبد القادر يوسف بورحيل المسماري والشهيد الفضيل بوعمر بوحوة الاوجلى.", "القوات البرية الليبية\nيقودها حاليا الفريق خليفة حفتر الذي تم ترقيته من قبل مجلس النواب الليبي المنتخب. وتشارك هذه القوات في حرب ضد ميليشيات إسلامية متطرفة في شرق ليبيا أمثال أنصار الشريعة ومجلس شورى مجاهدي درنة إضافة لبعض المجموعات التابعة لمنظمة الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام. و كذلك يخوض الجيش حرب ضد ميليشيات فجر ليبيا في غرب البلاد.", "حركة الضباط الأحرار\nحركة الضباط الأحرار المصريين، هي تنظيم تأسس من بعض ضباط الجيش المصري بقيادة محمد نجيب قاموا في منتصف ليلة 23 يوليو/تموز عام 1952م، حيث نجح الأميرالاي (المقدم) يوسف منصور صديق الذي تحرك متقدماً ساعة على موعد التحرك الأصلي والمحدد من الحركة سلفاً بالاستيلاء على مبنى هيئة أركان الجيش والقبض على من فيه من قيادات ومن ثم أعلن فيه قيام الجيش بحركة لصالح الوطن كتبها جمال حماد وقرأها أنور السادات بالإذاعة المصرية.الجدير بالذكر أن الحركة اختارت اللواء محمد نجيب نظراً لعامل السن ليرأسها", "الضباط الأحرار (اليمن)\nملازم أول حسين الغفاري ", "نادي الوحدة (ليبيا)\nنادي الوحدة هو أحد أندية كرة القدم في ليبيا.", "الضباط الأحرار (اليمن)\nملازم أول محمد الحمزي", "الاتحاد الدستوري الليبي\nالاتحاد الدستوري الليبي تنظيم سياسي معارض لنظام العقيد معمر القذافي أعلن عن تأسيسه في مدينة مانشستر البريطانية في السابع من أكتوبر 1981 الموافق للذكرى الثلاثون للإعلان عن الدستور الليبي الذي نالت بموجبه ليبيا استقلالها سنة 1951 .", "اللواء 310 مدرع (اليمن)\nفي 27 أبريل 1994 في حديث للرئيس علي عبد الله صالح، بمناسبة مرور عام، على إجراء أول انتخابات حرة، بعد قيام الوحدة اليمنية ، شن فيه هجوماً عنيفاً على الحزب الاشتراكي قال فيه :\nوأتهمهم بأنهم يتسلمون ثمن الأزمة، لشراء البنادق والأسلحة، وإيداع الأموال المتبقية في حسابات خاصة في البنوك الخارجية، لمصلحة عناصر وشخصيات تسعى من أجل الانفصال ، وطالب نائبه علي سالم البيض، بضرورة احترام الهيئات التشريعية، وتأدية اليمين الدستورية .\nبعد ساعات من ذلك الخطاب في الواحدة والنصف من ظهر ذلك اليوم إنفجر الوضع عسكرياً في محافظة عمران بمعسكر عمران المشترك الذي يتمركز فيه كل من اللواء الثالث المدرع الجنوبي، واللواء الأول المدرع الشمالي منذ إعلان الوحدة في 22 مايو 1990 .", "انقلاب 1969 في ليبيا\nمعمر القذافي. المملكة الليبية المتحدة. قائمة زعماء ليبيا الحديثة الجمهورية العربية الليبية ثورة 17 فبراير.", "عارف علي النايض\nشارك الدكتور النايض في مظاهرات التاسع عشر من فبراير2011 في فشلوم بطرابلس، كما تحول منزله وبشكل تلقائي إلى نقطة تجمع للشباب للقيام بما كان مستطاع في ذلك الوقت المبكر من عمر الثورة .\nوبالتعاون مع علماء ليبيين آخرين من طرابلس ومناطق غرب ليبيا، أسس النايض على الفور وفي داخل ليبيا \"شبكة العلماء الأحرار\" تألفت هذه الشبكة من علماء في الشريعة الإسلامية -على نهج الأزهر في توجهاتهم-، ونادت بوقف فوري لقتل المدنيين من قبل النظام، ثم بالخروج عليه وأصدرت حول هذا الموضوع العديد من البيانات التي بينت فيها وجهة النظر الشرعية والوطنية حول ماتمر به البلد في تلك الأيام وقد كانت هذه الشبكة نشطة من أوائل أيام الثورة الليبية ووجدت بياناتها صدى واسع بين طلاب العلم والمتابعين عموما ونشرت لها بيانات وتصريحات على عدة مواقع عالمية في وقتها . وقد القى النايض كلمات بإسم هذه الشبكة – والتي صارت فيما بعد (رابطة علماء ليبيا) – في مؤتمرات ولقاءات أبو ظبي والدوحة وبنغازي.", "الضباط الأحرار (اليمن)\nنقيب حسين السكري", "الضباط الأحرار (اليمن)\nنقيب علي قاسم المؤيد", "جيش التحرير الوطني الليبي\nوفي مُقابل هذا الموقف غير المَحسوم من جانب المَجلس الانتقالي، فقد أخذت في الوقت ذاته مَجموعات تتألف من مئات الثوار المُستقلّين عن الوحدات القتالية الرسمية للمجلس أواخر شهر فبراير بمُغادرة بنغازي غرباً متجهة إلى طرابلس، وذلك في ظلّ إشارة القيادات الرسمية لجيش التحرير الوطني إلى أنها لا تنوي تحريك الجيش الرسميّ للثوار بَعد. وبعد ذلك ببضعة أيام أعلنت القيادة في يوم الثلاثاء 1 مارس تشكيل مجلس عسكري في مدينة بنغازي عاصمة الثوار لإدارة جيش التحرير. لكن مع ذلك، فلم تكن هيئة أركان الجيش هذه مُستقرة ومُتماسكة كثيراً. فقد وَردت أنباء في يوم 9 مارس بوُجود خلافات وعدم توافق كبير داخل هيئة الأركان العامة لجيش التحرير الوطني مما أدى إلى إعلان بعض المَسؤولين استقالتهم عما قريب من الهيئة، وذلك خلال جلسة مُغلقة عقدها المجلس الوطني الانتقالي في شرق ليبيا.", "الحرب الأهلية الليبية (2011)\nفي شهر فبراير عام 1943م انتهى الغزو الإيطالي لليبيا بعدَ حملة عليها من طرف دولتي بريطانيا وفرنسا، اللتين نجحتا في دحر إيطاليا وألمانيا من البلاد بالقوة العسكرية وتقاسماتها جنباً إلى جنبٍ معَ بقيَّة المُستعمرات الإيطالية، فحصلت بريطانيا على إقليمي برقة وطرابلس فيما أخذت فرنسا إقليم فزان،[5] واستمرَّ الوضع كذلك حتى أعلن في 24 ديسمبر 1951 عن استقلال ليبيا رسمياً، وبذلك قامت المملكة الليبية المتحدة.[6] ظلَّت المملكة الليبية بقيادة إدريس السنوسي تحكم ليبيا تحتَ نظام ملكيٍّ وراثي حتى تاريخ 1 سبتمبر 1969،[7][8] عندما استغلَّ الملازم معمر القذافي[9] وُجود الملك السنوسي خارج البلاد لتلقي العلاج ونفذ ما سمي ثورة الفاتح من سبتمبر[9] ليُعلن قيام الجمهورية العربية الليبية،[10] ثمَّ أعلن في 2 مارس 1977 عن بدء \"سلطة الشعب\" وغير اسم الدولة إلى الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية[11] (وأضاف لاحقاً كلمة \"العظمى\" في 14 أبريل 1986 بعدَ الغارات).", "الحزب الاتحادي الديمقراطي الموحد\nالحزب الاتحادي الديمقراطي الموحد (يعرف أيضابـ: حزب الاشقاء) حزب سياسي في السودان (تأسس في عام 1945)علي يد الزعيم التاريخي للسودان وقائد حركة الاستقلال إسماعيل الازهري وهو من احفادالشيخ إسماعيل الولي ، وهو تكوين سياسي هدف به السودانيون الوطنيون الذين كونوه كحزب سياسي شعبي نحو تحقيق المطامح الوطنية في الاستقلال عن دولتي الحكم الثنائي، وبناء الدولة السودانية المستقلة على أسس المساواة والحرية والعدل والديمقراطية . كان يحمل في البداية اسم حزب الاشقاء وبعدها الحزب الاتحادي الوطنى إنه حزب المبادرات في الساحة السياسية السودانية والفكر السياسي الجادوالتضحيات والبذل بلا حدود إنه حزب السودان المجيد.وبعد تحالفه مع طائفة الختمية (حزب الشعب الديمقراطي) اطلق عليه الحزب الاتحادي الديمقراطي.وحتى ذلك الوقت كان يتزعمه إسماعيل الازهري .كان حزب الاتحادي الوطنى يطالب باستقلال السودان عن بريطانيا والاتحاد مع مصر كمرحلة اولي داخليا ثم الاستقلال عن مصر أيضا بعد التخلص من الانجليز إذا انه كان من الصعوبة نوعا ما الوقوف ضد بريطانيا ومصر في نفس الوقت في ذاك الوقت وظروف البلاد المضطربة رافعا راية الاستقلال الكامل عن الدولتين وسمى مؤيدوه بالاتحاديون .\nاما الآن وبعد انقسام الاتحاديون الي أكثر من ثلاثة فصائل فأصبح يحمل اسم الحزب الاتحادي الديمقراطي الموحد برئاسة نجلة الزعيم إسماعيل الازهري.", "القوات المسلحة اليمنية\nكان تنظيم الضباط الأحرار ، قد اقتصر في عضويته على صغار ومتوسطي الضباط، وكان التنظيم في ما يتعلق بمسألة الحكم، كما يقول بعض قادته (مقتنعا تمام الاقتناع) بعدم تحمل المسؤولية السياسية الجسيمة في الحكم، تاركا تلك المسؤوليات السياسية للآباء من العسكريين والمدنيين الذين سبق لهم أن خاضوا تجارب سياسية كثيرة، على أن تسير الأمور وفقا لأهداف الثورة الستة التي أعدها التنظيم، وعلى أن يمثل التنظيم في \"مجلس قيادة الثورة\" شخصان من اللجنة القيادية هما الرئيس النقيب عبد اللطيف ضيف الله والملازم علي عبد المغني، وبقية عناصر التنظيم تتفرغ لبناء الجيش الوطني القادر على حراسة البلاد وحماية الثورة ومكاسبها.[24][25] ويعلل الضباط السبتمبريون [ملاحظة 2] ذلك بقولهم:", "قوات الثوار الليبيين\nلم تخدم قوات الثوار الليبيين سوى في حرب ثورة 17 فبراير الليبية (التي كانت السّبب الرئيسي أساساً وراء تأسيسها). ولكن لم تُدر هذه القوات بشكل مُنظم في البداية، بل لم يَكن الأمر سوى أن الثوار - بعد طردهم للأمن من مُعظم مدن الشرق - حصلوا على مخازن ضخمة مَملوءة بمُختلف أنواع الذخيرة والسلاح كانت قد أعدت للتزويد بالدعم العسكري خلال فترة توتر العلاقات الليبية الغربية التي شهدت بعض المناوشات الحربية، وعندما رأى الثوار قطع الأسلحة هذه بين أيديهم في الوقت الذي كانت تشهد فيه ثورة طرابلس قمعاً دامياً فكروا بالتوجه إلى العاصمة لمُساندة الثوار الآخرين هناك. وعلى هذا الأساس بدأت حشود الثوار التي بلغت 10 آلاف متطوع بالتحرّك بشكل عشوائيّ في سيارات مدنية غير مُحصنة دون أي نوع يُذكر من التنظيم نحو بلدة رأس لانوف التي كانت تسيطر عليها قوات القذافي آنذاك.", "لواء الأمة\nلواء الأمة هي مجموعة من قوات شبه عسكرية تحارب ضد الحكومة السورية خلال فترة الأزمة السورية كان يقوده سابقًا المهدي حاراتي وهو ليبي من أصل أيرلندي قاد أحد كتائب جيش التمرد الليبي وهي كتيبة ثوار طرابلس أثناء معركة طرابلس. أصبحت المجموعة في سبتمبر 2012 تحت قيادة الجيش السوري الحر.", "معركة البيضاء (2011)\nقامت جهاز الأمن الداخلي وكتيبة خميس وحسين أو المعروفة بكتيبة الجارح الجويفي التابعة للقذافي بإطلاق النار المباشر عن المتظاهرين بالمدينة وهناك سقط أول ثلاث قتلى في الثورة الليبية يوم الأربعاء 16 فبراير وكان أولهم \"سعد حمد اليمنى\" ويبلغ من العمر 21 عاماً. كما ان تم اقاله مدير أمن منطقة الجبل الأخضر العميد حسن قرضاوي من منصبه صباح الخميس وعين مكانه العقيد فرج البرعصي، ويوم الخميس 17 فبراير كان أول ظهور للمرتزقة في ليبيا بالبيضاء في شارع العروبة تابعون للقذافي يَبلغ عددهم حوالي 400 مرتزقة وبعد أن استفحل الوضع بالمدينة وحدثت مجازر انضم الأمن المحلي (النجدة، الدعم المركزي) للمتظاهرين. وهاجموا المدنيين على مديرية الأمن ومقر تدريب للجيش وليحصلوا على السلاح للدفاع عن انفسهم ومساء يوم 17 فبراير أصبحت مدينة البيضاء محررة واتجه بعد ذلك الثوار بالسلاح إلى كتيبة حسين الجويفي بشحات المتمركزة بها المرتزقة، وبانضمام ثوار شحات مع ثوار البيضاء والقبة تم تحرير الكتيبة والمطار العسكري والمدني.", "عبد المنعم عبد الرؤوف\nالفريق طيار عبد المنعم عبد الرؤوف بسيم أبو الفضل من مؤسسى تنظيم الضباط الأحرار ولد في 16 مايو عام 1914 بحى العباسية بالقاهرة , كان إسلامي الأتجاه والفكر وانتمى إلى الاخوان المسلمين وشارك معهم في حرب عام 1948 وقام بتدريب المشتركين في الحرب من جماعة الإخوان المسلمين , شارك في ثورة 23 يونيو و قد حاصر قصر رأس التين و اجبر الملك فاروق على التنازل عن العرش , تعرض للتضيق بسب حملة الرئيس جمال عبد الناصر على الاخوان مما ادى إلى خروجه من مصر عام 1955 , عاد إلى مصر سنة 1972 وصدر قرار جمهوري بإلغاء حكم الإعدام الصادر ضده عام 1954 , توفي بعد معناة طويلة مع المرض عام 1985", "الاتحاد الدستوري الليبي\nالاتحاد الدستوري الليبي", "حركة الضباط الأحرار (الأردن)\nحركة الضباط الأحرار الأردنيين هو تنظيم سلمي تأسس في خمسينيات القرن العشرين (1952) من قبل مجموعة من الضباط الأردنيين الوطنيين في المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية. فبعد هزيمة العام 1948، وانطلاقاً من دور وحجم مسؤولية الجيش العربي الأردني في خدمة قضايا أمته. كان الجيش العربي الأردني تحت السيطرة الإنجليزية بموجب أحكام المعاهدة الأردنية البريطانية. في ذلك الوقت حرص الإنجليز على الحد من فاعلية الجيش العربي بطريقتين رئيستين: عدم زيادة أعداد الجنود الأردنيين، وعدم تزويد الجيش بأسلحة حديثة ومتطورة.\nكان لهذا الواقع أثره في نفوس الضباط الوطنيين الأردنيين الذين لم يرق لهم هذا الوضع، وبدأت حماستهم وانتماؤهم الوطني يدفعهم إلى التحرك لمواجهة هذا الوضع غير المقبول وطنياً وشعبياً، وعلى هذه المبادئ تجمع ضباط الجيش العربي الوطنيين.", "حركة الضباط الأحرار (سوريا)\nاندمجت حركة الضباط الأحرار في الجيش السوري الحر في 23 سبتمبر. في أواخر أكتوبر 2011، التحق الملازم أول خلدون سامي زين الدين، وهو أول ضابط درزي ينشق عن القوات المسلحة السورية، بلواء الضباط الأحرار.", "الاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي الليبي\nالاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي الليبي هو حزب سياسي ينشط في ليبيا.", "علاقات ليبيا الخارجية\nقررت السلام التابع للاتحاد الأفريقي ومجلس الأمن في 26 آب 2011 إلى الدعوة لتشكيل حكومة وحدة وطنية تضم بقايا حكومة القذافي فضلا عن أعضاء من المجلس الوطني الانتقالي بدلا من نقل اعترافها الدبلوماسي للNTC كممثل ليبيا القانونية. بعد الرئيس مصطفى عبد الجليل تعهد التزام المجلس لحماية حقوق الإنسان، يرعى ليبيا من خلال عملية المصالحة ما بعد الحرب، والانتقال إلى الديمقراطية الكاملة في مجموعة ليبيا مؤتمر الاتصال في باريس في 1 سبتمبر، وقال متحدث باسم مفوضية الاتحاد الأفريقي واللجنة كان \"مطمئنا\" وسيجعل مسألة الاعتراف للمناقشة مرة أخرى. وتوترت العلاقات بين الاتحاد الأفريقي وNTC من قبل تقارير مستمرة من جرائم الكراهية، بما في ذلك الاحتجاز التعسفي والإعدام خارج نطاق القانون، التي ترتكب ضد السود في Tawergha، طرابلس، وغيرها من الأماكن في ليبيا. وفي 20 سبتمبر 2011، والاتحاد الأفريقي معترف بها رسميا المجلس الوطني الانتقالي باعتباره الممثل الشرعي لليبيا.", "القوات البرية الليبية\nدخل الجيش الليبي في معترك جديد مع الاجسام الموازية لها وهي (كتائب الثوار) والمليشيات التي تشكلت بعد سقوط النظام السابق. وتم دعم هذه المليشيات التي استاثرت بكامل ميزانية المؤسسة العسكرية وذلك من قبل المؤتمر الوطني العام مع التهميش الكامل للعسكريين النظاميين ومعسكراتهم . وكثرت اغتيالات العسكريين على مستوى جميع الرتب وخاصة الضباط في مدينة بنغازي وصلت إلى نحو (600) حالة اغتيال اضافة إلى اغتيال العديد من النشطاء السياسيين والاعلاميين. ولم تحرك الدولة المتمثلة حينها في المؤتمر الوطني العام ساكنا تجاه ذلك . إلى ان وصل الامر بالإعلان تشكيل قيادة عسكرية لتحارب الارهاب في مدينة بنغازي التي سيطرت على أغلب مناطقها الميليشيات المسلحة. وبالرغم من أن أغلب أسلحتهم صارت تحت قبضة الميليشيات المسلحة فقد فتح الجيش حربا عليها بدخوله إلى بنغازي يوم الجمعة 16 مايو 2014. وعاد ليتقوقع في مرتفعات الرجمة وبنينا شرقي المدينة مستخدما حرب استنزاف طويلة الامد إلى ان تم دخوله إلى بنغازي في 16 أكتوبر 2014 ليدخل في حرب شوارع طويلة الأمد في أنحاء متعددة من مدينة بنغازي حتى الاجتياح الاخير لهم في شهر فبراير 2016.", "نادي إتحاد الشرطة (ليبيا)\nهو نادي كرة قدم ليبي يقع مقره في مدينة طرابلس تأسس سنة 1957 تحت اسم نادي البوليس الليبي و تعددت الأسماء فيما بعد إلى ( الشرطة ثم اتحاد الشرطة و من ثم الأمن العام ليعود و منذ سنة 2011 عاد اسم النادي إلى نادي اتحاد الشرطة )\nمشاركاته تحت مختلف التسميات :", "توفيق عبده إسماعيل\nثم انضم لتنظيم الضباط الأحرار في سبتمبر 49، ولديه مستندات تقول أن جمال عبد الناصر أنشأ هذا التنظيم في ذلك التاريخ وليس من قبل ذلك كما تردد، مؤكداً أن ناصر هو الذي أسس الضباط الأحرار باعتماده كلياً على خالد محي الدين، أما السادات فكان صاحب فكرة إشراك الجيش في السياسة وكان يؤمن بأن الجيش يشارك في العمل السياسي وينقلب على النظام وتم اعتقاله وبعد خروجه من المعتقل فصل لمدة عام من الجيش من سنة 50 إلى 51 ثم عاد مرة أخرى للجيش وكنا نبتعد عنه لأنه كان معروفا عنه أنه ضابط صاحب أفكار متطرفة، وتم ترقية السادات لرتبة مقدم وأصبح قائد سلاح الإشارة في سيناء بالكامل.", "قوات الثوار الليبيين\nتشكلت هذه القوات خلال شهر فبراير عام 2011 بعد أن حمل الثوار السلاح وبدؤوا بمُواجهة قوات القذافي، إلا أن حركتها لم تكن مُنظمة كقوات مُسلحة في بادئ الأمر، ولم يَحدث ذلك حتى شهر أبريل من العام ذاته عندما بدأ ضباط الجيش الليبي السابقين بتنظيم القوات المُسلحة وترتيب صفوفها بحيث تتحرك كجيش حقيقيّ بدلاً من تكتيكاتها العشوائية السابقة. وحالياً قائد هذه القوات هوَ عبد الفتاح يونس العبيدي الذي انشق عن نظام القذافي. تتألف القوات المُعادية للقذافي بشكل رئيسيّ من قسمين من القوات المسلحة البرية والجوية هما: جيش التحرير الوطني الليبي والقوات الجوية الليبية الحرة، بينما لا تملك تنظيماً لقوات بحرية عسكرية وليست لديها سوى سفينة حربية.", "المناقل (مدينة)\nاسس بعض ضباط القوات المسلحة السودانية المنتمين إلى قرية الجاموسي بمنطقة المناقل تنظيماً أطلقوا عليه اسم الضباط الأحرار ودبروا محاولة انقلابية فاشلة ضد حكومة الفريق إبراهيم عبود في 9 نوفمبر / تشرين الثاني 1959 م، من بينهم الطيار، يعقوب كبيدة، والصادق محمد الحسن ( من دار نايل) ، وعبدالحميد عبد الماجد الزين (من قرية ودالزين المغاربة) وتم اعدامهم جميعاً.", "القوات المسلحة السورية\nنتيجة لمشاركة الجيش السوري في العمليات الأمنية خلال المظاهرات الشعبية سنة 2011، أقدم بعض عناصر من الجيش على الانشقاق عن قيادته في دمشق والانضمام إلى الجيش السوري الحر، وذهب بعضهم إلى الدول المجاورة مثل تركيا ولبنان والعراق تجنبا للمشاركة في حملات الجيش.[6]. ووفق تصريحات رئيس أركان الجيش الحر رياض موسى الأسعد فإن إجماليَّ عدد المنشقين يَبلغ 40,000 جندي حتى شهر سبتمبر 2011.[7] ومن أبرز القيادات التي انشقت عن الجيش العميد في الحرس الجمهوري مناف طلاس[8] والمقدم حسين الهرموش[9] والعقيد رياض موسى الأسعد[10]. وقد شكلت الفرق المنشقة لاحقاً حركتي لواء الضباط الأحرار[11] والجيش السوري الحر لحماية المدنيين من هجمات تشنها القوات الموالية لنظام بشار الأسد،[12] قبل أن تعلن الحركتان عن توحدهما تحت لواء الجيش السوري الحر في أواسط شهر سبتمبر عام 2011.", "محمد محمود الزبيري\nحزب الأحرار هو حزب معارض انشىء في يونيو 1944 ، معارضاً للإمام يحيى حميد الدين إمام المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية ، تأسس الحزب برئاسة أحمد محمد نعمان وتولى الشاعر محمد محمود الزبيري المدير العام للحزب في يونيو 1944م ، وأول نشاط للحزب كان القيام بتوجيه رسالة إلى الإمام يحيى حميد الدين تضمنت المطالب لمعالجة الأوضاع والمظالم التي يعاني منها الشعب . تأسس الحزب في مدينة عدن بجنوب اليمن في ظل احتلال عدن من بريطانيا .[4] بعد فترة من الزمن أوقفت السلطات البريطانية نشاطه.", "الحركة الجزائرية للضباط الأحرار\nبعد الإطاحة بالرئيس الشاذلي بن جديد في جانفي 1992، كانت مجموعة من الضباط الوطنيين مستائة من الأمر و كان هؤلاء الضباط يعلمون جيدا عواقب سياسة القمع الكلي. و بعد مرور وقت للتشاور و في بداية سنة 1993 ظهرت و لأول مرة خلية داخل الجيش سميت بخلية \"حكيم\" أسست من قبل مجموعة الضباط الوطنيين في وسط قاصدي مرباح و الجنرالان محمد طواهري وسعيدي فضيل من بين ضباط آخرين. تم الإتصال السري آنذاك بضباط سامين (جنيرالات) آخرين من الأسرة الوطنية لإلتحاق بالمجموعة و لكنهم اعتذروا من أخذ موقف أو التفكير في الأمر.", "تنظيم الضباط الوطنيين\nتشكلت خلايا أخرى للمعارضة داخل الجيش ثم بدأت تتوحد تدريجياً مثل خلية بغداد والمنصورية بقيادة الفريق نجيب الربيعي، وخلية الناصرية بقيادة شاكر محمود وخلية الموصل بقيادة محمود عزيز، وخلية الديوانية بقيادة إسماعيل علي. ثم توحد تلك الخلايا إلى تنظيمين رئيسيين ثم توحد التنظيمان بعد خمسة سنوات من العمل السري وتم دمج اللجان العليا للتنظيمات السابقة بلجنة عليا، وأصبح عدد أعضاء اللجنة العليا خمسة عشر ضابطاً.", "قوات الثوار الليبيين\nلكن بالرغم من هذا، فقد بدأت تظهر مع مرور الوقت الحاجة إلى تنظيم وترتيب صفوف القوات المُسلحة نظراً إلى عدم كفاءتها وفعاليتها بالشكل الكافي، وبدأ تقهقرها أمام تقدم قوات القذافي في أواخر شهر مارس. ولذا، فقد قرّر المجلس الوطني الانتقالي - وهو الجهة التي تتبعها القوات المسلحة فعلياً - إعادة تنظيم هذه القوات بحيث تتحرك كجيش عسكري مُنظم بدلاً من أسلوبها العشوائيّ السابق. ولهذا الغرض، قام المجلس بتعيين قيادة عليا للقوات ورئيس أركان للجيش هو اللواء عبد الفتاح يونس العبيدي وأسند إليه جميع المهام الإدارية فيها، كما رتب الصفوف لتصبح أكثر فعالية، حيث جعل الصفوف الأمامية المُقاتلة للجيش تقتصر بشكل رئيسي على أفراد \"كتيبة الصاعقة\" المُستقيلين من الجيش الليبي - التابع للقذافي - نظراً إلى أنهم دُربوا جيداً خلال فترة خدمتهم قبل الثورة، أما الثوار المُتطوعون فقد أبقوا في الصفوف الخلفية للقوات بينما مُنع الكثير من عديمي الخبرة القتالية منهم من المُشاركة أساساً.", "لواء الضباط الأحرار\nبعد اندلاع حركة الاحتجاجات العنيفة في أنحاء البلاد أوائل عام 2011، أعلن المقدَّم في الجيش السوري حسين هرموش انشقاقه عن الجيش في 10 يونيو 2011 خلال الحملة على مدينة جسر الشغور معَ عددٍ من رفاقه، مبرراً ذلك بأنه بسبب \"قتل المدنيين العزل من قبل أجهزة النظام\". وبعد انشقاقه بقليل أعلنَ تأسيس حركة لواء الضباط الأحرار، ووجَّه نداءً إلى كافة عسكريِّي الجيش للانشقاق واللالتحاق بها، ثم سرعان ما أعلن مسؤوليته وحركته عن قتل 120 من رجال الأمن في مدينة جسر الشغور يوم الثلاثاء 7 يونيو كانت السلطات قد أوردت نبأ مقتلهم سابقاً على أيدي عصابات مسلحة، وقال أن ذلك كان بعد مهاجمة قوات الأمن لمدنيِّين وترويعها لهم.", "المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية\nكان تنظيم الضباط الأحرار ، قد اقتصر في عضويته على صغار ومتوسطي الضباط، وكان التنظيم في ما يتعلق بمسألة الحكم، كما يقول بعض قادته (مقتنعا تمام الاقتناع) بعدم تحمل المسؤولية السياسية الجسيمة في الحكم، تاركا تلك المسؤوليات السياسية للآباء من العسكريين والمدنيين الذين سبق لهم أن خاضوا تجارب سياسية كثيرة، على أن تسير الأمور وفقا لأهداف الثورة الستة التي أعدها التنظيم، وعلى أن يمثل التنظيم في \"مجلس قيادة الثورة\" شخصان من اللجنة القيادية هما الرئيس النقيب عبد اللطيف ضيف اللهوالملازم علي عبد المغني، وبقية عناصر التنظيم تتفرغ لبناء الجيش الوطني القادر على حراسة البلاد وحماية الثورة ومكاسبها. ويعلل الضباط السبتمبريون [49] ذلك بقولهم: \"إن الثورية التي تمنح أصحابها حق الاستبداد بالحكم دون فسح المجال للخبرات والكفاءات الوطنية لا تعتبر ثورية وإنما انتهازية [50][51]\"", "صالح بن آدم\nصالح بن آدم من أول المنضمين للثوره منذ ايامها الاولى في 17 فبراير سنة 2011 وانشق عن النظام وهو بداخل طرابلس وتحدث مع قناة الحرة عن سقوط النظام وترك قناة الشبابية الفضائية وخرج من ليبيا يوم 26 فبراير لسنة 2011 واستمر بدعم الثورة عبر الانترنت إلى ان التحق بمجموعه من الاعلاميين الليبيين بالدوحه القطريه لتاسيس قناة ليبيا الاحرار وقدم أول برنامج عن طرابلس وهو عين على العاصمة وعدة برامج اخرى ، عاد إلى ليبيا اثر انتصار قوات الثوار على قوات القذافي.", "تنظيم الضباط الوطنيين\nمن أشهر رموز تنظيم الضباط الوطنيين بعد توحيد جميع الخلايا والتنظيمات في هيكل تنظيمي واحد هم كل من الزعيم عبد الكريم قاسم وزميله العقيد عبد السلام عارف، والزعيم محي الدين عبد الحميد، والزعيم ناجي طالب، والعقيد عبد الوهاب الشواف، والعقيد رفعت الحاج سري (مؤسس حركة الضباط الأحرار).", "الحرب الأهلية الليبية (2014–الآن)\nمع أن سلاح الجو الليبي ومشاة البحرية لديهما علاقات وثيقة بالقوات الخاصة الليبية (الصاعقة)، فلا يبدو أن تلك الكتائب ولا الغرفة الأمنية المشتركة بنغازي قد شاركت في ذلك الهجوم. بينما قال الناطق باسم الغرفة الأمنية السابق، العقيد محمد حجازي، أن القوات العسكرية الليبية تقاتل \"تشكيلات إرهابية\" في مناطق بسيدي فرج والهواري ببنغازي. وذكر حجازي أيضا أن قوات الجيش الليبي سيطرت وقتها على معسكر تابع لميليشيا راف الله السحاتي. وذكرت صحيفة ليبيا هيرالد الصادرة بالإنجليزية أيضا أن شاهد عيان ادعى أنه شاهد دبابات تابعة لقوات الصاعقة متمركزة على طريق المطار أمام معسكرها في بوعطني. وقد دعت القوات الخاصة (الصاعقة) سكان بنغازي أن يتجنبوا المناطق التي تشهد الإشتباكات. ", "عثمان زرتي\nعلى إثر اندلاع المصادامات المسلحة بين فدائيي الجبهة الوطنية لإنقاذ ليبيا بقيادة الشهيد البطل أحمد إبراهيم احواس وبين قوات النظام الانقلابي خلال يومي 6، 8 مايو 1984 (عملية باب العزيزية)، قامت أجهزة النظام الأمنية ولجانه الثورية باعتقال المئات من أبناء الشعب الليبي في مختلف المدن ومن شتى الأوساط المدنية والعسكرية ممن شكّت في تعاونهم مع فدائيي الجبهة، وعرّضتهم بمن فيهم من بعض الأطفال والنساء، لأبشع أنواع التعذيب والقهر والاذلال النفسى والبدني. وفيما بقى عدد من هؤلاء المعتقلين رهن الاعتقال مدداً متفاوته تواصل بعضها إلى عام 2000 م دون تقديمهم إلى اي محاكمة، قام النظام الانقلابي الدموي مع امتداد شهر يونيو 1984 الذي صادف ذلك العام شهر رمضان المبارك عام 1404 هجرية، بمحاكمة ثمانية من هؤلاء المعتقلين أمام محاكمات ثورية ميدانية صورية لم تستغرق سوى ساعات قليلة أصدرت بحقهم أحكاماً جائرة بالإعدام نفذت بالساحات العامة وعلى مرأى من المواطنين خلال ساعات من صدورها كما نقل تلفيزيون النظام مشاهد المحاكمة، وتنفيذ عمليات الإعدام الإجرامية وهدم البيوت. وقد شملت هذه الاحكام كلاً من الشهداء، وشهيدنا بينهم:يروي شاهد عيان أحداث الواقعة فيقول:", "كتيبة أولياء الدم\nكتيبة أولياء الدم هي احدى المليشيات المسلحة مكونة من مدنيين في بنغازي، ليبيا تأسست في 17 يوليو 2012. أعلنت تفاعلها مع عملية الكرامة بناء على تطورات الأحداث التى جرت في مدينة بنغازي من اغتيالات، حيث عقد (أولياء الدم) أو أقارب من طالتهم عمليات الاغتيال في المدينة طوال السنوات السابقة ثلاث إجتماعات خرجت من رحمها هذه الكتيبة. اشتهرت المليشيا سيئة السمعة بأعمال عدائية خارج اطار القانون من هدم وحرق لبيوت خصومها.", "الاتحاد الوطني للقوات الشعبية\nالاتحاد الوطني للقوات الشعبية (UNFP) هو حزب مغربي قديم غير ممثل في مجلس النواب، انشق في بداية تأسيسه عن حزب الاستقلال سنة 1959. أسسه المهدي بن بركة وعبد الرحيم بوعبيد ومحمد البصري وفاطمة عزايز. وقد تأثر بانفصال جناحه اليساري الذي أسس الاتحاد الاشتراكي للقوات الشعبية سنة 1974.\nتأسس الاتحاد الوطني للقوات الشعبية في عام 1959 في المغرب من قبل المهدي بن بركة والوفد المرافق له، لأنهم وجدوا أن حزب الاستقلال (والذي أدى بالنضال إلى استقلال البلاد) لم يعد راديكاليا بما فيه الكفاية.", "الحرب الأهلية الليبيرية الثانية\nكما كان التحالف الذي تم عقده النيجيري رئيس فريق الرصد التابع للجماعة الاقتصادية لدول غرب أفريقيا (ECOMOG) الجنرال ماكسويل خوبي مهماً في تشكيل الليبيريون المتحدون من أجل المصالحة والديمقراطية (LURD). وقد تم عقده ما بين المنشقين الليبريين وميليشيات صيد كاماجورس السيراليونية، وشمل على الزعيمان العسكريان صموئيل هينغا نورمان وإدي ماسالي.[2] قام تايلور بغية مواجهته للمنشقين بنشر مقاتلين تابعين للجبهة الوطنية الليبيرية غير النظامية مع وحدات أخرى أكثر إمتيازاً مثل وحدة مكافحة الإرهاب، والتي كانت في وضع يسمح لها بضمان قتال الجنود غير النظاميين.", "حركة الوحدة الشعبية\nحركة الوحدة الشعبية، حركة سياسية تونسية، تأسست في ماي/أيار 1973 من قبل الوزير السابق أحمد بن صالح كحركة معارضة لنظام الرئيس الحبيب بورقيبة والحزب الاشتراكي الدستوري، الحزب الواحد آنذاك. تبنت الحركة النهج الاشتراكي وقدمت نفسها كامتداد لنضال النقابيين محمد علي الحامي وفرحات حشاد. في مارس 1977 ألقت قوات الأمن القبض على أكثر من ثلاثين من مناضليها وحوكموا بتهم تتعلق بالمس بأمن الدولة. في نهاية السبعينات انشقت عنها مجموعة ما لبث أن أسست حزبا جديدا سمي على أعمدة الصحف حركة الوحدة الشعبية 2 ثم اعترف بها ومنحت التأشيرة تحت اسم حزب الوحدة الشعبية في 19 نوفمبر 1983. ورغم إزاحة الحبيب بورقيبة عن السلطة سنة 1987، لم يقع الاعتراف بالحركة من طرف السلطات التونسية. في 20 أفريل 1990 دخلت الحركة في تحالف سياسي مع حركة الديمقراطيين الاشتراكيين والحزب الشيوعي التونسي إلا أنه لم يدم طويلا مع مغادرة بن صالح البلاد في اتجاه المنفى في سبتمبر 1990، لتعلن الحركة بعدها عن حل نفسها. ورغم عودة بن صالح إلى تونس منذ عام 2000 لم تعاود الحركة نشاطها إلا بعد الثورة التونسية.", "لواء الضباط الأحرار\nفي أواخر شهر سبتمبر من عام 2011، وعقبَ اعتقال حسين هرموش قبل أسبوعين، أصدرَ قادة لواء الضباط الأحرار والجيش السوري الحر بياناً مشتركاً، أعلنَ فيه عن انضمام الأول إلى الثاني بالكامل، وتوحُّدهما كليهما تحتَ جناح الجيش الحر وبقيادة العقيد المنشق رياض موسى الأسعد. كما قال ضباط منشقون في أوقات سابقة أن بعض التوحيد بين التنظيمين جرى منذ أواخر شهر أغسطس الماضي.", "خليفة حفتر\nالمشير خليفة بلقاسم حفتر (مواليد 1943 في إجدابيا) عسكري ليبي، كان رفيق العقيد السابق معمر القذافي في الإنقلاب على النظام الملكي الليبي عام 1969، وكان قائدا في الحرب على تشاد فأسر هناك، وأعلن من سجنه انشقاقه عن نظام القذافي في أواخر ثمانينيات القرن العشرين، فخرج من سجنه ليقيم في الولايات المتحدة حتى عودته إلى ليبيا بعد انطلاق ثورة 17 فبراير سنة 2011 وشارك في العمل العسكري والسياسي لإسقاط القذافي، وتولى لمدة وجيزة قيادة \"جيش التحرير\" الذي أسسه \"الثوار\". حكم بالاعدام في اثر المحاولة الانقلابية عام 1993م.", "يوسف صديق (ضابط)\nوفي فجر 25 يوليو تحرك عدد من قادة الثورة ومنهم يوسف صديق وحسين الشافعي وعبد المنعم أمين ليواجهوا الملك فاروق الذي كان متمركزاً مع أعوانه. ثم عاد الشافعي ويوسف إلى الإسكندرية في طائرة هليكوبتر مع أنور السادات وجمال سالم ومحمد نجيب وزكريا محي الدين. وفي أغسطس 1952 دخل يوسف الهيئة التأسيسية للضباط الأحرار مع محمد نجيب وزكريا محي الدين.", "قوات الثوار الليبيين\nبعد بدأ ثورة 17 فبراير الليبية بدأت الاستقالات بالتوالي بالمئات والآلاف في صفوف القوات المسلحة الليبية، وبطبيعة الحال فقد شملت هذه الاستقالات بعض طياري القوات الجوية الليبية لا جنود الجيش فقط. وبطبيعة الحال أيضاً، فبعد التحاق هؤلاء الطيارين بالثورة أخذوا يُشاركون في العمليات العسكرية ضد قوات القذافي، وبما أن الثوار كانوا قد طردوا قوات القذافي في مطلع الثورة من مُدن ومناطق كاملة في الشرق فقد استطاعوا الاستيلاء على عدة قواعد جوية بما في ذلك جميع المركبات الجوية داخلها، ولذا فكان بإمكان هؤلاء الطيارين المُستقيلين استخدام هذه الطائرات والمروحيات لدعم الثوار على الأرض. وبهذه الطريقة بدأ سلاح الجوّ عند الثوار بالتشكل، وبدأ الخبراء منهم بأخذ الطائرات العسكرية وإصلاحها وصيانتها لتعمل جيداً ثم استخدموها في المعارك. وقد نجحت القوات الجوية الحرة بتنفيذ العديد من العمليات في مدن مختلفة كان يَدور فيها صراع مع كتائب القذافي، لكن بالرغم من ذلك فظلت هذه القوات هزيلة نسبياً أمام سلاح جوّ القذافي، ولذا فلم تستطع مجاراته كثيراً وخسرت بعض مركباتها أكثر من مرة. بعد إقرار قرار مجلس الأمن الدولي رقم 1973 أوقفت قوات الحظر الجوي بضع مرات طائرات الثوار، ولم تعد قواتهم الجوية تحلق بحرية في سماء ليبيا.", "معمر القذافي\nبعد انضمامه للجيش الليبي كوّن القذافي مجموعة الضباط الوحدويين الأحرار، ولعب الملازم القذافي دوراً جوهرياً في الإنقلاب على الحكم السنوسي ذي الملكية الدستورية في ليبيا في الأول من سبتمبر/أيلول 1969 وأطاح بحكم الملك إدريس الأول.، سمى انقلابه بثورة الفاتح من سبتمبر وحكم ليبيا وهو شاب دون الثلاثين من العمر وأعلن الجمهورية في ليبيا. أطلق على نفسه لقب قائد الثورة وشغل منصب رئيس مجلس قيادة الثورة حتى عام 1977 حين أعلن ليبيا أول جماهيرية في العالم وقدم نظام الحكم الجماهيري الجديد. كما كان يشغل منصب القائد الأعلى للقوات المسلحة منذ سنة 1969.", "جيش التحرير الوطني الليبي\nبالنسبة لعدد افراد جيش التحرير الوطني الليبي وتنظيمهم وجاهزيتهم فيملك جيش التحرير الليبي آلاف الجنود المتطوعين الذين تلقو تدريبا سريعا ومكثفا من قيادات الجيش التي تخلت عن جيش معمر القذافي وكذلك هناك كتيبة القوات الخاصة الليبية أو مايعرف بكتيبة الصاعقة التي انضمت للشعب الليبي في حربه ضد نظام معمر القذافي كذلك هناك عدد من الضباط والجنود السابقين في جيش معمر القذافي وقد تخلو عنه.\nيملك جيش التحرير عدة معسكرات لتدريب المجندين تدريب عالي ومكثف ليتمكنو من خوض المواجهات المباشرة مع كتائب معمر القذافي.\nيملك الجيش الوطني الليبي عدة أنواع من الأسلحة الخفيفة والأسلحة الثقيلة خاصة الروسية الصنع كصواريخ غراد ومدافع 106 وكذلك مدافع الهاون وآلاف بنادق الكلاشنكوف والرشاشات الالية وكذلك بعض من مضادات الطائرات ورشاشات 14.5 ملم وقد تحصل جيش التحرير الوطني الليبي علي عدة شحنات من السلاح القادمة من دول التحالف التي تساعد الشعب الليبي في حرب التحرير ضد معمر القذافي منها الشحنات التي اسقطتها المروحيات الفرنسية علي الجبل الغربي الليبي كقوادف ميلان وبعض من أسلحة القنص المتطورة.", "الإخوان المسلمون في ليبيا\nفي عام 1980 عاد طلاب ليبيون من الدراسة في الخارج حامليين فكر الإخوان وأعادوا بناء الجماعة وظلوا يعملون سرا حتى اكُتشفوا في يونيو 1998 حيث تم اعتقال أكثر من 152 من قياداتهم على خلفية اكتشاف تنظيم الإخوان، باعتبار أن النظام الليبي يحظر قيام تنظيمات سياسية. وفي 16 فبراير من 2002 أصدرت محكمة الشعب الخاصة التي شُكلت لمحاكمتهم حكمها بالإعدام على المراقب العام للإخوان المسلمين في ليبيا عبد القادر عز الدين ونائب المراقب سالم أبو حنك وحُكم على ثلاثة وسبعين متهما آخرين بالسجن المؤبد. \nبعد إجراء الجماعة الليبية المقاتلة لمراجعاتها التي تخلت بعدها عن عداء الدولة الليبية، فإن الإخوان المسلمين تم اعتبارهم من قبل العديد من المصادر كحلفاء للنظام الليبي من خلال علاقتهم الطيبة بسيف الإسلام معمر القذافي.\nكُشفت وثائق سرية أمريكية تبين أن معمر القذافي قام بتقديم مساعدات مالية وعسكرية لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين في مصر بين عامي 1976 و1979 خلال فترة حكم أنور السادات لمصر.", "عبد الكريم قاسم\nبعد أن أخذ عبد الكريم قاسم ينفرد بالسلطة، ويحيد عن مبادئ وأهداف حركة الضباط الأحرار، وينحرف عن الاتجاه القومي، أخد الكثير من الضباط وعلى رأسهم الضباط الأحرار يتكتلون للقيام بحركة ضد السلطة القائمة، وقد بادر إلى ذلك العقيد رفعت الحاج سري، والزعيم الركن ناظم الطبقجلي، والعقيد الركن عبد العزيز العقيلي ثم انضم اليهم كل من المقدم الطيار محمد سبع والعقيد الركن عبد الوهاب الشواف والرئيس الطيار عارف عبد الرزاق والعقيد نعمان ماهر الكنعاني والرئيس الأول خليل إبراهيم وفريق كبير من الضباط ذوي الميول القومية.[54]", "الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير إريتريا\nالجبهة الشعبية القت القبض على العديد من الجنود الإثيوبيين خلال حرب الاستقلال وأبقتهم في مخيمات أسرى الحرب، عكس المعاملة التي كانت يجدونها الاسري من جنود الجبهة الشعبية نظرا لأخلاقيات الإنسانية التي تتسم بها الجبهة الشعبية فوجد اسري الجنود الإثيوبيين معاملة حسنة . [1]", "غرفة عمليات ثوار ليبيا\nغرفة عمليات ثوار ليبيا هي ميليشيا مسلحة توصف بالإسلامية تأسست في أواسط 2013 من مجموعة ميليشيات أصغر بعد ماعُرف بـ (تحرير طرابلس) بعد ثورة 17 فبراير في ليبيا. ويصفها مراقبون بأنها (تشكل دولة داخل الدولة) وأن أغلب منتسبيها هم (ثوار مسلحين غير منضبطين عسكرياً أو أمنياً). فيما يعتقد البعض أنها تابعة لميليشيا أخرى هي درع ليبيا.", "الضباط الأحرار (اليمن)\nفي بداية ديسمبر 1961 عقد اجتماع، وتشكلت فيه القاعدة التأسيسية للتنظيم الضباط الأحرار في صنعاء وتعز، ثم توسعت القاعدة التأسيسية على مدى 10 أشهر وتشكلت في الحديدة وتعز.", "القوات الجوية الليبية الحرة\nقامت هذه القوات الحرة بدعم الثوار على الأرض عدة مرات في معاركهم مع كتائب القذافي، كانت أولاها خلال معركة أجدابيا الأولى عندما أعاقت قصف بعض سفن القذافي الحربية لمواقع الثوار في بلدة أجدابيا، لكن مع ذلك فقد ظلّ سلاح الجوّ هذا ضعيفاً أمام تسليح قوات القذافي الجوية والبرية المُضادة للجو مما تسبّب بخسارته لبعض طائراته غير مرّة وعدم فعالية أدائه كثيراً. وقد ظلّت مشاركة القوات الجوية الليبية الحرة ضئيلة بشكل عام في حرب ثورة 17 فبراير حيث لم تُشارك إلا في معارك قليلة ولم تكن فعالة كثيراً فيها، كما أعاقت عمليات التحالف الدولي لفرض الحظر الجوي على ليبيا لاحقاً تحليق هذه القوات في سماء ليبيا أكثر وأكثر.", "القوات الجوية الليبية الحرة\nكان ثالث استخدام للقوات الجوية الليبية الحرة في يوم السبت 9 أبريل خلال معركة أجدابيا الثانية. وقد كانت هذه المرة هيَ المرة الأولى التي يَستخدم فيها الثوار الليبيون مروحيات عسكرية في القتال (بينما استخدموا الطائرات في المرتين السابقتين)، حيث انطلقت مروحيتان من طبرق وقدمتا إلى بلدة أجدابيا ثم أخذت بقصف قوات القذافي المُتمركزة حول المدينة. لكن بالرغم من ذلك فقد ادعت حكومة القذافي أنها تمكنت من إسقاط المروحيتين وتفجيرهما، بينما لم يَنفي الثوار هذا. وقد كانت طائرة أخرى للثوار من طراز ميغ-23 على وشك أن تلتحق بالمعركة هيَ الأخرى في ذلك اليوم، لكن قوات حلف الناتو أجبرتها على الهبوط قرب بنغازي عملاً بقرار الحظر الجوي.", "حسين هرموش\nحسين هرموش هو ضابط سابق في الجيش السوري برتبة مقدم والقائد السابق لحركة لواء الضباط الأحرار، برزَ اسمه بعد انشقاقه وتأسيسه اللواء خلال حركة الاحتجاجات السورية 2011 للدفاع عن المدنيين، واعتقل لاحقاً في شهر سبتمبر 2011. واعدم من قبل النظام السوري.[1]", "حركة الضباط الأحرار (سوريا)\nخلافا للجيش السوري الحر الذي يتزعمه العقيد رياض الأسعد، الذي له صلات بجماعة الإخوان المسلمين في سوريا، كانت حركة الضباط الأحرار مجموعة تميل إلى العلمانية. غير أن الحركة اندمجت في الجيش الحر في 23 سبتمبر 2011.", "حزب الليبيين الأحرار\nّحزب الليبيين الأحرار هو أول حزب سياسي ليبي تأسس بعد ثورة 17 فبراير ذو توجه ليبرالي , والحزب يتكون من عدد من اطياف المجتمع الليبي ’’ عرب و تبو وطوارق وأمازيغ, برئاسة المحامي محمد إبراهيم العلاقي وحسب اعلان تاسيس الحزب فان الحزب تنصب اهتماماته على النساء والشباب , وكذلك قيام دولة المؤسسات الدستورية وسيادة القانون تعتمد على اقتصاد وطني حر مع ضمان العيش الكريم لكل الليبين , ومبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية هي المصدر الأساسي للتشريع , ومن اعضاء الحزب د.فتحي البعجة و د.سعد المريمي والمحامي أنور فكيني والمحامية نيفين عبد الحميد, والمحامي عبد السلام قديمش .", "الاتحاد الدستوري الليبي\nطالب الاتحاد الدستوري الليبي بإسقاط نظام حكم العقيد القذافي الذي وصفه بالنظام غير الشرعي الذي اغتصب السلطة عن طريق انقلاب عسكري أطاح بالحاكم الشرعي للبلاد الملك محمد ادريس السنوسي في 1 سبتمبر 1969، وليس ثورة كما يزعم القذافي. وقد جاء في بيانه التأسيسي الذي وزع على هيئة بطاقة معايدة بمناسبة عيد الأضحى الذي وافق ذلك التاريخ، وحمل أسماء رئيس التنظيم محمد عبده بن غلبون واثنان من أعضاءه المؤسسين هما محمد حسين القزيري وهشام بن غلبون ، أنه سيعمل \"على إعادة الشرعية الدستورية إلى البلاد و فرض سيادة القانون والنظام\"، وأنه \"يجدد البيعة للملك محمد إدريس المهدي السنوسي قائداً تاريخياً لكفاح الشعب الليبي من أجل الاستقلال والوحدة الوطنية ورمزاً للشرعية في البلاد. ودعى كافة فئات الشعب الليبي إلى الإلتفاف حول عاهل البلاد و الإنضِواء تحت لِوائه لإنهاء الحكم غير الشرعي القائم في ليبيا و إزالة كل الآثار التي ترتبت على اغتصابه للسلطة منذ أول سبتمبر 1969\". كما أكد البيان في ختامه على \"حق الشعب الليبي في إعادة الأمور إلى نصابها ثم اختيار شكل الدولة و نظام الحكم الذ يرتضيه بمحض إرادته الحرة عن طريق استفتاء يجري تحت إشراف دولي في خلال فترة مناسبة من عودة الشرعية الدستورية إلى البلاد\"\nلم تلق دعوة الاتحاد الدستوري الليبي للالتفاف حول الملك ادريس والاستفادة من شرعيته الدستورية تجاوبا من تنظيمات المعارضة الليبية في المهجر ، ولم يُقدم عليها غيره. وفي نعيه للملك ادريس الذي وافته المنية يوم 25 مايو 1983 بمنفاه في القاهرة اقترح الاتحاد الدستوري إنشاء نواة جمعية وطنية جديدة، وأكد مجددا على أن دستور البلاد الذي وضعته الجمعية الوطنية عشية الاستقلال \"هو الدستور الديمقراطي الوحيد في تاريخ ليبيا وينبغي اعتباره ساري المفعول تماما طالما أنه لم يعلّق أو يتغير بإرادة شعبية حرّة مورست في ظروف طبيعية، وأن شكل الدولة ونظام الحكم الذي يحقق رغبة أغلبية الليبيين لا يمكن ولا يجوز أن يتحدد إلا باختيار الشعب الليبي كله وبالوسائل الديمقراطية المشروعة\".", "السنوسي سليمان الوزري\nخريج كلية الشرطة سنة 1967 ارتبط بعلاقة مع الشهيد الصائم معمر القذافي منذ سنة 1967\nعمل بعد تخرجه مدرساً في كلية الشرطة في العلوم الشرطية والجنائية من أشهر طلبته :\nالفريق سيد محمد قذاف الدم\nالفريق مصطفى السنوسي عراب\nالفريق المرحوم/ محمد عبده\nالفريق المرحوم/ علي الدعوكي\nالفريق مصباح العروسي\nالفريق محمد سالم بوزويته\nالعميد المرحوم/ علي محمود هويدي\nالعقيد المرحوم/ جمعة بن النيران\nوآخرين وهؤلاء تم انضمامهم في تنظيم الضباط الوحدويين الاحرار وهم طلبة في السنة الأخيرة بالكلية...\nعمل الوزري بعد تخرجه مدرسًا بكلية الشرطة في العلوم الشرطية والجنائية، وبعد انقلاب الفاتح شغل منصب رئيس قسم التحقيق بإدارة المباحث العامة، ثم مديراً لأمن بنغازي. استمر صعود الوزري على السلم الوظيفي إذ عمل بعد ذلك مديرًا لفرع جهاز الأمن الداخلي في بنغازي، فيما عُين بعد ذلك نائبًا لرئيس جهاز الأمن الداخلي.كما عمل منسقاً للعلاقات الأمنية في مجال مكافحة الإرهاب بين مصر وليبيا.", "القوات الخاصة الليبية\nفي يوم الجمعة 16 مايو 2014 حصلت اشتباكات بين القوات الخاصة بقيادة ونيس بوخمادة ومع المليشيات المسلحة وأبرزها ميليشيا أنصار الشريعة وميليشيا 17 فبراير حيث تُتهم تلك الميليشيات بالوقوف وراء عمليات إرهابية واغتيالات في مدينة بنغازي .", "القوات الجوية الليبية الحرة\nشهدت القوات الجوية الليبية الحرة أول استخدام لطائرتها في معركة حقيقية ضد قوات القذافي في منتصف شهر مارس خلال معركة أجدابيا الأولى، وتحديداً في يوم الثلاثاء 15 مارس. ففي تلك الفترة كان يَملك الثوار عدداً من المطارات العسكرية في شرق ليبيا، وكانت تحوي هذه المطارات بعض الطائرات الحربية المُهملة التي تحتاج إلى القليل من الصيانة لاستخدامها. وفي وقت مُقارب وًصل إلى هذه المطارات ضباط سابقون في الجيش الليبي كانوا قد التحقوا بالثورة، وقد أخذ هؤلاء الضباط على عاتقهم إصلاح الطائرات وتجهيزها للاستخدام القتالي في المعركة. ولاحقاً تمكن الضباط من إصلاح الطائرتين ذات طراز ميغ-23 بالشكل المُناسب، وأقلعتا من قاعدة بنينة الجوية في بنغازي (ذاتها التي انضمت إلى الثورة قبل ذلك ببضعة أسابيع)، ثم اتجهتا نحو ميدان المعركة في أجدابيا. وقد كانت العملية الأولى للقوات الجوية الحرة ناجحة حيث استطاعت ضربات الطائرتين الجوية إغراق سفينتين حربيتين للقذافي كانتا تقصفان البلدة، فضلاً عن إلحاق أضرار بعدد آخر من الدبابات." ]

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[ "Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames. However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over \"Nazarenes\" and the term Christianoi from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards." ]

[ "Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies. In addition, the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure.", "The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.", "The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Juárez. Ciudad Juárez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Juárez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Juárez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is \"the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones\". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Juárez \"the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990–2000 was 5.3 percent. Juárez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole\". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico.", "Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude.", "Above 114th Street between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive, there is a private indoor pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings on the campus of St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center.", "Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is \"any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses\". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), \"poetry\" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.", "Basically, race in Brazil was \"biologized\", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents, nor were there only a very limited number of categories to choose from, to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different racial groups." ]

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[ "A woman is buying ice." ]

[ "The woman is sitting at home watching tv.", "I stopped eating at fast food places because I have become a lot more health conscious.", "The boy gleefully swings on the tire in his backyard.", "the old guy is by trash", "The IOC intends to continue this kind of corruction, as promised.", "domestic communications", "A child touches a giraffe." ]

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[ "A guy is playing a trumpet." ]

[ "He is is wearing a t-shirt.", "A police offer with a cigarette.", "A tired African American man is near an African American woman stirring a pot.", "The children are eating.", "Ca'daan bowed deeply before the man.", "They had a lot of questions about the noise.", "The people are reading books." ]

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[ "Loury is rejected by both the black political elite and the conservatives." ]

[ "Loury has support from the black political elite and conservatives.", "The students are ready to learn.", "A single clown.", "A team eats tacos at a restaurant.", "There is no fun in watching.", "A boy moves slowly around the streets.", "Prudie is determined to not talk to you again because of your useless advice." ]

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[ "Desolation Boulevard Desolation Boulevard is the third album by Sweet originally released in the United Kingdom in November 1974. Two different versions of the album were released. One by RCA Records in Europe, and another by Capitol Records in the United States, Canada and Japan. The RCA version contains the single \"Turn It Down\" and the original recording of \"Fox on the Run\". The Capitol version, released in the United States in July 1975, includes the 1973 hit single \"The Ballroom Blitz\" and the single version of \"Fox on the Run\".", "The Ballroom Blitz \"The Ballroom Blitz\" (often called \"\"Ballroom Blitz\"\") is a song by the British rock band The Sweet, written and produced by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman." ]

[ "Bernadette (Four Tops song) \"Bernadette\" is a 1967 hit song recorded by the Four Tops for the Motown label. The song was written and composed by Holland–Dozier–Holland, Motown's main songwriting team, and produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier.", "Tom Catalano Tom Catalano (born April 2, 1933 in New York ) is an American record producer, most notable for his long-time collaboration with Neil Diamond. He was the producer on Anne Murray's single \"Sunday Sunrise\" in 1975 and \"The Call\" and \"Golden Oldie\" in 1976. He also produced her album \"Together\" in 1975. Other artists whom Catalano has produced over the years include Helen Reddy, Rick Ely, Pat Hollis, Jane Olivor, Mary MacGregor, Bill Medley Peggy Lee, Lenny Welch, Ruby and the Romantics and The Bold.", "Laid Back (album) Laid Back is the debut studio solo album by American singer-songwriter Gregg Allman, released in October 1973 by Capricorn Records. Allman, best known as the vocalist/lyricist of the Allman Brothers Band, first began considering a solo career after internal disagreements with that group. He developed the album as a small creative outlet wherein he would assume full control, and he co-produced the album alongside Johnny Sandlin. \"Laid Back\" was largely recorded in March 1973 at Capricorn Sound Studios in Macon, Georgia, with additional recording taking place at the Record Plant in New York City.", "Les Dalton (song) \"Les Dalton\" (\"The Daltons\") is a 1967 song by Joe Dassin. It was originally released as the first track of a 4-title EP on CBS.", "Cameo (album) Cameo is the eighth studio album released by singer Dusty Springfield. \"Cameo\" is her first LP for the ABC Dunhill Records label. It was recorded in the States between July and October 1972 and released in the UK (by Philips Records) in May 1973, having appeared in the States some three months earlier. \"Cameo\" was produced by Steve Barri, Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter who later went on to write and produce major hits for among others Glen Campbell, The Four Tops and The Tavares. The album also included material written by Alan O'Day, David Gates, Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson and Van Morrison and among the all-star line up of musicians contributing were Hal Blaine, Paul Humphrey, Larry Carlton, Wilton Felder, Carol Kaye, Victor Feldman, Michael Omartian, Venetta Fields and Clydie King.", "Psychopath (1973 film) The Psychopath, also known as An Eye for an Eye, is a 1973 horror film written by Walter Dallenbach, produced and directed by Larry G. Brown and has \"Beverly Hills Cop\" star John Ashton as one of its co-stars.", "Farewell My Friend \"Farewell My Friend\" is a song written by Dennis Wilson. It was released as the tenth track for his 1977 solo album \"Pacific Ocean Blue\". The song was released as a single in Europe as the B-side of the \"River Song\" single. The single however, failed to chart. The track, as with the rest of the album, was credited as having been produced by Dennis Wilson and his close friend Gregg Jakobson. Dennis Wilson sings the lead vocals on this and every other track on the album. The song also features vocals from his brother, Carl Wilson.", "Russ Titelman Russ Titelman (born August 16, 1944, Los Angeles) is an American record producer and songwriter. He has to date won three Grammy Awards. He earned his first producing the Steve Winwood song \"Higher Love\", and his second and third for Eric Clapton's \"Journeyman\" and \"Unplugged\" albums. Titelman also produced Clapton's \"24 Nights\" live album of 1990 and the all-blues album \"From the Cradle\", released in 1994.", "China Grove (song) \"China Grove\" is a song on The Doobie Brothers' 1973 album \"The Captain and Me\". It was written and sung by original main singer/songwriter Tom Johnston. The song reached #15 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100.", "1990 (The Temptations album) 1990 is a 1973 album by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label, their final LP written and produced by Norman Whitfield.", "Giorgio's Music Giorgio's Music is a 1973 album composed, produced and performed by Giorgio Moroder recorded in Germany. Donna Summer sung backing vocals uncredited on \"Hilf Dir Selbst\".", "Goodnight Vienna Goodnight Vienna is the fourth studio album by Ringo Starr. It was recorded in the summer of 1974 in Los Angeles, and released later that year. \"Goodnight Vienna\" followed the commercially successful predecessor \"Ringo\", and Starr used many of the same players, including Billy Preston, Klaus Voormann, Robbie Robertson, Harry Nilsson, and producer Richard Perry. The title is a Liverpool slang phrase meaning \"it's all over\".", "Sunset Blvd (song) \"Sunset Blvd\" is a song by Scott Grimes, which appears on his album, \"Livin' on the Run\". The single was written by Scott Grimes and Dave Harris and produced by Tom Fletcher. The song climbed into the Top 20 of Billboard’s Adult Contemporary chart in April 2005. The song remained in the Top 20 for 10 weeks without climbing higher than #18.", "Atomic (song) \"Atomic\" is a hit song by the American new wave band Blondie, written by Debbie Harry and Jimmy Destri and produced by Mike Chapman. It was released as the third single from the band's Platinum-selling 1979 album \"Eat to the Beat\".", "Apple of My Eye (song) \"Apple of My Eye\" is a song recorded by the rock/pop band Badfinger for inclusion on their 1973 album, \"Ass.\" The song was written and sung by Pete Ham, produced by Chris Thomas and Badfinger, and released on Apple Records.", "Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club is the debut album by soul singer Billy Paul. The album was produced by Billy Paul and released by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff's Gamble Records in 1968. The Toots Thielemans song \"Bluesette\" was released as a single but failed to chart as did the album. The LP was re-released with new cover art in 1973 on Philadelphia International Records but again failed to chart. Big Break Records remastered the album for re-release on CD in 2014 with new liner notes and an interview with Billy Paul.", "Let Me Serenade You \"Let Me Serenade You\" is a song written by John Finley and performed by Three Dog Night. It was featured on their 1973 album, \"Cyan\". The song was produced by Richard Podolor and arranged by Podolor and Three Dog Night.", "Di doo dah Di doo dah is the first solo album by Jane Birkin, released in 1973 on Fontana Records. Subsequent reissues in 2001 and 2010 (on Light In The Attic Records) included 2 bonus tracks from the 1972 7\" single \"La Décadanse\" by Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg.", "Dancin', Shaggin' on the Boulevard \"Dancin', Shaggin' on the Boulevard\" is a song written by Randy Owen, Teddy Gentry and Greg Fowler, and recorded by American country music band Alabama. It was released in June 1997 as the second single from the album, \"Dancin' on the Boulevard\". The song peaked at No. 3 on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in September 1997.", "Skweeze Me, Pleeze Me \"Skweeze Me, Pleeze Me\" is a song by the British rock band Slade, released in 1973 as a non-album single. It was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and produced by Chas Chandler. It reached No. 1 in the UK, giving the band their fifth number one single, and remained in the charts for ten weeks. The song was certified UK Silver by BPI in July 1973. The song would be included on the band's 1973 compilation album \"Sladest\"." ]

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[ "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright) Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright) \"Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)\" is a song by Rod Stewart, recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama for his 1976 album \"A Night on the Town\". The song became his second US chart topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It made its debut at number 81 on October 2, 1976 and rose quickly, climbing from number eight to the top of the chart on November 13, 1976, and remained on top for eight consecutive weeks until January 8, 1977. It was the longest stay of any song during 1976, as" ]

[ "Tonight's the Night (Blackstreet song) Tonight's the Night (Blackstreet song) \"Tonight's the Night\" is the sixth and final single off of Blackstreet's self-titled debut album, Blackstreet. The remix version features R&B group SWV and rapper Craig Mack. It was released on August 1, 1995. The original version of the song features Tammy Lucas (who also wrote the song). All versions of the song feature Chauncey Hannibal on lead vocals. \"Tonight's the Night\" charted on three Billboard charts: number 80 on the Hot 100, 27 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and 12 on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales charts. A music video was made", "Tonight's the Night (The Shirelles song) Tonight's the Night (The Shirelles song) \"Tonight's the Night\" is the title and lead track from The Shirelles' 1961 album \"Tonight's the Night\". Written by Luther Dixon and Shirley Owens, the song dealt with a woman's feelings before losing her virginity and was released as the pre-album's second single in 1960. In 2010, \"Rolling Stone\" listed as one of the 500 greatest songs of all time. \"Tonight's the Night\" was cowritten by The Shirelles' lead singer Shirley Owens, as well as Luther Dixon. It was the first production for the band by Dixon, who was booked for the band by", "Tonight's the Night (Blackstreet song) for the single, which was directed by Hype Williams. Tonight's the Night (Blackstreet song) \"Tonight's the Night\" is the sixth and final single off of Blackstreet's self-titled debut album, Blackstreet. The remix version features R&B group SWV and rapper Craig Mack. It was released on August 1, 1995. The original version of the song features Tammy Lucas (who also wrote the song). All versions of the song feature Chauncey Hannibal on lead vocals. \"Tonight's the Night\" charted on three Billboard charts: number 80 on the Hot 100, 27 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and 12 on the Hot", "Tonight Is the Night (song) \"Tonight Is the Night\" is being played, renowned \"icon\" artists appear, namely (in order of appearance) Michael Jackson, Alfonso Ribeiro, Ray Charles, Britney Spears, Kanye West, and Mariah Carey. The final shot goes back to the new aspiring artist while \"who's next?\" slogan is splashed on the screen. The ad ends with the catch phrase: \"Where there's Pepsi, there's music\". Tonight Is the Night (song) \"Tonight Is the Night\" is the official debut single by Outasight and was released on Warner Bros. Records. It was produced by Cook Classics and is featured on his debut album \"Nights Like These\". The", "SWV No. 18 on the Hot 100 in the spring of 1994. That same year, SWV released \"The Remixes\", which went gold by the end of the year. In the summer of 1995, the trio lent vocal harmonies to Blackstreet's Top 40 R&B hit \"Tonight's the Night\". \"New Beginning\" was the second album from SWV. The first single, \"You're the One\", became one of their signature songs peaking at number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. The second single, \"Use Your Heart\", saw the debut of the super producers The Neptunes. This song peaked", "Betty Wright Song Grammy Award for composing \"Where Is the Love\". A second prominent overseas hit was another proto-disco number, \"Shoorah! Shoorah!\", issued on Alston and written by Allen Toussaint. Both songs appeared on one of Wright's most popular albums, \"Danger! High Voltage!\", released in late 1974. It would be on this album that Wright would have her most successful composition, with the smooth soul ballad, \"Tonight Is the Night\", which Wright attributed to her first sexual experiences. The original version peaked at number 28 on the R&B chart. Four years later, Wright released a \"live\" version of the song. The remodeled", "Bruce Berry USA, he was a completely different person. Danny Whitten of Crazy Horse had turned him on to heroin and it now controlled his life. Berry died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine on June 4, 1973, just a few months after Danny met the same fate. Bruce Berry's story was later used as the theme of the lyrics of the title track from \"Tonight's the Night\" by Neil Young. Bruce Berry was the brother of Jan Berry of Jan and Dean. Bruce Berry Bruce Anthony Berry (August 3, 1950 – June 4, 1973) was a professional roadie for the", "Gina G singles discography or at all\". Whilst Gina was ultimately successful, the time out of the music industry and the inability to capitalise on the success of the \"Fresh!\" album with a follow up damaged her career and it would be another nine years until she released another single. UK: CD Maxi (WEA0143CD) Other versions: \"Tonight's The Night\" was Gina's first single release in nine years following a long legal battle with her old producer that resulted in her losing her contract with Warner Music. This was not the first new track since the \"Fresh!\" album by Gina though. In 2003 she contributed", "Mark Middleton saw Middleton leave the group in 1998 to find success as a solo artist. Blackstreet replaced Middleton with North Carolina native Terrell Phillips and they released their third album \"Finally\" in 1999. In 2000, Mark Middleton was featured on singer Vibe's song \"Tonight's the Night\". In 2001, he sang the song \"I Do\" co-produced by Jayson Martin of JM Productions Studio Eden NC for the movie \"The Brothers\". That same year Middleton signed a solo deal with Quincy Jones label Qwest Records distributed through Warner Bros. Records. He then recorded his solo debut \"My Turn, My Time\" which featured songs", "Aldo Nova for the Chilean rock group La Ley on the album \"Uno\". He also co-wrote and co-produced 4 other tracks on that album, which later that year won a Grammy for best Latin/Alternative/Rock Album. As a songwriter, Nova's hits include Clay Aiken's \"This Is The Night\" (co-written with Chris Braide and Gary Burr), which in the US was a number one hit and the best selling single of 2003. He was also the only writer to have written or co-written five songs on Dion's \"Taking Chances\" album. In 2003, Nova received an International Achievement Award at the SOCAN Awards in Toronto", "Tonight's the Night (Little Birdy song) reached No. 78 on the Triple J Hottest 100 for 2004. Tonight's the Night (Little Birdy song) \"Tonight's the Night\" is the second single from Little Birdy's debut album \"BigBigLove\" and was released 29 November 2004 by and distributed by Virgin/EMI. The song appeared at No. 76 on the ARIA Singles Chart Top 100. Like the other tracks on the album it was produced by Paul McKercher (You Am I, Pete Murray, Eskimo Joe, Augie March) at Big Jesus Burger Studios and mixed at Studios 301. The single's title track proves Katy Steele's knack for penning Bacharach-esque hooks is undeniable", "Neil Young album, \"Homegrown\". Most of the songs were written after Young's break-up with Carrie Snodgress, and thus the tone of the album was somewhat dark. Though \"Homegrown\" was reportedly entirely complete, Young decided, not for the first or last time in his career, to drop it and release something else instead, in this case, \"Tonight's the Night\", at the suggestion of Band bassist Rick Danko. Young further explained his move by saying: \"It was a little too personal ... it scared me\". Most of the songs from \"Homegrown\" were later incorporated into other Young albums, but the original album never surfaced.", "Albuquerque, New Mexico at 505 Marquette Ave NW. Musicians who have lived in Albuquerque include Jim Morrison, Glen Campbell, Bo Diddley, Demi Lovato, Eric McFadden, Rahim Al-Haj, and Bernadette Seacrest. Music groups based in Albuquerque include A Hawk and A Hacksaw, Beirut, The Echoing Green, The Eyeliners, Hazeldine, Leiahdorus, Scared of Chaka, and The Shins. Neil Young's song \"Albuquerque\" can be found on the album \"Tonight's the Night\". \"Weird\" Al Yankovic's song \"Albuquerque\" is on his album \"Running with Scissors\". Albuquerque is the setting for the television shows \"In Plain Sight\" and \"Breaking Bad\", with the latter significantly boosting tourism in the area.", "The Shirelles went with Greenberg to her newly formed company, Scepter Records. Working with Luther Dixon, the group rose to fame with \"Tonight's the Night\". After a successful period of collaboration with Dixon and promotion by Scepter, with seven top 20 hits, the Shirelles left Scepter in 1966. Afterwards, they were unable to maintain their previous popularity. The Shirelles have been described as having a \"naive schoolgirl sound\" that contrasted with the sexual themes of many of their songs. Several of their hits used strings and baião-style music. They have been credited with launching the girl group genre, with much of their", "Outasight theme for the 1000th episode of WWE Monday Night RAW. Also, Believe In Me has been used in the documentary WWE Once In A Lifetime. Outasight performed live at the 2012 NHL All-Star Game in Ottawa, Ontario, where his single \"Tonight Is the Night\" was the song for the player introductions. On January 17, 2012, Outasight performed his song \"Tonight Is the Night\" on \"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon\" with The Roots. On April 13, 2012, Outasight confirmed via Facebook that his second single from his upcoming debut album would be called \"Now or Never\" and that would be out", "Tonight's the Night (Little Birdy song) Tonight's the Night (Little Birdy song) \"Tonight's the Night\" is the second single from Little Birdy's debut album \"BigBigLove\" and was released 29 November 2004 by and distributed by Virgin/EMI. The song appeared at No. 76 on the ARIA Singles Chart Top 100. Like the other tracks on the album it was produced by Paul McKercher (You Am I, Pete Murray, Eskimo Joe, Augie March) at Big Jesus Burger Studios and mixed at Studios 301. The single's title track proves Katy Steele's knack for penning Bacharach-esque hooks is undeniable .. they sound classic but not retro. \"Tonight's the Night\" features", "The Earls a Long Time Coming\" b/w \"In My Lonely Room\" (ABC 11109–1967). The group continued performing into the 1970s and, in 1977, they released a disco version of The Velvets' \"Tonight (Could Be the Night).\" By 1983, the group's personnel were Chance, Ronnie Calabrese, Colon Rello, Bobby Tribuzio and Tony Obert, and they recorded \"Larry Chance and the Earls – Today\". From 1989-1993, the group consisted of: Larry Chance, Bobby Tribuzzio, Bob Coleman, Art Loria (formerly of The Belmonts) and T.J. Barbella. This roster continued a busy performance schedule and studio works. In 1989, they found themselves on Broadway performing in", "The Night (The Animals song) The Night (The Animals song) \"The Night\" is a song performed by The Animals in 1983. It was the first single from their 1983 \"Ark\" reunion effort. It reached #48 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and #34 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Eric Burdon wrote this song with John Sterling, who gave it to him after he wrote the initial music and lyrics about his wife Eva who was visiting her family in Sweden. John talked with her on the phone every night during her absence. The video clip for MTV was shot on July 21, 1983. The complete", "Tonight (The Move song) Tonight (The Move song) \"Tonight\" is a song recorded by The Move and was written by Roy Wood originally for pop vocal group The New Seekers. Released in 1971, The Move's version was their first single release on the Harvest label, and charted at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. In Denmark, it charted at number seven. Jeff Lynne, who had joined the group the previous year, took lead vocal on the third verse. The single was issued in the US on Capitol. The United Artists reissue 45 was issued as the single for their 1972 \"Split Ends\" compilation.", "Tonight (The Move song) Tonight (The Move song) \"Tonight\" is a song recorded by The Move and was written by Roy Wood originally for pop vocal group The New Seekers. Released in 1971, The Move's version was their first single release on the Harvest label, and charted at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. In Denmark, it charted at number seven. Jeff Lynne, who had joined the group the previous year, took lead vocal on the third verse. The single was issued in the US on Capitol. The United Artists reissue 45 was issued as the single for their 1972 \"Split Ends\" compilation.", "Tonight's da Night Tonight's da Night \"Tonight's da Night\" is the third single released by Redman from his debut album, \"Whut? Thee Album\". It features a jazzy beat produced by Erick Sermon and Redman himself, and contains samples from many songs, including \"All Night Long\" by Mary Jane Girls, \"The Payback\" by James Brown, \"Tonight's the Night\" by Raydio, and \"A Few More Kisses to Go\" by Isaac Hayes. The song starts off with Redman rapping about being \"smooth to any groove\", and he is then interrupted by Hurricane G who wants him to rap some \"rough shit\". Redman goes on to talk", "Tonight's the Night (Little Birdy song) the addition of a fifth member, guitarist and keyboardist Fergus Deasy (touring guitarist with Eskimo Joe). Accompanying the single is two remixes of \"Losing You\" and a demo of \"Forever\" - the original versions of which both appear on \"BigBigLove\". \"The Blurb\"'s Evan Alexander, described the song as \"a fair offering from this newly hyped Perth four piece [and its] jingle jangle chords punctuate a stuttered intro before Katy Steele’s breathy vocal kick the forefront in\". In an interview with the Sydney Morning Herald, guitarist, Simon Leach, describes the song as old school with an 1980s influence. \"Tonight's the Night\"", "La Bouche and \"I Love to Love\". While still with the group, Thornton had some American chart success as featured vocalist on the Le Click hit \"Tonight is the Night\", which reached number 68 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song was included on the U.S. version of La Bouche's debut album, peaking at number 28 on the \"Billboard\" 200. It was certified platinum by the RIAA and sold over 8 million copies worldwide. Thornton provided guest vocals on a lot of dance projects on single releases such as on Orange Blue's \"If You Wanna Be (My Only)\", Comic's \"I Surrender to", "Betty Wright Betty Wright Bessie Regina Norris, better known by her stage name, Betty Wright (born December 21, 1953), is an American soul and R&B singer and songwriter, who rose to fame in the 1970s with hits such as \"Clean Up Woman\" and \"Tonight is the Night\". She is also prominent in regard to the use of whistle register. Born in Miami, Florida as Bessie Regina Norris on December 21, 1953, Wright was the youngest of seven children of Rosa Akins Braddy-Wright and her second husband, McArthur Norris. Wright began her professional career at the age of two when her siblings formed", "Josh Osborne one million copies to achieve Platinum status. The song went on to win the Grammy Award for Best Country Song of the Year, in recognition of the songwriters, at the 56th Grammy Awards. Osborne has since written other \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart-topping songs, including \"Drunk Last Night,\" recorded by Eli Young Band, \"My Eyes,\" performed by Blake Shelton featuring Gwen Sebastian, \"We Are Tonight,\" sung by Billy Currington, \"Leave the Night On\" and \"Take Your Time\" by Sam Hunt, \"Wild Child\", written with Chesney and frequent collaborator Shane McAnally featuring Grace Potter, \"Sangria\" performed by Blake Shelton, Jake Owen's \"Real", "Ronnie Van Zant Neil Young's \"Alabama\" and \"Southern Man.\" Young's song \"Powderfinger\" on the 1979 album \"Rust Never Sleeps\" was reportedly written for Skynyrd, and Van Zant is pictured on the cover of \"Street Survivors\" wearing a T-shirt of Young's \"Tonight's the Night\" and in the 2 July, 1977 Oakland Coliseum concert (excerpted in \"Freebird... The Movie\"). On October 20, 1977, a plane carrying the band between shows from Greenville, South Carolina, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, ran out of fuel outside Gillsburg, Mississippi. The passengers had been informed about potential problems with the Convair CV-240 and were told to brace for a crash.", "Tonight Is the Night (song) Tonight Is the Night (song) \"Tonight Is the Night\" is the official debut single by Outasight and was released on Warner Bros. Records. It was produced by Cook Classics and is featured on his debut album \"Nights Like These\". The US national television debut of the song was on November 3, 2011 on the FOX network, during the week two results show on the American \"The X Factor\" in its inaugural season. Outasight also performed it at the 2012 NHL All-Star Game in Ottawa, Canada. A music video was released, directed by Dori Oskowitz. As of August 2012, it has", "The Night (Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons song) big hit on first release, but didn't chart due to poor promotion by the MoWest label. The Night (Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons song) The Night is a song by Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons that was originally released in 1972. Although it failed to chart when first released, it became a popular track on the northern soul circuit, which led to a successful UK re-release in the spring of 1975, when it reached no. 7 on the Official Chart. The song sees Frankie Valli pleading with a girl that he admires to resist the advances of another", "America's Sweetheart (album) enjoy watching celebrities fall apart, \"America's Sweetheart\" should be more fun than an Osbournes marathon.\" In \"The Village Voice\", Robert Christgau wrote positively of the record, believing Love had \"delivered an album as invigorating in its contempt for rock professionalism as Neil Young's \"Tonight's the Night\".\" \"Spin\" critic Charles Aaron was also impressed by the album, referring to it as a \"jaw-dropping act of artistic will\", while Caroline Sullivan from \"The Guardian\" noted the lyrics as the strong point of the album calling them \"hedonistic to the last\" and \"some of the baldest ever recorded.\" Commercially, the album was considered", "The Night (Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons song) The Night (Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons song) The Night is a song by Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons that was originally released in 1972. Although it failed to chart when first released, it became a popular track on the northern soul circuit, which led to a successful UK re-release in the spring of 1975, when it reached no. 7 on the Official Chart. The song sees Frankie Valli pleading with a girl that he admires to resist the advances of another guy. Valli cited this song as an example of a song that should have been a", "Benny Mardones following. On December 16, 2017 Mardones performed \"Into the Night\" publicly for the last time at the Turning Stone Casino in Verona, NY. On October 4, 2011, he married his third wife, Jane Braemer, originally from Denmark. He and Jane reside in Playa del Rey, California. Benny Mardones Ruben Armand \"Benny\" Mardones (born November 9, 1946) is an American pop singer and songwriter who is best known for his hit single \"Into the Night\", which hit the Top 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart twice, in 1980 (#11) and again in 1989 (#20). Due to the success of \"Into", "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright) The song has been remade by such artists as: Linda Clifford, Nicky Moore, and sung by Anthony Kavanagh, Terry Steele, who reached number forty-four on the R&B singles chart, and Alison Crawford on \"Grease is the Word\". In Janet Jackson's cover, the lyrics imply that she and her partner are about to share a threesome with another woman. Jackson begins the song by saying, \"This is just between me and you...and you.\" Additionally, each chorus addresses a different person, as she sings, \"'Cause I love you, boy\" in one and \"'Cause I love you, girl\" in another. \"She even makes", "Gina G and Katie Price. In August, she released her second album, \"Get Up & Dance\" to good reviews. However the album was only available through her website, with the majority of first orders being personally signed by G. In June 2006, her debut album, \"Fresh!\", became available for download on iTunes. She set up her own record label, Stuntgirl, with distribution through Universal Records. Based in Los Angeles, she records in her own studio there as well as in London. In late 2006 she released a new single, \"Tonight's the Night\" and promoted it round the clubs and it went into", "Turn the Night Up and race off to a club where they take one too many shots and it is implied that they make out. This is also Iglesias and Carpenter's second music video collaboration following Tonight (I'm Lovin' You). Turn the Night Up Turn the Night Up is a song recorded by Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias, released as the lead single off Iglesias' tenth studio album \"Sex and Love\". It was written by Iglesias, Niles Hollowell-Dhar, Marty James and Rome Ramirez, and produced by The Cataracs. On 18 July 2013 Enrique uploaded the single's cover art on his official website, while the song", "Gina G singles discography Contest. Both \"Heaven\" and \"Flashback\" featured on a new album \"Get Up And Dance\" released independently through Gina's website in 2005 (one of the new remixes of \"Ooh Aah... Just A Little Bit\" also featured on the album. An ultimately unreleased version of \"Tonight's The Night\" was planned to be on \"Get Up And Dance\" but replaced at the last moment by a track called \"Into The Night\". Instead the song was released by Gina's own label Stunt Girl Music and distributed by Universal in 2006. An initial set of remixes were commissioned though most of these were not commercially", "Valerie Dore bluegrass band led by Bruno Guaitamacchi that played in Milan pubs. Stucchi was discovered at age 20 by the Italo producer Roberto Gasparini, who decided to give her the name Valerie Dore to improve her international appeal. Dore's first single, \"The Night\" (1984) was an Italo disco ballad written by Barbara Lynn Addoms and Giuseppe Nicolosi. The production team, however, was unsure of Stucchi's vocal abilities, and decided to use Dora Carofiglio instead. Slight variations on this professional arrangement continued for the next two singles, \"Get Closer\" and \"It's So Easy\", released in 1984 and 1985, respectively. During this time,", "The Rubberband Man hit single \"Tonight's the Night\") and topped the U.S. R&B chart at the end of 1976. It was also a top-20 hit in the UK Singles Chart, reaching number 16 in October 1976. The song returned to the Billboard charts in 2018 because of its use in the Guardians of the Galaxy's introductory appearance in \"\". The song was included in the \"Detroit Free Press\"s \"Detroit's 100 Greatest Songs\" list, ranking 70th. The arrangement opens with rhythmic clavinet and percussion, followed by a Philly string arrangement provided by the Mother Father Sister Brother musicians. There are brief bursts of brass", "Virgil Johnson (singer) Virgil Johnson (singer) Virgil Lewis Johnson (December 29, 1935 February 24, 2013) was an African-American deejay at the former radio station KDAV in Lubbock, Texas. He was the lead singer of The Velvets, a 1950s and 1960s vocal quintet from Odessa, also in West Texas. They are best remembered for their 1961 hit \"Tonight (Could Be the Night)\", which peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard pop charts. The song refers to a young woman waiting to fall in love or perhaps for her intended to propose marriage and present her with a ring of commitment. The Velvets can be", "The Night (The Animals song) line-up is featured in the video clip. The Night (The Animals song) \"The Night\" is a song performed by The Animals in 1983. It was the first single from their 1983 \"Ark\" reunion effort. It reached #48 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and #34 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Eric Burdon wrote this song with John Sterling, who gave it to him after he wrote the initial music and lyrics about his wife Eva who was visiting her family in Sweden. John talked with her on the phone every night during her absence. The video clip for MTV was", "Greg Reeves projects, including most of Neil Young's \"After the Gold Rush\", Crosby & Nash's eponymous debut (\"Immigration Man\"; 1972), Dave Mason's \"It's Like You Never Left\" (1973), an unreleased version of \"Tonight's the Night\" recorded by Young in early 1974, and indeterminate recordings with George Clinton following the temporary dissolution of Parliament Funkadelic in the early 1980s. Lofgren claimed that during one of the sessions for \"After the Gold Rush\", Reeves appeared covered head to toe in gold paint; Young explained the bassist was \"doin' his Indian thing.\" Reeves was briefly interviewed by author Jimmy McDonough for \"Shakey\", his 2003 biography", "Tonight's the Night (The Shirelles song) Chiffons, which used a similar arrangement and style. The Chiffons' cover eventually peaked at 76, becoming their first hit. \"Rolling Stone\" selected \"Tonight's the Night\" as the 409th best song of all time in their 2010 update to \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" list. It was the lower-ranked of two Shirelles songs; \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" was ranked 126th. Tonight's the Night (The Shirelles song) \"Tonight's the Night\" is the title and lead track from The Shirelles' 1961 album \"Tonight's the Night\". Written by Luther Dixon and Shirley Owens, the song dealt with a woman's feelings before", "Trials & Errors at the peak of their '70s powers\" (Mojo, Feb 2005). \"Magnolia Electric Co. is no Crazy Horse, and Molina's vocabulary on the guitar doesn't yet have the presence to carry such extended interpretations of his material.\" (Pitchfork Media, February 1, 2005). The album itself is made up of ten original songs, all but three of which were at the time unreleased, but contains three fragments of Neil Young songs, including the show-closing chorus of \"Tonight's the Night\" at the end of the song \"The Big Beast\". The fragments are technically uncredited, but the liner notes contain the information \"Songs written", "Scott Shannon vocalist Charlene, whose song \"I've Never Been to Me\" he revived by his programming of the long-dormant track. Shannon also hosted a \"Where are they now?\" radio program in 1989, where the subject of the day was the one-hit wonder Benny Mardones, who had the 1980 hit \"Into the Night.\" Scott began putting the record in rotation in 1989, and soon after, many other DJs around the nation added the song to their playlists. The song re-entered the top 20 singles chart, prompting a resurgence in Mardones' career, including a new re-recording of the song, a tour, and a new", "Tonight's the Night (The Shirelles album) Tonight's the Night (The Shirelles album) Tonight's the Night is the debut album by American girl group The Shirelles, released in December 1960 by Scepter Records. It contains the hit song \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" as well as \"Tonight's the Night\", which became a minor hit for the Shirelles. Although Shirley Owens was the group's main lead singer, \"Tonight's the Night\" also features lead vocals by Doris Coley and Beverly Lee; all four members share lead for \"Doin' the Ronde\". Later on in 1963, \"Unlucky\" was covered by Dionne Warwick for her debut album. \"Boys\", which had been the", "Anita Ward Sljeme, with some other groups and singers from disco era; (Nile Rodgers and Chic, Village People, Thelma Houston and Rose Royce). In early 2011, it was announced that Ward was back in the studio working on a brand new album titled \"It's My Night\". The first single, also titled \"It's My Night\" was released to iTunes on May 20, 2011. The single is produced by producer Gilflo. Anita Ward Anita Ward (born December 20, 1957) is an American singer and musician. She is best known for her 1979 million selling chart-topper \"Ring My Bell\". Before signing a recording contract, Ward", "The Shirelles peaked at #39. The success of \"Tonight's the Night\" led to the girls being booked to perform with several major artists, such as Etta James and Little Richard, and facilitated Scepter's move to a larger office. It was followed by \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\", written by husband-wife songwriting team Gerry Goffin and Carole King; the song went on to become the first Billboard number-one hit by an African-American girl group, possibly the first by any girl group. \"Tonight's the Night\" was later used as the title song for the 1961 album \"Tonight's the Night\", which also included \"Will You", "Benny Mardones wrote songs with fellow singer-songwriter Bobby Tepper, including the legendary song \"Into the Night.\" The multi-platinum success of \"Into the Night\" in 1980 catapulted Benny into the limelight, and he soon spiraled into cocaine addiction and alcoholism. He stopped performing concerts and making public appearances and his label, Polydor Records, dropped him. Over the next few years, he lapsed into obscurity. The birth of his son Michael in April 1985 inspired Benny to get his life in order. The following month, he moved to Syracuse, New York, and by the end of the summer he had kicked his drug and", "Clay Aiken Platinum plaque was presented to Aiken by Clive Davis on October 22, 2003, during \"Good Morning America\"). The album spawned both the hit single \"Invisible\" and his first hit song, \"This Is the Night\" (both co-written by British songwriter Chris Braide). Later that year, Aiken won the Fan's Choice Award at the American Music Awards ceremony, and his CD single \"This Is The Night/Bridge Over Troubled Water\" won the Billboard award for the Best-Selling Single of 2003. On November 16, 2004, Aiken released a holiday album titled \"Merry Christmas with Love\", which set a new record for fastest-selling holiday album", "Tonight's the Night (The Shirelles song) Florence Greenberg after having worked with Perry Como, Nat King Cole, and Pat Boone. It also marks the debut of composer Horace Ott. Richie Unterberger of AllMusic positively wrote \"The title track\" is excellent. \"Tonight's the Night\" deals with \"romantic surrender\" and \"soulful yearning\"; it tells of a woman who is both expectant and hesitant regarding her first sexual experience, the degree of enthusiasm has been described as similar to that shown in Buddy Holly's \"Oh, Boy!. The emotional content is reflected in Owens' vocals, which are described as full of \"desire and vulnerability\", as well as with a sense", "Neil Young Santa Monica Flyers, with Crazy Horse's rhythm section augmented by Nils Lofgren on guitar and piano and \"Harvest\"/\"Time Fades Away\" veteran Ben Keith on pedal steel guitar. Deeply affected by the drug-induced deaths of Whitten and roadie Bruce Berry, Young recorded an album specifically inspired by the incidents, \"Tonight's the Night\" (June 20, 1975). The album's dark tone and rawness led Reprise to delay its release and Young had to pressure them for two years before they would do so. While his record company was stalling, Young recorded another album, \"On the Beach\" (July 16, 1974), which presented a more", "Maggie's Farm it in 1965 just prior to Dylan's own single release, as the flip side of his \"Tonight's the Night\" (Atlantic 2288). Burke's version peaked at #2 on the R&B charts, and #28 on the Pop Charts. In 1968, Richie Havens covered the song on his album \"Something Else Again\". In 1971, The Residents recorded a version for their \"Warner Bros. Album\", however, it was not released at the time. In 1980, The Blues Band recorded a version as a commentary on Margaret Thatcher's government . The line, \"The National Guard stands around the door\" being replaced with a line about", "This Is the Night (Clay Aiken song) 100 Single Sales Chart (the eleventh song in the former's history to do so), it was the fastest-selling single since Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind 1997\" and the best-selling single of 2003, with 948,000 copies sold. It was the first CD single to go platinum since 2002, when Lee Ann Womack's \"I Hope You Dance\" sold a million copies after being released for over a year. The single also topped the charts in New Zealand where it was certified platinum, and went six times platinum in Canada. \"This Is the Night\" was included as a bonus track on Aiken's", "Patti Smith Patti Smith Patricia Lee Smith (born December 30, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter, poet, and visual artist who became an influential component of the New York City punk rock movement with her 1975 debut album \"Horses\". Called the \"punk poet laureate,\" Smith fused rock and poetry in her work. Her most widely known song is \"Because the Night,\" which was co-written with Bruce Springsteen. It reached number 13 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in 1978 and number five in the U.K. In 2005, Smith was named a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French", "Outasight \"Further\" EP on Asylum Records, and on November 23, 2012, he released his first full-length studio album, Nights Like These. Outasight released a music video for his single \"Catch Me If You Can\" from the \"Further EP\", which has been featured on numerous hip-hop blogs. Also in 2010, Outasight collaborated with rapper Asher Roth on the \"Catch Me If You Can\" remix. Outasight released his first single, \"Tonight Is the Night\", which was featured on a Pepsi commercial. The commercial includes footage of Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, Mariah Carey, Ray Charles, and Kanye West. Tonight Is The Night was the", "The Way I Feel Tonight at No. 16. 1. \"The Way I Feel Tonight\" - 3:28 2. \"Love Power\" - 3:35 The Way I Feel Tonight \"The Way I Feel Tonight\" is a pop ballad by the Bay City Rollers from their 1977 album \"It's a Game\". The tune, written by Harvey Shield, and featuring a lead vocal by Les McKeown, is a slow, dramatic ballad with a heavily orchestrated arrangement. The song was released as a 7\" vinyl single in numerous territories, and had a peak position of No. 24 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. It was the Rollers' final charting US single,", "Dresden & Johnston remix of Enrique Iglesias' \"Tonight (I'm Lovin' You)\" reached number one on \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Play Chart. Their first original production was \"Keep Faith\" featuring vocals by Mezo Riccio. Released in March 2010, the song charted at number 10 on \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Play Chart. Around the same time, remixes of their collaboration \"That Day\" with singer-songwriter Nadia Ali were released on compilation albums. In August 2010, the duo released their EP titled \"The Cove/Redhead\" and in November 2010 their second single \"Metaphonix\". Their first studio album tentatively titled \"High and Low\" is rumored for a 2011 release.", "Tonight (1956 song) is notable for its prominent perfect fourth intervals, and a theme that starts on a pentatonic scale but develops into a western key. Gloria Gaynor released a disco version in 1980. Jenna Ushkowitz sang the song on \"Glee\", on the episode \"Preggers\". Tonight was featured again in the fifth episode of the third season of the show, \"The First Time,\" this time sung by Lea Michele and Darren Criss. Billy Eckstine recorded the song in 1961 with Hal Mooney And His Orchestra. Gloria Estefan recorded the song with Dave Grusin from the album \"Dave Grusin Presents West Side Story\" (1997).", "The Neptunes had established themselves formally as a production duo under the previously used name \"The Neptunes\", and assistant-produced \"Tonight's The Night\" from Teddy Riley's group BLACKstreet's self-titled debut. Over the next three years they continued to produce occasionally. Some of the production, such as for SWV (1996) and Total (1996), had little resemblance to what would become their distinctive sound, while other songs such as Mase's 1998 No.8 Billboard Hot 100 hit \"Lookin' at Me\" (from the \"Harlem World\" album, 1997) showed clear signs the Neptunes sound was developing. Their first major production hit, and the most clear beginning of the", "Ellen Foley toured with Meat Loaf in support of the album) is featured in the music video, DeVito is lip synching to Foley's vocals. Her debut album \"Night Out\" was released in 1979; the album's single \"What's a Matter Baby\" reached No.7 in the Dutch Charts but was a minor hit on the US Charts, reaching No. 92 . However the single \"We Belong To The Night\" went on to reach No.1 in Holland The album itself peaked at No. 152, and was produced by Ian Hunter and Mick Ronson. Foley recorded a memorable duet with Ian Hunter in 1980, \"We Gotta", "Chameleon (The Four Seasons album) Chameleon (The Four Seasons album) Chameleon is a 1972 album by The Four Seasons notable for being their only album recorded for Motown. The album met with limited success in the US; no single was even issued from the album in America. \"The Night\", however, met with success in the UK and peaked at No. 7 in 1975, becoming a Northern Soul mainstay. The following singles were recorded during the band's tenure at Motown; none of these appeared on \"Chameleon.\" Some, however, later turned up on Frankie Valli's 1975 \"solo\" album \"Inside You\", which was a collection of unreleased songs", "Chameleon (The Four Seasons album) Chameleon (The Four Seasons album) Chameleon is a 1972 album by The Four Seasons notable for being their only album recorded for Motown. The album met with limited success in the US; no single was even issued from the album in America. \"The Night\", however, met with success in the UK and peaked at No. 7 in 1975, becoming a Northern Soul mainstay. The following singles were recorded during the band's tenure at Motown; none of these appeared on \"Chameleon.\" Some, however, later turned up on Frankie Valli's 1975 \"solo\" album \"Inside You\", which was a collection of unreleased songs", "Outasight Outasight Richard Andrew, (born February 17, 1983) better known by his stage name Outasight, is an American singer-songwriter, rapper, and record producer born and raised in Yonkers, New York. Though he is considered a pop artist, he is influenced by other genres such as hip hop, rock music and soul music. His debut album, \"Nights Like These\" (2012), featured the platinum-selling \"Tonight Is The Night\". He spent the next few years on the road performing at such festivals as Lollapalooza, Governors Ball, and Vans Warped Tour. His follow up album, Big Trouble, was released in October 2015, which produced the", "David Foster (album) The sixth track \"tapDANCE\" is from the 1985 film \"White Nights\" starring Gregory Hines. Hines provides the tap dancing heard in this song, likely from a scene in the movie. The seventh track \"Who's Gonna Love You Tonight\" is the second song featuring vocals, with Foster and Richard Page who is best known as the lead vocalist for Mr. Mister (of \"Broken Wings\" fame). This pop rock-style song was written with well-known lyricist John Bettis and Keith Diamond. The song was later briefly featured in the 1989 film, \"Listen to Me.\" The song was also released as a single. The", "Benny Mardones Benny Mardones Ruben Armand \"Benny\" Mardones (born November 9, 1946) is an American pop singer and songwriter who is best known for his hit single \"Into the Night\", which hit the Top 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart twice, in 1980 (#11) and again in 1989 (#20). Due to the success of \"Into the Night,\" Curb Records signed Mardones and he recorded \"Into the Night '89.\" The track appeared on his self-titled release (known as the \"Blue Album\" by his fans). Not long after that, Mardones appeared on a Showtime tribute to Roy Orbison, alongside such luminaries as Bob", "Because the Night Because the Night \"Because the Night\" is a song written by Bruce Springsteen and Patti Smith that was first released in 1978 as a single off the Patti Smith Group album \"Easter\". This version rose to number 13 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, as well as number 5 in the United Kingdom, and helped propel sales of \"Easter\" to mainstream success — even as Smith was deciding to retire from a life of constant touring. The song has subsequently been covered by numerous other artists, and at least two of these cover versions have been substantial chart hits. A", "Ed Robertson then-future wife, ended up being about the loss of his brother; the song \"Leave\" from 1998's \"Stunt\" is about the image of his brother haunting him in hotel rooms while on tour; and the song \"Tonight is the Night I Fell Asleep at the Wheel\" from 2000's \"Maroon\" was based on Robertson's curiosity about what his brother was thinking about in his last moments. His mother died on December 13, 2008 at age 72, and his father died on June 10, 2011 at the age of 76. Robertson wrote the song \"Moonstone\" about his mother passing away. It was recorded", "Into the Night (film) Into the Night (film) Into the Night is a 1985 American comedy-thriller film directed by John Landis, starring Jeff Goldblum and Michelle Pfeiffer. The film has a large number of cameo appearances made by various filmmakers and directors, including Landis himself. The soundtrack features the songs \"Into the Night\", \"In the Midnight Hour\" and \"Lucille\", performed by B.B. King. Upon discovering that his wife is having an affair, depressed insomniac Ed Okin (Jeff Goldblum) drives to LAX on his friend Herb's (Dan Aykroyd) suggestion. There he is surprised by a beautiful jewel smuggler, Diana (Michelle Pfeiffer), who lands on his", "Homegrown (Neil Young album) his failing relationship at the time with actress Carrie Snodgress. \"It was a little too personal...it scared me\" Young would later explain to Cameron Crowe in interview. It was so near to being released that a cover had been created. At the last moment however, Neil Young chose to drop \"Homegrown\" and release \"Tonight's the Night\", an unreleased album recorded in 1973 instead.Young stated that he had a playback party for \"Homegrown\" and \"Tonight's the Night\" happened to be on the same reel. He decided to release \"Tonight's the Night\" after that listening because of \"its overall strength in performance", "Tonight (Could Be the Night) Tonight (Could Be the Night) \"Tonight (Could Be the Night)\" is a 1961 rock and roll song by the doo-wop quintet The Velvets. The song refers to a young woman waiting to fall in love or perhaps for her intended to propose marriage and present her with a ring of commitment. The Velvets can be heard chanting \"doo-wop\" as a refrain in a song, a musical phenomenon which first surfaced in 1955 in the song \"When You Dance\" by The Turbans. Johnson wrote the lyrics to \"Tonight.\" The song reached No. 26 on the \"Billboard\" Top 100 chart. The Velvets", "The Way I Feel Tonight The Way I Feel Tonight \"The Way I Feel Tonight\" is a pop ballad by the Bay City Rollers from their 1977 album \"It's a Game\". The tune, written by Harvey Shield, and featuring a lead vocal by Les McKeown, is a slow, dramatic ballad with a heavily orchestrated arrangement. The song was released as a 7\" vinyl single in numerous territories, and had a peak position of No. 24 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. It was the Rollers' final charting US single, but was also their second and highest entry on the Adult Contemporary chart, where it peaked", "Tonight (Could Be the Night) continued producing songs until 1966. In 1977 the New York rhythm and blues vocal group The Earls released a disco version of the song. Johnson sometimes still appears in nostalgia concerts. Tonight (Could Be the Night) \"Tonight (Could Be the Night)\" is a 1961 rock and roll song by the doo-wop quintet The Velvets. The song refers to a young woman waiting to fall in love or perhaps for her intended to propose marriage and present her with a ring of commitment. The Velvets can be heard chanting \"doo-wop\" as a refrain in a song, a musical phenomenon which first", "Lory Bianco The Night\", which became a hit single for Lory \"Bonnie\" Bianco, but could not help the album to climb the charts. For the second album with WEA, \"Lonely Is the Night\", Bianco wanted to go a little more pop, with a touch of dance. Despite being produced by international top-notch producers, such as Klarmann/Weber and some of America's most successful songwriters Diane Warren and Jeff Lorber, \"Lonely Is The Night\" flopped. Bianco spent more time in Israel to contemplate on her career. Homesick and weary of living out of her suitcase, Bianco left WEA records, walking away from at least", "Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been) – full song – instrumental – a cappella Side B: “Classic (Better Than I’ve Ever Been DJ Premier Remix)” featuring Kanye West, Nas, KRS-One, and Rakim – full song – instrumental – a cappella Music Video for Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been) can be found in citation. The original beat by Rick Rubin samples the song \"Give Me the Night\", performed by George Benson, off his \"Give Me the Night\" album. DJ Premier's remix contains samples from \"Dance the Kung-Fu\" by Carl Douglas. Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been) \"Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been)\" is Grammy-nominated collaboration song", "Kano (band) Music/Club Play chart in the U.S., reaching #2 for five weeks. The project went on to record two other albums, including 1981's \"New York Cake\" (which included the minor hits \"She's A Star\", \"Don't Try to Stop Me\" and \"Can't Hold Back\") and 1983's \"Another Life\" (including the title track and \"I Need Love\"). Both albums introduced Kano listeners to West Indian-born singer Glen White. Their last song was 1985's \"This Is the Night\". \"I'm Ready\" was later used as a sample on a few songs, such as Gigolo Tony's 1986 hit \"Hoki Poki\" and Rofo's 1983 hit \"Flashlight On", "George Benson a number of his albums throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The Qwest record label (a subsidiary of Warner Bros., run by Quincy Jones) released Benson's breakthrough pop album \"Give Me The Night\", produced by Jones. Benson made it into the pop and R&B top ten with the song \"Give Me the Night\" (written by former Heatwave keyboardist Rod Temperton). He had many hit singles such as \"Love All the Hurt Away\", \"Turn Your Love Around\", \"Inside Love\", \"Lady Love Me\", \"20/20\", \"Shiver\", \"Kisses in the Moonlight\". More importantly, Quincy Jones encouraged Benson to search his roots for further vocal", "The Velvets compact disc and released on Ace Records in 1996. Prior to his death, aged 77, in February 2013, Johnson sometimes appeared in nostalgia concerts. The Velvets The Velvets were an American doo-wop group from Odessa in Ector County in west Texas. The African-American quintet was formed in 1959 by Virgil Johnson, a high-school English teacher, with four of his students. Roy Orbison heard the group and signed them to Monument Records in 1960. Their first release was a tune called \"That Lucky Old Sun\". Their biggest hit single was \"Tonight (Could Be the Night)\", which hit #26 on the U.S.", "Stay the Night (Chicago song) Stay the Night (Chicago song) \"Stay the Night\" is a song written by Peter Cetera and David Foster for the group Chicago and recorded for their album \"Chicago 17\" (1984), with Cetera singing the lead vocals. Upbeat and rock-oriented, it was the first single released from that album, and reached number 16 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The song features noted session drummer Jeff Porcaro taking the place of Chicago drummer Danny Seraphine. This song is also remembered for its music video, filmed in and around the Los Angeles River. It shows Peter Cetera chasing a hard-to-get lady,", "Meshell Ndegeocello recording presented a distinctly androgynous persona. Her biggest hit is a duet with John Mellencamp, a cover version of Van Morrison's \"Wild Night\", which reached No. 3 on the \"Billboard\" charts. Her only other \"Billboard\" Hot 100 hit besides \"Wild Night\" has been her self-penned \"If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)\", which peaked at No. 73 in 1994. Also in 1994, Ndegeocello collaborated with Herbie Hancock on \"Nocturnal Sunshine,\" a track for the Red Hot Organization's compilation album, \"\". The album, meant to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in relation to the African", "Neil Sedaka the Boys Are\" eventually became her signature song. Sedaka and Greenfield also wrote some of Jimmy Clanton's hits, such as \"Another Sleepless Night,\" \"What Am I Gonna Do?\" and \"All the Words in the World.\" Sedaka himself recorded each of these three songs: \"Another Sleepless Night\" appears on his \"Rock With Sedaka\" debut album; \"What Am I Gonna Do?\" was the B-side of \"Going Home to Mary Lou\" and appeared on his 1961 album \"Neil Sedaka Sings \"Little Devil\" and His Other Hits\"; and \"All the Words in the World\" was recorded but was kept in the RCA Victor vaults", "Clarity (Zedd album) by Shreddie Mercury, who also received an official release. \"Clarity\" (featuring Foxes) was released as the album's third single on 1 February 2013. The song gained publicity after being performed alongside Alvin Risk on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\" on 3 January 2013. A music video directed by Jodeb was released on 11 January 2013. At the 56th Grammy Awards, the song took home the Grammy for Best Dance Recording. \"Stay the Night\" (featuring Hayley Williams of Paramore) was released as a single from the deluxe edition of the album and the fourth single overall on 10 September 2013.", "Tonight Is the Night (song) been certified platinum by the RIAA. The song is being used throughout ads for the premiere of Australian reality show \"The Shire\". The song was also used in commercials for the \"84th Academy Awards\" on ABC, and was theme song for WWE's \"Raw 1000\" on July 23, 2012. Honda uses this song in TV advertisements for their Summer Clearance Event. It is also featured in Pizza Hut commercials. The track is also being featured in Pepsi's \"Who's Next\" campaign. The ad shows an anonymous young artist sipping from a Pepsi can while he is getting prepared for his show. While", "Lonely Is the Night God? It's Me, Dean Winchester\". The song appears on fictional radio station Los Santos Rock Radio in the video game \"Grand Theft Auto V\". Lonely Is the Night \"Lonely Is the Night\" is a song written and performed by American rock singer and guitarist Billy Squier. It appeared as the first track on side two of his triple-platinum 1981 album, \"Don't Say No\" and became an AOR (Album Oriented Rock) radio hit, reaching number 28 on \"Billboard\" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in 1981. Squier has performed \"Lonely Is the Night\" live with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. In", "Billy Squier songs from his blues upbringing and new versions of several of his hits. Shout! Factory released \"Don't Say No: 30th Anniversary Edition\" on July 27, 2010, marking the first time that this album had been remastered in over 20 years. It was released in collaboration with Squier, who provided two live bonus cuts from his personal collection. In October 2011, Squier performed at the third annual \"Right to Rock\" Celebration at the Edison Ballroom in New York (including Steven van Zandt and Lady Gaga) in support of the Little Kids Rock charity and performed \"Lonely Is The Night\" with a", "Tonight's the Night (TV series) Tonight's the Night (TV series) Tonight's the Night was a BBC Saturday night entertainment television programme which was shown on BBC One from 2009-2011. It was presented by actor and singer John Barrowman. The show is based around making audience members' wishes come true, featuring ordinary people living out their fantasies for real. There are no rules as to who can appear on the show; it features ordinary members of the public nominated by friends who think they have a hidden talent or other special reason. Every guest has the help of Barrowman and other celebrity guests. The studio audience", "This Is the Night (Clay Aiken song) This Is the Night (Clay Aiken song) \"This Is the Night\", released on June 10, 2003 on the RCA label, was \"American Idol\" contestant Clay Aiken's debut CD single and was written by Chris Braide, Aldo Nova and Gary Burr. It was released simultaneously with \"Flying Without Wings\" by rival contestant (and idol winner) Ruben Studdard, and became only the eleventh song in the history of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 to debut at number one on that chart, restricting \"Flying Without Wings\" to the number-two position. Although the song seems tailor-made as a potential show-winning song, it was not written", "Because the Night the music industry across the board-and the shaping trends that have fueled Record Store Day's meteoric rise from a community experiment to an international movement,\" referencing the pairing of artists and the independent label of release. Chris Martins of \"Spin\" wrote, \"...the bands gel awesomely. The highlight comes when Paternoster starts to shred. We have a feeling Miss Smith will be proud.\" Because the Night \"Because the Night\" is a song written by Bruce Springsteen and Patti Smith that was first released in 1978 as a single off the Patti Smith Group album \"Easter\". This version rose to number 13", "Crazy Horse (band) resolving not to retire it altogether. In mid-1973, Young brought together a band comprising Talbot, Molina, Lofgren, and pedal steel guitarist Ben Keith to record \"Tonight's the Night\", the majority of which eventually saw release in bowdlerized form with additional material added to the album in 1975. In the autumn of 1973, this ensemble (initially billed as Crazy Horse for the inaugural concerts at the Roxy in September 1973) toured Canada, Great Britain, and the United States as the Santa Monica Flyers. Molina and Whitsell would subsequently contribute percussion and guitar (respectively) to Young's \"On the Beach\" in 1974. Shortly", "Good Love (Sheek Louch song) and meeting different women. The video was premiered in February. Good Love (Sheek Louch song) \"Good Love\" is a song by American rapper Sheek Louch, released as the first single from his third album \"Silverback Gorilla\" (2008). The song samples \"Tonight Is The Night\" by Betty Wright and was produced by Red Spyda. The song is about him touring and meeting different women but all he is really looking for is \"Good Love\". The song was ranked #30 on the www.about.com \"Top 100 Rap Songs of 2008\". The music video was directed by Todd Angkasuwan. A behind-the-scenes was released on", "Gravity's Rainbow (song) a new Erol Alkan-produced track \"Electrickery\" and a live version of the track. For the re-release of \"Gravity's Rainbow\", the band reshot the music video. There are two videos for this track, the original was shot in a basement using props belonging to the band members and took in total 72 hours to complete. During the babies scene in the original video, an album cover from Frankie Valli and his band the Four Seasons is shown; Klaxons later covered their track \"The Night\" as a B-side of their single \"It's Not Over Yet\". The new version of \"Gravity's Rainbow\" was", "Willy Mason the album \"We Are the Night\" (2007) by The Chemical Brothers. The song \"Pickup Truck\", recorded live at Aboveground Records in Edgartown, Massachusetts, is included on Radio Waves, Vol. 1, a compilation album of music from Martha's Vineyard, and was released on June 29, 2007, to help purchase transmitting equipment for WVVY-LP, a new community radio station. A live set at the Austin City Limits festival was also released in 2007. Mason also sang on two songs on the album \"Hawk\" (2010) by Isobel Campbell and Mark Lanegan. He also featured in \"No Room For Doubt\", from Lianne La Havas's", "Ira Newborn Influenced by everything from Johann Sebastian Bach to James Brown to the Beatles, guitarist Newborn led and played in several musical groups before signing on as the musical director for the vocal group The Manhattan Transfer. Among the many artists on whose records Ira Newborn has worked are Ray Charles, Diana Ross, Billy Joel, and The Pointer Sisters. Newborn wrote two songs performed by B.B. King for the \"Into the Night\" soundtrack: \"My Lucille\" and \"Into the Night\". Two songs co-written by Newborn appeared on the \"Into the Night\" LP, but not in the film: \"Don't Make Me Sorry\", co-written", "The Velvet Rope through social network relationships, empathizing with those searching for acceptance via the internet. \"What About\" confronts Jackson's experiences with domestic violence. Over flamenco guitars, she recalls a former companion proposing before violently transitioning into hard rock. \"Every Time\" is a piano ballad documenting Jackson's fear of love, examining an apprehensive side of romance. \"Tonight's the Night\" alludes to sexual anticipation, suggesting a lesbian encounter and potential threesome during its finale. Jackson stated, \"The record company tried to talk me out of it because it's directed toward a girl. I love the song the way it is, and it's reality for", "Night Out (album) Night Out (album) Night Out is the 1979 debut studio album by Ellen Foley, a long-time backup vocalist for Meat Loaf. Seven of the nine tracks were cover versions of Foley's favorite songs, while two were co-written by Foley. One of which was \"We Belong to the Night\", which, as a single, hit #1 in the Netherlands and managed to reach #31 on the Australian charts around Christmas 1979. The musicians were mostly from Ian Hunter's touring band which promoted his 1979 album \"You're Never Alone with a Schizophrenic\" with the addition of the Australian musician Kerryn Tolhurst on slide", "The Night (Valerie Dore song) Tonka. The Night (Valerie Dore song) \"The Night\" is a 1984 song by Valerie Dore. It was a commercial success primarily in southern Europe. The song is a mellow midtempo disco song about unrequited love, and its meaning is emphasized by the melancholy sound of vocalist Dora Carofiglio's voice. The song was remixed in 1992 by Oliver Momm for the compilation \"The Best of Valerie Dore\" on ZYX Records. The song was sampled by Play Paul in his song called \"Spaced Out 2\". Cover versions of \"The Night\" were released by Spanish singer Princessa in 1997, German band Scooter, and", "The Night (Valerie Dore song) The Night (Valerie Dore song) \"The Night\" is a 1984 song by Valerie Dore. It was a commercial success primarily in southern Europe. The song is a mellow midtempo disco song about unrequited love, and its meaning is emphasized by the melancholy sound of vocalist Dora Carofiglio's voice. The song was remixed in 1992 by Oliver Momm for the compilation \"The Best of Valerie Dore\" on ZYX Records. The song was sampled by Play Paul in his song called \"Spaced Out 2\". Cover versions of \"The Night\" were released by Spanish singer Princessa in 1997, German band Scooter, and DJ", "The Night (Disturbed song) The Night (Disturbed song) \"The Night\" is a song by the American heavy metal band Disturbed, the song is released as the fourth single from their fourth studio album, \"Indestructible\". The song was the first from \"Indestructible\" to be completed musically. It is lyrically meant to portray the night as a living entity. Musically, the song is dark and textural. Disturbed guitarist Dan Donegan was almost universally praised for his work on this song, specifically during the guitar solo. A music video to correspond with the song was filmed in January 2009 and later released in late March 2009. \"The", "Here Comes the Night released as a single by Decca Records in the UK and Parrot Records in the US in November 1964. Lulu's recording charted at No.50 in the UK. Here Comes the Night \"Here Comes the Night\" is a 1964 song, written by Bert Berns. It became a hit for Northern Irish band Them, fronted by Van Morrison, in March 1965, charting at No. 2 in the UK and No. 24 in the US. Them's single is listed at either No. 33 or No. 36 in the Top 100 best-selling UK singles during the calendar year 1965, depending on source. The song", "Tonight's the Night (Neil Young album) they should have into \"Tonight's the Night\" -- that it was an artist making a giant growth step. Neil came in during this conversation, which was in his living room. When David stopped Neil said, \"You've got that original? I thought it was lost. I've never been able to find it. We'll bring it out someday, that original.\" The band assembled for the album was known as The Santa Monica Flyers. It consisted of Young, Ben Keith, Nils Lofgren, and the Crazy Horse rhythm section of Billy Talbot and Ralph Molina. One track as stated above was taken from recordings", "Into the Night (film) Side two Into the Night (film) Into the Night is a 1985 American comedy-thriller film directed by John Landis, starring Jeff Goldblum and Michelle Pfeiffer. The film has a large number of cameo appearances made by various filmmakers and directors, including Landis himself. The soundtrack features the songs \"Into the Night\", \"In the Midnight Hour\" and \"Lucille\", performed by B.B. King. Upon discovering that his wife is having an affair, depressed insomniac Ed Okin (Jeff Goldblum) drives to LAX on his friend Herb's (Dan Aykroyd) suggestion. There he is surprised by a beautiful jewel smuggler, Diana (Michelle Pfeiffer), who lands", "Night Out (album) guitar. Night Out (album) Night Out is the 1979 debut studio album by Ellen Foley, a long-time backup vocalist for Meat Loaf. Seven of the nine tracks were cover versions of Foley's favorite songs, while two were co-written by Foley. One of which was \"We Belong to the Night\", which, as a single, hit #1 in the Netherlands and managed to reach #31 on the Australian charts around Christmas 1979. The musicians were mostly from Ian Hunter's touring band which promoted his 1979 album \"You're Never Alone with a Schizophrenic\" with the addition of the Australian musician Kerryn Tolhurst on" ]

[ 11.59375 ]

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[ "The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible's Book of Daniel. Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet." ]

[ "As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.", "Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored, except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor. Lionel Robbins himself, who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression (1934), later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments.", "In the following year, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was \"swept up\" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping \"night owl\" hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Worse still, his health deteriorated as he suffered severe headaches. Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a fateful decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound.", "The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by the News Corp group headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967.", "Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season. Snowfall increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city (especially north and west of the city)—away from the moderating influence of the ocean. Most snowfall occurs from December through March, as most years see no measurable snow in April and November, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[d]", "The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture. The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period.", "Imamah (Arabic: إمامة‎) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah." ]

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[ "Nysa Bridge The Nysa Bridge is a late imperial Roman bridge over the Cakircak stream in Nysa (modern Sultanhisar) in the ancient region of Caria, modern-day Turkey. The 100 m long substructure was the second largest of its kind in antiquity, after the Pergamon Bridge.", "History of the Roman Empire The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of Ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of the last Western emperor in 476 AD. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the Republic in the 6th century BC, though it did not expand outside of the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC. Civil war engulfed the Roman state in the mid 1st century BC, first between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and finally between Octavian and Mark Antony. Antony was defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian \"imperator\" (\"commander\") thus beginning the Principate, the first epoch of Roman imperial history usually dated from 27 BC to 284 AD; they later awarded him the name Augustus, \"the venerated\". The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs: the Julio-Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors—Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero—before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn Year of Four Emperors, from which Vespasian emerged as victor. Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty, to be followed by the Nerva–Antonine dynasty which produced the \"Five Good Emperors\": Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and the philosophically inclined Marcus Aurelius. In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius, a contemporary observer, the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent \"from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron\"—a famous comment which has led some historians, notably Edward Gibbon, to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire." ]

[ "Inca rope bridge Inca rope bridges are simple suspension bridges over canyons and gorges and rivers (\"pongos\") constructed by the Inca Empire. The bridges were an integral part of the Inca road system and exemplify Inca innovation in engineering. Bridges of this type were useful since the Inca people did not use wheeled transport - traffic was limited to pedestrians and livestock - and they were frequently used by Chasqui runners delivering messages throughout the Inca Empire.", "Union Arch Bridge The Union Arch Bridge, also called the \"Cabin John Bridge\", is a historic masonry structure in Cabin John, Maryland. It was designed as part of the Washington Aqueduct. The bridge construction began in 1857 and was completed in 1864. The roadway surface was added later. The bridge was designed by Alfred Landon Rives, and built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers under the direction of Lieutenant Montgomery C. Meigs.", "Empire Zone An Empire Zone is an area of up to two non-contiguous miles, in which tax incentives are offered by the state of New York, under the Empire Zones Program . This program was designed to bring new businesses and jobs to the state. In 1999, the New York State Economic Development Zones program became the Empire Zones program at the direction of Gov. George Pataki. Today there are 82 Empire Zones in New York, and 9,800 certified businesses operating within them .", "Empire Buildings The Empire Buildings , also often referred to as the Empire Building, are a group of heritage listed buildings on the corner of Stirling Terrace and York Street overlooking Princess Royal Harbour in Albany in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.", "Detroit–Superior Bridge The Detroit–Superior Bridge (officially known as the Veterans Memorial Bridge) is a 3,112 foot (949 meter) long through arch bridge over the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio. The bridge links Detroit Avenue on Cleveland's west side and Superior Avenue on Cleveland's east side, terminating west of Public Square. Construction by the King Bridge Company began in 1914 and completed in 1918, at a cost of $5.4 million. It was the first fixed high level bridge in Cleveland, and the third high level bridge above the Cuyahoga (the first was the Old Superior Viaduct and the second the Central Viaduct, also built by the King Company). At the time of its completion, the bridge was the largest steel and concrete reinforced bridge in the world.", "Ponte di Pioraco The Ponte di Pioraco is a Roman bridge in Pioraco, central Italy, presumably erected under emperor Augustus (r. 30 BC–14 AD).", "Roman Republic The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana ; ] ) was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.", "Empire (graphic novel) Empire is a 1978 graphic novel written by Samuel R. Delany and illustrated by Howard Chaykin.", "Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation The Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) was an urban transit holding company, based in Brooklyn, New York City, United States, and incorporated in 1923. The system was sold to the city in 1940. Today, together with the IND subway system, it forms the B Division of the modern New York City Subway. The original BMT routes currently form the J/Z , L , M , N , Q , R and W trains, as well as the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, with the IND B , D , and F using BMT trackage in Brooklyn, as does a short section of the A in Queens. The M train enters the IND via the Chrystie Street Connection after crossing the Williamsburg Bridge, the Q , along with some rush-hour N trains enter the IND from the BMT 63rd Street Line and the R train enters the IND via the 60th Street Tunnel Connection. The Z train supplements the J in the peak direction during rush hours only.", "Nypano Railroad The Nypano Railroad, earlier the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad, was organized from the bankrupt Atlantic and Great Western Railroad in March 1880.", "Empire (Vidal novel) Empire is the fourth historical novel in the \"Narratives of Empire\" series by Gore Vidal, published in 1987.", "Pala Empire The Pala Empire was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal. It is named after its ruling dynasty, whose rulers bore names ending with the suffix of \"Pala\", which meant \"protector\" in the ancient language of Prakrit. They were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism. The empire was founded with the election of Gopala as the emperor of Gauda in 750 CE. The Pala stronghold was located in Bengal and Bihar, which included the major cities of Vikrampura, Pataliputra, Gauda, Monghyr, Somapura, Ramvati (Varendra), Tamralipta and Jaggadala.", "Empire (PLATO) Empire is the name of a computer game written for the PLATO system in 1973. It is significant for being quite probably the first networked multiplayer arena shooter-style game. It may also be the first networked multiplayer action game (although \"Maze War\" is another possibility for this distinction).", "Hadrian's Wall Hadrian's Wall (Latin: \"Vallum Aelium\" ), also called the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or \"Vallum Hadriani\" in Latin, was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in AD 122 in the reign of the emperor Hadrian. It ran from the banks of the River Tyne near the North Sea to the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea, and was the northern limit of the Roman Empire, immediately north of which were the lands of the northern Ancient Britons, including the Picts.", "Club of great powers The Great Powers' Club or The Club of Great Powers is a term used by historians to refer to a collection of empires in the ancient Near East and Egypt between 1500-1100 BC, or the Late Bronze Age. These powers were Assyria, Babylon, Egyptian Empire, Hittite Empire, and Mitanni, viz. the major powers in Mesopotamia, the Levant and Anatolia.", "List of Empire ships (P) The Empire ships were a series of ships in the service of the British Government. Their names were all prefixed with \"Empire\". Mostly they were used during World War II by the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT), who owned the ships but contracted out their management to various shipping lines. Some ships requisitioned during the Suez Crisis were also given the \"Empire\" prefix. They were acquired from a number of sources. Many were built for the MoWT, others obtained from the United States, still others were captured or seized from enemy powers.", "Aqua Anio Novus Aqua Anio Novus (Latin for \"New Anio aqueduct\") was an ancient aqueduct of Rome. Like the \"Aqua Claudia\", it was begun by emperor Caligula in 38 AD and completed in 52 AD by Claudius, who dedicated them both on August 1. Together with the Aqua Anio Vetus, Aqua Marcia and Aqua Claudia, it is regarded as one of the \"four great aqueducts of Rome.\"", "Old St. Peter's Basilica Old St. Peter's Basilica was the building that stood, from the 4th to 16th centuries, where the new St. Peter's Basilica stands today in Vatican City. Construction of the basilica, built over the historical site of the Circus of Nero, began during the reign of Emperor Constantine I. The name \"old St. Peter's Basilica\" has been used since the construction of the current basilica to distinguish the two buildings.", "League of the Empire League of the Empire, often referred to as \"League of Empire\" was a British organisation with branches throughout the British Empire, with the aim of inculcating patriotic feelings, and was successful in inaugurating Empire Day, on 24 May, prior to 1901 celebrated as the Queen's Birthday. The object of the league was stated as \"... to inspire personal and active interest in the Empire as a whole, and to promote educational and friendly intercommunication between its different parts (1) through the teaching of Imperial history and conditions by means of public and school lectures; (2) through the furtherance of such training as shall make members efficient citizens in whatever part of the Empire they may be called upon to live; and (3) through the supplying to the youth of the Empire a common bond of literary intercourse by means of a magazine, or by means of written correspondence, member with member, or school with school.\"", "History of New York City The written history of New York City began with the first European explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. European settlement began with the Dutch in 1609." ]

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[ "Andrew and Jeremy Get Married Andrew and Jeremy Get Married is a 2004 British documentary film written and directed by Don Boyd for the BBC. It tells the story of two Englishmen, Andrew Thomas and Jeremy Trafford, as they plan for their commitment ceremony. Originally commissioned for the \"BBC Storyville\" series, the film premiered at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Without the King Without the King is a 2007 documentary film by Michael Skolnik, an American filmmaker. It follows problems of Swaziland, a landlocked country in southern Africa." ]

[ "Self-uniting marriage A self-uniting marriage is one in which the couple are married without the presence of a third-party officiant. Although non-denominational, this method of getting married is sometimes referred to as a \"Quaker Marriage\".", "No Talking No Talking is a 2007 children's novel written by Andrew Clements.", "Without You (Empire of the Sun song) \"Without You\" is a song by Australian electronic music duo Empire of the Sun, released as the fourth single from their debut album \"Walking on a Dream\". The single was digitally released on the Australian iTunes Store on 25 September 2009. The CD single was released on 28 September 2009. The song was remixed for single release, making it more uptempo and upbeat.", "Andrew Scarborough Andrew Scarborough is an English actor and is most widely known for his recent role on screen as Tim Drewe in the multi BAFTA and Emmy award-winning \"Downton Abbey\". He is also known for his other roles on screen in \"Hearts and Bones\", \"The Bible\", \"Jamaica Inn\", \"Hidden\" and \"Bad Girls\". Andrew is also a theatre actor, performing in many of London's major theatres, including in the West End, and many provincial theatres in the UK and in Berlin.", "Two Song Wedding Two Song Wedding is the fourth album by Canadian singer-songwriter Kate Maki, released January 12, 2010. The album was released independently on Maki's own Confusion Unlimited label, with distribution by Outside Music.", "Minehead Without Minehead Without is a civil parish in the English county of Somerset, and within the Exmoor National Park. As its name suggests, the parish covers a rural area to the west of, but not including, the small coastal town of Minehead. The parish's principal settlement is the hamlet of Bratton.", "Without Time Without Time is a Polish Indie Rock / Experimental duo from Gdańsk, formed in 2010 and consisting of Alex Kondrashoff (vocals, keyboards) and Ian Kolomytsky (guitars, drums).", "Arthur (season 14) The 14th season of the television series \"Arthur\" was originally broadcast on PBS in the United States from October 11, 2010 to April 28, 2011 and contains 10 episodes. Season 14 began screening at Israel in late August 2010 and on ABC2 of Australia on September 27, 2010. It has also screened in United Kingdom on CBBC since November 1, 2010. The second half started on Earth Day 2011 and ended the day before the Royal Wedding the next day.", "Peter Phillips Peter Mark Andrew Phillips (born 15 November 1977) is the elder child and only son of Anne, Princess Royal, and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. He is the eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. After graduating from university in 2000, he worked for Jaguar followed by WilliamsF1. In 2003, while working for WilliamsF1 in Canada, he met Autumn Kelly, whom he married in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in 2008. For many years Phillips has worked in the sports sponsorship and management fields. He is currently 13th in line of succession to the British throne.", "On Royalty On Royalty: A Very Polite Inquiry into Some Strangely Related Families is a book by Jeremy Paxman examining the ways in which the British Monarchy continues to hold to the public imagination.", "Life Without George Life Without George was a BBC comedy series written by Penny Croft and Val Hudson and starring Simon Cadell and Carol Royle, centred on a young woman's struggle to adapt to life after being left by her partner (the titular George). The series ran from 12 March 1987 to 4 May 1989. The theme tune was written and performed by the show's writer Penny Croft.", "The Merrymakers The Merrymakers are a Swedish based musical duo composed of Anders Hellgren and David Myhr, former members are Thomas Nyström, Kenneth Berg, Patrik Bergman and Peter Arffman. They have been making music together since the 1990s. Their major releases include \"Andrew's store\", \"No Sleep 'til famous\" and \"Bubblegun.\" They have also written and produced songs for Puffy AmiYumi, Dorian Gray, Yuko Yamaguchi and Fujifabric. In March 2008 Anders Hellgren announced that work had begun on a new Merrymakers album, although that seems to have been put aside in favor of David Myhr's solo album, \"Soundshine\", due to be released in 2011.", "A Good Marriage (film) A Good Marriage is a 2014 American psychological thriller film based on the novella of the same name by Stephen King, from the 2010 collection \"Full Dark, No Stars\". It stars Joan Allen, Anthony LaPaglia, Kristen Connolly and Stephen Lang. It was released on October 3, 2014.", "Sandridge, Wiltshire Sandridge is a dispersed rural community to the east of Melksham, Wiltshire, England. It is part of the civil parish of Melksham Without.", "The Parson's Wedding The Parson's Wedding is a Caroline era stage play, a comedy written by Thomas Killigrew. Often regarded as the author's best play, the drama has sometimes been considered an anticipation of Restoration comedy, written a generation before the Restoration; \"its general tone foreshadows the comedy of the Restoration from which the play is in many respects indistinguishable.\"", "Dogzilla Dogzilla was a duo of dance music musicians from the United Kingdom. The group has had four major releases since 2003 and is composed of Simon Patterson and Richie Kayvan, both based in London. They are most famous for their single \"Without You\" which charted in numerous countries, including Finland where it reached the number 11 spot. The song also appeared on many respected compilation albums such as Dave Pearce Dance Anthem Classics and former world #1 DJ Paul Van Dyk picked it as his track of the year. Their eponymously titled debut featured in the cult Brit flick 'The Football Factory'.", "Dirty Love (film) Dirty Love is a 2005 American romantic comedy film written by and starring Jenny McCarthy and directed by John Mallory Asher. At the time of filming, McCarthy and Asher were married; they divorced the month the film was released. Playing heavily off McCarthy's reputation for toilet humor, the film was critically panned and was a box office bomb; it also received the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture.", "The King (2005 film) The King is a 2005 drama film about a troubled man, recently discharged from the Navy, who goes to Corpus Christi, Texas, in search of the father he's never met.", "Married (TV series) Married is an American comedy series created by Andrew Gurland, which aired on FX from July 17, 2014 to October 1, 2015. The series stars Judy Greer, Nat Faxon, Jenny Slate, and Brett Gelman. On September 30, 2014, FX renewed \"Married\" for a 13 episode second season which premiered on July 16, 2015. On October 26, 2015, FX cancelled the series after two seasons and 23 episodes.", "Hearth son A hearth son was, in medieval England, a younger son of a landed knight or baron, who due to the laws of feudal inheritance, did not have his own land. Unlike in Anglo-Saxon times, when land was split between surviving sons, during the Middle Ages the eldest son of a landed family inherited the estate entire. As such, younger sons had no income, and resided in a family member's home. There they would live out the rest of their days, most likely unmarried due to the undesirability of an unlanded groom, and waiting for a chance to make it on their own. This term first appears in English lawbooks and is further discussed in the book \"William Marshal\" by David Crouch." ]

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[ "Alec Guinness in the \"Motion Picture Herald\". Alec Guinness Sir Alec Guinness, (born Alec Guinness de Cuffe; 2 April 1914 – 5 August 2000) was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, Guinness was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including \"The Ladykillers\" and \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" in which he played nine different characters. He is also known for his six collaborations with David Lean: Herbert Pocket in \"Great Expectations\" (1946), Fagin in \"Oliver Twist\" (1948), Col. Nicholson in \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\" (1957, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor), Prince", "Alec Guinness Alec Guinness Sir Alec Guinness, (born Alec Guinness de Cuffe; 2 April 1914 – 5 August 2000) was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, Guinness was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including \"The Ladykillers\" and \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" in which he played nine different characters. He is also known for his six collaborations with David Lean: Herbert Pocket in \"Great Expectations\" (1946), Fagin in \"Oliver Twist\" (1948), Col. Nicholson in \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\" (1957, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor), Prince Faisal in \"Lawrence of Arabia\"", "Barnacle Bill (1957 film) Barnacle Bill (1957 film) Barnacle Bill (released in the US as All at Sea) is a 1957 Ealing Studios comedy film, starring Alec Guinness. He plays an unsuccessful Royal Navy officer, and six of his maritime ancestors. This was the penultimate Ealing comedy as well as the last film Guinness made for Ealing Studios. By coincidence, his first Ealing success was \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" (1949), in which he also played multiple roles. The film was written by the screenwriter of \"Passport to Pimlico\". William Horatio Ambrose (Guinness) wants desperately to live up to the proud family tradition; the Ambroses", "British comedy films early 1930s, while the music hall tradition strongly influenced film comedy into the 1940s with Will Hay and George Formby among the top comedy stars of the time. In England in the late 1940s, Ealing Studios achieved popular success as well as critical acclaim with a series of films known collectively as the \"Ealing comedies\", from 1947 to 1957. They usually included a degree of social comment, and featured ensemble casts which often included Alec Guinness or Stanley Holloway. Among the most famous examples were \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" (1949), \"The Lavender Hill Mob\" (1951) and \" The Ladykillers\" (1955).", "Ealing Studios Ealing Studios Ealing Studios is a television and film production company and facilities provider at Ealing Green in west London. Will Barker bought the White Lodge on Ealing Green in 1902 as a base for film making, and films have been made on the site ever since. It is the oldest continuously working studio facility for film production in the world, and the current stages were opened for the use of sound in 1931. It is best known for a series of classic films produced in the post-WWII years, including \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" (1949), \"Passport to Pimlico\" (1949), \"The", "Alec Guinness performance at the Comedy Theatre in the West End on 30 May 1989, in the play \"A Walk in the Woods\". In all, between 2 April 1934 and 30 May 1989, he played 77 parts in the theatre. In films, Guinness was initially associated mainly with the Ealing Comedies, and particularly for playing nine characters in \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\". Other films from this period included \"The Lavender Hill Mob\", black comedy \"The Ladykillers\", and \"The Man in the White Suit\", with all three ranked among the Best British films. In 1952, director Ronald Neame cast Guinness in his first", "Tooting situated on the same street, Tooting High Street, only a few metres apart. They both have many types of outlets, but one, Tooting Market, is predominately Asian. The larger, The Broadway Market, is one of the largest of London's indoor markets, having more than ninety stalls, and has been active since 1936. The markets tend to be very animated on Saturdays, but are both open all the weekdays, except on public holidays. The Ealing Studios film \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" (1949), starring Alec Guinness, references Tooting Bec as where one of the characters is living. The BBC comedy series \"Hugh", "Ealing Studios company embarked on a series of comedies which became the studio's hallmark. These were often lightly satirical and were seen to reflect aspects of British character and society. The first was \"Hue and Cry\" (1947) and the last \"Barnacle Bill\" (1956). The best remembered Ealing films were produced between 1948 and 1955: \"Whisky Galore!\" (1949), \"Passport to Pimlico\" (1949), \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" (1949), \"The Lavender Hill Mob\" (1951), \"The Man in the White Suit\" (1951), \"The Titfield Thunderbolt\" (1953), \"The Cruel Sea\" (1953) and \"The Ladykillers\" (1955) are now seen as classics of British cinema. The BBC bought the", "Dennis Price a thriller, \"Snowbound\", and a crime melodrama \"Good-Time Girl\" (both 1948). In 1948, British exhibitors voted Price the tenth-most popular British actor at the box office. He was promoted to starring roles. He was given the title role in \"The Bad Lord Byron\" (1949); this was a huge flop at the box office, and helped kill off the Gainsborough melodrama. More popular was \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" (1949), for Ealing Films; he played the suave serial murderer Louis Mazzini alongside Alec Guinness. Price was in a wartime drama, \"The Lost People\" (1949). In the same year, he was a guest", "Ealing comedies melodramas though it also produced many comedies. Two Ealing comedies were adapted for radio and broadcast over BBC Radio 4: \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" in 1990 starring Robert Powell and Timothy Bateson and in 2007 starring Michael Kitchen and Harry Enfield, and \"The Ladykillers\" in 1996 starring Edward Petherbridge. Ealing comedies The Ealing comedies is an informal name for a series of comedy films produced by the London-based Ealing Studios during the period 1947 to 1957. \"Hue and Cry\" (1947) is generally considered to be the earliest of the cycle, and \"Barnacle Bill\" (1957) the last, although some sources list", "Anne Valery the catwalks of Paris and London before finding work as a producer's secretary at the BBC. Valery's acting career began in 1949 by winning a role in the Sid Field comedy \"Cardboard Cavalier\", and portrayed the mistress of Ascoyne D'Ascoyne (Alec Guinness) in \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\" that same year. She then went to the Rank Charm School and took small roles in films such as \"What the Butler Saw\" and \"King of the Underworld\" between 1950 and 1952. However, Valery's career in acting was not established and focused her attention to presenting on television, working for the ITV company", "Ealing Road (the West London Tram scheme), but this was abandoned in August 2007 in the face of fierce local opposition. The station will be linked with Crossrail in 2019. A total of 18 buses (including night buses) serve Ealing Broadway. Ealing has a developed night-time economy that is backed by numerous pubs and restaurants located on The Mall, The Broadway and New Broadway (forming part of the greater Uxbridge Road). Ealing is best known for its film studios, which are the oldest in the world and are known especially for the Ealing comedies, including \"Kind Hearts and Coronets\", \"Passport to" ]

[ "Alec Guinness Guinness was born at 155 Lauderdale Mansions South, Lauderdale Road, Maida Vale, as Alec Guinness de Cuffe. His mother's maiden name was Agnes Cuff. She was born 8 December 1890 to Edward Cuff and Mary Ann Benfield. On Guinness's birth certificate, the space for the mother's name shows Agnes de Cuffe. The space for the infant's name (where first names only are given) says Alec Guinness. The column for name and surname of father is blank. The identity of Guinness's father has never been officially confirmed. From 1875, under English law, when the birth of an illegitimate child was registered,", "Ealing comedies but its production was unconnected with Ealing. Many of the films were built around a repertory group of actors, screenwriters, directors and technicians. Directors were Alexander Mackendrick, Charles Crichton, Robert Hamer, Charles Frend, Anthony Pelissier and Henry Cornelius. Notable actors who became prolific in these films included Stanley Holloway, Alec Guinness, Raymond Huntley and Alastair Sim. A number of actors also appeared frequently in smaller roles such as Philip Stainton and Edie Martin. Though Ealing Studios has come to be remembered for its comedies, they were only a tenth of its productions. Conversely, Gainsborough Pictures is associated with the Gainsborough", "Ealing Comedy (film) and teenage son and his struggles to finance and make the film while keeping his family together. Ealing Comedy (film) Ealing Comedy is a British 2008 comedy film, written by Jon Croker and directed by Neville Raschid. It was premiered at the Ealing Empire on 18 March 2008. A second generation British Asian accountant (Alfie Singh) wants to be a film producer. He has an idea for a film called \"Ealing Comedy\", about an accountant turned film producer called Alfie Singh. Alfie will play himself and his real son, Paul, will play his son in the film. Unable to raise", "Ealing Comedy (film) Ealing Comedy (film) Ealing Comedy is a British 2008 comedy film, written by Jon Croker and directed by Neville Raschid. It was premiered at the Ealing Empire on 18 March 2008. A second generation British Asian accountant (Alfie Singh) wants to be a film producer. He has an idea for a film called \"Ealing Comedy\", about an accountant turned film producer called Alfie Singh. Alfie will play himself and his real son, Paul, will play his son in the film. Unable to raise finance he decides to make the film himself. The film chronicles his life with his Irish wife", "Alec Guinness play \"Libel\", which opened at the old King's Theatre, Hammersmith, and then transferred to the Playhouse, where his status was raised from a walk-on to understudying two lines, and his salary increased to £1 a week. He appeared at the Albery Theatre in 1936 at the age of 22, playing the role of Osric in John Gielgud's successful production of \"Hamlet\". Also in 1936, Guinness signed on with the Old Vic, where he was cast in a series of classic roles. In 1939, he took over for Michael Redgrave as Charleston in a road-show production of Robert Ardrey's \"Thunder Rock\".", "Ealing Studios took over £7 million at the UK Box Office. Between these, Ealing released \"Easy Virtue\" (2008), directed by Stephan Elliott and \"Dorian Gray\" (2009), directed by Oliver Parker. Ealing Studios is also home to the Met Film School London, which has a purposely built film school on the lot and use of the studios. ITV drama \"Downton Abbey\" filmed the kitchen and servants' quarters on stages 3A and 3B. Ealing Studios Ealing Studios is a television and film production company and facilities provider at Ealing Green in west London. Will Barker bought the White Lodge on Ealing Green in 1902", "The Man in the White Suit The Man in the White Suit The Man In The White Suit is a 1951 science-fiction satirical comedy film made by Ealing Studios. It starred Alec Guinness, Joan Greenwood and Cecil Parker and was directed by Alexander Mackendrick. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing (Screenplay) for Roger MacDougall, John Dighton and Alexander Mackendrick (who was a cousin of Roger MacDougall). It followed a common Ealing Studios theme of the \"common man\" against the Establishment. In this instance the hero falls foul of both trade unions and the wealthy mill owners who attempt to suppress his", "Ealing Studios operates on the site. The site was first occupied by Will Barker Studios from 1902. From 1929, it was acquired by theatre producer Basil Dean, who founded Associated Talking Pictures Ltd. He was joined on the management level by Stephen Courtauld and Reginald Baker. In 1931, they built Ealing Studios, transferring all production there in December of that year. When Dean left in 1938 to be replaced by Michael Balcon from MGM, about 60 films had been made at the studios. Balcon discontinued the ATP name and began to issue films under the Ealing Studios name. In 1944, the company", "British comedy films British comedy films British Comedy films are Comedy films produced in UK. In the United Kingdom, film adaptations of stage farces were popular in the early 1930s. British comedy films are numerous, but among the most notable are the Ealing comedies, the 1950s work of the Boulting Brothers, and innumerable popular comedy series including the St Trinian's films, the \"Doctor\" series, and the long-running Carry On films. Some of the best known British film comedy stars include Will Hay, George Formby, Norman Wisdom, Alec Guinness, Peter Sellers and the Monty Python team. Other actors associated with British comedy films include", "A Run for Your Money A Run for Your Money A Run for Your Money is a 1949 Ealing Studios comedy film starring Donald Houston and Meredith Edwards as two Welshmen visiting London for the first time. The supporting cast includes Alec Guinness, Moira Lister and Hugh Griffith. Two Welsh coal miners from (fictional) Hafoduwchbenceubwllymarchogcoch, David 'Dai Number 9' Jones (Donald Houston) and Thomas 'Twm' Jones (Meredith Edwards), win a contest run by the \"Echo\" newspaper. The prize is £100 each, plus the best seats for an important rugby union match between England and Wales at Twickenham. For the naive Welshmen, this is their first", "Alec Guinness Marsh in Hampshire. The House itself was designed by Merula's brother Eusty Salaman. In his biography, \"Alec Guinness: The Unknown\", Garry O'Connor reports that Guinness was arrested and fined 10 guineas (£10.50) for a homosexual act in a public lavatory in Liverpool in 1946. Guinness is said to have avoided publicity by giving his name to police and court as \"Herbert Pocket\", the name of the character he played in \"Great Expectations\". No record of any arrest has ever been found, however. Piers Paul Read, in his 2003 biography, suggests \"The rumour is possibly a conflation of stories about Alec's", "Ealing comedies Ealing comedies The Ealing comedies is an informal name for a series of comedy films produced by the London-based Ealing Studios during the period 1947 to 1957. \"Hue and Cry\" (1947) is generally considered to be the earliest of the cycle, and \"Barnacle Bill\" (1957) the last, although some sources list \"Davy\" (also 1957) as the final Ealing comedy. Relatively few comedy films were made at Ealing Studios until several years after World War II. The 1939 film \"Cheer Boys Cheer\", featuring the rivalry between two brewing companies, one big and modernist, the other small and traditional, has been characterised", "Ealing Pimlico\", \"The Ladykillers\" and \"The Lavender Hill Mob\". The studios were taken over by the BBC in 1955, with one consequence being that Ealing locations appeared in television programmes including \"Doctor Who\" (notably within an iconic 1970 sequence in which deadly shop mannequins menaced local residents) to \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\". Most recently, these studios have again been used for making films, including \"Notting Hill\" and \"The Importance of Being Earnest\". Most recently, \"St Trinian's\", a remake of the classic film, was produced by Ealing Studios; some locations in Ealing can be seen in this film. Quite remarkably, Ealing now", "Ealing Studios Lavender Hill Mob\" (1951), and \"The Ladykillers\" (1955). The BBC owned and filmed at the Studios for forty years from 1955 until 1995. Since 2000, Ealing Studios has resumed releasing films under its own name, including the revived \"St Trinian's\" franchise. In more recent times, films shot here include \"The Importance of Being Earnest\" (2002) and \"Shaun of the Dead\" (2004), as well as \"The Theory of Everything\" (2014), \"The Imitation Game\" (2014) and \"Burnt\" (2015). Interior scenes of the British period drama television series \"Downton Abbey\" were shot in Stage 2 of the studios. The Met Film School London", "The Lavender Hill Mob presages James Stewart's condition in Alfred Hitchcock's \"Vertigo\", made seven years later. A film montage of sensational newspaper headlines marks the crime as taking place in August 1950. The film won the Academy Award for Best Writing, Story and Screenplay. Guinness was nominated for the award of Best Actor in a Leading Role. The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. The Lavender Hill Mob The Lavender Hill Mob is a 1951 comedy film from Ealing Studios, written by T. E. B. Clarke, directed by Charles Crichton, starring Alec Guinness and Stanley Holloway and featuring Sid James", "Alec Guinness Street on 8 February 1960. Guinness was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1955 Birthday Honours, and was knighted by Elizabeth II in the 1959 New Year Honours. In 1991, he received an honorary doctorate from Cambridge University. Guinness was appointed a Companion of Honour in the 1994 Birthday Honours for services to Drama. Guinness married the artist, playwright, and actress Merula Sylvia Salaman (1914–2000) in 1938; in 1940, they had a son, Matthew Guinness, who later became an actor. From the 1950s the family lived at their home Kettlebrook Meadows, near Steep", "Ealing Studios studios in 1955, though productions bearing the Ealing name continued to be made at the MGM British Studios at Borehamwood for two years. The BBC based its Film Department at the studios; and at its peak 56 film crews used the studios as a base for location filming of dramas, documentaries and other programmes; shot on 16mm and occasionally 35mm film. Led by a director, these crews usually consisted of a Lighting Cameraman , a camera assistant, a lighting technician (known as a 'spark'), and a sound recordist. Initially these crews were equipped with Arriflex ST cameras and EMI L2", "Alec Guinness of second hand, childish banalities.\" Guinness grew so tired of modern audiences apparently knowing him only for his role of Obi-Wan Kenobi that he would throw away the mail he received from \"Star Wars\" fans without reading it. From the 1970s, Guinness made regular appearances on UK television, including the part of George Smiley in the serialisations of two novels by John le Carré: \"Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy\" and \"Smiley's People\". He twice won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor for the roles, and Le Carré was so impressed by Guinness's performance as Smiley that he based his", "Alec Guinness work. After appearing in Lean's \"Great Expectations\" and \"Oliver Twist\", he was given a starring role opposite William Holden in \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\". For his performance as Colonel Nicholson, the unyielding British POW commanding officer, Guinness won an Academy Award for Best Actor and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor. Despite a difficult and often hostile relationship, Lean, referring to Guinness as \"my good luck charm\", continued to cast Guinness in character roles in his later films: Arab leader Prince Feisal in \"Lawrence of Arabia\"; the title character's half-brother, Bolshevik leader Yevgraf, in \"Doctor Zhivago\" and Indian", "Ealing comedies comedy in which the son of an impoverished branch of the aristocratic D'Ascoyne family murders eight other members, all of whom are played by Alec Guinness, in order to inherit the family Dukedom and gain revenge on his snobbish relations. In \"Passport to Pimlico\" (1949) the inhabitants of the London neighborhood of Pimlico attempt to create their own independent nation state and end rationing, leading to a variety of unexpected problems and diplomatic incidents with the British government. \"The Magnet\" (1950), set in Liverpool, is about a boy whose acquisition of a magnet leads to a series of adventures in", "Alec Guinness During his time at the Old Vic, he worked with many actors and actresses who would become his friends and frequent co-stars in the future, including Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Peggy Ashcroft, Anthony Quayle, and Jack Hawkins. An early influence from afar was Stan Laurel, whom Guinness admired. Guinness continued playing Shakespearean roles throughout his career. In 1937, he played Aumerle in \"Richard II\" and Lorenzo in \"The Merchant of Venice\" under the direction of John Gielgud. He starred in a 1938 production of \"Hamlet\" which won him acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic. He also appeared as Romeo in", "Ealing comedies of £100. His confused efforts to solve a crime lead to him becoming entangled in cold war espionage. The film was closer in style to traditional 1930s comedy, rather than the type of films Ealing had become known for over the previous decade. Two final comedies were released under the Ealing banner, but made at Elstree Studios. \"Barnacle Bill\" (1957) follows Captain Ambrose who, after leaving the navy, buys a run-down pier on the English seaside. Ambrose tries to revive the pier crossing swords with the local council who have a scheme to redevelop the entire seafront, personally enriching themselves", "The Ladykillers now runs between St Pancras railway station and the German Gymnasium. According to the National Film Finance Corporation, the film made a comfortable profit. In 2000, readers of \"Total Film\" magazine voted \"The Ladykillers\" the 36th greatest comedy film of all time, and \"The Guardian\" labelled it the 5th greatest comedy of all time in 2010. The Ladykillers The Ladykillers is a 1955 British black comedy crime film directed by Alexander Mackendrick for Ealing Studios. It stars Alec Guinness, Cecil Parker, Herbert Lom, Peter Sellers, Danny Green, Jack Warner and Katie Johnson as the old lady; Mrs. Wilberforce. American William", "What Does Anything Mean? Basically of its icy church keyboards and delay-ridden guitars\". Chris Jenkins, in the book \"The Rough Guide to Rock\", however, called it \"as half-baked as its title\". What Does Anything Mean? Basically What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik. One single was released from the album: \"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\". \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland. The album's sole single, \"Singing Rule Britannia", "What Does Anything Mean? Basically What Does Anything Mean? Basically What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik. One single was released from the album: \"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\". \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland. The album's sole single, \"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\", was released on 1 August 1985. This song used uncredited Lennon-McCartney lyrics, with the final passage of the song quoting key", "Alec Guinness 1951. Invited by his friend Tyrone Guthrie to join the premiere season of the Stratford Festival of Canada, Guinness lived for a brief time in Stratford, Ontario. On 13 July 1953, Guinness spoke the first lines of the first play produced by the festival, Shakespeare's \"Richard III\": \"Now is the winter of our discontent/Made glorious summer by this sun of York.\" Guinness won a Tony Award for his Broadway performance as Welsh poet Dylan Thomas in \"Dylan\". He next played the title role in \"Macbeth\" opposite Simone Signoret at the Royal Court Theatre in 1966. Guinness made his final stage", "Whisky Galore! (1949 film) Whisky Galore! (1949 film) Whisky Galore! is a 1949 British comedy film produced by Ealing Studios starring Basil Radford, Bruce Seton, Joan Greenwood and Gordon Jackson. It was the directorial debut of Alexander Mackendrick; the screenplay was by Compton MacKenzie, based on his 1947 novel \"Whisky Galore\". The storybased on a true eventconcerns a shipwreck off a fictional Scottish island, the inhabitants of which have run out of whisky; the islanders find out the ship is carrying 50,000 cases of whisky, which they salvage, against the opposition of the local Customs and Excise men. Like others of the Ealing comedies,", "Habeas Corpus (play) Habeas Corpus (play) Habeas Corpus is a stage comedy in two acts by the English author Alan Bennett. It was first performed at the Lyric Theatre in London on 10 May 1973, with Alec Guinness in the central role. It ran, with cast changes, until 10 August 1974. The Broadway production that followed was less successful, running for less than three months. The play has been revived several times since then, in London and elsewhere. The action revolves around the (generally) thwarted libidos of the principal characters. The title of the play is an old legal term \"habeas corpus\", which", "Alec Guinness before receiving a commission as a Temporary Sub-lieutenant on 30 April 1942 and a promotion to Temporary Lieutenant the following year. Guinness then commanded a landing craft at the Allied invasion of Sicily, and later ferried supplies and agents to the Yugoslav partisans in the eastern Mediterranean theatre. During the war, he was granted leave to appear in the Broadway production of Terence Rattigan's play, \"Flare Path\", about RAF Bomber Command, with Guinness playing the role of Flight Lieutenant Teddy Graham. Guinness returned to the Old Vic in 1946 and stayed until 1948, playing Abel Drugger in Ben Jonson's \"The", "Alec Guinness a production of \"Romeo and Juliet\" (1939), Andrew Aguecheek in \"Twelfth Night\", and as Exeter in \"Henry V\" in 1937, both opposite Laurence Olivier, and Ferdinand in \"The Tempest\", opposite Gielgud as Prospero. In 1939, he adapted Charles Dickens' novel \"Great Expectations\" for the stage, playing Herbert Pocket. The play was a success. One of its viewers was a young British film editor, David Lean, who would later have Guinness reprise his role in Lean's 1946 film adaptation of the play. Guinness served in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve in the Second World War, initially as a seaman in 1941,", "Alec Guinness Wars\" trilogy attracted. In the DVD commentary of the original \"Star Wars\", Lucas says that Guinness was not happy with the script rewrite in which Obi-Wan is killed. Guinness said in a 1999 interview that it was actually his idea to kill off Obi-Wan, persuading Lucas that it would make him a stronger character and that Lucas agreed to the idea. Guinness stated in the interview, \"What I didn't tell Lucas was that I just couldn't go on speaking those bloody awful, banal lines. I'd had enough of the mumbo jumbo.\" He went on to say that he \"shrivelled up\"", "Moultrie Kelsall Ben Roberts from the Hornblower book \"Beat To Quarters\" by C. S. Forester. In the same year, he appeared as the Constable of France in the BBC TV \"Sunday Night Theatre\" production of Shakespeare's \"Henry V\". He played a Detective Superintendent in the Ealing Studios comedy film from the same year, \"The Lavender Hill Mob\", directed by Charles Crichton, and starring Alec Guinness and Stanley Holloway. Audrey Hepburn had a very small part, indeed it may have been her debut. He completed his year's work as a ship's captain in the espionage film, \"High Treason\", co-written and directed by Roy", "Ealing Studios was a separate projection room in the same area for theatre K, which was 35mm. There was also a dubbing theatre B, where 16mm productions would be dubbed, and film dispatch and sound transfer suites, where the quarter-inch tape from Nagra tape machines would be transferred to 16mm magnetic. Film previews ran rushes, cutting copies, synch rushes, answer prints and transmission prints before going to telecine. With the BBC seeking to reduce costs and in particular studio facilities, a decision was taken to sell Ealing Studios on the open market. Although a sale was agreed with BBRK, the BBC inserted", "The Lavender Hill Mob The Lavender Hill Mob The Lavender Hill Mob is a 1951 comedy film from Ealing Studios, written by T. E. B. Clarke, directed by Charles Crichton, starring Alec Guinness and Stanley Holloway and featuring Sid James and Alfie Bass. The title refers to Lavender Hill, a street in Battersea, a district of South London, in the postcode district SW11, near to Clapham Junction railway station. The British Film Institute ranked \"The Lavender Hill Mob\" the 17th greatest British film of all time. The original film was digitally restored and re-released to UK cinemas on 29 July 2011 to celebrate its", "Matthew Guinness Matthew Guinness Matthew Guinness (born 6 June 1940) is an English actor. He played the part of the Farmer in the 1976 film \"Nuts in May\", appears in Ridley Scott's \"The Duellists\" (1977) and had a small role in 1986's \"Lady Jane\". He has also worked extensively in theatre. Guinness was born in London, the only child of Alec Guinness (1914–2000) and Merula Salaman (1914–2000). According to his father, Matthew Guinness was afflicted with polio early in his life, although he later made a full recovery. Guinness has been married three times. He is the father of actress Sally Guinness,", "Matthew Guinness born in 1971, when he was married to Andree M. Lefevre. Matthew Guinness Matthew Guinness (born 6 June 1940) is an English actor. He played the part of the Farmer in the 1976 film \"Nuts in May\", appears in Ridley Scott's \"The Duellists\" (1977) and had a small role in 1986's \"Lady Jane\". He has also worked extensively in theatre. Guinness was born in London, the only child of Alec Guinness (1914–2000) and Merula Salaman (1914–2000). According to his father, Matthew Guinness was afflicted with polio early in his life, although he later made a full recovery. Guinness has been", "A Walk in the Woods (play) West End at the Comedy Theater in November 1988. The cast starred Alec Guinness (Andrey Botvinnik) and Edward Herrmann (John Honeyman), directed by Ronald Eyre. The play was produced Off-Broadway by the Keen Company at The Clurman Theatre at Theatre Row in September 2014. The cast starred Paul Niebanck (John Honeyman) and Kathleen Chalfant (as Irina Botvinnik), directed by Jonathan Silverstein. Blessing commented on changing the character of the Soviet diplomat from a man to a woman: \" 'I've formally been asked for my approval to change the gender of one or the other negotiator in this play four times,", "Alec Guinness Elba. During the war he was granted leave to appear in the stage play \"Flare Path\" about RAF Bomber Command. Guinness won an Academy Award, a BAFTA, a Golden Globe and a Tony Award. In 1959, he was knighted by Elizabeth II for services to the arts. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, the Academy Honorary Award for lifetime achievement in 1980 and the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award in 1989. Guinness appeared in nine films that featured in the BFI's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century, which included five of Lean's films.", "Ealing Studios was taken over by the Rank Organisation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the facility as ATP and then Ealing Studios produced many comedies with stars such as Gracie Fields, George Formby, Stanley Holloway and Will Hay, who had established their reputations in other spheres of entertainment. The company was also instrumental in the use of documentary film-makers to make more realistic war films. These included \"Went the Day Well?\" (1942), \"The Foreman Went to France\" (1942), \"Undercover\" (1943), and \"San Demetrio London\" (1943). In 1945, the studio made its influential chiller compendium \"Dead of Night\". In the post-war period, the", "The Ladykillers (play) at The Questors Theatre, located less than 500 metres from Ealing Studios, where the original 1955 film of the same name was shot.. The Ladykillers (play) The Ladykillers is a 2011 stage adaptation written by Graham Linehan based on the Ealing comedy film of the same name. The play premièred at the Liverpool Playhouse in November 2011, directed by Sean Foley. It then transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in London, opening on 7 December 2011 (after previews from 26 November 2011), and closed after a successful and extended run on 14 April 2012. The production, with a different cast, then", "Alec Trendall fossils known as stromatolites. Alec Trendall Alec Trendall (8 December 1928 – 4 April 2013) was an English geologist, poet, and explorer. He is known for his work in mapping the island of South Georgia and for surveying the geology of Western Australia. Alec Trendall was born in 1928 at Enfield, Middlesex, and in 1949 graduated in geology at London University. He has a PhD degree from Liverpool University. Trendall was the geologist on the 1951-52 and 1953-54 South Georgia Survey expeditions led by Duncan Carse. Trendall Crag, 1,005 m, overlooking the north side of Drygalski Fjord at the southeast", "Alec Trendall Alec Trendall Alec Trendall (8 December 1928 – 4 April 2013) was an English geologist, poet, and explorer. He is known for his work in mapping the island of South Georgia and for surveying the geology of Western Australia. Alec Trendall was born in 1928 at Enfield, Middlesex, and in 1949 graduated in geology at London University. He has a PhD degree from Liverpool University. Trendall was the geologist on the 1951-52 and 1953-54 South Georgia Survey expeditions led by Duncan Carse. Trendall Crag, 1,005 m, overlooking the north side of Drygalski Fjord at the southeast end of South Georgia,", "Charles Crichton he edited the film, \"The Big Blockade\" (1942). Crichton also served as an associate producer of the film, \"Nine Men\" (1943), which he also edited. Crichton made his directorial debut with \"For Those in Peril\" (1944). In 1945, he directed \"Painted Boats\" and co-directed a segment in \"Dead of Night\". Crichton then directed \"Hue and Cry\" (1947), a film considered to be the first comedy released by Ealing Studios. Crichton later directed \"Against the Wind\" (1948) and \"Dance Hall\" (1950). Crichton then directed Alec Guinness in \"The Lavender Hill Mob\" (1951). This was followed by \"Hunted\" (1952), starring Dirk Bogarde.", "The Ladykillers The Ladykillers The Ladykillers is a 1955 British black comedy crime film directed by Alexander Mackendrick for Ealing Studios. It stars Alec Guinness, Cecil Parker, Herbert Lom, Peter Sellers, Danny Green, Jack Warner and Katie Johnson as the old lady; Mrs. Wilberforce. American William Rose wrote the screenplay, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay and won the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay. He claimed to have dreamt the entire film and merely had to remember the details when he awoke. The film holds a rare 100% rating on review aggregator website Rotten", "Whisky Galore! (1949 film) influence over later Scottish-based films, including \"The Wicker Man\" (1973) and \"Local Hero\" (1983). In 2007 the film was adapted and staged at the Nottingham Playhouse. In June 2016 a remake of the film was premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival. Eddie Izzard played Waggett and Gregor Fisher took the role of Macroon. The film was remade in 2016, with release in the UK in early May 2017. Whisky Galore! (1949 film) Whisky Galore! is a 1949 British comedy film produced by Ealing Studios starring Basil Radford, Bruce Seton, Joan Greenwood and Gordon Jackson. It was the directorial debut", "Alec Guinness while he was filming \"Father Brown\" in Burgundy, Guinness, who was in costume as a Catholic priest, was mistaken for a real priest by a local child. Guinness was far from fluent in French, and the child apparently did not notice that Guinness did not understand him but took his hand and chattered while the two strolled; the child then waved and trotted off. The confidence and affection the clerical attire appeared to inspire in the boy left a deep impression on the actor. When their son was ill with polio at the age of 11, Guinness began visiting a", "Alec Guinness romantic lead role, opposite Petula Clark in \"The Card\". In 1951, exhibitors voted him the most popular British star. Other notable film roles of this period included \"The Swan\" (1956) with Grace Kelly, in her second-to-last film role; \"The Horse's Mouth\" (1958) in which Guinness played the part of drunken painter Gulley Jimson, as well as writing the screenplay, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award; the lead in Carol Reed's \"Our Man in Havana\" (1959); Marcus Aurelius in \"The Fall of the Roman Empire\" (1964); \"The Quiller Memorandum\" (1966); Marley's Ghost in \"Scrooge\" (1970); Charles I in", "British comedy films Hotel\" (2012) and \"The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel\" (2015) with Judi Dench and Maggie Smith. British comedy films British Comedy films are Comedy films produced in UK. In the United Kingdom, film adaptations of stage farces were popular in the early 1930s. British comedy films are numerous, but among the most notable are the Ealing comedies, the 1950s work of the Boulting Brothers, and innumerable popular comedy series including the St Trinian's films, the \"Doctor\" series, and the long-running Carry On films. Some of the best known British film comedy stars include Will Hay, George Formby, Norman Wisdom, Alec", "Alec Guinness church to pray. A few years later in 1956, Guinness converted to the Roman Catholic Church. His wife, who was of paternal Sephardi Jewish descent, followed suit in 1957 while he was in Sri Lanka filming \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\", and she informed him only after the event. Every morning, Guinness recited a verse from Psalm 143, \"Cause me to hear your loving kindness in the morning\". Guinness died on the night of 5 August 2000, from liver cancer, at Midhurst in West Sussex. He had been receiving hospital treatment for glaucoma, and had recently also been diagnosed", "The Magnet (film) the over-imaginative Johnny\". Stalwarts of Ealing's repertory ensemble, however, such as Stanley Holloway and Alec Guinness, were absent, although James Robertson Justice made a small appearance as a tramp, using a Gaelic pseudonym; at the time he was a candidate in the General Election. The film has not achieved the general popularity of better-known Ealing comedies such as \"Passport to Pimlico\" and \"The Lavender Hill Mob\", although it is described as \"a mild-mannered affair and the comedy gives way to a decidedly poignant conclusion\". Leslie Halliwell similarly described it as a \"very mild Ealing comedy, not really up to snuff\".", "Alec Guinness every time \"Star Wars\" was mentioned to him. Although Guinness disliked the fame that followed work he did not hold in high esteem, Lucas and fellow cast members Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Kenny Baker, Anthony Daniels and Carrie Fisher have spoken highly of his courtesy and professionalism, on and off the set. Lucas credited him with inspiring cast and crew to work harder, saying that Guinness contributed significantly to achieving completion of the filming. Guinness was quoted as saying that the royalties he obtained from working on the films gave him \"no complaints; let me leave it by saying I", "What She Does Best other singles charted far outside the Top 40. \"How Many Hearts\" was the last single Anderson released, and it peaked at No. 69 on the country charts in 1989. The album's cover shows Anderson leaning on a fancy sports car, wearing a classic 1980s outfit. What She Does Best What She Does Best is a studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1988. It was her only album with Mercury records. Notable due to featuring her last charting single, \"What She Does Best\" did not chart and was commercially unsuccessful. It would be her last album for four", "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown Fortnight\", received 1.76 million viewers, which was an 8.3% audience share. The 2014 Christmas special was watched by 1.75 million viewers: a 7.6% audience share. In 2014, \"8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown\" was nominated for the British Comedy Awards in two categories: Best Comedy Panel Programme and Best Comedy Moment of 2014. Sean Lock was also nominated for Best Male Television Comic, and Joe Wilkinson was nominated for Best Comedy Breakthrough Artist. 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown is a crossover between the panel games \"8 Out of 10 Cats\"", "1949 Cotton Bowl Classic 1949 Cotton Bowl Classic The 1949 Cotton Bowl Classic was a post-season game between the SMU Mustangs and the Oregon Webfoots. 20 points were scored in the final quarter. SMU, despite losing for the first time in 1946, had a banner year once again as Doak Walker won the Heisman Trophy and led SMU to their 2nd consecutive Southwest Conference championship and 2nd straight Cotton Bowl. Oregon had only played in two bowl games, the last being the 1920 Rose Bowl. They shared the Pacific Coast Conference championship with California, who they did not play that season. While the Bears", "Riverside Studios as an overflow for making quota quickies. However, by 1937 his company had gone into liquidation. Between 1937 and 1946, the studios were owned by Jack Buchanan and produced such films as \"We'll Meet Again\" (1943) with Vera Lynn and \"The Seventh Veil\" (1945) with James Mason. In 1946 the studios were acquired by Alliance Film Studios (then owners of Twickenham Studios and Southall Studios) and produced films including \"They Made Me a Fugitive\" (1948) with Trevor Howard, \"The Happiest Days of Your Life\" (1950) with Alistair Sim and Margaret Rutherford and \"Father Brown\" (1954) with Alec Guinness. In 1954,", "Ealing Studios Alistair Cooke's edited by Alan Tyrer and photographed by Kenneth MacMillan to \"Z-Cars\" edited by Shelia Tomlinson and many others and \"Cathy Come Home\" edited by Roy Watts, assisted by Roger Waugh. These programmes had massive post production support, viewing theatres, transfer suites, dubbing theatre, maintenance; all these staff and the film crews made up what was fondly known as the TFS Family. In the 1980s, the BBC developed and expanded the use of electronic PSC (Portable Single Camera) location equipment and the use of 16mm film on location gradually declined. The BBC also used the studio facilities at Ealing", "Alec Hearne Alec Hearne Alec Hearne (22 July 1863 – 16 May 1952) was a member of the famous cricketing Hearne family. He played as a professional for Kent County Cricket Club between 1884 and 1906 and made one Test match appearance for England. He was an all-rounder who was named as one of Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year in 1894. His father, George played cricket for Middlesex during the 1860s and brothers George and Frank also played Test cricket, as did his cousin, John Thomas Hearne. Hearne was born on 22 July 1863 in Ealing in what was then Middlesex.", "Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club be a premiership club, Ealing must increase the capacity of Vallis Way or ground share with a local club. Club honours The Ealing Trailfinders squad for the 2018–19 season is: Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club is an English rugby union club, located in West London. The club's first team play in the Greene King IPA Championship RFU Championship after they won National League 1 in 2014–15, the third tier of the English domestic rugby union league system. The club's registered playing name with the RFU is Ealing Trailfinders. The club is a Mutual Society registered with the", "Alec Guinness characterisation of Smiley in subsequent novels on Guinness. One of Guinness's last appearances was in the BBC drama \"Eskimo Day\" (1996). Guinness won the Academy Award for Best Actor and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in 1957 for his role in \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\" after having been unsuccessfully nominated for an Oscar in 1952 for his performance in \"The Lavender Hill Mob\". He was nominated in 1958 for the Academy Award for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium, for his screenplay adapted from Joyce Cary's novel \"The Horse's Mouth\". He was nominated for", "Alec Guinness because \"this is going to be an ill effect on your life\". The fan was stunned at first but later thanked him (though some sources say it went differently). Guinness is quoted as saying: \"'Well', I said, 'do you think you could promise never to see \"Star Wars\" again?' He burst into tears. His mother drew herself up to an immense height. 'What a dreadful thing to say to a child!' she barked, and dragged the poor kid away. Maybe she was right but I just hope the lad, now in his thirties, is not living in a fantasy world", "Alec Guinness with prostate cancer. He was interred at Petersfield, Hampshire. Guinness wrote three volumes of a best-selling autobiography, beginning with \"Blessings in Disguise\" in 1985, followed by \"My Name Escapes Me\" in 1996, and \"A Positively Final Appearance\" in 1999. He recorded each of them as an audiobook. Shortly after his death, Lady Guinness asked the couple's close friend and fellow Catholic, novelist Piers Paul Read, to write Guinness's official biography. It was published in 2002. For a number of years, British film exhibitors voted Guinness among the most popular stars in Britain at the box office via an annual poll", "Alec Guinness the father's name could be entered on the certificate only if he were present and gave his consent. Guinness himself believed that his father was a Scottish banker, Andrew Geddes (1861–1928), who paid for Guinness's public school education at Fettes College. Geddes occasionally visited Guinness and his mother, posing as an uncle. Guinness's mother later had a three-year marriage to a Scottish army captain named Stiven; his behaviour was often erratic or even violent. Guinness first worked writing advertising copy. His first job in the theatre was on his 20th birthday, while he was still a drama student, in the", "Alec Christie Production Manager on Pat Kelman's multi award winning début feature Encounters. The following year Alec worked with Superman producer Ilya Salkind on Young Alexander shot on location in Egypt and Greece. He later worked as Line Producer on the comedy feature Back in Business shot at Pinewood Studios and Twickenham Studios. The film was directed by BAFTA and Academy Award winner Chris Munro and starred Martin Kemp, Chris Barrie, Brian Blessed, Dennis Waterman, Joanna Taylor, Stefan Booth and Togo Igawa. Coincidentally Alec was at both the National Youth Theatre and the University of Warwick with Dennis Waterman's daughter Hannah Waterman.", "Alec Guinness 'cottaging' and the arrest of John Gielgud, in October 1953, in a public lavatory in Chelsea after dining with the Guinnesses at St. Peter's Square.\" This suggestion was not made until April 2001, eight months after his death, when a BBC Showbiz article related that new books claimed that Guinness was bisexual and that he had kept his sexuality private from the public eye and that the biographies further said only his closest friends and family members knew he had sexual relationships with men. While serving in the Royal Navy, Guinness had planned to become an Anglican priest. In 1954,", "Alec Guinness (1962), General Yevgraf Zhivago in \"Doctor Zhivago\" (1965), and Professor Godbole in \"A Passage to India\" (1984). He is also known for his portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucas's original \"Star Wars\" trilogy; for the original film, he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 50th Academy Awards. Guinness was one of three British actors, along with Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud, who made the transition from Shakespearean theatre to blockbuster films immediately after World War II. Guinness served in the Royal Naval Reserve during the war and commanded a landing craft during the invasion of Sicily and", "Stanley Holloway on stage and screen credits covered many genres including drama, romance and comedy and he shared successful collaborations with a number of studios, including Gaumont-British Picture Corporation, Gainsborough Studios and, most notably, Ealing Studios. He started his association with Ealing in 1934, appearing in the fifth Gracie Fields picture, \"Sing As We Go\". After a ten-year absence from the studios, Holloway returned to star in \"Champagne Charlie\" in 1944 alongside Tommy Trinder and went on to star in \"Nicholas Nickleby\" (1947) and \"Another Shore\" (1948). However, it was the next three Ealing Comedies, \"Passport to Pimlico\" (1949), \"The Lavender Hill Mob\" (1951) and \"The", "Alec Mann more occasions, but following a 12–23 loss to Kingsley Kennerley in the 1947 edition, he did not play again, leaving professional snooker altogether. Alec Mann Alec E. Mann was an English professional snooker player. Born in Birmingham, Mann turned professional in 1926, entering the 1927 World Championship, where he lost his first match 6–8 to Albert Cope. The following year, he defeated Cope 14–9 before losing 11–12 to Fred Lawrence in the second round; the highest break of the tournament was Mann's 46. After two first-round exits in 1929 and 1930, Mann did not play competitively again until 1935, when", "Ealing cooling jackets to maintain the beer at exactly the right temperature. This event is run by keen volunteers. The success of these events encouraged the local council to license a broader range of festivals. Ealing has been described by the \"Guardian\" as \"the nation's hotspot for Polish speaking.\" Westside 89.6FM is a local community station covering the area from studios based in neighbouring Hanwell, there is also Blast Radio the student station for University of West London based at Ealing Studios they broadcast across the area on (RSL) in May. There is also a digital local newspaper for the area.", "Alec Baldwin Alec Baldwin Alexander Rae \"Alec\" Baldwin III (born April 3, 1958) is an American actor, writer, producer, and comedian. A member of the Baldwin family, he is the eldest of the four Baldwin brothers, all actors. Baldwin first gained recognition appearing on seasons 6 and 7 of the CBS television drama \"Knots Landing\", in the role of Joshua Rush. He has played both leading and supporting roles in films such as the horror comedy fantasy film \"Beetlejuice\" (1988), as Jack Ryan in the action thriller \"The Hunt for Red October\" (1990), the romantic comedy \"The Marrying Man\" (1991), the drama", "Jennifer Guinness Jennifer Guinness Mary Jennifer Guinness (\"née\" Hollwey; 22 August 1937 – 23 January 2016), was an English-born Irish socialite and member of the Guinness family. She married John Henry Guinness on 9 April 1959, and they had three children: Ian Richard Guinness (b. 15 March 1961), Gillian Sarah Guinness (b. 8 July 1962) and Tania Caroline Guinness (b. 10 February 1966). She was a keen sailor and a member of Howth Yacht Club. She was kidnapped for ransom in April 1986, but rescued by the Garda Síochána from a home on Waterloo Road in south Dublin eight days later. At", "Alec Christie Christie Series, Blackroom Management and American Dream were directed by Azi Rahman Alec currently works as Producer for Spring Fashion Film at Spring Studios. Alec Christie Alec Christie is a British actor. He started acting at the age of ten appearing on stage at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre as young Herbert Pocket in Great Expectations. At the age of twelve he was cast as Tolly in the BBC adaptation of Lucy M. Boston's The Children of Green Knowe. He went on to appear alongside Richard Griffiths, Frances de la Tour and Tim Healy in the situation comedy A Kind of", "Jennifer Guinness 2016, aged 78, following a long battle with cancer. Jennifer Guinness Mary Jennifer Guinness (\"née\" Hollwey; 22 August 1937 – 23 January 2016), was an English-born Irish socialite and member of the Guinness family. She married John Henry Guinness on 9 April 1959, and they had three children: Ian Richard Guinness (b. 15 March 1961), Gillian Sarah Guinness (b. 8 July 1962) and Tania Caroline Guinness (b. 10 February 1966). She was a keen sailor and a member of Howth Yacht Club. She was kidnapped for ransom in April 1986, but rescued by the Garda Síochána from a home on", "Romantic Comedy (play) entertainment of cool wit and warm sentiment.\" John Simon, reviewing for the \"New York Magazine\", wrote: \" \"Romantic Comedy\" almost makes up in comedy what it lacks in romance... Mia Farrow is quite good... Anthony Perkins desperately lacks charisma...\" Romantic Comedy (play) Romantic Comedy is a play by Bernard Slade, author of \"Same Time, Next Year\". Phoebe Craddock and Jason Carmichael are playwrights who meet and decide to collaborate just as he is getting married. Their relationship produces first a failure and then a string of successes. Their repartée remains sharp and witty as their unrequited interest in each other", "Laburnum Grove (play) 1936 the play was adapted into a film \"Laburnum Grove\" directed by Carol Reed and starring Edmund Gwenn and Victoria Hopper. It was made by Associated Talking Pictures at Ealing Studios. Laburnum Grove (play) Laburnum Grove is a comedy-drama play by the British writer J.B. Priestley which was first staged in 1933. It was one of Priestley's earliest hits. The play premiered at the Duchess Theatre on 28 November 1933. In its initial run it had over 300 performances. It made its Broadway debut at Booth's Theatre on 14 January 1935 and ran for 131 performances. In order to get", "Highbury Studios Highbury Studios The Highbury Studios were a British film studio located in Highbury, North London which operated from 1937 until 1956. The studios were constructed by the producer Maurice J. Wilson. During its early years the studio was hired out to independent production companies. Following the Second World War, Highbury was acquired by the Rank Organisation which used it to make low-budget second features featuring the company's rising actors. The studio was run by the producer John Croydon, who had previously worked at Ealing. In 1949 the studio operation was shut down as part of a series of cuts made", "Guinness Pakru Shaan Rahman. Pakru made an entry into the Guinness World Records for being the shortest lead actor (2 ft 6 in (76 cm)) to play a character in a full-length film. His accomplishment is cited on the 167th page of the 2008 edition of the \"Guinness Book of Records\". He was also presented with a Kerala State Film Award and a special Tamil Nadu State Film Award for his performance in the film \"Dishyum\" in 2006. Guinness Pakru Ajay Kumar (born 31 August 1976) known as Guinness Pakru, is a Malayalam comedy actor. He has made an entry into the", "Alec Năstac Alec Năstac Alexandru \"Alec\" Năstac (born 2 April 1949) is a retired middleweight boxer from Romania. He competed at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics and won a bronze medal in 1976. He also won silver medals at the 1971 and 1973 European championships and 1974 World Championships. Năstac took up boxing in 1967 at Constructorul Galați, coached by Grigore Jelesneac and Petre Mihai. While serving with the Romanian Army he moved to Steaua Bucureşti, where he stayed for the rest of his career, first as competitor and after 1978 as coach. In the 1980s he also played minor roles in", "Robert Morley stage. His 1937 play \"Goodness, How Sad\" was turned into a Ealing Studios film \"Return to Yesterday\" (1940) directed by Robert Stevenson. Later, he had outstanding success in London and New York with \"Edward, My Son\", a gripping family drama written in 1947 in collaboration with Noel Langley. Morley played the central role of Arnold Holt, but in the disappointing film version Spencer Tracy was miscast, turning Holt, an unscrupulous English businessman, into a blustering Canadian expatriate. \"Edward, My Son\" (1949) was directed by George Cukor for MGM-British. His acting career continued with roles as a missionary in \"The African", "Rachel Thomas Rachel Thomas Rachel Thomas OBE (10 February 1905 - 8 February 1995), was a Welsh character actress. Born in the village of Alltwen, near Pontardawe, Glamorgan, Wales, she appeared in such classic films as \"The Proud Valley\" (1940) with Paul Robeson, \"Blue Scar\" (1949) and \"Tiger Bay\" (1959). In 1943, she appeared as Maria Petrovitch in the Ealing war film \"Undercover\", an account of the guerrilla resistance movement in Yugoslavia during the Second World War. In 1954 she was part of the original BBC Radio cast of Dylan Thomas' radio play \"Under Milk Wood\", playing the roles of Rosie Probert,", "Alec Debnam Alec Debnam Alexander Frederick Henry Debnam (12 October 1921 – 26 January 2003), known as Alec Debnam, was an English cricketer and member of the Royal Air Force. Debnam was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg-breaks and googlies. After playing Second XI cricket in 1946 and 1947, Debnam made his first-class cricket debut for Kent County Cricket Club against Sussex in the 1948 County Championship at Tunbridge Wells. He played a total of 11 times for the Kent First XI during 1948 and 1949, taking the wickets of five of Gloucestershire's top six batsmen in 1949 in 1949, his only", "Ealing lacks any cinema houses in which to show these films; the Ealing Empire cinema has now been closed since 2008. However, renovation has now begun on the New Broadway street cinema in late 2012, with plans for a 20 screen Cineplex and a film museum. Work is due to be complete in 2018. Local group Pitshanger Pictures shows classic movies in St Barnabas Millennium Hall on Pitshanger Lane. Ealing has a theatre on Mattock Lane, The Questors Theatre. Regarded as Ealing's premier architectural work, St Peter's Church, Ealing is located on Mount Park Road north of Ealing Broadway. The ancient", "Alec Kellaway in any of them – a contrast to many actors, who play themselves in whatever part you give them. Alec always studied the part, got to really understand the person he was to play, then worried about how he would walk, talk, think.\" Alec Kellaway Alec Kellaway (1894–1973) was a South African–born actor best known for his work in Australian theatre and film, notably playing a number of character roles for director Ken G. Hall. He was the brother of Cecil Kellaway. He also worked as a producer in vaudeville and helped run the Talent School at Cinesound Productions. Kellaway", "Alec Guinness mystic Professor Godbole in \"A Passage to India\". He was also offered a role in Lean's \"Ryan's Daughter\" (1970) but declined. At that time, Guinness \"mistrusted\" Lean and considered the formerly close relationship to be strained—although, at his funeral, he recalled that the famed director had been \"charming and affable\". Guinness appeared in five Lean films that were ranked in the British Film Institute's top 50 greatest British films of the 20th century: 3rd (\"Lawrence of Arabia\"), 5th (\"Great Expectations\"), 11th (\"The Bridge on the River Kwai\"), 27th (\"Doctor Zhivago\") and 46th (\"Oliver Twist\"). Guinness's role as Obi-Wan Kenobi in", "Alec Guinness can live for the rest of my life in the reasonably modest way I am now used to, that I have no debts and I can afford to refuse work that doesn't appeal to me.\" In his autobiography, \"Blessings In Disguise\", Guinness tells an imaginary interviewer \"Blessed be \"Star Wars\"\", regarding the income it provided. In the final volume of the book \"A Positively Final Appearance\" (1997), Guinness recounts grudgingly giving an autograph to a young fan who claimed to have watched \"Star Wars\" over a hundred times, on the condition that the boy promise to stop watching the film", "Alec Guinness \"Cromwell\" (1970); Pope Innocent III in Franco Zeffirelli's \"Brother Sun, Sister Moon\" (1972) and the title role in \"\" (1973), which he considered his best film performance, though critics disagreed. Another role which is sometimes referred to as one which he considered his best and is so considered by many critics, is that of Colonel Jock Sinclair in \"Tunes of Glory\" (1960). Guinness also played the role of Jamessir Bensonmum, the blind butler, in the 1976 Neil Simon film \"Murder by Death\". Guinness won particular acclaim for his work with director David Lean, which today is his most critically acclaimed", "Alec Guinness who received one-fifth of the box office takings. This made him very wealthy in his later life. Upon his first viewing of the film, Guinness wrote in his diary, \"It's a pretty staggering film as spectacle and technically brilliant. Exciting, very noisy and warm-hearted. The battle scenes at the end go on for five minutes too long, I feel, and some of the dialogue is excruciating and much of it is lost in noise, but it remains a vivid experience.\" Guinness soon became unhappy with being identified with the part and expressed dismay at the fan following that the \"Star", "Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club is an English rugby union club, located in West London. The club's first team play in the Greene King IPA Championship RFU Championship after they won National League 1 in 2014–15, the third tier of the English domestic rugby union league system. The club's registered playing name with the RFU is Ealing Trailfinders. The club is a Mutual Society registered with the FSA, and run on behalf of its members and the game. The club is located in West London at Trailfinders Sports Ground, just south of the A40 at the upper", "Romantic Comedy (play) Romantic Comedy (play) Romantic Comedy is a play by Bernard Slade, author of \"Same Time, Next Year\". Phoebe Craddock and Jason Carmichael are playwrights who meet and decide to collaborate just as he is getting married. Their relationship produces first a failure and then a string of successes. Their repartée remains sharp and witty as their unrequited interest in each other gathers energy over a nine-year period, until some resolution finally is in sight. The play opened on Broadway on November 8, 1979 after 11 previews at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. It closed on October 18, 1980 after 396 performances." ]

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[ "2022 FIFA World Cup 2022 FIFA World Cup The 2022 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be the 22nd edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. It is scheduled to take place in Qatar in 2022. This will be the first World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world and the first in a Muslim-majority country. This will be the first World Cup held entirely in geographical Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan (the 2018 competition in Russia featured one geographically Asian" ]

[ "Australia 2022 FIFA World Cup bid weapon\" to snaring the 2018 or 2022 FIFA World Cup and encouraged the public to join the Association football-themed social networking web site. The public campaign is the first bid for a major event driven almost entirely by social media. Actress Nicole Kidman, actor Hugh Jackman, model Elle Macpherson and sports stars Ian Thorpe (swimming), Liz Ellis (netball), Mark Webber (Formula One) and Steve Waugh (cricket) have joined to help promote the bid. Australia 2022 FIFA World Cup bid Australia submitted an unsuccessful bid for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. On 2 December 2010 FIFA announced that the event would", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids that all games would be played at English grounds. The venues selected on 16 December 2009 to form the bid were: London (three stadiums), Manchester (two stadiums), Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Milton Keynes, Newcastle, Nottingham, Plymouth, Sheffield and Sunderland. FIFA officials also expressed interest in an English bid. David Will, a vice-president of FIFA, noted England's World Cup proposal as early as May 2004. Franz Beckenbauer, leader of Germany's successful bid for the 2006 World Cup and a member of FIFA's Executive Committee, twice publicly backed an English bid to host the World Cup, in January and July 2007. FIFA", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids did not support the bid. On 19 March 2010, FIFA rejected Indonesia's bid to host the 2022 World Cup because the government stated that their concern is for the people of the country and so could not support the bid as FIFA requested. As a consequence, PSSI threw their support behind Australia's bid for the 2022 tournament. Former Mexican Football Federation President, Alberto de la Torre, announced their intention to bid for the cup in 2005, but was ineligible because of the rotation policy at that time. On 2 December 2010, FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced the winning bids at", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids Cup in 2018. In November 2009, the venues were presented. In Belgium, matches would have been played in 7 venues: Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, Charleroi, Genk, Ghent and Liège. In the Netherlands, only five cities would host matches: Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Enschede, Heerenveen and Rotterdam, but both Amsterdam and Rotterdam would provide two stadiums. Eindhoven would function as the 'capital city' of the World Cup. Euro 2000 was also jointly hosted by Belgium and the Netherlands. On 31 October 2007, The Football Association officially announced its bid to host the event. On 24 April 2008 England finalised a 63-page bid to host", "Durban bid for the 2022 Commonwealth Games and two association football teams – AmaZulu F.C. and Golden Arrows. The city has previously played host to matches of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the 1996 & 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, the 1995 Rugby World Cup, as well as the 2003 Cricket World Cup. The Kings Park Sporting Precinct will be part of the bid. In addition Durban also hosted the 123rd IOC Session. The city of Durban, South Africa was elected as the host for the 2022 Commonwealth Games on 2 September 2015, at a General Assembly in Auckland, New Zealand. It was reported in February 2017", "Belgium–Netherlands 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Netherlands. On 23 June former French football international Christian Karembeu was presented as official counselor for the joint bid. After eventual withdrawals from both Australia, and the United States in bidding for the 2018 World Cup, and in practice with FIFA's current policy of the same continent unable to win both bids, the Belgium/Netherlands bid is effectively disqualified from eligibility for the 2022 edition. In November 2009, the venues were presented. In Belgium, matches will be played in 7 venues: Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, Charleroi, Genk, Ghent and Liège. In the Netherlands, only five cities would host matches: Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Enschede,", "Portugal–Spain 2018 FIFA World Cup bid all other European bidding nations, were effectively considered ineligible for the 2022 campaign. On December 2, 2010, after a vote of the FIFA Executive Committee at its headquarters in Zürich, the Iberian bid lost the 2018 hosting rights to Russia, in a two-round voting, collecting seven votes against Russian's thirteen in the final round. Eighteen venues across sixteen cities in Spain made the final bid package as potential host venues for the tournament. In Portugal, only the two most populous cities - Lisbon (2 venues) and Porto - earned a place in the final bid package. In all likelihood, based", "Patrick Nally marketing for the next 20 years,\", confirming Patrick Nally as \"in many respects, the man who made the World Cup what it is today\". While the world's largest sports tournament grew to signify a multi-billion dollar sponsorship proposition, Nally oversaw the InterSoccer program's evolution through the 1986 and 1990 competitions, held respectively in Mexico and Italy, before helping to establish a dedicated company to host the 1994 World Cup in the US. In 2009, Nally teamed with the organising committee of Japan's 2022 World Cup bid which, on 2 December 2010 in a ceremony in Zurich was finally awarded to", "Japan 2022 FIFA World Cup bid on winning the right to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup.. 12 stadiums are proposed. Japan pledged that if it had been granted the rights to host the 2022 World Cup games, it would develop technology enabling it to provide a live international telecast of the event in 3D, which would allow 400 stadiums in 208 countries to provide 360 million people with real-time 3D coverage of the games projected on giant screens, captured in 360 degrees by 200 HD cameras. Furthermore, Japan will broadcast the games in holographic format if the technology to do so is available by that", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids under its colonial name of the Dutch East Indies. Indonesia also had tournament hosting experience as the co-host of 2007 AFC Asian Cup. In the campaign presentation, PSSI president Nurdin Halid said he believed Indonesia stood a chance to win FIFA's approval to host the 2022 World Cup, despite the relatively poor infrastructure, coupled with the low quality of the national squad compared to other candidates. He said Indonesia had proposed a \"Green World Cup 2022\", hoping to capitalise on the current green and global warming movement worldwide: \"Our deforestation rate has contributed much to world pollution. By hosting the", "Doha of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. In December 2011, the World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha. Additionally, the city hosted the 2012 UNFCCC Climate Negotiations and is set to host a large number of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In May 2015, Doha was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan, La Paz, Durban, Havana, Beirut and Kuala Lumpur. According to the Ministry of Municipality and Environment, the name \"Doha\" originated from the Arabic term \"dohat\", meaning \"roundness\" — a reference to the rounded bays", "Jack Warner (football executive) FIFA World Cup for $1. Warner also claimed that he refused to endorse Sepp Blatter in the 2011 FIFA Presidential election despite being offered the rights to the 2018 and 2022 World Cup, again for a nominal fee. Warner further alleged that he was offered other \"inducements\" to develop football in the Caribbean. Warner claims he used the revenue from selling on the rights to develop football in the Caribbean. In February 2012 the TTFF claimed that funds for Haiti donated following the 2010 earthquake were paid into a bank account controlled by Warner. FIFA subsequently froze funding to the", "Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid bid committee also includes RFU CEO Alexey Sorokin and Alexander Djordjadze as the Director of Bid Planning and Operations. In October 2010, Russia formally pulled out of the race to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. On December 2, 2010 Russia was chosen as the host country for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Fourteen cities are included in the current proposal, which divides them into 6 different clusters: one in the north, centered on St. Petersburg, a central cluster, centered on Moscow, a southern cluster, centered on Sochi, and the Volga River cluster. Only one city beyond the Ural Mountains", "2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup took place in the Europe Division 2 group, in Essex, England, on 31 July 2018. 2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup The 2020 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup is an upcoming international limited-overs cricket tournament scheduled to be held in South Africa in January and February 2020. It will be the thirteenth edition of the Under-19 Cricket World Cup, and the second to be held in South Africa. The twelve full members of the International Cricket Council (ICC), excluding Ireland, qualified automatically for the tournament. They will be joined by the winners of the five regional qualification tournaments. Fifty teams will", "Peter Hargitay world governing body of football, FIFA. Hargitay left his job with FIFA to work on England's bid for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After all outside consultants were invited to reapply for the England bid work in a tender process, European Consultancy Network declined and left the bid. Hargitay's European Consultancy Network were employed by the Football Federation of Australia to provide strategy and networking advice for Australia's bid for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Australia's bid was ultimately unsuccessful, receiving only a single vote in the first round of voting. Peter Hargitay has also served as a lecturer at", "2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bids the event of 2023. Having previously hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup, it is hoping to play host to the first ever Women's World Cup held in the African continent. South Africa agreed to officially launch the bid after South Africa qualified for the Women's World Cup for the first time in 2019 on 3 December 2018. Japan bid on 2023 tournament after declining their initial intention to bid on 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. Japan Football Association (JFA) Vice president Kozo Tashima says that the facilities will be renovated and ready for the World Cup. As of 2018, Japan", "Al Wakrah (municipality) venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup is projected to be built in Al Wakrah City. Called Al Wakrah Stadium, it has a planned seating capacity of 40,000 and will replace Saoud bin Abdulrahman Stadium as Al Wakrah SC's home stadium. Due to the unique ecosystem and landscape of Khawr al Udayd, it serves as one of the most important ecotourism site in the country. Sealine Beach Resort, located on the coast in Mesaieed, was the first tourist resort to be established in the country. The resort has 37 rooms, 1 hectare of green space, a gym, a spa and", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids Rostov-on-Don and Krasnodar in the south cluster and Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Saransk, Samara and Volgograd in the Volga River cluster. At the time of bidding, Russia did not have a stadium with 80,000 capacity, but the bid called for the expansion of Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, already a UEFA Elite stadium, from a capacity of slightly over 78,000 to over 89,000. Russia hoped to have five stadiums fit to host World Cup matches ready by 2013 – two in Moscow and one stadium each in Saint Petersburg, Kazan and Sochi, which at the time was due to host the", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids fund its World Cup bid preparation. Rudd met with Sepp Blatter to discuss the Commonwealth Government's support of the bid in Zurich in July 2009. At the 2008 FIFA Congress, held in Sydney, FIFA president Sepp Blatter suggested that Australia concentrate on hosting the 2022 tournament, but Lowy responded by recommitting Australia to its 2018 bid. However, Australia ultimately withdrew from the bidding for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in favour of the 2022 FIFA World Cup on 10 June 2010, following comments from the chief of the Asian Football Confederation that the 2018 tournament should be held in Europe.", "Wanda Group to 2022, including the 2018 and 2022 World Cups. According to Wang Jianlin, \"the acquisition is expected to help boost sports in China and increase Wanda’s influence in global sports\". In August 2015, Dalian Wanda has acquired World Triathlon Corporation, a US-based company promoting and licensing various triathlon competitions, for $650 million. In November 2015, it was announced that a sports division will include all sports-related assets. In March 2016, FIFA announced that Wanda would be a major sponsor for international events until 2030. In September of the same year, Wanda Group announced a media and sponshorship deal with Badminton", "Belgium–Netherlands 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Heerenveen and Rotterdam, but both Amsterdam and Rotterdam will provide two stadiums. Eindhoven will function as the 'capital city' of the World Cup. Belgium–Netherlands 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Alain Courtois, a Belgian Member of Parliament, announced in October 2006 that a formal bid would be made on behalf of the three Benelux countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to host either the 2018 FIFA World Cup or 2022 version, but has since decided to concentrate solely on the 2018 version (see 2018 European World Cup bids). In June 2007 the three countries launched their campaign not as a joint", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids plans to make a bid for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In April 2009, the bid committee identified 70 stadiums in 50 communities as possible venues for the tournament, with 58 confirming their interest. The list of stadiums was trimmed two months later to 45 in 37 cities, and then in August 2009 to 32 stadiums in 27 cities. In January 2010, 18 cities and 21 stadiums were selected for the final bid. The cities were Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston (Foxboro), Dallas, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, Nashville, New York, Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Diego, Seattle, Tampa, and Washington,", "2019 FIFA Women's World Cup World Cup debuts, while Italy will take part in the event for the first time since 1999 and Argentina will take part in the event for the first time since 2007. Brazil, Germany, Japan, Nigeria, Norway, Sweden, and the United States qualified for their eighth World Cup, continuing their streak of qualifying for every World Cup held so far. Twelve cities were candidates. The final 9 stadiums were chosen on 14 June 2017; Stade de la Beaujoire in Nantes, Stade Marcel-Picot in Nancy, and Stade de l'Abbé-Deschamps in Auxerre were cut. Three of the stadiums were used at the UEFA", "YelloPark the stadium. It also voted for the renovation of the Stade de la Beaujoire. YelloPark YelloPark is a planned football stadium to be built in Nantes, France. It is expected to serve as the future stadium of FC Nantes and as a football venue for the 2024 Summer Olympic Games in Paris and the 2023 Rugby World Cup. The stadium will have a capacity of 40,000 seats and its construction is projected to take place between 2019 and 2022.. It will be built near the Stade de la Beaujoire that it must eventually replace. On 7 December 2018, the Nantes", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids help of technology to counter the harsh weather. We have already set in motion the process. A stadium with controlled temperature is the answer to the problem. We have other plans up our sleeves as well.\" The first five proposed stadiums are planned to employ cooling technology capable of reducing temperatures within the stadium by up to 20 degrees Celsius. Additionally, the upper tiers of the stadiums will be dis-assembled after the World Cup and donated to countries with less developed sports infrastructure. President of FIFA Sepp Blatter endorsed the idea of having a World Cup in the Middle East,", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids for the rival football codes would be awarded as a result of any disruptions caused by hosting the World Cup. AFL CEO Andrew Demetriou came out in support of the bid, despite initially not supporting the bid. Franz Beckenbauer indicated that the issue of factional disputes between the FFA, NRL and, AFL were not considered by the FIFA Executive Committee. Although initially Australia seemed to be a popular contender to host the tournament, the final Australian World Cup bid received only one vote astonishing Franz Beckenbauer and experts alike. Japan bid to become the first Asian country to host the", "2026 FIFA World Cup bids Morocco asked to postpone the African Cup of Nations to summer due to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, and lost its hosting rights in favor of Equatorial Guinea. Morocco lost bids to host the World Cup in 1994, 1998, 2006, and 2010 to the United States, France, Germany, and South Africa, respectively. Morocco successfully hosted the 2013 and 2014 FIFA Club World Cups and the 2018 African Nations Championship. On 11 August 2017, Morocco officially announced a bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup. If successful, it would have been the second African country, after the 2010", "2020 ICC T20 World Cup 2020 ICC T20 World Cup The 2020 ICC T20 World Cup is scheduled to be the seventh ICC T20 World Cup tournament, with matches to be held in Australia from 18 October to 15 November 2020. Cricket Australia is designated as the sole host board for the tournament. Although there was speculation that both Australia and New Zealand would host the tournament, as at the 1992 Cricket World Cup and the 2015 Cricket World Cup, it was confirmed by New Zealand Cricket that Australia would be the sole host for the tournament. Australia has not previously hosted the event. In", "2022 Commonwealth Games 2022 Commonwealth Games The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, is an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that is scheduled to be held in Birmingham, England. This is due to be the third time England has hosted the Games. The Games are expected to take place between 27 July and 7 August 2022. The city was announced as the host at a press conference at the Arena Academy in Birmingham on 21 December 2017. Two cities initially launched bids for the games; Durban, South Africa and Edmonton,", "FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA Confederations Cup The FIFA Confederations Cup is an international association football tournament for men's national teams, currently held every four years by FIFA. It is contested by the holders of each of the six (AFC, CAF, CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, OFC and UEFA) continental championships, along with the current FIFA World Cup holder and the host nation, to bring the number of teams up to eight. Since 2005, the tournament has been held in the nation that will host the next World Cup, acting as a test event for the larger tournament. The 2021 tournament will be moved from 2022 World", "2019 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup having taken place annually until 2009. The tournament was confirmed publicly on November 3, 2017, during the annual FIFA Beach Soccer Workshop in Dubai as part of the recently renewed partnership between FIFA and Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW). In October 2018, it was announced the tournament will take place in Paraguay; the city of Asunción will host the event in November 2019. This marks the first time that Paraguay will host a FIFA event and that a landlocked country will receive the World Cup. Brazil are the defending champions. The bidding schedule to determine the hosts was as follows: Countries", "United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid from the quarterfinals onward. On June 13, 2018, at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow, Russia, the United bid was selected by 134 votes to Morocco's 65, while Iran voted for neither. Upon this selection, Canada will become the fifth country to host both the men's and women's World Cup, joining Sweden, the United States, Germany, and France. Mexico will become the first country to host three men's World Cups, and the United States will become the first country to host both the men's and women's World Cup twice each. This will be the first World Cup to be hosted", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids Stadium and Daegu Stadium. Another 70,000 seat stadium is scheduled to be built in Incheon as the main stadium for the 2014 Asian Games. Other venues meet hosting requirements as they were built for the 2002 World Cup. The 12 cities selected to hold the finals were South Korea to win the bid were selected in March 2010 and were Busan, Cheonan, Daegu, Daejeon, Goyang, Gwangju, Incheon (2 venues), Jeonju, Seogwipo, Seoul (2venues), Suwon and Ulsan. U.S. Soccer first said in February 2007 that it would bid for the 2018 World Cup. On 28 January 2009, U.S. Soccer then announced", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids that it would submit bids for both the 2018 and 2022 Cups. David Downs, president of Univision Sports, was executive director of the bid. Other committee members included president of U.S. Soccer Sunil Gulati, U.S. Soccer chief executive officer Dan Flynn, Major League Soccer Commissioner Don Garber, and Phil Murphy, the former national finance chairman for the Democratic National Committee. The vice president of FIFA, Jack Warner, who is also the president of CONCACAF, originally said he would try to bring the World Cup back to the CONCACAF region. However, Warner also stated that he preferred the USSF change their", "United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid the list was further trimmed down to 32 stadiums in 27 cities. On January 12, 2010 the USA Bid Committee narrowed the 27 cities down to 18 as the official host cities for the United States' Bid for the 2018 or 2022 World Cup. Those 18 cities were: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, Nashville, New York City, Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Diego, Seattle, Tampa and Washington, D.C. The 18 stadiums selected host NFL or NCAA American football games, with a capacity over 65,000 spectators. No soccer-specific stadium was selected, since none in the country", "Christopher Steele into Bilfinger's activities in Nigeria and Sakhalin. In 2010, The Football Association (FA), England's domestic football governing body, organized a committee in hopes of hosting the 2018 or 2022 World Cups. The FA hired Steele's company to investigate FIFA (International Federation of Association Football). In advance of the FBI launching its 2015 FIFA corruption case, members of the FBI's Eurasian Organized Crime Task Force met with Steele in London to discuss allegations of possible corruption in FIFA. Steele's research indicated that Russian Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin had rigged the bidding of the 2018 World Cups by employing bribery. In", "Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park organizing committee left the stadium out of the bid book as unbuilt stadiums in the bidding process are deductions in the bid evaluations. The United Bid committee stated they would re-evaluate the stadium selection process and re-visit LA Stadium as their main option stadium in the Los Angeles Metro area in June 2020. The American bid to host the World Cup was awarded by FIFA on June 13, 2018. The Hollywood Park stadium is expected to host soccer matches during the 2028 Summer Olympics. Los Angeles organizers had also proposed that the stadium co-host the Games' ceremonies with Los Angeles", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids The bidding process for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups was the process by which the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) selected locations for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups. The process began officially in March 2009; eleven bids from thirteen countries were received, including one which was withdrawn and one that was rejected before FIFA's executive committee voted in November 2010. Two of the remaining nine bids applied only to the 2022 World Cup, while the rest were initially applications for both. Over the course of the bidding, all", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids to work against them in their bid. Han Seung-joo, a former South Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed as the Chairman of the Bidding Committee in August 2009. He met with FIFA President Sepp Blatter in Zürich, Switzerland. In January 2010, President Lee Myung-bak visited the headquarters of FIFA in Zurich, Switzerland to meet Sepp Blatter in support of the South Korean bid. Although South Korea did not have an 80,000 capacity stadium, it planned to upgrade an existing venue to meet that capacity. There are three grounds which can seat over 60,000 people—Seoul Olympic Stadium, Seoul World Cup", "Hajime Moriyasu He left the club in July 2017 after poor results in the league campaign. Moriyasu is the coach of the under-23 national team preparing for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. He will stay on even as his duties were broadened by his new appointment. Moriyasu assisted coach Akira Nishino in the last 16 in the recent World Cup finals in Russia. On July 26, 2018, with the current coach stepping down, the Japan Football Association appointed Hajime Moriyasu as the new coach of the men's national team, with an eye to the World Cup in 2022. Moriyasu's son, Keigo Moriyasu, currently", "2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bids 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bids The 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bidding process resulted in the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) selecting the joint by country bid as the location for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup These are the bids from countries vying to host the 2023 FIFA's Women's World Cup. The official announcement for which one of these countries will host the Women's World Cup will not be made until early 2019. As of December 2018, Australia and South Africa are the official bidders and four countries (Japan, Thailand, New Zealand and Colombia) have expressed interest", "Lusail mall being constructed in the city, and will feature a canal which runs the length of the mall, an amusement park and a cinema complex. This district will be host to an under-development large-scale museum. The planned Lusail Iconic Stadium, with a capacity of 80,000+ people, will host the opening and final matches of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The stadium's design is inspired from the sail of a traditional dhow as the city will be located north of Doha on the eastern coast, which is a historic focal point of pearling vessels. After the FIFA World Cup, the stadium", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids countries to provide 360 million people with real-time 3D coverage of the games projected on giant screens, captured in 360 degrees by 200 HD cameras. Furthermore, Japan will broadcast the games in holographic format if the technology to do so is available by that time. Beyond allowing the world's spectators to view the games on flat screens projecting 3D imaging, holographic projection would project the games onto stadium fields, creating a greater illusion of actually being in the presence of the players. Microphones embedded below the playing surface would record all sounds, such as ball kicks, in order to add", "Major sports event hosting in Britain during the 2010s English Lacrosse, withdrew from hosting duties in May 2017, citing what it saw as an unacceptably high level of financial risk. The event ultimately took place in Netanya, Israel between 12 and 21 July 2018. It was announced on 2 December 2010 that England's bid was unsuccessful and the 2018 FIFA World Cup would be held in Russia. Failed due to unsuccessful bid to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In December 2006, the Football Association of Wales announced it was tentatively considering the possibility of jointly hosting the tournament with the Scottish Football Association. Scotland, along with the Republic", "Portugal–Spain 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Portugal–Spain 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Spain and Portugal 2018 was an official joint Iberian bid for the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The International Federation of Football Association (FIFA) invited its member associations to bid for either the 2018 or the 2022 final tournaments, or both. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) and the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) submitted together a bid for both editions, but with the focus on winning the privilege to host the 2018 finals. Due to the withdrawal of all non-European bids for the 2018 edition, the Spanish-Portuguese bid, and that of", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids World Cup twice; however, the fact that they were co-hosts so recently in 2002 was expected to work against them in their bid. Although Japan did not have an 80,000-seat capacity stadium, its plan was based on a proposed 100,000-seat stadium that would have gone on to be a centrepiece of 2016 Olympics, for which Tokyo was bidding. Japan also pledged that if it had been granted the rights to host the 2022 World Cup games, it would develop technology enabling it to provide a live international telecast of the event in 3D, which would allow 400 stadiums in 208", "Edmonton bid for the 2022 Commonwealth Games the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. The committee planned to renovate the Commonwealth Stadium for the games and build a new velodrome to replace the aging Argyll Velodrome. The Northlands Coliseum and Rogers Place were also part of the bid. On February 11, 2015, Edmonton announced it was withdrawing its bid to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games, citing financial reasons and a global fall in oil prices. The bid team will instead focus on the 2026 event. Edmonton bid for the 2022 Commonwealth Games The Edmonton", "Federation of International Sports Table Football of Subbuteo and Newfooty. The Competitions are now organised under FISTF with strict organization rules listed in the FISTF handbook. WASPA is a players association and has flexible organization rules for emerging players, organizers, clubs and Nations, to promote the sport/game on all continents. The upcoming FISTF World Cup will be in Gibraltar (1st & 2nd September 2018). Champions- and Europa League will be in Mallorca (ESP) and Saint Vincent, Aosta (ITA) respectively, in October 2018. The board of the international governing body, FISTF, is elected every four years at the FISTF Congress (last in 2013 & 2017), usually held", "Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics Brazil is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-third appearance at the Summer Olympics, having competed in all editions of the modern era from 1920 onwards, except the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Brazil women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing a lone outright berth at the 2018 Copa América Femenina in Chile. Brazilian sailors qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2018 Sailing World Championships, the", "FIFA World Cup hosts country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA's Congress. This is done under an exhaustive ballot system. The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament, though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament. Only Mexico, Italy, France, Germany (West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions. Mexico City's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals. Only the 2002 FIFA World", "Indonesia 2022 FIFA World Cup bid Indonesia 2022 FIFA World Cup bid The Indonesia 2022 FIFA World Cup bid was the first official bid from the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) to host the FIFA World Cup. FIFA rejected the bid for lack of government support on 19 March 2010. Indonesia was one of four Asian countries bidding to bring the tournament to Asia for a second time, the 2002 tournament having been played in Japan and South Korea. Indonesia, under the name of the Dutch East Indies, had been the first Asian nation to compete in the World Cup, when they participated in the 1938", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids that time as President of the Russian Football Union (RFU), the country was ready to spend some $10.1 billion on the tournament. The bid committee also included RFU CEO Alexey Sorokin and Alexander Djordjadze as the Director of Bid Planning and Operations. Fourteen cities were included in the proposal, which divided them into five different clusters: one in the north, centered on Saint Petersburg, a central cluster, centered on Moscow, a southern cluster, centered on Sochi, and the Volga River cluster. Only one city beyond the Ural Mountains was cited, Yekaterinburg. The other cities were: Kaliningrad in the north cluster,", "2018 Commonwealth Games World Cup Finals bid. On 16 April 2009, Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup. \"Some of the infrastructure that would be built for the Commonwealth Games will be useful for Gold Coast City to get a World Cup game out of the soccer World Cup if we're successful as a nation,\" she said. However the decision on the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups were made eleven months prior to the bid decision for", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids for a specific edition, from within their member national associations. This system was used only for the selection of the 2010 (South Africa) and 2014 World Cup (Brazil) hosts, open only to CAF and CONMEBOL members, respectively. In September 2007, the rotation system came under review, and a new system was proposed which renders ineligible for bidding only the last two World Cup host confederations. This proposal was adopted on 29 October 2007, in Zurich, Switzerland by FIFA's Executive Committee. Under this policy, a 2018 bid could have come from CONCACAF, AFC, UEFA, or OFC, as Africa and South America", "North Queensland Stadium Several bus stops also surround the site, with a new main city bus terminal about to start construction on Ogden St which will be within walking distance of the new stadium. North Queensland Stadium North Queensland Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium under construction in South Townsville, Queensland, Australia. As part of Australia's 2022 FIFA World Cup bid in 2010, an analysis of Townsville's existing Willows Sports Complex suggested a total redevelopment of the site and outlined key issues including the growth rate of the surrounding suburbs and incompatibility of hosting major events in an expanding residential centre, with limited public", "Japan 2022 FIFA World Cup bid time. Beyond allowing the world's spectators to view the games on flat screens projecting 3D imaging, holographic projection would project the games onto stadium fields, creating a greater illusion of actually being in the presence of the players. Microphones embedded below the playing surface would record all sounds, such as ball kicks, in order to add to the sense of realism. Japan's bidding team has enlisted pioneering technology scientist Jun Murai of Keio University in their plans to host the games. The country demonstrated holographic display technology at the 2009 NAB Show using integral cameras (sometimes referred to as 8K)", "2020 ICC T20 World Cup April 2016, ICC chief executive David Richardson said that he would push for at least two more teams to be added to the first and second rounds in future World Twenty20. In January 2018, the ICC announced that the following venues would be hosting matches: 2020 ICC T20 World Cup The 2020 ICC T20 World Cup is scheduled to be the seventh ICC T20 World Cup tournament, with matches to be held in Australia from 18 October to 15 November 2020. Cricket Australia is designated as the sole host board for the tournament. Although there was speculation that both Australia", "Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics class-associated Worlds, the 2019 Pan American Games, and the continental regattas. Brazil at the 2020 Summer Olympics Brazil is scheduled to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. It will be the nation's twenty-third appearance at the Summer Olympics, having competed in all editions of the modern era from 1920 onwards, except the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Brazil women's football team qualified for the Olympics by winning the gold medal and securing a lone outright berth at the 2018 Copa América Femenina in Chile. Brazilian sailors qualified one boat in each", "FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup The Golden Ball and Golden Shoe awards both went to Asisat Oshoala of Nigeria. The 2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was expected to be held in South Africa, but due to the country's withdrawal, a new host was chosen on 19 March 2015, and it was Papua New Guinea. The 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was held in France from 5–24 August 2018, a year later France will host the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup The Golden Ball and Golden Shoe awards both went to Patricia Guijarro of Spain. The topscorer award. Awarded to the best player of", "Abe Lenstra Stadion plans to expand the stadium to 29,000 seats over the course of the summer of 2012, however the economic downturn shelved these plans. As part of the combined Netherlands and Belgium bid to host the 2018 or 2022 FIFA World Cup, the stadium was one of five stadiums in the Netherlands selected by the KNVB to host games. A successful bid would have meant that the stadium capacity would have been increased to the minimum required seating of 44,000 . In the beginning of December 2010 FIFA announced that the 2018 World Cup would be awarded to Russia. Just before", "Garcia Report of the 2018 and 2022 World Cup\", specifically regarding \"international transfers of assets with connections to Switzerland\". On 16 December 2014, the FIFA's Appeal Committee dismissed Garcia's appeal against the Eckert summary as \"not admissible\". FIFA also stated that Eckert's summary was \"neither legally binding nor appealable\". A day later, Garcia resigned from his role as FIFA ethics investigator in protest of FIFA's conduct, citing a \"lack of leadership\" and lost confidence in the independence of Eckert from the FIFA. On 19 November 2014, following a presentation by Domenico Scala, head of FIFA's audit and compliance committee and one of", "2022 FIFA World Cup workers involved in preparation for the World Cup, with Amnesty International referring to \"forced labour\" and stating that workers have been suffering human rights abuses, despite worker welfare standards being drafted in 2014. The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009, and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest. Initially, eleven bids were made for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings, and Indonesia's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian Football Association failed to submit a letter of Indonesian", "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act bids to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups, respectively. In 2015, the Drummond Company sued attorneys Terrence P. Collingsworth and William R. Scherer, the advocacy group International Rights Advocates (IRAdvocates), and Dutch businessman Albert van Bilderbeek, one of the owners of Llanos Oil, accusing them of violating RICO by alleging that Drummond had worked alongside Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia to murder labor union leaders within proximity of their Colombian coal mines, which Drummond denies. In 2005, a federal jury ordered Fasano to pay $500,000 under RICO for illegally helping a client hide their assets in a bankruptcy case.", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids neighbours to \"promote and develop their football.\" Roger Burden, who had been acting chairman of England's Football Association, withdrew his application for the permanent post days after the vote, saying he could not trust FIFA members due to their actions. England's bid executive Andy Anson said \"I think it has to [change] because otherwise why would Australia, the United States, Holland, Belgium, England ever bother bidding again?\" There was also a backlash from the media in the losing countries; the majority of British newspapers alleged that the World Cup had been \"sold\" to Russia, and the Spanish \"El Mundo\", Dutch", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final also became the second team in the 32-team World Cup to win all their knockout matches without any extra time or penalty shoot-out after Brazil in 2002. As winners, France qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup. The final was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, located in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug. An expanded version of the stadium was named as the provisional final venue in Russia's World Cup bid, which was selected by FIFA on 2 December 2010. Luzhniki Stadium was confirmed as the final venue on 14 December 2012, following a meeting of", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids bid: Spain would lead a twelve-stadium project with eight of the venues, and the opening and final games would be held in Lisbon and Madrid, respectively. Spain has previously hosted the 1982 World Cup, while Portugal organised the Euro 2004. Russia announced its intent to bid in early 2009, and submitted its request to FIFA in time. Russia's President Vladimir Putin took a keen interest in the bid and ordered Vitaly Mutko, the Minister of Sports, to \"prepare a bid for Russia to hold the 2018 World Cup\". According to a report earlier submitted by Vitaly Mutko, who also served", "2022 World Lacrosse Championship of September 2016 to formally make its intent to bid known to the international sports body and March 2017 to submit their bid. The winning bid was announced in June 2018. On June 25, 2018, FIL President Sue Redfern announced that Canada will host the 2022 World Lacrosse Championship in Coquitlam, British Columbia. According to the bidding team of the Canadian Lacrosse Association, it chose Coquitlam as the proposed host city for its bid citing the locality's previous hosting experience of the 2008 and 2016 men's U-19 world championships. Matches will be held at the Percy Perry Stadium from July", "2020 FIFA Futsal World Cup the event before, the tournament will be heading to a new location, later shortlisted to four. The Czech Republic, Egypt, Georgia, the Netherlands, and the United States expressed interest, but eventually did not bid. The host were originally to be appointed by December 2016, then delayed to December 2017. Costa Rica, Croatia, Kazakhstan, and the United Arab Emirates were later eliminated from contention. The hosts were selected by the FIFA Council on 26 October 2018 in Kigali, Rwanda from the final four candidates: Iran, Japan, Lithuania, and New Zealand. Lithuania were chosen over Iran, Japan and New Zealand as host", "Belgium–Netherlands 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Belgium–Netherlands 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Alain Courtois, a Belgian Member of Parliament, announced in October 2006 that a formal bid would be made on behalf of the three Benelux countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to host either the 2018 FIFA World Cup or 2022 version, but has since decided to concentrate solely on the 2018 version (see 2018 European World Cup bids). In June 2007 the three countries launched their campaign not as a joint bid in the manner of the Korea-Japan World Cup in 2002, but emphasizing it as a common political organization. Luxembourg would not host", "Perth Stadium least two years. As a result of Australia's failed bid for the 2022 World Cup, $250 million in potential Federal Government funding for a new stadium was also withdrawn in December 2010. In June 2011, the State Government announced that the new stadium would be built in Burswood, Western Australia on the northern section of the Burswood Park golf course. The government stated that the Burswood site was preferred because it was unconstrained by surrounding developments and had the additional benefit of being government-owned. It would also allow for a special events six-platform Perth Stadium railway station to be built", "England Touch Association fourth overall, whilst the men's open 30s were silver medalists to Australia. England Touch submitted multiple teams to the 2015 Touch Football World Cup, hosted in Coffs Harbour, Australia, where they lost narrowly to Papua New Guinea in the mixed, open bronze play off, whilst winning their playoffs in the women's 27s, and the mixed 30s, to achieve bronze in both those categories. The next world cup will be hosted in Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia, in April, 2019. The final major, opens tournament for the 2018 season, the ETA Nationals, was held at St Ives, Cambridgeshire, in August, with the South", "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids cups, while Indonesia was only bidding for the 2022 World Cup. In January 2009 the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) confirmed their intention to bid for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, with government support. In February 2009, PSSI launched the \"Green World Cup Indonesia 2022\" campaign. This campaign included a $1 billion plan to upgrade supporting infrastructure beside stadiums to meet FIFA's requirements. The funds to construct stadiums were to come from regional governments. Indonesia had previously made World Cup history when it became the first Asian nation to play in a World Cup, at the 1938 tournament in France", "September 2018 inter-Korean summit team at the 2018 Asian Para Games. On October 4, 2018, it was announced that both Koreas would also participate as a unified team at the 2019 World Men's Handball Championship as well. On November 2, 2018, officials from both North and South Korea announced that their countries would participate at the 2020 Summer Olympics, held in Tokyo, Japan, as a unified team. The officials from both Koreas also announced that the letters they would send to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) regarding their bids for hosting the 2032 Summer Olympics would also consist of co-host bids so that the", "Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics (a procedure already successfully employed by Team GB in field hockey and rugby sevens). Scotland also qualified for the World Cup but, under the agreement whereby the highest ranked home nation is nominated to compete for the purposes of Olympic qualification, their performance will not be taken into account. Football at the 2020 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held from 22 July to 8 August 2020 in Japan. In addition to the Olympic host city of Tokyo, matches will also be played in Ibaraki, Saitama, Sapporo, Sendai, and Yokohama. Associations affiliated with", "Grand Stade de Casablanca to South Africa. This included five major stadiums across the country, including Stade de Tanger, Stade de Marrakech and two more in the major cities of Agadir and Fes. It was one of the 14 host venues for Morocco's bid to host the World Cup in 2026. It would've staged the Opening and Final matches if Morocco was awarded for the World Cup but lost out to the joint bid of Canada/Mexico/United States. It is now planning on bidding for the 2030 FIFA World Cup with Tunisia and Algeria or Spain and Portugal. Grand Stade de Casablanca Grand Stade de", "Al Daayen include the Lusail Sports Precinct, a massive sporting complex containing sporting venues as well as residential units, and Lusail Iconic Stadium, a proposed venue for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. According to the Ministry of Municipality and Environment, the municipality hosts 7 parks as of 2018. A large-scale museum is planned to be constructed in Lusail's Entertainment Island district. Historic sites of interest can be found in the traditional villages of Umm Qarn, Tenbek and Al Rehayya and in a few deserted fishing villages located to the north of Lusail. Al Daayen has seen a rapid increase in population in", "Hockey World Cup won three titles, and Germany has won two titles. Belgium and India have both won the tournament once. The 2018 tournament was held in Bhubaneswar, India from 28 November to 16 December. Belgium defeated Netherlands in a penalty shoot-out 3–2 after the match ended in a 0–0 tie to win their first World Cup title. The World Cup expanded to 16 teams in 2018, and FIH will evaluate the possibility of increasing it to 24 in 2022. The Hockey World Cup was first conceived by Pakistan's Air Marshal Nur Khan. He proposed his idea to the FIH through Patrick Rowley," ]

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[ "A man playing guitar" ]

[ "A man sitting in front of a microphone playing a Drums", "Two men are sitting at a table.", "The author is swimming.", "A woman and a pet.", "a couple is cutting their wedding cake", "someone knocksdown a snow man", "Dai-Siu is played with two decks of cards, including the jokers." ]

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[ "A woman is dressed with accessories." ]

[ "A bald, no necked woman is doing laundry.", "There is a man in shorts.", "A young lady in a bikini walking in front of colorful row homes.", "man rings balloon snakes neck", "A woman is standing by a fruit cart.", "Flytrap is capable of convincing them to withdraw from mainstream America.", "Five large dogs are playing together." ]

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[ "Manettia Manettia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. There are between 80 and 123 species. They are distributed in the West Indies, Mexico, and Central and South America. Most are vines. The genus was named after Saverio Manetti.", "Fragaria Fragaria is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits. There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as \"Fragaria\" × \"ananassa\". Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world." ]

[ "Granita Granita (] ; in Italian also granita siciliana ] ) is a semi-frozen dessert made from sugar, water and various flavorings. Originally from Sicily, it is available all over Italy in somewhat different forms. It is related to sorbet and Italian ice; however, in most of Sicily, it has a coarser, more crystalline texture. Food writer Jeffrey Steingarten says that \"the desired texture seems to vary from city to city\" on the island; on the west coast and in Palermo, it is at its chunkiest, and in the east it is nearly as smooth as sorbet. This is largely the result of different freezing techniques: the smoother types are produced in a gelato machine, while the coarser varieties are frozen with only occasional agitation, then scraped or shaved to produce separated crystals. Although its texture varies from coarse to smooth, it is always different from that of ice cream, which is creamier, and from that of sorbet, which is more compact; this makes granita distinct and unique.", "Brugmansia Brugmansia is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae. They are woody trees or shrubs, with pendulous flowers, and have no spines on their fruit. Their large, fragrant flowers give them their common name of angel's trumpets, a name sometimes used for the closely related genus \"Datura\". (Datura differs from Brugmansia in that they are herbaceous bushes, with erect rather than pendulous flowers - and most have spines on their fruit).", "Punica Punica is a small genus of fruit-bearing deciduous shrubs or small trees. The better known species is the pomegranate (\"Punica granatum\"). The other species, the Socotra pomegranate (\"Punica protopunica\"), is endemic to the island of Socotra. It differs in having pink (not red) flowers and smaller, less sweet fruit.", "Cerbera floribunda Cerbera floribunda, commonly known as cassowary plum, grey milkwood, brebong, biegbau or babai, is a species of \"Cerbera\" native to New Guinea and Tropical North Queensland in Australia. It is a favourite food of North Queensland’s iconic flightless bird, the southern cassowary (\"Casuarius casuarius\").", "Caryocar nuciferum Caryocar nuciferum, the butter-nut of Guiana, is also known as pekea-nut, or – like all other species of \"Caryocar\" with edible nuts – \"souari-nut\" or \"sawarri-nut\". It is a fruit tree native to northern Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana, Panama, and Venezuela.", "Fragaria chiloensis Fragaria chiloensis, the beach strawberry, Chilean strawberry, or coastal strawberry, is one of two species of strawberry that were hybridized to create the modern garden strawberry (\"F. × ananassa\"). It is noted for its large berries. Its natural range is the Pacific Ocean coasts of North and South America, and also Hawaii. Migratory birds are thought to have dispersed \"F. chiloensis\" from the Pacific coast of North America to the mountains of Hawaii, Chile, and Argentina.", "Amanita bisporigera Amanita bisporigera is a deadly poisonous species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It is commonly known as the eastern North American destroying angel or just as the destroying angel, although the fungus shares this latter name with three other lethal white \"Amanita\" species, \"A. ocreata\", \"A. verna\" and \"A. virosa\". The fruit bodies are found on the ground in mixed coniferous and deciduous forests of eastern North America south to Mexico, but are rare in western North America; the fungus has also been found in pine plantations in Colombia. The mushroom has a smooth white cap that can reach up to 10 cm across, and a stipe, up to 14 cm long by 1.8 cm thick, that has a delicate white skirt-like ring near the top. The bulbous stipe base is covered with a membranous sac-like volva. The white gills are free from attachment to the stalk and crowded closely together. As the species name suggests, \"A. bisporigera\" typically bears two spores on the basidia, although this characteristic is not as immutable as was once thought.", "Mutinus elegans Mutinus elegans, commonly known as the elegant stinkhorn, the dog stinkhorn, the headless stinkhorn, the shitty carrot, or the devil's dipstick, is a species of fungus in the Phallaceae family. A saprobic species, it is typically found growing on the ground singly or in small groups on woody debris or leaf litter, during summer and autumn in Japan, Europe, and eastern North America. The fruit body begins its development in an \"egg\" form, resembling somewhat a puffball partially submerged in the ground. As the fungus matures, a slender orange to pink colored stalk emerges that tapers evenly to a pointed tip. The stalk is covered with a foul-smelling slimy green spore mass on the upper third of its length. Flies and other insects feed upon the slime which contains the spores, assisting in their dispersal. Due to their repellent odor, mature specimens are not generally considered edible, although there are reports of the immature \"eggs\" being consumed. In the laboratory, \"Mutinus elegans\" has been shown to inhibit the growth of several microorganisms that can be pathogenic to humans.", "Tasmannia stipitata Tasmannia stipitata, commonly known as the Dorrigo pepper or northern pepperbush is a rainforest shrub of temperate forests of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. Leaves are fragrant, narrow-lanceolate to narrow-elliptic, 8–13 cm long. Dark bluish to mauve berries follow the flowers on female shrubs. The species is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.", "Cabell d'àngel Cabell d'àngel (] , ] ) or Cabello de ángel (English: \"angel's hair\") is a transparent threaded jam made from Siam pumpkin (\"Cucurbita ficifolia\") pulp and white sugar. It originated in Majorca but its use has spread to the rest of Spain and some countries in the Americas. Cabell d'àngel is usually flavored with stick cinnamon or citron skin. It is best when prepared in the spring, once the pumpkins have fully matured.", "Clavaria fragilis Clavaria fragilis, commonly known as fairy fingers, white worm coral, or white spindles, is a species of fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It is synonymous with \"Clavaria vermicularis\". The fungus is the type species of the genus \"Clavaria\" and is a typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi. It produces tubular, unbranched, white basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that typically grow in clusters. The fruit bodies can reach dimensions of 15 cm tall by 0.5 cm thick. \"Clavaria fragilis\" is a saprobic species, growing in woodland litter or in old, unimproved grassland. It is widespread throughout temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, but has also been reported from Australia and South Africa. The fungus is edible, but insubstantial and flavorless. There are several other small white coral-like fungi with which \"C. fragilis\" may be confused.", "Melicope cinerea Melicope cinerea is a species of plant in the Rutaceae family known by the common name manena. It is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is threatened by habitat loss.", "Fenia (food) Fenia (Punjabi: ਫ਼ੈਨੀਆਂ) is a form of vermicelli from North India and Pakistan. Although similar to the vermicelli used in \"seviyan\" and \"falooda\" (both desserts from the region), \"fenia\" are much thinner. They have a ritualistic importance for the \"Karva Chauth\" festival in Punjab where, along with halva and dry fruits, they are part of the \"sargi\" ensemble consumed just before the fast associated with the festival begins.", "Asparagus densiflorus Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern, plume asparagus, foxtail fern) is an evergreen perennial plant, closely related to the vegetable asparagus, and native to southern Africa from Mozambique to South Africa. \"A. densiflorus\" has been confused with \"A. aethiopicus\", Sprenger's asparagus, now regarded as a separate species, so that information under the name \"A. densiflorus\" will often refer to \"A. aethiopicus\".", "Frangollo Frangollo is a Canarian dessert dish, made from milk, millet or maize flour, lemon, eggs, sugar, butter, raisins, almonds, and cinnamon. Many variations exist, for example replacing the milk with water, or adding aniseed.", "Phyllanthus emblica Phyllanthus emblica, also known as emblic, emblic myrobalan, myrobalan, Indian gooseberry, Malacca tree, or amla from Sanskrit amalaki is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. It is known for its edible fruit of the same name.", "Asparagus (genus) Asparagus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Asparagoideae. It comprises up to 300 species. Most are evergreen long-lived perennial plants growing from the understory as lianas, bushes or climbing plants. The best-known species is the edible \"Asparagus officinalis\", commonly referred to as just \"asparagus\". Some other members of the genus, such as \"Asparagus densiflorus\", are grown as ornamental plants.", "Tacacá Tacacá (] ) is a soup common to North Brazil, particularly the states of Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia and Pará, and is well loved and widely consumed. It is made with \"jambu\" (a native variety of paracress), and \"tucupi\" (a broth made with wild manioc), as well as dried shrimps and small yellow peppers. It must be served extremely hot in a cuia.", "Forestiera pubescens Forestiera pubescens, commonly known as stretchberry, desert olive, tanglewood, devil's elbow, spring goldenglow, spring herald, New Mexico privet, or Texas forsythia is a deciduous shrub or small tree native to the southwestern United States (Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, California) and northern Mexico.", "Maikaika Maikaika is a common name for any of several New Zealand plants with edible underground parts:" ]

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[ "A man preforming tricks for people." ]

[ "A man is watching a crowd play games.", "A woman is near a pizza place.", "He had no idea that people were following his trail.", "There is a person is using tools.", "Oh, please. Start talking.", "There is never a difference between weekly actual and evaluated time.", "There are at least two subjects of the animal kingdom in the photo." ]

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[ "There are people at the museum." ]

[ "The women are singing.", "a picture is being taken", "Two people stand at a bar.", "He is very humble and does not mock anyone.", "The people are dead.", "A man is holding a knife in front of some cake", "A man is sitting on his hands, numbing them" ]

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[ "Charles I of England Parliamentary governor, Sir John Hotham, who refused him entry in April, and Charles was forced to withdraw. In mid-1642, both sides began to arm. Charles raised an army using the medieval method of commission of array, and Parliament called for volunteers for its militia. Following futile negotiations, Charles raised the royal standard in Nottingham on 22 August 1642. At the start of the First English Civil War, Charles's forces controlled roughly the Midlands, Wales, the West Country and northern England. He set up his court at Oxford. Parliament controlled London, the south-east and East Anglia, as well as the English", "History of the Puritans under King Charles I standard at Nottingham and the First English Civil War was underway. In 1642, the most ardent defenders of episcopacy in the Long Parliament left to join King Charles on the battlefield. However, although Civil War was beginning, Parliament was initially reluctant to pass legislation without it receiving royal assent. Thus, between June 1642 and May 1643, Parliament passed legislation providing for a religious assembly five times, but these bills did not receive royal assent and thus died. By June 1643, however, Parliament was willing to defy the king and call a religious assembly without the king's assent. This assembly, the", "William Harrison (MP) MPs would be nominated, by the normal convention, by the future Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, from 1616, as Constable of the Castle. Harrison was quite prominent in the first session of the Long Parliament, as noted by Simonds D'Ewes. His father, an important financier, agreed to give up £50,000 to the parliament, and Harrison was nominated to receive it. When Charles I of England went to Nottingham in August 1642, to raise the Royal Standard—the event that marked the outbreak of the First English Civil War—Harrison accompanied him. Parliament retaliated against his father. On 24 June 1643 Harrison", "First English Civil War, 1642 First English Civil War, 1642 The First English Civil War started in 1642. By the end of the year neither side had succeeded in gaining an advantage, although the King's advance on London was the closest Royalist forces came to threatening the city. When the King raised his standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642, war was already in progress on a small scale in many districts; each side endeavouring to secure, or to deny to the enemy, fortified country-houses, territory, and above all arms and money. Peace negotiations went on in the midst of these minor events, until there", "First English Civil War after the conflict. Convention uses the name \"The English Civil War\" (1642–1651) to refer collectively to the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War, which began with the raising of King Charles I's standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642, and ended on 3 September 1651 at the Battle of Worcester. There was some continued organised Royalist resistance in Scotland, which lasted until the surrender of Dunnottar Castle to Parliament's troops in May 1652, but this resistance is not usually included as part of the English Civil War. The English Civil War can be divided into three: the", "Nottingham Castle the outbreak of the English Civil War, the castle was already in a semi-ruined state after a number of skirmishes occurred on the site. At the start of the Civil War, in August 1642, Charles I chose Nottingham as the rallying point for his armies, but soon after he departed, the castle rock was made defensible and held by the parliamentarians. Commanded by John Hutchinson, they repulsed several Royalist attacks, and they were the last group to hold the castle. In 1648 the Royalist commander Marmaduke Langdale, fleeing after defeat in the Battle of Preston, was captured and held in", "Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex in battle. On 22 August 1642, Charles raised his standard at Nottingham Castle. This was a symbolic declaration of war against Parliament. It was clear from this point onwards that the two armies would engage in battle at some point, starting the English Civil War. However the majority of those supporting Parliament were still fearful of committing treason against the King and this inhibited them in the early years of the conflict. They were also well aware that an agreement with Charles would be necessary to achieve the future settlement of the kingdom once the war was over. A republican", "Meeting on Heworth Moor took up arms. Charles returned from the meeting to York, where, after keeping his court for more than five months, during which time every attempt at negotiation had failed, he advanced to Nottingham, and there erected his standard on 22 August 1642. From there by an indirect route his army advanced on London, to be met by a Parliamentary army at the Battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642, the first pitched battle of the First English Civil War. Meeting on Heworth Moor The great meeting on Heworth Moor outside York took place on 3 June 1642. Hopper (2007:1-4) (\"'Black" ]

[ "York Castle Tower and the surrounding land to John Babington and Edmund Duffield, a pair of property speculators. In turn, Babington and Duffield sold Clifford's Tower to a York merchant family. In 1642, however, the English Civil War broke out between the rival factions of the Royalists and Parliament. Forces loyal to Charles I, under the command of Henry Clifford, garrisoned York Castle and the surrounding city in 1643. York effectively became the \"northern capital\" for the Royalist cause. Clifford repaired the castle and strengthened the walls to permit them to support cannon, placing his arms alongside those of the king above", "Lydford Castle its poor condition, and fresh repair work was carried out in the 1620s and 1630s under Charles I. Lydford Castle was involved in the English Civil War that broke out in 1642 between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and Parliament. The castle was used by the Royalist commander Sir Richard Grenville as his main military prison in the region. It had a terrible reputation amongst Parliamentarians, who complained that it was used to summarily execute military prisoners and to extort money from innocent civilians, on fear of imprisonment. At the end of the civil war, the Lydford estate appears", "Beaumaris Castle War broke out in 1642 between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and the supporters of Parliament. Beaumaris Castle was a strategic location in the war, as it controlled part of the route between the king's bases in Ireland and his operations in England. Thomas Bulkeley, whose family had been involved in the management of the castle for several centuries, held Beaumaris for the king and may have spent around £3,000 improving its defences. By 1646, however, Parliament had defeated the royal armies and the castle was surrendered by Colonel Richard Bulkeley in June. Anglesey revolted against Parliament again in", "First English Civil War, 1642 preparations. Above all, the Eastern Association was from the first, guided and inspired by Colonel Cromwell. The field fortifications that were hastily thrown up during the summer of 1642 to defend London, were supplemented with the Lines of Communication (the name given for new ring of fortifications around the City of London and the outer boroughs) that were commissioned by Parliament in 1642 and completed in 1643. First English Civil War, 1642 The First English Civil War started in 1642. By the end of the year neither side had succeeded in gaining an advantage, although the King's advance on London", "Hurst Castle was neglected. In 1628, the castle was unable to prevent Flemish ships from passing along the Solent, as only four or five of the castle's twenty-seven guns were functional, and the fort had no ammunition or powder for them. The government replaced all the brass ordnance in the castle, which were preferred, particularly on ships, as they could fire faster and more safely, with iron guns in 1635. At the beginning of the English Civil War in 1642 between the supporters of Charles I and Parliament, the castle was occupied by Captain Richard Swanley, a supporter of Parliament. In December", "Conwy Castle reinforced, but played little part in the fighting. Henry VIII conducted restoration work in the 1520s and 1530s, during which time the castle was being used as a prison, a depot and as a potential residence for visitors. Conwy Castle fell into disrepair again by the early 17th century. Charles I sold it to Edward Conway in 1627 for £100, and Edward's son, also called Edward, inherited the ruin in 1631. In 1642 the English Civil War broke out between the Charles' royalist supporters and Parliament. John Williams, the Archbishop of York, took charge of the castle on behalf of", "Banbury Castle the lord of Saye and Sele. In 1642 the English Civil War broke out between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and the supporters of Parliament. Banbury Castle was initially held by William Fiennes, the son of Richard, for Parliament and the castle was hastily refortified. After the battle of Edgehill, Charles marched south and forced the surrender of the castle and its stock of 1,500 firearms. The fortifications were strengthened and in 1644 the castle was besieged again, this time by Parliamentary forces under the command of William Fiennes. The royal governor, the 18-year-old William Compton, held out between", "Yarmouth Castle it was used at Sandown, the stone appears to have been taken from the local monasteries. Civil war broke out in 1642 between the followers of King Charles I and those of Parliament. Initially, Captain Barnaby Burley, a relative of John, and an ardent Royalist, held the castle on behalf of the King with a tiny garrison. Burley negotiated surrender terms, including that he initially be allowed to remain in the castle with armed protection, and the castle remained in the control of Parliament for the rest of the war. Early during the Interregnum it was decided to increase the", "Charles I of England in the foreseeable future to raise funds from Parliament for a European war, or the influence of Buckingham, Charles made peace with France and Spain. The following eleven years, during which Charles ruled England without a Parliament, are referred to as the personal rule or the \"eleven years' tyranny\". Ruling without Parliament was not exceptional, and was supported by precedent. Only Parliament, however, could legally raise taxes, and without it Charles's capacity to acquire funds for his treasury was limited to his customary rights and prerogatives. A large fiscal deficit had arisen in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James", "Baconsthorpe Castle younger brother, Sir John III. John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and, when civil war broke out in 1642, he fought on the side of King Charles I. In response, Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646. He bought his estates back, but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework. John died in debt in 1653, leaving the castle to his son, Charles Heydon, who continued to dispose of the stone: 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30, for reuse at Felbrigg Hall. Charles' brother, William", "Raglan Castle Royalist supporters of King Charles I and Parliament. Raglan Castle was still held by Henry, then an elderly man, supported by his son, Lord Herbert. Both men were firm royalists. King Charles sent his own son, Prince Charles, on a fund-raising tour of friendly regions, starting with Raglan Castle in October 1642, following which Henry was promoted to be the first Marquess of Worcester. Tensions grew in the immediate region, partially driven by religious tensions between some of the more Protestant local people and the Roman Catholic Marquess; on one of these occasions a local group attempted to search the", "Sandown Castle, Kent of £437, while a 1634 survey noted that work estimated at £1,243 was required. In contrast, an inspection in 1635 showed the castle to be in reasonable structural condition, but antiquated in design. A report produced in 1641 suggested that £8,000 of investment was required in the three castles of the Downs, including £3,000 for additional sea defences. Sandown Castle did not play a prominent role during the first English Civil War that broke out between the supporters of King Charles I and Parliament; it was taken by Parliamentary forces at the start of the conflict in 1642. Following the", "Worcester Castle that the castle was \"now clean down\", and that the motte was still of an impressive size but heavily overgrown. A gatehouse known as Edgar's Tower was built by the cathedral on the site of the earlier castle gatehouse, to control access to the former bailey. In 1628 the castle site was granted by the Crown to Giles Clutterbuck; the local gentry complained, leading to a legal case in which the county successfully reclaimed the site. In 1642 England descended into a period of civil war between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and the supporters of Parliament. Worcester's city", "Hemyock Castle was not particularly functional, as the gatehouse was poorly designed and the towers had no usable rooms on the upper stories. By the time that the antiquarian John Leland visited the castle in the early 16th century, it had fallen into ruin, and only a few towers remained intact. By 1566, the centre of the castle was being used for growing apples. In 1642, civil war broke out in England between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and the supporters of Parliament. Lord Poulett, a Royalist, seized the castle shortly after the outbreak of fighting. During the war the castle", "Bridgwater Castle of Common Pleas, to built his new house. Harvey had purchased it from George Whitmore who had been granted the ownership by Charles I in 1626. Harvey leased the house to Colonel Wyndham in 1643. The new house was in the shape of a Roman B and is shown on the map drawn by John Strachey in 1735 and another in 1777 by John Locke. In 1642, however, the English Civil War broke out between supporters of Charles I and Parliament: the town and the castle were still seen as having value and a garrison was established by the Royalists", "Caerphilly Castle into disrepair, the water defences probably drained away. Antiquarian John Leland visited Caerphilly Castle around 1539, and described it as having \"waulles of a wonderful thiknes\", but beyond a tower used to hold prisoners it was in ruins and surrounded by marshland. Henry Herbert, the earl of Pembroke used the castle for his manorial court. In 1583 the castle was leased to Thomas Lewis, who stripped it of much of its stone to extend his house, causing extensive damage. In 1642 the English Civil War broke out between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and those of Parliament. South Wales", "Siege of Hull (1642) medieval town some 8 – 10 miles away which was an armoury) to collect more soldiers, Hotham refused a second time and drove away the besiegers. Charles took great personal affront to these actions, and declared Hotham a traitor. The Royalists' unsuccessful siege of the city was a major step on the road to full-scale war which would start in earnest with the pitched battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642. Siege of Hull (1642) The Siege of Hull in 1642 was the first major action of the English Civil War. As both sides moved towards war, Parliament had access", "Kingswear Castle that four brass artillery guns be kept at the castle. The range of artillery guns soon increased, however, making it unnecessary to have armed forts on both sides of the river and, by the end of the 16th century, the castle's military utility had lessened and it was not normally manned. At the outbreak of the Civil War between the supporters of Charles I and those of Parliament in 1642, Dartmouth initially sided with Parliament and the town invested money in Kingswear's castle doors. The following year, Prince Maurice besieged and took the town. An earthwork fort, called Mount Ridley", "3rd Parliament of King Charles I 3rd Parliament of King Charles I The 3rd Parliament of King Charles I was summoned by King Charles I of England on 31 January 1628 and first assembled on 17 March 1628. The elected Speaker of the House of Commons was Sir John Finch, the Member of Parliament for Canterbury. Following the debacle of the previous Parliament, when Parliament had refused the grant the King funds until their concerns about his favourite, George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, had been addressed, it had proved difficult to prosecute the war with Spain. When Charles’s uncle, Christian IV of Denmark, was soundly defeated", "Camber Castle by now led by Captain Thomas Porter, left the next year, followed by the artillery. When civil war broke out in 1642 between the supporters of Charles and those of Parliament, Camber Castle had not been entirely closed and was being used as a royal munitions store. The citizens of Rye sided with Parliament, which agreed that the weapons and stores in the castle should be removed and taken to the town for safe-keeping. Concerned that it might be seized by Royalist forces, Parliament went on to dismantle the castle over the next year, stripping the lead from the roof,", "3rd Parliament of King Charles I on 2 March 1629 and had nine of the leading protagonists arrested, one of whom, Sir John Eliot, would die in the Tower of London three years later. Charles then dissolved Parliament in person on the 10 March and was so disillusioned that he did not recall it again until 1640. 3rd Parliament of King Charles I The 3rd Parliament of King Charles I was summoned by King Charles I of England on 31 January 1628 and first assembled on 17 March 1628. The elected Speaker of the House of Commons was Sir John Finch, the Member of Parliament for", "Wallingford Castle land and fisheries. The English Civil War broke out between the supporters of Charles I and Parliament in the 1640s; with the king and Parliament maintaining their capitals in Oxford and London respectively, the Thames Valley once again became a critical war zone. Wallingford was a Royalist town, with a garrison established there in 1642 to prevent an advance on Oxford to the north-west. Colonel Thomas Blagge was appointed governor, and in 1643 the king instructed him to refortify the castle, inspecting the results later that year. By 1644, the surrounding Thames towns of Abingdon and Reading had fallen and", "Dartmouth Castle town regained control of the fortifications and the Carews continued to occupy the house. In 1597, with the threat of a Spanish invasion, the gun tower was improved and Lamberd's Bulwarke repaired. Two years later, Hortensio Spinola, a Spanish spy, described the castle as being defended \"with 24 pieces and 50 men\", commenting that the harbour was well protected and that the inhabitants were \"warlike\". At the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 between the supporters of Charles I and those of Parliament, Dartmouth initially sided with Parliament and the castle was guarded by five men. In 1643,", "Netley Castle of a captain. It was still garrisoned in the mid-1620s and was probably still in active service at the start of the English Civil War between the supporters of King Charles I and Parliament in 1642. Captain Swaley, a Parliamentary naval commander, seized Netley at the end of that year and decommissioned it as a fortification. During the Interregnum, the castle was restored to use, due to concerns about a potential Royalist invasion, but was abandoned as obsolete after the restoration of Charles II to the throne. By the time that Alexander Pope visited in 1734, the castle was overgrown", "Denbigh Castle and town walls the castle in 1563, partially because the Crown was trying to reduce the costs of maintaining the dilapidated property. Dudley built a large church in the walled town, possibly intending it to become a cathedral and carried out some minor repairs to the castle but little other work was carried out before his death in 1588. When civil war broke out in 1642 between the followers of King Charles I and Parliament, Colonel William Salesbury held Denbigh Castle for the Royalists. The castle was defended by a garrison of 500 men and Salesbury paid for work to be carried out", "3rd Parliament of King Charles I by Imperial forces at Lutter in August 1626 Charles needed funds urgently to go to Christian's aid. He therefore decided to bypass Parliament by levying a Forced Loan, which actually raised more money, some £243,000, than Parliament had been prepared to give him in exchange for Buckingham's impeachment. In the event the money raised by the levy, the raising of which so alienated Parliament and its supporters, was spent on preparing to wage war on France after relations with that hitherto friendly country had deteriorated. When the Duke of Buckingham wanted to take a fleet to raise the siege at", "Cromwell's Castle fell into disuse soon afterwards, and in the 21st century is managed by English Heritage and open to visitors. Cromwell's Castle is an artillery tower, built by Sir Robert Blake following the Parliamentary invasion of the Isles of Scilly in 1651. During the English Civil War between 1642 and 1646, the inhabitants of the Isles had been Royalist supporters of King Charles I, and rebelled against Parliament in favour of Charles in 1648. Tresco became a base for Royalist privateers and Parliament became concerned that the Dutch, then hostile to England, might exploit the situation, or that Royalist Irish forces", "Beaumaris Castle 1330 a total of £15,000 had been spent, a huge sum for the period, but the castle remained incomplete. Beaumaris Castle was taken by Welsh forces in 1403 during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr, but recaptured by royal forces in 1405. Following the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642, the castle was held by forces loyal to Charles I, holding out until 1646 when it surrendered to the Parliamentary armies. Despite forming part of a local royalist rebellion in 1648, the castle escaped slighting and was garrisoned by Parliament, but fell into ruin around 1660, eventually forming part", "Ogle Castle Charles Cavendish and after her death, the manor passed to their son, William Cavendish, later 1st Duke of Newcastle. Cavendish was the senior Royalist in the North during the 1642-1646 First English Civil War and spent much of his fortune raising troops for Charles I; after defeat at Marston Moor in 1644, he went into exile in Europe, returning only after the 1660 Restoration. Parliament sold Ogle Castle in 1653 to James Moseley, who repaired some of the damage done during the civil wars but the original house was extensively rebuilt after it was returned to William in 1660. The", "Kenilworth Castle both King James I and his son Charles, and accordingly was well maintained. The most famous royal visit occurred in 1624, when Ben Jonson's \"The Masque of Owls at Kenilworth\" was performed for Charles. The First English Civil War broke out in 1642. During its early campaigns, Kenilworth formed a useful counterbalance to the Parliamentary stronghold of Warwick. Kenilworth was used by Charles on his advance to Edgehill in October 1642 as a base for raids on Parliamentary strongholds in the Midlands. After the battle, however, the royalist garrison was withdrawn on the approach of Lord Brooke, and the castle", "Which Lie Did I Tell? Which Lie Did I Tell? Which Lie Did I Tell?: More Adventures in the Screen Trade is a work of non-fiction first published in 2000 by novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It is the follow-up to his 1982 book \"Adventures in the Screen Trade\". Originally to be called \"The Big Campfire\", the inspiration for the title came when Goldman was in the office of a Hollywood producer who was talking on the phone to one of his associates. Suddenly he cupped his hands over the receiver, snapped his fingers and said “Bill, Bill! Which lie did I tell?” The book", "Conwy Castle several months by forces loyal to Owain Glyndŵr in 1401. Following the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642, the castle was held by forces loyal to Charles I, holding out until 1646 when it surrendered to the Parliamentary armies. In the aftermath the castle was partially slighted by Parliament to prevent it being used in any further revolt, and was finally completely ruined in 1665 when its remaining iron and lead was stripped and sold off. Conwy Castle became an attractive destination for painters in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Visitor numbers grew and initial restoration", "Ashby de la Zouch Castle prominence in the region. In 1642, the English Civil War broke out between the supporters of Charles I and Parliament. Henry Hasting briefly joined the royalist cause before his death in 1643, but his eldest son Ferdinando, who inherited the family earldom, remained neutral during the conflict. Ferdinando's younger brother Henry, however, became a key Royalist commander in the Midlands. The castle was strategically well-placed, linking the Royalist territories in the north and the west of England, and giving easy access to the River Trent. Henry used the castle as his base of operations across the region, protecting it by", "Hull Castle Spanish and French invasion threat. The South End Fort was built on the other side of the river from the South Blockhouse at the same time, provided supporting crossfire. In 1634, a survey showed the North Blockhouse to be mounting 24 pieces of artillery, the castle 29, and the South Blockhouse 24 guns. Catholic recusants continued to be detained in the castle and blockhouses, where they were ill-treated by the keepers, typically men with strong Puritan sympathies. At the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642, Hull sided with Parliament against King Charles I. Hull was besieged by the", "English Civil War English Civil War The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (\"Roundheads\") and Royalists (\"Cavaliers\") over, principally, the manner of England's governance. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. The overall outcome of the war was threefold: the trial and execution of Charles I", "Harlech Castle in 1468, before then raiding the town of Denbigh. Tudor's arrival caused Edward IV to order William Herbert to mobilise an army, possibly up to 10,000 strong, to finally seize the castle. After a month's siege, the small garrison surrendered on 14 August. This siege is credited with inspiring the song \"Men of Harlech\". The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and the supporters of Parliament. Harlech apparently had not been repaired following the 1468 siege, and had become completely dilapidated, with the exception of the gatehouse, which was used for the", "History of the Scots Guards (1642–1804) exist. When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, his son Richard Cromwell succeeded him but proved to be unsuccessful and abdicated in 1659. The following year, Charles II returned to England upon the Convention Parliament declaring him to be King. In 1661, the regiment was reformed as the Scottish Regiment of Foot Guards. That same year, Archibald, 1st Marquis of Argyll who had been ordered to raise the regiment by Charles I, was executed for high treason. The regiment was used against the Covenanters in Scotland who had begun an uprising in 1666 in response to many oppressive measures taken towards", "Apley Castle In 1642 the castle passed by marriage to Thomas Hanmer, who married Francis Charlton. With the outbreak of the English Civil War that year between the supporters of King Charles and Parliament, Hanmer, a royalist, fortified the mansion, which formed a valuable strategic stronghold close to Shrewsbury. Encouraged by Francis Charlton's younger brother, the castle was sacked by Parliamentary forces during the war: £1,500 of damage was done and the lead from the roof was stolen for use at Shrewsbury Castle. A second mansion, also called Apley Castle, was subsequently built between 1791-4 for the Charltons, and the repaired first", "Parliament of England the tradition whereby all governments looked to parliament for legitimacy. In 1681 Charles II dissolved parliament and ruled without them for the last four years of his reign. This followed bitter disagreements between the king and parliament that had occurred between 1679 and 1681. Charles took a big gamble by doing this. He risked the possibility of a military showdown akin to that of 1642. However he rightly predicted that the nation did not want another civil war. Parliament disbanded without a fight. Events that followed ensured that this would be nothing but a temporary blip. Charles II died in", "St Mawes Castle for the castle. By 1623 the castle held two brass culverins, six iron culverins, one demi-culverin and one saker, with a small garrison of 14 men, overseen by a captain and a lieutenant. A survey in 1634 indicated structural problems, and suggested that £534 was needed for repairs. When civil war broke out in 1642 between King Charles I and Parliament, St Mawes and the south-west of England was held by the Royalists. The growing town of Falmouth was a strategically important part of their supply routes to the Continent, while Carrick Roads formed a base for Royalist piracy in", "Kilkenny Castle came to loon about.\" In the 17th century, the castle came into the hands of Elizabeth Preston, wife of then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, another James Butler, also 12th Earl and 1st Duke of Ormonde. Butler, unlike most of his family, was a Protestant and throughout the Irish Confederate Wars of the 1640s was the representative of Charles I in Ireland. However, his castle became the capital of a Catholic rebel movement, Confederate Ireland, whose parliament or \"Supreme Council\" met in Kilkenny Castle from 1642-48. Ormonde himself was based in Dublin at this time. The east wall and the northeast", "Battle of Edgehill of Edgehill prevented either faction gaining a quick victory in the war, which eventually lasted four years. When it appeared to King Charles I that no agreement with Parliament over the government of the kingdom was possible, he left London on 2 March 1642 and headed for the north of England. Both Parliament and King realised that armed conflict was inevitable, and prepared to raise forces. Parliament enacted a Militia Ordinance, by which it claimed authority over the country's trained bands, while from his temporary capital of York, Charles rejected Parliament's Nineteen Propositions and issued Commissions of Array, directing the", "2nd Parliament of King Charles I of Peers to delay the dissolution, Charles replied “not by a second”. 2nd Parliament of King Charles I The Second Parliament of Charles I was summoned by Charles I of England on 26 December 1625 in another attempt to solve his growing monetary problems. The King deliberately set out to secure a more docile body than his 1st Parliament by attempting to reduce the numerical strength of his opponents that were returned to the House of Commons. The main tactic he employed was to ensure that a number of the people who were potentially troublesome MPs were chosen to be", "Equestrian Portrait of Charles I Equestrian Portrait of Charles I The Equestrian Portrait of Charles I (also known as Charles I on Horseback) is an oil painting on canvas by Anthony van Dyck, showing Charles I on horseback. Charles I had become King of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1625 on the death of his father James I, and Van Dyck became Charles's Principal Painter in Ordinary in 1632. The portrait is thought to have been painted in about 1637–38, only a few years before the English Civil War broke out in 1642. It is one of many portraits of Charles by Van Dyck, including", "2nd Parliament of King Charles I 2nd Parliament of King Charles I The Second Parliament of Charles I was summoned by Charles I of England on 26 December 1625 in another attempt to solve his growing monetary problems. The King deliberately set out to secure a more docile body than his 1st Parliament by attempting to reduce the numerical strength of his opponents that were returned to the House of Commons. The main tactic he employed was to ensure that a number of the people who were potentially troublesome MPs were chosen to be sheriffs of their county. This prevented the MPs from being elected to", "Corfe Castle 1460 some of his men became embroiled in the Battle of Worksop, Nottinghamshire. Beaufort and the Lancastrians won the skirmish. The castle remained a royal fortress until sold by Elizabeth I in 1572 to her Lord Chancellor, Sir Christopher Hatton. Ralph Treswell, Hatton's steward, drafted a series of plans of the castle; the documents are the oldest surviving survey of the castle. The castle was bought by Sir John Bankes, Attorney General to Charles I, in 1635. The English Civil War broke out in 1642, and by 1643 most of Dorset was under Parliamentarian control. While Bankes was in Oxford", "Which Lie Did I Tell? how stories are written and films are made. Sprinkled throughout is his advice for future screenwriters. In the second section, he analyzes classic film sequences, setting each scene, quoting excerpts from the screenplays, and then explaining what made them great. Finally, the author offers story ideas and examines their potential for the big screen.\" Which Lie Did I Tell? Which Lie Did I Tell?: More Adventures in the Screen Trade is a work of non-fiction first published in 2000 by novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. It is the follow-up to his 1982 book \"Adventures in the Screen Trade\". Originally to", "Charles I of England downfall. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was", "History of the Puritans under King Charles I Charles famously entered the House of Commons personally on 4 January 1642, but the members had already fled. Following his failed attempt to arrest the Five Members, Charles realized that he was not only immensely unpopular among parliamentarians, he was also in danger of London's pro-Puritan, anti-episcopal, and increasingly anti-royal mob. As such, he and his family retreated to Oxford and invited all loyal parliamentarians to join him. He began raising an army under George Goring, Lord Goring. Puritans in Parliament were now in a sticky situation: on the one hand, they wanted to raise an army to defend England", "Siege of Hull (1642) once by his son John, who became the Military Governor of Hull. Charles I hoped that quick victories would negate Parliament's advantage in material, and as the armouries in London were beyond his reach he hoped to take the large arsenal at Hull to supplement the armouries he did have access to, such as those of the Derbyshire and Staffordshire trained bands. In April 1642 Hotham refused to admit Charles I to Hull. Later he promised his prisoner, Lord Digby, that he would surrender the city to the king, but when Charles appeared again, after travelling to Beverley (a walled", "Long Parliament arrest the Five Members and fearing for his safety, Charles left London on 10 January. Most royalist MPs also departed. However, because of the Dissolution Act, the Long Parliament continued to sit during and beyond the Civil War, without its royalist members. Charles declared Parliament in rebellion and began raising an army. He set up his court at Oxford, where the royalist MPs formed the Oxford Parliament. In March 1642, with the King absent from London and war clouds gathering, Parliament decreed that its own Parliamentary Ordinances were valid laws, even without royal assent. The Militia Ordinance was passed on", "Farleigh Hungerford Castle Edward. Sir Edward Hungerford died in 1607, leaving Farleigh Hungerford to his great-nephew, another Sir Edward Hungerford. Edward continued to develop the castle, installing new windows in the medieval buildings of the inner court. In 1642, however, the Civil War broke out in England between the supporters of King Charles and those of Parliament. As a reformist Member of Parliament and a Puritan, Edward was an active supporter of Parliament and volunteered himself as the leader of its forces in the neighbouring county of Wiltshire; unfortunately this put him at odds with Sir Edward Bayntun, a Wiltshire gentleman with similar", "Charles I of England Charles's army did not engage the Covenanters as the king feared the defeat of his forces, whom he believed to be significantly outnumbered by the Scots. In the Treaty of Berwick, Charles regained custody of his Scottish fortresses and secured the dissolution of the Covenanters' interim government, albeit at the decisive concession that both the Scottish Parliament and General Assembly of the Scottish Church were called. The military failure in the First Bishops' War caused a financial and diplomatic crisis for Charles that deepened when his efforts to raise funds from Spain, while simultaneously continuing his support for his Palatine", "Heworth, York of 1642 both the Parliamentary party and King Charles I negotiated with each other while preparing for war. When Charles endeavoured to raise a guard for his own person at York, intending it, as the event afterwards proved, to form the nucleus of an army, Lord Fairfax was required by Parliament to present a petition to his sovereign, entreating Charles to hearken to the voice of his Parliament, and to discontinue the raising of troops. This was at a great meeting of the freeholders and farmers of Yorkshire convened by the king on Heworth Moor on 3 June near York.", "Siege of Hull (1642) Siege of Hull (1642) The Siege of Hull in 1642 was the first major action of the English Civil War. As both sides moved towards war, Parliament had access to more military material, due to its possession of all major cities including the large arsenal in London. In Kingston upon Hull, where the majority of the inhabitants were Royalists, there was a large arsenal which had been established for the Second Bishops' War in 1638. To deny the Royalists access to this, in January 1642 Sir John Hotham was ordered by Parliament to seize Hull. This was carried out at", "Ludlow Castle his principal castle in Wales. A company called the \"Queen's Players\" entertained the Council in the 1610s, and in 1634 John Milton's masque \"Comus\" was performed in the Great Hall for John Egerton, Earl of Bridgewater. The Council faced increased criticism over its legal practices, however, and in 1641 an Act of Parliament stripped it of its judicial powers. When the English Civil War broke out in 1642 between the supporters of King Charles and those of Parliament, Ludlow and the surrounding region supported the Royalists. A Royalist garrison was put in place in the town, under the command of", "Charles I of England take drastic action. Charles suspected, probably correctly, that some members of the English Parliament had colluded with the invading Scots. On 3 January 1642, Charles directed Parliament to give up five members of the Commons – Pym, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, William Strode and Sir Arthur Haselrig – and one peer – Lord Mandeville – on the grounds of high treason. When Parliament refused, it was possibly Henrietta Maria who persuaded Charles to arrest the five members by force, which Charles intended to carry out personally. However, news of the warrant reached Parliament ahead of him, and the wanted men", "Windsor Castle to construct a gateway in the North Terrace. Christian van Vianen, a noted Dutch goldsmith, was employed to produce a baroque gold service for the St George's Chapel altar. In the final years of peace, Charles demolished the fountain in the Upper Ward, intending to replace it with a classical statue. In 1642 the English Civil War broke out, dividing the country into the Royalist supporters of Charles, and the Parliamentarians. In the aftermath of the battle of Edgehill in October, Parliament became concerned that Charles might advance on London. John Venn took control of Windsor Castle with twelve companies", "Rougemont Castle of a rectangular keep against the north-eastern wall. The castle did not play a major role during the Civil War, although in late 1642 Parliament authorised the City of Exeter to use £300 of public funds to fortify the city and perform repairs to the castle. Despite there being at least four artillery batteries at the castle, the city fell to the Royalists in 1643, then to the Parliamentarians in 1646. During part of the war the gatehouse was used as a prison. In 1773 all the buildings within the castle walls were demolished and replaced with a courthouse built", "Charles I of England I. Notwithstanding Buckingham's short-lived campaigns against both Spain and France, there was little financial capacity for Charles to wage wars overseas. Throughout his reign Charles was obliged to rely primarily on volunteer forces for defence and on diplomatic efforts to support his sister, Elizabeth, and his foreign policy objective for the restoration of the Palatinate. England was still the least taxed country in Europe, with no official excise and no regular direct taxation. To raise revenue without reconvening Parliament, Charles resurrected an all-but-forgotten law called the \"Distraint of Knighthood\", in abeyance for over a century, which required any man who", "Channel Islands in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms By 1651, Parliament gained control of both the islands and held them during the Interregnum even imprisoning Leveller dissident John Lilburne in Mount Orgueil Castle on 16 March 1654, due to Jersey having no habeas corpus laws. After the restoration of monarchy in 1660, the Parliamentarian general John Lambert was imprisoned on Guernsey. From 1642 to 1651, England was torn apart by a series of internal conflicts known as the English Civil War between the Charles I of England (and later Charles II of England) and those who supported Parliament. The nature of the engagement was primarily based on whether", "Cowes Castle Charles I and Parliament, the castle was initially held for the King by its captain, Humphrey Turney. On 12 August, as tensions between the rival factions on the island increased, Turney personally fired one of the castle's guns at the nearby Parliamentary naval vessel \"Lion\". An unidentified Scottish naval captain then came ashore on 16 August and captured Turney, before landing more men and taking the castle for Parliament, who held it for the rest of the war. During the Interregnum, the castle continued to be used as a prison. Charles I could not be housed in the castle while", "Worcestershire in the English Civil War Charles besieged Gloucester, but Essex was able to raise the siege. 1644. Again Parliamentary forces tried the same plan as the previous year. Essex and Waller were to join and march on Oxford. They did so, and very nearly caught Charles I, but he escaped, marched by Broadway to Evesham, Pershore to Worcester, and on to Bewdley. Waller followed him, but the two armies did not come to close quarters; the only fighting was Wilmot's attempt to relieve Dudley Castle, which was being besieged by Lord Denbigh. Charles retired towards Oxford, followed by Waller, who was defeated by Wilmot at", "Meeting on Heworth Moor Meeting on Heworth Moor The great meeting on Heworth Moor outside York took place on 3 June 1642. Hopper (2007:1-4) (\"'Black Tom': Sir Thomas Fairfax and the English Revolution\") provides a vivid account of the meeting and its important role in the period leading up to the civil war. The Lords and gentry of Yorkshire were summoned there by King Charles I to garner support from the county in his struggle with Parliament. At the meeting, at the request of Parliament, Lord Fairfax petitioned Charles to listen to Parliament and to discontinue the raising of troops. During the summer of", "Which Lie Did I Tell? or reprints of behind-the-scenes stories already published as introductions to Goldman's screenplays, it contains famous scenes from other writers' screenplays; how-to advice on judging ideas, on turning ideas into stories and on writing them in a way that hooks the attention of a director or a star; and a partial draft of a script, with reactions from esteemed peers.\" \"School Library Journal\" wrote about \"Which Lie Did I Tell?\", \"From \"The Memoirs of an Invisible Man\" to \"Absolute Power\", this master storyteller explains his role and his thought processes for each film, at the same time delivering an exposition on", "Which Lie Did I Tell? Some of these snippets offer an insight into Goldman's background that was not in the first book—such as his relationship with his parents, his university life and time in the military—the book thereby shading into autobiography. The chapters on \"The Princess Bride\", \"Misery\", \"Maverick\" and \"The Ghost and the Darkness\" originally appeared in his books \"Four Screenplays\" and \"Five Screenplays\" and in the published shooting script for \"The Ghost and the Darkness\". Michael Sragow describes \"Which Lie Did I Tell? (More Adventures in the Screen Trade)\": \"In addition to brief descriptions of topics like \"spitballing\" (brainstorming story notions) and expansions", "Thomas Lyster (Cavalier) Thomas Lyster (Cavalier) Sir Thomas Lyster of Rowton Castle (1612–1655), supported King Charles I during the English Civil War. Thomas Lyster of Rowton was eleven years of age in 1623, according to the visitations. He was a devoted adherent of King Charles I. During the first campaign of the English Civil War, when Charles I arrived in Shrewsbury he presented 500 pieces of gold to help pay for the war. He was knighted for this act of loyalty. In 1642 he signed a joint engagement with other gentlemen of the county to help raise a regiment of dragoons. He was", "Broughton Castle at Broughton Castle on several occasions. In the 17th century, The 1st Viscount Saye and Sele, known as \"Old Subtlety\", was one of the leading activists against Charles I. As a result, the castle was used by Parliamentarian sympathisers, such as John Pym and John Hampden, as a meeting place in the decade leading up to the Civil War. The 1st Viscount raised troops to fight against the king at the inconclusive Battle of Edgehill in 1642. In the following days, Royalist troops besieged the castle, quickly overcoming the defenders and occupying the castle for a time. Following the end", "Commission of array Charles I in 1642 at the start of the Civil War, in an unconstitutional manner, that is to say without Parliament having been consulted, in order to counteract the equally unconstitutional Militia Ordinance enacted by Parliament in 1642 without the usual Royal Assent. Both decrees were issued in order to attempt to gain control of existing militia forces and to raise further troops. The Commission of Array issued by the king thus sought to muster a Royalist army at the onset of the English Civil War. Commissioners were appointed for each county, generally from leading members of the local aristocracy", "Reginald Mohun (died 1642) was awarded BA on 10 June 1624. He was a student of law at the Middle Temple in 1625. In 1625 he was elected a Member of Parliament for Lostwithiel, Cornwall, in a double return which was probably not resolved in the time of the parliament. This election result is not recognised in his History of Parliament biography. He was definitively re-elected MP for Lostwithiel in 1626. He married twice: He died before 15 August 1642 when his will was proved. Reginald Mohun (died 1642) Reginald Mohun (1605 – c. 1642) of Trewynard (Trewinnard, St Erth) in Cornwall, was a", "Dunster Castle front and square towers, set within the older castle walls and overlooked by the keep above. The building was decorated in the latest styles, including ornamental plaster ceilings. The project ran almost three times over budget, costing Luttrell more than £1,200. In the 1640s the English Civil War broke out between the supporters of King Charles I and Parliament. Thomas Luttrell, George's eldest son, initially supported Parliament and after the outbreak of war William Russell, the Duke of Bedford and Parliamentary commander in Devon and Somerset, ordered him to increase the garrison at Dunster to resist a potential Royalist attack.", "Clun Castle of 1400–15, with Thomas playing a key role in suppressing the revolt; the castle was refortified and saw some service against the Welsh rebels led by Owain Glyndŵr. By the 16th century, the antiquarian John Leland observed the increasingly ruined nature of Clun Castle. Philip Howard, the 20th earl of Arundel, died in 1595 whilst under attainment, and James I gave Clun Castle to Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton. The castle was abandoned by the time of the English Civil War of 1642–46 and saw no military action; it was slighted by Parliament, however, in 1646 to prevent any", "Brownsea Castle conflicted of manslaughter, but ultimately pardoned. The rest of the island, but not the castle, was leased out to various landowners over the next few years. The castle was garrisoned throughout most of the 17th century. In the civil war of the 1640s between the supporters of Charles I and Parliament, the castle was held for Parliament, under the control of the Governor of Poole. The castle was refortified and in 1644, Parliament ordered that four pieces of artillery and four chests of muskets be sent to the castle, which by 1646 had a garrison of 20 men. During the", "Robert Howard (royalist) credentials as a royalist had been laid in 1616. At the investiture of Prince Charles (afterwards Charles I) as Prince of Wales on 4 November, both Robert and his brother William (1600–1672) were made Knights of the Bath. Howard had to leave the House of Commons in 1642 after killing the king's commissioner of array, but he did attend the session of parliament held at Oxford in 1641. Howard is said to have led a regiment of dragoons and was in charge of Bridgnorth Castle when it was surrendered to the Parliamentarians in 1646. The three-week siege left the castle", "Siege of Limerick (1642) overlooked King John’s Castle. Finally, he cut off the defenders' food and water supply. After four weeks, when the English Protestants were ravaged by disease, and many were wounded, they surrendered on terms, before Barry had to collapse his mines and assault the castle. The 400 surviving Protestants were evacuated to Dublin. Siege of Limerick (1642) The city of Limerick was besieged a total of five times in the 17th century. Two of these sieges took place during the Eleven years war (1641–1653). The first of these happened in 1642, when Irish Catholic Confederate troops besieged and took the citadel", "Dunster Castle The Royalist commander William Seymour, the Duke of Somerset, attacked the castle in 1642 but was driven back by the garrison, led by Thomas' wife, Jane. The war in the south-west turned in favour of the King, and on 7 June 1643 the Royalists mustered forces to attack the castle again: this time Luttrell surrendered, switching sides to support the Royalists until his death the following February. Colonel Wyndham was appointed the Royalist governor of the castle. The young Prince Charles, the later Charles II, stayed at the castle in May 1645. During 1645 the Royalist military cause largely collapsed,", "Great Siege of Scarborough Castle new garrison switched sides. The castle finally came under Parliamentarian control in 1649, and remained so until the Restoration (1660). (The castle actually changed hands seven times between 1642 and 1648.) Early in the English Civil War, Scarborough, its castle and strategic supply port were first held (in September 1642) for Parliament by Sir Hugh Cholmley. In March 1643, he was persuaded to change sides. Cholmley actually lost the castle in a bloodless takeover by his own cousin, Captain Browne Bushell, in the same month while away at York, but persuaded him to give it back. Cholmley ordered the castle", "Walmer Castle leading some members to reside in nearby Deal rather the fort itself, and to take on additional employment to supplement their wages. Walmer Castle was seized by Parliamentary forces at the start of the first English Civil War between the supporters of King Charles I and Parliament, but did not play a significant role in the remainder of the initial conflict. After the few years of unsteady peace after 1645, the Second Civil War broke out in 1648, this time with Charles' Royalist supporters joined by Scottish allies. The Parliamentary navy was based in the Downs, protected by Walmer and", "Castles in Great Britain and Ireland but not necessarily defendable in a conflict; while some such as Bolsover were redesigned as more modern dwellings in a Palladian style. A handful of coastal forts and castles, amongst them Dover Castle, remained in good military condition with adequate defences. In 1642 the English Civil War broke out, initially between supporters of Parliament and the Royalist supporters of Charles I. The war expanded to include Ireland and Scotland, and dragged on into three separate conflicts in England itself. The war was the first prolonged conflict in Britain to involve the use of artillery and gunpowder. English castles were used", "Wellington Declaration Wellington Declaration The \"Wellington Declaration\" (otherwise known as the Declaration of Wellington) was a manifesto by King Charles I near the start of the English Civil War On 18 September 1642, before the first major pitched battle of Civil War, King Charles I raised his standard \"in the vicinity of\" (i.e. not actually in) Wellington, at the time a small, though highly influential, market town in Shropshire and addressed his troops the next day. He declared that he would uphold \"the Protestant Religion, the Laws of England, and the Liberty of Parliament\". The \"Wellington Declaration\" was held to be so", "James VI and I and the English Parliament of Middlesex, when he opposed the idea on grounds of cost. The outcome of the Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare war, but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to financing a war against Spain, a stance which was to contribute to his problems with Parliament in his own reign. James VI and I and the English Parliament James I, the first king to reign in both England and Scotland, faced many difficulties with the Parliament of England. Though recent studies have shown that the Parliament of Scotland may have been more of a thorn", "History of the Constitution of the United Kingdom 5 of 12 jurors were against their king, which did not look good or bode well for Charles I. But Charles I was at war with France and Spain, and this war was costing a lot of money; he was forced to call upon Parliament (1629) to raise new taxes for him. Parliament would not grant Charles new taxes (more money) until he had signed the Petition of Rights that established conditions in which Charles had to submit to the law of the Parliament: After Charles got the taxes from Parliament (1629), he dissolved Parliament and broke the tenets of", "Sir Charles Kemeys, 2nd Baronet Sir Charles Kemeys, 2nd Baronet Sir Charles Kemeys, 2nd Baronet (c.1614–1658) was the second of the Kemeys Baronets, a Welsh family of landowners in the county of Monmouthshire, Wales. His father, Sir Nicholas Kemeys, 1st Baronet was MP for Monmouth in 1628, High Sheriff of Monmouthshire in 1621 and High Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1638, before being created the first baronet in 1642 by Charles I. Sir Nicholas died on 25 May 1648, during the English Civil War, defending Chepstow Castle against the Parliamentarian forces. Sir Charles, who had been educated at Jesus College, Oxford and at Gray's Inn, was", "Sandgate Castle 1642 by Parliamentary forces at the start of the first English Civil War between the supporters of King Charles I and Parliament, although its captain, Richard Hippesley, remained in post. The war ended in 1646 but, after the few years of unsteady peace, the Second Civil War broke out in 1648. The Parliamentary navy was based in Kent, protected by the other Henrician castles of Walmer, Deal and Sandown, but by May a Royalist insurrection was under way across the county, and the fleet joined the rebellion. Sandgate and its sister castles were occupied by the Royalists. Parliament defeated the", "Colchester Castle Civil War, the Royalist leaders Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle were executed just to the rear of the castle. Local legend has it that grass will not grow on the spot on which they fell. A small obelisk now marks the point. In 1656 the Quaker James Parnell was martyred there. Custody of the castle was granted for life to Charles Lord Stanhope in 1607, but in 1629 Charles I alienated it and it reverted to James Hay, Earl of Carlisle. Custody then passed in 1636 to Archibald Hay. In 1650 a Parliament Survey condemned the building and", "Pendennis Castle in 1611. War with Spain broke out again 1624 and a new defensive line, with bastions and artillery, was built across the peninsula in 1627. When civil war broke out in 1642 between King Charles I and Parliament, Pendennis and the south-west of England were held by the Royalists. The growing town of Falmouth was a strategically important part of their supply route to the Continent, while Carrick Roads formed a base for Royalist piracy in the English Channel. As the war turned in favour of the Parliamentarians, preparations were made for Prince Charles to shelter there over the winter", "London theatre closure 1642 their severall play-houses\"., in which they state, \"wee have purged our stages of all obscene and scurrilous jests.\" In 1660, after the English Restoration brought King Charles II to effective power in England, the theatrical ban was lifted. Under a new licensing system, two London theatres with royal patents were opened. London theatre closure 1642 In September 1642 the Long Parliament ordered a closure of the London theatres. The order cited the current \"times of humiliation\" and their incompatibility with \"public stage-plays\", representative of \"lascivious Mirth and Levity\". The ban, which was not completely effective, was reinforced by an Act", "Parliament of England parliament deteriorated further. When trouble started to brew in Ireland, both Charles and his parliament raised armies to quell the uprisings by native Catholics there. It was not long before it was clear that these forces would end up fighting each other, leading to the English Civil War which began with the Battle of Edgehill in October 1642: those supporting the cause of parliament were called Parliamentarians (or Roundheads). Battles between Crown and Parliament would continue throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, but parliament was no longer subservient to the English monarchy. This change was symbolised in the execution of", "Personal Rule to him, he summoned the Long Parliament. In the months that followed, the Parliamentary leaders, turning their attention to domestic matters, demanded from Charles ever more sweeping concessions over government policy. In 1642, Charles left London to raise an army and regain control by force, and the English Civil War began. Personal Rule The Personal Rule (also known as the Eleven Years' Tyranny) was the period from 1629 to 1640, when King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland ruled without recourse to Parliament. The King claimed that he was entitled to do this under the Royal Prerogative. Charles had", "2nd Parliament of King Charles I until their complaints about him had been addressed. On 18 March, the house considered the report from the committee for evils, causes and remedies which put forward six complaints about the Duke of Buckingham. Charles attempted to intimidate the Commons into granting him his revenue before it considered Buckingham’s impeachment. However, the members of the Commons were in no mood to back down. Instead, the attacks on Buckingham intensified. On 15 June, Charles I dissolved the parliament of 1626 before it had voted him any significant new money in order to prevent Buckingham being impeached. When asked by a group", "Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I) Bathsua Makin until 1644. By then, Elizabeth could read and write in Hebrew, Greek, Italian, Latin and French. Other prominent scholars dedicated works to her, and were amazed by her flair for religious reading. In 1647, Parliament allowed Elizabeth and her brothers Henry and James to travel to Maidenhead to meet their father Charles I and spent two days with him. After the Parliament moved Charles I to Hampton Court Palace, he visited his children under the care of the Northumberlands at Syon House. These visits ended when he fled to Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight; ten-year-old Elizabeth", "I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier the National Guard, hated the song. He suggested that the place for women who opposed the war was in a harem, not in the United States. Many parodies of the song were produced, such as \"I Did Not Raise My Boy to Be a Coward,\" and \"I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier, But I'll Send My Girl to Be a Nurse.\" Parody poems and other responses were also produced such as \"They Didn't Raise Their Son to Be a Soldier\", \"I Didn't Raise My Dog to Be a Sausage\", and \"I Didn't Raise My Ford to Be" ]

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[ "Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline \"Why It Must Be Labour\" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: \"ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat.\"" ]

[ " The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, one of the Waldstätten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The name originates as an exonym, applied pars pro toto to the troops of the Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for \"Confederates\", Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century.", "Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5–69.5 cm (27.0–27.4 in) circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks.", "Intercommunal violence erupted on December 21, 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots, destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000-30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy; the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration. Turkish Cypriots started living in enclaves; the republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment of UNFICYP troops.", "Other historians believe that conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth, due to various factors such as the illegality of male conversion to Judaism in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century. Another factor that would have made conversion difficult in the Roman world was the halakhic requirement of circumcision, a requirement that proselytizing Christianity quickly dropped. The Fiscus Judaicus, a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE and relaxed to exclude Christians in 96 CE, also limited Judaism's appeal. In addition, historians argue the very figure (4 million) that had been guessed to account for the population of Jews in the ancient Roman Empire is an error that has long been disproven and thus the assumption that conversion impacted Jewish population growth in ancient Rome on a large scale is false. The 8 million figure is also in doubt as it may refer to a census of total Roman citizens.", "The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that \"Siddi\" derives from a word meaning \"black\", the term is actually derived from \"Sayyid\", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief \"Black Power\" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.", "During the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.", "Of the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi (\"Romans\"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity. Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the Eastern Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn." ]

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[ "A woman pours wine." ]

[ "A woman pours beer.", "Two men look at the barn they just tore down.", "A man is teaching a dog to sit.", "A woman sings a song.", "James and Dewey hated the concept of the USA being considered a community.", "A kid is doing jumping jacks.", "A dog is catching a frisbee." ]

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[ "Livability.com named New Haven as the Best Foodie City in the country in 2014. There are 56 Zagat-rated restaurants in New Haven, the most in Connecticut and the third most in New England (after Boston and Cambridge). More than 120 restaurants are located within two blocks of the New Haven Green. The city is home to an eclectic mix of ethnic restaurants and small markets specializing in various foreign foods. Represented cuisines include Malaysian, Ethiopian, Spanish, Belgian, French, Greek, Latin American, Mexican, Italian, Thai, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Indian, Jamaican, Cuban, Peruvian, Syrian/Lebanese, and Turkish." ]

[ "Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others.", "In the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning. So worried were the Government over the sudden campaign of leaflets and posters distributed by the Communist Party in Coventry and London, that the Police were sent in to seize their production facilities. The Government, up until November 1940, was opposed to the centralised organisation of shelter. Home Secretary Sir John Anderson was replaced by Morrison soon afterwards, in the wake of a Cabinet reshuffle as the dying Neville Chamberlain resigned. Morrison warned that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made. He recognised the right of the public to seize tube stations and authorised plans to improve their condition and expand them by tunnelling. Still, many British citizens, who had been members of the Labour Party, itself inert over the issue, turned to the Communist Party. The Communists attempted to blame the damage and casualties of the Coventry raid on the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests and called for a negotiated peace. Though they failed to make a large gain in influence, the membership of the Party had doubled by June 1941. The \"Communist threat\" was deemed important enough for Herbert Morrison to order, with the support of the Cabinet, the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.", "The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.", "In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated.", "When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.", "First, the Manchus had entered \"China proper\" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. Choosing Beijing as the capital had not been a straightforward decision, since no major Chinese dynasty had directly taken over its immediate predecessor's capital. Keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country. However, not all of Dorgon's policies were equally popular nor easily implemented.", "The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharia law. During prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic." ]

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[ "The Journey (2016 film) The Journey is a 2016 British-Irish drama film directed by Nick Hamm and written by Colin Bateman. The film is a fictional account of the true story of how political enemies, Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness, formed an unlikely political alliance to change the course of history. It stars Timothy Spall, Colm Meaney, Freddie Highmore, John Hurt, Toby Stephens, and Ian Beattie.", "Martin McGuinness James Martin Pacelli McGuinness (Irish: \"Séamus Máirtín Pacelli Mag Aonghusa\" ; 23 May 1950 – 21 March 2017) was an Irish republican and Sinn Féin politician who was the deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to January 2017." ]

[ "Robin King Robin Andrew \"Billy\" King, (born 7 July 1966) is a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary leader who, despite having been born into a Catholic family, served as the commander of the Ulster Protestant Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF). A close friend of the organisation's founder Billy Wright, King took over as leader following the death of Mark \"Swinger\" Fulton, who had succeeded Wright when he was assassinated by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) in December 1997.", "John Hanna (prison officer) Christopher John Hanna (c. 1947 – 27 December 1992), was a prison officer who held a senior position inside the Maze Prison, Northern Ireland. In June 1990 he was sentenced to life imprisonment at Maghaberry for helping the Provisional IRA kill colleague Brian Armour two years previously. He was also accused by former Ulster Defence Association (UDA) leader Andy Tyrie of complicity in UDA South Belfast brigadier John McMichael's death in 1987. McMichael was blown up by a booby-trap bomb placed underneath his car. According to Tyrie, Hanna gathered information about McMichael when the latter visited loyalist inmates. Hanna in his turn passed on the information to local Belfast actress, Rosena Brown with whom Hanna was infatuated. Brown, dubbed the \"IRA Mata Hari\", served as an Intelligence Officer of the IRA. Hanna also passed on information about Armour to Brown, who was named at Hanna's trial.", "The Troubles in Rosslea The Troubles in Rosslea recounts incidents during, and the effects of, The Troubles in Rosslea, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland.", "Raymond McCreesh Raymond McCreesh (Irish: \"Réamonn Mac Raois\" , 25 February 1957 – 21 May 1981) was a volunteer in the South Armagh Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). In 1976, he and two other IRA volunteers were captured while attempting to ambush a British Army observation post. McCreesh was one of the ten Irish republicans who died in the 1981 Irish hunger strike in the Maze Prison.", "John Stalker John Stalker (born 17 April 1939) is a former Deputy Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police, now residing in Lymm. He headed the Stalker Inquiry that investigated the shooting of suspected members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1982. He has also had a television and literary career.", "The Troubles The Troubles (Irish: \"Na Trioblóidí\" ) was an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as a \"guerrilla war\" or a \"low-level war\". The conflict began in the late 1960s and it is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mainly took place in Northern Ireland, at times the violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe.", "Liam Quinn William Joseph Quinn, known as Liam Quinn, (born 1949) is a United States-born former volunteer in the Provisional Irish Republican Army who shot dead Stephen Tibble, an off-duty police officer, in London on 26 February 1975.", "Seamus Deakin James Aubrey (Seamus) Deakin (19 June 1874 – 10 December 1952) was an Irish nationalist and member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), of which he was president from 1913 to 1914.", "Doug Beattie Captain Douglas Ricardo \"Doug\" Beattie MC is an Irish soldier and politician. \"\"Born in barracks\"\" in 1965, his father was a warrant officer in the Royal Ulster Rifles. The family settled in Portadown when he was 10 following the cessation of his father's regular service but saw Beattie Snr enlist into the Ulster Defence Regiment shortly after.", "John Hume John Hume, KCSG (born 18 January 1937) is an Irish former politician from Derry, Northern Ireland. He was a founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, and was co-recipient of the 1998 Nobel Peace Prize, with David Trimble.", "Sean O'Callaghan Sean O'Callaghan (26 January 1954 – 23 August 2017) was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Between 1979 and 1988, he allegedly worked against the organisation from within as an intelligence agent for the Irish Government with the Garda Síochána's Special Branch.", "Gary Smyth (loyalist) A native of Belfast's Shankill Road, David Lister and Hugh Jordan state that Smyth joined the UDA for the first time around 1980 but left again in 1981 after a disagreement with his superiors. William \"Bucky\" McCullough, a leading figure in the West Belfast Brigade, was killed at his Shankill home by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) in 1981 and Smyth hatched a plan for shoot up a bus stop on the republican Falls Road in retaliation. When the plan was Vetoed by Smyth's superiors he left the UDA in disgust at what he perceived to be their inaction.", "Harry Kirkpatrick Henry 'Harry' Kirkpatrick (born c. 1958) is a former Irish National Liberation Army member turned informer against other members of the INLA.", "Return to Killybegs Return to Killybegs (French: Retour à Killybegs ) is a 2011 novel by the French writer Sorj Chalandon. The narrative is inspired by the 2006 murder of Denis Donaldson, a senior Sinn Féin member who was revealed as a British secret agent. Chalandon had befriended Donaldson while working as a journalist in Belfast. His 2008 novel \"My Traitor\" was also inspired by the Donaldson case.", "John McKeague John Dunlop McKeague (1930 – 29 January 1982) was a prominent Ulster loyalist and one of the founding members of the paramilitary group the Red Hand Commando in 1970. Authors on the Troubles in Northern Ireland have accused McKeague of involvement in the Kincora Boys' Home scandal but he was never convicted. He was shot dead by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) in Belfast in January 1982.", "Irish Republican History Museum The Eileen Hickey Irish Republican History Museum (Irish: \"Iarsmalann na Staire Poblachtach Éireannach\" ), is a museum in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It was established in 2007 after years of campaigning by Eileen Hickey, who collected the exhibits.", "Sean Hughes (Irish republican) Seán Gerard Hughes is a farmer from Dromintee, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, who has been named as a former member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) Army Council.", "Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Irish: \"Óglaigh na hÉireann\" ) was an Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation. The ancestor to many groups also known as the Irish Republican Army, it was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916. In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly (Dáil Éireann), and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against the British occupation of Ireland in the 1919–21 Irish War of Independence.", "Rory O'Connor (Irish republican) Rory O'Connor (Irish: \"Ruairí Ó Conchubhair\" ; 28 November 1883 – 8 December 1922) was an Irish republican activist. He is best remembered for his role in the Irish Civil War (1922–23), and the circumstances of his execution.", "Murder of Andrew Kearney Andrew Kearney (c.1965 – 19 July 1998) was an Irishman from Belfast who died as a result of a punishment shooting carried out by members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA)." ]

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[ "The group is playing music." ]

[ "The music players are recording alone in an empty room.", "The man is near the top of a tower", "TV ads are brutally accurate at targeting.", "I have rarely seen him cry like that.", "We love them all.", "The kids are playing musical instruments.", "It's far from over." ]

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[ "A young man in a red shirt is riding a bike." ]

[ "A young man is riding a skateboard.", "A young person hammers a nail.", "A boy runs from the other team while he has the football.", "There is a man tossing a boy up and catching him.", "The child is riding a bicycle.", "A boy swinging serenely on a porch swing.", "The models will help to estimate cost and schedule." ]

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[ "Bomb Harvest Bomb Harvest is a 2007 documentary film directed by Australian filmmaker Kim Mordaunt and produced by Sylvia Wilczynski. It explores the consequences of war in Laos as it follows an Australian bomb disposal specialist, training locals in the skill of detonating bombs while trying to stop villagers, particularly children, from finding them and using them for scrap metal.", "Celsius 41.11 Celsius 41.11 is a 2004 political documentary film inspired by, and partially in response to Michael Moore's film \"Fahrenheit 9/11\". The title was chosen because, according to the makers of the movie, 41.11 °C is \"The Temperature at Which the Brain Begins to Die\", which is the film's tag-line." ]

[ "The Gathering Storm (1974 film) The Gathering Storm is a 1974 American television biopic film, about Winston Churchill's life in the years just prior to, and at the start of, World War II, from 1936 to 1940.", "Poison Dust Poison Dust is a 2005 American documentary film starring Ramsey Clark, Juan Gonzalez, Rosalie Bertell, Helen Caldicott, Michio Kaku and directed by Sue Harris.", "Forbidden Forest (film) Forbidden Forest is a 2004 Canadian documentary film directed by Kevin W. Matthews. Approximately 70 minutes long, it was co-produced by the National Film Board of Canada and Timber Colony Inc. The film follows Jean Guy Comeau, an Acadian woodlot and Francis Wishart, the grandson of Sir James Dunn, as they agitate for responsible forestry on New Brunswick Crown lands.", "The Weather Underground (film) The Weather Underground is a 2002 documentary film based on the rise and fall of the American radical organization The Weathermen. Using much archive footage from the time as well as interviews with the Weathermen today, the film constructs a linear narrative of the organization.", "Heart of the Storm (film) Heart of the Storm is a 2004 television film starring Melissa Gilbert and Thomas Cavanagh. It focuses on a prison break that occurs during a hurricane. Three convicts named Juke, Tad and their leader Simpson, seek refuge in a family's small house and decide to hold them captive. The family begins to get along with the escaped prisoners until Tad and Simpson get into a fight. Simpson ends up shooting Tad, incapacitating him. When the father of the family comes home, he is also shot by Simpson. Juke tries to help the family escape Simpson's treachery, only to be wounded by a gunshot as well. The group decides to ignite hairspray with fire in an attempt to kill Simpson. Simpson survives the attack but has his face severely injured in the process, resulting in him tumbling over a staircase balcony to his death.", "The Clearing The Clearing is a 2004 American drama film and the directorial debut of Pieter Jan Brugge, who has worked as a film producer. The film is loosely based on the real-life kidnapping of Gerrit Jan Heijn that took place in the Netherlands in 1987. The screenplay was written by Justin Haythe.", "Harvest (Tokio album) Harvest is the tenth studio album by Japanese band Tokio, released on October 18, 2006. It is one of Tokio's most successful albums, having peaked at second place on the Oricon weekly charts and charted for eighteen weeks.", "Haiti: Harvest of Hope Haiti: Harvest of Hope (1994) was originally planned as a documentary about democracy coming to Haiti with the election of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in December 1990. During the final editing of the original (late September 1991) Haiti was struck by yet another military coup. Editing of the first version came to a halt as Kevin Pina (the filmmaker) returned to Haiti and spent the next three weeks chronicling the brutality and machinations of Haiti's new military leaders and their supporters.", "C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America is a 2004 mockumentary directed by Kevin Willmott. It is an account of an alternate history, wherein the Confederacy wins the American Civil War and establishes a new Confederate States of America that incorporates the majority of the Western Hemisphere, including the former contiguous United States, the \"Golden Circle\", the Caribbean, and South America. The film primarily details significant political and cultural events of Confederate history from its founding until the early 2000s. This viewpoint is used to satirize real-life issues and events, and to shed light on the continuing existence of discrimination in American culture. \"C.S.A\" was released on DVD on August 8, 2006.", "2004 New York Underground Film Festival These are the films shown at the 11th New York Underground Film Festival, held from March 10–16, 2004.", "30 September 2004 Baghdad bombing 30 September 2004 Baghdad bombing was a series of bombings targeting U.S. soldiers handing out sweets to the Iraqi children at the celebration during the opening of a water treatment plant in the Amil District of Baghdad. The bombings killed at least 41, including 35 children, and wounded 131, including 10 U.S. soldiers.", "Hit &amp; Stay Hit & Stay is a 2013 documentary directed by Joe Tropea and Skizz Cyzyk. It looks at the actions of The Catonsville Nine and The Baltimore Four taken in protest of The Vietnam War, and the influence of these actions and the activists behind them on subsequent progressive political protests. The press labeled this group \"the Catholic Left.\" The film contains interviews with many of the activists who took part in these actions, as well some of the F.B.I. agents who monitored them. It also contains contemporary commentary on the influence of these actions from such names as Bill Ayers, Noam Chomsky, Ramsey Clark, Amy Goodman, Howard Zinn, and Laura Whitehorn.", "Corn (film) Corn is a 2004 drama-thriller starring Jena Malone about the dangers of genetically modified food.", "The Fourth Revolution: Energy The Fourth Revolution: Energy, also known as \"Die 4. Revolution – Energy Autonomy\", is a German documentary film about renewable energy by Carl-A. Fechner, released in 2010. It depicts a vision for a global society that obtains 100 % of its energy from renewable sources and the complete reconstruction of the economy that this will require.", "Rocked: Sum 41 in Congo Rocked: Sum 41 in Congo is a 2005 film documentary directed by Adrian Callender describing the experiences of Sum 41 joining War Child Canada in traveling to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Eric Hoskins, President of War Child Canada at the time, and Samantha Nutt, Executive Director of War Child Canada, accompanied Sum 41 to DRC in May 2004 and are credited as Executive Producers. Canadian peacekeeper Chuck Pelletier helped Sum 41 evacuate from DRC. He is the namesake of the band's October 2004 album, \"Chuck\".", "The Deal (2005 film) The Deal is a 2005 political thriller film directed by Harvey Kahn, starring Christian Slater, Selma Blair, Robert Loggia and Colm Feore. The movie was filmed in 2004 and based in Boston, Massachusetts. The film was released only in limited cinemas of USA and United Arab Emirates.", "American Jobs American Jobs is a 2004 independent film, documentary, written, produced and directed by Greg Spotts. The film is about the loss of American jobs to low-wage foreign competition, covering the phenomenon of outsourcing in manufacturing and high-paying white-collar jobs. The filmmaker visited 19 cities and towns throughout the United States interviewing recently laid-off workers, focusing on three industries: textiles, commercial aircraft and information technology. It also contains interviews with a number of members of Congress, including: Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), Rosa DeLauro (D-Connecticut), Robin Hayes (R-North Carolina), Donald Manzullo (R-Illinois), and Hilda Solis (D-California), and includes an extended section of clips from the 1993 congressional debate on NAFTA. (North American Free Trade Agreement).", "Harvest of Fire Harvest of Fire is an American television movie that aired on CBS on April 21, 1996. Directed by Arthur Allan Seidelman, the film stars Lolita Davidovich, J.A. Preston, Jean Louisa Kelly and Patty Duke.", "Stolen Honor Stolen Honor is a 45-minute anti-John Kerry video documentary that was released during the September 2004 election season. It features interviews with a number of American men who contend they were prisoners of war in North Vietnam and suffered increased maltreatment while prisoners as a direct result of Kerry's Fulbright Hearing testimony in April 1971. The subtitle of the film is \"Wounds That Never Heal\"; on the production company's website the complete title is given instead as Stolen Honor: John Kerry's Record of Betrayal. Its name was based on the book \"Stolen Valor: How the Vietnam Generation Was Robbed of Its Heroes and Its History\" by B.G. Burkett and Glenna Whitley.", "The Dust Factory The Dust Factory is a 2004 film directed and written by Eric Small." ]

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[ "The ABS plastic used in the casing of some older SNES and Super Famicom consoles is particularly susceptible to oxidization on exposure to air, likely due to an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives. This, along with the particularly light color of the original plastic, causes affected consoles to quickly become yellow; if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic, a \"two-tone\" effect results. The color can sometimes be restored with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution." ]

[ "The economy began to recover in the early 1960s, and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by the jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements. With the advent of democracy in Spain, the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity, the Valencian Community, the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital. On the night of 23 February 1981, shortly after Antonio Tejero had stormed Congress, the Captain General of the Third Military Region, Jaime Milans del Bosch, rose up in Valencia, put tanks on the streets, declared a state of emergency and tried to convince other senior military figures to support the coup. After the televised message of King Juan Carlos I, those in the military who had not yet aligned themselves decided to remain loyal to the government, and the coup failed. Despite this lack of support, Milans del Bosch only surrendered at 5 a.m. on the next day, 24 February.", "In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853. There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, as compromising the independence of the Turks. The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons, Benjamin Disraeli, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855, over the war.", "Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that described the mountains as an area of mythical purity. Late in the 18th century the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude. Schiller later wrote the play William Tell romanticising Swiss independence. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians, as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature.", "Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects.", "The region grew based on the lucrative fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. Detroit's city flag reflects its French colonial heritage. (See Flag of Detroit). Descendants of the earliest French and French Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair, and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French, remain a subculture in the region today.", "Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof, similar to Apple Lightning and Thunderbolt. The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power/ground pairs, two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data bus (though only one pair is implemented in a Type-C cable), four pairs for high-speed data bus, two \"sideband use\" pins, and two configuration pins for cable orientation detection, dedicated biphase mark code (BMC) configuration data channel, and VCONN +5 V power for active cables. Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older devices to plug into Type-C hosts. Adapters and cables with a Type-C receptacle are not allowed.[citation needed]", "Throughout this article Norman uses \"Near East\" to mean the countries where \"the eastern question\" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Romania. The rest of the Ottoman domain is demoted to just \"the east.\"" ]

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[ "A group of people near a large brick building." ]

[ "A group of people wait at a football stadium.", "A woman in a black dress is going from one place to another.", "The scale has a value of $4.", "A dog plays with a cat.", "The man is near people.", "A naked girl standing on a table.", "She did not have the experience." ]

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[ "U.S. submarines, as well as some British and Dutch vessels, operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines (1941–42); Fremantle and Brisbane, Australia; Pearl Harbor; Trincomalee, Ceylon; Midway; and later Guam, played a major role in defeating Japan, even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied navies—less than two percent in the case of the US Navy. Submarines strangled Japan by sinking its merchant fleet, intercepting many troop transports, and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations. By early 1945 Japanese oil supplies were so limited that its fleet was virtually stranded." ]

[ "In June 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave a major speech in Detroit that foreshadowed his \"I Have a Dream\" speech in Washington, D.C. two months later. While the African-American Civil Rights Movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner city black youth wanting change. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit, and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades. It was the most costly riot in the United States.", "The physicist Abdus Salam, in his Nobel Prize banquet address, quoted a well known verse from the Quran (67:3-4) and then stated: \"This in effect is the faith of all physicists: the deeper we seek, the more is our wonder excited, the more is the dazzlement of our gaze\". One of Salam's core beliefs was that there is no contradiction between Islam and the discoveries that science allows humanity to make about nature and the universe. Salam also held the opinion that the Quran and the Islamic spirit of study and rational reflection was the source of extraordinary civilizational development. Salam highlights, in particular, the work of Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni as the pioneers of empiricism who introduced the experimental approach, breaking way from Aristotle's influence, and thus giving birth to modern science. Salam was also careful to differentiate between metaphysics and physics, and advised against empirically probing certain matters on which \"physics is silent and will remain so,\" such as the doctrine of \"creation from nothing\" which in Salam's view is outside the limits of science and thus \"gives way\" to religious considerations.", "Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Zinc is the primary metal used in making American one cent coins since 1982. The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the impression of a copper coin. In 1994, 33,200 tonnes (36,600 short tons) of zinc were used to produce 13.6 billion pennies in the United States.", "Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% in the 1820s, gradually increasing to 69% in the 1870s and then to 76% in the 1890s. By 1914, only 19.1% of the empire's population was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Christian Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, and Jews.", "After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the \"Prussians\"), were conquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples. The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families, including amongst the Prussia's aristocracy known as the Junkers. Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin. Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends) populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare.", "Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek instead of the western Latin. Theological and political differences emerged, and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm, clerical marriage, and state control of the church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities. The formal break came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two churches—the western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern branch the Orthodox Church.", "However, Eritrea still faces many challenges. Despite number of physicians increasing from only 0.2 in 1993 to 0.5 in 2004 per 1000 population, this is still very low. Malaria and tuberculosis are common in Eritrea. HIV prevalence among the 15–49 group exceeds 2%. The fertility rate is at about 5 births per woman. Maternal mortality dropped by more than half from 1995 to 2002, although the figure is still high. Similarly, between 1995 and 2002, the number of births attended by skilled health personnel has doubled but still is only 28.3%. A major cause of death in neonates is by severe infection. Per capita expenditure on health is low in Eritrea." ]

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[ "The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so. Human remains and artifacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Division. The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay. Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BC and 200 AD. Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade." ]

[ "According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.", "Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the \"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico\". The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as \"Free Associated State\"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for president nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the Federal level. The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) was approved on April 29, 2010, by the United States House of Representatives 223–169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007.", "Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already.", "Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the Jōyō kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited extent in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (kyūjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are only used in certain cases (on signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use.", "Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is Nha Fala (English: My Voice). Gomes's Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was N’tturudu, by director Umban u’Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. Mortu Nega is in Creole with English subtitles. In 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta, which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. Gomes has also served on the boards of many Africa-centric film festivals.", "A long list of AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include \"public\" (i.e., state-owned ABC and SBS) and community stations. Many commercial stations are networked-owned: DMG has Nova 100 and Smooth; ARN controls Gold 104.3 and KIIS 101.1; and Southern Cross Austereo runs both Fox and Triple M. Stations from towns in regional Victoria may also be heard (e.g. 93.9 Bay FM, Geelong). Youth alternatives include ABC Triple J and youth run SYN. Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R, strive to play under represented music. JOY 94.9 caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender audiences. For fans of classical music there are 3MBS and ABC Classic FM. Light FM is a contemporary Christian station. AM stations include ABC: 774, Radio National, and News Radio; also Fairfax affiliates 3AW (talk) and Magic (easy listening). For sport fans and enthusiasts there is SEN 1116. Melbourne has many community run stations that serve alternative interests, such as 3CR and 3KND (Indigenous). Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences.", "During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop." ]

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[ "Nutrient agar temperature prior to inoculation. Nutrient agar Nutrient agar is a general purpose medium supporting growth of a wide range of non-fastidious organisms. It typically contains (mass/volume): These ingredients are combined and boiled for approximately one minute to ensure they are mixed and then sterilized by autoclaving, typically at for 15 minutes. Then they are cooled to around and poured into Petri dishes which are covered immediately. Once the dishes hold solidified agar, they are stored upside down and are often refrigerated until used. Inoculation takes place on warm dishes rather than cool ones: if refrigerated for storage, the dishes must" ]

[ "Streaking (microbiology) sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, certain minerals, and other vitamins and growth factors. A very common type of media used in microbiology labs is known as agar, a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed. The nutrient agar has a lot of ingredients with unknown amounts of nutrients in them. On one hand, this can be a very selective media to use because as mentioned bacteria are particular. If there is a certain nutrient in the media the bacteria could most certainly not grow and could die. On the other hand, this media is very complex. Complex media is important because it allows for", "Growth medium microbes as are present in the specimen. Blood agar is an enriched medium in which nutritionally rich whole blood supplements the basic nutrients. Chocolate agar is enriched with heat-treated blood (40–45 °C), which turns brown and gives the medium the color for which it is named. Growth medium A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid or semi-solid designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants like the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\". Different types of media are used for growing different types of cells. The two major types of growth media are those used for", "C.D.V agar of using materials such as peptone, beef extract, and yeast extract. As with higher organisms, lower organisms also depend on nutrition for their survival. As a result, many microbiologists have proposed various sources of nutrition for proper microbial growth. Most nutrient media consist of animal products, the use of which is considered unethical by some. Here, an attempt has been made to substitute for animal products with some plant products. The medium was prepared in two sets; one was autoclaved before pouring, while the other was heated to around 60C to conserve the proteins, which might have denatured at a", "Agar cultured and observed under the microscope. Agar is indigestible for many organisms so that microbial growth does not affect the gel used and it remains stable. Agar is typically sold commercially as a powder that can be mixed with water and prepared similarly to gelatin before use as a growth medium. Other ingredients are added to the agar to meet the nutritional needs of the microbes. Many specific formulations are available, because some microbes prefer certain environmental conditions over others. Agar is often dispensed using a sterile media dispenser. As a gel, an agar or agarose medium is porous and", "Growth medium Growth medium A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid or semi-solid designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants like the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\". Different types of media are used for growing different types of cells. The two major types of growth media are those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism", "Growth medium and cell culture growth. Some organisms, termed fastidious organisms, require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements. Viruses, for example, are obligate intracellular parasites and require a growth medium containing living cells. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths (liquid nutrient medium) or LB medium (lysogeny broth). Liquid media are often mixed with agar and poured via a sterile media dispenser into Petri dishes to solidify. These agar plates provide a solid medium on which microbes may be cultured. They remain solid, as very few bacteria are able to decompose agar (the exception being some species in", "Growth medium the presence of specific nutrients or indicators (such as neutral red, phenol red, eosin y, or methylene blue) added to the medium to visibly indicate the defining characteristics of a microorganism. These media are used for the detection of microorganisms and by molecular biologists to detect recombinant strains of bacteria. Examples of differential media include: Transport media should fulfill these criteria: Examples of transport media include: Enriched media contain the nutrients required to support the growth of a wide variety of organisms, including some of the more fastidious ones. They are commonly used to harvest as many different types of", "Plant tissue culture (known as explants) are taken. The sterile explants are then usually placed on the surface of a sterile solid culture medium, but are sometimes placed directly into a sterile liquid medium, particularly when cell suspension cultures are desired. Solid and liquid media are generally composed of inorganic salts plus a few organic nutrients, vitamins and plant hormones. Solid media are prepared from liquid media with the addition of a gelling agent, usually purified agar. The composition of the medium, particularly the plant hormones and the nitrogen source (nitrate versus ammonium salts or amino acids) have profound effects on the morphology", "Growth medium combination of medium and dormant microbes, now beer, is ready for consumption. The main types are Culture media contain all the elements that most bacteria need for growth and are not selective, so they are used for the general cultivation and maintenance of bacteria kept in laboratory culture collections. An undefined medium (also known as a basal or complex medium) contains: A defined medium (also known as chemically defined medium or synthetic medium) is a medium in which Some examples of nutrient media include: Minimal media are those that contain the minimum nutrients possible for colony growth, generally without the", "Agar that allows for seedling germination in Petri dishes under sterile conditions (given that the seeds are sterilized as well). Nutrient and vitamin supplementation for \"Arabidopsis thaliana\" is standard across most experimental conditions. Murashige & Skoog (MS) nutrient mix and Gamborg's B5 vitamin mix in general are used. A 1.0% agar/0.44% MS+vitamin dHO solution is suitable for growth media between normal growth temps. When using agar, within any growth medium, it is important to know that the solidification of the agar is pH-dependent. The optimal range for solidification is between 5.4-5.7. Usually, the application of KOH is needed to increase the", "Callus (cell biology) Plant species representing all major land plant groups have been shown to be capable of producing callus in tissue culture. A callus cell culture is usually sustained on gel medium. Callus induction medium consists of agar and a mixture of macronutrients and micronutrients for the given cell type. There are several types of basal salt mixtures used in plant tissue culture, but most notably modified Murashige and Skoog medium, White's medium, and woody plant medium. Vitamins are also provided to enhance growth such as Gamborg B5 vitamins. For plant cells, enrichment with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is especially important. Plant", "C.D.V agar C.D.V agar C.D.V. agar is a nutrient medium prepared using Cicer arietinum (Bengal gram), Daucus carota (carrot) and Vigna radiata (green gram) by Mr. Vinay J. Rao and Mr. Keshava Murthy P. at Surana College, Bangalore, India under the guidance of their botany lecturers, Prof. B.R Chandrashekarappa (H.O.D.- Dept. Of Botany), Mrs. Sharada H.C., and with the aid of their classmates from Vijaya College, Bangalore. So far, CDV agar has been tried only on E. coli. Attempts will be made to try the medium on other organisms as well. The nutrient has been prepared in order to counter the discomfort", "Trypticase soy agar energy source. Sodium chloride maintains the osmotic equilibrium, while dipotassium phosphate acts as buffer to maintain pH. Agar extracted from any number of organisms is used as a gelling agent. The medium may be supplemented with blood to facilitate the growth of more fastidious bacteria or antimicrobial agents to permit the selection of various microbial groups from pure microbiota. As with any media, minor changes may be made to suit specific circumstances. TSA is frequently the base medium of other agar plate types. For example, blood agar plates (BAP) are made by enriching TSA plates with defibrinated sheep blood, and", "Microbiological culture single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are genetic clones of one another. For the purpose of gelling the microbial culture, the medium of agarose gel (agar) is used. Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed. A cheap substitute for agar is guar gum, which can be used for the isolation and maintenance of thermophiles. There are several types of bacterial culture methods that are selected based on the agent being cultured and the downstream use. One method of bacterial culture is liquid culture, in which the desired bacteria are suspended in a liquid nutrient medium,", "Dickeya dadantii nutrient agar (NA) and glycerol medium supplemented with MnCl :4HO. To make this media, mix 23 g of nutrient agar, 10 ml glycerol (1% v/v), and 0.4 g MnCl:4HO (2 mM) to 1.0 liter of water. Note the pH of this media is 6.5 and it has a light brown base color. The proper temperature for culturing \"D. dadantii\" is 28 degrees Celsius. A positive result occurs when a bacterial streak produces a brownish blue color on the agar plate. Further isolation and extraction of the indigoidine pigment is possible using the methods described by Chatterejee and Brown. Currently there", "Trichophyton tonsurans and nutrient media is useful in aiding identification. For example, growth is enhanced in the presence of thiamine, and this exogenous requirement for thiamine distinguishes \"T. tonsurans\" from similar species. Since thiamine stimulates growth, \"T. tonsurans\" also displays this behaviour on vitamin-free, thiamine-supplemented casamino acids agar but the growth is more sparse, and subsurface growth is absent. BCP-milk solids glucose agar can also be used as an indicator of this fungus. This medium turns from pale blue to purple in colour in 7–14 days of growth at . The colour change is due to an alkaline shift arising from the", "Growth medium often used as carbon sources, and ammonium salts or nitrates as inorganic nitrogen sources. An undefined medium has some complex ingredients, such as yeast extract or casein hydrolysate, which consist of a mixture of many chemical species in unknown proportions. Undefined media are sometimes chosen based on price and sometimes by necessity – some microorganisms have never been cultured on defined media. A good example of a growth medium is the wort used to make beer. The wort contains all the nutrients required for yeast growth, and under anaerobic conditions, alcohol is produced. When the fermentation process is complete, the", "Chemically defined medium Chemically defined medium A chemically defined medium is a growth medium suitable for the in vitro cell culture of human or animal cells in which all of the chemical components are known. Standard cell culture media are commonly supplemented with animal serum (such as fetal bovine serum, FBS) as a source of nutrients and other ill-defined factors. The technical disadvantages to using serum include its undefined nature, batch-to-batch variability in composition, and the risk of contamination. There is a clear distinction between serum-free media and chemically defined media. Serum-free media may contain undefined animal-derived products such as serum albumin (purified", "C.D.V agar PES Institute Of Technology, Bangalore on 12th-13th Sept 2013. C.D.V agar C.D.V. agar is a nutrient medium prepared using Cicer arietinum (Bengal gram), Daucus carota (carrot) and Vigna radiata (green gram) by Mr. Vinay J. Rao and Mr. Keshava Murthy P. at Surana College, Bangalore, India under the guidance of their botany lecturers, Prof. B.R Chandrashekarappa (H.O.D.- Dept. Of Botany), Mrs. Sharada H.C., and with the aid of their classmates from Vijaya College, Bangalore. So far, CDV agar has been tried only on E. coli. Attempts will be made to try the medium on other organisms as well. The nutrient", "Growth medium the genera: \"Cytophaga\", \"Flavobacterium\", \"Bacillus\", \"Pseudomonas\", and \"Alcaligenes\"). Bacteria grown in liquid cultures often form colloidal suspensions. The difference between growth media used for cell culture and those used for microbiological culture is that cells derived from whole organisms and grown in culture often cannot grow without the addition of, for instance, hormones or growth factors which usually occur \"in vivo\". In the case of animal cells, this difficulty is often addressed by the addition of blood serum or a synthetic serum replacement to the medium. In the case of microorganisms, no such limitations exist, as they are often unicellular", "Growth medium organisms. One other major difference is that animal cells in culture are often grown on a flat surface to which they attach, and the medium is provided in a liquid form, which covers the cells. In contrast, bacteria such as \"Escherichia coli\" may be grown on solid or in liquid media. An important distinction between growth media types is that of defined versus undefined media. A defined medium will have known quantities of all ingredients. For microorganisms, they consist of providing trace elements and vitamins required by the microbe and especially defined carbon and nitrogen sources. Glucose or glycerol are", "Agar plate Agar plate An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains agar as a solid growth medium plus nutrients, used to culture microorganisms. Sometimes selective compounds are added to influence growth, such as antibiotics. Individual microorganisms placed on the plate will grow into individual colonies, each a clone genetically identical to the individual ancestor organism (except for the low, unavoidable rate of mutation). Thus, the plate can be used either to estimate the concentration of organisms in a liquid culture or a suitable dilution of that culture using a colony counter, or to generate genetically pure cultures from a mixed", "Potato dextrose agar Potato dextrose agar Potato dextrose agar (BAM Media M127) and potato dextrose broth are common microbiological growth media made from potato infusion, and dextrose. Potato dextrose agar (abbreviated \"PDA\") is the most widely used medium for growing fungi and bacteria. Potato infusion can be made by boiling of sliced (washed but unpeeled) potatoes in ~ distilled water for 30 minutes and then decanting or straining the broth through cheesecloth. Distilled water is added such that the total volume of the suspension is . dextrose and agar powder is then added and the medium is sterilized by autoclaving at for 15", "Granada medium agar consists primarily of a proteose peptone starch agar buffered with MOPS (a Good's buffer) and phosphate and supplemented with methotrexate and antibiotics. Proteose peptone, horse serum, glucose and sodium pyruvate provide nutrients for the growth of \"Streptococcus agalactiae\", sodium pyruvate provide also protective effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS). MOPS and phosphate buffer the medium. Methotrexate triggers pigment production and starch stabilizes the pigment. The selective supplement contains the antibiotics, colistin (inhibitory for gram-negative bacteria) and metronidazole (inhibitory for anaerobic bacteria), and crystal violet to suppress the accompanying gram-positive bacteria. A key component of granada medium is Proteose Peptone", "Potato dextrose agar minutes. A similar growth medium, Potato dextrose broth (abbreviated \"PDB\") is formulated identically to PDA, omitting the agar. Common organisms that can be cultured on PDB are yeasts such as \"Candida albicans\" and \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" and molds such as \"Aspergillus niger\". Potato dextrose agar Potato dextrose agar (BAM Media M127) and potato dextrose broth are common microbiological growth media made from potato infusion, and dextrose. Potato dextrose agar (abbreviated \"PDA\") is the most widely used medium for growing fungi and bacteria. Potato infusion can be made by boiling of sliced (washed but unpeeled) potatoes in ~ distilled water for 30", "Brain heart infusion Haden. BHI typically contains infusion of beef or pig heart as well as calf brain, a source of amino acids (often either digested gelatin or other animal tissue), salt, disodium phosphate as a buffer, and glucose as a source of sugar. Many formulations for BHI agar also exist, in which agar is added as a gelling agent for growing plates of microorganisms. Brain heart infusion Brain heart infusion (BHI) is a growth medium for growing microorganisms. It is a nutrient-rich medium, and can therefore be used to culture a variety of fastidious organisms. In particular, it has been used to", "Growth medium presence of amino acids, and are often used by microbiologists and geneticists to grow \"wild-type\" microorganisms. Minimal media can also be used to select for or against recombinants or exconjugants. Minimal medium typically contains: Supplementary minimal media are minimal media that also contains a single selected agent, usually an amino acid or a sugar. This supplementation allows for the culturing of specific lines of auxotrophic recombinants. Selective media are used for the growth of only selected microorganisms. For example, if a microorganism is resistant to a certain antibiotic, such as ampicillin or tetracycline, then that antibiotic can be added to", "Agar to legend, was said to have discarded surplus seaweed soup and noticed that it gelled later after a winter night's freezing. Over the following centuries, agar became a common gelling agent in several Southeast Asian cuisines. Agar was first subjected to chemical analysis in 1859 by the French chemist Anselme Payen, who had obtained agar from the marine algae \"Gelidium corneum\". Beginning in the late 19th century, agar began to be used heavily as a solid medium for growing various microbes. Agar was first described for use in microbiology in 1882 by the German microbiologist Walther Hesse, an assistant working", "MRS agar required by \"Lactobacilli\". Polysorbate 80 is a surfactant which assists in nutrient uptake by \"Lactobacilli\". Magnesium sulfate and manganese sulfate provide cations used in metabolism. MRS agar De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar, often abbreviated to MRS, is a selective culture medium designed to favour the luxuriant growth of \"Lactobacilli\" for lab study. Developed in 1960, this medium was named for its inventors. It contains sodium acetate, which suppresses the growth of many competing bacteria (although some other Lactobacillales, like \"Leuconostoc\" and \"Pediococcus\", may grow). This medium has a clear brown colour. MRS agar typically contains (w/v): The yeast and", "Agar of Petri dishes sown with germinated and/or etiolated seedlings. Experiments with the moss \"Physcomitrella patens\", however, have shown that choice of the gelling agent — agar or Gelrite - does influence phytohormone sensitivity of the plant cell culture. Agar is used: Gelidium agar is used primarily for bacteriological plates. Gracilaria agar is used mainly in food applications. In 2016, AMAM, a Japanese company, developed a prototype for Agar-based commercial packaging system called Agar Plasticity, intended as a replacement for oil-based plastic packaging. Agar Agar (pronounced , sometimes ) or agar-agar is a jelly-like substance, obtained from red algae. Agar is", "Simmons' citrate agar pH of 7.6 or greater. Although it could be used in other formats (e.g., Petri plates), Simmons' citrate agar is often used in slants. Organisms growing on Simmons' citrate agar are capable of using citrate as the sole carbon source and they can metabolize the ammonium salt in the medium (serving as a sole nitrogen source for growth). Use of citrate results in the creation of carbonates and bicarbonates as byproducts. Organisms degrading citrate must also use the ammonium salts, producing ammonia, thus increasing the pH of the medium. The increase in pH then causes color change in the bromothymol", "Bacteriological water analysis cultivating these on nutrient agar in a dish that is sealed and incubated. Typical media include plate count agar for a general count or MacConkey agar to count Gram-negative bacteria such as \"E. coli\". Typically one set of plates is incubated at 22 °C and for 24 hours and a second set at 37 °C for 24 hours. The composition of the nutrient usually includes reagents that resist the growth of non-target organisms and make the target organism easily identified, often by a colour change in the medium. Some recent methods include a fluorescent agent so that counting of the", "Agar plate as either \"defined\" or \"undefined\"; a defined medium is synthesized from individual chemicals required by the organism so the exact molecular composition is known, whereas an undefined medium is made from natural products such as yeast extract, where the precise composition is unknown. Agar plates may be formulated as either permissive, with the intent of allowing the growth of whatever organisms are present, or restrictive or selective, with the intent of only allowing growth a particular subset of those organisms. This may take the form of a nutritional requirement, for instance providing a particular compound such as lactose as the", "Organ culture in BSS, 3 parts chick embryo extract and 3 parts of horse serum. Defined media with or without serum are also used with agar. The medium with agar provides the mechanical support for organ culture. It does not liquefy. Embryonic organs generally grow well on agar, but adult organ culture will not survive on this medium. The culture of adult organs or parts from adult animals is more difficult due to their greater requirement of oxygen. A variety of adult organs (e.g. the liver) have been cultured using special media with special apparatus (Towell’s II culture chamber). Since serum was", "Mannitol salt agar Mannitol salt agar Mannitol salt agar or MSA is a commonly used selective and differential growth medium in microbiology. It encourages the growth of a group of certain bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others. This medium is important in medical laboratories as one method of distinguishing pathogenic microbes in a short period of time. It contains a high concentration (about 7.5%-10%) of salt (NaCl), making it selective for Gram-positive bacteria (\"Staphylococcus\" and Micrococcaceae) since this level of salt is inhibitory to most other bacteria. It is also a differential medium for mannitol-fermenting staphylococci, containing carbohydrate mannitol and the indicator", "Algae of commercial uses. It is a good medium on which to grow bacteria and fungi, as most microorganisms cannot digest agar. Alginic acid, or alginate, is extracted from brown algae. Its uses range from gelling agents in food, to medical dressings. Alginic acid also has been used in the field of biotechnology as a biocompatible medium for cell encapsulation and cell immobilization. Molecular cuisine is also a user of the substance for its gelling properties, by which it becomes a delivery vehicle for flavours. Between 100,000 and 170,000 wet tons of \"Macrocystis\" are harvested annually in New Mexico for alginate", "Chu 13 the trace minerals, it is advisable to create a mixture of all components at a large concentration, such as a thousand times these measures, and then mix with the appropriate amount of (pure, de-ionized) water. Correct pH to 7.5, and then autoclave. Chu 13 CHU 13 medium is a culture medium used in microbiology for the growth of certain algal species, first published by S.P. Chu in 1942. It is used as growth medium for the biofuel candidate alga \"Botryococcus braunii\". CHU 13 includes essential minerals and trace elements that are required by algae for growth, but does not include", "MRS agar MRS agar De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar, often abbreviated to MRS, is a selective culture medium designed to favour the luxuriant growth of \"Lactobacilli\" for lab study. Developed in 1960, this medium was named for its inventors. It contains sodium acetate, which suppresses the growth of many competing bacteria (although some other Lactobacillales, like \"Leuconostoc\" and \"Pediococcus\", may grow). This medium has a clear brown colour. MRS agar typically contains (w/v): The yeast and meat extracts and peptone provide sources of carbon, nitrogen and vitamins for general bacterial growth. The yeast extract also contains vitamins and amino acids specifically", "Mueller-Hinton agar Mueller-Hinton agar Müller-Hinton agar is a microbiological growth medium that is commonly used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. It is also used to isolate and maintain \"Neisseria\" and \"Moraxella\" species. It typically contains: Five percent sheep blood and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide may also be added when susceptibility testing is done on \"Streptococcus\" species. This type is also commonly used for susceptibility testing of \"Campylobacter\". It has a few properties that make it excellent for antibiotic use. First of all, it is a nonselective, nondifferential medium. This means that almost all organisms plated on it will grow. Additionally, it contains starch. Starch", "Robert Koch right to apply for patent protection. In an attempt to grow bacteria, Koch began to use solid nutrients such as potato slices. Through these initial experiments, Koch observed individual colonies of identical, pure cells. He found that potato slices were not suitable media for all organisms, and later began to use nutrient solutions with gelatin. However, he soon realized that gelatin, like potato slices, was not the optimal medium for bacterial growth, as it did not remain solid at 37 °C, the ideal temperature for growth of most human pathogens. As suggested to him by Walther and Fanny Hesse, Koch", "YEPD YEPD YEPD or yeast extract peptone dextrose, also often abbreviated as YPD, is a complete medium for yeast growth. It contains yeast extract, peptone, double-distilled water, and glucose or dextrose. It can be used as solid medium by including agar. The yeast extract will typically contain all the amino acids necessary for growth. By being a \"complete\" medium, YEPD cannot be used as a selection medium to test for auxotrophs. Instead, YEPD is used as a growth medium to grow yeast cultures. The broth version of YEPD typically contains 1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% glucose/dextrose, and the rest is", "Agar Agar Agar (pronounced , sometimes ) or agar-agar is a jelly-like substance, obtained from red algae. Agar is a mixture of two components: the linear polysaccharide agarose, and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules called agaropectin. It forms the supporting structure in the cell walls of certain species of algae, and is released on boiling. These algae are known as agarophytes, and belong to the Rhodophyta (red algae) phylum. Agar has been used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Asia, and also as a solid substrate to contain culture media for microbiological work. Agar can be used as a laxative,", "Simmons' citrate agar Simmons' citrate agar Simmons' citrate agar is used for differentiating gram-negative bacteria on the basis of citrate utilization. It is useful for selecting for organisms that use citrate as its main carbon and energy source. It is a defined, selective and differential medium that tests for an organism's ability to use citrate as a sole carbon source and ammonium ions as the sole nitrogen source. The medium contains citrate, ammonium ions, and other inorganic ions needed for growth. It also contains bromothymol blue, a pH indicator. Bromothymol blue is green at pH below 6.9, and then turns blue at a", "Mannitol motility medium Mannitol motility medium Mannitol motility medium is a bacterial growth medium used to detect the ability of bacteria to ferment mannite and produce nitrogen gas; and to indicate the motility of the organism. The typical medium is composed of: When inoculated with a sample organism and allowed to incubate, the medium will change color from red to yellow to indicate that the mannite has been fermented. The presence of bubbles in the medium indicates the presence of gaseous nitrogen, produced by the organism. The pattern of color change (localized along the inoculation site vs. dispersed throughout the medium) indicates the", "Trypticase soy agar Trypticase soy agar Trypticase soy agar or tryptone soya agar (TSA) and Trypticase soy broth or tryptone soya broth (TSB) with agar are growth media for the culturing of bacteria. They are general-purpose, nonselective media providing enough nutrients to allow for a wide variety of microorganisms to grow. They are used for a wide range of applications, including culture storage, enumeration (counting), isolation of pure cultures, or simply general culture. TSA contains enzymatic digests of casein and soybean meal, which provide amino acids and other nitrogenous substances, making it a nutritious medium for a variety of organisms. Glucose is the", "Trypticase soy agar chocolate agar is made through additional cooking of BAP. Nutrient agar is also similar to TSA. One liter of the agar contains: Trypticase soy agar Trypticase soy agar or tryptone soya agar (TSA) and Trypticase soy broth or tryptone soya broth (TSB) with agar are growth media for the culturing of bacteria. They are general-purpose, nonselective media providing enough nutrients to allow for a wide variety of microorganisms to grow. They are used for a wide range of applications, including culture storage, enumeration (counting), isolation of pure cultures, or simply general culture. TSA contains enzymatic digests of casein and soybean", "Algae Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds. Algaculture on a large scale is an important type of aquaculture in some places. Maerl is commonly used as a soil conditioner. Naturally growing seaweeds are an important source of food, especially in Asia. They provide many vitamins including: A, B, B, B, niacin, and C, and are rich in iodine, potassium, iron, magnesium, and calcium. In addition, commercially cultivated microalgae, including both algae and cyanobacteria, are marketed as nutritional supplements, such as spirulina, \"Chlorella\" and", "Chu 13 Chu 13 CHU 13 medium is a culture medium used in microbiology for the growth of certain algal species, first published by S.P. Chu in 1942. It is used as growth medium for the biofuel candidate alga \"Botryococcus braunii\". CHU 13 includes essential minerals and trace elements that are required by algae for growth, but does not include a carbon source and so is only appropriate for growth of phototrophs. It can be prepared as either a liquid medium or as an agar medium. The remaining volume is pure, de-ionized water. Because it is difficult to weigh out some of", "Tabtoxin substrate, yielding no TδL-Thr. Some characteristics were also provided by them, but only from the perspective of tabtoxin biosynthesis. βL-Thr is observed, but Thr-TβL, whose sequence is the reverse of that of tabtoxin, is not. The effects of carbon, nitrogen sources and amino acids on growth and tabtoxin production by pv. tabaci, were examined by varying the components of a defined basal medium, which contained the following nutrients per liter: sucrose (10 g), KNO3 (5 g), MgSO(4).7H2O (0.2 g), CaCl(2).2H2O (0.11 g), FeSO(4).7H2O (20 mg), NaH2PO(4).2H2O (0.9 g) and H2PO(4).3HO (1 g). Both growth and quantity of tabtoxin synthesized were", "Sabouraud agar bacterial growth. Sabouraud agar is commercially available and typically contains: Clinical laboratories can use this growth medium to diagnose and further speciate fungal infections, allowing medical professionals to provide appropriate treatment with antifungal medications. Histoplasma and other fungal causes of atypical pneumonia can be grown on this medium. Sabouraud agar Sabouraud agar or Sabouraud Dextrose Agar or SDA is a type of agar growth medium containing peptones. It is used to cultivate dermatophytes and other types of fungi, and can also grow filamentous bacteria such as Nocardia. It has utility for research and clinical care. It was created by, and", "Growth medium the medium to prevent other cells, which do not possess the resistance, from growing. Media lacking an amino acid such as proline in conjunction with \"E. coli\" unable to synthesize it were commonly used by geneticists before the emergence of genomics to map bacterial chromosomes. Selective growth media are also used in cell culture to ensure the survival or proliferation of cells with certain properties, such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to synthesize a certain metabolite. Normally, the presence of a specific gene or an allele of a gene confers upon the cell the ability to grow in the", "Zoophthora This tissue is generally subcultured on a nutrient-rich medium, such as Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar or Potato Dextrose Agar. These media are frequently supplemented with egg yolk. In indirect sampling methods, fungal tissue is isolated from indirect sources, such as soil or plant material. Approaches to indirect sampling vary, but many methods use whole insects or insect tissues as “bait”. When fungal propagules from an environmental sample infect the “bait” organism, the infected insect can be surface-sterilized, placed in conditions favorable for fungal growth, and monitored for the emergence of fungal propagules from host parts. In some cases, indirect sampling methods", "Farrell's medium Farrell's medium Farrell's medium is a selective bacteriological medium for \"Brucella\" species which is prepared by the addition of six antibiotics to a basal bacteriological medium such as serum dextrose agar. In order to prepare 1 liter of the Farrell's medium, the following quantities are added to 1 liter of serum dextrose agar: polymyxin B sulfate (5000 units =5 mg), bacitracin (25,000 units = 25 mg), natamycin (50 mg), nalidixic acid (5 mg), nystatin (100,000 units), and vancomycin (20 mg). Vancomycin inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria on this medium, while nystatin inhibits the growth of fungi. Other antibiotics inhibit", "Farrell's medium the growth of gram-negative bacteria other than \"Brucella\" species, thus favoring the exclusive growth of the latter in this medium. Farrell's medium Farrell's medium is a selective bacteriological medium for \"Brucella\" species which is prepared by the addition of six antibiotics to a basal bacteriological medium such as serum dextrose agar. In order to prepare 1 liter of the Farrell's medium, the following quantities are added to 1 liter of serum dextrose agar: polymyxin B sulfate (5000 units =5 mg), bacitracin (25,000 units = 25 mg), natamycin (50 mg), nalidixic acid (5 mg), nystatin (100,000 units), and vancomycin (20 mg).", "Mycobacterium abscessus colonies on Löwenstein–Jensen media that appear smooth or rough, white or greyish and nonphotochromogenic. \"M. abscessus\" shows growth at 28 °C and 37 °C after 7 days but not at 43 °C. It may grow on MacConkey agar at 28 °C and even 37 °C. It shows tolerance to saline media (5% NaCl) as well as 500 mg/l hydroxylamine (Ogawa egg medium) and 0.2% picrate (Sauton agar medium). Strains of the species have been shown to degrade the antibiotic p-aminosalicylate. \"M. abscessus\" has also been shown to produce arylsulfatase but not of nitrate reductase and Tween 80 hydrolase. It shows", "Agar in Robert Koch's laboratory, on the suggestion of his wife Fannie Hesse. Agar quickly supplanted gelatin as the base of microbiological media, due to its higher melting temperature, allowing microbes to be grown at higher temperatures without the media liquefying. With its newfound use in microbiology, agar production quickly increased. This production centered on Japan, which produced most of the world's agar until World War II. However, with the outbreak of World War II, many nations were forced to establish domestic agar industries in order to continue microbiological research. Around the time of World War II, approximately 2,500 tons of", "Growth medium selective medium. In such cases, the gene is termed a marker. Selective growth media for eukaryotic cells commonly contain neomycin to select cells that have been successfully transfected with a plasmid carrying the neomycin resistance gene as a marker. Gancyclovir is an exception to the rule, as it is used to specifically kill cells that carry its respective marker, the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV TK). Examples of selective media include: Differential or indicator media distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same medium. This type of media uses the biochemical characteristics of a microorganism growing in", "MacConkey agar those Gram-negative bacteria that can ferment the sugar lactose (Lac+) from those that cannot (Lac-)fermentation. This medium is also known as an \"indicator medium\" and a \"low selective medium\". Presence of bile salts inhibits swarming by \"Proteus\" species. By utilizing the lactose available in the medium, Lac+ bacteria such as \"Escherichia coli\", \"Enterobacter\" and \"Klebsiella\" will produce acid, which lowers the pH of the agar below 6.8 and results in the appearance of pink colonies. The bile salts precipitate in the immediate neighbourhood of the colony, causing the medium surrounding the colony to become hazy. Non-lactose fermenting bacteria such as", "Agar scientific applications require incubation at temperatures close to human body temperature (37 °C), agar is more appropriate than other solidifying agents that melt at this temperature, such as gelatin. Agar-agar is a natural vegetable gelatin counterpart. White and semi-translucent, it is sold in packages as washed and dried strips or in powdered form. It can be used to make jellies, puddings, and custards. For making jelly, it is boiled in water until the solids dissolve. Sweetener, flavouring, colouring, fruit or vegetables are then added and the liquid is poured into molds to be served as desserts and vegetable aspics, or", "Etest and does not interfere with the activity of the antimicrobial agent. However, to maximise reproducibility, the medium chosen should fulfil the basic requirements for a susceptibility test medium. The following AST mediums are recommended for use with Etest: These media may require supplemental nutrients to obtain enhanced growth of nutritionally fastidious organisms such as pneumococci, streptococci, Abiotrophia, Haemophilus, gonococci, meningococci and Campylobacter. In general, media recommendations from the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) and the EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) are considered appropriate for Etest. After the required incubation period, and only when an even lawn of", "Azotobacter the pH range from 4.8 to 8.5. \"Azotobacter\" can also grow mixotrophically, in a molecular-nitrogen-free medium containing mannose; this growth mode is hydrogen-dependent. Hydrogen is available in the soil, thus this growth mode may occur in nature. While growing, \"Azotobacter\" produces flat, slimy, paste-like colonies with a diameter of 5–10 mm, which may form films in liquid nutrient media. The colonies can be dark-brown, green, or other colors, or may be colorless, depending on the species. The growth is favored at a temperature of 20–30 °C. Bacteria of the genus \"Azotobacter\" are also known to form intracellular inclusions of polyhydroxyalkanoates", "Czapek medium in his version, to provide a sole source of nitrogen that is inorganic. This makes the medium a selective growth medium as only organisms that can use inorganic nitrogen can grow. Czapek and Dox did not add agar but many recipes add 15 g to make a solid medium. Czapek medium Czapek medium, also called Czapek's agar (CZA) or Czapek-Dox medium, is a growth medium for propagating fungi and other organisms in a laboratory. It was named after its inventors, Polish botanist Friedrich Johann Franz Czapek (May 16, 1868 - July 31, 1921) and American chemist Arthur Wayland Dox (September", "Mannitol motility medium motility of the organism. The following known results can be used to validate the proper composition of the medium: Mannitol motility medium Mannitol motility medium is a bacterial growth medium used to detect the ability of bacteria to ferment mannite and produce nitrogen gas; and to indicate the motility of the organism. The typical medium is composed of: When inoculated with a sample organism and allowed to incubate, the medium will change color from red to yellow to indicate that the mannite has been fermented. The presence of bubbles in the medium indicates the presence of gaseous nitrogen, produced by", "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in virulence. Traditionally, culture methods for the isolation of \"E. rhusiopathiae\" involve the use of selective and enrichment media. Commercially available blood culture media are satisfactory for primary isolation from blood, since \"E. rhusiopathiae\" is not particularly fastidious. A number of selective media for the isolation of \"Erysipelothrix\" have been described, also. A commonly used medium is \"Erysipelothrix\" selective broth (ESB), a nutrient broth containing serum, tryptose, kanamycin, neomycin, and vancomycin . Modified blood azide medium (MBA) is a selective agar containing sodium azide and horse blood or serum. Packer’s medium is a selective medium for grossly contaminated specimens, which", "Gelatin dessert These plant-derived substances are more similar to pectin and other gelling plant carbohydrates than to gelatin proteins; their physical properties are slightly different, creating different constraints for the preparation and storage conditions. These other gelling agents may also be preferred for certain traditional cuisines or dietary restrictions. Agar, a product made from red algae, is the traditional gelling agent in many Asian desserts. Agar is a popular gelatin substitute in quick jelly powder mix and prepared dessert gels that can be stored at room temperature. Compared to gelatin, agar preparations require a higher dissolving temperature, but the resulting gels congeal", "Industrial fermentation begin to die off. The total amount of biomass may not decrease, but the number of viable organisms will decrease. The microbes or eukarytic cells used for fermentation grow in (or on) specially designed growth medium which supplies the nutrients required by the organisms or cells. A variety of media exist, but invariably contain a carbon source, a nitrogen source, water, salts, and micronutrients. In the production of wine, the medium is grape must. In the production of bio-ethanol, the medium may consist mostly of whatever inexpensive carbon source is available. Carbon sources are typically sugars or other carbohydrates, although", "Cell culture quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid support that contains nutrients embedded in it, usually a gel such as agar, while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells suspended in a nutrient broth. The culture of viruses requires the culture of cells of mammalian, plant, fungal or bacterial origin as hosts for the growth and replication of the virus. Whole wild type viruses, recombinant viruses or viral products may be generated in cell types other than their natural hosts under the right conditions. Depending on the species of the virus, infection and viral replication may result in host", "Candida tropicalis and sugar. This is enough for identifying the species but with a disadvantage of promoting mycelial growth and suppressing conidia formation. Another commonly used medium is the cornmeal agar which is useful in inducing formation of conidia. Potato-glucose, potato-carrot, tomato juice, lima bean and others are also types of media used for growth. The optimal temperature for growth is between and growth is enhanced if sugar or fat is added in the medium. Colony of \"C. tropicalis\" are white, smooth and butyrous with a fringed border. \"C. tropicalis\" reproduces asexually by the production of blastoconidia through budding. As blastoconidia increase", "Agar therefore can be used to measure microorganism motility and mobility. The gel's porosity is directly related to the concentration of agarose in the medium, so various levels of effective viscosity (from the cell's \"point of view\") can be selected, depending on the experimental objectives. A common identification assay involves culturing a sample of the organism deep within a block of nutrient agar. Cells will attempt to grow within the gel structure. Motile species will be able to migrate, albeit slowly, throughout the gel and infiltration rates can then be visualized, whereas non-motile species will show growth only along the now-empty", "Francisella CO supplementation) and the organisms are fastidious, with most \"Francisella\" strains requiring cystine and cysteine media supplementation for growth. Growth has been successful on several media types, including chocolate agar and Thayer-Martin medium with appropriate additives as noted above. Attempted isolation on MacConkey agar is not reliable or generally successful. After 24 hours of incubation on appropriate solid media, \"Francisella\" colonies are generally small (1 to 2 mm), opaque, and white-gray to bluish-gray in color. Colonies are smooth, with clean edges and, after a 48 hours of growth, tend to have a shiny surface. Francisella Francisella is a genus of", "Pharmaceutical microbiology Membrane Filtration • Centrifugal Samplers Monitoring methods will all use either a general purpose culture medium like tryptone soya agar (TSA), which will be used at a dual incubation regime of 30 °C – 35 °C and 20 °C – 25 °C or two different culture media are used at two different temperatures, of which one of the media is selective for fungi (e.g. Sabouraud Dextrose agar, SDA). The choice of culture media, incubation times and temperatures requires validating. The main sources of education and professional guidance for pharmaceutical microbiology come from Dr Tim Sandle's Pharmaceutical Microbiology Resources, Dr Scott", "Infection agar, a form of solid medium that supplies carbohydrates and proteins necessary for growth of a bacterium, along with copious amounts of water. A single bacterium will grow into a visible mound on the surface of the plate called a colony, which may be separated from other colonies or melded together into a \"lawn\". The size, color, shape and form of a colony is characteristic of the bacterial species, its specific genetic makeup (its strain), and the environment that supports its growth. Other ingredients are often added to the plate to aid in identification. Plates may contain substances that permit", "Apophysomyces variabilis μm in length and has a funnel-shaped apophysis or swelling below the columella. Hyphae are smooth-walled, aseptate, and branched. Unlike most members of the Mucorales, \"Apophysomyces\" species often fail to sporulate under standard clinical laboratory culture conditions. These fungi require Czapek's agar (CZA), a nutrient-defined medium. Colonies grow rapidly at 37 °C on CZA and initially appear white and woolly becoming greyish brown with age. Colonies are grey and floccose, will grow on the lid of the petri dish, and are colourless on reverse. Sporangiosphores are unbranched, smooth-walled, and light brown. Sporangia are apophyseal, pyriform, beginning as whitish and turning", "Vibrio aerogenes and this is what makes the marine environment a necessity for this organism. \"V. aerogenes\" can ferment glucose and a few other carbohydrates to yield organic acids. When this bacteria is cultured, the medium must include Na but there are not any other vitamins that are needed. One possible medium that can be used is called BACTO MARINE BROTH (DIFCO 2216) (DSMZ Medium 514) and after inoculation the bacteria is grown at 28°C. Another medium \"V. aerogenes\" can be grown on is called MEDIUM 13- Marine agar and after this medium is inoculated, the bacteria can grow at 25°C. The", "Synechocystis plants. The organism also exhibits phototactic movement. \"Synechocystis\" sp. PCC6803 can be grown on either agar plates or in liquid culture. The most widely used culture medium is a BG-11 salt solution. The ideal pH is between 7 and 8.5. A light intensity of 50 μmol photons m s leads to best growth. Bubbling with carbon dioxide enriched air (1–2% CO) can increase the growth rate, but may require additional buffer to maintain pH Selection is typically performed by antibiotic resistance genes. Heidorn et al. 2011 experimentally determined in \"Synechocystis\" sp. PCC6803 the ideal concentrations of kanamycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol,", "Algae fuel to grow most species of algae: Walne medium and the Guillard's F/ medium. These commercially available nutrient solutions may reduce time for preparing all the nutrients required to grow algae. However, due to their complexity in the process of generation and high cost, they are not used for large-scale culture operations. Therefore, enrichment media used for mass production of algae contain only the most important nutrients with agriculture-grade fertilizers rather than laboratory-grade fertilizers. Algae grow much faster than food crops, and can produce hundreds of times more oil per unit area than conventional crops such as rapeseed, palms, soybeans, or", "Subculture (biology) the originating culture, fresh nutrients and no toxic metabolites allowing continued growth of the cells without risk of cell death. Subculture is important for both proliferating (e.g. a microorganism like \"E. coli\") and non-proliferating (e.g. terminally differentiated white blood cells) cells. Typically, subculture is from a culture of a certain volume into fresh growth medium of equal volume, this allows long-term maintenance of the cell line. Subculture into a larger volume of growth medium is used when wanting to increase the number of cells for, for example, use in an industrial process or scientific experiment. It is often important to", "Löffler's medium to support growth of corynebacteria. Sodium chloride supplies essential ions. Dextrose is a source of fermentable carbohydrate. The eggs and beef serum cause the medium to coagulate during the sterilization process and are sources of protein which are used for metabolism of the corynebacteria and other organisms. Löffler's medium Löffler's medium is a special substance used to grow diphtheria bacilli to confirm the diagnosis. In 1887, Friedrich Loeffler devised a culture medium containing horse serum, meat infusion, and dextrose for use in the cultivation of corynebacteria and for differentiating them from other organisms. Perry and Petran suggested modification of the", "Mumps vaccine are thus said to be \"attenuated\". They are sometimes referred to as \"neuroattenuated\" in the sense that these strains are less virulent to human neurons than the wild strains. The cells used in culture, virus stocks used, and animal fluids are all screened for extraneous material as part of the vaccine production. They are grown in Medium 199 (a solution containing buffered salt, vitamins, amino acids, fetal bovine serum) with SPGA (sucrose, phosphate, glutamate, human serum albumin) and neomycin. The human albumin processing uses the Cohn cold ethanol fractionation method. Mumpsvax production as a stand-alone product ceased in 2009. Monovalent", "Agar pH to this range. A general guideline is about 600 µl 0.1M KOH per 250 ml GM. This entire mixture can be sterilized using the liquid cycle of an autoclave. This medium nicely lends itself to the application of specific concentrations of phytohormones etc. to induce specific growth patterns in that one can easily prepare a solution containing the desired amount of hormone, add it to the known volume of GM, and autoclave to both sterilize and evaporate off any solvent that may have been used to dissolve the often-polar hormones. This hormone/GM solution can be spread across the surface", "Bacteria to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid media occurs as an even cell suspension, making the cultures easy to divide and transfer, although isolating single bacteria from liquid media is difficult. The use of selective media (media with specific nutrients added or deficient, or with antibiotics added) can help identify specific organisms. Most laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly. However, in natural environments, nutrients are", "Thayer-Martin agar Thayer-Martin agar Thayer-Martin agar (or Thayer-Martin medium) is a Mueller-Hinton agar with 5% chocolate sheep blood and antibiotics. It is used for culturing and primarily isolating pathogenic \"Neisseria\" bacteria, including \"Neisseria gonorrhoeae\" and \"Neisseria meningitidis\", as the medium inhibits the growth of most other microorganisms. When growing \"Neisseria meningitidis\", one usually starts with a normally sterile body fluid (blood or CSF), so a plain chocolate agar is used. Thayer-Martin agar was initially developed in 1964, with an improved formulation published in 1966. It usually contains the following combination of antibiotics, called VCN inhibitor A negative culture on Thayer-Martin in a", "Solid-state fermentation natural environment. The medium is saturated with water but little of it is free-flowing. The solid medium comprises both the substrate and the solid support on which the fermentation takes place. The substrate used is generally composed of vegetal byproducts such as beet pulp or wheat bran. At the beginning of the growth process, the substrates and solid culture compounds are non-soluble compounds composed of very large, biochemically complex molecules that the fungus will cut off to get essential C and N nutrients. To develop its natural substrate, the fungal organism sets forth its entire genetic potential to produce the", "Chemically defined medium as the polymer polyvinyl alcohol which can reproduce some of the functions of BSA/HSA. The constituents of a chemically defined media include: a basal media (such as DMEM, F12, or RPMI 1640, containing amino acids, vitamins, inorganic salts, buffers, antioxidants and energy sources), which is supplemented with recombinant albumin, chemically defined lipids, recombinant insulin and/or zinc, recombinant transferrin or iron, selenium and an antioxidant thiol such as 2-mercaptoethanol or 1-thioglycerol. Chemically defined media that are designed for the cultivation of cells in suspension additionally contain suitable surfactants such as poloxamers in order to reduce shear stress caused by shaking and", "Phenotypic testing of mycobacteria is sought. Phenotypic testing of mycobacteria In microbiology, the phenotypic testing of mycobacteria uses a number of methods. The most-commonly used phenotypic tests to identify and distinguish \"Mycobacterium\" strains and species from each other are described below. \"Media\": KHPO (0.5 g), MgSO>*7H0 (0.5 g), purified agar (20 g), distilled water (1000 ml). The medium is supplemented with acetamide to a final concentration of 0.02M, adjusted to a pH of 7.0 and sterilized by autoclaving at 115°C for 30 minutes. After sloping, the medium is inoculated with one loop of the cultures and incubated. Growth is read after incubation for two", "Chemically defined medium from blood), hydrolysates, growth factors, hormones, carrier proteins, and attachment factors. These undefined animal-derived products will contain complex contaminants, such as the lipid content of albumin. In contrast, chemically defined media require that all of the components must be identified and have their exact concentrations known. Therefore, a chemically defined medium must be entirely free of animal-derived components and cannot contain either fetal bovine serum, bovine serum albumin or human serum albumin. To achieve this, chemically defined media is commonly supplemented with recombinant versions of albumin and growth factors, usually derived from rice or \"E. coli\", or synthetic chemical such", "Mycoplasma orale are unable to grow and reproduce in culture without the necessary nutrients and metabolites present in media. \"M. orale\" is cultured using a special medium, the 1076b. SP4-Z MEDIUM. This medium contains either glucose or arginine (but not both at the same time) as a carbon source; however, it does not contain yeast extract. For exact information regarding all components of this medium see \"DSMZ Medium\" in External Links. It is considered to be a mesophilic bacteria growing best at a temperature of 37 °C. This is expected, as theoretically it should grow best at the basal temperatures of its", "Organ culture to normal organ culture derived from adult animals. The following are four techniques employed for embryonic organ culture. The following are general steps in organ culture on plasma clots. The technique has now been modified, and a raft of lens paper or rayon net is used on which the tissue is placed. Transfer of the tissue can then be achieved by raft easily. Excessive fluid is removed and the net with the tissue placed again on the fresh pool of medium. Media solidified with agar are also used for organ culture and these media consist of 7 parts 1% agar", "Fusarium sporotrichioides most effective selective medium for the fusaria. Although its formulation is now considered somewhat outdated, PCNB has historically been useful for the rapid distinction between different \"Fusarium \"species in soil samples. Other media used for the identification of\" Fusarium \"species include oatmeal agar and potato sucrose agar, on which the main distinguishing characteristics of the species surface after roughly 10 to 14 days of growth. Several \"Fusarium\" species provide useful model systems for research in molecular biology. Considering \"F. sporotrichioides\" specifically, sequences of known genes of the species have been used to study potential virulence genes in other fusaria, for", "Agar plate only source of carbon and thereby selecting only organisms which can metabolize that compound, or by including a particular antibiotic or other substance to select only organisms which are resistant to that substance. This correlates to some degree with defined and undefined media; undefined media, made from natural products and containing an unknown combination of very many organic molecules, is typically more permissive in terms of supplying the needs of a wider variety of organisms, while defined media can be precisely tailored to select organisms with specific properties. Agar plates may also be indicator plates, in which the organisms are", "Thermotoga neapolitana It is distinguishable by a thick periplasmic cell wall. Generally, they are found to be 0.2–5 μm, but they may reach sizes of up to 100 μm. It is non-sporulating - this along with its rod-shape and Gram-negative features are characteristic of the Order Thermotogales. Using a guar-gum based medium, β-mannanase, β-mannosidase, α-galactosidase have been purified. These galactomannans are associated with allowing an organism to endure harsh environments (through stabilization of the membrane), such as high temperatures. These enzymes help provide simple saccharides to the organism. Polymers similar to those degraded by \"T. neopolitana\" are often used as storage polymers", "New York City agar mucoid colonies. \"N. meningitidis\" appears as large colorless to bluish-gray mucoid colonies. Colonies may be selected for Gram-staining, subculturing or other diagnostic procedures. New York City agar The N.Y.C (New York City) medium or GC (\"Neisseria gonorrhoeae\") medium agar is used for isolating Gonococci. The agar base is composed of: \"Final pH ( at 25°C) 7.4±0.2\" NYC Agar Base was originally developed by Fauer, Weisburd and Wilson., at the New York City Department of Health for selective isolation of pathogenic \"Neisseria\" species from clinical specimens. It consists of primarily a peptone-corn starch agar-base buffered with phosphates and supplemented with horse", "Madurella mycetomatis tips of simple or branched conidiophores. In-vitro, this type of conidation can be observed in 50% of cultures on soil extract, hay infusion or water agar. When grown on potato carrot agar or cornmeal agar the second type of conidation is observed. This type is characterized by small spherical conidia (3 µm in diameter) on tapered tips of flask shaped phialides and collarettes. On SDA media \"M. mycetomatis\" is sterile. No sexual stage has been identified for \"M. mycetomatis\". \"Madurella mycetomatis\" is the most common fungus with respect to causing mycetoma in humans, a chronic localized inflammatory disease. \"Madurella\" \"mycetomatis\"", "Bacterial patterns grow under controlled conditions. By varying agar concentration (which permits the control of the hardness of the medium), and the nutrient concentration, the response of the colony to external stresses can be studied. The different morphologies appear in the following growth conditions: A complete morphological diagram can then be drawn by varying growth conditions. These different morphologies can be obtained from a reaction-diffusion model. This kind of model is useful to assess which mechanisms are relevant for the different morphologies. The complete morphological diagram can be obtained by using two fields, density of bacteria and nutrient concentration, and taking into", "G. S. Venkataraman ability and adaptability vis-à-vis soil conditions, resistance to pesticides and insensitivity to sources of nitrogen like nitrates and Ammonium. He demonstrated \"the transfer of fixed nitrogen from algae to rice plants using 15N\". He also developed a method for the in situ production of the BGA bio-fertilizer which he later improved by growing pure cultures of BGA on solid organic substrates, an achievement during his days at the School of Biological Sciences of Madurai Kamaraj University. Venkataraman's book, \"The Cultivation of Algae\", published by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1969, is a monograph on the culture and", "XLD agar XLD agar Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD agar) is a selective growth medium used in the isolation of \"Salmonella\" and \"Shigella\" species from clinical samples and from food. It has a pH of approximately 7.4, leaving it with a bright pink or red appearance due to the indicator phenol red. Sugar fermentation lowers the pH and the phenol red indicator registers this by changing to yellow. Most gut bacteria, including \"Salmonella\", can ferment the sugar xylose to produce acid; \"Shigella\" colonies cannot do this and therefore remain red. After exhausting the xylose supply \"Salmonella\" colonies will decarboxylate lysine, increasing the", "Cultured meat in the proliferation of muscle cells. The introduction of myogenic regulatory factors, growth factors, or other gene products into muscle cells may increase production past the capacity of conventional meat. To avoid the use of any animal products, the use of photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria has been proposed to produce the main ingredients for the culture media, as opposed to the very commonly used fetal bovine or horse serum. Some researchers suggest that the ability of algae and cyanobacteria to produce ingredients for culture media can be improved with certain technologies, most likely not excluding genetic engineering. The Australian bioethicist", "Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans media with a strong, evenly dispersed clouding throughout, and it produces no sediment formation or surface growth. Although it does not grow on traditional organic media, it will not be harmed by a medium containing peptone or glucose. Media best suited for its growth are those that are inorganic and allow \"A. thiooxidans\" to use sulfur as a source of energy. The following characteristic reactions accompany the growth of \"A. thiooxidans\" in the presence of tricalcium phosphate: the layer on the surface of the medium formed by sulfur tends to drop to the bottom, tricalcium phosphate is dissolved by the", "Gelidium amansii agaropectin, from the large amount of algin which is located in the algae's cell wall, as well it is sometimes served as part of a salad, puddings, jams, and other culinary dishes in producing regions. Agar is a gelatinous substance that is commercially used as an incubation matrix for microbes and other products that require an ecologically friendly gelatinous matrix. \"G. amansii\" can be purple, red, to yellowish-red because it contains the class of pigments known as phycobiliprotein. Its branching body is cartilaginous and can grow up to a height of 8 to 30 cm or 3 to 12 in.", "Microbiological culture agar plates, but are formed by solid agar in a test tube. Bacteria is introduced via an inoculation needle or a pipette tip being stabbed into the center of the agar. Bacteria grow in the punctured area. Stab cultures are most commonly used for short-term storage or shipment of cultures. Microbial culture collections focus on the acquisition, authentication, production, preservation, catalogueing and distribution of viable cultures of standard reference microorganisms, cell lines and other materials for research in microbial systematics. Culture collection are also repositories of type strains. Virus or phage cultures require host cells in which the virus or" ]

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[ "Erskine Caldwell Erskine Preston Caldwell (December 17, 1903 – April 11, 1987) was an American novelist and short story writer. His writings about poverty, racism and social problems in his native Southern United States in novels such as \"Tobacco Road\" (1932) and \"God's Little Acre\" (1933) won him critical acclaim, but also made him controversial among Southerners of the time who felt he was deprecating the people of the region.", "Richard Ford Richard Ford (born February 16, 1944) is an American novelist and short story writer. His best-known works are the novel \"The Sportswriter\" and its sequels, \"Independence Day\", \"The Lay of the Land\" and \"Let Me Be Frank With You\", and the short story collection \"Rock Springs\", which contains several widely anthologized stories." ]

[ "American Folkways series The American Folkways is a 28-volume series of books, initiated and principally edited by Erskine Caldwell, and published by Duell, Sloan and Pearce from 1941 to 1955. Each book focused on a different region, or \"folkway\", of the United States, including documentary essays and folklore from that region. The books were written by local experts, describing \"their\" region. Many of the individual volumes have become regarded as classics in folklore, local history, and American writing, and a number of them have been issued in multiple editions or are still in print.", "Richard Graves Richard Graves (4 May 1715 – 23 November 1804) was an English minister, poet, and novelist.", "Chester Erskine Chester Erskine (November 29, 1905 – April 7, 1986) was a Hollywood and Broadway director, writer, and producer.", "Charles Erskine Scott Wood Charles Erskine Scott Wood or C.E.S. Wood (February 20, 1852January 22, 1944) was an American author, civil liberties advocate, artist, soldier, attorney, and Georgist. He is best known as the author of the 1927 satirical bestseller, \"Heavenly Discourse\".", "Richard Flanagan Richard Miller Flanagan (born 1961) is an Australian novelist from Tasmania. \"Considered by many to be the finest Australian novelist of his generation\", according to \"The Economist\", each of his novels has attracted major praise and received numerous awards and honours. He also has written and directed feature films. He won the 2014 Man Booker Prize for \"The Narrow Road to the Deep North\".", "Richard Ford (disambiguation) Richard Ford (born 1944) is an American novelist and short story writer.", "The Ice Storm The Ice Storm is a 1994 American novel by Rick Moody. The novel was widely acclaimed by readers and critics alike, described as a funny, acerbic, and moving hymn to a dazed and confused era of American life.", "Parade's End Parade's End (1924-1928) is a tetralogy of novels by the British novelist and poet Ford Madox Ford (1873–1939). The setting is mainly England and the Western Front of the First World War, in which Ford had served as an officer in the Welch Regiment, a life he vividly depicts. The individual novels are:", "John A. Farrell John Aloysius Farrell is an American author. He has written biographies of U.S. President Richard Nixon, House Speaker Thomas \"Tip\" O'Neill, and defense attorney Clarence Darrow. He is a former White House correspondent and Washington editor for \"The Boston Globe\" and a former Washington bureau chief and columnist for \"The Denver Post\".", "Ian Caldwell Ian Caldwell is an American novelist known for co-authoring the 2004 novel \"The Rule of Four\". His second book, \"The Fifth Gospel\", was published in 2015.", "Earl Mac Rauch Earl Mac Rauch is an American novelist and screenwriter.", "Rick Yancey Richard \"Rick\" Yancey (born November 4, 1962) is an American author who has gained acclaim for his works of suspense, fantasy, and science fiction aimed at young adults.", "Breakheart Pass (novel) Breakheart Pass is a novel by Scottish author Alistair MacLean (1922-1987), first published in 1974. It was a departure for MacLean in that, despite the thriller novel plot, the setting is essentially that of a western novel, set in the western ranges of the Sierra Nevada mountains of the Rocky Mountains in the Western United States in the late 19th century. Fans of MacLean will recognize the usual plots twists, thrill-packed finale, and trademark sardonic dialogue. Unfortunately, for American audiences, MacLean was less successful capturing an authentic tone of the frontier American West, and the 1975 movie version starring Charles Bronson, Richard Crenna, Ben Johnson, and Jill Ireland, proved to be more popular with the public than the novel.", "Richard Bausch Richard Bausch (born April 18, 1945) is an American novelist and short story writer, and Professor in the Writing Program at Chapman University in Orange, California. He has published twelve novels, eight short story collections, and one volume of poetry and prose.", "John C. Caldwell John Curtis Caldwell (April 17, 1833 – August 31, 1912) was a teacher, a Union general in the American Civil War, and an American diplomat.", "Richard B. Wright Richard B. Wright, CM, (March 4, 1937 – February 7, 2017) was a Canadian novelist. He was known for his break-through 2001 novel \"Clara Callan,\" which won three major literary awards in Canada: The Giller Prize, the Trillium Book Award, and the Governor General's Award.", "Henry Morton Robinson Henry Morton Robinson (September 7, 1898 – January 13, 1961) was an American novelist, best known for \"A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake\" written with Joseph Campbell and his 1950 novel \"The Cardinal\", which \"Time\" magazine reported was \"The year's most popular book, fiction or nonfiction.\"", "Richard Woodman (disambiguation) Richard Woodman is an English novelist and naval historian.", "Thomas Pynchon Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. ( , commonly ; born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist. A MacArthur Fellow, he is noted for his dense and complex novels. His fiction and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, genres and themes, including history, music, science, and mathematics. For \"Gravity's Rainbow\", Pynchon won the 1974 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.", "Richard Walton Tully Richard Walton Tully (May 7, 1877 – February 1, 1945) was an American playwright." ]

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[ "A couple scrub the floor." ]

[ "A couple pick out wedding dresses.", "Only the Jewish faith reveres Rachel's Tomb as a holy site.", "A man is dancing at a concert.", "An empty commuter train.", "The list has removed alcohol.", "Being in Applied was an accomplishment.", "The kid has a camera." ]

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[ "The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects.[e] The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still.[f]" ]

[ "Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch 20-cwt were also used. The Army's Anti-aircraft command, which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation, grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps. 40-mm Bofors entered service in increasing numbers. In addition the RAF regiment was formed in 1941 with responsibility for airfield air defence, eventually with Bofors 40mm as their main armament. Fixed AA defences, using HAA and LAA, were established by the Army in key overseas places, notably Malta, Suez Canal and Singapore.", "The birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered pollution for decades, however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Traces of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott’s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Remediation and testing are ongoing, however according to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.", "The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time. As a result of the change in the CPS’ policy, charges against several journalists who had made payments to other types of public officials – including civil servants, health workers and prison staff - had been dropped. In July 2015, Private Eye magazine reported that at a costs hearing at the Old Bailey The Sun's parent company had refused to pay for the prosecution costs relating to France’s trial, leading the presiding judge to express his \"considerable disappointment\" at this state of affairs. Judge Timothy Pontius said in court that France’s illegal actions had been part of a \"clearly recognised procedure at The Sun\", adding that, \"There can be no doubt that News International bears some measure of moral responsibility if not legal culpability for the acts of the defendant\". The Private Eye report noted that despite this The Sun's parent organisation was \"considering disciplinary actions\" against France whilst at the same time it was also preparing to bring a case to the Investigatory Powers Tribunal against the London Metropolitan Police Service for its actions relating to him and two other journalists.", "Because the rotor is much lighter in weight (mass) than a conventional rotor formed from copper windings on steel laminations, the rotor can accelerate much more rapidly, often achieving a mechanical time constant under one ms. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than the heavier copper. But because there is no metal mass in the rotor to act as a heat sink, even small coreless motors must often be cooled by forced air. Overheating might be an issue for coreless DC motor designs.", "The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.", "There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Solar Power Project is a 500 MW photovoltaic station under construction in Riverside County, California. The California Valley Solar Ranch (CVSR) is a 250 megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic power plant, which is being built by SunPower in the Carrizo Plain, northeast of California Valley. The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch is a First Solar photovoltaic project which is under construction in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert, and due to be completed in 2013. The Mesquite Solar project is a photovoltaic solar power plant being built in Arlington, Maricopa County, Arizona, owned by Sempra Generation. Phase 1 will have a nameplate capacity of 150 megawatts.", "The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap, and have caused friction. On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. On 22 December 2012, the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim. Argentine–UK relations had previously been damaged throughout 2012 due to disputes over the sovereignty of the nearby Falkland Islands, and the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War." ]

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[ "Atlas (anatomy) Atlas (anatomy) In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine. It is named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, because it supports the globe of the head which is the skull. The atlas is the topmost vertebra and with the axis forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. The atlas and axis are specialized to allow a greater range of motion than normal vertebrae. They are responsible for the nodding and rotation movements of the head. The atlanto-occipital joint allows the head to nod up and down on the vertebral column. The" ]

[ "Nod (gesture) Nod (gesture) A nod of the head is a gesture in which the head is tilted in alternating up and down arcs along the sagittal plane. In many cultures, it is most commonly, but not universally, used to indicate agreement, acceptance, or acknowledgement. Different cultures assign different meanings to the gesture. Nodding to indicate \"yes\" is widespread, and appears in a large number of diverse cultural and linguistic groups. Areas in which nodding generally takes this meaning include the Indian subcontinent (note that the head bobble also shows agreement there), the Middle East, Southeast Asia, most of Europe (see below),", "Nod (gesture) of respect without additional formality. This includes the traditional downwards nod, or the upwards nod (which is more informal and usually used among friends or subordinates). To increase the formality, the downwards nod may also be accompanied by a suitable verbal greeting. Nodding is also a symptom of a yet unexplained disease. It affects mostly children under 15, and was first documented in Tanzania in 1962. Nod (gesture) A nod of the head is a gesture in which the head is tilted in alternating up and down arcs along the sagittal plane. In many cultures, it is most commonly, but", "Body language with their thumbs. Likewise, the thumbs up gesture could show \"OK\" or \"good\" in countries like the US, France and Germany. But this same gesture is insulting in other countries like Iran, Bangladesh and Thailand, where it is the equivalent of showing the middle finger in the US. In most cultures the Head Nod is used to signify 'Yes' or agreement. It's a stunted form of bowing - the person symbolically goes to bow but stops short, resulting in a nod. Bowing is a submissive gesture so the Head Nod shows we are going along with the other person's point", "Cranial kinesis are dikinetic, having both meta- and meso-kinetic joints. The mandibular bone is connected to the neurocranium via the quadrate and squamosal. The mandibulo-quadrate joint also articulates with the (palatine-pterygoid) bar which then connects to the maxilla, when the quadrate is pulled towards the skull by muscle x then the bar pushes on the base of the maxilla and causes the upper jaw to open. The three principle types of kinesis found in Dinosaurs are, Some show a combination of the two, such as streptostyly and prokinesis (\"Shuvuuia\"). Many, on the other hand, have at various points been thought to show", "Equine conformation of blood vessels called the \"carotid rete\", which keeps the brain cool while the body temperature rises during exercise. Horses lack a carotid rete and instead use their sinuses to cool blood around the brain. These factors suggest that the conformation of a horse's head influences its ability to regulate temperature. Straight, upright, or vertical shoulder Laid-back or sloping shoulder The Humerus (a.k.a. the arm bone) The arm bone is from the point of shoulder to the elbow, it is covered in heavy muscle and serves as a leverage point for the muscle of the front leg attached near the", "Tonic labyrinthine reflex child's joints and bones, causing the head of the femur to partially slip out of the acetabulum (subluxation) or completely move out of the acetabulum (dislocation). Tonic labyrinthine reflex The tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) is a primitive reflex found in newborn humans. With this reflex, tilting the head back while lying on the back causes the back to stiffen and even arch backwards, the legs to straighten, stiffen, and push together, the toes to point, the arms to bend at the elbows and wrists, and the hands to become fisted or the fingers to curl. The presence of this reflex", "Splenius capitis muscle Splenius capitis muscle The splenius capitis () () is a broad, straplike muscle in the back of the neck. It pulls on the base of the skull from the vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. It is involved in movements such as shaking the head. It arises from the lower half of the nuchal ligament, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebrae. The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and laterally and are inserted, under cover of the sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process", "Splenius capitis muscle Splenius capitis muscle The splenius capitis () () is a broad, straplike muscle in the back of the neck. It pulls on the base of the skull from the vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. It is involved in movements such as shaking the head. It arises from the lower half of the nuchal ligament, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebrae. The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and laterally and are inserted, under cover of the sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process", "Core (anatomy) core muscles provide support of the axial skeleton (skull, spine, and tailbone) in an alignment where the upper body can provide a steady, solid base for the rifle to remain motionless. The nature of dynamic movement must take into account our skeletal structure (as a lever) in addition to the force of external resistance, and consequently incorporates a vastly different complex of muscles and joints versus a static position. Because of this functional design, during dynamic movement there is more dependence on core musculature than just skeletal rigidity as in a static situation. This is because the purpose of movement", "Beak (or mandible). The upper, and in some cases the lower, mandibles are strengthened internally by a complex three-dimensional network of bony spicules (or trabeculae) seated in soft connective tissue and surrounded by the hard outer layers of the beak. The avian jaw apparatus is made up of two units: one four-bar linkage mechanism and one five-bar linkage mechanism. The upper mandible is supported by a three-pronged bone called the intermaxillary. The upper prong of this bone is embedded into the forehead, while the two lower prongs attach to the sides of the skull. At the base of the upper mandible", "Orbital process of palatine bone Orbital process of palatine bone The orbital process of the palatine bone is placed on a higher level than the sphenoidal, and is directed upward and lateralward from the front of the vertical part, to which it is connected by a constricted neck. It presents five surfaces, which enclose an air cell. Of these surfaces, three are articular and two non-articular. The articular surfaces are: In some cases the air cell opens on this surface of the bone and then communicates with the posterior ethmoidal cells. More rarely it opens on both surfaces, and then communicates with the posterior ethmoidal", "Bird anatomy hold phase. Head-bobbing is synchronous with the feet as the head moves in accordance with the rest of the body. Data from various studies suggest that the main reason for head-bobbing in some birds is for the stabilization of their surroundings, although it is uncertain why some but not all bird orders show head-bob. Birds are the only vertebrates to have fused collarbones and a keeled breastbone. The keeled sternum serves as an attachment site for the muscles used in flying or swimming. Flightless birds, such as ostriches, lack a keeled sternum and have denser and heavier bones compared to", "Sternocleidomastoid muscle the head. It also flexes the neck. When both sides of the muscle act together, it flexes the neck and extends the head. When one side acts alone, it causes the head to rotate to the opposite side and flexes laterally to the same side (ipsilaterally). It also acts as an accessory muscle of respiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck. The signaling process to contract or relax the sternocleidomastoid begins in Cranial Nerve XI, the accessory nerve. The accessory nerve nucleus is in the anterior horn of the spinal cord around C1-C3, where lower motor neuron fibers", "Hyoid bone Hyoid bone The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) () is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra (C3) behind. Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly articulated to other bones by muscles or ligaments. The hyoid is anchored by muscles from the anterior, posterior and inferior directions, and aids in tongue movement and swallowing. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of", "Poll (livestock) horse when the horse is on the bit. The horse is always relaxed over the poll, giving it a relaxed look when going about its job. When, for example, the third vertebra (C3) is the highest point on the neck, rather than the poll, it is a clear sign of incorrect work. Poll (livestock) The poll is a name of the part of an animal's head, alternatively referencing a point immediately behind or right between the ears. This area of the anatomy is of particular significance for the horse. Specifically, the \"poll\" refers to the occipital protrusion at the back", "Anatomical terms of bone to their fine and complex structure. A \"sinus\" refers to a bony cavity, usually within the skull. A joint, or articulation is the region where adjacent bones contact each other, for example the elbow, shoulder, or costovertebral joint. Terms that refer to joints include: Bones are commonly described with the terms \"head\", \"neck\", \"shaft\", \"body\" and \"base\" The \"head\" of a bone usually refers to the proximal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of long bone, and the \"neck\" the segment between the head and shaft (or body). The end of the long bone opposite", "Furcula Furcula The (\"\"little fork\"\" in Latin) or wishbone is a forked bone found in birds and some dinosaurs, and is formed by the fusion of the two clavicles. In birds, its primary function is in the strengthening of the thoracic skeleton to withstand the rigors of flight. The furcula works as a strut between a bird's shoulders, and articulates to each of the bird's scapulae. In conjunction with the coracoid and the scapula, it forms a unique structure called the triosseal canal, which houses a strong tendon that connects the supracoracoideus muscles to the humerus. This system is responsible for", "Pelvis makes it difficult to detect congenital hip dislocation by X-raying. There is preliminary evidence that the pelvis continues to widen over the course of a lifetime. The skeleton of the pelvis is a basin-shaped ring of bones connecting the vertebral column to the femora. Its primary functions are to bear the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing, transferring that weight from the axial skeleton to the lower appendicular skeleton when standing and walking, and providing attachments for and withstanding the forces of the powerful muscles of locomotion and posture. Compared to the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle", "Forehead the Latin equivalent to \"forehead\". (Etymology of \"sinciput\": from \"semi-\" \"half\" + \"caput\" \"head\".) The bone of the forehead is the squamous part of the frontal bone. The overlying muscles are the occipitofrontalis, procerus, and corrugator supercilii muscles, all of which are controlled by the temporal branch of the facial nerve. The sensory nerves of the forehead connect to the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve and to the cervical plexus, and lie within the subcutaneous fat. The motor nerves of the forehead connect to the facial nerve. The ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, the supraorbital nerve, divides at", "Head shake Head shake A head shake is a gesture in which the head is turned left and right along the transverse plane repeatedly in quick succession. In many cultures, it is most commonly, but not universally, used to indicate disagreement, denial, or rejection. Head shaking while trying food, in Western cultures, can also communicate one is enjoying the food or a strong approval of it. Different cultures assign different meanings to the gesture. Shaking to indicate \"no\" is widespread, and appears in a large number of diverse cultural and linguistic groups. Areas in which head shaking generally takes this meaning include", "Nod (gesture) of \"τσου\" is optional and reserved only for heavy emphasis on the \"no\". The emphasis on the raised eyebrows and the rolling up of the eyes is such, that the actual nod of the head upwards has ended up being of secondary importance. A person can denote \"no\" by simply raising their eyebrows and rolling up their eyes, with the head staying completely still. Nodding can also be used as a form of nonverbal greeting or acknowledgement of another's presence; in this context, it is essentially an especially mild form of bowing, with just enough movement to show a degree", "Nod (gesture) Latin America and North America. Nodding may also be used as a sign of recognition in some areas, or to show respect. An insult may be inferred if it is not returned in kind. In Greece, the single nod of the head down that indicates \"yes\" is often combined with closing the eyes simultaneously. This nod commonly also includes a very slight, almost unnoticeable, turn of the head to the left (or to the right). An early survey of nodding and other gestures was \"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals\", written by Charles Darwin in 1872. Darwin", "Orbital process of palatine bone cells and the sphenoidal sinus. The non-articular surfaces are: Orbital process of palatine bone The orbital process of the palatine bone is placed on a higher level than the sphenoidal, and is directed upward and lateralward from the front of the vertical part, to which it is connected by a constricted neck. It presents five surfaces, which enclose an air cell. Of these surfaces, three are articular and two non-articular. The articular surfaces are: In some cases the air cell opens on this surface of the bone and then communicates with the posterior ethmoidal cells. More rarely it opens on", "Occipital bun Occipital bun An occipital bun is a prominent bulge or projection of the occipital bone at the back of the skull. It is important in scientific descriptions of classic Neanderthal crania. While common among many of humankind's ancestors, primarily robust relatives rather than gracile, the protrusion is rare in modern \"Homo sapiens\". It is suspected that occipital buns might correlate with the biomechanics of running. Another as yet unsubstantiated theory attributes them to enlargement of the cerebellum, a region of the brain which mediates the timing of motor actions and spatial reasoning. There are still some human populations which often", "Ischium girdle formed where the ischium, ilium, and pubis all meet, and into which the head of the femur inserts. The orientation and position of the acetabulum is one of the main morphological traits that caused dinosaurs to walk in an upright posture with their legs directly underneath their bodies. Ischium The ischium () forms the lower and back part of the hip bone (\"os coxae\"). Situated below the ilium and behind the pubis, it is one of these three bones whose fusion creates the hip. The superior portion of this bone forms approximately one third of the acetabulum. The ischium", "Nod (gesture) wrote to missionaries in many parts of the world asking for information on local gestures, and concluded that nodding for \"yes\" was common to many different groups. There are varying theories as to why nodding is so frequently used to indicate acceptance. One simple theory is that it is a form of bowing, indicating that one is prepared to accept what another person is saying or requesting. It has also been stated that babies, when hungry, search for milk by moving their heads vertically, but decline milk by turning their head from side to side. There are few exceptions with", "Sagittal keel Sagittal keel The sagittal keel (torus) is a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone, or parietal bones where they meet along the sagittal suture, or on both bones. Sagittal keels differ from sagittal crests, which are found in some earlier hominins (notably the genus \"Paranthropus\") and in a range of other mammals. While a proper crest functions in anchoring the muscles of mastication to the cranium, the keel is lower and rounded in cross-section, and the jaw muscles do not attach to it. Sagittal keels occur in several early human species, most", "Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism directly over the feet. Also, the degree of body erection (the angle of body incline to a vertical line in a walking cycle) is significantly smaller to conserve energy... The human skull is balanced on the vertebral column: The foramen magnum is located inferiorly under the skull, which puts much of the weight of the head behind the spine. Furthermore, the flat human face helps to maintain balance on the occipital condyles. Because of this, the erect position of the head is possible without the prominent supraorbital ridges and the strong muscular attachments found in, for example, apes. As a", "Anteosaur of the premaxilla, so that the front of mouth curves strongly upwards. There is a tendencty especially in more advanced forms such as \"Anteosaurus\" towards thickening of the bones of the top of the skull, indicating head-butting behaviour. There is a large canal for the pineal organ (third eye); probably tied in with the animal's diurnal and seasonal cycles. The shoulder girdle is fairly light, with a narrow interclavicle, clavicle, and scapular blade. The femur (thigh bone) is slender and curved. These were, in spite of their size, probably quite agile animals. The limbs are short and the skull long,", "Head bobble associated with yes or no, and is used in place of no when the person does not want to say no. The meaning of the Indian head bobble depends on the context of the conversation or encounter. Head bobble The head bobble, or Indian head shake refers to a common gesture found in South Asian cultures, most notably in India. The motion usually consists of a side-to-side tilting of the head in arcs along the coronal plane. A form of nonverbal communication, it may mean \"Yes\", \"Good\", \"OK\" or \"I understand\", depending on the context. In India the gesture is", "Temnospondyli involved in hearing) is connected to the parasphenoid and projects upward; the cleithrum, a bone in the pectoral girdle, is thin; and part of the vertebra called the interdorsal attaches to the neural arch. Additional features were given by Godfrey \"et al.\" (1987), including the contact between the postparietal and exoccipital at the back of the skull, small projections (uncinate processes) on the ribs, and a pelvic girdle with each side having a single iliac blade. These shared characteristics are called synapomorphies. Temnospondyls are placed as basal tetrapods in phylogenetic analyses, with their exact positioning varying between studies. Depending on", "Suchomimus structure as their dentaries touched each other at the midline, reinforcing the mandible against torsional (bending and twisting) forces. The describers established some autapomorphies (unique derived traits) of \"Suchomimus\". The upwards projecting neural spines of the rear dorsal (back), (hip) and front (tail) vertebrae were expanded in side view. The upper corners of the (upper arm bone) were robust. The humerus had a boss (bone overgrowth) above the condyle that contacted its hook-shaped (forearm bone). The neck was relatively short but well-muscled as shown by strong epipophyses. There were about sixteen dorsal vertebrae. \"Suchomimus\" had unusually extended neural spines, blade-shaped", "Death pose this study, the so-called \"opisthotonic posture\" is not the result of a cerebral illness creating muscle spasms, and also not of a rapid burial. Rather, peri-mortem submersion resulted in buoyancy that enabled the Ligamentum elasticum to pull the head and tail back. Death pose Dinosaur and bird fossils are frequently found in a characteristic posture consisting of head thrown back, tail extended, and mouth wide open. The cause of this posture—sometimes called a \"death pose\"—has been a matter of scientific debate. Traditional explanations ranged from strong ligaments in the animal's neck desiccating and contracting to draw the body into the", "Bone conduction auditory brainstem response the head and loosely coupled to the skull. When the head moves, the ossicles move out of phase with the head, but still follow the same cyclic motion. This causes the stapes to move in and out of the oval window. When vibrations come from the mastoid, inertial bone-conduction is greatest below 800 Hz. Putting the bone vibrator on the forehead instead of the mastoid does not significantly create this affect. This type of bone-conduction also involves low frequencies. As a bone vibrator vibrates the skull, the bone and cartilage of the external ear receives energy, most of which escapes", "Temple (anatomy) Temple (anatomy) The temple indicates the side of the head behind the eye between the forehead and the ear. The bone beneath is the temporal bone as well as part of the sphenoid bone. Cladists classify land vertebrates based on the presence of an upper hole, a lower hole, both, or neither in the cover of dermal bone that formerly covered the temporalis muscle, whose origin is the temple and whose insertion is the jaw. The brain has a lobe called the temporal lobe. The word \"templar\" as used in anatomy has a separate etymology from the word \"temple\", meaning", "Snake jaws on a surface have sensitive stereo hearing which can detect the position of prey. The jaw-quadrate-stapes pathway is capable of detecting vibrations on the angstrom scale, despite the absence of an outer ear and the ossicle mechanism of impedance matching used in other vertebrates to receive vibrations from the air. The hyoid is a small bone located posterior and ventral to the skull, in the 'neck' region, which serves as an attachment for muscles of the snake's tongue, as it does in all other tetrapods. The vertebral column consists of anywhere between 200 and 400 (or more) vertebrae. Tail", "Head shake the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, Europe (Greece included), South America, North America and Australia. However, in some Southeastern European areas such as Bulgaria and southern Albania, it is used for the opposite purpose, to indicate affirmation, meaning \"yes\". In those regions, nodding in fact means \"no\" as well, the complete reverse of most other places in the world. There are varying theories as to why head shake is so frequently used to mean \"no\". One simple theory is that it is most common form of expressing negative reaction, indicating that one disagrees with the other person.", "Saltoposuchus squamosal. In \"Sphenosucians\", the quadrate head makes contact with the prootic and squamosal bones. \"Saltoposuchus\" a long backward pointing spine at the coracoid. Another key feature of \"Saltoposuchus\" includes a non-preforated acetabulum (hip joint), which is a defining characteristic of all dinosaurs. \"Saltoposuchus\" were also considered to be bipedal based on its skeletal constitution, but could walk on all four limbs as well, making it a facultative biped. \"Saltoposuchus\" also had a double row of bony scutes along its back, which can be seen on modern crocodilians today. Like with other sphenosuchians and early crocodylomorphs, \"Saltoposuchus\" had fully erect slender", "Rickets of the body. This somewhat resembles a rosary, giving rise to its name. The deformity of a pigeon chest may result in the presence of Harrison's groove. Hypocalcemia, a low level of calcium in the blood can result in tetany – uncontrolled muscle spasms. Dental problems can also arise. An X-ray or radiograph of an advanced sufferer from rickets tends to present in a classic way: the bowed legs (outward curve of long bone of the legs) and a deformed chest. Changes in the skull also occur causing a distinctive \"square headed\" appearance known as \"caput quadratum\". These deformities persist", "Archaeoindris Its skull was wider than that of \"Megaladapis\", but shorter, measuring . Its face was shorter than that of \"Palaeopropithecus\", with its eyes directed further forward. The neurocranium (braincase) was small and elevated relative to the face, unlike \"Palaeopropithecus\". Postorbital constriction (narrowing of the skull behind the eye sockets) is pronounced. The skull also bore a low, broad sagittal crest (a ridge of bone on the top of the skull to which jaw muscles attach) and robust but smaller nuchal crests (ridges of bone on the back of the skull to which neck muscles attach). Unlike \"Palaeopropithecus\" the rims of", "Forehand (horse) the Occipital bone and ends at the spines of the 7th cervical and all the thoracic vertebrae. It lifts the shoulder and forehand, and if this muscle is well developed, the horse will work in a good outline. The \"Nuchal\" ligament begins at the poll and ends at the withers, and helps the muscles in the neck support the head. The \"deltoid\" begins at the scapula and ends at the humerus. The deltoid flexes the shoulder joint, and will load the shoulder if overdeveloped. The \"Supraspinatus\" begins below the \"trapezius\" and ends at the point of the shoulder; it maintains", "Skull The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \"sutural bones\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen", "Nod (gesture) some countries swapping the meanings between nodding and shaking head: in Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, Bulgaria, Albania, and Sicily a single nod of the head up (not down) indicates a \"no\". Specifically in Greece, the single nod of the head up that indicates \"no\" is almost always combined with a simultaneous raise of the eyebrows and most commonly also with a slight (or complete) rolling up of the eyes. There is also a sound that sometimes accompanies the whole gesture, called \"τσου\". This sound bears heavy resemblance, but is not identical, to the British tutting sound. The use", "Splenius capitis muscle of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line. The splenius capitis is deep to sternocleidomastoideus at the mastoid process, and to the trapezius for its lower portion. It is one of the muscles that forms the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck. The splenius capitis muscle is innervated by the posterior ramus of spinal nerves C3 and C4. The splenius capitis muscle is a prime mover for head extension. The splenius capitis can also allow lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine.", "Vertex (anatomy) Vertex (anatomy) In arthropod and vertebrate anatomy, the vertex (or \"cranial vertex\") is the upper surface of the head. In humans, the vertex is formed by four bones of the skull: the frontal bone, the two parietal bones, and the occipital bone. These bones are connected by the coronal suture between the frontal and parietal bones, the sagittal suture between the two parietal bones, and the lambdoid suture between the parietal and occipital bones. \"Vertex baldness\" refers to a form of male pattern baldness in which the baldness is limited to the vertex, resembling a tonsure. In childbirth, \"vertex birth\"", "Forehand (horse) to travel better with enough time). Horses that are built \"downhill,\" with their hindquarters especially high, will be harder to collect. The \"masseter\", or cheek muscle, opens and closes the jaw and allows chewing. The \"Brachiocephalicus\" is a wide strap-like muscle that begins at the base of the skull behind the jaw and ends below the point of the shoulder to the humerus. This muscle moves the head from side to side, pulls the scapula forward, raises it in collection, and swings the foreleg forward. It is well developed for good movement, and too strong a rein contact inhibits free", "Neck from the brain down to the rest of the body. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion. In addition to nerves coming from and within the human spine, the accessory nerve and vagus nerve both cranial nerves, travel down the neck. In the middle line below the chin can be felt the body of the hyoid bone, just below which is the prominence of the thyroid cartilage called \"Adam's apple\", better marked in men than in women. Also, neck lines appear at a later age as a phenomenon of skin wrinkles. Still, lower the", "Rickets as soft, thinned skull bones – a condition known as craniotabes, which is the first sign of rickets; skull bossing may be present and a delayed closure of the fontanelles. Young children may have bowed legs and thickened ankles and wrists; older children may have knock knees. Spinal curvatures of kyphoscoliosis or lumbar lordosis may be present. The pelvic bones may be deformed. A condition known as rachitic rosary can result as the thickening caused by nodules forming on the costochondral joints. This appears as a visible bump in the middle of each rib in a line on each side", "Pachyostosis existence. Most giant deer showed pronounced pachyostosis of the mandible and skull. It has been suggested that this served to store minerals for antler growth. Many Pachycephalosauria and most members of the Dinocephalia clade of therapsids had thickened skull bones, probably used in head-butting contests. Pachyostosis Pachyostosis is a non-pathological condition in vertebrate animals in which the bones experience a thickening, generally caused by extra layers of lamellar bone. It often occurs together with bone densification (osteosclerosis), reducing inner cavities. This joint occurrence is called pachyosteosclerosis. However, especially in the older literature, \"pachyostosis\" is often used loosely, referring to all", "IHunch shoulders. In this position the load on each vertebra of the cervical spine is spread evenly between the two facet (apophyseal) joints at the back and the intervertebral disc and vertebral body at the front. The iHunch is characterised by a posture with the head sitting somewhat forward of the shoulders (i.e., the ear lobe is anterior to a vertical line through the point of the shoulder (acromion process)). This can be very marked, with the back of the skull positioned anterior to the breastbone (sternum). The chin is poked forward. When the patient is asked to look up at", "Theropod paleopathology the injury that caused the limp. However, several non-pathological causes for alternating step length are possible. The most common sites of preserved injury and disease in theropod dinosaur in the ribs and tail vertebrae. The least common sites of preserved injury are the cranium and forelimb in about equal frequency. The least common sites of preserved pathology are the weight-bearing bones like the tibia, femur and sacrum. The lack of preserved injuries in skeletal elements like femora suggests that they were selected by evolution for resistance to breakage. Forelimb pathologies tended to be close to the body, occurring in bones", "Doswellia in other archosauriforms, including the postfrontals, tabulars, and postparietals. The body of \"Doswellia\" is also distinctive. The neck is elongated and partially covered by a fused collection of bony scutes called a nuchal plate. The ribs in the front part of the torso project horizontally from the spine and then bend at nearly 90-degree angles to give the body of \"Doswellia\" a box-like shape. The blade-like ilium bone of the hip also projects horizontally. Rows of osteoderms stretched from the nuchal plate to the tail. At least ten rows covered the widest part of \"Doswellia\"'s back. The quadratojugal and surangular", "Furcula with the one receiving the larger part making a wish developed in the early 17th century. At that time, the name of the bone was a \"merrythought\". The name \"wishbone\" in reference to this custom is recorded from 1860. Furcula The (\"\"little fork\"\" in Latin) or wishbone is a forked bone found in birds and some dinosaurs, and is formed by the fusion of the two clavicles. In birds, its primary function is in the strengthening of the thoracic skeleton to withstand the rigors of flight. The furcula works as a strut between a bird's shoulders, and articulates to each", "Flat bone Flat bone Flat bones are bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment. These bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in the cranium (skull), the ilium (pelvis), sternum and the rib cage. The flat bones are: the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, hip bone (coxal bone), sternum, ribs, and scapulae. In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous", "Erogenous zone interview to the SPIN magazine (May 1985 issue), \"When I stick my finger in my belly button, I feel a nerve in the center of my body shoot up my spine.\" The sacrum, the triangular bone located near the base of the spine, is also an erogenous zone. The skin of the arms, and specifically the softer skin of the inner arms and across the creased mid-arm bend covering the ventral side of the elbow, are highly sensitive to manual or oral stimulation. Caressing with fingers or tongue, more vigorous kneading, and butterfly kissing can initiate arousal and, in some", "León Viejo his right hand has the ulna - radius - in the chest and the right hand ulna - radius on the facial bones as if covering the face, metacarpal bones and phalanges are associated with the clavicle and left scapulae. It is possible that the burial may be an extended burial and corpse has been buried when the body became stiff which is why the hand is on the face. The skull has a hole at the top of the left parietal caused by circular trepanation or surgery which was practiced on the bone to cure some illness. Furthermore a", "Yawn chimpanzees, dogs, cats, birds, and reptiles, and can occur across species. Approximately 20 psychological reasons for yawning have been proposed by scholars, but there is little agreement on the primacy of any one. During a yawn, the tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear contracts, creating a rumbling noise from within the head. Yawning is sometimes accompanied, in humans and animals, by an instinctive act of stretching several parts of the body, including arms, neck, shoulders and back. English \"yawn\" continues a number of Middle English forms, \"yanen\" from Old English \"ġānian\", and \"yenen, yonen\" from Old English frequentatives \"ġinian,", "Startle response movement of muscles. The activation of the facial motor nucleus causes a jerk of the head while an activation in the spinal cord causes the whole body to startle. During neuromotor examinations of newborns, it is noted that, for a number of techniques, the patterns of the startle reaction and the Moro reflex may significantly overlap, the notable distinction being the absence of arm abduction (spreading) during startle responses. There are many various reflexes that can occur simultaneously during a startle response. The fastest reflex recorded in humans happens within the masseter muscle or jaw muscle. The reflex was measured", "Ceratosaurus dinosaurs such as sauropods and stegosaurs, but, as speculated by Bakker and Bir, seasonally switched to aquatic prey items when the large herbivores were absent. In his 1986 popular book \"The Dinosaur Heresies\", Bakker argued that the bones of the upper jaw were only loosely attached to the surrounding skull bones, allowing for some degree of movement within the skull, a condition termed cranial kinesis. Likewise, the bones of the lower jaw would have been able to move against each other, and the quadrate bone to swing outwards, spreading the lower jaw at the jaw joint. Taken together, these features", "Headbutt typically applied to the head of the opponent, since the head is often a readily available target and has several sensitive areas. An effective headbutt can be performed with a forward, rising, sideways or backwards motion; each being effective from different positions. Parts of the cranium with thick bone and high local curvature make for good weapon areas, and these include the forehead near the hairline, the outboard curved part of the parietal bone, and the occiput. Ideal targets are usually the fragile areas of the head, including the bridge of the nose, the cheekbones, the hinge area of the", "Jaw jerk reflex performing tasks such as talking and chewing etc.). This motion delays the decrease in lean body mass and aids protein retention that comes with age, preventing the muscular tissues from wearing and tearing. Jaw jerk reflex The jaw jerk reflex or the masseter reflex is a stretch reflex used to test the status of a patient's trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and to help distinguish an upper cervical cord compression from lesions that are above the foramen magnum. The mandible—or lower jaw—is tapped at a downward angle just below the lips at the chin while the mouth is held slightly", "Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex The ATNR can cause the spine to curve (scoliosis). Both the ATNR and TLR can cause subluxation of the femoral head or dislocation of the femoral head as it completely moves out of the hip socket. When abnormal reflexes persist in a child, evidence suggests early intervention involving extensive physical therapy as the most beneficial course of treatment. The fencing response occurs in adults as a result of mechanical forces applied to the head, typically associated with contact sports. The Fencing Response is transient and indicates moderate forces applied to the brainstem, resulting in a traumatic brain injury. Asymmetrical tonic", "Elasmobranchii majority of suspensory support. In contrast, hyostyly involves an ethmoid articulation between the upper jaw and the cranium, while the hyoid most likely provides vastly more jaw support compared to the anterior ligaments. Finally, in euhyostyly, also known as true hyostyly, the mandibular cartilages lack a ligamentous connection to the cranium. Instead, the hyomandibular cartilages provide the only means of jaw support, while the ceratohyal and basihyal elements articulate with the lower jaw, but are disconnected from the rest of the hyoid. The eyes have a tapetum lucidum. The inner margin of each pelvic fin in the male fish is", "Foramen magnum than in the other great apes. Thus, in humans, the neck muscles (including the occipitofrontalis muscle) do not need to be as robust in order to hold the head upright. Comparisons of the position of the foramen magnum in early hominid species are useful to determine how comfortable a particular species was when walking on two limbs (bipedalism) rather than four (quadrupedalism). Foramen magnum The foramen magnum () is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the", "Leonerasaurus trunk vertebrae, a sacrum, parts of the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvis (hip) girdle as well as several limb bones were found. Much of the remains were found in articulation. Of the skull only the anterior part of the right dentary was found. Near the area where it touches the contralateral element at the tip of the lower jaw (the symphysis) the bone is straight and only gently arched medially, as is seen in basal sauropods. More derived sauropods (eusauropods) have medially broadly arching symphyseal regione and anterior portions of the tooth row. The ventral (lower) edge of the dentary is", "Theropoda the different parts of theropod anatomy. The most common sites of preserved injury and disease in theropod dinosaurs are the ribs and tail vertebrae. Despite being abundant in ribs and vertebrae, injuries seem to be \"absent... or very rare\" on the bodies' primary weight supporting bones like the sacrum, femur, and tibia. The lack of preserved injuries in these bones suggests that they were selected by evolution for resistance to breakage. The least common sites of preserved injury are the cranium and forelimb, with injuries occurring in about equal frequency at each site. Most pathologies preserved in theropod fossils are", "Head and neck anatomy head of median nerve), medial cord (ulnar, medial head of median nerve, medial antibrachial cutaneous, medial brachial cutaneous), posterior cord (axillary, radial), controlling the arm. Damage to a person's spinal cord above C-5 may result in respiratory arrest and death if medicinal aid does not intervene. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain; these affect movements and sensation, and some special organs such as hearing of parts of the head and neck. Movements of the neck includes: flexion, extension, (nodding yes), and rotation (shaking head no). The mouth has evolved to support chewing, (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition), and", "Femoral head ostectomy not replaced, but is allowed to heal and develop its own fibrous scar tissue so that the joint is no longer bone-to-bone, a pseudoarthrosis (also called a \"false joint\"). The neck of the femur is usually removed at the same time as the head. This prevents the post operative complication of bone rubbing on bone and continued pain. This has led to the procedure often also called \"Femoral head and neck ostectomy\". Animals who have had the operation are required to maintain a lower weight to compensate for the loss of skeletal integrity, and typically have excellent functional outcomes with", "Back (horse) rider sits on. The \"Intercostal muscles\" begin at the spaces between the ribs and aid in breathing. The external and internal abdominal obliques are attached to the ribs and pelvic bones, and support the internal organs. The \"Supraspinous ligament\" begins at the poll and ends at the croup (sacral vertebrae). It supports the head and neck, and its traction force aids in supporting the weaker thoracic and lumbar areas. It spreads out and attaches to the spines of the cervical vertebrae. In the wither and neck area, it is called the nuchal ligament. Horses' back shape can vary greatly from", "Coracoid process a clavicle positioned obliquely as in extant great apes. Coracoid process The coracoid process (from Greek κόραξ, raven) is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula (hence: coracoid, or \"like a raven's beak\"). Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint. It is palpable in the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles. The coracoid process is a thick curved process attached by a broad base to the upper part of the neck of the scapula; it runs at first upward and medialward;", "Tonic labyrinthine reflex Tonic labyrinthine reflex The tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) is a primitive reflex found in newborn humans. With this reflex, tilting the head back while lying on the back causes the back to stiffen and even arch backwards, the legs to straighten, stiffen, and push together, the toes to point, the arms to bend at the elbows and wrists, and the hands to become fisted or the fingers to curl. The presence of this reflex beyond the newborn stage is also referred to as abnormal extension pattern or extensor tone. The presence of the TLR as well as other primitive reflexes", "Neck half an inch from the middle line of the neck. The clavicle or collar-bone forms the lower limit of the neck, and laterally the outward slope of the neck to the shoulder is caused by the trapezius muscle. The neck supports the weight of the head and protects the nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body. In addition, the neck is highly flexible and allows the head to turn and flex in all directions. Disorders of the neck are a common source of pain. The neck has a great deal", "Human nose horizontal, perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone through which pass sensory fibers of the olfactory nerve (CN1). Below and behind the cribriform plate, sloping down at an angle, is the face of the sphenoid bone. The two maxilla bones join at the base of the nose at the lower nasal midline between the nostrils, and at the top of the philtrum to form the anterior nasal spine. This thin projection of bone holds the cartilaginous center of the nose. The nasal cartilages are the septal, lateral, major alar, and minor alar cartilages. The septal nasal cartilage, extends from the", "Neck regulation of cellular metabolism and growth, and blood calcium levels. The shape of the neck in humans is formed from the upper part of the vertebral column at the back, and a series of cartilage that surrounds the upper part of the respiratory tract. Around these sit soft tissues, including muscles, and between and around these sit the other structures mentioned above. Muscles of the neck attach to the base of the skull, the hyoid bone, the clavicles, and the sternum. The large platysma, sternocleidomastoid muscles contribute to the shape at the front, and the trapezius and lattissimus dorsi at", "Sagittal keel to general cranial robusticity, and are more common in adult men than in women, and absent in children. Sagittal keel The sagittal keel (torus) is a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone, or parietal bones where they meet along the sagittal suture, or on both bones. Sagittal keels differ from sagittal crests, which are found in some earlier hominins (notably the genus \"Paranthropus\") and in a range of other mammals. While a proper crest functions in anchoring the muscles of mastication to the cranium, the keel is lower and rounded in cross-section,", "Radius (bone) ulna (center of the circle) to the edge of the radius (the circle). The ulna acts as the center point to the circle because when the arm is rotated the ulna does not move. In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial tetrapods, but it may be fused with the ulna in some mammals (such as horses) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs. Radius (bone) The radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other", "Death pose Death pose Dinosaur and bird fossils are frequently found in a characteristic posture consisting of head thrown back, tail extended, and mouth wide open. The cause of this posture—sometimes called a \"death pose\"—has been a matter of scientific debate. Traditional explanations ranged from strong ligaments in the animal's neck desiccating and contracting to draw the body into the pose, to water currents randomly arranging the remains in the position. Faux and Padian suggested in 2007 that the live animal was suffering opisthotonus during its death throes, and that the pose is not the result of any post-mortem process at all.", "Hatzegopteryx lead to improved bending strength, but weaker buckling strength. To compensate for this, \"Hatzegopteryx\" shows a number of other adaptations to improve buckling strength, namely the distinctive internal structures of the bones and the large articular joints of the vertebrae, the latter of which helps to distribute stress. In order to support the robust head, the neck of \"Hatzegopteryx\" was likely strongly muscled. On the occipital bones, the nuchal lines, which serve as muscular attachments, are very well-developed and bear prominent scars. These conceivably supported the transversospinalis muscles, which aid in extension and flexion of the head and neck. Likewise,", "Squamosal bone Squamosal bone The squamosal is a bone of the head of higher vertebrates. It is the principal component of the cheek region in the skull, lying below the temporal series and otic notch and bounded anteriorly by the postorbital. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the posterior elements of the palatal complex, namely the quadrate and pterygoid. The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal. In many mammals, including humans, it fuses with the periotic bone and the auditory bulla to form the temporal bone, then referred to as the squama temporalis. In synapsids (mammal-like reptiles)", "IHunch the upper trapezius muscle bellies between the shoulders and neck. Cervicogenic headache from the joints and muscle attachments at the top of the neck is common. The compressive load on the cervical facet joints predisposes to acute joint locking episodes, with pain and movement loss. In older patients with already diminished cervical foramina spaces and/or osteophytes, nerve root irritation and impingement can trigger referred pain down the arm(s). The human spine is well suited to erect upright posture, with the increased heart rate from movement shunting a good blood supply to the muscles. This is clearly not the case for", "ASLwrite eyebrow mark. Body movements are non-manual, non-facial features such as shoulder shift () or head nod. They, as well as nose crinkle (), stand alone and can be inserted anywhere, inside and outside of eyebrow marked phrases. means \"Yes?\" in ASL composed of , , and where the raised eyebrow marks at the beginning and the end indicate it is a yes/no question, and the hinge mark () denotes that the S handshape digit () makes a nodding motion. The circular point at the end is a full stop mark indicating the end of the sentence. Unlike in English writing,", "Vancleavea muscle attachment. The side of the supraoccipital and a keel on the underside of the parietal bones meet along the side of the braincase, where they contact a downward-pointing spur known as the paroccipital process. The prootic bone, which forms the upper front part of the braincase, possesses a forward-pointing pit for the trigeminal nerve, with the area below the pit being smooth as in advanced archosauriforms. The front of the braincase also has a long and thick forward-pointing bone known as a laterosphenoid. This bone arches outwards but converges along the midline at its front tip. The majority of", "Femoral head Femoral head The femoral head (femur head or head of the femur) is the highest part of the thigh bone (femur). It is supported by the femoral neck. The head is globular and forms rather more than a hemisphere, is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward, the greater part of its convexity being above and in front. The femoral head's surface is smooth. It is coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea capitis, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the femoral head, and gives attachment to the", "Nundasuchus known as a pubic apron, which would have contacted the corresponding extension on the right pubis. This pubic apron is convex when seen from the front. The femur (thigh bone) is sigmoidal (S-shaped), with the femoral head being twisted slightly inwards and the distal condyles being twisted slightly outwards. This creates an angle of 45 degrees between these two extremities of the bone, as with most eucrocopodans apart from dinosaurs. As with other eucrocopodans, the femoral head has several distinct tubera (bumps), one on the anterolateral surface of the bone and another on the posteromedial surface. \"Nundasuchus\" also may have", "Head The human head is an anatomical unit that consists of the skull, hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae. The term \"skull\" collectively denotes the mandible (lower jaw bone) and the cranium (upper portion of the skull that houses the brain). The skull can also be described as being composed of the cranium, which encloses the cranial cavity, and the facial skeleton (includes the mandible). There are eight bones in the cranium and fourteen in the facial skeleton. Sculptures of human heads are generally based on a skeletal structure that consists of a cranium, jawbone, and cheekbone. Though the number of muscles", "Head and neck anatomy cause the formation of motor (efferent nerve) responses to stimulus. Association neurons are located in the grey matter of the spinal cord and the brain. The CNS is protected by the cranium, vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain. The spinal cord and the brain stem are joined at the base of the cranium at the foramen magnum. Most of the functions of the head and neck are directly influenced by the brain and transmitted to the PNS via the cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the cervical portion of the spine. The", "Femur neck Femur neck The femur neck (femoral neck or neck of the femur) is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. The neck is flattened from before backward, contracted in the middle, and broader laterally than medially. The vertical diameter of the lateral half is increased by the obliquity of the lower edge, which slopes downward to join the body at the level of the lesser trochanter, so that it measures one-third more than the antero-posterior diameter. The medial half is smaller and of", "Articular bone Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It is analogous to, but not homologous to", "Theropoda so that the palms faced the ground or backwards towards the legs. In humans, pronation is achieved by motion of the radius relative to the ulna (the two bones of the forearm). In saurischian dinosaurs, however, the end of the radius near the elbow was actually locked into a groove of the ulna, preventing any movement. Movement at the wrist was also limited in many species, forcing the entire forearm and hand to move as a single unit with little flexibility. In theropods and prosauropods, the only way for the palm to face the ground would have been by lateral", "Amargasaurus sauropods for which inner ears have been studied. The first skeletal reconstructions show the skull in a near-horizontal posture. Salgado (1999) argued that such a posture would have been anatomically impossible due to the elongated neural spines of the neck vertebrae. Instead, he envisaged the head in a nearly vertical orientation. The habitual orientation of the head is usually reflected by the orientation of the semicircular canals of the inner ear, which housed the sense of balance (vestibular system). Using their three-dimensional model of the inner ear, Carabajal and colleagues suggested that the snout faced downwards at an angle of", "Ornithosuchidae of the femur in humans), is a ridge on the outer surface of the femur, near the femoral head. It was probably an insertion point for the \"iliofemoralis cranialis\" muscle which helps to raise the leg. Most archosaurs and archosaur relatives lack a distinct anterior trochanter, but ornithosuchids are an exception, along with most dinosauromorphs (dinosaurs and their close relatives). Much like the femur, the fibula (outer shin bone) also has a distinctive point for muscle insertion. The muscle in question is the \"ilifoibularis\", which helps to straighten the limbs. In most archosaurs, the \"iliofibularis\" is inserted onto the fibula", "Angular bone Angular bone The angular is a large bone in the lower jaw (mandible) of amphibians and reptiles (birds included), which is connected to all other lower jaw bones: the dentary (which is the entire lower jaw in mammals), the splenial, the suprangular, and the articular. It is homologous to the tympanic bone in mammals, due to the incorporation of several jaw bones into the mammalian middle ear early in mammal evolution. In therapsids (mammal ancestors and their kin), the lower jaw is made up of the dentary (the mandible in mammals) and a group of smaller \"postdentary\" bones near the", "Skeleton as in the pinnipeds (seals). In the whale, the cervical vertebrae are typically fused, an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming. The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such as the brain, lungs, heart and spinal cord. Although the teeth do not consist of tissue commonly found in bones, the teeth are usually considered as members of the skeletal system. The biggest bone in the body is the femur in the upper leg, and", "Torticollis to float up. The underlying anatomical distortion causing torticollis is a shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle. This is the muscle of the neck that originates at the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone on the same side. There are two sternocleidomastoid muscles in the human body and when they both contract, the neck is flexed. The main blood supply for these muscles come from the occipital artery, superior thyroid artery, transverse scapular artery and transverse cervical artery. The main innervation to these muscles is from cranial nerve XI (the accessory nerve) but the second, third", "Hyomandibula secondary function had become its primary function. Hyomandibula The hyomandibula, commonly referred to as hyomandibular [bone] (, from , \"upsilon-shaped\" (υ), and Latin: mandibula, \"jawbone\") is a set of bones that is found in the hyoid region in most fishes. It usually plays a role in suspending the jaws and/or operculum (teleostomi only). It is commonly suggested that in tetrapods (land animals), the hyomandibula evolved into the columella (stapes). In jawless fishes a series of gills opened behind the mouth, and these gills became supported by cartilaginous elements. The first set of these elements surrounded the mouth to form the", "Cranial kinesis posterior part of the braincase. It is thought that this helps absorb the force of impact as the hare strikes the ground. </div> Photographs of birds performing rhynchokinesis can be found here: A very clear animation of pleurokinesis in Hadrosaurs can be found here: Cranial kinesis Cranial kinesis is the term for significant movement of skull bones relative to each other in addition to movement at the joint between the upper and lower jaw. It is usually taken to mean relative movement between the upper jaw and the braincase. Most vertebrates have some form of kinetic skull. Cranial kinesis, or", "Mandible Mandible The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the ossicles of the middle ear). The bone is formed in the fetus from a fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences, and the point where these sides join, the mandibular symphysis, is still visible as a faint ridge in the midline. Like other symphyses in the body, this is a midline articulation", "Deinocheirus S-curved neck than seen in other ornithomimosaurs, due to the larger skull. The neural spines of the twelve back vertebrae became increasingly longer from front to back, the last one being 8.5 times the height of the centrum part. This is almost the same as the highest ratio in the neural spines of the theropod \"Spinosaurus\". The neural spines had a system of interconnecting ligaments, which stiffened the vertebral column allowing it to support the abdomen while transmitting the stress to the hips and hindlimbs. Together, the neural spines formed a tall \"sail\" along the lower back, hips, and base", "Skull dentary) is homologous with the mammalian mandible. In living tetrapods, a great many of the original bones have either disappeared or fused into one another in various arrangements. Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrymal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital condyle. The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total bodyweight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the", "Sacrum caudal and thoracic vertebrae to form a single structure called the synsacrum. In the frog the ilium is elongated and forms a mobile joint with the sacrum that acts as an additional limb to give more power to its leaps. Sacrum The sacrum ( or ; plural: \"sacra\" or \"sacrums\"), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of sacral vertebrae S1S5 between 18 and 30years of age. The sacrum is situated at the upper, back part of the pelvic cavity, between the two wings of the pelvis. It" ]

[ 11.703125 ]

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[ "Santa Claus's reindeer of Santa Claus's reindeer up to nine. In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled \"Donder\" and \"Donner\") and Blixem (variously spelled \"Blixen\" and \"Blitzen\"), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion. The names Dunder and Blixem derive from Dutch words for thunder and lightning, respectively. The first reference to Santa's sleigh being pulled by a reindeer appears in \"Old Santeclaus with Much Delight\", an illustrated children's poem published in New York in 1821. The names of the author and the illustrator are not known. The poem, with eight" ]

[ "Santa Claus through the sky. The leader of the wild hunt is frequently attested as the god Wodan (Norse Odin), bearing (among many names) the names \"Jólnir\", meaning \"Yule figure\", and \"Langbarðr\", meaning \"long-beard\", in Old Norse. Wodan's role during the Yuletide period has been theorized as having influenced concepts of St. Nicholas in a variety of facets, including his long white beard and his gray horse for nightly rides (compare Odin's horse Sleipnir) or his reindeer in North American tradition. Folklorist Margaret Baker maintains that \"the appearance of Santa Claus or Father Christmas, whose day is the 25th of December, owes", "Reindeer also depended on reindeer herding and fishing for centuries. In Lapland, reindeer pull pulks. Male and female reindeer can grow antlers annually, although the proportion of females that grow antlers varies greatly between population and season. Antlers are typically larger on males. In traditional festive legend, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to good children on Christmas Eve. Carl Linnaeus chose the name \"Rangifer\" for the reindeer genus, which Albertus Magnus used in his \"De animalibus\", fol. Liber 22, Cap. 268: \"Dicitur Rangyfer quasi ramifer\". This word may go back", "Lomen Company 1926, in conjunction with Macy's, Lomen developed a clever marketing campaign to publicize its main product: the reindeer. Santa Claus in a sleigh pulled by reindeer, was introduced in several U.S. cities (including Boston, San Francisco, Chicago and Seattle, among others). The Lomen brothers still forged letters published in newspapers, where children asked for the presence of Santa and his reindeer in some cities. It has been argued that the reindeer-drawn sleigh became an integral part of the American Christmas story as a result of this marketing campaign. Reindeer were first associated with Santa Claus a century earlier, in Clement", "Google Santa Tracker presents delivered. Santa had helpers with him, including the standard reindeer and elves, along with penguins and a snowman. For each city that Santa visited, the first few paragraphs of the corresponding Wikipedia article were shown, giving an overview of the city. The website also showed photos with the city in the background and Santa or his helpers in the foreground. The temperature of the city was accurately given using data from The Weather Channel. Not every large city was visited; some large cities close to other large cities were skipped, while smaller cities that are far from any other", "Santa Claus Santa Claus Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Kris Kringle, Father Christmas, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved (\"good\" or \"nice\") children on Christmas Eve (24 December) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day (25 December). The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas (a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra), the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of \"Sinterklaas\" (himself also based on Saint Nicholas). Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed", "Christmas through man's renewed participation in the divine life.\" A number of figures are associated with Christmas and the seasonal giving of gifts. Among these are Father Christmas, also known as Santa Claus (derived from the Dutch for Saint Nicholas), Père Noël, and the Weihnachtsmann; Saint Nicholas or Sinterklaas; the Christkind; Kris Kringle; Joulupukki; tomte/nisse; Babbo Natale; Saint Basil; and Ded Moroz. The Scandinavian tomte (also called nisse) is sometimes depicted as a gnome instead of Santa Claus. The best known of these figures today is red-dressed Santa Claus, of diverse origins. The name Santa Claus can be traced back to", "Christmas traditions who has now become mainly conflated with Santa Claus. The two names are now used interchangeably and are equally known to British people, though some distinctive features still remain. Many families tell their children stories about Father Christmas and his reindeer. One tradition is to put out a plate of carrots for the reindeer, and mince pies and sherry for Father Christmas to help him on his way. The majority of families open their presents on the morning of Christmas Day, the Royal family being a notable exception, as they open their gifts on Christmas Eve, following German tradition introduced", "Yule Goat in the family dressing up as the Yule goat. In this, there might be a relation to Santa Claus and the Yule goat's origin in the medieval celebrations of Saint Nicholas. The goat was then replaced by the \"jultomte\" (Father Christmas/Santa Claus) or \"julenisse\" during the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century, although he is still called the \"Joulupukki\" (Yule goat) in Finland, and the tradition of the man-sized goat disappeared. The Yule goat in Nordic countries today is best known as a Christmas ornament. This modern version of the Yule goat figure is a decorative", "Santa Claus much to Odin, the old blue-hooded, cloaked, white-bearded Giftbringer of the north, who rode the midwinter sky on his eight-footed steed Sleipnir, visiting his people with gifts. […] Odin, transformed into Father Christmas, then Santa Claus, prospered with St Nicholas and the Christchild, became a leading player on the Christmas stage.\" In Finland Santa Claus is called Joulupukki (direct translation 'Christmas Goat'). Pre-modern representations of the gift-giver from Church history and folklore, notably St Nicholas (known in Dutch as Sinterklaas), merged with the English character Father Christmas to create the character known to Americans and the rest of the English-speaking", "Santa Claus encourage imagination, and it’s equivalent to bribing your kids for good behavior.” Notes Bibliography Santa Claus Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Kris Kringle, Father Christmas, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved (\"good\" or \"nice\") children on Christmas Eve (24 December) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day (25 December). The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas (a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra), the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure", "Père Noël Père Noël Père Noël (), \"Father Christmas\", sometimes called Papa Noël (\"Daddy Christmas\"), is a legendary gift-bringer at Christmas in France and other French-speaking areas, identified with the Father Christmas and/or Santa Claus of English-speaking territories. Though they were traditionally different, all of them are now the same character, with different names, and the shared characteristics of a red outfit, workshop at the North Pole, and team of reindeer. According to tradition, on Christmas Eve children leave their shoes by the fireplace filled with carrots and treats for Père Noël's donkey, Gui (French for \"Mistletoe\") before they go to bed.", "Joulupukki Saint Nicholas to create Santa Claus. Popular radio programs from the year 1927 onwards probably had great influence in reformatting the concept with the Santa-like costume, reindeer and Korvatunturi as his dwelling place. Because there really are reindeer in Finland, and Finns live up North, the popular American cult took root in Finland very quickly. Joulupukki Joulupukki is a Finnish Christmas figure. The name \"\"Joulupukki\"\" literally means \"Christmas goat\" or \"Yule Goat\" in Finnish; the word \"pukki\" comes from the Teutonic root \"bock\", which is a cognate of the English \"buck\", and means \"billy-goat\". An old Scandinavian custom, the figure", "Lindt & Sprüngli a red ribbon, the dark chocolate bunny wears a dark brown ribbon, the hazelnut bunny wears a green ribbon, and the white chocolate bunny wears a white ribbon. Other chocolates are wrapped to look like carrots, chicks, or lambs. The lambs are packaged with four white lambs and one black lamb. During the Christmas season, Lindt produces a variety of items, including chocolate reindeer (which somewhat resemble the classic bunny), Santa, snowmen figures of various sizes, bears, bells, advent calendars, and chocolate ornaments. Various tins and boxes are available in the Lindt stores, the most popular colour schemes being the", "The Glo Friends in the mines, harvest the gold and buy out the kingdom of Moleslavia. A race of fairies that can glow like the Glo Friends. They are known to be nature's helpers: The Glo Friends had a 1985 special called \"The Glo Friends Save Christmas\" which took place before the series. In the special, the Glo Friends have to save Santa Claus and his reindeer when Blanche, the wicked witch of the north pole, traps him. With the help of a moose that had been rejected as one of Santa's reindeer, the Glo Friends save Santa Claus and defeat Blanche. The", "Santa Claus's reindeer colored lithographic illustrations, was published by William B. Gilley as a small paperback book entitled \"The Children's Friend: A New-Year's Present, to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve\". The 1823 poem by Clement C. Moore \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (also known as \"'Twas the Night Before Christmas\") is largely credited for the contemporary Christmas lore that includes eight named reindeer. The relevant segment of the poem reads: When, what to my wondering eyes should appear, but a miniature sleigh, and eight tiny rein-deer, with a little old driver, so lively and quick, I knew in a moment it", "Christmas gift-bringer the leader of the Wild Hunt at the time of Yule. Santa Claus's reindeer has also been compared to Sleipnir, the eight-legged horse of Odin in Norse mythology. Jacob Grimm (\"Deutsche Mythologie\") traces the threatening or scary companions of Saint Nicholas (such as the Krampus of the Austro-Bavarian dialect region) to Christianized versions of house-spirits (kobolds, elves). After Christianization, the benign mid-winter gift-bringer was associated with the 4th-century Christian Saint Nicholas of Myra. This association took place mainly in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire, including German-speaking Europe, the Low Countries, the Czech lands, Hungary and Slovenia. The basis", "Ded Moroz Slovenian ethnic territory and his feast day remained celebrated in family circles throughout the Communist period. Until the late 1940s it was also said in some areas of Slovenia that Christkind (called \"Jezušček\" (\"little Jesus\") or \"Božiček\") brought gifts on Christmas Eve. Slovenian families have different preferences regarding their gift-giver of choice, according to political or religious persuasion. Slovenian popular culture depicts Grandpa Frost, Saint Nicholas and Santa Claus as friends and has also started blending attributes of the characters, for example, mention of Santa's reindeer is sometimes mingled into the Grandpa Frost narrative at public appearances. Due to his", "Christmas elf Christmas elf In American, Canadian, Irish, and British cultures, a Christmas elf is a diminutive elf that lives with Santa Claus at the North Pole and acts as his helper. Christmas elves are often depicted as green or red clad with large, pointy ears and pointy hats. Santa's elves are often said to make the toys in Santa's workshop and take care of his reindeer, among other tasks. They were first introduced in literature by Louisa May Alcott in 1856. The Santa Claus character is much older, emerging in US folklore in the early 17th century from the historical figure", "Christmas elf States, Canada, and Britain, the modern children's folklore of Santa Claus typically includes diminutive elves at Christmas; green-clad elves with pointy ears and pointy hats as Santa's assistants or hired workers. They make the toys in a workshop located in the North Pole. In recent years, other toys—usually high-tech toys like computers, video games, DVDs and DVD players, and even mobile phones—have also been depicted as being ready for delivery, but not necessarily made, in the workshop as well. In this portrayal, elves slightly resemble nimble and delicate versions of the dwarves of Norse myth. Christmas elves have had their", "Yule Lads Yule Lads The Yule Lads, Yuletide-lads, or Yulemen (), are figures from Icelandic folklore, portrayed as being mischievous pranksters, but who have in modern times also been depicted as taking on a more benevolent role similar to Santa Claus (Father Christmas). Their number has varied over time, but currently there are considered to be thirteen. They put rewards or punishments into shoes placed by children on window sills during the last thirteen nights before Yule (Christmas). Every night, one Yule Lad visits each child, leaving gifts or rotting potatoes, depending on the child’s behaviour throughout the year. The Yule Lads", "Santa Claus Reindeer, the 9th and lead reindeer immortalized in a Gene Autry song, written by a Montgomery Ward copywriter. By the end of the 20th century, the reality of mass mechanized production became more fully accepted by the Western public. Elves had been portrayed as using assembly lines to produce toys early in the 20th century. That shift was reflected in the modern depiction of Santa's residence—now often humorously portrayed as a fully mechanized production and distribution facility, equipped with the latest manufacturing technology, and overseen by the elves with Santa and Mrs. Claus as executives or managers. An excerpt from", "Yule and Christmas in Denmark has also been adopted by the other Scandinavian countries. Because of the high concentration of holidays at the end of December, it is possible to have a vacation between Christmas and New Year without taking a lot of days off from work. This holiday is usually named \"Juleferie\" or Yule Vacation, and is usually considered to be in the date range from December 24 until approximately January 1. In Denmark, Santa Claus is known as Julemanden (literally \"the Yule Man\") and is said to arrive on a sleigh drawn by reindeer, with presents for the children. He is assisted with", "Call Me Claus Claus at a shopping mall, who happens to be the real one. Santa is nearing the end of his 200-year reign as St. Nick, and needs to find a replacement. His search involves his hat and an elf assistant named Ralph (Taylor Negron). Nick puts the hat on every kid. If the hat glows, it means that person has the real Christmas spirit. When Lucy sits on his lap, he puts the hat on her and it glows brightly, proving she would make a perfect Santa Claus replacement. Unfortunately, after leaving the mall, Lucy receives news that her father had", "Christmas elf Visit from St. Nicholas\" (more commonly known today as \" 'Twas the Night Before Christmas\"), Santa Claus himself is described in line 45 as, \"He was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf.\" Prior to the influence of St. Nicholas in Sweden, the job of giving out gifts was done by the Yule Goat. By 1891, the saint had become so well known that he could no longer be ignored. He became merged with Tomten, which was previously an elfish/dwarfish farm guardian. Following the work of artist Jenny Nyström, this hybrid figure became known as Jultomten. In the United", "Yule Lads the order that they arrived; each thus stays 13 days. Below are the 'official' thirteen Yule Lads in the order they arrive (and depart). Names in English are based on Hallberg Hallmundsson's translation of the poem. Yule Lads The Yule Lads, Yuletide-lads, or Yulemen (), are figures from Icelandic folklore, portrayed as being mischievous pranksters, but who have in modern times also been depicted as taking on a more benevolent role similar to Santa Claus (Father Christmas). Their number has varied over time, but currently there are considered to be thirteen. They put rewards or punishments into shoes placed by", "The Christmas Chronicles sleigh to get a close look at Santa, to which Teddy objects, though he reluctantly follows her. Santa eventually returns to the sleigh and rides off with the kids in tow. When Kate decides to make her presence known, Santa and the reindeer are startled and he loses control of the sleigh. After teleporting to Chicago, Illinois, the sleigh breaks down, causing the reindeer to scatter and the bag of presents to be lost. When they crash, Santa (Kurt Russell) officially introduces himself to the kids, who are surprised at his different than expected appearance. Santa tells them that he", "Santa Claus Santa magically receives them. In 2010, the Brazilian National Post Service, \"Correios\" formed partnerships with public schools and social institutions to encourage children to write letters and make use of postcodes and stamps. In 2009, the Brazilian National Post Service, \"Correios\" answered almost two million children's letters, and spread some seasonal cheer by donating 414,000 Christmas gifts to some of Brazil's neediest citizens. Through the years, the Finnish Santa Claus (Joulupukki or \"Yule Goat\") has received over eight million letters. He receives over 600,000 letters every year from over 198 different countries with Togo being the most recent country added", "Mikulás of coal or carrot or potatoes left by Krampusz. (However, as no one is either all good or all bad, most children get both sweets and a switch.) To earn some extra money, students often act as Mikuláš, the Angel, and the Devil. Treats are traditionally sweets, chocolate, candy and different nuts. In modern times, chocolate Santa figures are most common. To get the presents, the boots must be polished, because Santa does not fill boots that are not shiny enough. Bad kids may also get onions, raw potatoes or a lump of coal in their boots next to their", "A Chipmunk Christmas children can have their photo taken with Santa Claus (Alvin). Unfortunately, the presence of a cat ruins the whole thing, and draws Dave's attention. As Simon and Theodore are unable to tell him the truth, Dave mistakes Alvin's actions for greed, and sends him to his room. This leads to a dream sequence involving Clyde Crashcup, who says that he has invented Christmas (which is now February 12) and Santa (Abraham Lincoln in a sleigh consisting of a hollowed-out pumpkin pulled by four elephants). Alvin tells him he needs money, and when Dave comes to check up on him, he", "Santa Claus comes and gives gifts for everyone. In Slovenia, Saint Nicholas (Miklavž) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December. Božiček (Christmas Man) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December, and Dedek Mraz (Grandfather Frost) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day. New Zealander, British, Australian, Irish, Canadian, and American children also leave a carrot for Santa's reindeer, and are told that if they are not good all year round that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings, although the actual practice of giving", "Google Santa Tracker populated place were occasionally featured. Even when Santa was traveling, the counter showing the total presents delivered increased, but at a slower rate than when Santa was in a city. The 2016 site also featured other pictures that labeled \"This Just In\". These resembled photos taken on social media websites, and the photos were usually of Santa and his helpers doing various things, including Santa and his helpers imitating the cover of \"Abbey Road\", Santa delivering presents, and Santa and an elf taking a selfie. Users can also watch videos and play games. The Santa Tracker is locked until December", "Google Santa Tracker 24. However, site visitors can interact with the games and lesson plans in Santa's Village beginning from the start of December. Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \"felt like it could be", "Jingle Belle help people, especially those she feels are being taken advantage of. Jingle Belle is a good athlete, although she tends to be violently hyper-competitive, and is the captain of the North Pole Elves hockey team. Kris Kringle (a.k.a. Santa Claus, St. Nicholas) - Jing's father, the embodiment of Christmas cheer, generosity and goodwill. In the reality of the Jingle Belle comics, Santa is not a legend but a well-known real celebrity who delivers toys to the good children of the world in his flying sleigh on Christmas Eve. He often takes Jing along on these trips in an attempt to", "Secular Christmas stories man with supernatural powers living at the North Pole, much like magic and powerful characters in mythology: Santa Claus has supernatural powers and uses them to magnanimously deliver gifts to children around the world. Santa was based on the legends of Saint Nicholas. Santa was given an amplified mythological identity in the Clement Moore poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (the title of which is often misidentified as \"Twas The Night Before Christmas.\") Comparative mythologies have also noted the ancient Germanic myths of Thor driving a cart led by goats in the sky (which led to the folklore of the", "Sven (Frozen) he had recorded a duet with himself for one of the moments when Kristoff expressed Sven's replies. Groff stated the filmmakers had informed him when he had begun his work for the film that he would also provide a \"reindeer voice\", adding that he had enjoyed recording it. Sven's design was created in order to emphasize Kristoff's disheveled appearance. He was conceptualized as \"dumpy\" and unappealing so that he would look realistic. His appearance was created in contrast with the design of Santa Claus's reindeer from Christmas cartoon episodes. One of Sven's earlier designs depicted him as a reindeer with", "Santa Claus Kringle. Essayist David Sedaris is known for the satirical SantaLand Diaries he kept while working as an elf in the Macy's display, which were turned into a famous radio segment and later published. In Canada, malls operated by Oxford Properties established a process by which autistic children could visit Santa Claus at the mall without having to contend with crowds. The malls open early to allow entry only to families with autistic children, who have a private visit with Santa Claus. In 2012, the Southcentre Mall in Calgary was the first mall to offer this service. There are schools offering", "Santa Claus world as \"Santa Claus\" (a phonetic derivation of \"Sinterklaas\"). In the English and later British colonies of North America, and later in the United States, British and Dutch versions of the gift-giver merged further. For example, in Washington Irving's \"History of New York\" (1809), \"Sinterklaas\" was Americanized into \"Santa Claus\" (a name first used in the American press in 1773) but lost his bishop's apparel, and was at first pictured as a thick-bellied Dutch sailor with a pipe in a green winter coat. Irving's book was a lampoon of the Dutch culture of New York, and much of this portrait", "Santa Claus Christmas letters on the fire so that they would be magically transported by the wind to the North Pole. However this has been found to be less efficient than the use of the normal postal service, and this tradition is dying out in modern times, especially with few homes having open fires. According to the Royal Mail website, Santa's address for letters from British children is: Santa/Father Christmas, Santa's Grotto, Reindeerland, XM4 5HQ In Mexico and other Latin American countries, besides using the mail, sometimes children wrap their letters to a small helium balloon, releasing them into the air so", "Christmas special meal, pulling Christmas crackers and the display of various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. In addition, several closely related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore. Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The economic impact of Christmas has grown", "Merry Madagascar Santa was merely throwing coal at Julien for obviously being naughty. Unfortunately, upon meeting Santa, the group realizes the crash has left Jolly St. Nick with amnesia, unaware of his responsibilities. Julien comments around this time that he has \"another hat on,\" indicating the large bump on his head. Alex, Marty, Melman, and Gloria huddle together and come up with a plan: deliver all the presents for Santa and then use the sleigh to get them back to New York. Unfortunately, the reindeer refuse to take orders from anyone other than Santa, and it is revealed that they have a", "Santa Claus by which the character is identified, but it also does not appear in many non-English-speaking countries. The traditional Christmas poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" relates that Santa has: Santa Claus's home traditionally includes a residence and a workshop where he creates—often with the aid of elves or other supernatural beings—the gifts he delivers to good children at Christmas. Some stories and legends include a village, inhabited by his helpers, surrounding his home and shop. In North American tradition (in the United States and Canada), Santa lives on the North Pole, which according to Canada Post lies within Canadian jurisdiction", "Arthur Christmas the high-tech \"S-1\" is re-christened \"EVIE\" in honour of Grandsanta's old sleigh, and refitted to be pulled by a team of 5,000 reindeer - led by the original 8, all of whom managed to return home safely via innate navigational abilities. Finally, Arthur happily guides the entire enterprise in the proper spirit as Santa Claus XXI. Lead elves are voiced by Sanjeev Bhaskar, Robbie Coltrane, Joan Cusack, Rhys Darby, Jane Horrocks, Iain McKee, Andy Serkis, and Dominic West. Elves are voiced by Pete Jack, Sarah Smith, Rich Fulcher, Kris Pearn, Kevin Cecil, Stewart Lee , Peter Baynham, Danny John-Jules, Adam", "Christmas traditions are smoked lamb, ptarmigan and turkey. Pork is also very popular. Thirteen days before December 24 the Yule Lads children will leave their shoes by the window so that the Yule Lads can leave small gifts in their shoes. The Yule Lads are the sons of two trolls living in the Icelandic mountains. Each of the Yule Lads is known for a different kind of mischief (for example slamming doors, stealing meat, stealing milk or eating the candles). The Yule Lads traditionally wear early Icelandic wool clothing but are now known for the more recognizable red and white suit. Each", "Santa Claus: The Movie woodcarver in his mid-50s who, with his wife Anya, delivers his gifts to the children of local villages. One night, Claus, Anya and their two reindeer, Donner and Blitzen, are caught in a blizzard and succumb to the cold weather. However, they are saved by elves and transported to the vast \"ice mountains, way up at the top of the world.\" Their expected arrival is heralded with the appearance of several elves, or as Claus's people call them in their legends, the \"Vendequm\", led by the venerable and wise elf named Dooley. Claus and Anya also meet inventive elf Patch,", "Christmas traditions Christmas Day and/or The Second day of Christmas (December 26). Another more recent Danish tradition is the concept of television \"Julekalendere\", special Christmas-themed, advent calendar-type television programmes with a daily episode shown on each of the first 24 days of December, thus culminating on \"Juleaften\". Several television stations produce their own, most, but not all of which are targeted at child viewers. Some of the television advent calendars become extremely popular and go on to be reprised in subsequent years. In Denmark, Santa Claus is known as Julemanden (literally \"the Yule Man\") and is said to arrive in a sleigh", "Santa Claus a plate of cookies; in Britain and Australia, he is sometimes given sherry or beer, and mince pies instead. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, it is common for children to leave him rice porridge with cinnamon sugar instead. In Ireland it is popular to give him Guinness or milk, along with Christmas pudding or mince pies. In Hungary, St. Nicolaus (Mikulás) comes on the night of 5 December and the children get their gifts the next morning. They get sweets in a bag if they were good, and a golden colored birch switch if not. On Christmas Eve \"Little Jesus\"", "Santa Claus the North Pole, and his flying reindeer, who pull his sleigh. He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole, and often laughing in a way that sounds like \"ho ho ho\". Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th-century Greek Christian bishop of Myra (now Demre) in Lycia. Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes. He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity. In continental Europe (more", "Christmas traditions by reindeer (or three white horses). With his young, blond assistant \"Snegurochka\" (the \"Snow Maiden\", said to be his granddaughter) at his side, he visits homes and gives gifts to good children (not true for former Yugoslavian countries). He only delivers presents to children while they are asleep, and unlike Santa, he does not travel down chimneys, coming instead to the front door of children's homes. It is traditional for children to leave food for Ded Moroz. This Ded Moroz (in Russia, \"Ded Moroz\") is not identified nor in any way associated with Saint Nicholas of Myra (feast day, December", "Santa Claus Santa's presumed progenitor. Santa Claus is known as \"de Kerstman\" in Dutch (\"the Christmas man\") and \"Père Noël\" (\"Father Christmas\") in French. But for children in the Netherlands Sinterklaas remains the predominant gift-giver in December; 36% of the Dutch only give presents on Sinterklaas evening or the day itself (December 6), whereas Christmas (December 25) is used by another 21% to give presents. Some 26% of the Dutch population gives presents on both days. In Belgium, Sinterklaas day presents are offered exclusively to children, whereas on Christmas Day, all ages may receive presents. Sinterklaas' assistants are called \"Zwarte Pieten\" (in", "Nisse (folklore) Danish tradition, a variant of the nisse/tomte, called the in Sweden and in Norway, started bringing the Christmas presents in Sweden and Norway, instead of the traditional (Yule Goat). Gradually, commercialism has made him look more and more like the American Santa Claus, but the Swedish , the Norwegian , the Danish and the Finnish (in Finland he is still called the \"Yule Goat\", although his animal features have disappeared) still has features and traditions that are rooted in the local culture. He doesn't live on the North Pole, but perhaps in a forest nearby, or in Denmark he lives", "Mrs. Claus appearance yet by Katharine Lee Bates in her poem \"Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride\" (1889). \"Goody\" is short for \"Goodwife\", i.e., \"Mrs.\" In Bates' poem, Mrs. Claus wheedles a Christmas Eve sleigh-ride from a reluctant Santa in recompense for tending their toy and bonbon laden Christmas trees, their Thanksgiving turkeys, and their \"rainbow chickens\" that lay Easter eggs. Once away, Mrs. Claus steadies the reindeer while Santa goes about his work descending chimneys to deliver gifts. She begs Santa to permit her to descend a chimney. Santa grudingly grants her request and she descends a chimney to mend", "Christmas traditions as \"tomtenissar\", carrying lanterns; and some may be dressed up as gingerbread men. They participate in the singing and also have a song or two of their own, usually \"Staffan Stalledräng\", which tells the story about Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr, caring for his five horses. Electric candles and glowing stars are placed in almost every window in the month of December in Sweden. Although December 25 (\"juldagen\") is a Swedish public holiday, December 24 is the day when Santa Claus \"Jultomte\" (or simply \"Tomte\") brings the presents. Although not a public holiday, Christmas Eve is a \"de facto\"", "Santa Claus the stations' meteorologists. In December 2000, the Weather Channel built upon these local efforts to provide a national Christmas Eve \"Santa tracking\" effort, called \"SantaWatch\" in cooperation with NASA, the International Space Station, and Silicon Valley-based new multimedia firm Dreamtime Holdings. In the 21st century, most local television stations in the United States and Canada rely upon outside established \"Santa tracking\" efforts, such as NORAD Tracks Santa. Many other websites became available year-round, devoted to Santa Claus and purport to keep tabs on his activities in his workshop. Many of these websites also include email addresses which allow children to", "Christmas Flintstone by Mel Blanc) initially fires Fred for disobeying him, but when Mr. Macyrock's assistant tells him that their usual Santa Claus is sick, he instead rehires Fred to be Santa. During his stint as Macyrock's store Santa, Fred entertains the children and customers by singing \"Christmas is My Fav'rite Time of Year\" and \"Dino the Dinosaur\". Mr. Macyrock tells Fred that he is the best Santa that Macyrock's ever had. On Christmas Eve, two of Santa's elves named Twinky and Blinky, both of whom are 385–420 years old, appear to Fred at Macyrock's during closing hours. They explain to Fred", "The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus (2000 film) many toys for the children, he becomes known as Saint Nicholas, or Santa Claus. But when he returns after daybreak Will tells him he cannot use the reindeer anymore so while attempting to deliver more toys, Nicholas is attacked by the Awgwas, who steal all his toys. When they later attack Natalie, a princess, coming to see him, he brings this problem to Ak. Ak decides that Nicholas should travel to villages once a year, and that this day should be Christmas, and Will gives him eight reindeer for his sled. Unable to tolerate the Awgwas' misdeeds, Ak and the", "Karpolla on asiaa suffering from public oversight and abuse, and were unable to do anything to resolve their predicament. Karpo would famously and openly award his interviewees with piece of \"smoked reindeer\" or an encased 100 mk (later €100) bill for speaking out. A popular contest on the show was the recurring \"\"Santa Claus of the Year\"\"-contest during which a famous Finnish person posing as Santa Claus was interviewed by either Karpo or a small child, dropping hints as to the Santa's true identity with the Santa revealing his identity soon before or after Christmas Eve. The contest was not held in 2004", "Santa Claus, Indiana town meetings were held, during which the name \"Santa Claus\" was selected. The town has the world's only post office to bear the name of Santa Claus. Because of this popular name, the post office receives thousands of letters to Santa from all over the world each year. A group of volunteers known as Santa's Elves ensures each child receives a reply from Santa Claus; this tradition has been in existence since at least 1914. Every year, the post office also creates a special Christmas hand-cancellation pictorial postmark for use during December, which also attracts mail from all over the", "Santa Claus from Satan's Power\", Paulie Gualtieri says he \"Used to think Santa and Mrs. Claus were running a sweatshop over there... The original elves were ugly, traveled with Santa to throw bad kids a beatin', and gave the good ones toys.\" In Kyrgyzstan, a mountain peak was named after Santa Claus, after a Swedish company had suggested the location be a more efficient starting place for present-delivering journeys all over the world, than Lapland. In the Kyrgyz capital, Bishkek, a Santa Claus Festival was held on 30 December 2007, with government officials attending. 2008 was officially declared the Year of Santa", "Hoops & Yoyo Ruin Christmas home, where the gang is surprised when the little girl redecorated Kris's house. The little girl tells him that's not all, and she transforms into a beautiful spirit who turns Kris's house into Santa's workshop. She tells him that she was supposed to look for the next Santa. Kris is considered the next Santa and his old sleigh turns into Santa's sleigh, and, since Kris's sleigh only had one reindeer, gets more reindeer that now have the ability to fly. Yoyo and Piddles are excited because they can go home now, but Hoops tells them that they might ruin everything", "Santa's workshop Santa's workshop Santa's workshop is the workshop where Santa Claus is said to make the toys and presents given out at Christmas. In Santa Claus mythology, the \"workshop\" is a sprawling commune located at the North Pole or in Lapland. In addition to housing the factory where toys are either manufactured or distributed by the elves, the complex also houses the residence of Santa Claus, his wife, companions and all of the reindeer. In the 20th century it became common during December in large shops or department stores to have a \"cavern\" in which an actor dressed up as Santa", "Santa Claus send email to Santa Claus. Some websites, such as Santa's page on Microsoft's Windows Live Spaces, however have used or still use \"bots\" to compose and send email replies, with occasional unfortunate results. In addition to providing holiday-themed entertainment, \"Santa tracking\" websites raise interest in space technology and exploration, serve to educate children in geography. and encourage them to take an interest in science. Santa Claus has partial Christian roots in Saint Nicholas, particularly in the high church denominations that practice the veneration of him, in addition to other saints. In light of this, the character has sometimes been the", "Mrs. Claus and Mrs. Claus respectively. Bob Rivers recorded a parody of the soul song \"Me and Mrs. Jones\", entitled \"Me and Mrs. Claus\", on his 2002 album \"White Trash Christmas\". Bob Ricci recorded a parody of the pop hit \"Stacy's Mom\", entitled \"Mrs. Claus\". Mrs. Claus Mrs. Claus (also known as Mrs Santa Claus or Amelia Kringle) is the wife of Santa Claus, the Christmas gift-bringer in American and European Christmas tradition. She is known for making cookies with the elves, caring for the reindeer, and preparing toys with her husband. The wife of Santa Claus is first mentioned in the", "Jingle Belle Red met and befriended Jing when they teamed up to rescue Santa from a family of local criminals, the Kiyotes, who had \"bushwhacked\" and kidnapped him on his Christmas Eve journey. Eddie - One of the senior elves at the North Pole, Eddie may be recognized by his sunglasses, cheap suit, and porkpie hat. He is known for his vast and varied collection of holiday music. Eddie was inspired by Dini's friend, screenwriter Eddie Gorodetsky, who was also known for his large collection of Christmas records. Gretchen Sweetsong and Rosetta Rosedew - Two elf girls who are among Jing's best", "Google Santa Tracker followed Santa in the \"Keyhole Earth Viewer\" (Google Earth's original name) and they called it the \"Keyhole Santa Radar\". The audience was small due to Keyhole being a \"pay-for\". In 2018, the Santa Tracker added several features for students and educators. On December 4, 2018, the website fully launched a suite of games and lesson plans about coding basics and Christmas traditions around the world. The site also features information about nonprofit organizations Khan Academy and Code.org. The 2018 Google Santa Tracker page also allows users to use the Google Assistant to call Santa or hear a Christmas story. A", "NORAD Tracks Santa in Google Earth has been done from the NORAD Santa site, and there is no KMZ file for Google Earth anymore. In 2011, an iOS and Android application was introduced, which features updates and an interactive game similar to \"Angry Birds\". From mid-January until November 30, when one arrives at the NORAD Tracks Santa website, one is greeted with a message to come back on December 1 to \"track Santa with NORAD\". During December, one finds a NORAD Tracks Santa website with all the features available. On Christmas Eve, the NORAD Tracks Santa website videos page is generally updated each", "Swedish festivities wine and have gingerbreads. Traditional Christmas decorations include a Christmas tree, Yule Goats of straw (such as the Gävle goat), tomte and angel figurines and nativity scenes. Decoration has been influenced by Anglo-Saxon traditions, though extensive, blinking Christmas lights as common in the United States are considered to be a bit kitschy. Many restaurants serve julbord (the Christmas version of smörgåsbord) throughout December. Most Christmas traditions take place as families and relatives gather on Christmas Eve. \"Jultomten\", Santa Claus, visits many homes handing out presents, coincidentally when one family member is absent to buy the newspaper. There is no celebration", "The Search for Santa Paws who then fires Ms. Stout for her cruelty towards the girls and takes over the orphanage. Kate and James bring Will and Quinn back to the orphanage and decide to adopt them, with them all finally getting the family they always wanted. Later that night, Mrs. Gibson, Janie, and the other girls welcome Gus who brought them Santa's bag full of money he collected while posing as a store Santa. Back at the North Pole, everyone is helping to get ready for Christmas, including Haggis, Rasta and T-Money, who caught a ride with Eli and Eddy back to the North", "Santa Claus St. Nicholas\" and of caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast. This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, children's books, films, and advertising. Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world, categorizing them according to their behavior (\"good\" and \"bad\", or \"naughty\" and \"nice\") and to deliver presents, including toys, and candy to all of the well-behaved children in the world, and coal to all the misbehaved children, on the single night of Christmas Eve. He accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves, who make the toys in his workshop at", "Santa Claus: The Movie and the more down-to-earth Puffy. Dooley tells Claus it is his destiny to deliver toys to the children of the world every Christmas Eve, which the elves will make in their large workshops. Donner and Blitzen are joined by six other reindeer and fed magic food that allows them to fly. When Christmas Eve comes, Claus is approached by the oldest of elves, the Ancient One, who renames him as \"Santa Claus\". Centuries pass as the mythology of Santa is created, until the 20th century, where Santa is exhausted by the ever-growing workload every year due to the world's increasing", "Santa's workshop as Santa's home, and two theme parks, Santa Claus Village and Santa Park are located at the Arctic Circle in the municipality of Rovaniemi. Santa's workshop Santa's workshop is the workshop where Santa Claus is said to make the toys and presents given out at Christmas. In Santa Claus mythology, the \"workshop\" is a sprawling commune located at the North Pole or in Lapland. In addition to housing the factory where toys are either manufactured or distributed by the elves, the complex also houses the residence of Santa Claus, his wife, companions and all of the reindeer. In the 20th", "Santa Claus parade had music and banners, wagons filled with the spoils of war, and climaxed with the \"dux\" riding in a chariot, preferably drawn by two horses, and thus called the biga. (A quadriga such as surmounts the Brandenburg Gate is drawn by four horses.) Similarly, the climax of a Santa Claus parade is always Santa in his sleigh, drawn by eight reindeer (an \"octigia\"). Roman Triumphs were themselves consciously modeled on ceremonies honoring the gods, and Santa Claus himself is the descendant of Saint Nicholas. The Santa Claus parade directly corresponds to the modern \"triumphal entry\" of Santa Claus. Santa Claus", "Olive, the Other Reindeer a \"Rolexxx\". When she returns home from some errands, she finds her owner, Tim, putting away Christmas decorations and announcing morosely that there \"won't be any Christmas\". Olive eventually finds out that this is because Blitzen, one of Santa's reindeer, is injured earlier during a practice flight and can not fly. Santa hopes he can make the Christmas run with \"all of the other reindeer\". Mishearing this on the radio as \"Olive the other reindeer\", Olive becomes convinced that it is she Santa is referring to, prompting her to travel to the North Pole to fill in on the sleigh", "Christmas century, Saint Nicholas was well known in the Netherlands, and the practice of gift-giving in his name spread to other parts of central and southern Europe. At the Reformation in 16th–17th-century Europe, many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or \"Christkindl\", corrupted in English to Kris Kringle, and the date of giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve. The modern popular image of Santa Claus, however, was created in the United States, and in particular in New York. The transformation was accomplished with the aid of notable contributors including Washington Irving and the German-American cartoonist", "Olive, the Other Reindeer the fence, and proceeds to find Santa. Besides Blitzen's injury, Santa is not sure he wants to go out on Christmas Eve, after he reveals he has received mean-spirited letters from some children. Olive arrives and convinces him that the mean letters are really from the Postman, since they have no postmark. After introducing herself and persuading Santa not to give up on his mission, Santa thanks her for coming and Olive is put with the other reindeer to fly the sleigh. Before they leave, the Postman switches the toy bag with his own bag of junk mail and kidnaps", "Santa Claus for many years. These letters normally contain a wishlist of toys and assertions of good behavior. Some social scientists have found that boys and girls write different types of letters. Girls generally write longer but more polite lists and express the nature of Christmas more in their letters than in letters written by boys. Girls also more often request gifts for other people. Many postal services allow children to send letters to Santa Claus. These letters may be answered by postal workers or outside volunteers. Writing letters to Santa Claus has the educational benefits of promoting literacy, computer literacy, and", "Santa Claus in film Santa Claus is traditionally passed down from father to son. The system is disrupted when the reigning Santa is murdered by his son, Damian, who then uses the position to attack the competing holidays of Hanukkah and Kwanzaa. The animated film, \"Arthur Christmas\", portrays being Santa Claus as a dynasty. The first \"Santa\", Saint Nicholas, established the North Pole workshop and passes the title and responsibilities to his son after 70 Christmases, after which his son will pass them on to his son, and so on. In the film, the current Santa initially refuses to retire due to worry about", "Joulupukki Joulupukki Joulupukki is a Finnish Christmas figure. The name \"\"Joulupukki\"\" literally means \"Christmas goat\" or \"Yule Goat\" in Finnish; the word \"pukki\" comes from the Teutonic root \"bock\", which is a cognate of the English \"buck\", and means \"billy-goat\". An old Scandinavian custom, the figure is now being eventually conflated with Santa Claus. The Joulupukki is originally a pagan tradition. The Joulupukki may also be a man turned into a goat-man on Christmas Eve, as seen in Elsa Beskow's \"Peter and Lotta's Christmas\". There persists today in some parts of Finland the custom of persons dressing in goat costume to", "The Story of Santa Claus The Story of Santa Claus The Story of Santa Claus is a 1996 animated television special directed by Toby Bluth. It features the voices of Ed Asner, Betty White, and Tim Curry. The special presents an origin story for Santa Claus, who is depicted as a man named Nicholas Claus who wishes to give every child in the world a gift for Christmas. The elves of the North Pole become obligated to grant his wish, facing great obstacles. The story opens in \"Europe, a long time ago\". Nicholas Claus, nicknamed \"Santa\" by his wife Gretchen, is a toymaker who wishes", "St. Knut's Day was moved to 13 January and became known as \"tjugondag Knut\" or \"tjugondedag jul\" (the \"twentieth day of Knut/Christmas\"). On \"Nuutinpäivä\", a tradition has been observed which is somewhat analogous to the modern Santa Claus, where young men dressed as goats (Finnish: \"Nuuttipukki\") would visit houses. Usually the dress was an inverted fur jacket, a leather or birch bark mask, and horns. Unlike Santa Claus, Nuuttipukki was a scary character (cf. Krampus). The men dressed as Nuuttipukki wandered from house to house, came in, and typically demanded food from the household and especially leftover alcoholic beverages. In Finland the Nuuttipukki", "Cynthia Leitich Smith Book in the Field of Social Studies, the 2003 Best Children's Books of the Year by Bank Street College of Education, and Choices 2003 by the Cooperative Children's Book Center. \"Santa Knows\", also by Greg Leitich Smith and illustrated by Steve Bjorkman, is a humorous holiday picture book, published in 2006 by Dutton, for ages 4 and up. In 2006, it was included among \"Holiday High Notes\" by the Horn Book, \"Worthy Stories for the Holidays\" by the Miami Herald, and cheered as a \"newly minted winner\" by Kirkus Reviews. \"Tantalize\" is a young adult gothic fantasy novel, published in", "Santa Claus employees) dressed as elves or other creatures of folklore associated with Santa. Santa's function is either to promote the store's image by distributing small gifts to children, or to provide a seasonal experience to children by listening to their wishlist while having them sit on his knee (a practice now under review by some organisations in Britain, and Switzerland). Sometimes a photograph of the child and Santa are taken. Having a Santa set up to take pictures with children is a ritual that dates back at least to 1918. The area set up for this purpose is festively decorated, usually", "Yule Lads steal from, or otherwise harass the population, and all have descriptive names that convey their modus operandi. In modern times the Yule Lads have been depicted as also taking on a more benevolent role comparable to Santa Claus and other related figures. They are generally depicted as wearing late medieval style Icelandic clothing, but are sometimes shown wearing the costume traditionally worn by Santa Claus, especially at children's events. The Yule Lads are said to be the sons of the mountain-dwelling trolls \"Grýla\" and her husband, \"Leppalúði\". Grýla is big and scary, with an appetite for the flesh of mischievous", "Christmas in Sweden The gifts are called \"julklappar\", and are probably a modern version of the Yule log. \"Jultomten\" does not climb down the chimney, he delivers the gifts in person. This task is often performed by an old man who secretly dresses up as \"Jultomten\" and knocks at the door with a sack of gifts. The origin of the modern \"Jultomte\" is a hybridisation between the pre-Christian being called \"Tomte\" and the (originally Dutch) Santa Claus. A \"Tomte\" is mostly portrayed as a small, gnomelike spirit being who lives on a farm and takes care of it (or the family) while the", "Santa Claus how the commercialization of the Santa Claus figure began in the 19th century. \"In the 1820s he began to acquire the recognizable trappings: reindeer, sleigh, bells,\" said Seal in an interview. \"They are simply the actual bearings in the world from which he emerged. At that time, sleighs were how you got about Manhattan.\" Writing in \"Mothering\", writer Carol Jean-Swanson makes similar points, noting that the original figure of St. Nicholas gave only to those who were needy and that today Santa Claus seems to be more about conspicuous consumption: In the Czech Republic, a group of advertising professionals started", "Santa Claus to the list. Children from Great Britain, Poland and Japan are the busiest writers. The Finnish Santa Claus lives in Korvatunturi, however the Santa Claus Main Post Office is situated in Rovaniemi precisely at the Arctic circle. His address is: Santa Claus' Main Post Office, Santa Claus Village, FIN-96930 Arctic Circle. The post office welcomes 300,000 visitors a year, with 70,000 visitors in December alone. Children can also receive a letter from Santa through a variety of private agencies and organizations, and on occasion public and private cooperative ventures. An example of a public and private cooperative venture is the", "Santa Claus also a city named North Pole in Alaska where a tourist attraction known as the \"Santa Claus House\" has been established. The United States Postal Service uses the city's ZIP code of 99705 as their advertised postal code for Santa Claus. A Wendy's in North Pole, AK has also claimed to have a \"sleigh fly through\". Each Nordic country claims Santa's residence to be within their territory. Norway claims he lives in Drøbak. In Denmark, he is said to live in Greenland (near Uummannaq). In Sweden, the town of Mora has a theme park named Tomteland. The national postal terminal", "Saint Nicholas Day to this emblem and regard the representation of Zwarte Piet as racist. Others state that the black skin color of Zwarte Piet originates in his profession as a chimney sweep, hence the delivery of packages through the chimney. In recent years, Christmas, along with Santa Claus, has been pushed by shopkeepers as another gift-giving festival, with some success; although, especially for young children, Saint Nicholas Eve is still much more important than Christmas. The rise of Father Christmas (known in Dutch as \"de Kerstman\") is often cited as an example of globalization and Americanisation. On the Frisian islands (\"Waddeneilanden\"), the", "Christmas January period, yielding modern English \"yule\", today used as a synonym for \"Christmas\". In Germanic language-speaking areas, numerous elements of modern Christmas folk custom and iconography may have originated from Yule, including the Yule log, Yule boar, and the Yule goat. Often leading a ghostly procession through the sky (the Wild Hunt), the long-bearded god Odin is referred to as \"the Yule one\" and \"Yule father\" in Old Norse texts, while other gods are referred to as \"Yule beings\". On the other hand, as there are no reliable existing references to a Christmas log prior to the 16th century, the", "Koryaks lashing reindeer sinew and hide strips to a tennis racket-shaped birch bark or willow hoop. The sinew straps are used to attach the shoe to the foot. Children learned to ride a reindeer, sleigh, and use snowshoes at a very young age. The other Koryak were skilled seafarers hunting whales and other marine mammals. Koryaks believe in a Supreme Being whom they call by various names: \"Ñaíñinen\" (Universe/World), \"Ináhitela'n\" (Supervisor), \"Gichol-Eti'nvila'n\" (Master-of-the-Upper-World), \"Gi'chola'n\" (One-on-High), etc. He is considered to reside in Heaven with his family and when he wishes to punish mankind for immoral acts, he falls asleep and thus", "Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker Google Santa Tracker is an annual Christmas-themed entertainment program first launched in 2004 by Google, Inc. that allows users to track Santa during Christmas Eve and before that allows users to play, watch, and learn through little activities that are added daily from the start of December. Google's rival Santa tracker, NORAD Tracks Santa, has operated since 1955. In early 2004, Google saw the NORAD Tracks Santa service and said they \"felt like it could be better for users to 'visualize' where Santa is currently at\". So, in 2004, after Keyhole, Inc. was acquired by Google, they", "Father Christmas (19th edn, 2012), Father Christmas is considered to be \"[a] British rather than a US name for Santa Claus, associating him specifically with Christmas. The name carries a somewhat socially superior cachet and is thus preferred by certain advertisers.\" Father Christmas Father Christmas is the traditional English name for the personification of Christmas. Although now known as a Christmas gift-bringer, and normally considered to be synonymous with American culture's Santa Claus which is now known worldwide, he was originally part of an unrelated and much older English folkloric tradition. The recognisably modern figure of the English Father Christmas developed in", "The Gift That Keeps Giving over his shoulder in disgust). Towards the end of the video less privileged children are shown crying at their lack of presents before we cut back to the initial child who is surrounded by gifts while Santa Claus is seen in front of a log fire, crucified on a cross. An alternative ending instead features Santa lying on the floor with an arrow through his head. Despite the apparently cynical nature of the video, BBC Wales asserts that it is \"not meant to be read in any deeper level than 'ain't Christmas brilliant?'\" All songs by Super Furry Animals. Although", "Elf Toljander too shy to say anything. When the last moment approaches and Santa Claus should go to share their gifts, he accidentally hits Santa Claus again and he gets his memory back. Elf Hilda complains that the kids are going wild. Santa Claus start a new program that does not mention the word \"Christmas\". \"Let Christmas come into our hearts little by little, day by day and by night. Gluttony What it right away,\" says Santa Claus. Mrs. Claus gets sick with sleepbug (unipöpöö), which affects elves who have been working overtime forover 500 years. Toljander stops work and takes Mrs.", "Charles W. Howard that \"Santa Claus-type men\" enjoyed. To increase the prestige of the school, Howard sought out Charles Newton Hood of Medina, New York, an old time showman, to teach the showmanship angle of Santa Claus. Ed Butters of Coldwater, Michigan was an expert on reindeer and was called in to instruct the students on working with reindeer. Howard continued to add other experts as the school continued to grow. When World War Two started in 1941, finding men to fill the role of Santa became increasingly difficult. Some stores selected women with deep voices to play the part. Howard recalled one", "Santa Claus Dutch, \"Pères Fouettard\" in French), so they are not elves. In Switzerland, Pères Fouettard accompanies Père Noël in the French speaking region, while the sinister Schmutzli accompanies Samichlaus in the Swiss German region. Schmutzli carries a twig broom to spank the naughty children. Prior to Christianization, the Germanic peoples (including the English) celebrated a midwinter event called Yule (Old English \"geola\" or \"giuli\"). With the Christianization of Germanic Europe, numerous traditions were absorbed from Yuletide celebrations into modern Christmas. During this period, supernatural and ghostly occurrences were said to increase in frequency, such as the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession", "Merry Madagascar of restoring Santa's memory, and he thanks the animals for making his deliveries for him. Santa discovers one last bag meant for Liechtenstein and, to make the delivery in time, switches to a reserve tank of magic dust that the animals had overlooked. He flies away with his reindeer leading the charge before the animals can manage to ask for a ride to New York, in addition to telling Julien that he's off the \"naughty list,\" which angers Julien, who says \"I \"am\" the naughty list\", but he is also confused by this and asks Maurice what the naughty list", "Santa Claus Claus. Much of Santa Claus's mythos was not set in stone at the time, leaving Baum to give his \"Neclaus\" (Necile's Little One) a wide variety of immortal support, a home in the Laughing Valley of Hohaho, and \"ten\" reindeer—who could not fly, but leapt in enormous, flight-like bounds. Claus's immortality was earned, much like his title (\"Santa\"), decided by a vote of those naturally immortal. This work also established Claus's motives: a happy childhood among immortals. When Ak, Master Woodsman of the World, exposes him to the misery and poverty of children in the outside world, Santa strives to", "Majokko Tsukune-chan Claus is getting ready to start his deliveries. But when he opens the door, a hand grenade explodes, destroying his shanty. Meanwhile, Tsukune is cleaning up after her Christmas party, when Santa arrives. He explains that someone tried to kill him, before remembering that he must start his deliveries. But his reindeer were wiped out, so Tsukune helps him out by using her broom. As they leave, however, Santa is hit by a sniper: an evil version of Santa named Devil Santa, who wants to deliver presents this year. Luckily, a man named Dr Choromatsu arrives, and turns Santa into", "Father Christmas nor with the giving of presents, nocturnal visits, stockings or chimneys. But as later Victorian Christmases developed into child-centric family festivals, Father Christmas became a bringer of gifts. The popular American myth of Santa Claus arrived in England in the 1850s and Father Christmas started to take on Santa's attributes. By the 1880s the new customs had become established, with the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas. He was often illustrated wearing a long red hooded gown trimmed with white fur. Any residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away", "Santa vs. the Snowman 3D were imprisoned. The Snowman had explained his plan to take Santa's spot, and left to deliver the toys, leaving Santa, and the elves in an ice cage. However, unbeknownst to The Snowman, one of Santa's elves, an elf named: Flippy, came to rescue Santa, and the elves. Meanwhile, The Snowman soared above the rooftops. He was sitting in his snow replica of Santa's sleigh, while the snowman minions were being his Reindeer. It was a wonderful, magical feeling. Now, all he to do was deliver a few toys, and everyone would \"him.\" While The Snowman came across a little girl's" ]

[ 6.421875 ]

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[ "In September 2012 at the Tokyo Game Show, Sony announced that a new, slimmer PS3 redesign (CECH-4000) was due for release in late 2012 and that it would be available with either a 250 GB or 500 GB hard drive. Three versions Super Slim model were revealed: one with a 500 GB hard drive, a second with a 250 GB hard drive which is not available in PAL regions, and a third with a 12 GB flash storage that was only available in PAL regions. The storage of 12 GB model is upgradable with an official standalone 250 GB hard drive. A vertical stand was also released for the model. In the United Kingdom, the 500 GB model was released on September 28, 2012; and the 12 GB model was released on October 12, 2012. In the United States, the PS3 Super Slim was first released as a bundled console. The 250 GB was model was bundled with Game of the Year edition of Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception and released on September 25, 2012; and the 500 GB model was bundled with Assassin's Creed III and released on October 30, 2012. In Japan, the black colored Super Slim model was released on October 4, 2012; and the white colored Super Slim model was released on November 22, 2012. The Super Slim model is 20 percent smaller and 25 percent lighter than the Slim model and features a manual sliding disc cover instead of a motorized slot-loading disc cover of the Slim model. The white colored Super Slim model was released in the United States on January 27, 2013 as part of the Instant Game Collection Bundle. The Garnet Red and Azurite Blue colored models were launched in Japan on February 28, 2013. The Garnet Red version was released in North America on March 12, 2013 as part of the God of War: Ascension bundle with 500 GB storage and contained God of War: Ascension as well as the God of War Saga. The Azurite Blue model was released as a GameStop exclusive with 250GB storage." ]

[ "Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters:189–190 within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed. By the end of 1940 significant improvements had been made in the Underground and in many other large shelters. Authorities provided stoves and bathrooms and canteen trains provided food. Tickets were issued for bunks in large shelters to reduce the amount of time spent queuing. Committees quickly formed within shelters as informal governments, and organisations such as the British Red Cross and the Salvation Army worked to improve conditions. Entertainment included concerts, films, plays and books from local libraries. ", "The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of \"The city of palaces\" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.", "An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13–25, 2007 indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an area of approximately 900 acres (3.6 km2). Guam Department of Agriculture (GDA) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres (10 km2) on October 25; approximately 0.5 miles (800 m) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation. CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, American Samoa, Palau, New Britain, West Irian, New Ireland, Pak Island and Manus Island (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Mauritius, and Reunion.", "Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society (1988). In 1992, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for \"symbolising the open spirit of the 20th century\" and for his \"enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate\".", "J. Barrie Jones suggests that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes.\"", "As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (European Turkey). This resulted in around 400,000 Muslims fleeing with the retreating Ottoman armies (with many dying from cholera brought by the soldiers), and with some 400,000 non-Muslims fleeing territory still under Ottoman rule. Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922 several million Muslims died in the Balkans, with the expulsion of a similar number.", "Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that \"the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology\"." ]

[]

[]

[ "Vladimir Putin\nPutin toimii Venäjän presidenttinä nyt neljättä kauttaan. Putinin ensimmäiset presidenttikaudet olivat vuosina 2000–2008, kolmas kausi alkoi 2012 ja neljäs kausi alkoi 2018. Pääministerinä Putin toimi vuosina 1999–2000 ja uudelleen 2008–2012. Putin aloitti työuransa tiedustelupalvelu KGB:n tiedustelu-upseerina, jona hän toimi 16 vuoden ajan vuosina 1975–1991, aluksi Pietarissa ja 1980-luvulla Dresdenissä Itä-Saksassa. Sen jälkeen hän siirtyi politiikkaan ja toimi 1990-luvulla muun muassa Pietarin kaupungin apulaispormestarina ja Venäjän turvallisuuspalvelu FSB:n johtajana ennen kuin presidentti Boris Jeltsin nimitti hänet pääministeriksi vuonna 1999. Viimeiset kuukautensa pääministerinä Putin toimi myös Venäjän virkaatekevänä presidenttinä." ]

[ "Venäjän federaation historia\nMedvedev sanoi ennen virkaansa astumista, ettei länsi pääse Venäjän kanssa yhtään helpommalla hänenkään aikana. Putinismi jatkui yhä, ja pääministeriksi ryhtyneen Putinin valta oli vielä vuoden 2010 alussa yhä suurempi kuin Medvedevin. Vuonna 2008 Venäjä kaappasi Georgiasta käytännössä irtautuneet Etelä-Ossetian ja Abhasian sotatoimin irti Georgiasta, sen jälkeen kun Georgia yritti palauttaa nämä valtansa alle. \nMedvedev on puhunut avoimesti monista Venäjää vaivaavista ongelmista. Korruptio ja armeijan huono tila jatkuivat. Opposition pienet mielenosoitukset hajotettiin kovin ottein. Vuonna 2008 Venäjän talous painui taantumaan kansainvälisen talouskriisin myötä. Joidenkin tarkkailijoiden mielestä se uhkasi silovikien valtaa, toisten mielestä vahvisti Putinin valtaa. Taantuma jatkui vielä 2010. Kremlin poliitikot ja virkamiehet olivat jakautuneet kahteen kilpailevaan ryhmään ja nämä taas pieniin aliryhmiin eli \"klaaneihin\" ja näiden alaisiin \"klientteihin\". GRU:hon liittyvää Medvedevin ryhmää \"sivilikkejä\" pidettiin ulkopolitiikassa enemmän länteen, FSB-vetoista Igor Setsinin silovikkiryhmää Kiinaan päin suuntautuvana. . Kesällä 2010 raivosi Venäjällä laajoja metsäpaloja kuivuuden takia. Hallitusta arvosteltiin laajalti varautumattomuudesta metsäpaloihin, ja Putin lupasi valvoa web-kameralla muutamien tuhoutuneiden kylien uudelleen rakennuttamista. Syksyllä 2011 Putin ilmoitti haluavansa presidentiksi, ja hänen uskottiin voittavan vaalit. Yhtenäinen Venäjä menetti paikkojaan vilpillisinä pidetyissä duuman vaaleissa muille suurille puolueille. Maassa oli pitkästä aikaa melko suuria mielenosituksia vaalituloksen tultua julki. Mm. Mironov ja Prohorov aikoivat haastaa Putinin, mutta näiden ei uskottu voittavan vaaleja.", "Udmurtia\nUdmurtian ensimmäiset presidentinvaalit pidettiin 15. lokakuuta 2000, jolloin presidentiksi valittiin suoralla kansanvaalilla parlamentin (Gossovet) puheenjohtaja Aleksandr Volkov. Volkov sai 37,8 prosenttia äänistä (Udmurtian lakien mukaan voittoon riittää 25%). Volkovin virkakausi alkoi 3. marraskuuta samana vuonna. Volkov uusi paikkansa 2004 ja 2009. Vuoden 2009 valintaa ei tehty vaaleilla vaan Venäjän federaation presidentin ehdotuksesta Udmurtian parlamentin hyväksymänä.", "Vladimir Putin\nVuoden 2013 lopulla Putin painosti Ukrainan presidentti Janukovytšin torjumaan EU:n tarjoaman kauppasopimuksen, mikä johti Ukrainassa katumielenosoituksiin.[73] Venäjällä duuma armahti vuonna 2013 Putinin aloitteesta tuhansia vankeja, mukaan lukien Mihail Hodorkovskin.[74] Sotšin talvikisoissa helmikuussa 2014 Putin oli näkyvästi paikalla. Samana talvena hän kiristi jälleen otettaan toisinajattelijoista pidätyttämällä mielenosoittajia ja suitsimalla Venäjän mediaa siltä varalta, että Ukrainassa jatkuvat mielenosoitukset leviäisivät Venäjällekin.[75]", "Anatoli Sobtšak\nAnatoli Aleksandrovitš Sobtšak (, 10. elokuuta 1937 – 20. helmikuuta 2000) oli venäläinen poliitikko, joka toimi Pietarin kaupungin ensimmäisenä demokraattisesti valittuna pormestarina 1991–1996. Sobtšak oli 1990-luvun alun Venäjän tunnetuimpia \"demokraatteja\", joka oli avainasemassa Venäjän federaation joulukuussa 1993 ratifioidun perustuslain kirjoittamisessa. Hänet muistetaan myös Vladimir Putinin opettajana ja mentorina sekä Putinille että Dmitri Medvedeville.[1][2]", "Venäjä\nVuonna 1993 maa ajautui perustuslailliseen kriisiin, joka oli Moskovan rajuin sisäinen taistelu Lokakuun vallankumouksen jälkeen. Presidentti Jeltsin hajotti parlamentin laittomasti sen vastustaessa hänen aikeitaan keskittää valtaa ja kiihdyttää epäsuosittuja uusliberalistisia uudistuksia; vastauksena lainsäädäntövallan edustajat sulkivat itsensä valkoisen talon sisään, erottivat Jeltsinin ja valitsivat uuden presidentin. Seurasi suuria protesteja Jeltsiniä vastaan ja satoja kuoli väkivaltaisuuksissa. Asevoimat tukenaan Jeltsin lähetti armeijan ottamaan haltuunsa Venäjän parlamentin Valkoinen talo ja häätämään sen puolustajat. Armeija hoiti tehtävän panssarivaunujen ja tykistön avulla ja ajoi kansanedustajat ulos. Kriisin jälkeen maalle säädettiin uusi presidenttivaltainen perustuslaki, joka hyväksyttiin kansanäänestyksessä 12. joulukuuta 1993. Perustuslaki loi myös nykyisen kaksikamarisen parlamentin. ", "Vladimir Putin\nUkrainan katumielenosoitukset muuttuivat helmikuussa 2014 väkivaltaiseksi kriisiksi, ja pian Putinin tukema presidentti Janukovytš luopui vallasta. Putin näki tapahtuneen vallankumouksena, joka oli tehty eurooppalaisten ja yhdysvaltalaisten tuella. Hän vastasi kriisiin muutamassa päivässä valtaamalla Ukrainalle kuuluneen Krimin niemimaan. Hän sai sen jälkeen liittoneuvostolta valtuutuksen hyökätä Ukrainaan, sillä hänen mukaansa Ukraina oli sisällissodan partaalla ja maan etniset venäläiset olivat vaarassa. Krimillä järjestettiin kansanäänestys, jonka seurauksena niemimaa päätti liittyä Venäjään. Äänestystä kutsuttiin laajalti farssiksi, mutta Putin julisti Krimin ja Sevastopolin uusiksi Venäjän federaation alueiksi. Hän perusteli valtausta muun muassa Krimin historialla osana historiallista Venäjän keisarikuntaa. Pian Itä-Ukrainan venäläiset alkoivat vallata kaupunkiensa hallintorakennuksia, ja vaikka Putin ei heitä suorasanaisesti tukenutkaan, hän toisti, että Venäjällä oli oikeus suojella venäläisen maailman etuja. Itä-Ukrainassa järjestettiin kansanäänestyksiä, joissa noin 90 prosenttia äänestäneistä kannatti itsenäisyyttä Ukrainasta. Sen seurauksena maa ajautui avoimeen sotaan, kun Ukraina lähti valloittamaan takaisin kapinoivia alueita. Putin avusti kapinallisia salassa mutta ei ryhtynyt avoimeen väliintuloon. Ukrainan tapahtumien seurauksena Yhdysvallat ja Euroopan unioni asettivat Venäjälle ja etenkin Putinia lähellä olevia henkilöitä kohtaan pakotteita, ja Venäjä erotettiin G8-ryhmästä. Pakotteiden seurauksena Venäjä vajosi talouskriisiin.[76] Krimin valtaus ja pakotesaarto nostivat kuitenkin Putinin kannatuksen Venäjällä pitkäksi aikaa yli 85 prosenttiin.[77]", "Vladimir Putin\nYhdysvaltalainen Time-lehti nimesi Putinin vuoden henkilöksi 2007. Putinin puolue Yhtenäinen Venäjä sai joulukuun 2007 parlamenttivaaleissa jälleen äänienemmistön, mitä Putin kutsui merkiksi Venäjän demokratian kypsymisestä. Putin ei halunnut muuttaa perustuslakia voidakseen jatkaa presidenttinä kolmannelle kaudelle. Hän viivytteli pitkään päätöstä seuraajastaan. Syyskuussa 2007 pääministeri Fradkov erosi, ja Putin nimitti hänen tilalleen Viktor Zubkovin, jonka hän oli tuntenut jo Pietarin-ajoiltaan. Pian duuman vaalien jälkeen Putin ilmoitti Dmitri Medvedevin valinnasta oman puolueensa ja kolmen muun puolueen presidenttiehdokkaaksi. Medvedev ilmoitti aikovansa nimittää Putinin vakauden tähden pääministerikseen.[52]", "Vladimir Putin\nTšetšeniaan liittyvät ongelmat vainosivat Putinia edelleen. Toukokuussa 2004 salamurhattiin Putinin liittolainen, Tsetsenian presidentti Ahmat Kadyrov. Loppukesällä Beslanin koulukaappauksessa sai surmansa satoja panttivankeja. Tapahtumat saivat Putinin korostamaan puheissaan Venäjän yhtenäisyyden merkitystä ulkoisten uhkien kuten islamistisen terrorismin ja sitä tukevien, Venäjän heikkoutta toivovien ulkovaltojen edessä.[42]", "Pietarin kansainvälinen talousfoorumi\nPietarin kansainvälinen talousfoorumi on vuosittain Pietarin kaupungissa Venäjällä järjestettävä lähinnä suuryrityksille ja poliittisille vaikuttajille suunnattu kokoontuminen. Tapahtuma järjestettiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1997. Osallistujia on vuosittain noin kymmenentuhatta. Vuonna 2018 foorumiin osallistuivat muiden muassa Venäjän presidentti Vladimir Putin, Ranskan presidentti Emmanuel Macron, Japanin pääministeri Shinzō Abe, Kansainvälisen valuuttarahaston pääjohtaja Christine Lagarde ja Suomen elinkeinoministeri Mika Lintilä.", "Venäjän historia\nSyksyllä 2011 Putin ilmoitti haluavansa presidentiksi, ja hänen uskottiin voittavan vaalit. Yhtenäinen Venäjä menetti paikkojaan vilpillisinä pidetyissä duuman vaaleissa muille suurille puolueille. Maassa oli pitkästä aikaa melko suuria mielenosituksia vaalituloksen tultua julki. Mm. Mironov ja Prohorov aikoivat haastaa Putinin, mutta näiden ei uskottu voittavan vaaleja. Maaliskuussa 2012 Putin valittiin presidentiksi 63 % ääniosuudella.", "Venäjän federaation historia\nVenäjän federaation historia on Neuvostoliiton jälkeisen Venäjän historiaa. Venäjän federaatio syntyi Neuvostoliiton hajottua 25. joulukuuta 1991. Presidentti Boris Jeltsinin johtama Venäjä oli hajonneen Neuvostoliiton pääperillinen, ja se peri myös ongelmat, jotka olivat kärjistyneet Neuvostoliittoa uudistamaan pyrkineen Mihail Gorbatšovin aikana. Näitä olivat talousongelmat, korruptio, rikollisuus ja kansallisuusongelmat. Huolimatta vastustajiensa aikeista ja epäsuosion kasvusta taitava poliittinen taktikko Jeltsin pysytteli vallassa vuoden 1999 loppuun asti. ", "Kuuba\nPresidentti Vladimir Putin vieraili Kuubassa ensimmäisenä Venäjän valtionpäämiehenä Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen jälkeen joulukuussa 2000. Putinin ja Castron keskustelujen päätteeksi ilmoitettiin Venäjän ja Kuuban päässeen sopimukseen Kuuban huomattavien neuvostoaikaisten velkojen maksusta.[49]", "Vladimir Putin\nUlkopolitiikassaan Putin panosti vahvasti henkilökohtaiseen suhteeseen Yhdysvaltain presidentti George W. Bushin kanssa ja alkoi opiskella englantia päivittäin. Yhdysvallat kuitenkin vetäytyi Putinille tärkeästä, ohjuspuolustukseen liittyvästä ABM-sopimuksesta Putinin vastalauseista huolimatta.[32] Kun Yhdysvallat joutui terrorihyökkäysten kohteeksi 11. syyskuuta 2001, Putin asettui voimakkaasti tukemaan Yhdysvaltain vastatoimia niin sanotussa terrorisminvastaisessa sodassa. Näin Putin saavutti Yhdysvaltain johdon luottamuksen, joka ei murentunut, vaikka hän asettui vastustamaan Yhdysvaltain ja sen liittolaisten hyökkäystä Irakiin.[33][34] Bushin mukaan Putin ei pitänyt Irakia uhkana eikä halunnut vaarantaa Venäjän tuottoisia öljysopimuksia Irakin kanssa. Sodan seurauksena Putin alkoi suhtautua Yhdysvaltain hegemoniaan aiempaa kriittisemmin.[35]", "Venäjän historia\nHeinäkuussa 1991 Boris Jeltsin valittiin Venäjän presidentiksi. Lokakuussa Venäjän, Valko-Venäjän ja Ukrainan johtajat päättivät, että Neuvostoliitto lakkautetaan ja perustetaan löyhä liitto nimeltään Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö.", "Vladimir Putin\nHelmikuussa 2015 Putin hyväksyi Minskissä muiden maailman johtajien kanssa Ukrainan rauhansuunnitelman. Syyskuussa Putin puhui YK:n yleiskokouksessa ja esitteli näkemyksensä Venäjästä maailmanvaltana sekä Yhdysvalloista ja Natosta vaarana maailman turvallisuudelle. Pian sen jälkeen Venäjästä tuli Syyrian sisällissodan aktiivinen osapuoli, kun se teki ilmaiskun liittolaisensa Assadin vihollisia vastaan.[78]", "Ravil Geniatulin\nJoulukuussa 1991 Venäjän presidentti Boris Jeltsin nimitti Geniatulinin Tšitan kaupunginhallinnon ja helmikuussa 1996 Tšitan alueen päämieheksi. Sen jälkeen hänet valittiin kolmesti vaaleilla Tšitan alueen päämieheksi (vuosina 1996, 2000 ja 2004). Vuonna 2008 presidentti Vladimir Putin nimitti Geniatulinin Taka-Baikalian aluepiirin kuvernööriksi. Hänen virkakautensa päättyy maaliskuussa 2013.", "Boris Jeltsin\nBoris Nikolajevitš Jeltsin (, 1. helmikuuta 1931 Butka, Venäjän SFNT, Neuvostoliitto – 23. huhtikuuta 2007[1] Moskova, Venäjä) oli Venäjän ensimmäinen presidentti vuosina 1991–1999. Jeltsinillä oli myös keskeinen rooli Neuvostoliiton alasajossa, ja hänen presidenttikaudellaan Venäjällä tapahtui suuri joukko uudistuksia kohti markkinataloutta. Uudistusprosessi oli vaikea Neuvostoliiton lakkaamisen jätettyä jälkeensä suuria taloudellisia ja sosiaalisia ongelmia, jotka leimasivat Venäjän koko 1990-lukua. Jeltsinin kaudella syttyi Tšetšenian sota.", "Vladimir Putin\nPutinin uudelleenvalinnan lähestyessä Putinin-vastaisia protesteja lietsoi myös hänet kohteekseen ottanut Pussy Riot -punkperformanssiryhmä.[67] Kreml teki mielenosoituksia hillitäkseen joitain myönnytyksiä, kuten Putinin lakkauttamien aluevaalien palauttamisen. Putin esiintyi kansakunnan yhteiskunnallisten ja kulttuuristen arvojen suojelijana ja sai Venäjän kirkon tukijakseen.[68]", "Venäjän federaation historia\nTurvallisuuspalvelutaustainen Vladimir Putin nousi vuonna 2000 Venäjän federaation presidentiksi. Putin palautti joitain Neuvostoliiton piirteitä, mutta samalla pyrki voimakkaasti ajamaan maan taloutta eteenpäin. Putinin aikaan Venäjän talous koheni suurelta osin öljyn maailmanmarkkinahinnan nousun takia. Toisaalta monet maan ongelmat, kuten korruptio sekä armeijan ja tieverkon huono tila, jatkuivat edelleen. Putin myös pyrki keskittämään valtaa käsiinsä. Hänen kaudellaan Venäjän armeija voitti Tšetšenian kapinalliset. Putinin jälkeen Venäjän presidentiksi nousi 2008 hieman häntä liberaalimpana pidetty Dmitri Medvedev, jonka aikana maa ajautui talouskriisiin. Putin pysyi silti voimakkaana vaikuttajana. Putin nousi uudestaan presidentiksi vuonna 2012. Länsivastainen, ortodoksinen, konservatiivinen ja autoritaarinen virtaus vahvistui. Venäjän hallitus pyrki Putinin kolmannalla kaudella rajoittamaan ulkomaisten agenttien tai ei-toivottujen järjestöjen toimintaa maassa. Se johtui oranssin vallankumouksen pelosta. Kun Venäjä kaappasi Krimin, alko kauppasota lännen kanssa. Venäjä lähetti joukkoja Syyriaan. Pakotteet ja öljyn hintakehitys pysäyttivät talouskasvun. ", "Venäjän presidentinvaali 2012\nVaalien jälkeisenä päivänä pidetyssä voittajan ja kolmen muun ehdokkaan yhteistilaisuudessa pääministeri Putin lupasi määrätä Keskusvaalikomitean \"perusteellisesti selvittämään kaikki mahdolliset rikkomukset\", vastauksena Prohorovin ja Mironovin syytöksiin äänestyspaikoilla tapahtuneesta vilpistä. Putin muistutti, että hänen aloitteestaan 95% äänestyspaikoista varustettiin web-kameroilla joulukuun parlamenttivaalien jälkeen. Hän yhtyi Mironoviin, jonka mielestä joistain rikkeistä huolimatta piti rakentava yhteistyö oli protesteja tärkeämpää.Putin kommentoi myös Prohorovin aikeita muodostaa puolue ja pyrkiä uudestaan presidentiksi mahdollisuutena rakentavaan vuoropuheluun ja oli samaa mieltä Prohorovin kanssa siitä, etteivät poliittisesti aktiiviset henkilöt Venäjällä pääse realisoimaan kykyjään. Edelleen Putin vakuutti olevansa valmis “poistamaan väärinkäsityksen muurin kansan ja viranomaisten väliltä\".", "Vladimir Putin\nPutin ajoi Venäjän oligarkkeja aiempaa ahtaammalle. Hän salli heidän pitää omaisuutensa, kunhan he pysyisivät erossa valtiollisista asioista eivätkä vastustaneet Kremliä millään tavoin. Jotkut oligarkeista pakenivat maasta, mutta useimmat sopeutuivat Putinin aikakauteen. Vuonna 2003 Putin kävi talouselämän ja valtionhallinnon korruption kimppuun. Samalla hän riitautui Venäjän rikkaimman miehen, Jukos-öljy-yhtiön omistajan Mihail Hodorkovskin kanssa, joka alkoi syytellä Putinin hallintoa laajamittaisesta korruptiosta.[37] Hodorkovski jatkoi Putinin arvostelua ja opposition rahoittamista niin kauan kunnes hänet pidätettiin talousrikoksista syytettynä lokakuussa 2003.[38]", "Venäjän federaatio 1999–2008\nPutinin valtaannousun on lännessä katsottu kuvastavan turvallisuuspalvelun kasvavaa valtaa Venäjällä. Hän loi valtiojohtoisen puoliautoritaarisen järjestelmän, jossa Kreml hallitsee duuman puoluekenttää, ja alueilta on otettu valtaa pois. Tätä sanotaan ohjatuksi tai suvereeniksi demokratiaksi. Suvereeni tarkoittaa sitä, että ulkomaat eivät saa puuttua Venäjän sisäisiin asioihin. Venäjän johtoeliitti pelkää Ukrainan valtaeliitin kaatanutta oranssin vallankumouksen tyyppistä tapahtumasarjaa, joka oli Putinin mielestä ulkomailta johdettu. Venäjällä vastustetaan myös maan teollisuuden siirtymistä ulkomaisten omistajien haltuun. Putinin puoliautoritaarista tapaa hallita maata sanotaan monesti putinismiksi tai sekurokratiaksi.\nVenäjän parlamentin eli duuman puoluekenttä on merkittävästi kaventunut Putinin aikana. Kreml on muuttelemalla äänikynnyksiä saanut aikaan tilanteen, jossa vain suuret puolueet pääsevät duumaan. Länsimieliset Jabloko ja SPS ovat poissa duumasta. Putinin valtapuolueella on nykyään eniten paikkoja duumassa. Putinia tukeva oikeistokonservatiivinen Yhtenäinen Venäjä syntyi, kun kaksi suurta puoluetta yhdistyivät vuonna 2001. Jopa puoluetta luomassa olleen Vladislav Surkovin mukaan puolue luotiin samoilla hallinnollisilla resursseilla kuin NKP, vaikka se ei olekaan samassa asemassa kuin NKP. . Muut duuman puolueet, kuten kommunistit ja Vladimir Žirinovskin äärikansallinen puolue, ovat marginaalisia. Puolueilla ei hallitus- ja paikallistasolla katsota olevan Venäjän poliittisessa kamppailussa niin suurta merkitystä kuin erilaisilla henkilöverkostoilla, \"Kremlin klaanit\", joihin kuuluu viranomaisia, liikemiehiä ja joskus jopa rikollisiakin. Kuvaavaa on, errä erään kyselyn mukaan kolmannes kansalaisista uskoi mafian hallitsevan heitä, ei keskus- tai paikallishallinnon. Kansalaisyhteiskunta oli Putinin kauden alussa muotoutumaton.", "Venäjän federaatio 1999–2008\nVuonna 2000 nousi Venäjällä valtaan Vladimir Putin, joka toisin kuin Jeltsin pyrki keskittämään Venäjää. Vladimir Putinilla oli takana ura KGB-vakoojana ja Pietarin pormestarin Anatoli Sobtshakin apulaisena. Koska Sobtshak oli Jeltsinin liittolainen, Putin pääsi lopulta presidenttiehdokkaaksi.", "Vladimir Putin\nMarraskuussa 2000 Putin uudisti Venäjän sotilasjohtoa ja vaihtoi puolustusministerikseen Sergei Ivanovin, jonka näkemykset olivat samat kuin presidentillä.[30] Putin järjesteli Venäjän parlamentin ylähuoneen uudelleen niin että siitä tuli Putinin lojalistien miehittämä. Hän loi uusia puolueita, jotka olivat käytännössä riippuvaisia Kremlistä ja allekirjoitti uuden vaalilain, joka käytännössä karsi puolueiden lukumäärää. Presidentin tukema Yhtenäisyys-puolue vahvistui kun se liitettiin toiseen puolueeseen ja sai nimekseen Yhtenäinen Venäjä. Kommunistit syrjäytettiin parlamentin valiokuntapaikoilta.[31]", "Sahan presidentti\nSahan presidentti valittiin vuosina 1991, 1996 ja 2002 suoralla kansanvaalilla. Jos kukaan ei saanut yli puolia ääniä ensimmäisellä kierroksella, järjestettiin toinen kierros kahden eniten ääniä saaneen ehdokkaan kesken. Vuonna 2004 Venäjän federaatiossa säädettiin laki, jonka mukaan tasavallan parlamentti valitsee presidentin Venäjän federaation presidentin antaman esityksen perusteella. ", "Ingušia\nVaaleissa oli runsaasti epäselvyyksiä. Vuonna 2004 98,18 % äänestäneistä tuki Vladimir Putinia ja vuonna 2008 91,66 % Dmitri Medvedevia. Vuoden 2007 duuman vaaleissa Yhtenäinen Venäjä sai 98,72 % äänistä, prosenteissa toiseksi suurimman äänisaaliin Tšetšenian jälkeen. Vaalien äänestysprosentiksi saatiin huimat 98 %. Jälkeenpäin Ingushetiya.Ru-verkkosivustolle kerättiin 80 000 asukkaan (54 % äänioikeutetuista) nimilista, johon osallistujat väittivät, etteivät olleet äänestäneet vaaleissa. Viranomaiset koettivat saada sivuston suljettua ja sen ylläpitäjä Magomed Jevlojevin ampuivat poliisit 31. elokuuta 2008.", "Vladimir Putin\nPutinin vaalilupauksia vuoden 2018 presidentinvaalissa olivat suurempien kannusteiden tarjoaminen yrityksille, korruption vastainen taistelu ja resurssien lisääminen aliresursoiduille julkisille terveydenhuolto- ja koulutusjärjestelmille.[83] Putin voitti maaliskuussa 2018 järjestetyn vaalin 77 prosentin ääniosuudella, ja hänet valittiin näin neljännelle presidenttikaudelleen.[84]", "Venäjän federaatio 1993–1999\nJoka tapauksessa Vladimir Putinin johtama \"sotapuolue\" sai terrori-iskujen ja Tšetšenian sodan takia merkittävää kannatusta ja voitti presidentinvaalit. Putinin voitto merkitsi silovikkien nousua Venäjän johtajiksi. Tämä synnytti maahan 2000-luvulla puoliautoritaarisen poliittisen järjestelmän, jota kutsutaan Venäjällä \"suvereeniksi\" tai \"ohjatuksi\" demokratiaksi.", "Sauli Niinistö\nNiinistö sai 28. tammikuuta 2018 järjestetyssä ensimmäisessä vaalissa 62,7 % äänistä ja tuli näin ollen valituksi jo ensimmäisessä vaalissa. Hänen suuri kannatuksensa oli jo sitä ennen ilmennyt gallupeissa. Muun muassa Helsingin Sanomien gallupin mukaan Niinistö olisi saanut 68% äänistä, mikäli vaalit olisi järjestetty syyskuussa 2017. Gallup-suosionsa huipulla Niinistö olikin kaikkien suurten puolueiden jäsenten parissa suositumpi kuin puolueen oma ehdokas.[38] Marraskuussa 2017 tehdyn Ylen gallupin mukaan Niinistö saisi 80 % äänistä, Haavisto 10 % ja Huhtasaari 4 %.[39] Vaalipäivän jälkeisenä päivänä, maanantaina 29. tammikuuta Venäjän presidentti Vladimir Putin onnitteli Niinistöä vaalivoiton johdosta. Putinin onnitteluviestissä huomioitiin Niinistön suuri kannatus sekä Niinistön rooli Suomen ja Venäjän suhteiden rakentavassa kehityksessä.[40]", "Vladimir Putin\nJoulukuun 2011 parlamenttivaalit olivat epärehellisemmät kuin mitkään Putinin ajan aiemmat vaalit. Yhtenäinen venäjä sai niukasti alle puolet äänistä mutta ehdottoman enemmistön duuman paikoista. Vaalien jälkeen oppositio järjesti kaduilla suuria protesteja. Putin syytti mielenosoituksista Yhdysvaltain ulkoministeri Hillary Clintonia.[65] Opposition syytökset vaalivilpistä hän leimasi vain seuraavan vuoden presidentinvaalien esikampanjoinniksi.[66]", "Venäjän presidentinhallinto\nPresidentti Vladimir Putinin kaudella (2000–2008)Presidentti Dmitri Medvedevin kaudella (2008–2012)Presidentti Vladimir Putinin kaudella (2012–)", "Sahan presidentti\nVuonna 2006 Sahan presidenttiä ei valittu suoralla kansanvaalilla, kuten aikaisemmin, vaan valinnan teki vuonna 2004 säädetyn Venäjän federaation lain mukaan Sahan parlamentti, Venäjän federaation presidentin antaman esityksen pohjalta. Venäjän federaation presidentti Vladimir Putin antoi 28. marraskuuta 2006 Sahan parlamentille esityksen, jonka mukaan Vjatšeslav Štyrov valittaisiin toiselle kaudelle. Sahan parlamentti, Il Tumen, hyväksyi esityksen 7. joulukuuta 2006 äänin 60 – 3, yhden äänestäessä tyhjää. Štyrov erosi tehtävästään kesken kauden 31. toukokuuta 2010, jolloin virkaa tekeväksi presidentiksi nimitettiin silloinen pääministeri Jegor Borisov. Borisov valittiin Sahan presidentiksi 9. kesäkuuta 2010 Il Tumenin hyväksyessä Venäjän presidentin esityksen asiasta äänin 61–2 ja hän astui virkaansa 17. kesäkuuta 2010.", "Venäjän federaation historia 2008 alkaen\nMaaliskuun alussa 2008 oli Venäjällä presidentinvaalit, joissa etukäteen suosituin ehdokas oli presidentti Putinin suosittelema Dmitri Medvedev, joka oli taustaltaan pietarilainen lakimies ja liikemies. Medvedev oli niin sanottu teknokraatti, joka kannatti poliittisen eliitin ylhäältä ohjaamaa Venäjää, ja vastusti Putinin tavoin länsimaiden tyylistä hallintomallia. Venäjän teknokraatit uskovat teknis-taloudellisten uudistusten luovan hyvinvointia ja taloudellisten olojen kohentumista kaikelle kansalle.", "Venäjän mielenosoitukset 2011\nVenäjän Duuman vaalien jälkeinen mielenosoitusliike alkoi vastalauseena 4. joulukuuta 2011 järjestetyille parlamenttivaaleille, joissa vaalitarkkailijat havaitsivat äänestyksen aikana vaalivilppiä. Mielenosoittajat vaativat väärinkäytösten julkista tunnustamista ja vaalien uusimista. Mielenosoitukset jatkuivat vuonna 2012 ja laajenivat 4. maaliskuuta pidettyjen presidentinvaalien jälkeen vastustamaan myös pääministeri Vladimir Putinin asettumista uudelleen presidentiksi.", "Neuvostoliiton vallankaappausyritys 1991\nKesällä 1990 Venäjän parlamentin puhemieheksi nousi populistinen demokraatti Boris Jeltsin. Hän ei ollut väleissä Neuvostoliiton presidenttinä toimineen Gorbatšovin kanssa, koska Gorbatšov oli erottanut Jeltsinin vuonna 1987 politbyroosta tämän arvosteltua perestroikaa liian hitaaksi. Tällöin Venäjä julistautui suvereeniksi. Kansan suosikki Jeltsin valittiin Venäjän presidentiksi kesällä 1991. Vuoden 1991 alussa jotkut sisäministeriön ja armeijan joukko-osastot tappoivat Riiassa ja Vilnassa yhteensä nelisenkymmentä henkeä ja onnistuivat jarruttamaan Baltian maiden itsenäistymistä.", "Boris Jeltsin\nTerveysongelmista kärsinyt Jeltsin ilmoitti siirtyvänsä syrjään juuri ennen vuosituhannen vaihdetta 31. joulukuuta 1999 ja nimitti pääministeri Putinin virkaatekeväksi presidentiksi kevään 2000 presidentinvaaliin saakka. Päästyään presidentiksi Putin varmisti ensitöikseen että Jeltsin sai täyden koskemattomuuden kaikista rikosoikeudellisista syytteistä.[9]", "Vladimir Putin\nPääministeri Putinilla oli paljon sananvaltaa presidentin toimintaan ja julkisiin puheisiin. Hänellä oli veto-oikeus kaikissa hänelle tärkeissä päätöksissä, ja hän myös saneli niiden yksityiskohdat.[55] Kun Venäjän ja Georgian välille syttyi sota elokuussa 2008, Putin toimi julkisuudessa ja Medvedevin taustalla vaikutusvaltaisessa roolissa.[56] Putin sai Medvedevin ehdottamaan perustuslakiin muutosta, joka pidentäisi presidenttikauden neljästä vuodesta kuuteen. Muutos vahvistaisi presidentin asemaa harventamalla vaaleja. Duuma hyväksyi ehdotuksen nopeasti. Kulissien takana Medvedev ja hänen lähimmät avustajansa olivat turhautuneita ja katkeria pääministerin kanslian toimintaan. Putinille uskollista väkeä oli niin monessa paikassa, että Medvedevin oli vaikea värvätä virkamiehistöstä tukijoita. Salaisissa kyselytutkimuksissa myös selvisi, että armeijan johtavat upseeritkaan eivät arvostaneet uutta ylipäällikköään.[57]", "Venäjän sosialistinen federatiivinen neuvostotasavalta\nKesäkuussa 1990 neuvostotasavallan korkein neuvosto antoi julistuksen valtiollisesta suvereenisuudesta ja vuoden 1991 alussa luotiin Venäjän presidentin toimi, jolle siirrettiin korkeimman neuvoston toimeenpanovalta. Ensimmäisen presidentinvaalin voitti korkeimman neuvoston puhemiehenä toiminut Boris Jeltsin kesäkuussa 1991. Korkein neuvosto hyväksyi Neuvostoliiton lakkauttaneen sopimuksen Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisöstä joulukuussa 1991 ja myöhemmin viralliseksi nimeksi tuli Venäjän federaatio.", "Venäjän presidentinvaali 2012\nOppositio arvosteli laajalti 2012 presidentinvaaleja, kuten joulukuussa 2011 pidettyjä duuman vaalejakin, vilpillisiksi ja epäreiluiksi ja piti seuraavan päivän iltana Moskovassa yhteisen mielenosoituksen. Oppositio aikoi järjestää uusia mielenosoituksia 8.-10. maaliskuuta. Punk-yhtye Pussy Riot järjesti helmikuussa noin 40 sekuntia kestäneen mielenosoituksen kirkossa, jossa he esittivät Putinia vastustavan laulun. Seurauksena kolme yhtyeen jäsentä pidätettiin ja tuomittiin kesällä 2012 kahden vuoden rangaistuksiin. \nVladimir Putin varmisti odotetusti voittonsa jo ensimmäisellä kierroksella, saatuaan yli 60% äänistä. Tämä merkitsee hänelle jo kolmatta kautta Venäjän presidenttinä sitten vuoden 2000.", "Silovikit\nHeidän nousunsa voimistui vuoden 1996 presidentinvaalien jälkeen. Yksi esiin nousseista silovikeista oli juuri Vladimir Putin. Silovikit miehittivät Venäjän valtion johtopaikat vuonna 1999 Vladimir Putinin noustua Jeltsinin seuraajaksi. Nykyisin silovikit kontrolloivat myös taloutta valtaamiensa suuryritysten johtopaikkojen kautta. Putin on varmistanut oman asemansa ja Venäjän uuden hallinnollisen mallin nimittämällä hänelle uskollisia silovikeja kaikkiin tärkeimpiin virkoihin politiikassa ja taloudessa.", "Krimin miehitys 2014\nVenäjän presidentti Vladimir Putin kertoi lehdistötilaisuudessa 16.7.2018 Helsingissä, että Venäjä järjesti Krimillä kansanäänestyksen. Aiemmin venäläiset ovat väittäneet, että Krim järjesti kansanäänestyksen Venäjään liittymisestä itse vuonna 2014 ja vasta sen jälkeen Venäjä liitti Ukrainalle kuuluneen niemimaan itseensä. [147]", "Putinismi\nPutinismi on nimitys Venäjän presidentti Vladimir Putinin harjoittamalle keskusjohtoiselle politiikalle. Putinismi määritellään useasti Venäjän voimaministeriöiden eli turvallisuuspalvelun, poliisin ja armeijan vallaksi. Vaikka Venäjällä on ulkoisesti kaikki demokratian perinteiset laitokset, maata johdetaan presidentin kansliasta käsin muun muassa juuri turvallisuuspalvelun avulla. Putinin aikana poliitikot ovat puhuneet maan monista ongelmista, mutta eivät ole moneenkaan asiaan kyenneet tarttumaan.", "Venäjä\nVenäjän keisarikunta perustettiin virallisesti Romanovin dynastian ja Pietari I:n (\"Pietari Suuri\") aikana. Vuosina 1682–1725 hallinnut Pietari löi Ruotsin Suuressa Pohjan sodassa, ja sai siltä Länsi-Karjalan sekä Inkerin (jonka Venäjä oli menettänyt ”sekasorron aikana”), Viron ja Liivinmaan. Nyt Venäjälle avautui pääsy Itämerelle ja kaupankäyntiin meriteitse. Pietari perusti Inkeriin uuden pääkaupungin, Pietarin. Hänen muut uudistuksensa toivat Venäjälle runsaasti kulttuurisia vaikutteita Länsi-Euroopasta. Katariina II (\"Katariina Suuri\"), joka oli vallassa vuosina 1762–1796, jatkoi pyrkimyksiä nostaa Venäjä yhdeksi Euroopan suurvalloista. Liittolaisinaan Preussi ja Itävalta, Venäjä kohtasi Napoleonin Ranskan ja jakoi kilpailijansa Puola-Liettuan pienemmiksi alueiksi saaden suuria alueita lännestä. Voitoillaan sodassa Turkkia vastaan Venäjä oli saanut 1800-luvun alkuun tultaessa suuria uusia alueita Etelä-Kaukasiasta. Napoleonin valloitusretki Venäjälle epäonnistui osin Venäjän kylmän talven johdosta, ja hän menetti yli 95 % käyttämistään joukoista. Napoleonin sodissa taistelleet upseerit toivat Venäjälle liberalistisia aatteita, ja he yrittivät jopa rajoittaa tsaarin valtaa vuoden 1825 Dekabristikapinassa, jonka jälkeen poliittista liikehdintää pyrittiin tukahduttamaan.", "Vladimir Putin\nSyksyn 2007 duumavaalien alla Putinin esiintyi julkisuudessa usein paidatta, aseen kanssa, ratsailla tai sotilaskoneen ohjaamossa.[101]", "Venäjän federaatio 1999–2008\nVenäjän federaatio vuosina 1999–2008 kattaa Vladimir Putinin molemmat presidenttikaudet. Putin pyrki politiikallaan modernisoimaan maan taloutta ja keskittämään valtaa käsiinsä kutsuen rakentamaansa näkyvästi Kreml-johtoista järjestelmää \"vallan vertikaaliksi\". Putin ajoi oligarkit pois politiikasta ja nosti turvallisuuspalvelu FSB:n miehet valtaan. Putinin puolue hallitsee Kremliä, duumaa, suurimpia sanomalehtiä ja TV-asemia sekä monia avainasemassa olevia yrityksiä. Kaudella maan talous oli reippaassa kasvussa, mutta monilta osin yhä uudistusten tarpeessa. Putinin lähipiiri kahmi itselleen maan avainteollisuutta. Taloudellinen ja poliittinen valta kietoutuivatkin yhä enemmän yhteen. Putin voitti kapinoivat tšetšeenit ja lopetti puheet Venäjää ehkä uhanneesta hajoamisesta. Korruptio paheni Putinin kaudella, ja rikollisuus jatkoi laajana vaikka Moskova oli turvallisempi Putinin kuin Jeltsinin kaudella. Ulkopoliittisesti Putinin Venäjä etääntyi lännestä, vaikka terrorisminvastainen sota ja ulkomaankauppa loivatkin siltoja Idän ja lännen välille.", "Vladimir Putin\nPresidentti Jeltsin suoritti hallinnossaan useita henkilövaihdoksia vuoden 1998 aikana. Toukokuussa 1998 Jeltsin siirsi Putinin presidentinhallinnon ensimmäiseksi apulaisjohtajaksi, jonka vastuulla olivat suhteet maan 89 alueeseen. Putin kertoi tiedotusvälineille aikovansa varmistaa Jeltsinin määräysten täytäntöönpanon alueellisella tasolla. Putin pysyi tässä toimessa vain 61 päivää, sillä Jeltsin nimitti hänet KGB:n tilalle perustetun tiedustelupalvelun FSB:n johtajaksi. Putin kieltäytyi Jeltsinin tarjoamasta kenraalin arvosta ja alkoi johtaa FSB:tä sen historian ensimmäisenä ja viimeisenä siviilijohtajana. Hän vähensi päämajan henkilöstöä kolmanneksella sekä lakkautti vanhentuneita osastoja ja perusti uusia. Uusiksi tiedustelutoiminnan alueiksi Putin otti levottomat muslimialueet, tietokoneturvallisuuden, teleliikenteen ja perustuslain puolustamisen.[17]", "Vladimir Putin\nPutin ryhtyi kumoamaan edeltäjänsä tekemiä päätöksiä, vaikka tämä saikin jatkaa pääministerinä. Hän nosti Medvedevin alentaman eläkeiän 70 vuoteen, palautti poistetut aikavyöhykkeet ja kumosi kesäajan poiston. Hän myös vesitti Medvedevin päätöksen aluevaaleista sallimalla ehdokkaaksi vain Kremlin hyväksymiä ehdokkaita. Putin alkoi myös arvostella pääministerinsä hallituksen toimintaa. Yhdysvaltoihin ja presidentti Obaman ehdotuksiin esimerkiksi Syyrian sisällissodan hoitamisen ja Syyrian presidentin Bašar al-Assadin kaatamisen suhteen Putin otti periksiantamattoman kielteisen linjan. Venäjän ja Yhdysvaltain välien huononeminen johti molemminpuolisiin pakotteisiin ja kostotoimenpiteisiin.[72]", "Venäjä\nVuoden 1991 elokuussa seurasi vallankaappausyritys Gorbatšovia vastaan. Sen tarkoituksena oli säilyttää Neuvostoliitto, mutta se johtikin lopulta sen purkautumiseen useiden tasavaltojen julistauduttua itsenäisiksi keskusvallasta. Venäjän neuvostotasavaltaa johtanut Boris Jeltsin julisti kommunistien vallan päättyneeksi. Neuvostoliitto hajosi 15 itsenäiseksi valtioksi joulukuussa 1991. Jeltsin oli äänestetty presidentiksi kesäkuussa 1991 Venäjän ensimmäisissä presidentinvaaleissa.", "Vladimir Voronin\nHelmikuussa 2001 kommunistit saivat tyrmäävän vaalivoiton presidentti Petru Lucinschiin kohdistuvan tyytymättömyyden vuoksi, ja 71/101 parlamenttipaikasta. Vuoden 2000 lainmuutosten jälkeen presidentistä oli tehty parlamentin valitsema, ja suurimman puolueen johtajana Voronin valittiin presidentiksi 7. huhtikuuta 2001.", "Yhtenäinen Venäjä\nVenäläistä poliittista keskustelua oli koko 1990-luvun hallinnut ”kommunismi vastaan kapitalismi” -vastakkainasettelu, mutta 1999–2000 vaalikaudelta alkaen Putin nosti esiin uuden syyn äänestää puolueettaan: vakaus. Tämä oli kansalaisiin vetoava lupaus vallankumouksellisen kaaoksen ja muutoksen vuosikymmenen jälkeen. Lukuun ottamatta Pohjois-Kaukasuksella jatkuvia sotatoimia Putin alkoi vakauttamaan venäläistä yhteiskuntaa.", "Vladimir Putin\nPutinin suosio vuoden 2004 alussa oli jo yli 70 prosenttia. Maaliskuisissa presidentinvaaleissa hänellä ei ollut yhtään merkittävää vastaehdokasta, kun hänen entiset päävastustajansa kuten Gennadi Zjuganov ja Vladimir Žirinovski vetäytyivät kilvasta. Putin ei taaskaan käynyt varsinaista vaalikampanjaa tai osallistunut vaaliväittelyihin. Duuma teki lakialoitteen, joka pidentäisi presidenttikauden seitsemään vuoteen ja sallisi Putinin pyrkiä presidentiksi vielä kahdesti, ja pysyä näin tehtävässään vuoteen 2018 saakka. Putin kuitenkin torjui tämän mahdollisuuden ja sanoi, ettei perustuslakia pitäisi muutella. Kuukausi ennen vaaleja Putin erotti häntä Hodorkovskin kohtelusta arvostelleen pääministeri Kasjanovin ja nimitti tämän tilalle melko tuntemattoman byrokraatin ja entisen tiedustelu-upseerin Mihail Fradkovin.[40]", "Vladimir Putin\nVladimir Putin on vieraillut Suomessa presidenttinä viidesti tapaamassa presidentti Halosta ja Niinistöä. Suomen presidentit ovat vierailleet Venäjällä tänä aikana yhteensä yli 20 kertaa. Ensimmäinen tapaaminen oli Moskovassa heinäkuussa 2000, jolloin Putin totesi, ettei Venäjä aio palauttaa Karjalaa.[114]", "Yhtenäinen Venäjä\nLakiesitysten määrä kasvoi huomattavasti sen jälkeen, kun Yhtenäisestä Venäjästä oli tullut oli tullut duuman johtava puolue. Vuosina 1996–1999 presidentti allekirjoitti vain 76 prosenttia kolmannen käsittelyn läpäisseistä laeista. Sen sijaan vuosina 1999–2003 presidentti allekirjoitti jo 93 prosenttia laeista. Jeltsinin oli monesti tarvinnut turvautua asetusvaltaansa suurista asioista päättäessään, kun taas Putinin ei tarvinnut juuri koskaan. Yhtenäisen Venäjän valta-asema mahdollisti Putinin viedä useita laajoja perustavanlaatuisia uudistuksia läpi duumassa, kuten 13 prosentin tasaveron, tuloverojen vähennykset, työmarkkinoiden korjaukset ja kansallisten monopolien murtamiset sekä uudet maankäyttöä ja oikeuskäytäntöä koskevat lait. Yhtenäinen Venäjä korostautui Putinin linjan ehdottomana tukijana, mikä oli omiaan tuomaan puolueelle suurvoiton vuoden 2003 duuman vaaleissa, joissa se sai noin 36 prosenttia äänistä.", "Dmitri Medvedev\nDmitri Anatoljevitš Medvedev (, s. 14. syyskuuta 1965 Leningrad, Venäjän SFNT, Neuvostoliitto) on Venäjän pääministeri. Hän oli myös Venäjän kolmas presidentti vuosina 2008–2012. Hänet valittiin 70,3 % kannatuksella presidentiksi Venäjän vuoden 2008 presidentinvaaleissa. Medvedev astui virkaansa 7. toukokuuta 2008 ja luopui virastaan 7. toukokuuta 2012. Sekä hänen edeltäjänsä että seuraajansa on maan nykyinen presidentti Vladimir Putin.", "Putinismi\nPutinismi juontaa juurensa Neuvostoliiton turvallisuuspoliisista KGB:stä. Venäjän presidentti Boris Jeltsin antoi vuonna 1991 Neuvostoliiton hajota, jotta saisi vallan itselleen. Jeltsinin nousu perustui viimeisen kommunistijohtaja Mihail Gorbatsovin ajaman perestroikan taloudelliseen ja poliittiseen epäonnistumiseen. Kun sitten Jeltsinistä tuli maan presidentti, hän aloitti Jegor Gaidarin avustuksella talousohjelman, joka ajoi maan taloutta ennestään alas, kun uudistus ei tuottanut toivottuja tuloksia. Samaan aikaan turvallisuuspalvelun valtaa oli heikennetty, mutta se pyrki salaa palauttamaan asemansa. Kommunistien hallitsema parlamentti nousi lopulta ilmikapinaan Boris Jeltsiniä vastaan puhemies Ruslan Hasbulatovin ja varapresidentti Alexandr Rutskoin avustuksella. Jeltsin onnistui kukistamaan kapinan armeijan avulla, ja uusi perustuslaki antoi presidentille uudet valtaoikeudet. Näin Kremlin ote alkoi taas kasvaa. Vaikka kapina kukistui, kommunistit säilyivät yhä vahvoina ja uhkana maata johtavalle Jeltsinin sisäpiirille, ”perheelle”. Talousuudistuksessa myös epämääräisin keinoin rikastuneet liikemiehet, oligarkit, auttoivat vaalirahoituksellaan epäsuositun Jeltsinin voittamaan presidentinvaalit vuonna 1996. Samana vuonna turvallisuuspalvelun silovikit nousivat virkapaikoille Pietarissa. Nyt turvallisuuspalvelu ja keskenään riitelevät oligarkit pyrkivät valtaan, ja Jeltsinin suosio heikkeni. Vuosina 1998–1999 Jeltsinin seuraajaksi veikattiin monia politiikan johtavia hahmoja, esimerkiksi Moskovan pormestari Juri Luzhkovia ja kokenut diplomaatti Jevgeni Primakovia.", "Sergei Mironov\nMironov valittiin Pietarin valtuustoon 1994 ja uudelleen 1998. Liittoneuvostoon hänet valittiin 2001 Pietarista. Mironov perusti Elämän puolueen 2003 ja ryhtyi sen johtajaksi. Vuoden 2004 presidentinvaaleissa hän sai 0,75 % äänistä.\nMironov on tukenut pääministeri Vladimir Putinia, mutta on usein korostanut elinolojen parantamista sosiaalisilla uudistuksilla.", "Venäjän federaation historia 2008 alkaen\nVuosina 2000–2008 Venäjän presidenttinä ollut Vladimir Putin ilmoitti haluavansa presidentiksi.", "Venäjän federaatio 1991–1993\nPresidentin ja neuvostoaikana valitun parlamentin välillä alkoi maaliskuussa 1992 valtataistelu. Vanhoillinen kommunistimielinen parlamentti vastusti presidentti Jeltsinin johtamia uusliberaaleja talousuudistuksia, jotka ajoivat kansaa köyhyyteen. Parlamentti kaatoi Jeltsinin muutosehdotukset, ja Jeltsin hallitsi maata presidentin asetuksilla, ukaaseilla. Parlamentin puhemies Ruslan Hasbulatov halusi Venäjän presidentiksi. Hän oli tšetšeenisyntyinen talousmies. Häntä tuki varapresidentti, kenraali Aleksandr Rutskoi. Joulukuussa 1992 Jeltsin nimitti parlamenttia ja kansaa rauhoittaakseen maltillisena uudistajana tunnetun kaasuyhtiön Gazpromin johtajan Viktor Tshernomyrdinin, joka pysyikin pääministerinä vuoteen 1998 asti. Mutta parlamentti sai huomata, ettei uudistuspolitiikkaa jarrutettu tai muutettu paremmaksi ja parlamentti jatkoi kapinaansa Jeltsiniä vastaan. Huhtikuussa 1993 järjestetty kansanäänestys tuki Jeltsinin esitystä uudesta perustuslaista ja parlamentista. Näin kansa tuki käynnissä olevia uudistuksia, vaikka maassa oli käynnissä samoihin aikoihin miltei hyperinflaatio, joka mitätöi pitkälle rahan arvoa. Kansanäänestyksessä kansa ei kuitenkaan kannattanut parlamentin hajottamista.", "Sevastopol\nAlue oli ainakin 27.2.2014 saakka Ukrainan osa, mutta helmikuun lopussa ja maaliskuun alussa venäläiset sotajoukot miehittivät pääosan siitä. Maaliskuussa Venäjän presidentti Vladimir Putin ja Krimin autonomisen tasavallan parlamentin puhemies Vladimir Konstantionov sopivat keskenään 18.3.2014 Krimin liittämisestä Venäjään. Sopimuksen mukaan Krim liittyisi Venäjän liittovaltioon tasavaltana ja Sevastopol saisi erityisaseman. Sotilasmiehityksen aikana tehtyihin äänestyksillä ei ole kansainvälistä tunnustusta, eikä kansainvälisen oikeuden perusteella Venäjällä ole oikeutta miehittää Krimin autonomisen tasavallan aluetta. Esimerkiksi Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien turvallisuusneuvosto äänestyksessä 13 valtiota 15:stä piti aiottua kansanäänestyksen järjestämistä alueen itsenäistymisestä tai Venäjään liittymisestä laittomana. Äänestyksessä Kiinan pidättyi äänestämästä ja Venäjä vastusti ja käytti vetoaan.[5] Monen muun tutkijan tavoin esimerkiksi Ulkopoliittisen instituutin johtaja Teija Tiilikainen vertasi pikakansanäänestystä oikeusvallaltaan mielipidekyselyyn ja arvioi Krimin niemimaan voivan muuttuvan Euroopan niin sanotuksi harmaaksi alueeksi. Hän uskoi tilanteen vaikuttavan kielteisesti krimiläisten arkielämään, sillä he ovat aiemmin eläneet vuosikymmeniä sovussa.[6]", "Vladimir Putin\nPutin ei käynyt juuri lainkaan presidentinvaalikampanjaa, sillä hän halveksi sellaisia. Hän ei pitänyt puheita tai vaalitilaisuuksia eikä osallistunut väittelyihin vastustajiensa kanssa. Sen sijaan hän hoiti pääministerin ja presidentin tehtäviä ja antoi tekojensa puhua puolestaan. Hän esiintyi tiheään mediassa ja antoi julkaista haastatteluistaan elämäkertakirjan. Hän julkaisi myös manifestin, jossa hän tarjosi Venäjän poliittisten ja taloudellisten ongelmien ratkaisuksi kansallisen yhtenäisyyden, isänmaallisuuden ja vahvan keskushallinnon palauttamista. Hänen kansansuosiotaan kasvattivat päätökset nostaa eläkkeitä ja maksaa palkkarästejä, mutta toisaalta Tšetšenian sodan pitkittyminen ja FSB:hen kohdistetut syytökset edelliskesän kerrostalopommituksista vaikuttivat kielteisesti hänen suosioonsa. Lähes kaikki Venäjän alueiden kuvernöörit asettuivat tukemaan Putinia vaaleissa.[26]", "Vladimir Putin\nSobtšak nimitti Putinin johtamaan Pietarin ulkomaankauppakomiteaa. Tuolloin antamissaan haastatteluissa Putin teki oma-aloitteisesti KGB-taustansa julkiseksi mutta korosti, ettei ollut osallistunut tiedustelupalvelun tekemiin rikoksiin. Hän kannatti voimakkaasti demokratiaa ja varoitteli totalitarismin paluun vaarasta.[10]", "Juri Lužkov\nLužkovin onni kuitenkin kääntyi kun Jeltsin nimitti pääministerikseen lain ja järjestyksen ajajana mainetta keränneen Vladimir Putinin elokuussa 1999. Lužkovin tukipuolue yhdistyi myöhemmin Koko Venäjä -puolueen kanssa Isänmaa – Koko Venäjäksi ja myöhemmin Yhtenäisyys-puolueen kanssa Yhtenäiseksi Venäjäksi.", "Vladimir Putin\nLuokka:Venäjän presidentit Luokka:Venäjän federaation historia Luokka:Vuonna 1952 syntyneet Luokka:Elävät henkilöt Luokka:Seulonnan keskeiset artikkelit", "Vladimir Putin\nKesken Putinin opintojen neljättä vuosikurssia KGB:n värvääjä otti Putiniin yhteyttä keskustellakseen tämän uranvalinnasta. Putin liittyi KGB:hen kesällä 1975 ja aloitti sen Leningradin-päämajan henkilöstöosastolla toimistotöissä. Pian hän meni upseerikoulutukseen, jossa hän oppi kuulustelutekniikoita ja muita tiedustelutoiminnan perusteita. Hän valmistui yliluutnantiksi ja siirtyi KGB:n vastavakoiluosastolle virkamieheksi, jonka tehtävänä oli pitää yllä yhteiskuntajärjestystä ja poliittista kontrollia. Hänen toiminnastaan tuolloin ei tiedetä paljoa, mutta ilmeisesti hän värväsi ja valvoi informantteja.[5]", "Neuvostoliiton historia\nHeinäkuussa 1991 Boris Jeltsin valittiin Venäjän presidentiksi. Elokuussa vanhoilliset yrittivät kaapata vallan, mutta yritys epäonnistui ja paransi Jeltsinin valtaa entisestään. Lokakuussa Venäjän, Valko-Venäjän ja Ukrainan johtajat päättivät Neuvostoliiton lakkauttamisesta. Tilalle perustettiin löyhä liitto nimeltään Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö (IVY). Neuvostoliitto oli olemassa muodollisesti joulukuuhun 1991 saakka. Neuvostoliiton paikka YK:n turvallisuusneuvostossa siirtyi Venäjälle 24. joulukuuta. Seuraavana päivänä Gorbatšov erosi presidentin virasta ja 26. joulukuuta Neuvostoliitto virallisesti lakkasi olemasta.[22]", "Putinka\nPutinka tuli myyntiin vuonna 2003 Putinin toimiessa presidenttinä. Merkin osuus Venäjän votkamarkkinoilla oli 2,7 prosenttia vuonna 2004 ja 4,4 prosenttia vuonna 2006.", "Venäjän presidentinvaali 2018\nVenäjän presidentinvaalissa 2018 valittiin seuraava Venäjän presidentti kuusi vuotta kestävälle kaudelle. Ensimmäinen kierros järjestettiin 18. maaliskuuta 2018, ja jos kukaan ei olisi saanut yli 50 prosenttia äänistä, olisi 8. huhtikuuta 2018 järjestetty toinen kierros.", "Ksenija Sobtšak\nVuosina 2011–2012 Sobtšak osallistui oppositiorintamaan, joka vastusti Vladimir Putinin uudelleenvalintaa presidentiksi. Sobtšak asettui ehdolle Venäjän vuoden 2018 presidentinvaalissa itsenäisenä ehdokkaana. Oppositiojohtaja Aleksei Navalnyi piti Sobtšakin ehdokkuutta Kremlin harhautuksena.", "Vladimir Putin\nToukokuussa 2011 Putin ilmoitti perustaneensa Yleisvenäläisen kansanrintaman, joka laajensi hänen valtansa perustana olevaa poliittista koalitiota. Hän myös lisäsi mediaesiintymisiään. Samalla Medvedev jatkoi talousuudistuksiaan ja etsi itselleen tukea seuraaviin presidentinvaaleihin. Lopulta syyskuussa 2011 Medvedev taipui \"tandemin\" vuosia sitten tekemään sopimukseen ja ilmoitti tukevansa Putinia puolueen presidenttiehdokkaaksi. Suunnitelmanmukainen vallanvaihto, ”tornitus”, aiheutti protestiaallon Internetissä ja toisinaan mielenilmauksia tapahtumissa, joissa Putin näyttäytyi.[64]", "Vladimir Putin\nPutinille uskolliset Venäjän aluejohtajat puhuivat sen puolesta, että Putinille pitäisi antaa oikeus jatkaa presidenttinä perustuslain rajaamien kahden kauden jälkeenkin. Putin ei kiistänyt aikovansa palata politiikkaan vuoden 2012 vaaleissa. Putinin perilliseksi ja seuraavaksi presidentiksi arveltiin Dmitri Medvedeviä tai Sergei Ivanovia, jotka Putin ylensi marraskuussa 2005 apulaispääministereiksi.[49]", "Valko-Venäjä\nUuden perustuslain jälkeisissä presidentinvaaleissa kesällä 1994 Lukašenka valittiin Valko-Venäjän presidentiksi 45 prosentin ääniosuudella. Hän on pitänyt valtaa siitä lähtien. Vuoden 1995 kansanäänestyksillä presidentille annettiin valta hajottaa parlamentti, tiivistää taloussuhteita Venäjään, tehdä venäjästä toinen maan virallisista kielistä ja hyväksyä neuvostoaikaista lippua muistuttava uusi lippu Valko-Venäjän viralliseksi tunnukseksi. Hajanainen oppositio käyttää vielä toisinaan vuosien 1991–1995 valtiollisia tunnuksia.", "Venäjän federaation historia\nVuonna 1997 näkyi merkkejä inflaation heikkenemisestä ja orastavasta talouden elpymisestä. Samoin rikollisuus väheni näihin aikoihin. Kremlin päätöksiin pyrki vaikuttamaan seitsemän suurinta liikepankkia, ja merkittäviä vaikuttajia olivat myös energiasektorin kaasuyhtiö Gazprom ja öljy-yhtiö Lukoil. Vuonna 1998 Venäjän talous romahti taas. Tämän jälkeen samana vuonna pitkäaikaisen Tšernomyrdinin uudeksi pääministeriksi valittu Kirijenko sai potkut. Vuoden 1998 talousromahduksen jälkeen kotimaan teollisuus elpyi hieman, ja talous alkoi vakautua, elpyä ja kasvaa. Yhä selvemmin alkoi Kremlin politiikassa näkyä turvallisuuspalvelun ote. Samaan aikaan oligarkit kilpailivat edelleen poliittisesta vallasta Venäjällä. Oli selvää, että nopea transitio, siirtyminen, kohti markkinataloutta oli mennyt pieleen. 90-luvun lopuilla parlamentti yritti kaataa epäsuositun Jeltsinin, jota syytettiin lahjusten otosta. Oligarkit kaatoivat vuonna 1999 Jeltsinin pääministerin Primakovin, joka pyrki nostamaan syytteitä Jeltsiniä vastaan. Tämä liittyi myös Jeltsiniä vastaan harjoittavan poliittisen toiminnan nitistämiseen. Putin nimitettiin pääministeriksi, koska tämä oli tehokkaampi toimimaan Jeltsinin vastustaja valtakunnansyyttäjä Juri Skuratovia vastaan. Näin Putin pääsi Kremlissä vallan porteille.", "Venäjän federaation historia\nVuonna 1996 jatkui edelleen elintarvike- ja muu tavarapula, palkat ja eläkkeet maksettiin miten sattuu, inflaatio oli edelleen melko korkea, ulkomaankauppa tasapainoton, veronkeruu ei onnistunut, ja ihmisten elämä oli turvatonta laajan rikollisuuden takia. Vladimir Putin sai viran Venäjän presidentinhallinnossa vuonna 1997, ja nousi turvallisuuspalvelun johtoon vuonna 1998. Jo Jeltsinin aikana näkyi valikoiva talousrikossyytteiden nosto niitä liikemiehiä vastaan jotka olivat Kremlin epäsuosiossa. Vuodesta 1995 Venäjä suhtautui aiempaa kriittisemmin Yhdysvaltoihin ja muihin länsimaihin, Venäjä vastusti ulkopoliittisesti länttä mutta halusi lännen auttavan sitä taloudellisesti..", "Vladimir Putin\nTalvella 1991 Putin sai johtaakseen hankkeen, jossa Pietariin perustettiin kasinoita tuottamaan verotuloja. Äkillinen siirtyminen kapitalismiin johti kaupungissa kuitenkin moniin epäonnistumisiin sekä ruokapulaan, ja Putin sai muun hallinnon ohella osakseen julkista arvostelua. Putinin ei ole todistettu itse hyötyneen rahojen joutumisesta vääriin käsiin, mutta hänen lähipiirinsä siitä hyötyi. Tutkintalautakunta syytti Putinia ”vilpillisyyttä lähentelevästä taitamattomuudesta”, mutta syytteitä ei nostettu. Sobtšak sen sijaan antoi Putinille hoidettavaksi ulkomaisten investoijien houkuttelun Pietariin. Putinista tuli junailija, joka raivasi byrokratian ja epäselvän lainsäädännön muodostamat esteet järjestellessään sijoituksia ja sovitellessaan yrityskiistoja. Hän matkusteli maailmalla ja houkutteli yrityksiä tekemään sijoituksia. Samaan aikaan järjestäytyneen rikollisuuden valta Pietarissa kasvoi, mikä vei Putinin tekemisiin kaupungin kuuluisimpien gangstereiden kanssa.[11]", "Leonid Markelov\nJoulukuussa 2004 Markelov valittiin uudelle presidenttikaudelle valtapuolue Yhtenäisen Venäjän ehdokkaana, Vladimir Putinin tukemana. Vuoden 2009 lopussa presidentti Medvedev esitti (tuolloin voimassa olleen Venäjän lainsäädännön mukaisesti) tasavallan parlamentille Merkelovin valitsemista kolmanneksi kaudeksi. Tätä ennen paikallista lainsäädäntöä oli muutettu niin, että presidentin toimikausi muuttui viisivuotiseksi. Tammikuussa 2010 Markelov aloitti kolmannen kautensa Marin tasavallan johdossa.", "Vladimir Putin\nDmitri Medvedev valittiin Venäjän presidentiksi keväällä 2008, ja Putinista tuli pääministeri. Kaksikkoa alettiin kutsua Venäjällä \"tandemiksi\".[54]", "Yhtenäinen Venäjä\nPutinin presidenttikauden alkuvuosina Venäjän talous kehittyi vahvasti kasvaen jokaisena vuonna enemmän kuin aiempina vuosikymmeninä koskaan. Hänen kannatuksensa kansan keskuudessa oli reilusti yli 70 prosenttia. Venäjän taloudellinen elpymistä helpottivat huomattavasti tärkeiden vientituotteiden, kuten öljyn, kaasun ja raaka-aineiden, korkeat maailmanmarkkinahinnat.", "Nursultan Nazarbajev\nKoska 1999 vaalia seurannut vaali oli pidettävä toimikautta päättyneen vuoden joulukuun ensimmäisenä sunnuntaina, tuli epäselväksi, olisiko vaali pitänyt pitää seitsemän vuoden ja yhdentoista kuukauden päästä edellisestä ensimmäisenä sunnuntaina joulukuussa 2006. Kazakstanin korkein oikeus päätti, ettei vaalia voitu pitää seitsemän vuoden ja yhdentoista kuukauden päästä edellisistä, vaan ne tuli järjestää jo joulukuussa 2005. Poistettiin myös rajoitus, jonka mukaan sama henkilö saa olla vain kaksi kertaa peräkkäin presidenttinä. Nursultan Nazarbajev tuli valittua kolmannelle kaudelleen saaden 91,15 % äänistä. Hänet vapautettiin rikosoikeudellisesta vastuusta presidenttiyden jälkeenkin ja annettiin henkilöpalvontaan liittyvä arvonimi \"Kazakstanin tasavallan ensimmäinen presidentti - kansanjohtaja\" vuonna 2010.[3]", "Yhtenäinen Venäjä\nVladimir Putin on ollut keskeinen henkilö puolueen menestyksen takana. Samalla hänen myötävaikutuksellaan Yhtenäisestä Venäjästä on rakennettu hallinnon oma puolue. Yhtenäinen Venäjä syntyi, kun Sergei Šoigun \"Yhtenäisyys\" ja entisen pääministerin Jevgeni Primakovin johtama \"Isänmaa – Koko Venäjä\" -puolueet yhdistyivät joulukuussa 2001.", "Vladimir Putin\nJoulukuussa 2004 Venäjän valtio pilkkoi Jukosin ja huutokauppasi sen. Putin piti julkisuudessa etäisyyttä asian oikeuskäsittelyyn. Putin hyväksyi Medvedevin johtaman öljy-yhtiö Gazpromin ja valtionyhtiö Rosneftin fuusion osana laajempaa kehityskulkua, jossa Venäjä muuttui yhä keskusjohtoisemmaksi ja valta kerääntyi Putinin käsiin. Monimutkaisten rahoituskuvioiden jälkeen Rosneft osti Jukosin takavarikoidun tytäryhtiön tavalla, jota Kremlin entinen taloudellinen neuvonantaja Andrei Illarionov kutsui ”vuosisadan puhallukseksi”. Myös ulkomailla Putin joutui arvostelun kohteeksi, vaikka hän totesikin huutokaupan tapahtuneen markkinoiden sääntöjen mukaisesti.[45]", "Venäjän federaatio 1999–2008\nPutinilla on ollut ohjelma, jolla hän pyrkii luomaan kansalle hyviä oloja Venäjälle, mutta helppoa tämä ei ole. Putin ei ole onnistunut kohentamaan tarpeeksi eläkkeitä, asuntotuotantoa ja terveyspalveluita eikä myöskään maan tiestöä. Putinin aikana palkat on maksettu useimmiten suunnilleen ajallaan, mutta monet muut ongelmat kuten korruptio ja rikollisuus rehottavat. Köyhyys on yhä laajaa, ja maan keskimääräinen elintaso jossain Meksikon ja Argentiinan välimaastossa. Putin on onnistunut luomaan vakautta ja järjestystä Venäjälle, mikä näkyy selvästi muun muassa pääkaupungissa Moskovassa. Putin on parantanut sosiaaliturvaa ja ainakin Moskova on rauhoittunut Jeltsinin ajoista. Tavallista venäläistä kiinnostaakin demokratian sijasta enemmän taloudellinen turvallisuus ja vakaus.", "Venäjän presidentinhallinto\nVenäjän presidentinhallinto () on Venäjän presidentin apuna toimiva laaja hallintokoneisto. Venäjän federaation presidentinhallinto sai alkunsa presidentti Boris Jeltsinin aikana heinäkuussa 1991. Presidentti Putinin aikana (2000–2008, 2012-) hallintoa on merkittävästi uudelleenorganisoitu, sen tehtäviä lisätty (esimerkiksi luomalla Venäjän jako federaatiopiireihin, joiden johdossa on presidentinhallinnon edustajat) ja henkilöstöä laajennettu. Venäjän presidentinhallinto laatii muun muassa lakiesitykset duumalle.", "Vladimir Putin\nPutinin valtakauden keskeisiä tapahtumia ovat olleet toinen Tšetšenian sota, Georgian sota, Itä-Ukrainan kriisi ja Krimin anneksointi Venäjään vuonna 2014. Hän on usein korostanut Venäjän yhtenäisyyttä, ja hänen hallintatyyliään on usein kutsuttu autoritääriseksi ja epädemokraattiseksi. Venäjällä hänen kansansuosionsa on kuitenkin aina ollut korkea.", "Vladimir Putin\nPutin tapasi vuonna 1980 kaliningradilaisen lentoemännän Ljudmila Šrekbnevan, ja he avioituivat 1983. Heille syntyi tytär Masha 1985 ja toinen tytär Katja seuraavana vuonna. Niin puoliso kuin tyttäretkin ovat esiintyneet harvoin julkisuudessa.[87] Ljudmila Putina kuvasi vuonna 2002 julkaistussa miehensä elämäkerrassa Vladimir Putinia sovinistiksi ja kotityranniksi. Hän mainitsi kuitenkin miehensä olevan myös hyvä isä.[88] Avioliitto päättyi eroon kesäkuussa 2013.[89] Putina avioitui sittemmin uudelleen ja otti sukunimekseen Otšeretnaja.[90]", "Venäjän federaation historia\nVuonna 2007 Putin valitsi seuraajaehdokkaakseen Dmitri Medvedevin, joka valittiin maaliskuun 2008 vaaleissa maan presidentiksi. Medvedeviä pidetään Putinia avoimempana ja länsimielisempänä, eikä hänellä ole turvallisuuspalvelutaustaa. Toisaalta myöskään Medvedevkään ei kannata länsityylistä parlamentarismia vaan pitää Putinin luomaa järjestelmää pohjimmiltaan hyvänä.", "Silovikit\nVirkaNimiTaustaKotoisinVenäjän presidentti (2000-2008, 2012-), \"kansallinen johtaja\"Vladimir Vladimirovitš PutinKGB-everstiluutnantti, FSB:n entinen pääjohtajaPietaristaVenäjän presidentinhallinnon johtaja (12/2011-)Sergei Borisovitš Ivanov[3]KGB:n ja FSB:n entinen varajohtaja, ex-varapääministeriPietaristaAlmaz-Antein ja Aeroflotin hallituksen puheenjohtajaViktor Petrovitš Ivanoventinen Leningradin KGB:n upseeri, FSB:n entinen varajohtajaNovgorodista, mutta Leningradissa 1977-1994Venäjän rautateiden johtajaVladimir Ivanovitš JakuninKGB:n ulkomaantiedustelun upseeriVladimirista, mutta vuodesta 1972 lähtien Pietaristavarapääministeri, valtiollisen telakkayhtiön johtajaSergei Jevgenijevitš NaryškinPutinin opiskelutoveri KGB:n korkeakoulustaPietaristaVenäjän federaation turvallisuusneuvoston sihteeri (2008-), aiempi FSB:n pääjohtajaNikolai Patrušev[3]Ura KGB:ssä ja FSB:ssäPietaristapresidentinhallinnon varajohtaja, Rosneftin johtajaIgor SetšinKGB:ssä ja Pietarin kaupunginhallinnossaPietaristaRosoboronexportin pääjohtajaSergei Viktorovitš TšemetsovKGB:n upseeri DresdenissäIrkutskistaFSKN:n johtajaViktor TšerkesovKGB:ssä ja FSB:ssä samaan aikaan Putinin kanssaPietaristaentinen pääministeri, ulkomaantiedustelun johtajaMihail Jefimovitš FradkovKGB:ssäSamarastapresidentin ja pääministerin turvallisuuspalvelun johtajaViktor Vasiljevitš ZolotovEntinen henkivartijaPietaristaTransneftin pääjohtaja, kenraaliNikolai TokarevKGB:n kenraali Itä-SaksastaTullin pääjohtajaAndrei BeljaninovKGB:n Itä-Saksan vakoojaverkoston johtaja 1980-luvullaMoskovasta", "Vladimir Putin\nTyöskenneltyään puoli vuotta vastavakoilussa Putin siirtyi KGB:n ensimmäiseen päähallintoon, joka vastasi tiedusteluoperaatioista Neuvostoliiton rajojen ulkopuolella. Hän työskenteli edelleen Leningradissa rivityöläisenä eikä osoittanut halua johtotehtäviin. Vuonna 1979 hänet ylennettiin kapteeniksi ja lähetettiin Moskovaan KGB:n korkeakouluun. Avioiduttuaan vuonna 1983 hänet ylennettiin majuriksi seuraavana vuonna, ja hänet lähetettiin Moskovaan opiskelemaan ulkomaantiedustelun huippukouluun Punalippu-instituuttiin. Siellä hän oppi vakoilutaitoja, ennen kaikkea toimimaan peiteroolissa. Keskinkertaisesti opinnoissaan suoriutuneen ja kerran metrossa tappeluunkin joutuneen Putinin opinnot keskeytettiin jo yhden vuoden jälkeen, ja hänet lähetettiin tiedustelu-upseeriksi uuteen asemapaikkaansa KGB:n toimistoon Itä-Saksan Dresdeniin.[7]", "Venäjän presidentinvaali 2000\nVenäjän presidentinvaali 2000 pidettiin 26. maaliskuuta 2000. Vaalit voitti silloinen pääministeri ja virkaa tekevänä presidenttinä toiminut Vladimir Putin. Boris Jeltsin oli eronnut 31. joulukuuta 1999. Virallisesti puolueista riippumattoman, FSB-taustaisen Putinin lisäksi ehdolla olivat kommunistien Gennadi Zjuganov, Jabloko-puolueen Grigori Javlinski, Amangeldy Tuleyev, äärikansallinen Vladimir Žirinovski, Konstantin Titov, Ella Pamfilova, Stanislav Govoruhin, Juri Skuratov, Aleksander Podberyozkin ja Umar Džabrailov. Näistä vain kommunistien Zjuganov sai merkittävästi ääniä, 29,21 %. Länsimielisenä pidetty Javlinski sai 5,80 %, ja muista esimerkiksi räyhäkansallinen Žirinovski 2,70 %. ", "Venäjän presidentinvaali 2018\nVladimir Putin voitti vaalit ensimmäisellä kierroksella saamalla 76,69 % äänistä (56 430 712 ääntä), joten toista kierrosta ei tarvinnut järjestää. Seuraavaksi eniten ääniä saivat Grudinin (11,77 %) ja Žirinovski (5,65 %).", "Sergei Lebedev\nHän suoritti 1978 tutkinnon ulkoministeriön diplomaattiakatemiasta. Uransa hän aloitti vuonna 1975 KGB:n ulkomaantiedustelussa. Sittemmin presidentiksi valitun Vladimir Putinin hän tapasi heidän palvellessaan DDR:ssä. Lebedev palveli Saksan demokraattisen tasavallan lisäksi myös Saksan liittotasavallassa. 1998-2000 hän oli ulkomaantiedustelun virallinen edustaja Yhdysvalloissa kenraaliluutnantin arvoisena.", "Vladimir Putinin vuori\nVladimir Putinin vuori (kirg. Владимир Путин атындагы чоку, ) on Vladimir Putinin mukaan nimetty vuori Kirgisiassa. Vuori sai nimensä maaliskuussa 2011. Nimittämisen hyväksyi joulukuussa 2010 Almazbek Atambajev. Vuori on 4 446 metriä korkea.", "Putinismi\nJeltsiniä vastaan oli käynnissä ajojahti parina viimeisenä vuonna, Jeltsinin sisäpiiriä syytettiin julkisesti korruptiosta. Jeltsinin liittolaisesta Vladimir Putinista tuli liittovaltion turvallisuuspalvelun FSB:n johtaja vuonna 1998 ja pääministeri elokuussa 1998. Pian sen jälkeen kun Putinista oli tullut pääministeri, tšetšeenisissipäällikkö Šamil Basajevin joukot hyökkäsivät Venäjään kuuluvaan Dagestaniin ja Venäjällä räjähteli kerrostaloissa ja muualla voimakkaita pommeja elo-syyskuussa 1999. Putin esiintyi kovasanaisena separatistisia tšetšeenejä vastaan, ja määräsi armeijan Dagestaniin ja Tšetšeniaan. Näin aiemmin tuntemattomasta kasvottomalta byrokraatilta näyttäneestä Putinista tuli terroristeja vastaan taisteleva kansallissankari. Jeltsin päätti erota Venäjän presidentin tehtävistä joulukuussa 1999 ja kehotti kansaa äänestämään Putinia. Näin Jeltsinin suosittelema, nuorekas, energinen, kansansuosion aallonharjalla ratsastava Putin voitti Venäjän presidentinvaalit vuonna 2000. Putinin päästyä valtaan hän alkoi keskittää valtaa käsiinsä. Putin muun muassa lakkautti alueiden suuren vallan, keskitytti tiedotusvälineitä Kremlin käsiin ja ajoi maasta pois tai vangitsi muutamia häntä vastustaneita oligarkkeja. Putin myös säädätti monia markkinatalouden tarvitsemia lakeja. Vuoden 2003 loppuun mennessä valta maassa oli käytännössä Putinin ohjaaman presidentinhallinnon käsissä. Siitä huolimatta monet ongelmat, kuten köyhyys, korruptio ja rikollisuus jatkuivat maassa.", "Vladimir Putin\nLoppuvuonna 1998 FSB:tä ja Putinia kohtasi skandaali, kun kuusi FSB:n työntekijää johtajanaan Aleksandr Litvinenko syyttivät tiedotustilaisuudessa FSB:tä rikollisesta toiminnasta, joka oli tapahtunut ennen Putinin aikaa. Putin tuli siihen tulokseen, että syytökset olivat perusteettomia ja erotti Litvinenkon ja tämän kumppanit. Putinin tapa hoitaa asia sekä hänen suorittamansa henkilöstönvähennykset FSB:ssä aiheuttivat kuitenkin närää Kremlissä, ja maan demokratian tilasta huolestunut Jeltsin piti Putinia osasyyllisenä tilanteeseen.[18] Seuraavan vuoden alussa valtakunnansyyttäjä Skuratovia koskeneen skandaalin yhteydessä Jeltsin kuitenkin vakuuttui Putinin uskollisuudesta ja tehokkuudesta, ja hän ylensi Putinin turvallisuusneuvoston sihteeriksi. Putin jatkoi edelleen myös FSB:n johdossa. Putin osallistui kevään aikana esimerkiksi Tšetšenian pommiräjähdyksen tutkintaan ja Kosovon sodan rauhanvälitykseen.[19] Hän myös antoi säännöllisesti haastatteluja tiedotusvälineille päivänpolttavista asioista ja korotti näin julkista profiiliaan.[20]", "Presidentti\nPoikkeuksellisia valintatapoja on ollut Ståhlbergin valinta 1919 eduskunnan suorittamalla vaalilla, Risto Rytin valitseminen presidentiksi 1940 vuonna 1937 valittujen valitsijamiesten suorittamalla vaalilla Kallion kauden loppuun, Rytin uudelleenvalinta 1943 myös vuoden 1937 valitsijamiehillä kahdeksi vuodeksi, Rytin erotessa Mannerheimin valinta presidentiksi 1944 eduskunnan säätämällä lailla kuudeksi vuodeksi, Paasikiven valinta 1946 eduskunnan suorittamalla vaalilla Mannerheimin kauden loppuun ja Kekkosen 1968 alkaneen presidenttikauden jatkaminen eduskunnan säätämällä poikkeuslailla 1974 neljällä vuodella. Ensimmäisen kerran Suomessa suoralla kansanvaalilla ilman valitsijamiehiä valittiin presidentiksi Martti Ahtisaari 1994. Vuoden 1988 vaaleissa Koivisto voitti valitsijamiesten suorittaman vaalin, mutta silloisen lain mukaan valitsijamiehiä ei olisi tarvittu, jos joku ehdokkaista olisi saanut yli 50 prosenttia kansan antamista äänistä.", "Venäjän perustuslaillinen kriisi 1993\nVuonna 1993 Venäjän presidentti Boris Jeltsin päätti jättää Neuvostoliiton aikana valitun parlamentin, korkeimman neuvoston, istumaan alkuperäisen toimikautensa loppuun asti. Parlamentti vastusti tässä asiassa Jeltsiniä. Tämä johti siihen, että muun muassa varapresidentti Aleksandr Rutskoi alkoi ajaa omaa linjaansa. Parlamentissa ja hallituksessa oppositioryhmien politiikka käytti vaatimuksiensa tukena etenkin Venäjän talousuudistusten epäonnistumista, jotka johtivat kansan köyhtymiseen.", "Vladimir Putin\nPutinin palattua presidentiksi vuonna 2012 presidentti Niinistö tapasi hänet ensin Venäjällä ja vuonna 2013 Suomessa.[114] Turussa presidentit osallistuivat Turun ja Pietarin ystävyyskaupunkisopimuksen 60-vuotisjuhlallisuuksiin.[120] Näinä vuosina pinnalle keskusteluissa nousivat kysymykset Natosta ja Venäjän ihmisoikeustilanteesta. Elokuussa 2014 presidentit tapasivat Sotshissa. Presidenttien välisissä puhelinkeskusteluissa käsiteltiin paljon Ukrainan kriisiä. Niinistö tapasi Putinin jälleen kesäkuussa 2015 Moskovassa ja vuotta myöhemmin uudelleen, jolloin presidentit puhuivat Venäjän kautta Suomeen tulleista siirtolaisista. Putin saapui Suomeen seuraavassa kuussa, ja keskustelujen aiheena oli esimerkiksi Itämeren lentoturvallisuus.[114] Vuonna 2017 Putin ja Niinistö tapasivat Arkangelissa ja Suomessa.[114] Putin osallistui heinäkuussa 2017 Suomen 100-vuotisjuhliin ja vieraili Savonlinnan oopperajuhlilla.[121]", "Venäjän federaatiopiirit\nFederaatiopiirit perustettiin toukokuussa 2000 Vladimir Putinin aloitteesta osana laajempaa ohjelmaa liittohallinnon vahvistamiseksi. Tämä laajempi uudistusohjelma sisälsi duuman ylähuoneen federaationeuvoston vaalitavan muuttamisen epäsuoraksi, federaatiosubjektien perustuslakien tarkastamisen, presidentille oikeuden hajottaa federaatiosubjektin parlamentti ja oikeuden erottaa federaatiosubjektin hallitus mikäli nämä eivät noudata liittovaltion lakeja.", "Vladimir Putin\nPutinin puolue Yhtenäinen Venäjä sai joulukuun 2003 duuman vaaleissa suurvoiton ja sai parlamenttiin ehdottoman enemmistön. Näin Kreml pystyi saamaan minkä tahansa lain hyväksytettyä ja oikeuden muuttaa perustuslakia. Ulkomaiset tiedotusvälineet ja Ety-järjestö syyttelivät Putinia Venäjän demokratian suitsimisesta ja puolueellisesta vaaliuutisoinnista.[39]", "Venäjän presidentti\nVenäjän presidentti valitaan välittömällä vaalilla kuuden vuoden toimikaudeksi. Sama henkilö voidaan valita presidentiksi enintään kahdeksi peräkkäiseksi toimikaudeksi. Presidentiksi valitaan ehdokas, joka saa vaalissa enemmän kuin puolet annetuista äänistä. Jos kukaan ehdokkaista ei ole saanut enemmistöä annetuista äänistä, toimitetaan uusi vaali kahden eniten ääniä saaneen ehdokkaan välillä. Presidentiksi valitaan tällöin uudessa vaalissa eniten ääniä saanut ehdokas.", "Aleksandr Rutskoi\nBoris Jeltsin valitsi populistisen sotasankarin varapresidenttiehdokkaakseen vuoden 1991 presidentinvaaleihin. Rutskoi toimi Venäjän varapresidenttinä 10. kesäkuuta 1991 – 21. syyskuuta 1993." ]

[ 8.15625 ]

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[ "Jails are crowded, so sometimes criminals are released before their paperwork is finished." ]

[ "There is plenty of room in the jails.", "Chitwan is on the southern border of Nepal near India.", "Two women are with a child", "The SEC informed us that they will start using contractor's software in the future.", "The man ate dinner at the park.", "The subcommittee is not involved in this decision making.", "The men are working in the rain." ]

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[ "More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: The New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper." ]

[ "These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Hadīth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ijmā', or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa.", "In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.", "Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]", "In 2009, IGN named the Xbox 360 the sixth-greatest video game console of all time, out of a field of 25. Although not the best-selling console of the seventh-generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential, by emphasizing digital media distribution and online gaming through Xbox Live, and by popularizing game achievement awards. PC Magazine considered the Xbox 360 the prototype for online gaming as it \"proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space\". Five years after the Xbox 360's original debut, the well-received Kinect motion capture camera was released, which set the record of being the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history, and extended the life of the console. Edge ranked Xbox 360 the second-best console of the 1993–2013 period, stating \"It had its own social network, cross-game chat, new indie games every week, and the best version of just about every multiformat game...Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza, but it's not about the exclusives—there's nothing to trump Naughty Dog's PS3 output, after all. Rather, it's about the choices Microsoft made back in the original Xbox's lifetime. The PC-like architecture meant those early EA Sports titles ran at 60fps compared to only 30 on PS3, Xbox Live meant every dedicated player had an existing friends list, and Halo meant Microsoft had the killer next-generation exclusive. And when developers demo games on PC now they do it with a 360 pad—another industry benchmark, and a critical one.\"", "The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying the only countries assisting the U.S. during the invasion were the United Kingdom and Australia. Bush replied to this by saying, \"Well, actually, he forgot Poland.\" Later, a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively, strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign. In the days after, coverage focused on Bush's apparent annoyance with Kerry and numerous scowls and negative facial expressions.", "In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of one of the most destructive acts of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killed 168 people, including 19 children. The two men were convicted of the bombing: McVeigh was sentenced to death and executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001; his partner Nichols is serving a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole. McVeigh's army buddy, Michael Fortier, was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison and ordered to pay a $75,000 fine for his role in the bombing plot (i.e. assisting in the sale of guns to raise funds for the bombing, and examining the Murrah Federal building as a possible target before the terrorist attack). His wife, Lori Fortier, who has since died, was granted immunity from prosecution in return for her testimony in the case.", "The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim (descendants of the \"anusim\" forced converts to Catholicism) of Iberia (estimated at about 19.8% of modern Iberia) and Ibero-America (estimated at least 10% of modern Ibero-America) have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries, while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India, Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent." ]

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[ "ヨーロッパ諸国によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化\n16世紀のヨーロッパ人やアジア人は既に、牛、豚、羊、山羊、馬および様々な家禽といった家畜を飼い、住まいもそれらと近接しているという状態が長く続いていたが、アメリカ大陸ではそうではなかった。1492年以降ヨーロッパ人が大挙してアメリカ大陸に押し寄せ、先住民族と接触するにつれて、先住民が経験したことのない、従って免疫性のない病原菌を持ち込むことになった。天然痘（1518年、1521年、1525年、1558年、1589年）、チフス（1546年）、インフルエンザ（1558年）、ジフテリア（1614年）、およびはしか（1618年）といった疫病の大流行があり[1][2]、先住民族人口のうち、1千万人ないし1億1200万人[3]、95%ないし98%は減少したと考えられている[4][5][6]。この人口の減少に続いて文化的な混乱と政治的な崩壊が起こり、ヨーロッパ人による既存文明の征服と土地の植民地化が容易になったとされている[7]。" ]

[ "アメリカ合衆国南部の歴史\n先コロンブス期（クリストファー・コロンブスが1492年に新世界に到着する以前）、現在のアメリカ合衆国南部となっている場所の唯一の住人はインディアンだった。この地域で最も重要なインディアン部族はミシシッピ族であり、ヨーロッパ人が到着する以前の数世紀にアメリカ合衆国中西部、東部および南東部で栄えたマウンドビルダーの文化だった。ミシシッピ族の生活様式は10世紀頃にミシシッピ川流域で始まった。この部族名も川の名前から採られている。", "アメリカ大陸の発見\nアメリカ大陸の発見（アメリカたいりくのはっけん）とは、特定の地「アメリカ大陸」に先史と有史の上で<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[76,94,3,3]}'>初めて実際に到達したこと</b>を指して言う歴史学等の分野の用語である。ただし、個々の文化圏によって「到達した事実」の捉え方・意味合いが異なり、したがって、（土地の）発見史というものは関連した文化圏の数だけ存在し得る。", "サラソータ (フロリダ州)\n16世紀の初期に、ヨーロッパ人が初めてこの地域を探検した。記録に残る最初のものは1513年であり、スペインの探検隊がサラソータのすぐ南、シャーロット港で上陸した。インディアンと接触した初期にインディアンに使われたスペイン人がおり、それが初期接触の証拠になっている。", "アメリカ合衆国\n1507年、ドイツ人地図製作者のマルティン・ヴァルトゼーミュラーは、イタリア人探検家及び地図製作者のアメリゴ・ヴェスプッチの名をとって西半球の陸地をアメリカ州と名付けた世界地図を作成した[16]。「United States of America」という言葉の最初の文書証拠は、大陸軍ジョージ・ワシントンの副官および検閲官の大将であるスティーブン・モイランにより書かれた1776年1月2日付けの手紙である。手紙はジョセフ・リード中佐宛で、革命戦争において「アメリカ合衆国の大量で十分な力」でスペインを支援する嘆願をモイランは記した[17]。", "アルメニア系アメリカ人\n記録に残っている限りで最初にアルメニア人が北米大陸を訪れたのは1618年のことで、この時にはペルシャ出身のマルティンというタバコ栽培業者が、バージニア植民地のジェームズタウンへ定住した。1653年から翌年にかけては、コンスタンティノープルからの2人のアルメニア人が、養蚕のためバージニア植民地へ招かれている。その後、17世紀から18世紀にかけても、ごく僅かにアルメニアからの移民が記録に残されている。しかし、ほとんどの場合彼らは単身で入植し、またコミュニティを形成することもなかった。1770年までには70人以上のアルメニア人が入植を果たした。1830年代には、オスマン帝国の下で迫害を受けたキリスト教徒を救済しようとする宣教師の運動によって、キリキアやからのアルメニア移民の小さな波が起こっている。例えば、コンスタンティノープルにおけるアメリカの宣教学校の生徒であったハチグ・オスカニアン () は、より高い教育を求めて1834年にアメリカへ渡ったが、彼は後に『』で働き、ニューヨーク出版協会 () の会長となった。そして、多くのアルメニア人もオスカニアンを追って、教育のために渡米した。", "ジャコウウシ\nギュンツ氷期（約700,000年前）のヨーロッパに出現し、北アメリカ大陸には約400,000年前に侵入したと考えられている。", "アイオワ州の歴史\nアイオワ州の歴史（アイオワしゅうのれきし、）では、主にヨーロッパ人がアメリカ合衆国アイオワ州に入って来てからの歴史を概説する。", "先コロンブス期\n先コロンブス期（）は、アメリカ大陸の歴史と前史の中で、ヨーロッパ白人の少なからぬ影響が現れる以前の時代区分全てを指す言葉である。すなわち後期旧石器時代に人類がアメリカ大陸に渡ってきた時代から、近世にヨーロッパ人が植民地化を競うようになる時代までを言う。", "ノース人によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化\nブレーメンのアダムによって1075年頃に書かれた文献では、北アメリカが「ヴィンランド」という名前で初めて言及されている。13世紀から14世紀以後に、北アメリカとそこでのノース人の昔の活動について書かれた最も重要な作品、すなわちアイスランド人のサガが書物として成立した。", "ヨーロッパ諸国によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化\nヨーロッパ諸国によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化（ヨーロッパしょこくによるアメリカたいりくのしょくみんちか）では、主にコロンブスがアメリカを発見してから17世紀まで、約200年間の南北アメリカ大陸植民地化の流れを概説する。", "アメリカ合衆国の経済史\nアメリカ合衆国の経済史（アメリカがっしゅうこくのけいざいし）では、主に17世紀にヨーロッパ人が現在のアメリカ合衆国となった地域に入ってきてからの経済の歴史を概説する。1776年、イギリスの13植民地が合同してアメリカ合衆国となった。19世紀の間に、アメリカ合衆国の経済は外資へ依存しながら工業化された。第一次世界大戦後にアメリカは世界経済の債権国へ伸し上がった。資源国としても世界中から移民を惹きつけて、技術と産業を国際的に発展させた。20世紀後半には、成長しつづける機関投資家が多様な市場に変革をもたらしたので、合法的であれ19世紀に劣らないような経済格差が広まった。USドルは基軸通貨として国際需要が絶えず、国内では証券を主要な交換手段とするようになった。やがて証券は国際流動性にまで昇華したが、とりわけ労働市場における格差を是正しないまま大衆の債務を証券化していたので、危険は世界金融危機として顕在化することになった。", "アメリカ合衆国の人種構成と使用言語\nその後中部、南部、西部へと領土を拡大し、アラスカ、ハワイを除く現在の領土になったのは1853年で人口は約2千3百万人となっていた[11]。その間移民も増加し、1660年から1849年の間に累計3百万人、19世紀末までに2千万人、20世紀末までに累計6千6百万人の移民があった。なおこの数値に領土獲得に伴う新領土の住民は移民としては扱われておらず、旧フランス、スペイン、メキシコ領のヨーロッパやアフリカ起源の住民は人口増として現れているだけである[13]。", "ベーリング海峡\n約3万年前かもっと遅い時代にモンゴロイドがこの海峡を渡り、無人のアメリカ大陸に初めて人類が定住することとなった。当時についてはベーリング地峡の項も参照。", "中国系アメリカ人\n記録上、最初にアメリカに到着した華人は1785年であるが、それよりもっと早かったかもしれない。アメリカ政府の記録によると、1820年に325人の中国人が移住した。1848年のカリフォルニアゴールドラッシュの時に1000人前後の中国人が渡米した。1852年に25,000人、1880年には10万人以上となった。多くがアメリカ西海岸に住み、主に鉱山や鉄道敷設工事の労働者、あるいは下働きの奉公人として働いた。独身の男性が中心で広東省出身者が多かった。経済的理由のほか、太平天国の乱から逃れて来た人々もいた。", "アメリカ大陸の発見\n11世紀ごろ、バスク人の漁師たちがクジラを追ってニューファンドランド沖、セントローレンス川の河口に至った時、タラの豊富な漁場を発見した。しかし、その秘密は他国の漁師に漁場を知られないよう保持されていた。16世紀にジャック・カルティエの探検隊がセントローレンス川を発見した時、そこではバスク人の漁船団が漁をしていたという[3]。", "商人\nアメリカ合衆国の軍艦は、オランダ東インド会社の”傭兵”として長崎に寄港していた。しかし英国の伸長によりオランダも日本に寄り付けなくなるとアジア政策を重視して開国を目指し、日米修好通商条約を結ばせた。これによりアメリカは、太平洋の反対側までも経済圏に収めることになった。19世紀末には、工業生産量が英国を追い抜き、黄金時代と呼ばれる時代になる。この時期のアメリカには、ヘンリー・フォード、ジョージ・ウェスティングハウス、トーマス・エジソン、ジョン・ロックフェラーなどの著名な発明家や実業家が登場している。", "アメリカン・ショートヘア\n10世紀ローマ人がヨーロピアンショートヘアをイギリスに持ち込みブリティッシュショートヘアへ名称変更、1620年メイフラワー号によりアメリカ上陸後はドメスティックショートヘアへ名称変更、1966年にアメリカンショートヘアとなった。", "アメリカン・ドリーム\n18世紀のアメリカ黎明期においては、ヨーロッパに比べ、出自や身分が決定的な役割を果たすことが少なかった。黄金郷の探索や豊富な地下資源のもたらす巨万の富など、志を抱き、情熱を燃やした多数の人間がヨーロッパから新大陸へと渡ってきた。「アメリカン・ドリーム」という言葉は、そんな彼らの荒唐無稽で不遜な夢を奨励し、鼓舞し続けた。", "アメリカ大陸史\nアメリカ大陸史（アメリカたいりくし）では、北アメリカ大陸、南アメリカ大陸、さらには中央アメリカとカリブ海諸国の歴史を集合的に扱う。その歴史は氷河期の最盛期にアジアからこれら地域に移動してきた人々に始まっている。これら人々の集団は一般に、10世紀と15世紀にヨーロッパ人が来るまで「旧世界」からは隔絶されていたと考えられている。", "ニューハンプシャー州の歴史\nニューハンプシャー州の歴史（ニューハンプシャーしゅうのれきし、英:History of New Hampshire）は、北アメリカ、現在のアメリカ合衆国ニューハンプシャー州にヨーロッパ人が到来してからの歴史を扱う。ニューハンプシャー州はニューイングランドの一部として成長し、アメリカ合衆国が誕生した時の13植民地の一つだった。", "アッパー半島\n判明しているうち最古のアッパー半島の住民は、800年頃にこの地に住み着いていたネイティブ・アメリカンのである。彼らは主に漁をして生活の糧を得ていた。初めてヨーロッパ人がこの地に足を踏み入れたのは1620年頃であった。初期の入植者は主にフランス人で、ネイティブ・アメリカンとの毛皮の取引所を半島のあちこちに建てていた。1763年にフレンチ・インディアン戦争が終わると、アッパー半島の領有権はイギリスに移った。", "アメリカ合衆国の歴史\n現在では、カナダのニューファンドランド島で彼らの定住地跡であるランス・オ・メドーが発見され世界遺産に登録されるなど、彼らの存在は認知されることとなったが、当時彼らが新大陸に達したという情報はヨーロッパ諸国ではあまり知られておらず、定住が頓挫し領有もしなかったためアメリカ大陸の「白人初の発見者」とはされず、クリストファー・コロンブスほどの正当な評価を受けていないのが現状である。", "ロシア系アメリカ人\n1862年のホームステッド法で、19世紀後半にはヨーロッパからの移民が多数アメリカへ押し寄せたが、この中には多くのロシア人がいた。最初のロシア人移民の大波は19世紀から20世紀初頭までに起こった。ロシア帝国のユダヤ人は、アレクサンドル3世による虐殺（ポグロム）を逃れてアメリカへ入国し、ニューヨークなどに住んだ。この期間に移住した最も突出したロシアからの移住者のグループは、宗教的な自由を求めているグループであった。モロカン派はロスアンゼルスやサンフランシスコに移住し、古儀式派も東海岸や西海岸に移住した。", "アメリカ大陸史\n科学的証拠はアメリカ大陸先住民とシベリア東部の民族とを結びつけている。アメリカ大陸の現代先住民は北アジアの民族と、諸言語、血液型の分布、およびDNAのような分子データによって反映される遺伝情報で結びつけられている。学説ではエスキモーやその関連民族は別にもっと後の時代、おそらく西暦5世紀か6世紀頃に、シベリアからカナダに氷河を渡って到着していたとしている。", "南アメリカ\n南アメリカは1507年、アメリカ州が東インドではなくヨーロッパ人にとっての新大陸であると指摘した最初のヨーロッパ人ヴァルトゼーミュラー、リングマンによって、ヴェスプッチの名から付けられた。", "イタリア系アメリカ人\n前述のとおり15世紀にアメリカ大陸に渡っていたイタリア人も大勢いたが、多くは1880年代からの移民である。イタリア統一が達成された後、その母体となったサルデーニャ・ピエモンテ王国の人材（ピエモンテ閥）を中心とした統治体制において、旧両シチリア王国に属したイタリア南部や島嶼部の住民は冷遇される日々を送っていた。ブリガンタッジョと呼ばれる南部での反乱や山賊行為に対する激しい鎮圧を経て、一層に困窮したナポリ地方やカラブリア半島、シチリア島の人々を中心に北米への大規模移民が始まった。南部移民の多くは既にイタリア系移民が多数定住していた東海岸北西部（ニューヨーク州とニュージャージー州）に定住し、特にニューヨーク市（マンハッタン・ブルックリン・クイーンズ・ブロンクス）は「イタリア系の街」として発展していった。勿論全員ではなく少数ながら西海岸に進んだ人々も記録されている。イタリア系アメリカ人、とくにアメリカに移民した者達は自己の文化を保ちながら仕事・生活に従事するため、同じイタリア人で移民者のコミュニティを作ってリトル・イタリーと呼ばれるイタリア人街が随所に出来上がった。", "アメリカ合衆国の人種構成と使用言語\nアメリカ大陸へは数万年前に人類が到達した。15世紀には北米では東海岸から西海岸まで全土にわたって先住民が居住していた。コロンブス到着以前の北米の人口の推定には困難を伴い、2百万人、7百万人、1千8百万人などの大きな幅の推定がある[9][10]。", "レイフ・エリクソン\nヴィンランドの位置がいずれであったにせよ、レイフ・エリクソンとアイスランド・グリーンランドのヴァイキングたちが、クリストファー・コロンブスの大航海時代における「発見」に先立つこと500年前に、すでにアメリカに上陸していたヨーロッパ人であったことは確実である。", "ヨーロッパ諸国によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化\nDe Roo, Peter (1900). History of America before Columbus: according to documents and approved authors, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1900, ? Google Books Starkey, Armstrong (1998). European-Native American Warfare, 1675-1815. University of Oklahoma Press", "北カリフォルニア\n紀元前の少なくとも8000年から5000年、おそらくはさらに前には既に先住民であるインディアンが北カリフォルニアに到着しており、それに続く先住民が増加したことにより先コロンブス期の北アメリカでは最大級に人口密度の高い地域になっていた。16世紀初期から18世紀半ばにかけて到着したヨーロッパ人探検家たちは、北カリフォルニアにヨーロッパの開拓地を造るまでに到らなかった。1770年、モントレーに設立されたスペインの伝道所がこの地域で最初のヨーロッパ人開拓地であり、その後に海岸に沿った伝道所が追加され、最終的には北のソノマ郡まで伸びていった。", "ワシントン州\nワシントン州海岸に上陸したという記録の残る最初のヨーロッパ人は、1775年のスペイン人船長ドン・ブルーノ・デ・ヘセタであり、\"サンティアゴ\"と\"ソノラ\"という2隻の船隊で訪れたものだった。彼等は北のプリンス・ウィリアム湾までの海岸地域全てにスペインの領有を宣言した。これはトルデシリャス条約の取り決めによる権利であり、スペインは太平洋を「スペインの湖」とし、海岸部全てをスペイン帝国領有とするものだった。", "モーガントン (ノースカロライナ州)\n現在のアメリカ合衆国で最古として知られるヨーロッパ人の内陸開拓地、すなわちサンフアン砦はジョアラにあったとされ、そこは現在のモーガントンからは北に約5マイル (8 km) にあったミシシッピ文明の首長国があった場所とされる。1567年、スペインの遠征隊がメキシコの銀鉱山に至る内陸の道を求めていたときに、そこに砦を築いた（彼らは地理に関して正確な知識を得ていなかった）。北アメリカでは最初の恒久的な開拓地となるバージニアのジェームズタウンにイングランド人が入植した時よりも、40年以上前のことだった。", "アメリカ外征軍\nしばしば「」（Doughboy）と呼ばれたアメリカ兵は1917年6月、初めてヨーロッパに上陸した。しかしAEFは1917年10月後半まで前線には参加しなかった。最初の前線への参加は第1歩兵師団によるドイツ軍の前線への砲弾の発射であったが規模は小さかった。フランスに到着した最初の正規兵編成師団はナンシー近くの塹壕に入った。", "人の移動の歴史\n1492年以降ヨーロッパ人が大挙してアメリカ大陸に押し寄せ、先住民族と接触するにつれて、先住民が経験したことのない、従って免疫性のない病原菌を持ち込むことになった。天然痘（1518年、1521年、1525年、1558年、1589年）、チフス（1546年）、インフルエンザ（1558年）、ジフテリア（1614年）、およびはしか（1618年）といった疫病の大流行があり、先住民族人口のうち、1千万人ないし1億1200万人、95%ないし98%は減少したと考えられている。この人口の減少に続いて文化的な混乱と政治的な崩壊が起こり、ヨーロッパ人による既存文明の征服と土地の植民地化が容易になったとされている。コロンブス航海の後1世紀半で、アメリカ大陸の先住民族人口は80%減じたと見積もられている（1492年の5千万人から1650年の8百万人）。これは旧世界からの疫病の流行だけでなく、何度かの虐殺と強制労働によるものであった。\nまた、同時に、アフリカ大陸から大量の黒人が奴隷として連れてこられた。\n初期に既存文明を征服したのはスペインとポルトガルであった。17世紀に入って、その2王国に加えてオランダが恒久的な植民地を築くことに成功した。北米大陸では19世紀以降もイギリス、フランス、ドイツなどから多くの移民が押し寄せた。", "バスク人のディアスポラ\n大航海時代のクリストファー・コロンブスの時代から、アメリカ大陸ではバスク人が存在感を放っていた。カスティーリャの王冠の下でバスク人は、スペイン帝国の探検家、司祭、コンキスタドールとして活動した。コロラド州デュランゴ、ニューファンドランド島のトレパシー(Trepassey)、南フロリダのなどの地名にバスクの痕跡が残っている。1848年にカリフォルニア・ゴールドラッシュが起こると、バスク人はアメリカ合衆国の英語圏にやってくるようになった。バスク人の最初の波は、すでにチリやアルゼンチンに入植していたバスク人であり、彼らは金の発見を聞いてアメリカ大陸を北に向かった。ゴールドラッシュが収束すると、ほとんどのバスク人移民はセントラル・バレーで牧場経営者や羊飼いとなり、後にはネバダ州北部やアイダホ州南部にも進出した。アメリカでの同朋の成功を聞き、さらに多くのバスク人がバスク地方からアメリカ合衆国に到着した。バスク人の移民は、1921年に制定されたNational Origins Quota Actで中断された。ネバダ州選出のパトリック・マッカラン上院議員によって1952年に移民国籍法（マッカラン＝ウォルター法）が改正され、アメリカ合衆国への移民制度は厳格化されたが、500人のバスク人（厳密には「スペインの羊飼い」）が移民を許された。", "アメリカ大陸の発見\nコロンブス以前にも、6世紀前期のクロンファートのブレンダン（事実であればレイフ・エリクソンよりさらに5世紀近く古い）や、1170年のウェールズ王子マドック (en) が到達していたという説もあるが、これらは伝説に色濃く装飾されて史実が判然としない。", "モルモン書\nスミソニアン協会は「現存する証拠によると、東方からアメリカ大陸に到達した最初の人々は、紀元1000年頃に北アメリカの北部を短期的に訪れていたスカンジナビア民族である」「古代において、アメリカ大陸の住民と中東の住民との接触がなかったことは確かである」という見解を示している。", "ニューヨーク\nヨーロッパ人の入植は、オランダ人が1614年にマンハッタンの南端に毛皮貿易のために建てた植民地が始まりであり、これが後に「ニューアムステルダム」と呼ばれるようになった。オランダ植民地の総裁ピーター・ミヌイットが、1626年、レナペ族（デラウェア族）からマンハッタン島を60ギルダー（2006年現在の換算で1000ドル程度）分の物品と交換した[26]。現在では否定されているが、マンハッタンの代価は24ドル相当のガラスのビーズであったという伝説もある[27]。インディアンには「土地を売る」という文化がそもそもなかったため、この取引を彼らが理解していたかどうかは疑わしい。以後、ボタンをかけ違えたまま、レナペ族や周辺部族と入植者は何度も領土を巡って戦いが繰り返されているのである。", "音楽史\nアメリカは「人種のるつぼ」「人種のサラダ」などといわれるほどの移民の国である。クリストファー・コロンブスのアメリカ上陸を発端とした移民は17世紀ごろより盛んとなり、ヨーロッパ各国から多くの移民が流入した。主に奴隷として、カリブ海地域から北米に連れて来られた黒人もおり、時代が新しくなると中南米からの移民も増えてくる。数は少ないがアジア系の移民もおり、アメリカではこうした異なるルーツを持つ人々がそれぞれ固有の文化を持ち込んで暮らしていた。", "メリーランド州の歴史\nメリーランド州の歴史（）では、主に北アメリカ、現在のアメリカ合衆国メリーランド州にヨーロッパ人が到来してからの歴史を扱う。1498年のジョン・カボットに始まるヨーロッパ人がこの地域を探検し始めるまではアメリカ州の先住民族が住んでいた。1645年、相当数のイギリス人移民が到着し恒久的開拓地を築いたのが植民の始まりであった。1776年のアメリカ独立宣言で、メリーランドもアメリカ合衆国の独立時13植民地の一つになった。南北戦争の時のメリーランド州は奴隷州であり、アメリカ連合国に同情的ではあったものの、アメリカ合衆国に留まった。アメリカ合衆国の中でメリーランド州の広さは小さい方であるが、その領域が合衆国の首都ワシントンD.C.を取り囲んでおり、大都市ボルチモアと共に、社会・政治・経済の面で歴史的にも特徴のある地域である。", "アメリカ合衆国南部\nアフリカ系アメリカ人は南部に長い歴史があり、早い段階から地域に広く定住していた。17世紀初めから、アフリカ(またはカリブ海)から連れて来られた黒人奴隷は奴隷商人から購入され、プランテーションで働かされた。ほとんどの奴隷は、1700年から1750年までの時期に到着した。", "アメリカ合衆国の経済史\nアメリカ州の先住民族は、ヨーロッパ人が到着するまでアメリカ州以外との接触がほとんど無く、種族の間で交易がある程度だった。その経済の仕組みは、イロコイ連邦の場合など狩猟採集と農業の様々な組合せだった。農産物としては既にトウモロコシが広く栽培されていた先住民族の経済はヨーロッパ人の到来とその結果として疫病が入り、ヨーロッパ製品の流入、毛皮貿易に関連したヨーロッパ人との交易関係、武器の獲得と戦争への関与、土地の喪失および居留地での拘束というように大きく変えられていった。", "インディアナ州の歴史\n最初のヨーロッパ人開拓者は1670年代にインディアナに入り、この地域をヌーベルフランスに付属させた。ヌーベルフランスのカナダ地区とルイジアナ地区を結ぶ最短経路は、インディアナを通っており、テラホート高地が2つの地区の境界と考えられた。このことでインディアナ地域はフランスが通信と交易を続けるために重要な所となった。またイギリスにとっても、フランスの拡張を止めることができた場合の、支配のための重要な拠点となった。ヨーロッパ人支配の間に唯一恒久的開拓地バンセンヌが設立されたが、その領内には多くの先住民族が住んでいた。", "ニカラグア\n1492年にクリストーバル・コロンがアメリカ大陸を「発見」してからは、アメリカ大陸全域がヨーロッパ人の侵略に晒されたが、ニカラグアもその例外ではなかった。1502年にコロンに発見されたニカラグアでは、インディヘナが集団改宗する事件などもあった。", "感謝祭\n1620年に彼らがアメリカ大陸に来た時点で、ニューイングランド周辺にいたインディアンのうち約90%は病気により死亡していた。その理由としては、1492年にコロンブスがアメリカにやってきた際に、当時アメリカ大陸内では存在しなかったヨーロッパから運ばれたインフルエンザ菌、その他の病原体に対する抵抗力が無かったということがある。", "人生の航路\nアメリカ風景画家のこのグループは1825年～1870年にかけて活動したが、彼らは国家への誇りとともに、米国に見られる他国には類を見ない自然の美しさへの賞賛も共有していた。アメリカに見られる未開で荒々しい自然はアメリカの特徴とみなした、即ち”ヨーロッパには古代遺跡があるが、アメリカには未知の荒野が存在する”と。", "先コロンブス期\n「先コロンブス期」という言葉からはクリストファー・コロンブスが1492年から1504年の航海を行った以前の時代を指すものではあるが、事実上はアメリカインディアンの文化の歴史であり、彼等がヨーロッパ人に大きな影響を与えられ、コロンブスが初めて上陸した後の数十年間あるいは数世紀の間に征服されていった時代までも含めるのが通常である。", "アメリカ合衆国\n1776年7月4日、アメリカ独立戦争における英国との交戦時、同植民地の代表はアメリカ独立宣言を全会一致で発布した。1783年、同戦争は英国からの米国独立の承認により終結し、ヨーロッパの植民地帝国を相手に成功した世界初の独立戦争となった[9][10]。", "アメリカ合衆国の歴史 (1865-1918)\n1840年から1920年の間に、前例になく多様な移民の波がアメリカ合衆国に到着し、総数は約3,700万人に上った。彼らは様々な地域から来ていた。ドイツ人600万人、アイルランド人450万人、イタリア人475万人、イングランド、スコットランドおよびウェールズ合わせて420万人、オーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国から420万人、スカンディナヴィアから230万人、ロシア人330万人（大半がユダヤ人、およびポーランド人とリトアニア人カトリック教徒）だった。大半の者はニューヨーク港を通って入国し、1892年からはエリス島の移民ステーションからとなったが、様々な民族集団が異なる場所に入った。ニューヨークなど東海岸の大都市はユダヤ人、アイルランド人およびイタリア人が多く固まり、ドイツや中央ヨーロッパの出身者は中西部に移動して工業や鉱業で職を得た。同時に100万人のフランス系カナダ人がカナダからニューイングランドへ移民した。\n移民は貧窮や宗教的脅威によってその母国から押し出され、また仕事の機会や親族との繋がりでアメリカに惹き付けられた。彼らは経済的機会を見出し（安定した工場労働者あるいは耕作可能な農地での農業という形で）、あるいはアイルランドのジャガイモ飢饉のような危機から逃げて来ていた。宗教あるいは政治的迫害から逃れてきた者も多かった。特に19世紀後半ではザクセン州（ドイツ）からの保守的ルーテル教会員や、ロシアとオーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国からのユダヤ人が顕著だった。政治的な抑圧や徴兵制度も、アメリカ合衆国でのより良い生活を求めた大量移民の理由になっていた。\n移民の大半が歓迎された一方でアジアからの移民はそうではなかった。鉄道建設のために多くの中国人が西海岸に到着したが、ヨーロッパからの移民とは異なり、全く異なる文化の一部と見られた。カリフォルニア州など西部で激しい反中国人暴動が起こった後で、連邦政府は1882年に中国人排除法を成立させた。1907年の非公式合意により、紳士協定で日本人の移民も止められた（排日）。", "アフリカ系アメリカ人\n英領北アメリカでの記録に残る最初のアフリカ人は、1619年にバージニア州ジェームズタウンに入植した年季奉公人とされている。イギリス植民地時代からアメリカ独立初期にかけては、完全な奴隷制に移行する18世紀初頭までには、比較的自由に生活するアフリカ人も見られた。その後大西洋間奴隷貿易でアフリカから奴隷として連れてこられた人が増加し、1860年までにアメリカ合衆国には350万人の奴隷にされたアフリカ人と、その他の奴隷ではない50万人のアフリカ人がいた。奴隷船として輸送される際に病死する者が絶えず、かつて欧米諸国は1500万人の奴隷を運ぶ際に1人の黒人を新大陸に連れて行くまでに5人の黒人が中途で死んだという推計があるため、膨大な数の黒人を死に追いやっている。（ただし、彼らを出身地から「白人」の手に引き渡したのは黒人国家である）", "テキサス州\n先コロンブス期のこの地にはインディアンの諸部族が居住していたが、1492年にアメリカ大陸がクリストファー・コロンブスによって「発見」されると、テキサスもヨーロッパ人によって征服された。", "クリスマスツリー\nアメリカ合衆国で最初のツリーは、ドイツ移民によって1746年に飾られた。アメリカで導入された当時は、アメリカ建国当初からいたイギリス系清教徒のアメリカ人から、「クリスマスツリーは異教の文化だ」と断じられて、反発されたこともあった。", "ユダヤ系アメリカ人\n1890年から1924年までに東欧より移民したおよそ200万人にも上るユダヤ人の世俗的文化はアメリカ文化へ融合し、現在ではアメリカ文化の一部を成す存在になった。", "アメリカ合衆国の人種構成と使用言語\n16世紀に入りヨーロッパ各国からのアメリカへの入植が始まり、同時に持ち込まれた疫病や入植者との闘争の中で先住民の数は激減した。詳細はおよびヨーロッパ諸国によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化#疫病の蔓延と人口減少を参照。", "ジョージ・フォックス\n1671年、バルバドスとアメリカ大陸のイギリス人居住地に行き、そこに2年間滞在した。北アメリカ大陸で最初に足を踏み入れたのはメリーランドだった。そこで地元のクエーカーの4日間の会合に参加した。様々なイギリス人が、他の植民地へと移って行く中で、その地に残った。なぜなら、先住民と会いたいと思っていたからである。先住民はクエーカーの方法に興味を持っていた（会合に参加するか「大論争」があったとフォックスは記録しているが）。フォックスは先住民の普段の物腰に感動し、愛情と敬意を表明した。[13]", "アトランティス\n1492年に、ヨーロッパ人がアメリカ大陸に遭遇すると、アフリカ・アジア・ヨーロッパというノアの息子たちの末裔が暮らす3大陸からなるユダヤ・キリスト教の世界観が覆され、キリスト教と無縁に見える新大陸とその住人を説明するため、アトランティス、アトランティス人が用いられるようになった。1553年に中米のアステカを征服したコンキスタドール、エルナン・コルテスの従軍神父で、スペインの新大陸征服の歴史の本を書いたは、アトランティス人の生き残りが新大陸に逃れ、定住したのではないかという説を提唱した。ゴマラを始め幾人かのスペイン人は、アトランティス人が新大陸に人が住み着くのに重要な役割を果たしたと考え、彼らはアトランティスの実在を信じていた。しかし、こうした説は完全に支持されていたわけではなく、17世紀にはほとんど信憑性はなくなっていた。", "ジャマイカ\n1492年にクリストファー・コロンブスがアメリカ大陸を「発見」すると、多くのヨーロッパ人がジャマイカを訪れた。1494年にはコロンブス自身が第二回航海において、ジャマイカ島を「発見」した。その後1509年にスペイン領となった。スペインはこの地にサトウキビのプランテーションを設置して、アラワク族を容赦なく酷使したため、その数が著しく減少した。スペインは西アフリカから黒人奴隷の輸入によって労働力を確保した。", "ブラジル\n1492年にクリストーバル・コロンがヨーロッパ人として初めてアメリカ大陸に到達した後、「発見」されたアメリカ大陸の他の部分と同様にブラジルも植民地化の脅威に晒されることになった。", "西部劇\nコロンブスがアメリカ大陸に到達した時には、北米大陸にもすでに先住の民族がいた。北米大陸に着いた時にインドに着いたと勘違いして先住民をインディアンと呼んだ話は有名だが、17世紀初めにイギリス人が最初の植民地を作った頃に北米にはおよそ人口100万人、部族の数では約500余りが暮らしていたと言われている。しかし西部開拓が進む頃から白人との戦いが始まった。西部開拓の歴史はまた先住民迫害そして虐殺の歴史でもあった。そして西部開拓時代の1870年には人口がわずか2万5千人に激減している。", "バッファロー (ニューヨーク州)\n1789年にアメリカ人が初めてバッファローに入植した。コルネリウス・ウィニーが丸太小屋を建てて住み、地元のアメリカ原住民の集落と交易しつつ生活した。バッファロー周辺は1801年に始まるオランダ土地会社の売却対象となった。その結果、1811年にはイギリス系アメリカ人500人ほどが居住する村が築かれた。1808年にはニューヨーク州ナイアガラ郡（現在のエリー郡を含む）が設置され、バッファローはその郡都となった。", "ドイツ系アメリカ人\n17世紀末から18世紀初にかけて、または19世紀後半から20世紀前半にかけて、約110万人以上のドイツ人（ソルブ系、カシューブ系、ロシア系、東欧系、バルト系、フランス系、イギリス系、イタリア系、ユダヤ人も含む）が神聖ローマ帝国（オーストリア帝国およびオーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国）、ドイツ帝国（プロイセン帝国）の失政が続いたために、多くの人々が職業を失い生計を立てるために移民としてアメリカに移住した。", "アメリカ合衆国の人種構成と使用言語\n1820年から1899年の間に1868万人の移民があり、人口は1820年の964万人から1900年の7621万人となった。この80年間の移民の内訳は、その大半はヨーロッパからのもので、ドイツ499万人、アイルランド384万人、イギリス302万人、イタリア94万人の他、ロシアを含むほぼヨーロッパ全域、およびカナダからも105万人の移民があった。アジア（この節のみアジアの定義は地理上の地域で日本からトルコまでである。他の節で記述する人種の定義のアジア系とは異なる。）からも移民が始まっており、中国から30万人、日本からも15,912人が19世紀中に移民していた。", "マヤ文明\n1492年にクリストファー・コロンブスがアメリカ地域に到達したときは、いまだマヤ地域にまでは到達していなかった。ヨーロッパ人がはじめてマヤに姿を現すのは、1517年のフランシスコ・エルナンデス・デ・コルドバの遠征によってである。この時の遠征は失敗に終わったが、翌1518年にはフアン・デ・グリハルバがトゥルムに到達し、文明の高さに驚嘆している。その後スペイン人による本格的な侵略がはじまり、1524年にはペドロ・デ・アルバラードによってマヤ高地のキチェ人が征服され、この地方はグアテマラとしてスペインの支配下に入った。ユカタン半島北部もまた、フランシスコ・デ・モンテーホによって1527年に侵略が開始されたが、各都市の強い抵抗にあって2度撤退し、1540年にユカタン西岸にカンペチェ、1542年に半島北部にメリダの街を建設して足がかりとし、1546年にこの地方を制圧した。", "卵転がし\n復活祭の卵転がしやウサギなどは、ヨーロッパ人によってアメリカに持ち込まれた。", "アメリカ大陸史\n奴隷化、疫病および戦争による先住民の大量死はアメリカ大陸住人の人口や民族意識に大きな変化をもたらした。ヨーロッパ人の侵略によって殺されたアメリカの奴隷労働者は、奴隷貿易を通じてサハラ以南のアフリカから連れてきた労働力で置き換えられた。先住民は次第に少数派となり、ヨーロッパ人とアフリカ人奴隷の数が急速に増加した。アメリカの白人による支配は18世紀後半にアメリカ合衆国で始まったヨーロッパ支配からの独立が拡がる時代を通じて続いた。", "カナダ\nヨーロッパ人の到来は西暦1000年にヴァイキングがランス・オ・メドーに居住したのが初めてであるが、この植民地は短期間で放棄されている。その後、1497年にイタリア人のジョヴァンニ・カボト（ジョン・カボット）がイングランドのために大西洋側を探検し[7]、1534年にはフランスのジャック・カルティエがこれに続いた[8]。", "マコーム郡 (ミシガン州)\nマコーム郡となった地域にヨーロッパ人が入ってくる前の長い間、オジブワ族インディアンが住んでいた。この地域に最初のヨーロッパ人探検家が入ったのは17世紀だった。18世紀後半にはモラヴィア兄弟団のコロニーが造られた。その中にはフランス人罠猟師や宣教師が入っていた。当初はフランス人やイギリス人だったが、その後はドイツ人やベルギー人などがヨーロッパから直接入ってきた。19世紀にはニューヨーク州やニューイングランドから、この地域の土地と職に惹きつけられたアメリカ人が多く移住してきた。", "アメリカ大陸史\n1492年のクリストファー・コロンブスの航海によって、ヨーロッパ諸国によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化と先住民の民族浄化が起こった。コロンブスの航海は、航海技術と通信の発展によってその航海の内容を容易に報告でき、西半球に報せることのできるようになった時代に行われた。それは経済競争の激しくなった時代でもあり、各国は競って植民地を造った。", "ミシガン州\nフランス人の山人と木樵が17世紀にミシガンを探検し入植した。この地域に入った最初のヨーロッパ人は1622年のエティエンヌ・ブルレによる遠征隊だった。ヨーロッパ人による最初の恒久的開拓地としては、1868年にカトリックの布教拠点としてマルケット神父がスーセントマリーに設立したものがあった[3]。1671年から1675年の伝導所はセントイグナスやマーケットなど辺鄙な土地に造られた。イエズス会の伝道者は地域のインディアンから受け入れられ、それほどの困難さや敵対も無かった。1679年、ロベール＝カブリエ・ド・ラ・サールが現在のセントジョセフの地にマイアミ砦を建設した。", "人の移動の歴史\nさらに更新世後期～完新世にかけて人類はアメリカ大陸に初めて足を踏み入れた。もっとも支持されているのは、アメリカ州への先住民族の移住は1．アメリンド、2．ナ・デネ、3．エスキモー・アレウトの3波が存在したとする説である。", "アメリカ合衆国の歴史\n現在のアメリカ合衆国における植民地活動としての「開発」は、当初から多民族国家となる運命を辿るかの様に行なわれた。ヴァージニアやカロライナにはイギリス人（ニューイングランド）が、ルイジアナにはフランス人が（フレンチルイジアナ）植民地を築くなど、この「開発」は主にイギリス人とフランス人2つの民族によって行われた。しかし、それだけではなくニューヨークやニュージャージーにはオランダ人（ニューネーデルラント）が、デラウェアにはスウェーデン人（ニュースウェーデン）が、フロリダにはスペイン人（ヌエバ・エスパーニャ）が、それぞれ思い思いに今日のアメリカ合衆国の範囲に植民地を築いた。アメリカ東部には、すでに17世紀半ばに現在のアメリカ文化に繋がる欧米文化が移植されていたのである。", "オーストラリア\n1606年に当大陸に最初に到来した白人はオランダ人のWillem Janzであった。だが、赤道付近の熱帯の北部地域に上陸し、その周辺のみしか探索しなかったため、植民地には向かないと判断し、オランダ人は入植しなかった。1770年にスコットランド人のジェームズ・クックが温帯のシドニーのボタニー湾に上陸して領有を宣言し、入植が始まった。東海岸をニュー・サウス・ウェールズと名付けた。アメリカの独立により、1788年からアメリカに代わり流罪植民地としてイギリス人の移民が始まった。初期移民団1030人のうち、736人が囚人 (男586人・女242人という説あり) で、その他はほとんどが貧困層の人間であった。また、当時は軽犯罪でも当地に流刑されたという。1791年の第2回囚人護送は1017人で、航海中に281人が死んだが、植民地での食糧難を加速させたため、政府は1年を待たずして自由移民を募り農地を拡大させた。", "ロッキー山脈\nその後長くロッキー山脈周辺は未開の地であったが、アメリカ大陸にヨーロッパ人の入植者が入ると山脈の周辺にも探検家が足を踏み入れるようになった。スペイン人探検家フランシスコ・バスケス・デ・コロナドは1540年から1542年にかけて、戦士、使節、アフリカ人奴隷を連れてメキシコからカンザスへと探検を行った[1][2][3]。コロナドとその一行はその道中にロッキー山脈の南端、現在のニューメキシコ州の北部を通っていった。コロナド一行はこの地域に馬、金属製の道具、ライフルなど、ネイティブ・アメリカンがそれまで使用していなかった道具を持ち込んだ。また、ヨーロッパ文化も持ち込み、それまでのネイティブ・アメリカンの文化を大きく変えた。一方で、ヨーロッパ人たちはネイティブ・アメリカンたちと戦争を起こし、それまでこの地には見られなかった病気も持ち込んだため、この地域のネイティブ・アメリカンの人口は激減した。", "アメリカ大陸のウェールズ移民\n16世紀に流布した伝説では、アメリカ大陸を最初に見たヨーロッパ人は1170年のウェールズの王子マドックだった。グウィネズの王子でオーウェン・グウィネズの息子マドックが、王位継承の混乱中に一群の植民と共にその国を逃れ、船で西に向ったとされている。最終的にミシシッピ川近くで上陸し植民地を建設したが、その後は先住民の中に融けこんでしまった。16世紀後半にこの伝説がジョン・ディーのような著作家たちによってイギリスの北アメリカ領有権主張を支持するために使われた。18世紀にウェールズ語を話す先住民の話の中にこの伝説が復活したが、現代の学者達の大半はこれを事実に基づかないものとみなしている。", "アメリカ大陸の発見\nアイスランド系ノルマン人（ヴァイキングの一派）の航海者・レイフ・エリクソンとその船団は、10世紀の末（帰還した1000年より少し前）にアイスランドおよびグリーンランド経由で海路、アメリカ大陸に到達し、歴史時代の人類としては初めて新天地として<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[1867,1875,3,3]}'>発見</b>した。東部海岸沿いに南下してニューファンドランド島などに進出し、ここを新天地「ヴィンランド」と呼んで定住を試みたものの、ほとんど世代を重ねることも無く入植は短期間のうちに頓挫している。", "カリフォルニア州の歴史\n一般に認められている南北アメリカ大陸への人類の移動に関する学説は、およそ16,500年前にインディアン民族がベーリング陸橋を通ってアメリカ大陸に入ったというもので、インディアンが、現在のカリフォルニアにいつ到着したかは不明である。", "アメリカ州\nクリストファー・コロンブスのアメリカ海域到達を知ったアメリゴ・ヴェスプッチは、南アメリカ大陸北岸を探検し、「コロンブスより1年早く到達した」とする虚偽の書簡を1503年に発表した。", "ペンシルベニア州の歴史\nペンシルベニア州の歴史（ペンシルベニアしゅうのれきし、英:History of Pennsylvania）は、北アメリカ、現在のアメリカ合衆国ペンシルベニア州にヨーロッパ人が到来してからの歴史を扱う。その歴史はアメリカ人が経験したことは全て含まれているような趣があり、アメリカでも「人種のるつぼ」と言われるのに相応しい所である。\nペンシルベニアにヨーロッパ人が移民してくる前は、レナペ族、サスケハノック族、イロコイ連邦、エリー族、ショーニー族などのインディアンが本拠としていた。", "アブバカリ2世\nアフリカ人、あるいは、ムスリムの一人の王が14世紀にアメリカ州に到達していたという説を最初に述べたのは、というエジプトの歴史研究者である。同人はアル＝ウマリーの著作に対してはじめて近代的な校訂を施した人物である。ただし、1920年代に発表した本説においては、この事業におけるアラビアの航海技術の重要性が強調されている。ドイツの海外史研究者は、アラビア＝マリ文化圏の舟がアメリカに到達したかもしれないという可能性を除外しようとしなかった。中世における探検の歴史を専門とする同僚のにウマリーの所伝のさらなる検証を依頼し、マリ王による探検は実在した、しかし、失敗に終わったと結論づけた。トルコの科学史研究者フュアト・セズギン（Fuat Sezgin）は、「地図学的完成度」の観点からこの問題に取り組み、「驚くほど水準が高かった、アラブ＝イスラーム文明における航海術を持つムスリムの航海者は、9世紀の初めから15世紀頃に大洋を渡ったところにある陸地に到達するだけでなく、それを地図に記載し始めたと言える」とした。ただし、彼の所論においては、この高い水準はアラビアの探検航海者のものであって、ブラックアフリカのものではないとされる。", "ヨーロッパ諸国によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化\n疫病や強制労働および無作為な殺人によって先住民人口が減少するに連れて、大規模な奴隷貿易によって輸入されるアフリカ人に置き換えられていった。18世紀までに、黒人奴隷の数が圧倒的になり、先住民の奴隷はほとんど見られなくなった。奴隷船でアメリカ大陸に送られたアフリカ人は、その故郷の海岸に住む種族が捕まえて売り払った者達が多かった。アフリカではヨーロッパ人が疫病に罹患する確率が高かったので、奴隷を捕まえる役割は現地の種族に限定された。奴隷貿易の代価はラム酒、銃および弾薬が大きなものだった。1810年頃までに30万ないし40万人の黒人奴隷がチャールストンやニューポートの港に届けられた。カリブ海の諸島、ブラジル、メキシコおよびアメリカ合衆国に輸入された奴隷の総数は1000万人ないし2800万人と見積もられている[13]。特にイギリス領の13植民地では、アフリカ人奴隷に加えて貧しいヨーロッパ人が年季奉公として多く連れてこられた[14]。", "アメリカ合衆国西部\nアメリカ合衆国東部の諸州からオレゴン・トレイルを通って西部領土へ多くの移民があったのは1840年代からである。1849年のカリフォルニア・ゴールドラッシュによって、カリフォルニアは数ヶ月間という短期間で急速な拡大を遂げ、1850年には他の州が経験したような準州という移行期を経ずしていきなり州に昇格した。アメリカの歴史で最大の移民は、末日聖徒イエス・キリスト教会が西部での安全を求めて中西部を離れた1840年代に起こった。1850年代は南北戦争に導く国家的問題の一部をなした政治的な議論が特筆される。この中で1850年の和解によりカリフォルニアは奴隷を認めない自由州として設立された。カリフォルニアは南北戦争の時は、主戦場から遠く離れていたためにほとんど役割が無かった。南北戦争の終戦後、多くの元アメリカ連合国支持者がレコンストラクションの最終期にカリフォルニアに移民してきた。\n19世紀遅くから20世紀初めのアメリカ西部の歴史は、文学や映画の世界で文化的ミトスを生んだ。カウボーイのイメージ、入植者および西方への拡張は実際に起こったことであり、少なくとも1920年代以降のアメリカ文化に影響を与えた西部の神話となっていった。", "ウマ\nやがて大航海時代に入り、白色人種はアメリカ大陸に到達した。彼らが手にする鉄器や火薬の威力、乗りこなす馬の機動力や威圧感、そして彼らが持ち込んだ天然痘などの伝染病はそれらを知りえなかったアメリカ先住民を恐怖に陥れ、白人による中米や南米の民族の征服は短期間で完了。結局、インカ帝国やアステカ帝国など、独自の文明をもって栄えていた社会はほぼ壊滅させられる。しかしスー族など北米のインディアンの中には、馬の機動性をいち早く取り入れ、生活様式を向上させるものもあった。", "人の移動の歴史\nコロンブスによるアメリカ発見以前にアメリカ大陸に到着したヨーロッパ人は、11世紀頃の古代スカンディナヴィア人ヴァイキングであったと信じられている。ヴァイキングは現在のグリーンランドに植民地を築き、さらに彼らがヴィンランドと呼んだ地域のランス・オ・メドー（現在のニューファンドランド島）に短期間ではあるが入植した。グリーンランドの開拓地は数世紀間続いたが、その間にスカンディナヴィア人と現地先住民イヌイットは敵対的な関係にあった。15世紀までにグリーンランドの開拓地は放棄された。", "ウルグアイの歴史\n1492年にクリストーバル・コロン（クリストファー・コロンブス）がアメリカ大陸を「発見」すると、南北アメリカ大陸全体にヨーロッパ人の征服者が押し寄せた。現在のウルグアイに相当するラ・プラタ川の河口部にも、1516年にスペインの探険家フアン・ディアス・デ・ソリスが初のヨーロッパ人として到達した。しかし、先住民を征服しようとしたソリスは、逆にチャルーア族に殺害されてしまった。1519年にはフェルナン・デ・マガリャンイス（フェルディナンド・マゼラン）の船団がこの地を訪れ、1526年のセバスティアーノ・ガボートの探検隊が後に続き、ガボートはパラナ川にまで到達した。ヨーロッパ人の到来以降、この地の住民はインディオと呼ばれるようになった。", "アメリカ合衆国の奴隷制度の歴史\n植民地アメリカでは1619年に最初のアフリカ人奴隷の記録がある。オランダ船「ホワイトライオン」がメキシコへ向かうイスパニア船と交戦し50～60人の奴隷化されたアフリカ人を奪取した。このイスパニア船はマニラで慶長遣欧使節から買い取ったサン・ファン・バウティスタ号であり、在英大使に譲渡された後に大使の親戚のマヌエル・メンデス・デ・アキューナに渡り、ルアンダから350人の奴隷を調達し輸送する途上だったという説が2018年に提唱されている。ホワイトライオンは交戦で損傷しており、さらに晩夏の大きな嵐によってその程度がひどくなった状態でバージニアのジェームズタウン（50km離れたハンプトンという説もある）に到着した。バージニア植民地は後に「大移住」 (1618-1623)と呼ばれる時期の最中にあり、住民は450人から4,000人にまで増えていたが、疫病、栄養失調、インディアンとの戦いによって極端に死亡率が高く、働ける労働者の比率は低いままであった。ホワイトライオンは修理と補給物資を必要としており、植民地人は労働力を必要としていたので、奴隷20名と食料や用役とが交換された。現代ではこの20名が北米大陸へ最初に上陸したアフリカ人奴隷と認識されている。", "アメリカ合衆国の植民地時代\nイングランドは幾つかの理由で17世紀の初めに最初の植民地化を始めた。この時代、スペインによる侵略の怖れがある中で、プロテスタントのある程度の軍事力と女王エリザベス1世の活力に援けられて、イギリスの第一の国家主義と国民的主張が花開いた。しかし当時、イギリスの政府によって植民地帝国を創設する公式の試みはなされなかった。むしろ植民地を建設する背後にある動機はばらばらで変化するものだった。商業的起業、過剰人口および宗教的自由の望みといった実際的な話がその動機の一部になった。\n開拓の大きな波は17世紀に訪れた。1700年以降、植民地アメリカに到着する大半の移民は年季奉公としてだった。1610年代後半からアメリカ独立の間で、イギリスはそのアメリカ植民地に推計5万人の受刑者を運んだ。最初の受刑者が到着したのは\"メイフラワー号\"が到着する直前のことだった。", "ノース人によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化\nクリストファー・コロンブスの航海によって、アメリカ大陸におけるヨーロッパ人の大規模植民地化への道が開かれてから数世紀、ノース人が北アメリカに実際に航海したのかという話は不明確なままだった。1837年にデンマーク人古物商カール・クリスチャン・ラフンが、ノース人による北アメリカ開拓、あるいは航海の可能性を指摘したとき、これらのサガは初めて真剣に取り上げられた。", "カラマズー (ミシガン州)\n記録に残っている中では、この地に足を踏み入れた最初のヨーロッパ人はロベール＝カブリエ・ド・ラ・サールであるとされている。ラ・サールは1680年3月の終わり頃にこの地を訪れた。初期のヨーロッパ人定住者は主に18世紀終盤から19世紀初頭にかけてこの地に入植した毛皮取引商であった。毛皮取引商たちの越冬や、1820年頃の取引所の存在についての記録も残っている。", "コロンブス・デー\nコロンバス・デー（英語: Columbus Day）あるいはコロンブスの日（コロンブスのひ）は、アメリカ州の多くの国々における祝祭日。1492年10月12日にクリストファー・コロンブスによるアメリカ大陸への発見および到着を祝う。アメリカ合衆国では「\"Columbus Day\" 」(コロンブスの日)、ラテンアメリカでは「\"Día de la Raza\" 」(民族の日)と呼ばれ、宗教的な祭としてピラールの聖母を祝うスペインでは「\"Día de la Hispanidad\" 」、「\"Fiesta Nacional\" 」と呼ばれている。またベリーズやウルグアイでは「\"Día de las Américas\"」(アメリカの日)、バハマでは「\"Discovery Day\" 」(発見の日)、アルゼンチンでは「\"Día del Respeto a la Diversidad Cultural\" 」(文化の違いを尊重する日)、イタリアおよび世界中のリトル・イタリーでは「\"Giornata Nazionale di Cristoforo Colombo\" 」または「\"Festa Nazionale di Cristoforo Colombo\" 」と呼ばれている。18世紀終盤から非公式に祝われており、20世紀初頭から様々な国々で正式に祝われるようになった。", "アメリカ合衆国の建築\nヨーロッパ人が北アメリカに入ってきたときは、アメリカでも最古の建築物の建設にその伝統的な建築様式と建築技術を持ち込んだ。建築は利用可能な資材に依存した。ニューイングランドのイギリス人による建築物では木材とレンガが共通する資材である。母国（総督官邸、砦）によって土地を政治的に割り当てられることになる植民地化の進行にも関連している。ヨーロッパ人が支配した印は経済的なもの（税関、プランテーション、倉庫）や宗教的なもの（教会、プロテスタントの教会、フランシスコ会やイエズス会の伝道所）でもある。", "クッキー\nアメリカのクッキーは17世紀初頭に北アメリカに植民したグループの内、ニューイングランド、ニューヨーク、ペンシルバニア近辺に入植したイングランド人やオランダ人、ドイツ人などの食文化が融合する過程で成立していった。エリザベス朝以来のイングランド人主婦の美徳として、菓子やパンは自分で作るべきというホームベーキング、ホームメイドの文化があった。そうしたイングランドの主婦文化が入植先の北米でもそのまま受け継がれたが、開拓者として全てを自力で解決しなければならない環境から益々その傾向は強くなった。製菓に関する研究や知識の継承も、一般の主婦である彼女たち個々人に委ねられるところが大きく、各家庭でレシピが工夫され、相互に交じり合いつつ定着していった。クッキーのレシピで最も古いものは、1796年に発行されたアメリカで最初の料理書であるアメリア・シモンズの『American Cookery』に掲載されたものと言われている。", "アメリカ合衆国の奴隷制度の歴史\nアメリカ合衆国の奴隷制度の歴史（アメリカがっしゅうこくのどれいせいどのれきし、英:The history of slavery in the United States）は、イギリスがバージニア植民地に初めて入植したすぐ後に始まり、1865年のアメリカ合衆国憲法修正第13条の成立で終わったことになっている。動産としての奴隷制が拡がる前に、白人と黒人などの間に典型的なものでは4年から7年の間で続く「年季奉公」と呼ばれる労働契約の仕組みがあった。1662年までに、アメリカにおける奴隷制は法令の整備によって制度化され、主にアフリカ人とその子孫（アフリカ系アメリカ人）、および偶にアメリカ州の先住民族にも適用された。17世紀の終わりまでには、アメリカ植民地の南部において奴隷制が一般化されたが、北部との程度差があった。", "カンザス州の歴史\nカンザス州の歴史（カンザスしゅうのれきし、英:History of Kansas）では、アメリカ合衆国カンザス州となった地域に、アメリカ州の先住民族が住み始めてから、ヨーロッパ人による探検と開拓、アメリカ合衆国の州となってからの発展の歴史を概説する。カンザスはアメリカの古き西部の民間伝承が豊かな地域である。グレートプレーンズの東の縁に位置し、古くはアメリカバイソンの大群を狩りしていた遊牧型先住民族の本拠だった。この地域が初めて西洋の歴史に現れるのは、16世紀にスペインがメキシコを征服した時であり、スペインのコンキスタドールがカンザスと呼ばれる未知の土地を探検したとされている。後には先住民族と交易していたフランスの罠猟毛皮業者によって探検された。1803年のルイジアナ買収の結果、アメリカ合衆国の一部となった。19世紀、最初のアメリカ人探検家はこの地域を「グレート・アメリカン・デザート」（アメリカ大砂漠）と呼んだ。", "フィリピン系アメリカ人\n北アメリカにフィリピン人が入植し始めたのは16世紀 のことで、18世紀にはフィリピン人居留地も出来始めた。しかし大規模な移民はパリ条約によってフィリピン本土がスペインからアメリカの手に渡る20世紀の初めまでは起きなかった。1946年7月4日、アメリカによってフィリピンの独立が承認され、1930年代には少なくなっていた移民の数も1960年代には回復した。", "アメリカ合衆国の歴史\nイタリア半島を中心としたヨーロッパでルネサンスが花開いたこの時代、ポルトガルとスペインがいち早く遠洋航海技術を身に付け、大航海時代が幕をあけた。イタリア（ジェノヴァ）人クリストファー・コロンブスはスペイン女王の承諾を受け、大西洋周りによるアジア発見を志したが、1492年に西インド諸島に到達した。これに引き続き、1498年英国人ジョン・カボットが北米大陸の東海岸を探検し英国がこれを領有（ニューイングランド植民地）、1534年フランス人ジャック・カルティエがセントローレンス川を遡ってこれをフランスが領有化（カナダ植民地）するなど、西欧人による南北アメリカ大陸の探検と開拓、インディアンに対する領土略奪と虐殺がはじまった。コロンブスの上陸を記念する「コロンブス・デー (10月第2月曜日) 」は、インディアン虐殺の象徴日として毎年、全米でインディアンたちが抗議行動を決行する日でもある。", "クリストファー・コロンブス\nしかしながら、との夫妻が、ニューファンドランド島のランス・オ・メドーでコロンブスが北米に上陸する以前の年代にヴァイキングが持ち込んだとされる鉄釘を発見した。これによりコロンブスが「西洋人としてはじめて」「新大陸を発見した」という説は覆った。現在ではヴァイキングがアメリカ大陸に到達し、その地をヴィンランドと呼んでいた事実は、定説となっている。また、古代ポリネシア人もおそらく南米に到達し、コロンブス交換以前にサツマイモのような南米の作物を旧世界に持ち込んでいた。後世のコロンブスの発見に比べれば、交流は限定的であるが、少なくともアメリカ大陸以外の住人が、アメリカ大陸に来訪したのは、コロンブスが最初ではないのは事実である。さらに言えば、エスキモーと呼ばれる北極圏の先住民族グループの分布は、ベーリング海峡や北極海を越えて、ユーラシア大陸・アメリカ大陸にまたがっており、アメリカ大陸が他とは隔絶した地域だという認識そのものが疑問視される。", "アメリカ合衆国の歴史 (1865-1918)\nヨーロッパを中心とする他の大陸からは1840年から1920年までに3,700万人という前例の無いような移民の波が訪れ、安い工場労働力を提供し、カリフォルニア州のようなまだ開発が進んでいなかった地域に多様な地域社会を形成した。工業の発展と人口の拡大は少なからぬ犠牲も発生させた。大抵のインディアン部族は小さな居留地に押し込められ、白人の農園主や牧場主がその土地を手に入れた。工場における労働者の虐待が暴力を伴う労働運動を生むようになった。工業における虐待慣習によって労働運動は暴力的な様相を示すようになった。", "南アメリカ史\n南アメリカ史（みなみアメリカし）は、人類が南アメリカ大陸に姿を現したのは、おそらく1万1000年前後であり、約1万年前までにマゼラン海峡地帯まで拡散している。そして、紀元前2千年紀以降になって現れるチャビン文化、1千年紀以降にワリ文化、インカ帝国にいたるアンデス文明、そして大航海時代以降のスペインやポルトガル、イギリスなどヨーロッパ各国による植民地時代から、シモン・ボリバルなどいわゆる独立の英雄の出現による独立国家の成立を経て現在に至るまでの南米大陸の歴史である。以下の独立国ではない地域の歴史はそれぞれの歴史節を参照。", "ミシガン州の歴史\nミシガン州の歴史（ミシガンしゅうのれきし、英:History of Michigan）では、アメリカ合衆国ミシガン州となる地域に、最初のヨーロッパ人が到着してからの歴史を概説する。", "ペンサコーラ (フロリダ州)\nこの一帯にヨーロッパ人が訪れるようになったのは16世紀中盤にさしかかった頃であった。1528年にはスペインのパンフィロ・デ・ナルバエスの一行が、1539年には同じくスペインのエルナンド・デ・ソトの一行がその探検の中でこの地を訪れた。そして1559年、トリスタン・デ・ルナ・イ・アレヤーノがメキシコのベラクルスから11隻の船を率いて、1,400人の入植者と共にこの地に降り立ち、現在のアメリカ合衆国本土で最初のスペイン人入植地を創設した。しかし、同年9月19日にハリケーンがこの地を襲い、何百人もの死者を出し、5隻の船が沈没し、キャラベル船が座礁し、食料やその他生活用品も傷み、この入植地は壊滅した。1,000人ほどの生存者は別の場所に入植地を再設したが、飢饉や原住民の攻撃により、1561年には放棄された。240人ほどはこの地を離れ、サンタエレナ（現在のサウスカロライナ州パリスアイランド）へと向かったが、その航海の最中に別の嵐に遭い、キューバへと行先を変え、散り散りになった。この地に最終的に残った50人ほどの入植者はメキシコに戻り、西フロリダは危険すぎて入植できないと結論付けた。こうした西フロリダ観はその後135年にわたって、当地のスペイン人入植者の間に残った。" ]

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[ "Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt." ]

[ "Known during development as Xbox Next, Xenon, Xbox 2, Xbox FS or NextBox, the Xbox 360 was conceived in early 2003. In February 2003, planning for the Xenon software platform began, and was headed by Microsoft's Vice President J Allard. That month, Microsoft held an event for 400 developers in Bellevue, Washington to recruit support for the system. Also that month, Peter Moore, former president of Sega of America, joined Microsoft. On August 12, 2003, ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console, a deal which was publicly announced two days later. Before the launch of the Xbox 360, several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple's Power Mac G5 hardware. This was because the system's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM's Xenon processor. The cores of the Xenon processor were developed using a slightly modified version of the PlayStation 3's Cell Processor PPE architecture. According to David Shippy and Mickie Phipps, the IBM employees were \"hiding\" their work from Sony and Toshiba, IBM's partners in developing the Cell Processor. Jeff Minter created the music visualization program Neon which is included with the Xbox 360.", "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India are culturally part of Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian. The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.[citation needed] The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies.[citation needed]", "Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted.", "The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. Times New Roman made its debut in the issue of 3 October 1932. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font:", "GE has a history of some of its activities giving rise to large-scale air and water pollution. Based on year 2000 data, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with more than 4.4 million pounds per year (2,000 tons) of toxic chemicals released into the air. GE has also been implicated in the creation of toxic waste. According to EPA documents, only the United States Government, Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation are responsible for producing more Superfund toxic waste sites.", "During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.", "In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was \"to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama.\" Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, \"in Austenian fashion\", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: \"affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status\"." ]

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[ "Boy plays in water fountain." ]

[ "A young girl plays in a pool.", "A girl who is wet.", "The infant is a walrus.", "Legal Aid officials have successfully made all areas of the state equal in privilege.", "Kids are jumping around.", "The professional basketball player missed the three pointer.", "A man is removing pizza from the over." ]

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[ "The lag adjustment distributes the mortality incidence over five years and discounts mortality benefits at a rate of three percent." ]

[ "No discount is necessary to account for mortality benefits at a forward rate.", "A man gets wet.", "A boy poses with his tongue sticking out.", "Boy firing a gun in a shooting range.", "An empty street.", "It's unknown what will come up from watching TV for 30 minutes to an hour.", "the boy and girl are playing the outdoor" ]

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[ "Evidence has been explained in detail." ]

[ "The source of evidence is not disclosed to protect any organizations or people involved in the study.", "Someone is photographing a man as he prepares food.", "The civil war lasted for over a decade.", "A construction worker on a lift.", "A man is near a grill.", "two children outside playing.", "newlyweds cutting their cake" ]

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[ "Viu (streaming media) Viu is an Over-the-top (OTT) video service operated by PCCW. Debuted in Hong Kong on 26 October 2015, Viu’s launch rides on the experience of PCCW Media’s current entertainment solutions such as nowTV, Hong Kong’s first IPTV and largest pay-TV service, & MOOV, Hong Kong’s first OTT music platform, and further expands upon its earlier investment into Vuclip, a leading mobile video platform with over 9 million subscribers across 12 countries.", "PCCW PCCW Limited (Pacific Century CyberWorks) () is the holding company of HKT Group Holdings Limited, a Hong Kong based information and communications technology (ICT) company. PCCW also holds a majority interest in Pacific Century Premium Developments Limited. PCCW is headquartered in Hong Kong and operates in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Americas, mainland China, and other parts of Asia." ]

[ "Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation (TTC) is a state-owned enterprise of Tuvalu, which provides fixed line telephone communications to subscribers on each of the islands of Tuvalu. Each island in Tuvalu relies on TCC for the use of a satellite dish for inter-island telephone communication and internet access. TTC also provides mobile phone services on Funafuti, Vaitupu and Nukulaelae. TTC is the sole provider of Telecommunications in Tuvalu. TCC is established by the Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation Act 1993.", "Advanced Card Systems Holdings Advanced Card Systems Ltd (ACS) is a Hong Kong-based company founded by Denny Wong in 1995. It is a fully owned subsidiary of Advanced Card Systems Holdings Ltd., a publicly listed company on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. ACS develops smart cards, smart card readers and related products, and distributes them to over one hundred countries. It was ranked by Frost & Sullivan as one of the world's top 3 suppliers and Asia Pacific's top supplier of PC-linked Smart Card Readers. In 2010, 2014, and 2015, it was listed among \"Forbes Asia\"' s \"Best Under a Billion\", a prestigious list of 200 top-performing companies with sales between US$5 million and US$1 billion, selected from publicly listed enterprises in Asia Pacific.", "Toyota Motor Philippines Toyota Motor Philippines Corporation (TMPC) is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation, based in Santa Rosa, Laguna, Philippines, responsible for the assembly and distribution of Toyota vehicles in the Philippines since 1988. The company was established on August 3, 1988, as a joint venture between Toyota Motor Corporation, Mitsui & Company Limited and GT Capital Holdings, Inc..", "AXN (Asia) AXN Asia is a pay-TV, cable and satellite TV channel owned by Sony Pictures Television. It is available throughout the 19 countries around Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Macau, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand). AXN Asia delivers 24 hours a day of action TV series, movies, and adventure-reality and lifestyle sports programs. AXN introduced their new logo before season 9 of The Voice on September 22, 2015 at 8.10 PM (MAL/SIN).", "Rose Media and Entertainment Rose Media and Entertainment (Thai: โรส มิเดีย เอ็นเตอร์เทนเมนต์) (formerly known as Rose Video and Rose Animation) is a Thai entertainment company. It was founded in 1986 by Phiraphon Montphichit. The company for markets, and distributes anime, film, music and other entertainment in the Thailand. The company is most well known for Keroro Gunso, Bleach, Soul Eater and Reborn! Japanese anime franchises.", "Royal Tru Royal Tru (often referred to simply as Royal) is a carbonated fruit-flavored soft drink brand owned by The Coca-Cola Company that is only available in the Philippines. The brand was introduced in 1922 by the original San Miguel Brewery. Since being acquired by Coca-Cola's Philippine unit in 2007, the brand has become the Philippine counterpart of Coca-Cola's Fanta brand.", "Asian University Asian University (Asian U), formerly the Asian University of Science and Technology, was founded in 1993, initially with the academic co-operation of Imperial College London. It is an international university using English as the language of instruction for all programs. Asian University is on the eastern seaboard, a 30 km drive from the seaside resort of Pattaya and two hours from Bangkok.", "Toyota Prius V The Toyota Prius v (for versatile), also named Prius α in Japan, and Prius+ in Europe, is a full hybrid gasoline-electric compact MPV/station wagon produced by Toyota Motor Corporation introduced in Japan in May 2011, in the U.S. in October 2011, and released in Europe in June 2012. The Prius \"v\" was unveiled at the January 2011 North American International Auto Show alongside the Prius c Concept, and it is the first Prius variant to be spun off from the Prius platform. According to Toyota the \"v\" stands for \"versatility\".", "Asianux Asianux is a Linux distribution. It is a joint development between Linux vendors Red Flag Software of China, Miracle Linux of Japan (50.5-percent owned by Oracle Corporation), Hancom of South Korea, VietSoftware of Vietnam (from September 2007), WTEC from Thailand (from December 2008) and Enterprise Technology (Pvt) Limited of Sri Lanka (from July 2010). It is distributed and marketed by Red Flag Software and Miracle. Asianux is designed as a core component or basis for a Linux distribution, which would be released by related companies as their own distributions with distinct features. Localized languages include Chinese, Japanese, Korean and English. Comparisons have been drawn between Asianux and United Linux, an attempt by SUSE, Turbolinux, Conectiva and the SCO Group to take on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.", "Globeride Globeride, Inc. (formerly Daiwa Seiko Corporation) is a Japanese company that produces fishing equipment in addition to tennis, golf and biking gear. Globeride's fishing products, sold under the Daiwa brand, account for the majority of its sales. The company also offers licensed Prince brand tennis gear, GIII brand golf gear, Bottecchia bicycles, and other outdoor products. Globeride, founded in 1958, operates from offices throughout Japan and internationally from subsidiaries in Australia, China, France, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the UK, and the US (Daiwa Corporation).", "SMC Corporation SMC Corporation (SMC 株式会社 , SMC Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese TOPIX Large 70 company founded in 1959, which specializes in pneumatic control engineering to support industrial automation. SMC develops a broad range of control systems and equipment, such as directional control valves, actuators, and air line equipment, to support diverse applications. SMC's head office is located in Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. The company has a global engineering network, with technical facilities in the United States, Europe and China, as well as Japan. Key production facilities are located in China and Singapore, and local production facilities are in United States, Mexico, Brazil, Europe, India, Korea and Australia.", "Everus Everus (Li Nian) is a car marque of Guangqi Honda, a joint venture between Honda and Guangzhou Automobile Group (GAC Group). \"Li Nian\" was also the name of a concept car that Guangqi Honda debuted in Auto China 2008, coinciding with the reveal of the brand. Honda became the first foreign automaker to develop vehicles under a brand owned by its local joint venture automaker in China.", "Imperial Pacific Imperial Pacific International Holdings Limited ( is a Chinese investment holding company. It was founded with headquarters in Hong Kong and originally named First Natural Foods Holdings until it was renamed in May 2014. It operates as a subsidiary of Inventive Star Limited.", "CSL Mobile Limited CSL Mobile Limited (), formerly known as \"PCCW Mobile HK Limited ()\", is an HKT subsidiary, which operates mobile network brands of \"csl\", \"1O1O\" and \"SUN Mobile\" in Hong Kong. CSL was Hong Kong's first mobile communications operator established in 1983, and also the first network to launch the world’s first dual band 4G LTE network with DC-HSPA+.", "Honda Brio The Honda Brio (Japanese: ホンダ・ブリオ , Honda Burio ) is a city car produced by Honda and sold in India, Thailand, South Africa, Indonesia and the Philippines. The car was introduced in 2011.", "JVC Victor Company of Japan, Ltd (日本ビクター株式会社 , Nippon Bikutā Kabushiki-gaisha ) , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder.", "WWICS Group of Companies was founded in 1993 by Lt. Col. B. S. Sandhu (Retd.) and it provides service in resettlement, study abroad, education, real estate, hospitality, sports and healthcare. The global headquarter of the company is in Dubai, with associate offices at Canada-Toronto, Australia-Sydney, Middle East-Sharjah, Bahrain, Kuwait, Muscat, Qatar, Nairobi, Al Karama , Morocco and Abu Dhabi. The Asian headquarter of the company is based at Mohali, Punjab, India, along with offices at Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Delhi, Gurugram, Jalandhar, Bangalore, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Patiala, Pune , Khanna, Surat, Noida and Vadodara.", "Philippine Christian University The Philippine Christian University or simply referred to as PCU is a private university for both boys and girls along Taft Avenue, Manila. It was founded in 1946 through the initiatives of the Laymen of the Evangelical Association of the Philippines. Originally named as \"Manila Union University\", it was renamed as \"Philippine Christian College\" (PCC). In 1976, the PCC acquired university status.", "Isuzu HICOM Malaysia Isuzu HICOM Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. (IHM) is a Malaysian commercial vehicle manufacturer operating under a joint venture between the DRB-HICOM Bhd. and Isuzu companies, based in Peramu Jaya Industrial Area in Pekan, Malaysia.", "Aliw Broadcasting Corporation Aliw Broadcasting Corporation established in 1991, is one of the broadcasting corporation operating in the Philippines today." ]

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[ "Brooke Smith (actress) Brooke Smith (actress) Brooke Smith (born May 22, 1967) is an American actress, known for her role as Dr. Erica Hahn on the ABC medical drama series \"Grey's Anatomy\", and for her role as Catherine Martin in the 1991 horror film \"The Silence of the Lambs\". Smith portrayed Sheriff Jane Greene on the A&E horror series \"Bates Motel\". Smith was born in New York City. Her father, Eugene \"Gene\" Smith, worked as a publisher, and her mother, publicist Lois Eileen Smith (née Wollenweber), had worked with Robert Redford and other actors and directors. Smith has appeared in numerous films, including" ]

[ "Great Expectations (Grey's Anatomy) his girlfriend, Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), who seeks help from Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), O'Malley's best friend. Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) unexpectedly announces his plans of retirement, which lead to Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Dr. Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington), Dr. Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), four of the hospital's attending surgeons, to compete for the position of chief of surgery. Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) is facing difficulties her relationship with Dr. Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington), whose betrayal is seen to have resulted in reciprocated silent treatment. Resident Dr. Miranda", "Wishin' and Hopin' (Grey's Anatomy) Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) are all seen competing for the position of chief of surgery, after the current chief Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) announces his plans for retirement. Meredith arrives to the Alzheimer's support home that her ill mother Dr. Ellis Grey (Kate Burton) is living at, and to her surprise, her mother has become lucid, but faints. Ellis is taken to Seattle Grace Hospital, her former source of employment. Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson), and Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) are awaiting the arrival of patients at the clinic, and Dr.", "Now or Never (Grey's Anatomy) an accident during the episode and dies in the season 6 premier. In the episode Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), George O'Malley (T.R. Knight), and Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) are all sleeping and waiting for Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) to wake up after the surgery. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) comes up with an alternative treatment plan for Izzie, Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) confronts Chief's Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), about the peds fellowship program. Yang deals with her relationship with Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) who helps George with career advice. The episode", "Invasion (Grey's Anatomy) Adamson ignores her wishes, and uses the locker, leading Stevens to threatening to fight her. Shortly thereafter, Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) and Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) are working in the emergency room, when Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) embarrasses Yang by taking Mercy West resident Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams)' side in a disagreement. Despite her mindset that all Mercy West residents would act in the manner of Adamson, Stevens develops a friendship with Dr. Charles Percy (Robert Baker). After months of the two not speaking, Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez)'s father, Carlos (Héctor Elizondo), shows up to", "Callie Torres Callie Torres Calliope Iphegenia \"Callie\" Torres, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", which airs on the ABC in the United States. The character was created by series' producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez. She was introduced in season two, as a senior orthopedic resident, as a love interest for intern George O'Malley (T.R. Knight). Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon, the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis, but received star billing in the third season. Torres was initially conceived as a love interest, and eventual wife,", "Grey's Anatomy (season 1) as an intern and is assigned to work under their resident Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson), along with fellow interns an extremely competitive Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), an insecure Dr. George O'Malley (T. R. Knight), ex model Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), and an arrogant Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers). The surgical wing is primarily supervised by the Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.). Dr. Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) is the head of Cardio surgery. Meredith is in a romantic relationship with her attending Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) a stranger she had a one-night stand with,", "Grey's Anatomy (season 1) Justin Chambers, an arrogant intern who initially irritates his colleagues, and George O'Malley portrayed by T.R. Knight, an insecure intern with a lack of confidence, who develops a crush on Meredith. The interns are mentored by their resident Miranda Bailey portrayed by Chandra Wilson, a disciplined woman who is nicknamed \"The Nazi\". The surgical program is led by the Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber portrayed by James Pickens Jr.. In his employ are Preston Burke and Derek Shepherd from New York portrayed by Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey respectively. Guest stars include Meredith's mother Ellis, portrayed by Kate Burton,", "Jesse Williams (actor) Jesse Williams (actor) Jesse Wesley Williams (born August 5, 1981) is an American actor, director, producer and activist, best known for his role as Jackson Avery on the ABC series \"Grey's Anatomy\". He has also appeared in the films \"The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2\" (2008), \"Brooklyn's Finest\" (2009), \"The Cabin in the Woods\" (2012) and as James Lawson in \"The Butler\" (2013). He provided voice acting and motion capture for the character Markus in the video game \"\" (2018). Williams was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Johanna Chase, a professional potter, and Reginald Williams. Of mixed race, Williams", "Grey's Anatomy (season 5) episodes as cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Erica Hahn, Callie's love interest, who eventually resigns and moves away. Patrick Dempsey portrayed neurosurgeon Dr. Derek Shepherd whose relationship with Meredith Grey is the series' main storyline. Although originally introduced as a recurring character in the season premiere, trauma surgeon Dr. Owen Hunt was promoted to a series regular in the fourteenth episode of the season \"Beat Your Heart Out\". He was portrayed by Kevin McKidd and was conceived as a love interest to resident Cristina Yang. Originally only signed onto the show until December 2008, Kevin McKidd was upgraded to regular status after", "Jake Borelli Jake Borelli Jake Borelli (born May 13, 1991) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Wolfgang on the Nickelodeon comedy series \"The Thundermans\" (2015–2018) and Dr. Levi Schmitt on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\" (2017–present). Borelli was born in Columbus, Ohio, to Linda Borelli and Mike Borelli. He has two older brothers, Ben and Zack. He enjoys painting, art and considered attending art school when he won a national art competition during his senior year of high school. In 2009, he graduated from Upper Arlington High School and was accepted to University of California,", "Goodbye (Grey's Anatomy) his mother Pam (Martha Plimpton) enter the emergency room, so Robbins and resident Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) order a 3D MRI, which is denied by the chief of surgery Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.). On his way to a meeting, Webber goes through a red light, and collides with another vehicle, resulting in him becoming T-boned. Webber is taken to the neighboring Mercy West Hospital, where he is treated by former colleague Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), and subsequently discharged. Ferguson finally agrees to the surgery, after constant pleads from Lexie, and makes a start to physical therapy.", "Erica Hahn her of herself as a student. Despite her intentions to keep away from relationships, she becomes romantically involved with orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez). The storyline was praised for its realistic portrayal of a developing same-sex relationship between two women, although consultants from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation expressed some concerns over what they deemed the somewhat exploitative talk of a threesome between Hahn, Torres and Mark Sloan. Hahn was written out of \"Grey's Anatomy\" in November 2008, with Smith commenting that the decision originated with the ABC network rather than with series creator Shonda Rhimes. Upon", "Good Mourning (Grey's Anatomy) Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Stevens trying to decide whether or not to donate O'Malley's organs and Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) being offered Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.)'s chief of surgery job. The episode was the first part of the two-hour season six premiere, the second being \"Goodbye\", and took place at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. \"Good Mourning\" was the first episode that Knight did not appear in, following an early release from his contract, and Jessica Capshaw (Dr. Arizona Robbins)' first episode in which she received star billing, having been upgraded from a recurring star. Mitch", "Time Has Come Today (Grey's Anatomy) leave the internship program, by lying on the bathroom floor. Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and Dr. George O'Malley (T.R. Knight) support Stevens during her grieving, becoming influential in her recovering. Dr. Addison Montgomery-Shepherd (Kate Walsh) finds Grey's underwear in Dr. Derek Shepherd's (Patrick Dempsey) shirt, and finds difficulty in conceiving a future for their already troubled marriage. Grey unwillingly finds herself in a love triangle involving Shepherd and Finn Dandridge (Chris O'Donnell). Dr. Richard Webber's (James Pickens, Jr.) wife, Adele Webber (Loretta Devine), gives him an ultimatum after spending the night in his office,", "Richard Webber Richard Webber Richard Webber, M.D. is a fictional character from the ABC medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\". The character is portrayed by actor James Pickens, Jr., and was created by Shonda Rhimes. He was previously the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital for 11 years, and was replaced briefly by Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) and later permanently by Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). Richard married his wife, Adele (Loretta Devine) on Valentine's Day. During their residency at Seattle Grace, he had an affair with Meredith's mother, Ellis Grey, although both were married. Although Ellis left her husband,", "Flight (Grey's Anatomy) Meanwhile, back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors. Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents, which Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), and Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) are dreading. Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center, and he and Kepner share a moment. Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George) and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) decide to get married, even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los", "Grey's Anatomy (season 10) Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) teams up with the White House to work on a brain mapping project, a project that will identify which parts of the brain are responsible for different functions. Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) is also at the helm of a project mapping out the human genome, a project that helps her save her bubble-boy patient, Braden. Alex accepts a job offer from Dr. Oliver Lebackes, a.k.a. Dr. \"Butthole,\" to work at his private practice. While separated, Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) continues to sleep around, this time with Dr. Leah Murphy (Tessa Ferrer). After some", "I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked (Grey's Anatomy) relationship with Karev. Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) are being intimate in the hospital's on-call room, until Torres discovers that she has the chicken pox. Robbins places her in isolation, because she wants a \"sexy\" relationship, and does not think the chicken pox can account to that. Meredith is set to perform a Pancreaticoduodenectomy procedure with Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), under the supervision of Webber, but under the influence of alcohol, he falls asleep, and Bailey performs the surgery. In an effort to reason with Meredith, Shepherd offers her a proposition. Shepherd is", "What a Difference a Day Makes (Grey's Anatomy) Yang (Sandra Oh) and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd)'s relationship is still strained after Hunt's posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused him to strangle Yang while they were sleeping. Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) who has financial difficulties takes extra shifts. A group of college students who were going to their graduation arrives in the hospital following a car accident. Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) tries to know what went wrong the previous night during her date with Callie but she avoids the subject. When Dr. Bailey (Chandra Wilson) and Derek cannot find any tumor in Izzie's brain from the MRI,", "Wishin' and Hopin' (Grey's Anatomy) for their new clinic, Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) dealing with the repercussions of his upcoming retirement, and Dr. George O'Malley (T.R. Knight) facing negative response from colleagues on his unexpected marriage to Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez). Although the episode was fictionally set in Seattle, filming occurred in Los Angeles, California. Burton reprised her role as Dr. Ellis Grey in a guest star capacity, in addition to Sarah Utterback, who portrayed Olivia Harper. The title of the episode refers to the song \"Wishin' and Hopin'\", by British pop musician Dusty Springfield. The episode received mixed to favorable reviews,", "Give Peace a Chance (Grey's Anatomy) the chance to assist due to the rarity of such a tumor, so Shepherd hosts a competition in which the winner gets to join him in the operating room. After seeing Dr. Steve Mostow (Mark Saul) make a mistake, Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) is confident that she will win the competition, but loses to Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams). Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) is not invited to compete because Shepherd wants her to be his caregiver in what would be a long surgery. Knowing that she will not be able to use the bathroom for the entire procedure,", "James Pickens Jr. James Pickens Jr. James Pickens Jr. (born October 26, 1954) is an American actor. He is best known for his starring role as Dr. Richard Webber on the ABC medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", and for his supporting role as Deputy Director Alvin Kersh on later seasons of the Fox Network science fiction series \"The X-Files\". Pickens was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He began acting while a student at Bowling Green State University. His first acting role was in a campus production of \"Matters of Choice\" by Chuck Gordone. Pickens earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from BGSU", "Grey's Anatomy the head of neurosurgery and Meredith's love interest; Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington), the head of cardio, who becomes Yang's fiancé; and Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), the Chief of Surgery and attending general surgeon, and the previous lover of Ellis Grey. In the sixth season, these residents are joined by Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) and April Kepner (Sarah Drew), former Mercy-West residents who join Seattle Grace following an administrative merger. During the first six seasons, Burke, O'Malley, and Stevens all depart the series. In addition to Webber, Burke, and Shepherd, the surgical wing is primarily supervised by Addison Montgomery (Kate", "Beautiful Doom (where Cristina was practicing at Mayo Clinic). The cross-overs were depicted via split-screen sequences which later on release garnered positive reviews. \"TVLine\" in April reported that Emmy winner William Daniels will guest star on an episode of Grey's Anatomy at the end of season 8, playing a proctor for Cristina Yang during her medical boards. This marked the first acting role for Daniels since playing a judge on a 2008 episode of \"Boston Legal\". Daniels has had several iconic roles before that, including Dr. Mark Craig on \"St. Elsewhere\" for which he won two Emmy Award in the 1980s. He", "Grey's Anatomy (season 4) storylines are the series' focal points. Sandra Oh acted as Meredith's best friend, highly competitive resident Dr. Cristina Yang. Fellow resident Dr. Isobel \"Izzie\" Stevens was portrayed by Katherine Heigl, while Dr. Alexander \"Alex\" Karev was played by Justin Chambers. T.R. Knight acted as insecure resident with self-confidence issues, Dr. George O'Malley, whereas Chandra Wilson portrayed Chief Resident and general surgeon Dr. Miranda Bailey, former mentor of the five residents during their internship. James Pickens, Jr. portrayed attending physician and general surgeon Dr. Richard Webber, who continues his position as Chief of Surgery, despite his former wishes of retirement. Orthopedic", "Embeth Davidtz leaning towards a career in politics. Other roles included horror thrillers like 2001's \"Thir13en Ghosts\". In 2002, she appeared in the Michael Hoffman drama, \"The Emperor's Club\", which co-starred Kevin Kline and Emile Hirsch. In \"Junebug\" (2005), Davidtz played an outsider art dealer from Chicago brought to North Carolina by her husband (Alessandro Nivola) to meet his family for the first time. Davidtz has also guest-starred on the hit ABC drama series \"Grey's Anatomy\" as Dr. Derek Shepherd's sister Nancy in the Season 3 episode \"Let the Angels Commit\". In 2008, she had a regular role on HBO's \"In Treatment\"", "Losing My Religion (Grey's Anatomy) decide to put Doc to sleep. The hospital staff begins to arrive at the prom and Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Dr. George O'Malley (T. R. Knight) discuss the status of their relationship, which leads to the former admitting her love and commitment. During the dance, Grey and Shepherd escape Dandridge and Montgomery to have a heated argument that leads to sexual intercourse. In the meantime, as Duquette waits for Stevens alone in his room, he experiences a sudden sense of pain, and unexpectedly dies. While Webber is sitting in the operating room gallery and reflecting on his career,", "Preston Burke (his trumpet, his Eugene Foote collection, his grandmother's picture, and his lucky scrub cap), leaving Cristina devastated. In the fourth season, Preston's long-time rival and love-to-hate medic Dr. Erica Hahn replaced him as the head of cardiothoracic surgery. Before taking over the position she had tremendous respect for Burke although she would have never admitted it to his face. Hahn disliked Cristina Yang because of her relationships with Dr. Burke and Colin Marlow. During his employment at a new hospital, he is made the recipient of 2008's Harper Avery, a highly prestigious medical award. Cristina is later hurt that he", "Jessica Capshaw Jessica Capshaw Jessica Brooke Capshaw Gavigan (born August 9, 1976), known professionally as Jessica Capshaw, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in \"The Practice\" and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". She was introduced in \"Grey's Anatomy\"s fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season. Capshaw was born August 9, 1976 in Columbia, Missouri, the daughter", "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (Grey's Anatomy) (Caterina Scorsone) are hosting, during which Dr. Callie Torres' (Sara Ramirez) new girlfriend Dr. Penelope Blake (Samantha Sloyan) creates tension for the guests when it is revealed that she was one of Derek's doctors when he died. Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) tries to get used to Callie's new girlfriend, Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) distracts herself from her husband Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), and Dr. Jo Wilson (Camilla Luddington) and Dr. Stephanie Edwards (Jerrika Hinton) have a fight. As guests are arriving for the dinner party, Meredith goes to the door to greet Callie and her girlfriend, Penny.", "I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked (Grey's Anatomy) is moving on. Further storylines include Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) contemplating as to whether or not he should report the chief of surgery Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), for his alcoholism, and Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) battling the chicken pox. The episode was originally intended to serve as the final episode before Heigl's maternity leave, but was later marked as her final appearance to the series. Kim Raver (Dr. Teddy Altman) reprised her role as a guest star, in addition to Jesse Williams (Dr. Jackson Avery) and Mitch Pileggi (Larry Jennings). The title of the episode refers", "Death and All His Friends (Grey's Anatomy) the OR with April Kepner (Sarah Drew). Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) tries to save Charles along with her patient Mary Portman (Mandy Moore), while Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) tries to get into the hospital. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) are stuck on a floor with all the younger patients of the hospital, Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) and Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) try to save the life of Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) who was shot as well and Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) and Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) try to get their patient to safety. The hospital", "Grey's Anatomy (season 10) heated fights, Callie and Arizona reconcile their differences and move back in together. They eventually decide that they would like to have another baby, and Arizona tells Callie that she would like for her to carry it. Cristina and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) gradually take their relationship from complicated and painful to a place of real friendship where they both know they love each other but have accepted the fact that they cannot have a life together as much as they want to. Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) and Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) surprise everyone when they elope", "Cristina Yang Cristina Yang Cristina Yang, M.D., Ph.D., is a fictional character from the medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", which has aired for over 14 years on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by actress Sandra Oh. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, Yang worked her way up to resident level, eventually becoming a cardiothoracic surgical fellow, while her relationships with colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), George O'Malley (T. R. Knight), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed", "Tainted Obligation Tainted Obligation \"Tainted Obligation\" is the fourth episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the show's 106th episode overall. It was written by Jenna Bans and directed by Tom Verica. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on October 8, 2009. In the episode, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) and Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh)'s father is admitted into the hospital, seeking a liver transplantation. Further storylines include Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) getting nervous about losing her job, and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd)", "Sledgehammer (Grey's Anatomy) Dr. Tracy McConnell (Joey Lauren Adams), her competitor. Discouraged by how great Tracy is, Bailey withdraws from the race, but Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George) manages to convince her to fight for the position, which she wins after giving a mid-surgery presentation to the board. Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) returns to Seattle after three months in Jordan only to find her husband Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) to be less than warm and welcoming. Meredith takes up teaching a new anatomy class and instructs the interns to forget everything they know about \"anatomy\" and start afresh. They all make", "Jason Winston George Jason Winston George Jason Winston George (born February 9, 1972) is an American actor and model. He is best known for his roles as Michael Bourne on the NBC daytime soap opera \"Sunset Beach\", as J.T. Hunter on the UPN television sitcom \"Eve\", as Dr. Otis Cole on ABC's \"Off the Map\", and as Dr. Ben Warren on \"Grey's Anatomy\" and its spinoff \"Station 19\". George was born in Virginia Beach, Virginia. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1994 with a double major in Rhetoric and Communication Studies and Drama. In 1996, George was cast as lifeguard Michael", "George O'Malley George O'Malley George O'Malley, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and was portrayed by actor T. R. Knight from 2005 to 2009. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, O'Malley worked his way up to resident level, while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed a focal point of the series. O'Malley", "Grey's Anatomy (Camilla Luddington), a doctor who begins a romantic relationship with Karev; Andrew Deluca (Giacomo Gianniotti), the love-interest of Meredith's half-sister Maggie Pierce (Kelly McCreary), who also serves as head of cardio; and Benjamin Warren (Jason George), an anesthesiologist-turned-resident, who has to balance his own desire to succeed with his wife Miranda Bailey's new role as Chief of Surgery. Season eleven sees the departure of Derek Shepherd, and in season twelve, attending cardio surgeon Nathan Riggs (Martin Henderson) joins the show. In the early episodes of season fourteen, Riggs leaves the series to start a life with Owen's long-lost sister; by", "Grey's Anatomy (season 8) with the Alzheimer's trial in the previous season. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) also struggles to forgive Meredith because Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) takes the blame for Meredith and stepping down, and Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) takes his place as Chief of Surgery. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) decides to have an abortion, putting her relationship with Hunt at odds. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) co-parent their baby with Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) who continues to have an on/off relationship with Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh). Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) deals with the fallout of his decision to", "Josh Kelley December 23, 2007 at the Stein Eriksen Lodge in Park City, Utah. Heigl's \"Grey's Anatomy\" co-stars T.R. Knight, Sandra Oh, Ellen Pompeo and Justin Chambers attended the ceremony, as well as \"Grey's Anatomy\" spinoff series \"Private Practice\" star Kate Walsh. The ceremony was officiated by Unitarian minister Tom Goldsmith. Heigl walked down the aisle to an acoustic song written by Kelley and performed by a cello and guitar players. The couple wrote their own vows. The bridesmaids wore red. During a taping of \"Live With Regis and Kelly\", Heigl stated that she and Kelley chose not to live together before", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6) Katherine Heigl and Justin Chambers, respectively. Attending general surgeon Miranda Bailey was portrayed by Chandra Wilson whose main storylines throughout the season focus on her divorce and the development of new romantic relationships. Seattle Grace Hospital's Chief of Surgery and general surgeon Richard Webber was portrayed by James Pickens, Jr., who returns to alcoholism after being sober for twenty years. Sara Ramirez acted as bisexual orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres, Eric Dane played womanizer plastic surgeon Mark Sloan, Chyler Leigh portrayed Meredith's half-sister and second-year surgical resident Lexie Grey, Kevin McKidd appeared as trauma surgeon Owen Hunt, while Patrick Dempsey acted", "Jake Borelli landed supporting roles in television shows such as \"iCarly\", \"Parenthood\", \"\", \"True Jackson, VP\", \"Greek\" and \"Suburgatory\". He's also appeared in several short films. In 2017, he landed a role in the Netflix comedy drama film \"Reality High\". That same year it was announced that Borelli would be playing intern Dr. Levi Schmitt on \"Grey's Anatomy\". Jake Borelli Jake Borelli (born May 13, 1991) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Wolfgang on the Nickelodeon comedy series \"The Thundermans\" (2015–2018) and Dr. Levi Schmitt on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\" (2017–present). Borelli was born", "Grey's Anatomy (season 3) husband Derek Shepherd's desire to divorce, while dealing with the arrival of her former lover. Isaiah Washington played the role of attending physician and cardiothoracic surgeon, Preston Burke, who becomes engaged to intern Cristina Yang after their developing a relationship. Patrick Dempsey portrayed attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd, whose relationship with intern Meredith Grey has been the focal point of the series since its inception. Sara Ramirez began receiving star billing in the season premiere, after numerous appearances during the last episodes of the second season. She portrayed orthopedic surgeon and fifth-year resident, Calliope \"Callie\" Torres, whose relationship with intern George", "George O'Malley \"breakdown in communication\" with Rhimes, his character's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to come out as openly gay. Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley, and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Despite this, his death received mixed feedback. George O'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers); the five of them working under Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). O'Malley and Stevens move in with", "Sledgehammer (Grey's Anatomy) Nursing their critical daughters, their fathers bond and learn to accept them for who they are. Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and Maggie talk about being bullied as kids, with Dr. Jo Wilson (Camilla Luddington) and Callie respectively. Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) looks to rent out part of her house post her separation with Callie, but after discovering from Dr. Stephanie Edwards (Jerrika Hinton) why no one will live with her, agrees to have an intern, Andrew (Giacomo Gianniotti), as her roommate. Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) is vying the post of the Chief of surgery, is introduced to", "Grey's Anatomy (season 2) arrogant and selfish. T.R. Knight played the role of intern George O'Malley, whose insecurity and lack of self-confidence evolve due to his unshared feelings for Meredith Grey. Chandra Wilson portrayed surgical resident and brilliant general surgeon Miranda Bailey, the mentor of the five interns, whose rudeness and cold attitude earns her the nickname \"The Nazi\". James Pickens, Jr. portrayed Seattle Grace Hospital's Chief of Surgery, Richard Webber, whose relationship with Meredith Grey's mother, which occurred twenty-one years ago, threatens to ruin his marriage. Isaiah Washington played the role of attending physician and cardiothoracic surgeon Preston Burke, who learns that Cristina,", "Callie Torres woman before, and Torres struggles with her bisexuality, and cheats on her with Sloan. She is initially forgiven, but after an argument about work, Hahn resigns from Seattle Grace, ending their relationship. New pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) kisses her, and they begin dating. Their relationship is tested when Torres comes out to her father, Carlos, who disowns her, cutting her off both financially and emotionally. When she is not granted a position as an attending, she publicly berates the chief, Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), and resigns from her post. She begins working at the neighboring Mercy West", "Great Expectations (Grey's Anatomy) plans for retirement. Further storylines include Dr. George O'Malley (T.R. Knight) mourning his father, Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) trying to get financial support for a free clinic, and Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) dealing with her troubled relationship with Burke. Although the episode was fictionally set in Seattle, filming occurred in Los Angeles, California. Loretta Devine (Adele Webber) reprised her role as a guest star, in addition to Rachel Boston (Rachel Meyer) and Jessica Stroup (Jillian Miller). The title of the episode refers to the song, \"Great Expectations\", by American hard rock band Kiss. The episode received mixed to", "Sara Ramirez Award for Distinguished Performance. Ben Brantley of \"The New York Times\" described her as \"a toothsome devourer of scenery\", and another reviewer for The Playgoer emphasizing her stage presence remarked, \"Her intensity is totally serious and totally ludicrous and totally on key\". An \"Entertainment Weekly\" review gave her the highest praise by calling her a show-stealer. After her success on Broadway, Ramirez joined the cast of \"Grey's Anatomy\" in a recurring role as Dr. Calliope 'Callie' Torres, a love interest for Dr. George O'Malley, in the show's second season. On a special \"Grey's Anatomy\"-themed episode of \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\",", "I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked (Grey's Anatomy) the operating room. At Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s house, Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) is engaging in sexual activity with Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), while his wife, Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) is estranged. In the next room, Meredith begins arguing with her husband, Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), over whether or not he should report the chief of surgery, Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.)'s alcoholism to Larry Jennings (Mitch Pileggi), the hospital's president. Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) returns home after being on a hiatus, due to her being fired from the hospital, to rekindle her", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6) Knight did not appear as George O'Malley, because Knight was released from his contract at the conclusion of season five. Main cast members Patrick Dempsey, Chandra Wilson, James Pickens, Jr., Sara Ramirez, Eric Dane, Chyler Leigh, and Kevin McKidd also returned, while previous recurring star Jessica Capshaw was promoted to a series regular, and Kim Raver was given star billing after the commencement of the season. The season follows the story of surgical interns, residents and their competent mentors, as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen. It is set in the surgical wing of the", "Patrick Dempsey Patrick Dempsey Patrick Galen Dempsey (born January 13, 1966) is an American actor and racing driver, best known for his role as neurosurgeon Derek \"McDreamy\" Shepherd in \"Grey's Anatomy\", starring with Ellen Pompeo (Dr. Meredith Grey). He saw early success as an actor, starring in a number of films in the 1980s, including \"Can't Buy Me Love\" (1987) and \"Loverboy\" (1989). In the 1990s, he mostly appeared in smaller roles in film, such as \"Outbreak\" (1995) and television, before landing a lead role in \"Sweet Home Alabama\" (2002), a surprise box office hit. He has since starred in other films,", "Goodbye (Grey's Anatomy) sexual activity, until their emotional deficits are healed, which they find uneasy to accomplish. Clara Ferguson (Zoe Boyle) is no longer depressed, and urges Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), who has given her attentive care, to return home. Ferguson's depression returns again, when Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) informs her that she has an infection that requires surgery. She rejects the surgery, and is further disappointed when Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) tells her that the worst-case scenario is that she will need an ostomy pouching system. Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw)'s chronic pain patient, Andy Michaelson (Zack Shada) and", "William Daniels \"Quincy, M.E.\", \"\", and many others. In 2012, Daniels appeared in the ninth season of \"Grey's Anatomy\" as Dr. Craig Thomas, an unlikely mentor to the character of Dr. Cristina Yang played by actress Sandra Oh. His character, Dr. Thomas, died in the operating room while performing a procedure to repair a heart defect midway through the season, which forced Yang to move back to Seattle. In 2014, Daniels reprised his role as Mr. Feeny in the pilot episode of the \"Boy Meets World\" spinoff, \"Girl Meets World\". His role was a cameo at the end credits praising the adult", "Invasion (Grey's Anatomy) the hospital with a priest, trying to condemn Torres for her concurrence in homosexuality. Under the supervision of Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Lexie works with Mercy West resident Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) on a burglar, and the two get in several disagreements, leading Lexie to steal her diary. Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and Adamson continuously argue over the course of treatment for a patient, leading the patient's daughter to yell at them in disbelief. Angry about the revelation that Percy (who later apologized saying that they can be friends outside the hospital, but not inside) was using", "Grey's Anatomy pilot as Dr. George O'Malley, expecting that the role might be short-lived, because he liked that the character was multi-faceted. Rounding out the season one cast was Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev. The second season marked the introduction of attending doctors Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) and Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez). They were initially cast as recurring characters, but both were given star billing at the opening of the third season. Ramirez was cast after ABC executives offered her a role in the network show of her choice; Dane had previously auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in the pilot episode.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 12) a Life\", meaning he will not return for the twelfth season as previously thought. ABC put out a statement claiming Dempsey wanted to pursue other interests. On May 2, 2014, the rest of the six original cast mates, Justin Chambers, Chandra Wilson and James Pickens Jr., excluding Sandra Oh, renewed their contracts for another two seasons (11 and 12) as Drs. Alex Karev, Miranda Bailey, and Richard Webber, respectively. Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another two seasons as Dr. Callie Torres, which will run out after the twelfth season. However, it was later announced on May 20, 2016", "Grey's Anatomy (season 10) The Moments\" on September 2, 2014 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment. The season mainly focuses on the relationship between the show's protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) and \"her person\" Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) as both follow different paths relating their careers straining their relationship. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) and Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) having separated from her wife Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) teamed up with the White House to work on a brain mapping project. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) was on a project mapping out the human genome. Yang and Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) gradually take their relationship from complicated", "Grey's Anatomy (season 11) death of Derek who is involved in a car accident in \"How to Save a Life.\" Other story-arcs include Amelia Shepherd (Caterina Scorsone) moving to Seattle, learning the ropes at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) try to save their marriage by going to marriage counseling, April Kepner (Sarah Drew) and Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) end up having a boy, named Samuel, who dies moments after birth having been diagnosed to have Osteogenesis imperfecta, a lethal birth defect. The season also focuses on the deepening friendship between Meredith and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers)", "Death and All His Friends (Grey's Anatomy) is hit with an unprecedented crisis: a shooter is in the hospital, and there is a lockdown. Meanwhile, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) discovers that she is pregnant, and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) must choose between Teddy and Cristina (Sandra Oh). The shooter kills Reed Adamson and wounds Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers). Lexie (Chyler Leigh) and Mark (Eric Dane) find the latter and try to save him. Soon, it is revealed that the shooter, Gary Clark (whose wife was a patient at the hospital and later died), is looking for Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). At the end,", "Callie Torres at no. 7 in AfterEllen.com's list of \"Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters\" Specific General Callie Torres Calliope Iphegenia \"Callie\" Torres, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", which airs on the ABC in the United States. The character was created by series' producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez. She was introduced in season two, as a senior orthopedic resident, as a love interest for intern George O'Malley (T.R. Knight). Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon, the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis, but received star billing", "Sandra Oh Sandra Oh Sandra Miju Oh (born July 20, 1971) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her role as Cristina Yang on the ABC medical drama series \"Grey's Anatomy\", set in the United States, which she played from 2005 to 2014. For her role, she earned a Golden Globe Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and five nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. She also had a supporting role on the HBO drama series \"Arliss\". In 2018, Oh began starring as Eve Polastri in BBC America's murder-mystery series \"Killing Eve\"; for", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6) sixth season introduces several new recurring characters who start to develop progressive and expansive storylines throughout the season. Mercy West surgical residents Reed Adamson, Charles Percy, April Kepner and Jackson Avery were portrayed by Nora Zehetner, Robert Baker, Sarah Drew and Jesse Williams, respectively. Jason George portrayed Miranda Bailey's love interest, anesthesiologist Ben Warren. Thatcher Grey (Jeff Perry) and Sloan Riley (Leven Rambin) have been part of the season's main story arcs, while numerous episodic characters have made guest appearances: Demi Lovato as Hayley, Sara Gilbert as Kim Allen, Marion Ross as Betty, Mandy Moore as Mary Portman, Ryan Devlin", "Tainted Obligation 5.4/14 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, ranking third for the night in terms of viewership. Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) leaves his trailer for work, as he approaches a bear growling outside. He wants to move back to Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s house, but Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) insists that they must go forward in life. Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) brings her father, Thatcher Grey (Jeff Perry), who is vomiting blood, into the emergency room, and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) treats him. Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) admits an elderly patient, Irving Waller (Ralph Waite),", "Give Peace a Chance (Grey's Anatomy) Lexie decides to wear a diaper into the operating room; her courage and dedication impresses Yang. Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) is scheduled for an interleukin 2 (IL-2) treatment but is absent from the hospital. Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) calls her, but she does not answer or come, so Karev cries to fellow resident Dr. Reed Adamson (Nora Zehetner). Shepherd spends ten hours in the operating room contemplating what to do about the tumor, with the motivational support of fellow surgeons Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson), and Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez). Webber orders", "Wishin' and Hopin' (Grey's Anatomy) George O'Malley (T.R. Knight) walks in to announce his unexpected marriage with Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez). A cancerous patient, Marina Wagner (Amanda Collins), is admitted into the hospital and is revealed to have toxic blood - presumably caused by a chemical reaction between an herbal supplement and chemotherapy - making several physicians fall ill. O'Malley is exposed to the neurotoxin, and quickly becomes anxious, fearing that his marriage is the cause of the sickness. Ellis is diagnosed with a heart condition, in which surgery or medication are options. Ellis does not want the surgery, but Meredith fears that she", "Grey's Anatomy (season 2) Grey's Anatomy (season 2) The second season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on September 25, 2005, and concluded on May 15, 2006. The season was produced by Touchstone Television, in association with Shondaland production company and The Mark Gordon Company, the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. Actors Ellen Pompeo, Sandra Oh, Katherine Heigl, Justin Chambers, and T.R. Knight reprised their roles as surgical interns Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, Izzie Stevens, Alex Karev, and George O'Malley, respectively. Previous main cast members Chandra Wilson, James Pickens, Jr., Isaiah Washington, and Patrick Dempsey", "Grey's Anatomy (season 3) Alexander \"Alex\" Karev, whose abrasive, arrogant attitude is softened with a more emotional and sensitive outlook on his career and relationships. T.R. Knight played the role of intern George O'Malley, who gradually becomes more self-confident after his feelings for Meredith diminish. Chandra Wilson portrayed fifth-year resident in general surgery, Miranda Bailey, the resident in charge of the five interns. James Pickens, Jr. acted as Seattle Grace Hospital's Chief of Surgery, Richard Webber, who has to deal with the choice between his career and his marriage. Kate Walsh played Addison Montgomery, obstetrician-gynecologist and neonatal surgeon, who comes to terms with her", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6) Grey's Anatomy (season 6) The sixth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on September 24, 2009, and concluded on May 20, 2010. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. Actors Ellen Pompeo, Sandra Oh, Katherine Heigl, and Justin Chambers reprised their roles as surgical residents Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, Izzie Stevens, and Alex Karev, respectively. Heigl was released from her contract in the middle of the season, while T.R.", "Sadie Harris residents. The interns are put on probation and rebuked by Meredith Grey, although Harris tells Lexie Grey that she is not apologetic. Following the surgery fiasco, Harris approaches the hospital's chief of surgery Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), and claims responsibility for the incident. He informs her that the reason she has not been fired is because of his personal friendship with her father. Later, she flirts with Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), although the relationship is never pursued. Harris continues to pursue a friendship with Lexie Grey, even going as far as to help her cover up Lexie Grey's blooming", "Erica Hahn Hahn transfers to Seattle Grace Hospital in the season four episode, \"Haunt You Everyday\", after performing a successful heart transplant at the request of the Chief of Surgery, Richard Webber. She takes on the role previously held by Burke, Seattle Grace's Head of Cardiothoracic Surgery. Hahn cultivates an antagonistic relationship with Burke's former protégée Cristina Yang, refusing to let her scrub in on surgeries, and constantly criticizing her overly enthusiastic behavior. She later confesses to Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) that she is purposely hard on Cristina, as she reminds her of herself as a Resident. The character deflects the romantic", "Sarah Drew Sarah Drew Sarah White Drew (born October 1, 1980) is an American actress, director and producer. She is known for playing Hannah Rogers in The WB family drama series \"Everwood\" (2004–2006) and Dr. April Kepner in the ABC medical drama series \"Grey's Anatomy\" (2009–2018). Drew was born and raised in Stony Brook, New York, where she attended The Stony Brook School. Her mother, Dr. Jeannie Drew, is now teaching biology at an independent private school for girls in Manhattan. Her father, Rev. Charles Drew, is the senior pastor at Emmanuel Presbyterian Church in New York City. Her brother, Allen Drew,", "Alex Karev Alex Karev Alexander \"Alex\" Michael Karev, M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", portrayed by actor Justin Chambers. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. Karev eventually obtained the position of resident, later becoming a pediatric surgical fellow. His relationships with colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), and George O'Malley (T. R. Knight) formed a focal point of the series. The character is initially disliked by his fellow interns, and is often accused of being brusque and dismissive with his patients and co-workers. As", "Grey's Anatomy (season 11) boxset under the title of \"Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Eleventh Season – Life Changes\" on August 18, 2015 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment. The season is the first in which Dr. Cristina Yang, portrayed by Sandra Oh, is not included in the main cast of characters following her departure in previous season's finale. The season's main storylines include Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) dealing with \"her person's\" departure, her problematic love-life with her husband Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and the arrival of Dr. Maggie Pierce (Kelly McCreary), whom Meredith learns is her half-sister. The biggest storyline of Season 11 was the", "Grey's Anatomy father Carlos Torres (Hector Elizondo) initially contests his daughter's concurrence in homosexuality, but eventually accepts it, and he reappears several times throughout the series. The hospital's merging with Mercy West introduces new residents: Dr. Reed Adamson (Nora Zehetner) and Dr. Charles Percy (Robert Baker), but the two are both murdered in the season six finale. Also introduced in the sixth season is Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George), an anesthesiologist and eventual husband to Dr. Miranda Bailey, as well as Sloan Riley (Leven Rambin), Dr. Mark Sloan's estranged daughter who seeks kinship with him. Dr. Lucy Fields (Rachael Taylor), an obstetrician-gynecologist,", "Nathan Riggs Nathan Riggs Nathan Riggs M.D., is a fictional character from the medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actor Martin Henderson. He was introduced in the episode \"The Me Nobody Knows\" as a cardiothoracic surgeon who had worked overseas with April Kepner during her time in Jordan. After bringing a patient to Grey-Sloan Memorial, he begins working there as an attending under Maggie Pierce. At the hospital, he begins a romantic relationship with Meredith Grey, now", "Flight (Grey's Anatomy) Pickens, Jr.) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) fires Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) gets engaged. The episode marked Leigh's final appearance in the series and Raver's last until late in the fourteenth season. Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake, California. Jason George reprised his role as a guest star, whereas James LeGros made his first appearance. The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics, with some criticizing the death of Lexie, but praising Leigh's performance, in addition to Ellen Pompeo", "Grey's Anatomy medical drama, after \"ER\". The series follows Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), the daughter of an esteemed general surgeon named Ellis Grey, following her acceptance into the residency program at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. During her time as a resident, Grey works alongside her fellow doctors Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), and George O'Malley (T. R. Knight), who each struggle to balance personal lives with the hectic work and training schedules. They are overseen during their internship by Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson), a senior resident who works for attending Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey),", "Justin Chambers he was cast as Dr. Alex Karev in the ABC medical drama series \"Grey's Anatomy\". Chambers gained widespread recognition as the series progressed and the character became one of the most popular from the hit series, earning multiple nominations and the 2017 Best TV Network Drama Actor at the People's Choice Awards as well as nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award. Chambers was born in Springfield, Ohio, on July 11, 1970 to Pamela Sue (Willman) and John William Eugene Chambers II, who were both deputy sheriffs. Chambers was brought up in Springfield and growing up he aspired to be", "Miranda Bailey Miranda Bailey Miranda Bailey, is a fictional character from the medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\". The character was created by series creator and producer Shonda Rhimes, and has been portrayed by actress Chandra Wilson since the show's inception in 2005. Wilson has reprised her role in the spin-off series \"Private Practice\" and \"Station 19\". Introduced as a resident in general surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital, Bailey works her way up to the attending physician level, and is eventually named Chief of Surgery. Her relationship with the five surgical interns she is in charge of - Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo),", "Isaiah Washington on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". His portrayal earned him two NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series, as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award. He was paired onscreen with Sandra Oh, who plays intern Cristina Yang. Washington had originally auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, which ultimately went to Patrick Dempsey. Burke had originally been described as a nebbishy, stout forty-something man. For his portrayal of Burke, Isaiah was honored by \"TV Guide\" as one of \"TV's Sexiest Men\" in June 2006, and was named one of TV's sexiest doctors in June 2008", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6) as chief of neurosurgery Derek Shepherd. After having previously appeared in a multi-episode arc in a guest star capacity in the show's fifth season, Jessica Capshaw began receiving star billing in the season's premiere episode in the role of attending pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins, love interest to Callie Torres. The ninth episode of the season marked the introduction of the new chief of cardiothoracic surgery Teddy Altman, portrayed by Kim Raver, whose mysterious romantic past with Owen Hunt develops into one of the season's main stories. Starting with the nineteenth episode of the season, Raver began receiving star billing. The", "Callie Torres so she doesn't need to win all the time.\" At Torres' initial appearance on the show, she was disliked by fans, due to her getting in the way of O'Malley and Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s relationship. When asked of this, Ramirez said: \"You do run across a lot of people who are extremely invested in that story line. Obviously, I've heard some negative stuff.\" The end of the show's fourth season saw Torres grow closer to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn, in a relationship referred to by the portmanteau \"Eri-Cal\" and later \"Callica\" by Michael Ausiello of \"Entertainment Weekly\". Rhimes stated", "Going, Going, Gone (Grey's Anatomy) in Seattle, Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George) surprises his fiancée Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) with a visit. The couple reunites with constant sexual activity, for which the interns tease Bailey. Meanwhile, Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) allows Shepherd to operate on a spinal cord, despite his hand being broken from the plane crash. Thereafter, it is revealed that Sloan is in a comatose state, and will be taken off of life support that evening. In the hospital cafeteria, Meredith Grey announces that Wilson will be given the honor of performing a supervised appendectomy, a procedure historically used as a", "Goodbye (Grey's Anatomy) her role as a guest star, in addition to Amy Madigan, Martha Plimpton, Zack Shada, Mitch Pileggi, and Zoe Boyle. \"Goodbye\" opened to generally positive critical reviews, with Chyler Leigh (Dr. Lexie Grey)'s and Ramirez's performances praised in particular. The episode's original broadcast ranked it at #1 for the night having been viewed by 17.03 million Americans, with a 6.7/17 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. In the episode, Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) are undergoing couples therapy with the hospital's psychiatrist, Dr. Wyatt (Amy Madigan). The two are instructed not to engage in", "Matt Czuchry Matt Czuchry Matthew Charles Czuchry (; born May 20, 1977) is an American actor. He is known for roles such as that of Logan Huntzberger on The WB television series \"Gilmore Girls\" (2005–07), Cary Agos on the CBS television drama \"The Good Wife\" (2009–16), and currently as Dr. Conrad Hawkins, the title character, on the Fox medical drama series \"The Resident\" (2018–present). Czuchry was born in Manchester, New Hampshire, and grew up in Johnson City, Tennessee. His father, Andrew Czuchry, is a professor at East Tennessee State University, and his mother, Sandra, is a homemaker. He is of Ukrainian descent", "Sledgehammer (Grey's Anatomy) the first incisions on the cadavers under her supervision. Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) drops Amelia at Meredith's place, and kisses her right before she is pulled in by Maggie. Meredith makes up with Amelia, and brings down the wall, and they look through it and smile. The season premiere marked the first time in the course of the show when Dempsey was not included in the list of main cast members. On the absence of the male lead of the show creator Shonda Rhimes in an interview said, “It was so interesting for me to discover that audiences, especially", "Jeanine Mason and \"Secret Life of the American Teenager\" as well as several smaller, independent projects. Mason had a recurring role on ABC's hit medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\" as Dr. Sam Bello. In February 2018, it was announced that she joined the pilot of \"Roswell, New Mexico\" as Liz Ortecho. The CW ordered the show to series on May 11, 2018. Mason performed on November 29, 2009 at the Dizzy Feet Gala in Los Angeles, California at the Kodak Theater. She and Jason Glover performed their popular contemporary piece, \"If It Kills Me\", choreographed by Travis Wall, and originally performed Top 10", "Grey's Anatomy (season 5) returning from the previous season, out of which eight are part of the original cast from the first season. All of the thirteen regulars portray surgeons who work in the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. Ellen Pompeo continued her role as protagonist and narrator of the series, Dr. Meredith Grey, a resident physician and a surgeon. Sandra Oh played resident Dr. Cristina Yang, best friend of Meredith and fellow surgeon. Katherine Heigl portrayed resident Dr. Isobel \"Izzie\" Stevens whose previous relationship with the now deceased patient Denny Duquette threatens her career once again. Justin Chambers acted as surgical resident Dr. Alexander", "Give Peace a Chance (Grey's Anatomy) opens with Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital's chief of surgery, Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) implementing a new computerized surgical scheduling system, which is disliked by many of the hospital's staff. Thereafter, Isaac (Faran Tahir), a hospital lab technician, brings Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) a scan of his tumor, which has been declared inoperable by several other physicians due to its complexity. Isaac asks Shepherd to remove it. Shepherd agrees, but Webber refuses permission for the procedure because of the high risk involved. Shepherd ignores the chief's directions and schedules the surgery. The interns and residents all want", "Going, Going, Gone (Grey's Anatomy) the fates of select characters unknown. However, multiple cast members leaked pictures from the set. Jason George returned in guest capacity, along with newcomers William Daniels, Steven Culp, Philip Casnoff, Gaius Charles, Camilla Luddington, Tina Majorino, and Jerrika Hinton. Critics generally regarded \"Going, Going, Gone\" as disconsolate. In the season eight finale, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), and Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) are caught in an aviation accident, leaving Lexie Grey dead, and the rest of the doctors stranded.", "Time Has Come Today (Grey's Anatomy) O'Malley get quarantined after an outbreak at the hospital, due to a patient suspected of having the plague. Their incapacity to leave the hospital leads to numerous confessions between the two, including Shepherd's reveal of his desire to divorce his wife and reconcile with Grey. Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) takes a leave of absence from the hospital, in a continuous attempt to bond with the grieving interns, who do not approve of her relationship with O'Malley. When a patient, Giselle Toussant (Elizabeth Goldstein), is admitted to the hospital, and ultimately dies in Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson)'s care, she", "Owen Hunt Owen Hunt Owen Hunt, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series' producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by actor Kevin McKidd. He was introduced in season five as a U.S. Army trauma surgeon who served in war-torn Iraq, and subsequently joins the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital to teach medicine as a surgical attending, head of trauma surgery, and eventual chief of surgery, sometimes with unorthodox methods. Originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc, he", "Tainted Obligation with skin growths, who later reveals that he wants a penile prosthesis, to which he receives. It is revealed that Thatcher needs a liver transplantation, and Stevens is assigned to a cancerous patient, Randy (Jocko Sims), by Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) wants to ask the chief of surgery Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) for a job as an attending surgeon, but is nervous that he will reject her, and goes out to lunch with her girlfriend Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw). Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) is fearful that she will be cut", "Arizona Robbins fifth season of \"Grey's Anatomy\" was an improvement on the previous two seasons, attributing this in part to the introduction of \"fresh, new characters\" Robbins and Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). Monfette wrote that Arizona's ultimate contribution to the season was \"introducing the element of childcare to Seattle Grace\", which in turn gave Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) \"a great arc\". Jennifer Godwin for E! Online approved of Arizona's season six promotion to a series regular, particularly as it meant the continuation of her relationship with Callie. The \"Los Angeles Times\" Carina MacKenzie wrote of the sixth-season episode \"Invasion\": \"By far the", "Sara Ramirez Actress in a Musical. She gained wider recognition for her role as Dr. Callie Torres, in \"Grey's Anatomy\". She made her debut as a voice artist with the 1999 video game entitled \"UmJammer Lammy\", and has voiced Queen Miranda in the animated series \"Sofia the First\" (2012–present). Ramirez released her first single \"Silent Night\" in 2009. Her self titled extended play debuted at no. 37 at the \"Billboard 200\" in 2011. Ramirez is also an activist and extensively campaigns for LGBT rights. She was awarded the Ally for Equality Award by the Human Rights Campaign Foundation in 2015. Ramirez was", "Jessica Capshaw her family's East Hampton estate. The couple have a son and three daughters: Luke Hudson (b. 2007), Eve Augusta (b. 2010), Poppy James (b. 2012) and Josephine Kate (b. 2016). Jessica Capshaw Jessica Brooke Capshaw Gavigan (born August 9, 1976), known professionally as Jessica Capshaw, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in \"The Practice\" and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". She was introduced in \"Grey's Anatomy\"s fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract", "Grey's Anatomy (season 7) (Sandra Oh) was the most affected by the shooting, quitting her job. Cristina and Owen later marry with \"her person\", the show's protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), as her maid of honor. Meredith and Derek start an Alzheimer trial, with Meredith suspecting that Richard Webber's (James Pickens, Jr.) wife Adele (Loretta Devine) may have Alzheimer's. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) leaves for Africa after getting a grant leaving Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) despondent. She sleeps with Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) and becomes pregnant by chance. Arizona returns, confessing her love for Callie. Meredith messes up the trial for the sake of", "Grey's Anatomy (season 14) was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball's new HBO drama series \"Here and Now\". Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot \"Toast\", but ABC passed on the project. Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season, Jessica Capshaw returned for the 14th season. On June 20, 2017, it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc. In August 2017, it was announced" ]

[ 11.9375 ]

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[ "It is thought that total volume won't change." ]

[ "Load time is the same every time because total volume is variable.", "San Diego's population decreased as it became a corporate gaming venue.", "Improves greatly.", "These people have not been in favor of American military operations.", "The people are drinking.", "Nobody is cleaning", "The women are both sleeping." ]

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[ "three children are outdoors" ]

[ "Three children are eating dinner", "There is not much too have fun with in the world today.", "The man has his arms through a toilet set.", "Two people by the water.", "An Egyptian national can only enter casinos in Egypt if they are over 21 years old.", "A man is naked taking a bath.", "The person with face paint and football jersey stands on a cooler." ]

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[ "The red hard hat is holding securely on the construction worker's head." ]

[ "The machine is a mechanical horse and the construction worker rides off into the sunset on its back.", "Joggers run on the boardwalk.", "Two people are talking.", "The woman has on a shirt.", "She was accused of physically harassing a co-worker.", "What a grand idea!", "a man eating his fingers" ]

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[ "Users are able to find comments for different rules." ]

[ "Access to comments for rules are denied for all users.", "Today's popular culture is hard for children to understand because it is overly mature.", "A man drinks from a water fountain.", "Two young girls riding horses outdoors.", "The alibi is extremely clear and silence fell across the room.", "A man in the snow.", "There are two kids outside in this picture" ]

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[ "Perang Pasifik\nPerang ini dimulai lebih awal dari Perang Dunia II yaitu pada tanggal 8 Juli 1937 oleh sebuah insiden yang disebut Insiden Jembatan Marco Polo Peristiwa tersebut menyulut peperangan antara Tiongkok dengan Jepang.Konflik antara Jepang dan Tiongkok dan beberapa dari peristiwa dan serangannya yang penting juga merupakan bagian dari perang tersebut. Perang ini terjadi antara pihak Sentral diantaranya Jepang, Jerman Nazi, dan Italia dengan pihak Sekutu (termasuk Tiongkok), Amerika Serikat, Britania Raya, Filipina, Australia, Belanda dan Selandia Baru. Uni Soviet berhasil memukul mundur Jepang pada 1939, dan tetap netral hingga 1945, saat ia memainkan pernanan penting di pihak Sekutu pada masa-masa akhir perang." ]

[ "Samudra Pasifik\nDi Samudera Pasifik sering terjadi badai karena merupakan pusat badai tropis", "Pertempuran Selat Makassar\nPertempuran Selat Makassar, juga disebut Pertempuran Selat Madura, Pertempuran Selat Lombok Utara dan Pertempuran Laut Flores, adalah pertempuran laut di teater Pasifik Perang Dunia II. Angkatan Laut Amerika-Britania-Belanda-Australia, di bawah Karel Doorman, berusaha menahan konvoi invasi Jepang untuk Surabaya, dan angkatan laut sekutu diserang 60 pesawat Jepang, yang memaksa angkatan laut untuk mundur.", "Perang Pasifik\nSetelah dijajah pada tahun 1941, Thailand dipaksa bergabung dengan pihak Jepang. Jerman Nazi dan Italia yang juga merupakan sekutu Jepang, mengeoperasikan armada Angkatan Laut mereka di Samudra Pasifik dan Hindia antara tahun 1940 dan 1945.", "Pertempuran Laut Karang\nPada 7 Desember 1941, kapal-kapal induk Jepang menyerang Armada Pasifik Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Serangan tersebut menghancurkan atau melumpuhkan sebagian besar kapal-kapal tempur Armada Pasifik Amerika Serikat, sekaligus mengawali perang terbuka antara kedua negara. Dalam perang ini, pemimpin-pemimpin perang Jepang berusaha melenyapkan ancaman dari armada Amerika, merampas wilayah-wilayah jajahan Sekutu yang kaya sumber alam, dan menguasai pangkalan militer strategis untuk mempertahankan wilayah kekuasaan Jepang yang semakin besar. Pada saat yang hampir bersamaan dengan Pengeboman Pearl Harbor, Jepang menyerang Malaya hingga menyebabkan Britania Raya, Australia, dan Selandia Baru bergabung dengan Amerika Serikat sebagai Sekutu dalam perang melawan Jepang. Sesuai dengan \"Perintah Rahasia Nomor Satu\" tertanggal 1 November 1941 yang dikeluarkan Armada Gabungan Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang, tujuan awal Jepang dalam perang adalah \"(melumpuhkan) kekuatan Inggris dan Amerika dari Hindia Belanda dan Filipina, (serta) menetapkan kebijakan kemerdekaan ekonomi dan swasembada secara otonom.\"[7]", "Pertempuran Guam (1941)\nPertempuran Guam Pertama terjadi selama Perang Pasifik dalam Perang Dunia II dan terjadi pada 8 Desember 1941 di Guam, Kepulauan Mariana, antara Kekaisaran Jepang dan Amerika Serikat.", "Mohammad Hatta\nPada tanggal 8 Desember 1941, angkatan perang Jepang menyerang Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Ini memicu Perang Pasifik, dan setelah Pearl Harbor, Jepang segera menguasai sejumlah daerah, termasuk Indonesia. Dalam keadaan genting tersebut, Pemerintah Belanda memerintahkan untuk memindahkan orang-orang buangan dari Digul ke Australia, karena khawatir kerjasama dengan Jepang. Hatta dan Syahrir dipindahkan pada Februari 1942, ke Sukabumi setelah menginap sehari di Surabaya dan naik kereta api ke Jakarta. Bersama kedua orang ini, turut pula 3 orang anak-anak dari Banda yang dijadikan anak angkat oleh Syahrir.", "Konferensi Washington Ketiga (1943)\nTopik terakhir, AS dan Inggris memutuskan apa yang harus dilakukan dalam Perang Pasifik. Marsekal Wavell dari Inggris mengunjungi Burma dan membantu menguatkan Sekutu karena banyak rintangan yang akan mereka hadapi, termasuk:\nSelain dukungan udara, ada beberapa alternatif untuk membantu China, sehingga perencanaan yang efisien sangat diperlukan. Sekutu sepakat lebih baik melancarkan serangan darat di Burma dan bukan menggunakan serangan kejut dengan serangan udara, seperti dalam Operasi Torch. Armada dari Italia meliput operasi ini pada bulan Maret 1944.", "San Francisco\nSelama Perang Dunia II, Hunters Point Naval Shipyard menjadi pusat aktivitas, dan Fort Mason menjadi pelabuhan keberangkatan utama untuk anggota tentara yang berangkat ke Teater Peperangan Pasifik. Ledakan lowongan pekerjaan menarik banyak orang, khususnya warga Afrika Amerika dari Selatan ke daerah ini. Setelah perang berakhir, banyak personel militer pulang dari luar negeri dan warga sipil yang awalnya datang untuk bekerja memutuskan untuk tinggal. Piagam PBB yang mencetuskan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dirancang dan ditandatangani di San Francisco pada tahun 1945. Tahun 1951, Traktat San Francisco secara resmi mengakhiri perang dengan Jepang.", "Pertempuran Tassafaronga\nPertempuran Tassafaronga adalah salah satu dari kekalahan terburuk yang diderita Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Dunia II, sekaligus kekalahan terburuk ketiga setelah Pengeboman Pearl Harbor dan Pertempuran Pulau Savo. Akibat kalah dalam pertempuran ini, ditambah kekalahan yang diderita dalam Pertempuran Pulau Savo, Pertempuran Tanjung Esperance, dan Pertempuran Laut Guadalkanal, Amerika Serikat untuk sementara waktu hanya memiliki 4 kapal penjelajah berat dan 9 kapal perusak ringan untuk seluruh kawasan Samudra Pasifik. Meskipun kalah dalam pertempuran, Wright mendapat anugerah Navy Cross untuk keberanian dan jasa-jasanya dalam perang. Navy Cross merupakan salah satu bintang militer tertinggi di Amerika Serikat. Dengan maksud mengurangi kesan gugus tugasnya telah menderita kerugian terlalu besar, Wright dalam laporannya mengklaim armadanya telah berhasil menenggelamkan empat kapal perusak dan merusak dua kapal Jepang yang lainnya. Dalam komentarnya mengenai laporan Wright, Halsey menyalahkan Cole sebagai penyebab kekalahan. Lebih lanjut Halsey menambahkan tentang para komandan skuadron kapal perusak yang menembakkan torpedo dari luar jarak efektif, dan mereka seharusnya \"membantu\" kapal-kapal penjelajah dan bukan hanya mengelilingi Pulau Savo. Tanaka mengklaim telah menenggelamkan sebuah kapal tempur dan dua kapal penjelajah.[38]", "Douglas MacArthur\nUntuk menghadapi kemungkinan bahwa Jepang akan menyerang Port Moresby lagi, garnisun di kota tersebut diperkuat dan MacArthur juga memerintahkan pendirian pangkalan-pangkalan baru di Merauke dan Teluk Milne. Seusai Pertempuran Midway pada Juni 1942, Sekutu mulai mempertimbangkan serangan yang terbatas di kawasan Pasifik. MacArthur mengusulkan penyerangan pangkalan Jepang di Rabaul, tetapi usulan ini ditolak oleh Angkatan Laut yang menginginkan pendekatan yang tidak terlalu ambisius dan menolak adanya jenderal Angkatan Darat yang memimpi operasi amfibi. Jalan tengahnya adalah dengan melaju dalam tiga langkah. Langkah pertama adalah dengan merebut kawasan Tulagi, dan operasi ini akan dilaksanakan oleh Kawasan Samudra Pasifik di bawah kepemimpinan Laksamana Chester W. Nimitz. Tahap-tahap berikutnya akan dikepalai oleh MacArthur.\nJepang melakukan serangan terlebih dahulu. Mereka mendarat di Buna pada bulan Juli, dan kemudian di Teluk Milne pada bulan Agustus. Pasukan Australia berhasil menghalau pasukan Jepang di Teluk Milne, tetapi sejumlah kekalahan yang terjadi selama kampanye militer Kokoda Track telah melemahkan moral di Australia. Pada 30 Agustus, MacArthur mengirim kabar radio kepada Washington bahwa Pasukan Nugini akan kalah jika Washington tidak mengambil tindakan lebih lanjut. Ia mengirim Blamey ke Port Moresby dengan tugas untuk memimpin pasukan secara langsung. Setelah mengirimkan semua pasukan Australia yang tersedia, MacArthur memutuskan untuk juga mengirim pasukan Amerika. Ia memilih Divisi Infanteri ke-32, sebuah divisi Garda Nasional yang tidak dibekali pelatihan yang cukup. Akibat sejumlah kegagalan dalam Pertempuran Buna–Gona, Australia mulai menyampaikan kritik yang tajam kepada Amerika. MacArthur kemudian memerintahkan kepada Letnan Jenderal Robert L. Eichelberger untuk mengambil alih komando atas pasukan Amerika, dan \"merebut Buna, dan jika gagal jangan pulang hidup-hidup.\"", "Pertempuran Laut Karang\nKomandan Armada Gabungan Jepang, Laksamana Isoroku Yamamoto secara bersamaan menyusun operasi militer untuk bulan Juni 1942 yang dimaksudkan agar kapal-kapal induk Amerika Serikat yang belum hancur di Pearl Harbor masuk perangkap dan bertemu dengan armadanya dalam pertempuran menentukan di Samudra Pasifik dekat Atol Midway. Sebagai dukungannya terhadap Operasi MO, Yamamoto mengerahkan beberapa kapal perang besar, termasuk dua kapal induk, satu kapal induk ringan, sebuah divisi kapal penjelajah, dan dua divisi kapal penjelajah, serta menunjuk Inoue sebagai komandan armada.[11]", "Kapal perusak Jepang Fumizuki (1925)\nPada saat penyerangan Jepang ke Pearl Harbor yang menandakan awal Perang Pasifik, ia tergabung ke dalam Divisi Perusak ke- 22 bersama , dan . Ia kemudian membantu Invasi Malaya (Operasi E) dan invasi Jawa (Operasi J). Ia bertugas sebagai pengawal konvoi ke kawasan Malaya dan Hindia Belanda sampai awal tahun 1943. Pada tahun 1943, ia berpindah tugas ke daerah Rabaul dan Shortland. Ia ditugaskan dalam serangkaian \"Tokyo Express\" hingga awal 1944. Pada Februari 1944 di saat ia berada di Truk, Amerika melancarkan Operasi Hailstorm. Ia terkena torpedo dari serangan udara dan tenggelam pada 18 Februari 1944 dengan korban sebanyak 29 kru.", "Perang Dunia II\nJepang berencana merebut koloni-koloni Eropa di Asia dengan cepat untuk menciptakan perimeter defensif besar yang membentang hingga Pasifik Tengah; Jepang kemudian bebas mengeksploitasi sumber daya di Asia Tenggara sambil menyibukkan Sekutu dengan melancarkan perang defensif.[136] Untuk mencegah intervensi Amerika Serikat sambil mengamankan perimeter, Jepang berencana menetralisasi Armada Pasifik Amerika Serikat dari kancah perang.[137] Pada tanggal 7 Desember (8 Desember di Asia) 1941, Jepang menyerang aset-aset Britania dan Amerika Serikat dengan serangan di Asia Tenggara dan Pasifik Tengah secara nyaris bersamaan.[138] Peristiwa ini meliputi serangan ke armada Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbor, pendaratan di Thailand dan Malaya[138] dan pertempuran Hong Kong.", "Kapal perusak Jepang Maikaze\nMaikaze terlibat dalam Perang Pasifik tidak secara langsung pada beberapa pertempuran. Ia terlibat secara tidak langsung pada Pertempuran Midway. Maikaze adalah salah satu kapal yang sengaja menenggelamkan dalam pertempuran tersebut. Ia juga terlibat dalam Pertempuran Kepulauan Santa Cruz dan Pertempuran Kepulauan Solomon Timur, sebelum akhirnya terlibat dalam berbagai konvoi sebagai pengawal.", "Perang tahun 1812\nPerang tahun 1812 adalah konflik militer antara Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya dari tahun 1812 sampai 1815, meskipun traktat perdamaian ditandatangani pada tahun 1814. Ada beberapa alasan Amerika Serikat menyatakan perang pada tahun 1812, di antaranya restriksi perdagangan akibat perang Britania dengan Perancis, perekrutan paksa pelaut dagang Amerika oleh Angkatan Laut Britania Raya, dukungan Britania untuk suku Indian melawan ekspansi Amerika, kemarahan luar biasa setelah terjadinya penghinaan terhadap kehormatan nasional setelah insiden di laut lepas dan kemungkinan niat Amerika menganeksasi Kanada. Britania Raya awalnya menggunakan strategi defensif, berulang kali menghalau invasi Amerika ke provinsi-provinsi di Amerika Utara Britania. Namun Amerika Serikat berhasil menguasai Danau Erie pada tahun 1813, merampas sebagian Ontario Barat, dan mengakhiri prospek Konfederasi Indian dan sebuah negara bagian Indian di Amerika Barat Tengah yang didukung Britania. Di Amerika Barat Daya, Jenderal Andrew Jackson menghancurkan kekuatan militer negara Creek di Pertempuran Horseshoe Bend 1814. Setelah kekalahan Napoleon pada tahun 1814, Britania mengadopsi strategi yang lebih agresif dengan mengirimkan tiga kelompok tentara invasi dalam jumlah besar. Kemenangan Britinia dalam Pertempuran Bladensburg Agustus 1814 berakhir dengan direbut dan dibakarnya Washington, D.C. Kemenangan Amerika Serikat pada bulan September 1814 dan Januari 1815 mengusir ketiga kelompok tentara invasi Britania di New York, Baltimore, dan New Orleans.", "Douglas MacArthur\nPada tahun 1941, MacArthur dipanggil lagi untuk bertugas sebagai panglima Pasukan Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat di Timur Jauh. Kemudian terjadi sejumlah bencana militer, yakni kehancuran Angkatan Udara Timur Jauh Amerika Serikat pada 8 Desember 1941 serta serangan Jepang ke Filipina. Pasukan MacArthur kemudian terpaksa mundur ke Bataan, dan mereka bertahan di tempat tersebut hingga Mei 1942. Pada Maret 1942, MacArthur, keluarganya, dan anggota stafnya pergi ke Pulau Corregidor yang terletak tidak jauh dari Bataan dengan menumpangi perahu-perahu torpedo patroli, dan kemudian mereka melarikan diri ke Australia. Di sana, MacArthur menjadi Panglima Tertinggi Kawasan Pasifik Barat Daya. Setibanya di Australia, MacArthur menyampaikan sebuah pidato dan berjanji bahwa ia akan kembali ke Filipina. Setelah pertempuran yang berkecamuk selama lebih dari dua tahun di teater Pasifik, ia berhasil memenuhi janjinya. Berkat upayanya untuk mempertahankan Filipina, MacArthur dianugerahi Medal of Honor. Ia secara resmi menerima pernyataan menyerah tanpa syarat Jepang pada 2 September 1945 di atas yang berlabuh di Teluk Tokyo. Ia lalu menjadi penanggungjawab pendudukan Jepang dari tahun 1945 hingga 1951. Sebagai penguasa \"de facto\" Jepang, ia mengawasi proses perombakan sistem ekonomi, politik, dan sosial negara tersebut. Ia lalu memimpin Komando Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa selama Perang Korea dan awalnya ia cukup berhasil; namun, serangan terhadap Korea Utara telah memicu campur tangan dari Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Setelah mengalami kekalahan dalam berbagai pertempuran yang genting, ia diberhentikan oleh Presiden Harry S. Truman pada 11 April 1951. Ia kemudian menjadi \"chairman of the board\" di Remington Rand.", "Atol Midway\nAtol Midway lebih dikenal sebagai lokasi Pertempuran Midway yang berlangsung semasa Perang Dunia II pada 4 Juni 1942. Angkatan Laut AS berhasil menghalau serangan pasukan Jepang. Insiden ini menjadi titik balik peperangan di kawasan Pasifik.", "Matthew Perry\nMatthew Calbraith Perry () adalah seorang komodor Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat yang berdinas sebagai komandan sejumlah kapal perang. Pertempuran yang diikutinya antara lain Perang Meksiko-Amerika dan Perang tahun 1812. Kedatangannya bersama armada Kapal Hitam berhasil menyebabkan dibukanya isolasi Jepang terhadap Dunia Barat melalui Konvensi Kanagawa pada tahun 1854. Perry sangat menaruh perhatian terhadap pendidikan perwira angkatan laut dan ikut membantu mengembangkan sistem magang yang dijadikan dasar kurikulum angkatan laut di Akademi Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat. Pada masa kemajuan teknologi mesin uap, Perry aktif sebagai penganjur modernisasi Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat, sehingga dikenal sebagai \"Bapak Angkatan Laut Mesin Uap\".", "Pengeboman Pearl Harbor\nPertempuran ini, sebagaimana Pertempuran Lexington dan Concord, mempunyai dampak terhadap sejarah. Ia hanya mempunyai sedikit dampak militer akibat kegagalan angkatan laut Jepang untuk menenggelamkan kapal induk Amerika Serikat, tetapi sungguhpun sekiranya kapal induk telah ditenggelamkan tidak akan membantu Jepang dalam jangka masa panjang. Serangan tersebut membuat Amerika Serikat terlibat penuh dan ekonomi pengilangan dan pelayanannya yang besar kepada Perang Dunia II, mendorong pada kekalahan blok Poros sedunia. Saat mendengar bahwa serangan atas Pearl Harbor akhirnya telah melibatkan Amerika Serikat ke dalam peperangan, Perdana Menteri Britania Raya, Winston Churchill, menulis \"Dengan emosi dan penuh perasaan yang puas, saya baring ke pembaringan dan tidur dengan tidur orang yang diselamatkan dan bersyukur\". (Sir Winston Churchill – The Second World War, jilid 3, halaman 539)\". Kemenangan pihak Sekutu dalam pertempuran ini dan kebangkitan Amerika Serikat sebagai kuasa besar dunia telah membentuk politik internasional sejak saat itu.", "Kampanye Guadalkanal\nSetelah kehilangan Guadalkanal, Jepang secara nyata berada dalam posisi bertahan di Pasifik. Tekanan terus-menerus untuk memperkuat Guadalkanal telah melemahkan upaya Jepang di medan yang lain, dan secara tidak langsung turut mendorong keberhasilan serangan balik Australia dan Amerika di Nugini yang berpuncak pada direbutnya pangkalan-pangkalan militer kunci di Buna dan Gona pada awal 1943. Sejak itu pula inisiatif strategis telah beralih ke tangan Sekutu. Pada Juni 1943, Sekutu melancarkan Operasi Cartwheel yang setelah diperbarui pada bulan Agustus 1943 secara resmi merupakan strategi mengisolir Rabaul dengan cara memutus jalur komunikasi laut. Setelah Rabaul dan pasukan Jepang yang berada di sana berhasil dinetralisir, Sekutu melanjutkannya dengan mandala perang Pasifik Barat Daya Perang Dunia II di bawah komando Jenderal Douglas MacArthur dan strategi lompat pulau di Pasifik Tengah di bawah komando Laksamana Chester Nimitz. Pertahanan Jepang yang tersisa di kawasan Pasifik Selatan kemudian dihancurkan atau dilewati oleh Sekutu menjelang berakhirnya perang.[137]", "Pertempuran Midway\nPertempuran Midway adalah pertempuran laut besar yang dianggap sebagai peristiwa paling penting dalam medan Perang Pasifik Perang Dunia II. Pertempuran terjadi antara 4 Juni dan 7 Juni 1942, sekitar sebulan sesudah Pertempuran Laut Koral dan enam bulan setelah Pengeboman Pearl Harbor. Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat dengan telak meredam serangan Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang terhadap Atol Midway, dan mengakibatkan kerugian tidak ternilai dan merebut inisiatif strategis dari Angkatan Laut Jepang.", "Pertempuran Tulagi dan Gavutu-Tanambogo\nPada 7 Desember 1941, Jepang menyerang Armada Pasifik Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Serangan Pearl Harbor melumpuhkan sebagian besar armada kapal perang Amerika Serikat, dan menandai dimulainya secara resmi keadaan perang antara kedua negara. Tujuan awal pemimpin perang Jepang dalam Perang Pasifik adalah menetralisasi armada Amerika Serikat, merebut wilayah jajahan negara Barat yang kaya sumber daya alam, dan memperoleh pangkalan militer strategis untuk mempertahankan Kekaisaran Jepang Raya di Asia dan Pasifik. Untuk mendukung tujuan-tujuan tersebut, selama beberapa bulan pertama tahun 1942, tentara Jepang menyerang dan mengambil alih Filipina, Thailand, Malaya, Singapura, Hindia Belanda, Pulau Wake, Britania Baru, Kepulauan Gilbert, dan Guam.", "USS Lexington (CV-2)\nSaat Perang Pasifik pecah, Lady Lex membawa sejumlah pesawat pemburu menuju Kepulauan Midway. Berbagai misi pun sempat akan dijalankan, tetapi keraguan komando Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat ditambah dengan kemajuan Jepang yang impresif, hilangnya Kepulauan Wake dan sejumlah gugus pulau lainnya dan kekuatan Jepang yang masih terlalu kuat, memaksa dirinya harus bersabar.", "Kapal perusak Jepang Amatsukaze (1939)\nSelama Perang Pasifik, Amatsukaze berpartisipasi dalam berbagai operasi seperti Pertempuran Laut Jawa, Pertempuran Kepulauan Solomon Timur, Pertempuran Kepulauan Santa Cruz, dan Pertempuran Laut Guadalkanal.\nIa sempat dikira tewas dalam pertempuran pada Januari 1944 setelah terkena torpedo dari kapal selam di Laut China Selatan dan tak ada kabar selama satu minggu, dimana ternyata ia diam-diam dilarikan ke Singapura dan dirawat di sana. Namun, serangan dari pasukan udara Amerika Serikat menggunakan pesawat B-25 pada 6 April 1945 membuatnya terluka parah dan terdampar di salah satu pantai di kawasan China. Upaya penyelamatan lebih lanjut pun dihentikan oleh para krunya dan pada 10 April 1945, Amatsukaze menenggelamkan dirinya sendiri dengan menggunakan ledakan dari ranjau lautnya sendiri.", "Pertempuran Pulo Aura\nPertempuran tersebut terjadi dalam masa operasi perampokan kapal dagang yang dilakukan oleh skuadron kapal perang Perancis dipimpin oleh Linois dengan kapalnya \"Marengo\". Linois berlayar ke Samudra Hindia pada 1803 sebelum pernyataan perang di bawah perintah untuk melakukan penjagaan koloni-koloni Perancis dan Belanda di wilayah tersebut dan sesekali menyerang kapal dagang Inggris. Salah satu target terkaya dan paling signifikan adalah \"Armada Tiongkok\", konvoi tahunan East Indiamen, dari Tiongkok dan pelabuhan-pelabuhan Timur Jauh lainnya yang membawa barang dagangan bernilai jutaan pound sterling. Berita mengenai pecahnya perang baru tiba di Pasifik dan satu-satunya kapal perang yang tersedia untuk menjaga armada tersebut adalah kapal jenis \"brig\" milik HEIC bernama \"Ganges\". Informan Belanda memberitahu Linois mengenai tujuan armada dan tanggal keberangkatan dari Kanton ketika Lionis berada di Batavia, Jawa. Kemudian, pada 28 Desember 1803 ia berlayar untuk mencari konvoi tersebut, hingga akhirnya menemukannya pada awal Februari.", "Kampanye Guadalkanal\nSerangan ke Guadalkanal dilaksanakan sehubungan dengan serangan Sekutu di Guinea Baru di bawah komando Douglas MacArthur yang bertujuan merebut Kepulauan Admiralty dan Kepulauan Bismarck, termasuk merebut pangkalan utama Jepang di Rabaul. Tujuan akhir Amerika adalah merebut kembali Filipina.[15] Gabungan Kepala Staf Amerika Serikat menetapkan kawasan yang disebut mandala perang Pasifik Selatan. Laksamana Madya Robert L. Ghormley ditunjuk sebagai komandan yang bertanggung jawab memimpin serangan ke Kepulauan Solomon pada 19 Juni 1942. Laksamana Chester Nimitz yang bermarkas di Pearl Harbor ditunjuk sebagai komandan tertinggi Sekutu untuk kawasan Samudra Pasifik.[16]", "Kampanye Guadalkanal\nKampanye Guadalkanal merupakan kemenangan persenjataan gabungan atas Jepang yang penting secara strategis di mandala Perang Pasifik. Jepang telah mencapai titik balik dalam ekspansi wilayah di Pasifik, dan Guadalkanal menandai transisi strategi Sekutu dalam Perang Pasifik, dari operasi-operasi defensif menjadi ofensif strategis, serta dimulainya operasi-operasi ofensif terhadap Jepang yang berakhir dengan kapitulasi Jepang dan berakhirnya Perang Dunia II.", "Serangan udara di Jepang\nPasukan Sekutu banyak melancarkan serangan udara di Jepang selama Perang Dunia II, menyebabkan kerusakan yang luas ke berbagai kota di negara tersebut dan menewaskan antara 241.000 hingga 900.000 orang. Serangan udara atas Jepang telah terjadi sejak tahun-tahun pertama Perang Pasifik yang dipicu oleh serangan Jepang terhadap pangkalan Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbor. Awalnya serangan ini hanya terbatas dengan Serangan Doolittle pada bulan April 1942 dan serangan skala kecil lainnya pada posisi militer di Kepulauan Kuril sejak pertengahan 1943. Serangan pengeboman strategis mulai dilancarkan sejak bulan Juni 1944 dan terus berlanjut sampai akhir perang pada bulan Agustus 1945. Unit udara taktis sekutu dari angkatan laut dan darat juga menyerang Jepang selama 1945.", "Pertempuran Iwo Jima\nPertempuran Iwo Jima (disebut pula sebagai Operasi Detasemen) merupakan pertempuran awal ketika pasukan Amerika mulai menaklukkan Iwo Jima dari kekuasaan Jepang. Tujuan utama Amerika adalah untuk menaklukkan seluruh pulau, termasuk tiga lapangan terbang. Pertempuran ini merupakan salah satu pertempuran paling berdarah dalam sejarah Perang Pasifik Perang Dunia II. Posisi tentara Jepang di pulau tersebut sangat strategis, dengan bunker yang saling terhubung, artileri tersembunyi, dan terowongan bawah tanah sepanjang 18km (11 mil). Pasukan Amerika dibantu oleh tembakan meriam dengan kapal-kapal perang dan Marinir Angkatan Udara sudah menembaki Iwo Jima sejak penyerangan dimulai. Invasi ini merupakan invasi pertama pasukan Amerika ke daerah kekuasaan Jepang langsung, dan pasukan Jepang menjaga pertahanan mereka dengan gigih tanpa ada perasaan menyerah. Jenderal pasukan Jepang tidak pernah memikirkan untuk menyerah kepada Amerika hanya untuk menyelamatkan pasukannya, dia dan pasukannya sudah berjanji akan berperang sampai mati, tak peduli seberapa kecilnya kemungkinan untuk menang.", "Perang Pasifik\nPerang Pasifik berakhir pada 15 Agustus 1945 dan perjanjian menyerahnya Jepang ditandatangani oleh wakil dari sekutu yaitu Jendral Douglas McArthur dan Jepang diwakili oleh Mamoru Shigemitsu di atas kapal USS Missouri.", "Penyebab Perang Dunia II\nPerang Dunia I Perang Dunia II", "Pertempuran Manila (1945)\nPertempuran Manila (dalam bahasa Tagalog: Laban ng Maynila ng 1945), juga dikenal sebagai Pembebasan Manila adalah sebuah pertempuran yang menjadi bagian dari Perang Pasifik. Pertempuran ini berlangsung di Manila sejak tanggal 3 Februari sampai dengan 3 Maret tahun 1945. Perang yang berlangsung selama satu bulan pada puncaknya telah mengakibatkan terjadinya pertumpahan darah yang mengerikan serta meninggalkan kehancuran total kota Manila, sehingga perang ini dianggap sebagai salah satu perang kota terburuk dalam mandala Perang Pasifik. Perang telah mengakhiri tiga tahun pendudukan militer Kekaisaran Jepang atas (1942-1945). Jenderal Douglas MacArthur menjadi tokoh kunci kemenangan sekutu dalam kampanye penaklukan kota.", "Kapal perusak Jepang Yukikaze (1939)\nYukikaze ikut dalam invasi ke Filipina pada awal Perang Pasifik. Kemudian ia terlibat dalam Pertempuran Laut Jawa dan menorpedo armada Sekutu. Ia kemudian mengawal armada tentara pada Pertempuran Midway.", "Kawasan Pasifik Barat Daya (komando)\nKawasan Pasifik Barat Daya (, disingkat SWPA) adalah nama yang diberikan kepada komando militer tertinggi Sekutu di Teater Pasifik Barat Daya pada Perang Dunia II. Komando tersebut merupakan salah satu dari empat komando Sekutu utama dalam Perang Pasifik. SWPA melingkupi Filipina, Kalimantan, Hindia Belanda (kecuali Sumatra), Timor Leste, Australia, Teritorial Papua dan Nugini, dan bagian barat dari Kepulauan Solomon. Komando tersebut utamanya terdiri dari pasukan Amerika Serikat dan Australia, meskipun pasukan Belanda, Filipina, Britania dan Sekutu lainnya juga bertugas dalam SWPA.", "Pertempuran Tarakan (1942)\nPertempuran Tarakan terjadi pada tanggal 11-12 Januari 1942. Meskipun Tarakan hanya pulau berawa-rawa kecil di Kalimantan timur laut di Hindia Belanda, tetapi terdapat 700 sumur minyak, penyulingan minyak dan lapangan udara, yang merupakan tujuan utama Kekaisaran Jepang dalam Perang Pasifik.", "Serangan udara di Jepang\nSebelum pecahnya perang, USAAF telah merencanakan mengebom Jepang dari pangkalan udara di Pulau Wake, Guam, Filipina dan daerah pesisir Tiongkok.[7] Namun, daerah-daerah tersebut dengan cepat direbut oleh pasukan Jepang, dan kekuatan sebagian besar pengebom berat USAAF di Filipina hancur ketika Pangkalan Udara Clark diserang pada tanggal 8 Desember 1941. USAAF kemudian berusaha untuk mengirim 13 unit pesawat pengebom berat ke China pada bulan Maret dan April 1942, bertujuan untuk menyerang pulau-pulau di wilayah Jepang. Pesawat ini mampu mencapai India, tetapi kekuatan sekutu menghadapi masalah logistik sebagai akibat jatuhnya Burma ke tangan Jepang. Pemimpin Nasionalis Tiongkok Chiang Kai-shek juga enggan mengizinkan mereka untuk mengoperasikan pesawat-pesawat dari wilayah kekuasaannya. Akhirnya 13 unit pengebom berat B-24 Liberator yang dikirim dari Amerika Serikat untuk dioperasikan dari Tiongkok pada bulan Mei 1942 ditugaskan untuk mendukung kekuatan Sekutu di Mediterania.[9]", "Papua Nugini\nKampanye Nugini (1942-1945) adalah salah satu kampanye militer besar pada Perang Dunia II. Hampir 216.000 tentara darat-laut-udara Jepang, Australia, dan Amerika tewas selama Kampanye Nugini.[8] Dua teritori dipadukan menjadi Teritori Papua dan Nugini setelah Perang Dunia II, yang kemudian disederhanakan menjadi \"Papua Nugini\". Administrasi Papua menjadi terbuka bagi penglihatan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Tetapi, kelembagaan tertentu[9] terus saja berlaku hanya di satu dari dua wilayah, masalah cukup rumit kini berlangsung, yakni penyesuaian bekas perbatasan antara provinsi yang saling berbatasan langsung, sehubungan dengan akses jalan dan kelompok bahasa, sehingga undang-undang tersebut berlaku hanya pada satu sisi dari suatu batas yang tidak lagi ada.", "Cincin Api Pasifik\nCincin Api Pasifik atau Lingkaran Api Pasifik (bahasa Inggris: \"Ring of Fire\") adalah daerah yang sering mengalami gempa bumi dan letusan gunung berapi yang mengelilingi cekungan Samudra Pasifik. Daerah ini berbentuk seperti tapal kuda dan mencakup wilayah sepanjang 40.000 km. Daerah ini juga sering disebut sebagai \"sabuk gempa Pasifik\".", "Zero Akutan\nZero Akutan dianggap sebagai \"hadiah tidak ternilai harganya bagi Amerika Serikat\", dan \"kemungkinan salah satu dari hadiah terbesar dalam Perang Pasifik\". Sejarawan Jepang Masatake Okumiya menyatakan bahwa diperolehnya Zero Akutan \"tidak kalah seriusnya\" dari kekalahan Jepang di Pertempuran Midway, dan \"berakibat banyak untuk mempercepat kekalahan terakhir Jepang\" dalam perang. Di lain pihak, John Lundstrom tidak sependapat kalau \"Amerika Serikat perlu membongkar Zero Koga sebelum dapat menciptakan taktik yang dapat mengalahkan pesawat dongeng itu\". Menurut penerbang-penerbang Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat yang bertempur melawan pesawat Zero di Laut Koral, Midway, dan Guadalkanal, Zero sudah bukan lagi pesawat misterius. Mereka sudah tahu kelemahan utama Zero, yakni hilangnya kendali pada kecepatan tinggi.", "Kapal tempur Jepang Haruna\nHaruna berjuang di hampir setiap tindakan angkatan laut utama dari Teater Pasifik selama Perang Dunia II. Dia menutupi pendaratan pasukan Jepang di Malaya (sekarang Malaysia) dan Hindia Belanda (sekarang Indonesia) pada tahun 1942 sebelum terlibat pasukan Amerika di Pertempuran Midway dan selama Pertempuran Laut Guadalkanal. Sepanjang tahun 1943, \"Haruna\" terutama tetap di pulau Truk (Mikronesia), Kure Naval Base (dekat Hiroshima), Sasebo Naval Base (dekat Nagasaki), dan Kepulauan Lingga (di masa kini Indonesia), dan digunakan pada beberapa kesempatan dalam menanggapi serangan udara kapal induk Amerika di pangkalan pulau Jepang. \"Haruna\" berpartisipasi dalam Pertempuran Laut Filipina dan Pertempuran Teluk Leyte pada tahun 1944, terlibat kapal Amerika di kedua.", "Kapal suplai makanan Jepang Mamiya\nWalaupun usianya sudah tua, Mamiya tetap ikut dalam Perang Pasifik sebagai penyuplai makanan. Dalam perang, Mamiya telah diserang berkali-kali oleh kapal-kapal selam Amerika. Beliau pernah di torpedo dua kali pada 12 Oktober 1943 oleh dekat Chichi-Jima, dan 6 Mei 1944 oleh di Laut Cina Timur.\nDan Akhirnya, pada 21 Desember 1944 beliau ditorpedo \"kembali\" oleh dua kali di Laut China Selatan dan Akhirnya \"Mamiya\" Tenggelam.\nSemua Kru \"Mamiya\" sempat mengambang di laut beberapa hari dan banyak yang \"tumbang\" akibat hipotermia, sehingga hanya 6 orang kru yang selamat.", "El Niño–Osilasi Selatan\nSirkulasi Walker untuk periode selain El Niño berada sebagai angin timur di permukaan yang menggerakkan air laut dan udara yang dihangatkan oleh Matahari menuju ke barat. Upwelling pun terjadi di perairan Peru dan Ekuador. Air bersuhu rendah yang naik ke atas mengandung banyak nutrien yang kemudian meningkatkan populasi ikan.[10] Wilayah khatulistiwa Samudra Pasifik bagian barat dicirikan oleh suhu airnya yang hangat, atmosfer yang basah, dan tekanan udara yang rendah. Kelembaban yang terakumulasi menimbulkan taifun dan badai petir. Samudra Pasifik pun lebih tinggi sekitar 60 centimetres (24in) di bagian barat akibat dari pergerakan ini.[11][12][13][14]", "Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki\nPada tahun 1945, Perang Pasifik antara Kekaisaran Jepang dan Sekutu memasuki tahun keempat. Jepang melawan dengan sengit agar kemenangan A.S. dihantui oleh jumlah korban yang besar. Dari 1,25juta tentara Amerika Serikat yang gugur pada Perang Dunia II, termasuk personel militer yang gugur dalam tugas dan cedera dalam tugas, hampir satu juta tentara gugur dalam kurun waktu Juni 1944 sampai Juni 1945. Pada Desember 1944, jumlah tentara A.S. yang gugur mencapai angka tertingginya, 88.000 tentara per bulan, akibat Serangan Ardennes oleh Jerman.[1] Di Pasifik, Sekutu kembali ke Filipina,[2] merebut Myanmar,[3] dan menyerbu Borneo.[4] Serangan dilancarkan untuk melenyapkan pasukan Jepang yang masih bercokol di Bougainville, Nugini, dan Filipina.[5] Pada bulan April 1945, pasukan Amerika Serikat mendarat di Okinawa dan bertempur sengit sampai Juni. Seiring perang berlangsung, rasio korban Jepang dan A.S. turun dari 5:1 di Filipina ke 2:1 di Okinawa.[1]", "Kampanye Guadalkanal\nAngkatan Laut Amerika Serikat menderita korban tewas yang begitu banyak selama Kampanye Guadalkanal sehingga selama bertahun-tahun menolak untuk mengeluarkan pernyataan tentang total korban yang sebenarnya. Namun, sejalan dengan berlanjutnya peperangan, tentara yang dikerahkan di Pasifik semakin banyak, terutama setelah publik Amerika mengetahui keadaan yang sebenarnya, dan kepahlawanan tentara Amerika di Guadalkanal mulai disanjung. Di lain pihak, Jepang mulai berada dalam kesulitan akibat ketidakmampuan kompleks industri-militer Jepang untuk menyaingi kemampuan industri dan sumber daya manusia di Amerika Serikat. Bertolak belakang dengan Jepang yang makin lelah berperang dan tidak dapat mengganti prajurit yang tewas, Amerika dengan cepat mendapat pengganti dan bahkan menambah kekuatan militer mereka.[143]", "Perang Dunia II\nDi Pasifik, pasukan Amerika Serikat terus menekan mundur perimeter Jepang. Pada pertengahan Juni 1944, mereka memulai serangan ke Kepulauan Mariana dan Palau, dan dengan telak mengalahkan pasukan Jepang pada Pertempuran Laut Filipina. Kekalahan-kekalahan ini memaksa Perdana Menteri Jepang Tōjō mengundurkan diri dan memberi Amerika Serikat keunggulan atas pangkalan udara baru untuk melancarkan serangan bom besar-besaran di kepulauan utama Jepang. Pada akhir Oktober, pasukan Amerika Serikat menyerbu pulau Leyte, Filipina; tidak lama kemudian, angkatan laut Sekutu mencetak kemenangan besar pada Pertempuran Teluk Leyte, salah satu pertempuran laut terbesar sepanjang sejarah.[225]", "Penyebab Perang Dunia II\nPerang Dunia di Pasifik disebabkan oleh serbuan Jepang tanpa peringatan terhadap Pangkalan Armada Angkatan Laut Amerika di Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, pada tanggal 7 Desember 1941.[10] Pada saat yang sama, pasukan Jepang menyerang Persemakmuran Filipina yang dikuasai oleh Amerika Serikat, serta Malaya, Singapura, dan Hong Kong yang dikuasai oleh Kekaisaran Britania. Serangan-serangan ini menyebabkan Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya menyatakan perang terhadap Jepang pada hari berikutnya.", "Kapal perusak Jepang Shirayuki (1928)\nIa berperan banyak dalam Perang Pasifik. Awal invasi Jepang ke Hindia Belanda, ia menenggelamkan HMS Thanet dan membantu menenggelamkan dan . Pada Pertempuran Maritim Guadalkanal kedua, ia menenggelamkan dan . Ia tenggelam dalam Pertempuran Laut Bismarck pada tanggal 3 Maret 1943. Ia tenggelam karena bom yang dijatuhkan pesawat Amerika Serikat dan Australia ().", "Pertempuran Laut Filipina\nSejak awal konflik pada Desember 1941, Jepang berencana meruntuhkan moral Amerika dengan kehancuran militernya secara menyakitkan sehingga rakyatnya muak dengan perang, sehingga pemerintah Amerika terpaksa mengajukan gencatan senjata dan Jepang pun leluasa menguasai Asia Timur Raya. Meskipun kalah jumlah sejak awal, dan semakin lama semakin tertinggal, komando tinggi Jepang masih percaya mereka bisa mengalahkan AL AS dalam satu pertempuran pamungkas yang disebut \"Kantai Kessen\". Tetapi kemampuan mereka semakin menurun. AL Kekaisaran kehabisan penerbang akibat pertempuran-pertempuran sebelumnya di Laut Koral, Midway, dan kampanye Kepulauan Solomon 1942-43, sehingga kekuatan udara kapal induknya semakin lemah. Belum lagi Kampanye Guadalkanal yang hampir sepenuhnya dilakoni AL Kekaisaran membuat banyak pilot berpengalaman tewas. Kerusakan yang dialami AL AS di Solomon bisa cepat diperbaiki dan diganti, tetapi tidak dengan Jepang, yang butuh hampir setahun untuk menyusun kembali kekuatan udaranya pasca Solomon. Sekutu juga sudah melampaui Jepang dalam perkembangan produksi, teknologi dan pelatihan awak sejak akhir 1942.", "Pertempuran Tenaru\nBagi Amerika Serikat dan sekutu-sekutunya, kemenangan di pertempuran Tenaru adalah penting secara psikologis dalam hal bahwa serdau-serdadu Sekutu, setelah kekalahan beruntun terhadap kesatuan-kesatuan Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang di seluruh Pasifik dan Asia Timur, sekarang tahu bahwa mereka bisa mengalahkan pasukan Jepang dalam pertempuran darat.[28] Pertempuran ini juga menetapkan preseden lain yang akan berlangsung sepanjang perang di Pasifik, yaitu keengganan serdadu Jepang yang kalah untuk menyerah dan upaya mereka untuk terus menghabisi serdadu-serdadu Sekutu, bahkan ketika mereka sedang terbaring sekarat di medan tempur. Pada pokok bahasan ini Vandegrift menyatakan, \"Saya belum pernah mendengar atau membaca pertarungan sejenis ini. Orang-orang ini menolak untuk menyerah. Yang terluka menunggu sampai anak buahku datang untuk memeriksa mereka … dan meledakkan diri mereka dan kawan-kawannya berkeping-keping dengan granat tangan\".[29]", "Perang Pasifik\nAntara tahun 1942 dan 1945, terdapat 4 wilayah otorita Sekutu yang berperang melawan Jepang: Tiongkok, wilayah Samudra Pasifik, Asia Tenggara dan wilayah Pasifik Barat Daya.", "Sejarah Radio Republik Indonesia\nDengam maklumat resmi Tenno Heika tanggal 8 Desember 1941 perang pasifik mulai berkobar dan Jepang menggunakan siaran radio sebagai alat psywar atau perang urat saraf terhadap negara-negara Asia yang hendak dikuasainya.", "Jepang\nPada tahun 1937, invasi Jepang ke Manchuria memicu terjadinya Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua (1937-1945) yang membuat Jepang dikenakan embargo minyak oleh Amerika Serikat[16] Pada 7 Desember 1941, Jepang menyerang pangkalan Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbor, dan menyatakan perang terhadap Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Belanda. Serangan Pearl Harbor menyeret AS ke dalam Perang Dunia II. Setelah kampanye militer yang panjang di Samudra Pasifik, Jepang kehilangan wilayah-wilayah yang dimilikinya pada awal perang. Amerika Serikat melakukan pengeboman strategis terhadap Tokyo, Osaka dan kota-kota besar lainnya. Setelah AS menjatuhkan bom atom di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki, Jepang akhirnya menyerah tanpa syarat kepada Sekutu pada 15 Agustus 1945 (Hari Kemenangan atas Jepang).[17]", "Penyebab Perang Dunia II\nPenyebab Perang Dunia II yang utama dalam jangka panjang adalah tumbuhnya fasisme Italia pada tahun 1920-an, militerisme Jepang serta serangannya terhadap Tiongkok pada tahun 1937, dan secara khusus, perebutan kekuasaan politik di Jerman pada tahun 1933 oleh Adolf Hitler dengan partainya, NSDAP, serta kebijakan politik luar negerinya yang agresif.[1][2] Penyebab langsung adalah Britania dan Perancis menyatakan perang terhadap Jerman setelah Jerman menyerang Polandia pada bulan September 1939.[3]", "El Niño–Osilasi Selatan\nArus Humboldt bergerak ke arah utara dari Samudra Selatan, umumnya membawa air dengan suhu yang relatif rendah, melewati pesisir barat Benua Amerika Selatan menuju wilayah tropis di sekitar daerah Peru tempat terjadinya upwelling.[5][6] Di sepanjang garis khatulistiwa, angin pasat menyebabkan arus laut di bagian timur Samudra Pasifik menggerakkan air bersuhu rendah di dalam lautan menuju ke permukaan. Fenomena ini menyebabkan suhu air di permukaan laut menurun.[6] Dengan pengaruh angin pasat, arus air laut kemudian bergerak ke arah barat di sepanjang khatulistiwa dan perlahan dipanasakan oleh sinar Matahari.[5] Akibat itu, suhu permukaan air laut di bagian barat Samudra Pasifik pun menjadi lebih panas sebanyak kurang lebih 8–10°C daripada air di bagian timur Samudra Pasifik.[5] Wilayah samudra yang lebih panas ini menyebabkan terjadinya konveksi yang menghasilkan awan yang menimbulkan hujan.[6] Selama periode El Niño, air laut yang dingin hanya sedikit atau bahkan tidak ada seiring air di bagian tengah dan timur Samudra Pasifik memanas bersama dengan air di bagian barat.[5]", "Conrad Helfrich\nAtas pecahnya Perang Pasifik Helfrich memegang komando semua unit AL Belanda di Hindia Belanda dan memberi perintah untuk mengumandangkan perang secara agresif. Kekuatan kapal selamnya yang kecil menenggelamkan lebih banyak kapal Jepang dalam minggu-minggu pertama perang daripada AL Britania dan AS bersama. Seorang pemberani yang membuatnya digelari \"Ship-a-day Helfrich\". Laksamana Helfrich bekerja tanpa kenal lelah untuk membangun kerja sama dengan AL Sekutu di daerah itu karena ia tau Belanda tak bisa berharap melindungi Hindia Belanda sendirian. Saat komando gabungan itu (ABDA) akhirnya dibentuk pada bulan Januari 1942, ia terlangkaui untuk jabatan komando AL, atas persetujuan Laksamana Thomas Charles Hart dari United States Navy. Misi Helfrich untuk mempertahankan Pulau Jawa bagaimanapun juga tidak cocok dengan harapan Hart untuk mencadangkan sebanyak mungkin unit AL. Pada tanggal 12 Februari 1942, Helfrich menggantikan Hart sebagai komandan AL Amerika-Britania-Belanda-Australia (ABDA) di Pasifik dan akhirnya terus menyerang. Sayangnya, keberanian angkatan yang menyerang tak ada gunanya di hadapan AL Jepang yang kelewat tangguh dan setelah malapetaka Pertempuran Laut Jawa sebagian besar kapal ABDA di bawah komandonya keluar kandang dan ABDA sendiri terbongkar. Helfrich menghabiskan masa sisa perang di Ceylon untuk mempersiapkan kembalinya pemerintahan Belanda ke Hindia Belanda.", "Pendudukan Jepang di pulau Kiska\nPendudukan Jepang di pulau Kiska atau pendudukan kekaisaran Jepang di pulau Kiska adalah sebuah peristiwa pertempuran ketika terjadinya pergerakan ketentaraan di kepulauan Aleut dengan dimulainya rentetan tindakan angkatan bersenjata Amerika Serikat yang disebut sebagai \"American Theater\" (\"Palagan Amerika\" dalam bahasa Indonesia) dan terjadinya peristiwa perang Pasifik di masa Perang Dunia Ke-2 yang berlangsung selama setahun dua bulan, yakni lebih tepatnya dari tanggal 6 Juni 1942 hingga 28 Juli 1943. Angkatan bersenjata kekaisaran Jepang memutuskan mengambil alih kendali kekuasaan pulau Kiska dan daerah yang berhampiran dengan pulau Attu agar bisa memertahankan wilayah kekuasaannya yang terletak pada rusuk utara itu dari angkatan bersenjata negara lain, khususnya Amerika Serikat.", "Bandar Udara Internasional Nadi\nLandasan pacu asli di Nadi dibangun oleh Selandia baru pada tahun 1939. Proyek ini dibiayai oleh otoritas kolonial Inggris dan digunakan oleh Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat saat Perang Pasifik dimulai pada tahun 1941, sebagai USAAF Nandi . Pada awal masa perang, Amerika menerbangkan B-17 Flying Fortresses dari Nadi untuk menyerang sasaran Jepang di Filipina dan Kepulauan Solomon. Kemudian pada tahun 1943, Grup Pembom Ke-42 menerbangkan B-25 Mitchells dari Nadi.", "Kampanye Kepulauan Gilbert dan Marshall\nKampanye Kepulauan Gilbert dan Marshall merupakan bagian dari Teater Pasifik, Perang Dunia II yang terjadi pada November 1943 hingga Februari 1944. Kampanye ini merupakan operasi strategis dari Armada Pasifik dan Korps Marinir (\"United States Marine Corps, USMC\") Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat di Pasifik Tengah dengan tujuan untuk membangun lapangan terbang yang memungkinkan untuk mendukung serangan udara berbagai operasi di Pasifik Tengah. Kampanye ini dimulai dengan pertempuran tiga hari di Pulau Betio di Atol Tarawa. Tahun sebelumnya marinir AS juga telah melakukan serangan ke Pulau Makin, pada Agustus 1942. Pangkalan Jepang di Kepulauan Gilbert dan Kepulauan Marshall merupakan batas terluar pertahanan sisi timur bagi Kekaisaran Jepang. Kampanye ini dilanjutkan dengan Kampanye Marianas pada musim panas berikutnya.", "Invasi Tulagi\nSekutu itu sangat khawatir dengan adanya upaya pembangunan lapangan terbang Jepang di Guadalkanal. Bila selesai, pesawat-pesawat yang berpangkalan di lapangan terbang ini akan menjadi ancaman serius bagi operasional Sekutu antara Australia, Selandia Baru, dan Amerika Serikat. Dua kemenangan strategis bagi Sekutu dalam Pertempuran Laut Karang dan Pertempuran Midway memberikan kesempatan untuk mengambil inisiatif, dan melancarkan ofensif terhadap Jepang di suatu tempat di Pasifik. Rencana Sekutu untuk menyerang bagian selatan Kepulauan Solomon dikemukakan oleh Panglima Tertinggi Armada Amerika Serikat Laksamana Ernest King. Laksamana King mengusulkan serangan yang dapat menyulitkan Jepang menggunakan bagian selatan Kepulauan Solomon sebagai pangkalan untuk mengancam jalur logistik antara Amerika Serikat dan Australia, dan memakainya sebagai tumpuan untuk sebuah kampanye militer. King bertujuan menetralisir atau merebut pangkalan utama Jepang di Rabaul sambil mendukung kampanye Sekutu di Guinea Baru, dengan tujuan akhir membuka jalan bagi Amerika Serikat merebut kembali Filipina. Laksamana Chester Nimitz yang menjabat panglima Sekutu untuk pasukan Pasifik menetapkan wilayah perang yang disebutnya medan perang Pasifik Selatan, dan menunjuk Laksamana Madya Robert L. Ghormley sebagai komandan untuk memimpin ofensif Sekutu di Kepulauan Solomon.", "Pertempuran Attu\nPertempuran Attu adalah pertempuran yang berlangsung di Pulau Attu, lepas pantai Alaska dari 11 Mei hingga 30 Mei 1943 antara tentara Amerika Serikat dan tentara Kekaisaran Jepang. Pertempuran ini merupakan bagian dari Kampanye Kepulauan Aleut semasa Perang Pasifik, dan satu-satunya pertempuran darat dalam Perang Dunia II yang berlangsung di teritori Amerika Serikat. Pertempuran Attu juga merupakan satu-satunya pertempuran darat antara Jepang dan Amerika Serikat pada kondisi cuaca dingin di Arktik.", "Bebatu, Sesayap Hilir, Tana Tidung\nMenurut cerita rakyat dari masyarakat suku Tidung sebagai penduduk asli yang menempati wilayah Bebatu ini sejak puluhan tahun lalu, mengatakan bahwa sebelum menduduki desa Bebatu sebagai wilayah pemukiman penduduk seperti pada saat ini, kaum nelayan dari kerajaan suku Tidung menjadikan pulau Tarakan yaitu sebuah pulau yang terletak di muara sungai sesayap tidak jauh dari bebatu sebagai tempat persinggahan sehabis mengail ikan dan udang dan menjadikan pulau tersebut sebagai tempat barter barang-barang keperluan hidup. Namun setelah masuknya perusahaan minyak Belanda dan Inggris bergabung menjadi satu untuk mengeksfloitasi hasil bumi sehingga terjadi perang pasifik (perang dunia ke II) meletus pada akhir tahun 1941 yang dilancarkan oleh pihak militer Jepang. Namun sebelum Jepang mendarat, Belanda sudah memperkirakan ketidak mampuannya menghadapi serangan Jepang. Oleh sebab itu pemerintah belanda melakukan taktik bumi hangus terhadap semua fasilitas kilang agar pihak jepang tidak dapat memanfaatkannya. Namun dengan adanya taktik bumi hangus tersebut membuat penduduk Tarakan yang sebagian besar adalah suku Tidung terpaksa mengungsi ke daerah-daerah pedalaman antara lain seperti sekatak malinau dan hingga Bebatu", "Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki\nKetika Amerika Serikat mengembangkan rencana kampanye udara terhadap Jepang sebelum Perang Pasifik, pencaplokan pangkalan Sekutu di Pasifik Barat pada beberapa pekan pertama konflik Pasifik menandakan bahwa serangan udara baru dimulai pada pertengahan 1944 setelah Boeing B-29 Superfortress siap dikerahkan ke ajang pertempuran.[21] Operasi Matterhorn melibatkan pemindahan pesawat-pesawat B-29 yang berpangkalan di India ke pangkalan di sekitar Chengdu, Cina, untuk persiapan penyerangan target-target strategis di Jepang.[22] Upaya tersebut gagal memenuhi tujuan strategis yang dikehendaki para perumus rencana karena permasalahan logistik, kesulitan mekanis pesawat pengebom, kerentanan pangkalan persiapan di Cina, dan jarak tempuh yang jauh menuju kota-kota di Jepang.[23]", "Kampanye Guadalkanal\njmpl|350px|ka|Wilayah kekuasan Jepang di kawasan Pasifik barat antara Mei dan Agustus 1942. Guadalkanal berada di bagian tengah bawah peta. Pada 7 Desember 1941, Jepang menyerang Armada Pasifik Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Serangan ke Pearl Harbor melumpuhkan banyak kapal tempur dalam armada Amerika Serikat, dan dengan segera memulai keadaan perang secara terbuka dan resmi antarkedua negara. Tujuan awal para pemimpin Jepang adalah menetralisasi Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat, merebut wilayah jajahan negara Barat yang kaya sumber daya alam, dan mendirikan pangkalan-pangkalan militer strategis untuk mempertahankan Kekaisaran Jepang Raya di Samudra Pasifik dan Asia. Untuk mendukung tujuan-tujuan tersebut, tentara Jepang menduduki Filipina, Thailand, Malaya, Singapura, Hindia Belanda, Pulau Wake, Kepulauan Gilbert, Britania Baru, dan Guam.[9] Kekuatan Sekutu yang lainnya bergabung dengan Amerika Serikat dalam perang melawan Jepang, beberapa di antaranya, , Britania Raya, Australia, dan Belanda telah menjadi korban serangan Jepang.[10]", "Tempat Pengasingan Boven Digoel\nKehidupan keras di Boven Digul mendorong sejumlah tawanan berusaha melarikan diri.[1] Umumnya, upaya ini menemui kegagalan akibat medan yang sulit, serangan penduduk lokal, dan ancaman binatang buas yang banyak menghuni wilayah tersebut.[1]Beberapa orang berhasil melarikan diri dan mencapai wilayah Papua yang dikuasai Australia. Mereka ditangkap oleh pihak Australia dan dikembalikan lagi ke tangan Belanda.[1] Kehidupan keras di Boven Digul berlangsung hingga pecahnya Perang Pasifik.[1] Ketika tentara Jepang menyerbu Papua, Belanda mengirim para tawanan ke Australia.[1]", "Kabupaten Boven Digoel\nPada waktu Perang Pasifik meletus dan Jepang menduduki Indonesia, tawanan Boven Digoel diungsikan oleh Belanda ke Australia. Pemindahan itu didasari kekhawatiran tahanan akan memberontak jika tetap di Boven Digoel. Diharapkan orang-orang Indonesia yang dibawa ke Australia akan membantu Belanda. Ternyata tahanan politik itu mempengaruhi serikat buruh Australia untuk memboikot kapal-kapal Belanda yang mendarat di Benua Kanguru. Setelah sekutu berhasil memperoleh kemenangan, tawanan itu dikembalikan ke tempat asalnya di Indonesia.", "Kapal induk Jepang Sōryū\nPada saat pecahnya Perang Pasifik, dikomandani oleh Kapten Ryusaku Yanagimoto, \"Sōryū\", dalam Divisi Kapal Induk 2, adalah satu dari enam kapal induk yang menyusun \"Kido Butai\" (Kekua an Pemukul) yang menyerang Pearl Harbor pada 7 Desember 1941. \"Sōryū\" meluncurkan dua gelombang serangan udara terhadap pangkalan Angkatan Laut AS. Gelombang pertama serangannya mengincar \"Nevada\", \"Tennessee\", dan \"West Virginia\" dengan bom tukik dan \"Utah\", \"Helena\", \"California\", dan \"Raleigh\" dengan torpedo, selain menyerang pesawat-pesawat terbang lawan yang berada di darat di \"Barbers Point\". Gelombang kedua serangannya mengincar \"California\", \"Raleigh\", Kaneohe dan instalasi pemeliharaan Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat.", "Perang Dunia II\nDi teater Pasifik, pasukan Amerika Serikat dibantu Persemakmuran Filipina bergerak maju di Filipina, membebaskan Leyte pada akhir April 1945. Mereka mendarat di Luzon bulan Januari 1945 dan mencaplok Manila bulan Maret setelah pertempuran yang menghancurkan kota ini. Pertempuran berlanjut di Luzon, Mindanao dan pulau-pulau lain di Filipina sampai berakhirnya perang.[237]", "Perang Dunia II\nPada awal Mei 1942, Jepang memulai operasi untuk menduduki Port Moresby dengan serangan amfibi dan memutuskan komunikasi dan jalur suplai antara Amerika Serikat dan Australia. Akan tetapi, Sekutu berhasil mencegah invasi ini dengan mencegat dan mengalahkan pasukan laut Jepang pada Pertempuran Laut Koral.[154] Rencana Jepang selanjutnya, termotivasi oleh Serangan Doolittle sebelumnya, adalah merebut Atol Midway dan memancing kapal induk Amerika Serikat ke kancah perang untuk dihancurkan; sebagai aksi pengalihan, Jepang juga mengirimkan pasukan untuk menduduki Kepulauan Aleut di Alaska.[155] Pada awal Juni, Jepang melaksanakan operasinya, tetapi Amerika Serikat, setelah berhasil memecahkan kode laut Jepang pada akhir Mei, mengetahui semua rencana dan pemindahan pasukan mereka dan memakai pengetahuan ini untuk memperoleh kemenangan telak di Midway atas Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang.[156]", "Operasi Downfall\nBerbeda halnya dengan medan perang Eropa selama Perang Dunia II, Sekutu selama Perang Pasifik memiliki lebih dari satu jabatan \"Panglima Tertinggi\". Komando pasukan Sekutu dibagi menurut kawasan. Pada tahun 1945, misalnya, Chester Nimitz adalah Panglima Tertinggi Sekutu Kawasan Samudra Pasifik (\"Allied Commander-in-Chief\"), sementara Douglas MacArthur adalah Panglima Tertinggi Sekutu (\"Supreme Allied Commander\") Kawasan Pasifik Barat Daya. Sekutu merasa perlu mengangkat seorang panglima yang bertanggung jawab atas invasi ke Jepang. Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat menginginkan Nimitz sebagai panglima, sedangkan Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat menjagokan MacArthur. Persaingan kedua angkatan begitu serius sehingga rencana invasi terancam batal. Pihak Angkatan Laut akhirnya sebagian mengalah, dan MacArthur dijadikan Panglima Tertinggi untuk semua pasukan Sekutu, dengan syarat hanya bila diperlukan.", "Pertempuran Laut Filipina\nPertempuran Laut Filipina adalah pertempuran laut yang penting dalam Perang Dunia II yang melumpuhkan kemampuan Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang untuk melancarkan serangan kapal induk besar-besaran. Pertempuran ini terjadi dalam penyerbuan Amerika Serikat ke Kepulauan Mariana selama Perang Pasifik. Pertempuran ini adalah yang terakhir dari lima pertempuran kapal induk besar antara Amerika Serikat dan Jepang, melibatkan Armada ke-5 Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat dan juga kapal dan pesawat berbasis darat dari Armada Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang dan garnisun pulau-pulau terdekat.", "Takijiro Onishi\nPada permulaan Perang Pasifik, salah satu babak dari Perang Dunia II, Onishi adalah kepala divisi pengembangan penerbangan angkatan laut dalam kementrian perlengkapan perang. Dia juga bertanggung jawab atas masalah teknis dalam penyerbuan Pearl Harbor tahun 1941 di bawah komando Laksamana Isoroku Yamamoto. Onishi sendiri sebenarnya menentang rencana penyerbuan yang diyakininya akan memicu perang berskala besar dengan musuh yang lebih kuat dan memiliki cukup sumber daya untuk membuat Jepang menyerah tanpa syarat.", "Kampanye militer Kepulauan Mariana dan Palau\nKampanye militer Mariana dan Kepulauan Palau atau juga dikenal sebagai \"Operasi Forager\", merupakan serangan yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat pasukan Kekaisaran Jepang di kepulauan Marina di Samudera Pasifik antara Juni sampai November 1944 selama Perang Pasifik pada Perang Dunia II Serangan Amerika Serikat dibawah komando penuh Chester Nimitz, diikuti dengan kampanye Kepulauan Gilbert dan Marshall dan bertujuan melumpuhkan pangkalan Jepang di tengah Pasifik, didukung oleh Pihak Sekutu untuk merebut kembali Filipina, dan memberikan pangkalan untuk kampanye pengeboman strategis menentang Jepang.", "Kamp konsentrasi Jepang\nDengan cara keras, prajurit Jepang menekankan bahwa tahanan perang adalah makhluk penakut dan hina. Seorang prajurit yang sesungguhnya tidak boleh menyerah dalam peperangan; ia harus bertempur hingga mati atau bunuh diri daripada menjadi tawanan. Setiap bulan, setelah perang dimulai di Kepulauan Pasifik, orang Jepang telah menahan banyak sekali orang Barat dalam pasukannya, yang jumlahnya kira-kira 140.000 jiwa. Orang Jepang memandang bahwa semua tahanan perangnya tidak lebih dari makhluk hina yang tidak memiliki hak untuk diperlakukan dengan baik. Namun, masih ada keadaan lain dalam tindakan itu. Sehingga, Jepang pun mengobarkan perang di Cina pada tahun 1937, di mana tentara Jepang berulang kali melakukan tindakan kejam - antara lain terhadap penduduk sipil sebagai tahanan perang. Dalam skala besar, mereka melakukan penjarahan, pembantaian, pemerkosaan, dan kejahatan perang lainnya. Tak lama setelah pecahnya Perang Pasifik, Jepang menyatakan terhadap Sekutu bahwa negeri itu akan patuh terhadap keputusan Konvensi Jenewa. Namun, di wilayah selatan (termasuk Nusantara), perintah yang sama tidak diberlakukan oleh petinggi militer Jepang. Di sisi lain: di akhir bulan April 1942, PM Jepang dan menteri perang sementara Tojo Hideki memerintahkan bahwa semua tahanan perang harus diperlakukan secara keras dan hina. Tahanan yang mencoba melarikan diri harus dihukum mati.", "Operasi Cartwheel\nOperasi Cartwheel (1943–1944) adalah sebuah strategi militer utama untuk Sekutu di teater Pasifik pada Perang Dunia II. Operasi tersebut dipimpin oleh Komandan Sekutu Tertinggi di Wilayah Pasifik Barat Laut (WPBL)—Jenderal Douglas MacArthur—yang mengerahkan kekuatan di sepanjang pesisir timur laut Nugini dan pulau-pulau di sekitarnya yang diduduki. Pasukan Sekutu dari komando Wilayah Samudera Pasifik—di bawah kepemimpinan Laksamana Chester W. Nimitz—mengerahkan kekuatan di sepanjang Kepulauan Solomon sampai Bougainville. Pasukan Sekutu yang terlibat berasal dari Australia, Belanda, Selandia Baru, AS dan berbagai Kepulauan Pasifik.", "Chūichi Nagumo\nPenyerbuan Amerika Serikat ke Saipan dimulai 15 Juni 1944. Hanya dalam beberapa hari, Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang di bawah pimpinan Laksamana Madya Jisaburo Ozawa kewalahan dalam menghadapi Armada V Amerika Serikat dalam Pertempuran Laut Filipina yang sangat menentukan kalah-menang dalam Perang Pasifik. Jepang menderita kerugian sekitar 500 pesawat terbang. Nagumo dan rekannya dari angkatan darat, Jenderal Yoshitsugu Saito ditugaskan mempertahankan Saipan dari serangan Amerika Serikat tanpa mendapatkan pasukan bantuan. Pada 6 Juli 1944, dalam tahap akhir Pertempuran Saipan, Nagumo bunuh diri dengan menembakkan pistolnya ke arah pelipis. Jenazahnya ditemukan di sebuah gua oleh anggota Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat. Di dalam gua tersebut, ia menghabiskan hari-hari terakhirnya sebagai komandan tentara Jepang yang mempertahankan Saipan. Pangkatnya dinaikkan secara anumerta menjadi laksamana.", "Pemberontakan Morotai\nPada awal 1945, kekuatan udara Jepang di Pasifik Barat Daya sudah terpuruk. Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat berfokus menyelesaikan pencaplokan kembali Filipina sebagai batu loncatan untuk penyerbuan ke Jepang. Waktu itu, No. 1 TAF ditugaskan menjadi garnisun dan menyerang pangkalan-pangkalan Jepang di pulau-pulau yang dilewati pasukan MacArthur. Kepala Staf Udara, Wakil Marsekal Udara George Jones, kemudian mengatakan bahwa RAAF, seperti dikutip dari sejarawan Angkatan Udara Alan Stephens, \"disingkirkan dari kemenangan akhir atas Jepang oleh MacArthur yang menginginkan kejayaan untuk dirinya sendiri\". Penerbang Korps Marinir AS dari komando Air North Solomons juga percaya bahwa markas MacArthur lebih memilih USAAF untuk menangani pertempuran.", "Perang Pasifik\nBerikut ini adalah beberapa akibat dari Perang Asia Pasifik yang terjadi antara tahun 1937 sampai 1945 ini:", "Pertempuran Laut Karang\nDalam usaha mencapai tujuan akhir perang, dalam beberapa bulan pertama tahun 1942, tentara Jepang menyerang dan berhasil mengambil alih Filipina, Thailand, Singapura, Hindia Belanda, Kepulauan Wake, Britania Baru, serta Kepulauan Gilbert dan Guam. Dalam proses pengambilalihan wilayah-wilayah tersebut, Jepang mengakibatkan kerugian besar bagi kekuatan darat, laut dan udara pihak Sekutu. Negara-negara taklukan Jepang menurut rencana akan dipakai sebagai pertahanan garis luar bagi Kekaisaran Jepang, sekaligus melancarkan taktik perang menghabiskan tenaga lawan dalam usahanya mengalahkan atau menghabisi serangan balasan Sekutu.[8]", "Kapal perusak Jepang Kagerō (1938)\nSaat Perang Pasifik dimulai, Kagerō tergabung kedalam Divisi Perusak ke-18. Pada Januari 1942, ia mengantar dan ke Truk Rabaul. Mereka kemudian menuju Sulawesi dan terlibat dalam Serangan Samudra Hindia. Pada Juni 1942, ia terlibat dalam Pertempuran Midway sebagai pengawal konvoi tentara.", "Kapal perusak Jepang Urakaze (1940)\nPada masa-masa awal perang pasifik, Ia berperan sebagai pengawal kapal-kapal induk, salah satunya untuk menyerang Pearl Harbor (mengawal dan ). Ia juga mengawal dan dalam Pertempuran Pulau Natal. Ia menolong para kru yang tenggelam dekat Tawi-tawi pada 9 Juni 1944. Pada Pertempuran Laut Filipina ia menolong para kru yang tenggelam di pertempuran tersebut, sekaligus membantu melukai sedikit kapal selam yang menyerang dengan peledak kedalamannya. Ia sendiri tenggelam pada 21 November 1944 di Formosa oleh kapal selam , bersama dengan seluruh krunya dan juga yang dikawalnya mundur dari Pertempuran Teluk Leyte.", "Chung Ju-yung\nPada akhir 1941, Jepang memulai perang Pasifik (Perang Asia Timur Raya atau \"Dai toa senso\") dalam Perang Dunia II. Di sini Jepang mengerahkan dan memobilisasi segala sumber daya Korea. Banyak perusahaan Korea mengalami gulung tikar termasuk perusahaan Chung Ju-Yung yang terpaksa harus merger dengan perusahaan-perusahaan Jepang. Ini merupakan cobaan berat untuk Chung.\nPada 15 September 1950, prajurit Amerika Serikat (AS) mendarat di Inchon dan mengarah ke utara dan terlibat dalam Perang Korea. Prajurit AS banyak membutuhkan pengerjaan-pengerjaan dalam bidang konstruksi. Chung Ju-Yung melibatkan diri di dalamnya dan dibantu oleh seorang letnan AS bernama McAllister. Namun suatu hari Ju-Yung mengerjakan proyek di Jembatan Golyong (Golyong Bridge) di atas sungai Nakdong yang dimulai pada bulan Oktober 1953 dan selesai pada Mei 1955 dengan anggaran 50 juta Won namun dia mengalami kerugian 70 juta Won. Defisit sangat tinggi ini hampir membuat Hyundai bangkrut. Di sini ia tidak menyerah, dia mengatakan \"Ini bukan kekalahan tetapi percobaan baru\". Di sinilah saatnya untuk menetapkan reputasi perusahaan yang lebih baik sebagai salah satu strateginya. Hyundai memenangkannya sekalipun diperlukan 20 tahun untuk membayar utang-utangnya.", "SMP Negeri 2 Semarang\nMaret 1942, perang Pasifik pecah, dan tentara Dai Nippon menyerbu Asia Tenggara. Pemerintah Hindia Belanda menyerah tanpa syarat, Jepang mendarat di Pantai Kragan Rembang dan masuk kota Semarang. Pengambilalihan sarana pemerintahan dilakukan terus berangsur-angsur dengan dibantu pemuda-pemuda.", "Pertempuran Peleliu\nPertempuran Peleliu, bernama kode Operasi Stalemate II, terjadi antara Amerika Serikat dan Kekaisaran Jepang di medan perang Pasifik Perang Dunia II, dari September–November 1944 di pulau Peleliu, sekarang Palau. A.S. Nakhoda dari Divisi Laut Pertama dan kemudian prajurit dari Tentara A.S. Divisi Infanteri ke-81, melakukan pendaratan di atas pulau koral kecil. Pertempuran ini adalah bagian dari kampanye ofensif besar yang dikenal sebagai Operasi Forager yang berlangsung dari Juni-November 1944, dalam Palagan Pasifik.", "Pertempuran Luzon\nPerang Dunia ke II membuat Filipina menjadi wilayah perang yang sangat strategis bagi sekutu maupun Kekaisaran Jepang. Mengantisipasi kemungkinan invasi Jepang sejak bulan Oktober tahun 1941 AS telah menempatkan 135.000 tentara dan 227 pesawat di Filipina. Namun angkatan perang kekaisaran Jepang berhasil merebut Luzon (pulau terbesar di Filipina) pada tahun 1942 dalam rangka kampanye militer mereka untuk menginvasi Filipina. Teater perang pasifik di Filipina dimulai ketika Angkatan Udara Jepang menyerang pangkalan militer milik Amerika Serikat. Pesawat-pesawat milik Jepang menyerang pangkalan Udara Clark dan menghancurkan kekuatan udara Amerika di pangkalan itu. Tanpa dukungan udara pasukan AS dibawah komando Jenderal Douglas MacArthur yang bertanggung jawab mempertahankan Filipina segera memerintahkan tentara Australia dan AS yang tersisa mundur ke Semenanjung Bataan.", "Pertempuran Laut Jawa\nPertempuran Laut Jawa adalah pertempuran laut yang utama dalam kampanye Pasifik selama Perang Dunia II. AL Sekutu mengalami kekalahan telak di tangan Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang pada tanggal 27 Februari 1942, dan dalam aksi-aksi sekunder selama beberapa hari berturut-turut . Komandan American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA), Laksamana Karel Doorman terbunuh. Buntut dari perang itu termasuk beberapa aksi kecil di sekitar Jawa, termasuk Pertempuran Selat Sunda yang lebih kecil namun berarti. Ini merupakan pertempuran permukaan terbesar sejak Pertempuran Jutlandia dalam Perang Dunia I.", "Penyebab Perang Dunia I\nBaik Wilhelm II maupun pimpinan Angkatan Darat setuju bahwa jika perang diperlukan, perang itu lebih baik dilancarkan segera. Laksamana Tirpitz, bagaimanapun, meminta \"penundaan pertempuran besar untuk satu setengah tahun\" karena Angkatan Laut Jerman tidak siap untuk perang besar, dimana Inggris termasuk sebagai lawan. Dia bersikeras bahwa penyelesaian pembangunan dasar U-boat di Heligoland dan pelebaran Terusan Kiel adalah prasyarat Angkatan Laut untuk perang. Sejarawan Inggris, John Röhl mencat, tanggal untuk penyelesaian pelebaran Terusan Kiel adalah musim panas 1914. Meskipun Moltke keberatan dengan penundaan perang, Wilhelm memihak Tirpitz. Moltke \"setuju untuk penundaan dengan enggan.\"", "Palagan Samudera Pasifik dalam Perang Dunia II\nDi teater Samudera Pasifik, pasukan Jepang utamanya bertarung melawan United States Navy, US Marine Corps dan US Army. Britania Raya, Selandia Baru, Australia, Kanada dan negara-negara Sekutu lainnya yang juga mengerahkan pasukan.", "Maluku\nPecahnya Perang Pasifik tanggal 7 Desember 1941 sebagai bagian dari Perang Dunia II mencatat era baru dalam sejarah penjajahan di Indonesia. Gubernur Jenderal Belanda A.W.L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh, melalui radio, menyatakan bahwa pemerintah Hindia Belanda dalam keadaan perang dengan Jepang.", "Kota Tarakan\nMendapatkan ladang minyak Tarakan adalah satu tujuan awal Jepang selama Perang Pasifik. Jepang menyerang Tarakan pada tanggal 11 Januari 1942 dan mengalahkan garnisun Belanda yang kecil dalam pertempuran yang berlangsung selama 2 hari di mana separuh pasukan Belanda gugur. Saat ladang minyak Tarakan berhasil disabotase oleh Belanda sebelum penyerahannya, Jepang bisa dengan cepat memperbaikinya agar bisa menghasilkan lagi dan 350.000 barel diproduksi tiap bulan dari awal tahun 1944.", "Kapal perang pesawat terbang\nSelama Perang Pasifik, karena kebutuhan akan kapal induk meningkat, Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang, yang kehilangan 4 kapal reguler dalam Pertempuran Midway, melakukan berbagai cara untuk menanggulangi kurangnya kekuatan udara. Salah satunya adalah renovasi kapal-kapal yang ada ke kapal induk. Akhirnya setelah dipertimbangkan, jenis kapal tempur dipilih untuk menjadi .", "Rencana Perang Oranye\nRencana Perang Oranye (umumnya dikenal sebagai Rencana Oranye) mengacu pada serangkaian rencana perang Dewan Bersama Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat dan Angkatan Laut untuk menghadapi kemungkinan perang dengan Jepang. Rencana dimulai secara informal pada tahun 1919 dan secara resmi diadopsi oleh Joint Board Angkatan Darat dan Angkatan Laut yang dimulai pada 1924 mendahului rencana “rainbow”, yang diperkirakan bantuan sekutu, Oranye didasarkan pada pertempuran AS-Jepang saja. Ini mengantisipasi pemotongan pasokan dari Filipina dan pos-pos AS lainnya di Pasifik Barat (mereka diharapkan untuk dapat bertahan), sedangkan Armada Pasifik mengerahkan kekuatannya di pangkalan California, dan dijaga terhadap serangan di Terusan Panama. Setelah mobilisasi (kapal dipertahankan hanya setengah dari awak mereka pada masa damai), armada akan berlayar ke Pasifik Barat untuk mengurangi pasukan Amerika di Guam dan Filipina. Setelah itu, armada akan berlayar ke utara untuk pertempuran melawan Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang, dan kemudian memblokade kepulauan Jepang.", "Pearl Harbor\nDi pagi 7 Desember 1941, pesawat dan kapal selam Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang mengadakan serangan mengejutkan pada Amerika Serikat di bawah perintah Laksamana Madya Chuichi Nagumo. Serangan mengejutkan ini juga dikenal sebagai Pemboman Pearl Harbor dan Peperangan Pearl Harbor tetapi, kebanyakan secara umum, Serangan ke Pearl Harbor atau secara singkat Pearl Harbor. Serangan ini membawa Amerika Serikat ke kancah Perang Dunia II. Pada pukul 06:00 waktu setempat tanggal 8 Desember, 6 pengangkut Jepang meluncurkan gelombang pertama dari 181 pesawat terdiri dari pembom torpedo, pesawat pembom penyelusup, pembom dan pesawat tempur horizontal. Jepang menyerang kapal dan instalasi militer Amerika pukul 07:53 waktu setempat. Mereka menyerang LT militer di saat yang sama mereka menyerang armada berlabuh di Pearl Harbor. Seluruhnya, 21 kapal armada Pasifik tenggelam atau rusak, kerugian pesawat terbang ialah 188 musnah dan 159 rusak, Orang-orang Amerika yang tewas berjumlah 2.403. Jumlah itu termasuk 68 orang sipil, dan ada 1.178 anggota militan dan orang-orang sipil terluka.", "Pengeboman Pearl Harbor\nTujuan serangan Pearl Harbor adalah untuk melumpuhkan Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat di Pasifik, walaupun untuk sementara. Laksamana Isoroku Yamamoto sendiri menyatakan bahwa serangan yang berhasil sekalipun hanya memberikan setahun dua tahun kebebasan bertindak. Jepang telah terlibat dalam perperangan dengan Cina selama beberapa tahun (bermula pada tahun 1937) dan telah merampas Manchuria beberapa tahun sebelumnya. Rancangan untuk serangan Pearl Harbor untuk menyokong kelanjutan ketentaraan lanjut bermulai pada Januari 1941, dan latihan untuk misi berlangsung pada pertengahan tahun saat proyek ini dianggap layak setelah perselisihan sesama tentara laut Kekaisaran (Imperial Navy infighting).", "Perang Saudara Samoa Kedua\nPerang Saudara Samoa Kedua adalah konflik yang mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 1898 ketika Jerman, Britania Raya dan Amerika Serikat terikat dalam sengketa mengenai kepemilikan gugusan kepulauan Samoa yang terletak di Samudra Pasifik selatan. Akibat dari perang ini pada tahun 1899 adalah pembagian kepulauan ini. Amerika Serikat memperoleh bagian timur, Jerman bagian barat dan Britania mendapat gugusan kepulauan Pasifik lainnya yang sebelumnya merupakan kepemilikan Jerman.", "Pertempuran Ambon\nKetika Perang Pasifik pecah pada 8 Desember 1941, Ambon dijaga oleh 2800 tentara infantri \"Molukken Brigade\" dari KNIL, dipimpin oleh Overstee Joseph Kapitz dan terdiri dari tentara kolonial Hindia Belanda, dipimpin perwira Eropa. Garnisun ini berperlengkapan minim dan kurang terlatih, sebagian karena negara induknya, Belanda sudah kalah dan diduduki oleh Nazi Jerman. Unit-unit pasukan KNIL tidak perlengkapi dengan radio dan bergantung kepada jaringan telepon dan komunikasi tertulis. Mereka termasuk 300 pasukan cadangan yang kurang terlatih.", "Pertempuran Makin\nPada bulan Juni 1943 Kastaf Gabungan mengarahkan Laksamana Chester W. Nimitz, Komandan Armada Pasifik (CINCPAC), untuk menyerahkan rencana pendudukan Kepulauan Marshall. Mulanya Nimitz dan Laksamana Ernest J. King, Kepala Operasi AL, ingin menyerang tepat di jantung lingkar pertahanan terluar Jepang, tapi semua rencana untuk menyerag Kepulauan Marshall langsung dari Pearl Harbor akan membutuhkan kapal pengangkut dan personil yang lebih banyak dari yang dimiliki oleh Armada Pasifik saat itu. Dengan mempertimbangkan kekurangan ini dan terbatasnya pengalaman tempur pasukan Amerika Serikat, King dan Nimitz memutuskan untuk merebut Kepulauan Marshall dengan operasi bertahap melalui Kepulauan Ellice dan Gilbert. Kepulauan Gilbert terletak 300 km selatan Kepualaun Marshall dan masih dalam jangkauan pesawat B-24 milik Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat yang berpangkalan di Kepulauan Ellice, yang dapat menyediakan dukungan pemboman dan pengintaian jarak jauh untuk operasi di Kepulauan Gilbert. Dengan memikirkan keunggulan-keunggulan, pada tanggal 20 Juli 1943 Kastaf Gabungan memutuskan untuk merebut Atol Tarawa dan Abernama di Kepulauan Gilbert, plus Pulau Nauru di dekatnya. Operasi tersebut dinamai Operasi Galvanic.", "Tsunami\nRawan tidaknya suatu daerah terhadap tsunami ditentukan oleh adanya pemicu-pemicu di atas, terutama gempa bumi berkekuatan besar di lautan, yang merupakan penyebab tsunami paling umum. Hampir 80% dari tsunami di bumi terjadi di kawasan yang disebut Lingkaran Api Pasifik, zona penunjaman di sekitar Samudera Pasifik yang mengalami banyak gempa bumi besar. Lingkaran api (Inggris: ring of fire) ini mencakup (searah jarum jam) Selandia Baru, Papua Nugini, Indonesia, pantai timur Asia (terutama Filipina dan Jepang) sampai ke utara, lalu pantai barat Amerika Utara dan Selatan. Selain itu, kawasan Palung Sumatera yang berada di Samudera Hindia lepas pantai barat dan selatan pulau Sumatera dan Jawa, Indonesia, juga merupakan zona penunjaman yang rentan tsunami. Di luar dua kawasan ini, tsunami cukup jarang terjadi. Tercatat tsunami pernah terjadi di Pantai Makran (selatan Iran dan Pakistan), Laut Tengah, serta pantai barat Portugal.[15]", "Pertempuran Midway\nKeprihatinan Yamamoto yang paling utama adalah kapal-kapal induk Amerika yang masih tersisa, dan menurutnya harus dihancurkan karena merupakan penghalang utama bagi kesuksean kampanye militer secara menyeluruh. Keprihatinan ini jelas terbukti setelah terjadi Serangan Udara Doolittle terhadap Tokyo (18 April 1942) yang dilakukan pesawat-pesawat B-25 USAAF dari kapal induk USS \"Hornet\". Walaupun secara militer dianggap tidak penting, serangan udara ini sempat mengejutkan orang Jepang secara psikologis dan menunjukkan kelemahan pertahanan udara di sekeliling pulau-pulau utama di Jepang. Satu-satunya cara menihilkan ancaman ini adalah dengan menenggelamkan kapal induk Amerika Serikat dan merebut Midway, satu-satunya kepulauan strategis di Pasifik timur selain Hawaii. Yamamoto beralasan bahwa operasi militer terhadap pangkalan kapal induk utama di Pearl Harbor akan mengurangi kemampuan Amerika Serikat untuk berperang. Namun, mengingat begitu kuatnya supremasi udara Amerika yang berpangkalan di Hawaii, pangkalan Amerika diputuskannya untuk tidak diserang secara langsung. Sebagai gantinya, Yamamoto memilih Midway yang terletak di ujung barat laut rangkaian Kepulauan Hawaii, sekitar dari Oahu. Midway tidak begitu penting dalam rencana perang Jepang, namun pihak Jepang merasa Amerika Serikat akan menganggap Midway sebagai pos terdepan menuju Pearl Harbor yang dianggap penting, dan karena itu akan dipertahankan dengan kuat. Amerika Serikat memang menganggap Midway sebagai pos yang penting; setelah pertempuran usai, pendirian pangkalan kapal selam Amerika Serikat di Midway memungkinkan kapal selam yang berpangkalan di Pearl Harbor untuk mengisi bahan bakar serta perbekalan, dan memperpanjang radius operasi hingga . Sebuah lapangan udara di Midway dipakai untuk melayani titik perhentian paling depan untuk serangan pesawat pengebom ke Kepulauan Wake.", "Samudra Pasifik\nPenjelajah Portugis Fernando de Magelhaens adalah orang yang menamakan Samudra Pasifik. Untuk sebagian besar perjalanannya dari Selat Magelhaens menuju Filipina, Magellan memang merasakan ketenangan lautan tersebut. Tetapi, Samudra Pasifik tidaklah selalu tenang. Di mana Samudra Atlantik melebar, Samudra Pasifik menciut. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak terjadinya gempa bumi. Banyak angin puyuh dan badai yang merusak pulau-pulau di bagian Pasifik dan tanah di sekitar Pasifik dipenuhi gunung berapi dan sering diguncang gempa bumi. Tsunami, yang disebabkan oleh gempa bumi di dasar laut, telah menghancurkan banyak pulau dan meruntuhkan bangunan-bangunan kota.", "Daftar negara yang terlibat dalam Perang Dunia II\nKekaisaran Jepang adalah angnta dari Kekuatan Poros di medan Perang Pasifik. Beberapa orang mengatakan bahwa Perang Dunia II sebetulnya dimulai dari serbuan Jepang kepada Tiongkok dalam insiden Jembatan Marco Polo. Perang berakhir dengan penyerahan Jepang setelah pengeboman atom di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki." ]

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[ "ఈనాడు\n1974 ఆగష్టు 10న రామోజీరావు విశాఖపట్నం శివార్లలోని, సీతమ్మధార పక్కన నక్కవానిపాలెం అనే ఊరిలో ఈనాడును ప్రారంభించాడు. అదే సంవత్సరం ఆగష్టు 28 తేదీన ఈ పత్రిక రిజిస్టర్ చేయబడింది.[3] చాలా సాధారణంగా, ఏ ఆర్భాటాలు లేకుండా 5000 ప్రతులతో ఈనాడు ప్రస్థానం మొదలైంది. ప్రారంభంలోనే ఈనాడుకు కొన్ని ప్రత్యేకతలుండేవి." ]

[ "కాశీనాథుని నాగేశ్వరరావు\nసెప్టెంబరు 1908లో బొంబాయినుండి ఆయన ప్రారంభించిన ఆంధ్ర పత్రిక వార పత్రిక తెలుగువారికి గొప్ప ఉత్సాహాన్నిచ్చింది. నాగేశ్వరరావు వ్యాసాలు ఆయన సామాజిక చేతనా దృక్పధాన్నీ, సమకాలీన చరిత్రపై ఆయన అవగాహననూ ప్రతిబింబించాయి. 1914లో మొదటి ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం ప్రారంభమైనపుడు ప్రపంచంలో మారుతున్న పరిస్థితులనూ, రాజకీయ పరిణామాలనూ తెలుగువారికి తమ స్వంత భాషలో అందించాలనే ఉద్దేశంతో ఆంధ్ర పత్రిక దిన పత్రికను ప్రారంభింఛాడు. 1914 ఏప్రిల్ 1న మద్రాసునుండి ఈ పత్రిక తొలిసారిగా వెలువడడం తెలుగు పత్రికా రంగంలో ఒక సువర్ణాధ్యాయం. 1924లో భారతి అనే సాంస్కృతిక, సాహితీ పత్రికను ప్రారంభించాడు. తెలుగు సాహితీప్రియులకు ఇది చాలాకాలం అభిమాన పత్రికగా నిలచింది.", "రామోజీ గ్రూప్\n1974 ఆగస్టు 10న రామోజీరావు విశాఖపట్నం శివార్లలోని, సీతమ్మధార పక్కన నక్కవానిపాలెం అనే ఊరిలో ఈనాడును ప్రారంభించాడు. అదే సంవత్సరం ఆగస్టు 28 తేదీన ఈ పత్రిక రిజిస్టర్ చేయబడింది. చాలా సాధారణంగా, ఏ ఆర్భాటాలు లేకుండా 5000 ప్రతులతో ఈనాడు ప్రస్థానం మొదలైంది.", "చతుర పత్రిక\nచతుర పత్రిక ఈనాడు గ్రూపుచే నిర్వహించబడుతున్న మాస పత్రిక. ఇందులో ప్రతి నెలా ఒక నవల ప్రచురించబడుతుంది.", "ముళ్ళపూడి వెంకటరమణ\n1945లో \"బాల\" పత్రికలో రమణ మొదటి కథ \"అమ్మ మాట వినకపోతే\" అచ్చయ్యింది. అందులోనే \"బాల శతకం\" పద్యాలు కూడా అచ్చయ్యాయి. ఆ ఉత్సాహంతోనే \"ఉదయభాను\" అనే పత్రిక మొదలెట్టి తనే ఎడిటర్ అయిపోయాడు. మిత్రులతో కలిసి ఒక ప్రదర్శన నిర్వహించి, వచ్చిన డబ్బులతో సైక్లోస్టైల్ మెషిన్ కొన్నాడు. ఆ పత్రికకు రమణ ఎడిటర్. చిత్రకారుడు బాపు. విషయ రచయిత మండలీకశాస్త్రి. ఆర్థిక ఇబ్బందుల వలన ఎస్సెల్సీతో చదువు ఆపిన రమణ చిన్నా చితకా ఉద్యోగాలు చేశాడు. 1954లో ఆంధ్ర పత్రిక డైలీలో సబ్ ఎడిటర్‌గా చేరాడు. ఆంధ్రపత్రికలో పని చేసేటపుడే బుడుగు వ్రాశాడు.[1]", "ఈనాడు\nఈనాడు ఒక ప్రముఖ తెలుగు దినపత్రిక. తెలుగు పత్రికా చరిత్రలో ఒక ప్రత్యేక అధ్యాయం. వార్తలను సమర్పించడంలో కొత్తపుంతలు తొక్కి అశేష ప్రజల ఆదరాభిమానాలు పొందింది. తెలుగు పత్రికలలోనే కాక యావద్దేశంలోనే అత్యధిక ప్రజాదరణ కలిగిన పత్రికలలో ఒకటిగా నిలిచింది. ప్రజల జీవితాలతో మమేకమై, సమకాలీన చరిత్రలో విడదీయరాని భాగమైపోయింది. ఈనాడు తెలుగులో అత్యధిక సర్క్యులేషన్ కలిగిన దిన పత్రిక. NRS 2006 సర్వే ప్రకారం 1,38,05,000 మంది పాఠకులను కలిగి, దేశంలోనే తృతీయ స్థానంలో నిలచింది.[2].", "పాములపర్తి సదాశివరావు\nఇతడు 1921, 17 జూలైన వరంగల్లులో హనుమంతరావు, దుర్గాబాయి దంపతులకు జన్మించాడు. హనుమకొండలోని హైస్కూలులో ఇతని విద్యాభ్యాసం నడిచింది. ఇంటర్మీడియట్ వరకు చదువుకున్నాడు. భారత మాజీ ప్రధానమంత్రి పి.వి.నరసింహారావు ఇతనికి సోదరుడి వరుస మరియు బాల్యమిత్రుడు. వీరి స్నేహం వికసించి కాకతీయ పత్రిక ప్రారంభించడానికి కారణమైంది. 1948లో ఈ కాకతీయ పత్రిక ప్రారంభమైంది. పాములపర్తి సదాశివరావు ఈ వారపత్రికకు సంపాదకుడు కాగా పి.వి.నరసింహారావు ఈ పత్రిక నిర్వహణలో పాలుపంచుకున్నాడు. ఇద్దరూ కలిసి ఈ పత్రికలో జయ-విజయ అనే కలం పేరుతో రచనలు చేసేవారు. అవి పాఠకులను ఎంతో ఆకట్టుకున్నాయి. ఇద్దరూ అనేక కలంపేర్లతో ఈ పత్రికలో చాలా రచనలు చేశారు. సందేశమ్‌ పత్రిక ఎడిటోరియల్ బోర్డు సభ్యుడిగా ఉన్నాడు. ఇతడు 1945లో కాకతీయ కళాసమితిని స్థాపించాడు. ఈ సంస్థ కళలు, సాహిత్యం, నాటకాలు, శాస్త్రీయ సంగీతం మొదలైన వాటిని ప్రోత్సహించింది. ప్రతియేటా ఈ సంస్థ తరఫున మూడు రోజులు త్యాగరాజ మహోత్సవాలను నిర్వహించేవాడు. ఇతడు కాకతీయ పత్రికతో పాటుగా విశ్వజ్యోతి, ధర్మభూమి మొదలైన పత్రికలలో విస్తృతంగా రచనలు చేశాడు. మార్క్సిజం మొదలుకొని ప్రపంచ చరిత్ర, భారతీయ తత్త్వము, హిందుస్తానీ సంగీతం, కర్ణాటక సంగీతం, నాటకరంగం ఇలా అన్ని విషయాలపైనా ఇతడు వ్యాసాలు వ్రాశాడు. 1982లో వరంగల్లులో జరిగిన పోతన పంచశతాబ్ది ఉత్సవాలకు ఇతడు ప్రేరేపకుడు. పోతన విజ్ఞానపీఠం స్థాపనకు ఇతడు కారకుడు. 1988లో కాకతీయ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం నిర్వహించిన విద్యారణ్య విద్వద్గోష్టిలో చురుకుగా పాల్గొని విద్యారణ్యుని తత్వంపై పత్రసమర్పణ చేశాడు.", "కుందూరి ఈశ్వరదత్తు (పాత్రికేయుడు)\n1929లో ది హిందూ దినపత్రిక అప్పటి సంపాదకుడు ఎ.రంగస్వామి అయ్యంగార్ ఇతడిని హిందూ పత్రికలోనికి ఆహ్వానించాడు. ఇతడు హిందూలో చేరి \"మద్రాస్ లెటర్\" పేరుతో నెలనెలా రిపోర్టు పంపేవాడు. సి.వై.చింతామణి ఇతడిని \"ది లీడర్\" దిన పత్రికలో సహాయ సంపాదకునిగా పనిచేయడానికి ఆహ్వానించాడు. ఆ పత్రికలో దాదాపు 3 సంవత్సరాలు పనిచేసి తర్వాత ఆ పదవికి రాజీనామా చేసి స్వంతంగా \"ట్వంటీయత్ సెంచురీ\" అనే మాసపత్రికను ప్రారంభించాడు. ఆ పత్రికలో తేజ్ బహద్దూర్ సప్రూ, కె.ఎం.పానికర్, హుమయూన్ కబీర్, కట్టమంచి రామలింగారెడ్డి, రాధా కుముద్ ముఖర్జీ, ఎం.చలపతిరావు, భోగరాజు పట్టాభి సీతారామయ్య, హీరేన్ ముఖర్జీ, కె.ఆర్.శ్రీనివాస అయ్యంగార్, కె.ఎస్.వెంకటరమణి వంటి మహామహులు వ్యాసాలు వ్రాశారు. ", "మహతి\nఈ మాస పత్రిక తెనాలి నుండి వాసిరెడ్డి వేంకటసుబ్బయ్య సంపాదకుడుగా, ప్రచురణకర్తగా వెలువడింది. 1938లో మొదటి సంచిక వెలుగు చూసింది. ఈ పత్రిక జాతీయోద్యమానికి బాసటగా నిలిచింది. ఈ పత్రికలో కథలు, కవితలు, పద్యాలు, వ్యాసాలు ప్రచురింపబడ్డాయి. విమర్శవీధి పేరుతో పుస్తకసమీక్షలు ప్రచురించారు.\n\"ప్రపంచ దృష్టినంతటిని ఉవ్వెత్తుగ ఆకర్షించుచు లోకవృత్తమును క్షణక్షణము తారుమారు చేయుచున్న వర్తమాన రాజకీయ వ్యవస్థకు జాతీయ నిత్యజీవనమునకు సంబంధించు సాంఘిక నైతికాది చర్చా సందర్భములకును, కళాపోషకములయి మానవహృదయ సంస్కారమునకు దోహదమొసగు కథానికలకును, ఆదర్శములగు చరిత్రాంశములకు మా 'మహతి' సేవాంజలి సమర్పించుచుండును\n\" అని తొలిసంచికలో 'ప్రాస్తావిక'లో ఈ పత్రిక ఆశయాన్ని ప్రస్తావించారు.", "సితార (పత్రిక)\nసితార ఒక ప్రముఖ తెలుగు సినిమా వారపత్రిక. ఈనాడు అధినేత రామోజీరావు దీని వ్యవస్థాపకులు.", "షోయబ్ ఉల్లాఖాన్\nసమసమాజం కోసం, అణగారిన అమాయక ప్రజల కోసం ఏదో చేయాలన్న తపన బలంగా ఉన్న షోయబ్ జాతీయోద్యమ స్ఫూర్తితో జర్నలిజాన్ని వృత్తిగా ఎంచుకున్నాడు. మొదట షోయబ్ 'తేజ్ 'అనే ఉర్దూ పత్రికలో ఉప సంపాదకుడిగా చేరాడు. నిరంకుశ నిజాం ప్రభుత్వం, ఆయన తాబేదార్లయిన రజాకార్ల దౌర్జన్యాలు, అరాచకాలను తీవ్ర స్థాయిలో విమర్శిస్తూ వార్తలనే అస్త్రాలను సంధించాడు. ప్రజా సమస్యలపై పాలకులను నిలదీస్తూ ప్రజల్లో చైతన్యం తెచ్చే ప్రయత్నం చేశాడు. చివరకు ‘తేజ్’ పత్రికను నిషేధించారు.తేజ్ పత్రిక తర్వాత మందుముల నర్సింగరావు ఆధ్వర్యంలో వెలువడుతున్న ‘రయ్యత్’ అనే ఉర్దూ దినపత్రికలో చేరాడు. పాలకవర్గాల దౌర్జన్యాలను, దోపిడీని చీల్చి చెండాడాడు. కొంత కాలానికి నిజాం ప్రభుత్వం ‘రయ్యత్’ పత్రికను కూడా మూసివేయించింది. తన భార్య, తల్లి ఆభరణాలు అమ్మి ‘ఇమ్రోజ్’ అనే ఉర్దూ పత్రికను ప్రారంభించాడు. ‘ఇమ్రోజ్’ అంటే ‘నేడు’ అని అర్థం. ‘ఇమ్రోజ్’ దినపత్రిక తొలి సంచిక 1947 నవంబరు 1 వ తేదీన వెలువడింది. నిజాం సంస్థానాన్ని ఇండియన్ యూనియన్ లో విలీనం చేయాల్సిందేనని ఖరాఖండిగా చెబుతూ సంపాదకీయాలు రాశాడు. విశాల దేశ ప్రయోజనాల దృష్ట్యా విలీనం తప్పనిసరి అని పేర్కొన్నాడు. ‘పగటి ప్రభుత్వం - రాత్రి ప్రభుత్వం’ పేరుతో 1948 జనవరి 29 న ఒక వ్యాసంలో ఇత్తెహాదుల్ ముసల్మీన్ సంస్థపై ఎందుకు నిషేధం విధించదు ? అంటూ తీవ్ర విమర్శనాస్త్రాలు సంధించాడు.", "చీమకుర్తి\n[2] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,మార్చి-19; 2వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,మార్చి-23; 2వపేజీ.\n[4] ఈనాడు,ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014;ఏప్రిల్-14;1వపేజీ.\n[5] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014.మే-23; 1వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,జూన్-5, 2వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,జూన్-9; 2వపేజీ.\n[8] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014, ఆగస్టు=1; 1వపేజీ. \n[9] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014, ఆగస్టు-7; 1వపేజీ. \n[10] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,డిసెంబరు-8; 1వపేజీ.\n[11] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,డిసెంబరు-25; 2వపేజీ.\n[12] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015,మార్చి-6; 2వపేజీ.\n[13] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015,మార్చి-18; 1వపేజీ.\n[14] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015,మార్చి-24,25&26.\n[15] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015,డిసెంబరు-26; 2వపేజీ. \n[16] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2016,ఫిబ్రవరి-14; 1వపేజీ. \n[17] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2016,ఫిబ్రవరి-18; 1వపేజీ. \n[18] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2016,ఫిబ్రవరి-28&29; 1వపేజీ. \n[19] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2016.మే-10; 1వపేజీ.\n[20] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2017,మార్చి-7; 2వపేజీ.", "ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి సచిత్ర వారపత్రిక\n1967లో ఈ వారపత్రిక ప్రారంభించబడింది. నార్ల వెంకటేశ్వరరావు ఈ పత్రికకు తొలి సంపాదకుడు. కె.ఎల్.ఎన్.ప్రసాద్ ప్రచురణకర్త. విజయవాడ నుండి వెలువడేది. పురాణం సుబ్రహ్మణ్యశర్మ, తోటకూర రఘు మొదలైన వారు ఈ పత్రికకు సంపాదకులుగా వ్యవహరించారు. ఫిడేలు రాగాలు, ఇల్లాలి ముచ్చట్లు, జోకాభిరామాయణం మొదలైన శీర్షికలు పాఠకుల అభిమానాన్ని చూరగొన్నాయి.", "ఈనాడు\nప్రముఖ పాత్రికేయుడైన ఏ.బి.కె. ప్రసాద్ ఈనాడుకు ప్రారంభ సంపాదకుడు. ఆయన నిర్వహణలోను, ఆ తరువాత కూడా, ఈనాడు బాగా అభివృద్ధి సాధించింది. 1975 డిసెంబర్ 17న హైదరాబాదులో రెండవ ప్రచురణ కేంద్రం మొదలైంది. అలా విస్తరిస్తూ 2005 అక్టోబర్ 9 నాటికి, రాష్ట్రంలోను, రాష్ట్రం బయటా మొత్తం 23 కేంద్రాలనుండి ప్రచురితమౌతూ, అత్యధిక ప్రచురణ, ఆదరణ కల భారతీయ భాషా పత్రికలలో మూడవ స్థానానికి చేరింది.", "పాఠశాల (మాసపత్రిక)\nఈ మాసపత్రిక 1977లో ప్రారంభించబడింది. పదవ తరగతి విద్యార్థుల కొరకు ఈ ప్రత్యేక విద్యాసంబంధమైన పత్రిక వెలువడుతున్నది. విద్యార్థులకు అవసరమైన పాఠ్యాంశాలు, వాటికి సంబంధించిన విషయాలు ఈ పత్రికలోని ప్రధానాంశాలు. ఈ తరహా మాసపత్రిక తెలుగులో ఇదే మొదటిది. ఈ పత్రిక చిత్తూరు జిల్లా, చౌడేపల్లె నుండి వెలువడుతున్నది. విజయవాణి పబ్లిషర్స్ తరఫున ఈ పత్రికను నాయుని కృష్ణమూర్తి నడుపుతున్నాడు. ప్రస్తుతం ఈ పత్రికకు గుమ్మనూరు రమేష్ బాబు ప్రధాన సంపాదకునిగా వ్యవహరిస్తున్నాడు.", "సితార (పత్రిక)\nఈనాడు\nరామోజీరావు", "ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ\n1982లో తెలుగుదేశం పార్టీ పెట్టి ఎన్టీ రామారావు ఏడాదిలోపు ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ ముఖ్యమంత్రి కావడం, రాజీవ్ గాంధీ సహకారంతో కాంగ్రెస్‌తో అనుబంధం ఏర్పడడంతో కృష్ణ ఈ దశలో రాజకీయ నేపథ్యంలో రాజకీయ నేపథ్యంలోని పలు సినిమాల్లో నటించాడు. ముఖ్యమంత్రి, ప్రజా ప్రతినిధి, నా పిలుపే ప్రభంజనం, సాహసమే నా ఊపిరి వంటి సినిమాలతో పాటుగా,[42] మలయాళంలో విజయవంతమైన సినిమాను తెలుగు రాజకీయ వాతావరణానికి అనుగుణంగా అడాప్ట్ చేసిన ఈనాడు సినిమా సరిగ్గా 1982లో ఎన్నికలకు ముందు విడుదలై ఘన విజయాన్ని సాధించింది.[43] ఈనాడు సినిమాతో కృష్ణ 200 సినిమాల మైలురాయిని చేరుకున్నాడు.[3] సింహాసనం సినిమాను స్వంత బ్యానర్‌లో తొలిసారి తానే దర్శకత్వం చేపట్టి భారీ బడ్జెట్‌తో తెరకెక్కించాడు. పెద్ద సెట్‌లతో సినిమాను సాంకేతికంగా ఉన్నతంగా తీశాడు. విడుదలైన మొదటి వారంలోనే రూ.కోటి 51 లక్షలకు పైగా వసూళ్ళు సాధించి సంచలనం సృష్టించింది. విశాఖపట్టణం చిత్రాలయ థియేటర్‌లో వందరోజులు, విజయవాడ రాజ్ థియేటర్‌లో 53 రోజులు వరుసగా ఒక్కరోజు కూడా విడువకుండా హౌస్ ఫుల్ అయి మరో రికార్డు సృష్టించింది.[44] సింహాసనం సినిమా ద్విభాషా చిత్రం, సింఘాసన్‌గా హిందీలో తానే నిర్మాణ, దర్శకత్వ బాధ్యతలు చేపట్టి జీతేంద్ర కథానాయకుడిగా విడుదల చేశాడు. అయితే ఇది ఫ్లాప్‌గా మిగిలింది.[45] ఈ దశలో సింహాసనం, అగ్నిపర్వతం, వజ్రాయుధం, ఊరికి మొనగాడు, ఈనాడు వంటి సినిమాలు ఘన విజయం సాధించాయి. ఇవి కాక మరెన్నో సినిమాలు కమర్షియల్ విజయాన్ని సాధించి కృష్ణ సినీ జీవితంలో ఈ దశను అత్యున్నత స్థాయిగా నిలిపాయి.", "సుడిగాలి\n1982 వ సంవత్సరం నవంబరు 1వ తేదిన ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ అవతరణ దినోత్సవ వేడుక రోజున నెల్లూరు జిల్లా, సూళ్ళూరుపేట, బాపూజీ వీధిలో కార్యాలయంను, పత్రికను ప్రారంభించారు. ఈ ప్రారంభోత్సవానికి ముఖ్య అతిదిగా నాటి మంత్రివర్యులు శ్రీ నల్లప రెడ్డి శ్రీనివాసులు రెడ్డి, మాజీ జిల్లా పరిషత్ ఛైర్మన్ శ్రీ నల్లపరెడ్డి చంద్రశేఖర్ రెడ్డి మరియు పార్లమెంట్ సభ్యులు శ్రీ బెజవాడ పాపి రెడ్డి విచ్చేసి సుడిగాలి ఆవిర్భావంలో పాలు పంచుకున్నారు.", "కోటంరాజు రామారావు\nఇతడు మొదట బ్రహ్మసమాజం వారి \"\"హ్యుమానిటీ\"\" (Humanity) వారపత్రికలో పాత్రికేయుడిగా ప్రవేశించాడు. తరువాత కరాచీ నుండి వెలువడే సింధ్ అబ్జర్వర్(Sindh Observer)లో చేరి అటుపిమ్మట ది టైమ్స్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా, ది లీడర్(The Leader), ది పయనీర్(The Pioneer), ఈస్ట్రన్‌ ఎక్స్‌ప్రెస్‌ (Eastern express), డాన్‌ (Don), స్వరాజ్య(Swarajya), హిందుస్థాన్‌ టైమ్స్‌ (Hindustan Times), సర్చ్ లైట్(Searchlight), ది పీపుల్ (The People) వంటి పత్రికలలో పనిచేశాడు. ఇతడు పాత్రికేయుడిగా పత్రికా స్వాతంత్య్రం కాపాడడం కోసం అనేక సందర్బాలలో పనిచేసే పత్రికాయాజమాన్యంతో వచ్చే విబేదాల వలన తన రాజీనామా చేయడానికి కూడా వెనుకంజవేసేవాడు కాదు. అందుకే ఇతడు 33 పత్రికలలో వివిధ హోదాలలో పనిచేశాడు. ఇంగ్లాండు, బ్రెజిల్, ఫ్రాన్సు, స్విట్జర్లాండు, ఇటలీ, అమెరికా వంటి దేశాలలో పర్యటించి అక్కడ పత్రికా విధానం గురించి క్షుణ్ణంగా పరిశీలించాడు. అఖిల భారత దిన పత్రికల సంపాదకుల మహాసభ స్థాపనలో ఇతడు ప్రముఖ పాత్ర వహించాడు. అలాగే భారతీయ వర్కింగ్‌ జర్నలిస్టు సమాఖ్యలో ఇతడు కీలక పాత్ర వహించాడు. \nజవహర్‌లాల్ నెహ్రూ 1938లో స్థాపించిన \"\"ది నేషనల్ హెరాల్డ్\"\"(The National Herald) పత్రికలో ఇతడు ఆ పత్రికకు మొట్టమొదటి సంపాదకుడిగా నియమించబడ్డాడు. ఈ పత్రికలో అతడు రాణించి అందరికీ సుపరిచితుడైనాడు. బ్రిటిష్‌ దురంతాలను తీవ్రంగా ఈ పత్రిక సంపాదకీయాల ద్వారా విమర్శించేవాడు. ", "ఉన్నమాట\nఉన్నమాట వ్యాససంకలనాన్ని ప్రముఖ పాత్రికేయులు, సంపాదకులు ఎం.వి.ఆర్.శాస్త్రి రాశారు.\nతెలుగు పత్రికారంగంలో రెండు దశాబ్దాల పాటు సాగిన ఉన్నమాట కాలమ్ నుంచి ఎంపికచేసిన వ్యాసాల సంకలనం ఇది. ఈ శీర్షిక 1990దశకంలో ఆంధ్రప్రభ పత్రిక ఆదివారం సంచికలను వారపత్రికల సైజులో ముద్రించిన సందర్భంగా కొత్తశీర్షిక (కాలమ్) శాస్త్రి ఉన్నమాటను ప్రారంభించారు. 1992 మే 24 తేదీ సంచికలో \"సభవారు చెప్పింది వేదం\" అన్న శీర్షిక (టైటిల్)తో శాసనసభా హక్కుల వైరుధ్యాలను చర్చించే వ్యాసంతో ఉన్నమాట ప్రారంభమైంది. 1994 డిసెంబరులో ఆంధ్రభూమి దినపత్రికకు శాస్త్రి సంపాదకత్వ బాధ్యతలు చేపట్టాకా, ఆంధ్రభూమి ఆదివారం సంచికలో కాలమ్ కొనసాగింది.\nవిజయవంతంగా కొనసాగిన ఉన్నమాటలో ఎంపిక చేసిన వ్యాసాలను ఆగస్టు 2008లో అప్పాజోస్యుల విస్సాభొట్ల ఫౌండేషన్ (ప్రస్తుతం అప్పాజోస్యుల విస్సాభొట్ల కాందాళం ఫౌండేషన్) వారు తొలి ముద్రణ చేశారు. దుర్గా పబ్లికేషన్స్ సంస్థ ద్వారా మే 2010లో ద్వితీయ ముద్రణ చేశారు.", "ఇలస్ట్రేటెడ్ వీక్లీ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా\nది ఇలస్ట్రేటెడ్ వీక్లీ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా భారతదేశం నుండి ఇంగ్లీషు భాషలో వెలువడిన ప్రఖ్యాత వారపత్రిక. ఈ పత్రిక 1880లో టైమ్స్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియాకు అనుబంధ వారపత్రికగా ప్రారంభమైంది. తరువాత 1923లో ది ఇలస్ట్రేటెడ్ వీక్లీ ఆఫ్ ఇండియాగా పేరు మార్చబడింది. ఈ పత్రిక 1993లో మూతపడింది. పాఠకలోకంలో వీక్లీగా పేరుగాంచిన ఈ పత్రిక ఒక శతాబ్దానికి పైగా భారతదేశపు ముఖ్యమైన ఇంగ్లీషు పత్రికగా పరిగణించబడింది.\nఈ పత్రికను టైమ్స్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా గ్రూపు సంస్థ బెన్నెట్ కోలమెన్ & కంపెనీ లిమిటెడ్ బొంబాయి నుండి ప్రచురించింది.", "తెలుగు జర్నలిజం\nఆంధ్రుల పత్రికలలో విజయవంతంగా నడిచిన తొలి తెలుగు పత్రిక ఆంధ్రప్రత్రిక . ఇది 1908లో కాశీనాధుని నాగేశ్వరరావు పంతులు వారపత్రికగా స్థాపించాడు. శేషగిరిరావు సంపాదకత్వంలో వృద్ధి చెందింది. ఆ తరువాత దినపత్రికగా మారింది. దీనితో పాటు సాహిత్య పత్రిక భారతి ప్రజాదరణ పొందింది. ఈ పత్రిక గాంధీజీ జీవనవిలువలని ప్రచారం చేసింది.1965లో విజయవాడకు ఆ తరువాత హైదరాబాదు కేంద్రంనుండి ముద్రించబడింది.", "జాగృతి\nజాగృతి తెలుగు వారపత్రిక. ఇది 1948 డిసెంబరు 18 తేదీన విజయవాడలో ప్రారంభమైనది. మహాత్మా గాంధీ హత్యానంతరం రాష్ట్రీయ స్వయం సేవక్ సంఘ్ సిద్ధాంతాలను, జాతీయ భావాలను యువకులలో వ్యాపింపజేయడం ప్రధాన లక్ష్యంగా స్థాపించబడినది.\nఈ పత్రిక ప్రారంభంలో సంపాదకులు బుద్ధవరపు వెంకటరత్నం. ఆయన తరువాత 1953లో తూములూరి లక్ష్మీనారాయణ సంపాదకత్వ బాధ్యతలను స్వీకరించారు. 1976లో పి.వేణుగోపాలరెడ్డి సంపాదకులైనారు. అతడు భారతీయ జనతా పార్టీలో చేరినప్పుడు వి.రామమోహనరావు సంపాదకులుగా చేరారు. \nజాగృతి సంస్థ చేసే విలక్షణమైన పనులలో పత్రికా రచయితలకు శిక్షణా తరగతులను నిర్వహించడం ముఖ్యమైనది. పెద్ద పత్రికలలో పనిచేస్తున్న సంపాదకులను ఆహ్వానించి వారిచేత ప్రసంగాలు చేయించేవారు. ఆంధ్రపత్రిక వలె జాగృతి దీపావళి సంచిక మరియు జూన్ నెలలో పరిశ్రమలకు సంబంధించిన విశేష సంచికలను ప్రచురిస్తున్నారు. ప్రతి సంచికలోను ఒక పేజీ నిండా సినిమా వార్తలను ప్రచురించడం ఒక ఆనవాయితీ.\nఈ పత్రిక 1999లో స్వర్ణోత్సవం జరుపుకొని జాగృతి స్వర్ణ జయంతి స్మృతి మంజూషను ప్రచురించారు.", "ఈమాట\nఈమాట ఒక తెలుగు అంతర్జాల పత్రిక. ఇది ఇంటర్నెట్లో ప్రచురించబడుతున్న మాసపత్రిక. ఇది ప్రధానంగా అమెరికాలోని ప్రవాసాంధ్రులచే నడుపబడుతున్నది. తెలుగులో అంతర్జాల పత్రికలు దాదాపుగా లేని 1998లోనే ప్రారంభమైన ఈమాట పత్రిక అప్పటి నుంచీ నడుస్తూనేవుంది. మొదట్లో మాసపత్రికగా ప్రారంభమైన ఈమాటను ప్రస్తుతం ద్వైమాసికంగా వెలువరిస్తున్నారు. పత్రికకు ప్రస్తుతం మాధవ్ మాచవరం, పాణిని శంఖవరం సంపాదక బాధ్యతలను నిర్వహిస్తున్నారు. పూర్వసంపాదకుల్లో ప్రముఖ రచయితలు, సాహిత్యవేత్తలు కె. వి. ఎస్. రామారావు, కొలిచాల సురేశ్, కొంపెల్ల భాస్కర్, విష్ణుభొట్ల లక్ష్మన్న, ఇంద్రగంటి పద్మ, వేలూరి వేంకటేశ్వర రావులు ఉన్నారు.", "గోలకొండ పత్రిక\nపౌరస్వేచ్ఛ అసలే లేని నియంతృత్వ నిజాం పాలనలో నిత్యమూ నిజాల్ని తెలిపేందుకు సురవరం ప్రతాపరెడ్డి 1926 మే 10వ తేదీన ఉర్దూ కేలండర్ ప్రకారం తీర్ నెల మూడవ తేదీన గోలకొండ పత్రికను హైదరాబాదు నుండి 7000రూపాయల పెట్టుబడితో ప్రారంభించాడు. సంపాదకుడిగా ఇతని పేరు లేనప్పటికి సంపాదకత్వం, నిర్వహణ, ప్రచురణ బాధ్యతలు అన్నీ ఇతనివే.తెలుగు చదివిన సబ్‌ ఎడిటర్లు, ప్రూఫ్‌ చూసేవారు దొరకకపోవడం వల్ల ప్రతాపరెడ్డి, సంపాదకుల నుండి మేనేజర్‌గా, సబ్‌ ఎడిటర్‌, ఫ్రూఫ్‌ రీడర్‌గా, గుమాస్తాగా, ఛప్రాసీగా అన్నింటిని తన భుజస్కంధాలపై వేసుకొని, సవ్యసాచివలె బాధ్యతలను కొంతకాలం నిర్వహించాడు. 1939 ఆగస్టు నుంచి అధికారికంగా గోలకొండ పత్రికకు ఇరవై ఏళ్లు ఇతడే సంపాదకుడు. తెలుగు భాషోద్ధరణ, తెలుగు ప్రజల సర్వతోముఖాభివృద్ధి లక్ష్యాలతో ఈ పత్రిక స్థాపింపబడింది. మొదట ఈ పత్రిక అర్ధవార పత్రికగా వెలువడింది. ప్రతి బుధవారం, శనివారం వెలువడేది. 31-07-1933 నుండి ఈ పత్రిక ప్రతి సోమవారము, గురువారము ప్రకటించబడేది. దీనికి కారణము మునుపటి సంచికలో ఇలా వివరించారు. \"ఇది మొదలుకొని మా పత్రిక సోమ, గురువారములయందు ప్రకటింపబడును. నిజాం రాజ్యముతో ముఖ్య సంబంధము గలదగుటచే మా పత్రికాకార్యాలయమునకు ఆదివారమును మాని శుక్రవారము శెలవుగా నేర్పరచుకొనుటచే మార్పు చేయవలసి వచ్చినది.\" 1930 నుండి పత్రిక మొదటి పేజీలో The First Telugu Bi-weekly in Andhra Desa, The only Telugu News Paper for H E H The Nizam's Dominions. (Hyderabad Dn)అని ప్రకటించేవారు. 1936 నుండి మొదటి పేజీతో పాటు చివరి పేజీలో కూడా పతాక శీర్షికను ప్రచురించారు. దానికి ఉర్దూ భాష ప్రాబల్యమే కారణము. 02-08-1937నుండి ఇది తనను తాను జాతీయపత్రికగా అభివర్ణించుకొన్నది. 1947లో దినపత్రికగా మారింది. ఒక పత్రిక వ్యక్తి స్థాయి నుంచి వ్యవస్థకు ఎదిగింది గోలకొండ పత్రిక తోనే. గోలకొండ పత్రిక నిర్వహణకు గోల్కొండ పబ్లికేషన్స్ లిమిటెడ్ పేరుతో ఒక లిమిటెడ్ కంపెనీ ఏర్పడింది. డైరెక్టర్ల బోర్డుకు రాజా రామేశ్వరరావు అధ్యక్షుడైతే, మేనేజింగ్ డైరెక్టర్‌గా నూకల నరోత్తమరెడ్డి వ్యవహరించేవారు. తెలంగాణా పత్రికా ప్రస్థానంలో ఒక పత్రిక ఇండస్ట్రీగా ఎదగటం అదే తొలిసారి. వార్తా పత్రిక అయినప్పటికీ ఇది చేసిన సాహిత్యసేవ, భాషాసేవ ఎనలేనిది.", "అమ్మనుడి (పత్రిక)\nఅమ్మనుడి తెనాలి నుండి ప్రచురితమైతున్న మాసపత్రిక. తెలుగు జాతి ప్రతిక ఉపపేరుతో \"నుడి-నాడు-నెనరు\" ఉపశీర్షికతో ఈ పత్రిక వెలువడుతుంది. 2013 అక్టోబరు ప్రచురితమైన నుడుస్తున్న చరిత్ర పత్రిక ఆర్థిక కారణాలవలన ఆగిపోయి, తిరిగి 2015 మార్చి నుండి సరికొత్త పేరుతో ప్రారంభమైంది. అంతర్జాలంలో తెలుగు భాషపై చర్చలు జరుగుతుండడానికి అమ్మనుడి పత్రికలో వచ్చిన వ్యాసాలే కారణం.1983 నుండి 2013 వరకు నడుస్తున్న చరిత్ర పత్రికను విజయవాడ కేంద్రంగా డా. సామల రమేష్ బాబు ప్రచురించారు. 2001 నుండి రాజకీయ విశ్లేషణలతోపాటుగా భాషా ఉద్యమాల గురించి వ్యాసాలు రావడం ప్రారంభమై, 2009 నాటికి పూర్తిస్థాయి భాషోద్యమ పత్రికగా రూపాంతరం చెందింది. ఆర్థిక కారణాల వల్ల 2013 నవంబర్ నుండి ఈ పత్రిక వెలువడలేదు. తిరిగి 2015 ఉగాదికి (మార్చి) తొలి సంచికతో పేరు మార్చుకొని అమ్మనుడిగా వెలువడింది.", "ఆంధ్రభూమి\nమద్రాసు నుండి 1932 సంవత్సరంలో ప్రారంభించబడి ఏడు ముద్రణా కేంద్రాలకు విస్తరించిన తెలుగు దినపత్రిక ఆంధ్రభూమి . దీనికి ఆండ్ర శేషగిరిరావు సంపాదకులు. యాజమాన్యం దక్కన్ క్రానికల్ హోల్డింగ్స్ లిమిటెడ్ అనే ప్రైవేటు సంస్థ చేతిలోవుంది.. \nగోవిందుని రామశాస్త్రి (గోరా శాస్త్రి), పండితారాధ్యుల నాగేశ్వరరావు, గజ్జెల మల్లారెడ్డి, ఎ. బి. కె. ప్రసాద్, కె. ఎన్‌. వై. పతంజలి, సి. కనకాంబరరాజు, ఎం. వి. ఆర్. శాస్త్రి సంపాదక బాధ్యతలు వహించారు.", "తెలుగు పత్రికలు\nపత్రిక సంచికల మధ్య ఉండే వ్యవధిని అనుసరించి వర్గీకరిస్తే వాటిని ఇలా విభజిస్తారు:\nరోజుకు ఒక సంచికగా వెలువడే పత్రికలను దినపత్రికలుగా వ్యవహరిస్తారు. సాధారణంగా వార్తా పత్రికలు దినపత్రికలుగా వెలువడుతూంటాయి. ప్రస్తుతం తెలుగు దినపత్రికలుగా ఈనాడు, ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి, సాక్షి, వార్త,ఆంధ్రభూమి, ఆంధ్రప్రభ, విశాలాంధ్ర, ప్రజాశక్తి వంటి పలు పత్రికలు పేరొందాయి. తెలుగు పత్రికల చరిత్రలో తొలుత ఆంధ్రపత్రిక, కృష్ణాపత్రిక,నమస్తే తెలంగాణ వంటివి నడిచాయి. వీటిలో కృష్ణా పత్రిక మరల ప్రారంభమైంది. చాలావరకూ దినపత్రికలు ఉదయం వస్తూంటాయి. సాయంకాల సంచికలు వెలువరించే పత్రికలు మరికొన్ని ఉంటాయి.\nసమాచార వ్యవస్థ వేగంగా లేని రోజుల్లో ఉదయం రావాల్సిన పత్రికలు మధ్యాహ్నం పాఠకుని చేతికి అందేవి. ఈ నేపథ్యంలో తెల్లవారేసరికల్లా పాఠకుని చేతికి అందడాన్ని సవాలుగా స్వీకరించిన పత్రికలు సర్క్యులేషన్లో ముందుకు వెళ్ళి ఇతర పత్రికల్ని వెనక్కి నెట్టాయి.", "ఆకవీడు\n[2] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2013,ఆగస్టు-2; 5వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,జూన్-19,20,21 & 22.\n[4] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,ఆగస్టు-6; 6వపేజీ.\n[5] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,నవంబరు-26; 4వపేజీ. \n[6] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2015,మార్చి-5; 6వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2015,సెప్టెంబరు-13; 4వపేజీ.\n[8] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2017,ఫిబ్రవరి-22; 4వపేజీ.\n[9] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2017,జూన్-10; 3వపేజీ. \n[10] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2017,జూన్-19; 5వపేజీ. \n[11] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2017,జూన్-19; 4వపేజీ.", "నూజివీడు\n[2] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2014, ఆగస్టు-17; 2వపేజీ. [3] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2014, ఆగస్టు-24; 4వపేజీ. [4] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2014 [5] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2015,మార్చి-25; 10వపేజీ. [6] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,ఆగస్టు-9; 20వపేజీ. [7] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2016,ఫిబ్రవరి-9; 14వపేజీ. [8] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/నూజివీడు; 2016,డిసెంబరు-2; 2వపేజీ. [9] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/నూజివీడు; 2017,ఫిబ్రవరి-25; 2వపేజీ. [10] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/నూజివీడు; 2017,మార్చి-6; 2వపేజీ. [11] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/నూజివీడు; 2017,మే-30; 1వపేజీ. [12] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/నూజివీడు; 2017,జూన్-20; 1వపేజీ.", "ఈనాడు\n1977లో ఈనాడు సిబ్బంది సమ్మెతో ఇరవై మూడు రోజులు పత్రిక మూతబడింది. సుప్రీం కోర్టు - సమ్మె చట్ట బద్ధమే అని ఇచ్చిన తీర్పుతో రామోజీ రావు సుమారు కోటి రూపాయలు చెల్లించుకోవాల్సివచ్చింది.[12] తొలిదశలో ప్రముఖ పాత్రికేయులు సంపాదకవర్గంలో వుండేవారు. ఆ తరువాత వర్కింగ్ ఎడిటర్ లేకుండా ప్రధాన సంపాదకుడుగా అన్నీ తనే చూసుకోవటం ద్వారా రామోజీరావు వర్కింగ్ ఎడిటర్ పదవిని, ప్రాముఖ్యాన్ని తగ్గించిన అపఖ్యాతి పొందాడు. జర్నలిజంలో యజమానే ఎడిటర్ గా కొనసాగుతూ విమర్శలు ఎదుర్కొన్నాడు. ఈనాడు ప్రధాన కార్యాలయాన్ని హైదరాబాద్ నుంచి రామోజీ ఫిల్మ్ సిటీకి మార్చడంతో ఉద్యోగులంతా తీవ్ర మనస్థాపనానికి గురై అసంతృప్తితో బతుకుతున్నా పట్టించుకోవటట్లేదన్న అపవాదు ఉంది.[13].", "నమస్తే తెలంగాణ\nనమస్తే తెలంగాణ జూన్ 6, 2011 నాడు ప్రారంభించబడిన తెలుగు పత్రిక. తెలంగాణ ప్రాంతంలోని 7 జిల్లాల నుండి ఇది ప్రచురించబడుతోంది. ఈ పత్రిక తెలంగాణ ప్రాంతపు సమస్యలపై ప్రధానంగా దృష్టిసారిస్తోంది. తెలంగాణ ప్రత్యేక ఉద్యమానికి ఈ పత్రిక మద్దతు ఇస్తుంది. ప్రముఖ జర్నలిస్టు కట్ట శేఖర్ రెడ్డి ఈ పత్రికకు చీఫ్ ఎడిటర్. ప్రాణహిత శీర్షికన 4వ పేజీలో సంపాదకీయం ప్రచురించబడుతుంది.", "గన్నవరపు సుబ్బరామయ్య\nకాశీనాథుని నాగేశ్వరరావు పంతులు ఉత్తమ సాహిత్య మాసపత్రిక ప్రారంభించాలనే సంకల్పంతో దాని నిర్వహణకు వివిధ ప్రాచ్యభాషా పాండిత్యంతో పాటుగా ఆధునిక విజ్ఞానం, రాజకీయ పరిజ్ఞానం గల వ్యక్తి కోసం అన్వేషిస్తూ వేటూరి ప్రభాకరశాస్త్రి సలహా మీద గన్నవరపు సుబ్బరామయ్యను భారతి మాసపత్రిక సంపాదకునిగా నియమించాడు. భారతి 1924లో ప్రారంభమయ్యింది. వచ్చిన రచనలలో నచ్చిన మంచి వాటిని ఎన్నుకుని వాటిని సంస్కరించి నాగేశ్వరరావు పంతులుతో సంప్రదించి వాటిని ప్రచురించేవాడు. భారతిలో మనవిమాటలు, మీగడతరకలు, గ్రంథసమీక్షలు, వ్యాసాలు, కలగూరగంప మొదలైనవి స్వయంగా వ్రాశాడు. ఈ పత్రికకు 1938 వరకు సంపాదకునిగా వ్యవహరించాడు.", "కె. ఎన్‌. వై. పతంజలి\nఅనంతరం జర్నలిస్టుగా మార్చి 1975 నుంచి 84 వరకు ఈనాడు, 1984 నుంచి 1990 వరకు ఉదయంలో పనిచేశారు. అటు తర్వాత ఆంధ్రభూమి, మహానగర్‌లలో కూడా పనిచేశారు. 'పతంజలి పత్రిక' పేరిట పత్రికను నెలకొల్పి 16 నెలల పాటు నడిపారు. 2003లో ఆంధ్రప్రభలో అవకాశం రావడంతో అందులో చేరారు. కొద్ది నెలలు టీవీ 9లో విధులు నిర్వర్తించారు. 'సాక్షి' పత్రిక ఆవిర్భావం నుంచి ఎడిటర్‌గా వ్యవహించారు.", "ఈనాడు\nఈనాడుకు ఒక స్వంత పరిశోధనా విభాగం (రీసెర్చి అండ్ రిఫరెన్స్ గ్రూప్) ఉంది. ఇది ఈనాడుకు సమాచార నిధి వంటిది. దేశ విదేశాలనుండి ఎన్నో పత్రికలు వస్తాయి. ప్రపంచ వ్యాప్తంగా జరిగే పరిణామాలు, వార్తల విశ్లేషణకు, వివరణకు అవసరమైన సమాచారం ఇక్కడి నుండే వస్తుంది.", "చందమామ\nచందమామ సుప్రసిద్ధ పిల్లల మాసపత్రిక. పిల్లల పత్రికే అయినా, పెద్దలు కూడా ఇష్టంగా చదివే పత్రిక. 1947 జూలై నెలలో మద్రాసు నుంచి తెలుగు, తమిళ భాషల్లో ప్రారంభమైన చందమామ, ఇప్పుడు 13 భారతీయ భాషల్లోనూ, సింగపూరు, కెనడా, అమెరికా దేశాల్లో రెండు సంచికలతో వెలువడుతోంది[1].చందమామను బి.నాగిరెడ్డి - చక్రపాణి (వీరు తెలుగు, తమిళ భాషల్లో ఆణిముత్యాలవంటి సినిమాలను నిర్మించిన ప్రముఖ విజయా సంస్థ వ్యవస్థాపకులు కూడా) 1947 జూలైలో ప్రారంభించారు [2]. కేవలం 6 వేల సర్క్యులేషన్ తో మొదలైన చందమామ నేడు 2 లక్షల సర్క్యులేషన్‌తో అలరారుతోందని తెలుస్తోంది. ఇది నిజంగా ఒక అద్భుతం, ఎందుచేతనంటే, చందమామ ప్రకటనలమీద ఒక్క పైసాకూడ ఖర్చు చెయ్యదు. ఈ పత్రికకు 6 - 7 లక్షల సర్క్యులేషన్ సాధించవచ్చని అంచనా. టెలివిజన్, వీడియో ఆటలు, కార్టూన్ నెట్ వర్క్ లూ మొదలైనవి లేని రోజుల్లో, పిల్లలకు ఉన్న ఎంతో వినోదాత్మకమూ, విజ్ణానదాయకమూ అయిన కాలక్షేపం, చందమామ ఒక్కటే. చందమామ ఎప్పుడు వస్తుందా, ఎప్పుడు వస్తుందా అని పిల్లలే కాదు వారి తల్లిదండ్రులూ ఉవ్విళ్ళూరుతుండేవారు. రామాయణ కల్పవృక్షం, వేయి పడగలు వంటి అద్భుత కావ్య రచనలు చేసి జ్ఞానపీఠ పురస్కారం పొందిన ప్రముఖ రచయిత, కవిసామ్రాట్ విశ్వనాధ సత్యనారాయణ \"చందమామను నా చేతకూడా చదివిస్తున్నారు, హాయిగా ఉంటుంది, పత్రిక రావడం ఆలస్యమైతే కొట్టువాడితో దెబ్బలాడతా\" అని ఒక సందర్భంలో అన్నాడంటే, చందమామ ఎంత ప్రసిద్ధి పొందిందో, పిల్లల, పెద్దల మనస్సుల్లో ఎంత స్థిరనివాసము ఏర్పరచుకుందో మనం అర్థంచేసుకోవచ్చును.", "భారతి (మాస పత్రిక)\nభారతి మాస పత్రిక ఇరవైయ్యవ శతాబ్దంలో మరీ ముఖ్యంగా మొదటి ఆరు దశాబ్దాలలో పేరెన్నికగన్న తెలుగు సాహిత్య మాస పత్రిక. ఆంధ్ర పత్రిక, అమృతాంజనం వంటి సంస్థలను స్థాపించిన దేశోద్ధారక కాశీనాధుని నాగేశ్వరరావు పంతులుచే భారతి కూడా స్థాపించబడింది. భారతి తొలి సంచిక రుధిరోద్గారి నామ సంవత్సరం పుష్యమాసం అనగా జనవరి 1924 సంవత్సరంలో విడుదలైనది. మార్చి 1991 చివరి సంచిక. ", "పూడివాడ\n[2] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/రేపల్లె; 2013, జూలై-25; 3వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు, గుంటూరు రూరల్/రేపల్లె; 24-12-2013; 2వపేజీ.\n[4] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/రేపల్లె; 2014;ఏప్రిల్-13;2వపేజీ.\n[5] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/రేపల్లె; 2014, మే-13; 1వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్; 2014, ఆగస్టు-22; 9వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/రేపల్లె; 2015, మే-4; 2వపేజీ.\n[8] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/రేపల్లె; 2015, నవంబరు-1; 1వపేజీ.\n[9] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/రేపల్లె; 2016, ఫిబ్రవరి-15; 2వపేజీ.", "ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి\n2002 అక్టోబరు 15 న పాత పత్రికలో సీనియర్ రిపోర్టరుగా పనిచేసిన వేమూరి రాధాకృష్ణ మేనేజింగ్ డైరెక్టరుగా, కె.రామచంద్రమూర్తి సంపాదకులుగా 9 ప్రచురణ కేంద్రాలతో ఒకేసారి తిరిగి ప్రారంభించబడింది. తరువాత 18 ప్రచురణ కేంద్రాలకు విస్తరించింది. 2008 నుండి కె.శ్రీనివాస్ సంపాదకుడిగా ఉన్నాడు. వేమన వసంత లక్ష్మి, నవ్య అనుబంధం మరియు ఆదివారం అనుబంధం ఫీచర్ సంపాదకులుగా, జగన్ ఆన్లైన్ సంపాదకునిగా, పురందరరావు సీనియర్ అడ్వర్టైజ్మెంట్ మేనేజర్ గా ఉన్నారు.", "మైనంపాడు\n[2] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2013,అక్టోబరు-4; 1వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2013,నవంబరు-22; 1వపేజీ.\n[4] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,ఫిబ్రవరి-23; 1వపేజీ.\n[5] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2013,జూలై-18;8వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2013,ఆగస్టు-2; 16వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,మే-30; 2వపేజీ. \n[8] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,ఆగస్టు-4; 1వపేజీ. \n[9] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,సెప్టెంబరు-27; 2వపేజీ. \n[10] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,అక్టోబరు-29; 2వపేజీ.\n[11] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,నవంబరు-7; 2వపేజీ.\n[12] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2016,ఏప్రిల్-4; 2వపేజీ. \n[13] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2017,జూన్-26; 1వపేజీ.", "విశాలాంధ్ర దినపత్రిక\nప్రజా పత్రికల గొంతుపై ఉక్కుపాదం మోపి పాలకులు నిర్బంధ పాలన సాగిస్తున్న ఈ కాలంలోనే సెట్టి ఈశ్వరరావు సంపాదకత్వంలో మద్రాసు నుంచి విశాలాంధ్ర పక్షపత్రిక ఒకటి వెలువడుతుండేది. అదే సమయంలో ఆంధ్ర కమ్యూనిస్ట్‌ కమిటీ విశాలాంధ్ర పేరుతో సైక్లోస్టయిల్‌ పత్రికను ప్రజలకు అందించింది. జాతీయోద్యమం విజయవంతమై భాషాప్రయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలకు ప్రజలు ఉద్యమిస్తున్న ఆ చారిత్రక దశలో విశాలాంధ్ర నినాదం ప్రజాభిమానం పొందింది. మూతపడిన ప్రజాశక్తి 1951 లో వార పత్రికగా వెలువడి, పాలకుల ఆంక్షల మధ్య కొన్నాళ్ళు ద్వైవారపత్రికగా వెలువడగా హైదరాబాద్‌ నుంచి ‘ప్రజాయుగం’ ప్రారంభమై కొద్దికాలం నడిచింది. సరిగ్గా ఈ నేపథ్యంలోనే తెలుగు ప్రజల జాతీయాభిమానాన్ని, ఆకాంక్షలనూ ప్రతిబింబిస్తూ ప్రజాభిమానం విశేషంగా పొందిన ‘విశాలాంధ్ర’ పేరుతో ఒక దిన పత్రికను నిర్వహించాలని కమ్యూనిస్టు పార్టీ నిర్ణయించింది. సొసైటీల చట్టం కింద రిజిస్టరైన విశాలాంధ్ర విజ్ఞాన సమితి ఏర్పడింది. ఈ సంస్థ నిర్వహణలో విశాలాంధ్ర దినపత్రిక 1952 జూన్‌ 22 న విజయవాడ నుంచి ఆంధ్రవిశారదతాపీ ధర్మారావు చేతుల మీదుగా అసంఖ్యాక అభిమానుల మధ్య ప్రారంభమైంది", "కుందూరి ఈశ్వరదత్తు (పాత్రికేయుడు)\nఇతడు తన వృత్తిలో \"ది లీడర్\" దినపత్రికకు ఛీఫ్ ఎడిటర్‌గా చేరడంతో పతాక స్థాయికి ఎదిగాడు. కానీ ఆ పత్రికలో 15 నెలల కంటే ఎక్కువగా కొనసాగలేక పోయాడు. 1955లో పత్రిక యాజమాన్యంతో విభేదాల వల్ల తన పదవికి రాజీనామా చేశాడు. అలహాబాద్ వదిలి పెట్టిన తర్వాత ఈశ్వరదత్తు ఢిల్లీ చేరుకుని \"ది న్యూ ఇండియా\" అనే వారపత్రికను ప్రారంభించి కొన్ని నెలలు నడిపారు. ఇతడు ఆకాశవాణిలో అనేక ప్రసంగాలను చేశాడు. భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్ చరిత్రను \"సైక్లోపీడియా\" అనే పేరుతో వ్రాయడం మొదలు పెట్టాడు కానీ 1967లో ఇతని హఠాన్మరణంతో ఆ రచన పూర్తి కాలేదు.", "ప్రజాశక్తి\nప్రజాశక్తి హైదరాబాదులోని ప్రజాశక్తి సాహితీ సంస్థచే ప్రచురించబడుతున్న తెలుగు దినపత్రిక. ఇది స్వాతంత్ర్యోద్యమ కాలములో 1942లో మద్రాసులో కమ్యూనిస్టు పార్టీ అధికార పత్రికగా ఆవిర్భవించింది.[1]. 1945 నుండి ఈ పత్రిక విజయవాడనుండి ప్రతిదినము ప్రచురించడం ప్రారంభమయ్యింది. అనతికాలములోనే బ్రిటీషు ప్రభుత్వ ఆగ్రహానికి గురై 1948లో నిషేధించబడింది. 1969లో వారపత్రికగా తిరిగి ప్రారంభమైనది. 1981లో దినపత్రికగా మారి 2014వ సంవత్సరము వరకు 10 సంచికలకు ఎదిగినది. 1964లో కమ్యూనిస్టు పార్టీ చీలిన తరువాత మార్కిస్టు -లెనినిస్టు భావజాల సమూహానికి పత్రికగా కొనసాగుతున్నది.", "తెలుగు పత్రికలు\nతొలి తెలుగు పత్రిక పేరు ఆంధ్రపత్రిక. దీని వ్యవస్థాపకులు కాశీనాథుని నాగేశ్వరరావు గారు. ఈ పత్రిక 1908లో ఆరంభమయ్యింది. అటు పిమ్మట తెలుగు పత్రికారంగం చాలా అభివృద్ధి చెందింది. జనవరి -జూన్ 2013 ఎబిసి గణాంకాల ప్రకారం ఎబిసి సభ్య తెలుగు దినపత్రికలు (ఈనాడు,సాక్షి, ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి) 64 సంచికలతో 3,530,263 కాపీలు పంపిణీ చేయబడుతున్నాయి. ఇది అంతకు ముందు ఆరు మాసాలలో 3,679,788 గా వుంది అనగా 4శాతం (అర్థ సంవత్సర) పెరుగుదల ఉంది. వార్తా వారపత్రికలలో ఒక సంచిక 13,441 స్థాయిలో వుండగా గత ఆరు మాసాలలో 14,187\nగా ఉంది. ఇక మిగతా పత్రికల విషయంలో సర్క్యులేషన్ 319,746 గా ఉంది. ఇది అంతకు ముందు ఆరు మాసాలలో 304,178 గా ఉంది.\nపత్రికలు ప్రచురించే కాలాన్ని అనుసరించి దిన, వార, పక్ష, మాస పత్రికలుగా, పత్రికల్లో ప్రచురితమయే అంశాలను అనుసరించి వార్త, సాహిత్య, ఆర్థిక, సాంకేతికాది పత్రికలుగా, ప్రచురణ పొందే పద్ధతులను బట్టి అచ్చు, రాత, గోడ పత్రికలుగా విభజించుకోవచ్చు.", "ఆంధ్రపత్రిక\nనాగేశ్వరరావు తరువాత శివలెంక శంభుప్రసాద్ ఆంధ్రపత్రిక దిన, వార పత్రికలకు మరియు భారతికి సంపాదకులైనారు. ఆయన కాలంలోనే హైదరాబాదు మరియు విజయవాడ లలో ఆంధ్రపత్రిక ఎడిషన్లు ప్రారంభమైనాయి.\nఆంధ్రపత్రిక బ్రిటీష్ పాలనలో దేశం ఉన్న స్థితిలో తెలుగువారిలో రాజకీయ చైతన్యం తీసుకురావడానికి ఉపకరించింది. భారత జాతీయోద్యమాన్ని పత్రిక సూత్రప్రాయంగా సమర్థించడమే కాక, తొలినాళ్ళ నుంచీ గాంధేయ వాదానికి మద్దతుగా నిలిచింది. 1936 కాలంలో తెలుగునాట కమ్యూనిస్టులు పల్లెల్లోకి కమ్యూనిస్టు, సోషలిస్టు సాహిత్యం తీసుకువెళ్ళినప్పుడు ముందు ఆ ఊరిలో ఆంధ్రపత్రిక తెప్పించేవారు ఎవరనేది కనుక్కునేవారు. ఆంధ్రపత్రిక తెప్పించేవారు కనీసం రాజకీయ, సాంఘిక విషయాల పట్ల కొంత అవగాహన అయినా కలిగివుంటారన్నది వారి అంచనా.", "కొమరోలు\n[2] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2013,ఆగస్టు-2; 12వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2013,సెప్టెంబరు-20; 5వపేజీ.\n[4] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,మే-17; 5వపేజీ.\n[5] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,మే-22; 4వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,మే-26; 4వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,జూన్-10; 5వపేజీ.\n[8] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,నవంబరు-30; 14వపేజీ. \n[9] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,డిసెంబరు-14; 5&14 పేజీలు. \n[10] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,డిసెంబరు-17; 5వపేజీ. \n[11] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,డిసెంబరు-19; 5వపేజీ. \n[12] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,డిసెంబరు-20; 4వపేజీ. \n[13] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2015,ఆగస్టు-21; 6వపేజీ.\n[14] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2015,సెప్టెంబరు-13; 4వపేజీ.\n[15] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2016.ఏప్రిల్-3; 14వపేజీ.\n]16] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2016,మే-13; 5వపేజీ.\n[17] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2016,మే-21; 5వపేజీ.\n[18] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2016,అక్టోబరు-16; 7వపేజీ. \n[19] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2016,అక్టోబరు-21; 6వపేజీ. \n[20] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2017,మార్చి-6; 5వపేజీ.\n[21] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2017,జూన్-10; 5వపేజీ.", "మలయాళ మనోరమ\nమలయాళ మనోరమ (మలయాళం: മലയാള മനോരമ) కేరళ లోని ఒక ప్రముఖ మరియు పేరొందిన 'మలయాళ' దినపత్రిక. ఇది భారతదేశంలోనే అత్యధిక ప్రచురణ గల దిన పత్రిక. దీని యాజమాన్యం వార్తాపత్రికనే గాక \"ఇయర్ బుక్\" నూ ప్రచురిస్తూంది. దీనిని 1888 లో \"కండథీల్ వర్గీస్ మాపిల్లై\" స్థాపించారు. ఈ పత్రిక మార్చి 14 1890 న మొదటిసారిగా ప్రజలముందుకొచ్చింది. దీనిని చదివేవారి సంఖ్య 88 లక్షలు మరియు దీని సర్క్యులేషన్ 15 లక్షల కాపీలకు ఇటీవల చేరుకుంది.", "వర్తమాన తరంగిణి\nవర్తమాన తరంగిణి 1842 జూన్ 8 న మద్రాసులో సయ్యద్ రహమతుల్లా స్థాపించిన వార పత్రిక. ఇది ఒక ముస్లిం వెలువరించిన తొలి తెలుగు వార పత్రిక.", "ది టైమ్స్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా\nజనవరి 2007లో, బెంగళూరులో కన్నడ సంచిక ప్రారంభించబడింది మరియు ఏప్రిల్ 2008లో చెన్నై సంచిక ప్రారంభమైంది. భారతదేశంలో వీరి ప్రధాన పోటీదారులు \"ది హిందూ\" మరియు \"హిందుస్థాన్ టైమ్స్\" . ఇవి చెలామణీలో రెండవ మరియు మూడవ స్థానంల్లో ఉన్నాయి.", "ఉండవల్లి అరుణ కుమార్\nరామోజీరావు నడుపుతున్న ఈనాడు దినపత్రికకు వ్యతిరేకంగా ఇతడు కొందరు కాంగ్రేస్ యువ రాజకీయనాయకులతో కలిసి \"ఈవారం\" అనే రాజకీయ వారపత్రికను ప్రారంభించాడు", "అయ్యంకి వెంకటరమణయ్య\n1911లో విజయవాడలో రామమోహన గ్రంథాలయ స్థాపనకు తోడ్పడ్డాడు. 1914లో విజయవాడలో ఆంధ్రదేశ గ్రంథ భాండాగార, ప్రతినిధుల గ్రంథాలయ మహాసభలు జరిపి భారతదేశంలో తొలిసారిగా గ్రంథాలయ సంఘాన్ని, 1915లో సంఘ పక్షాన గ్రంథాలయ సర్వస్వం' పత్రికను స్థాపించడానికి తోడ్పడ్డారు. 1919లో అఖిల భారత పౌర గ్రంథాలయ సంఘాన్ని స్థాపించి, 1924లో ఆ సంఘ పక్షాన 'ఇండియన్ లైబ్రరీ జర్నల్' అనే ఆంగ్ల పత్రికను ప్రారంభించాడు. వీరు ఈ సంఘాన్ని స్థాపించిన రోజును 'నేషనల్ లైబ్రరీ డే'గా భారత గ్రంథాలయ సంస్థ గుర్తించి దేశమంతటా 1968 నుంచి ప్రతి సంవత్సరం జాతీయ గ్రంథాలయ వారోత్సవము ('నేషనల్ లైబ్రరీ వీక్ ') ను నిర్వహిస్తుంది.", "గోనుగుంట\n[1] ది హిందు దినపత్రిక; 2011,ఆగస్టు-8; 7వపేజీ.\n[2] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2013,నవంబరు-20; 15వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు, 2013,నవంబరు-24; 1వపేజీ.\n[4] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2013,జూలై-13; 1వపేజీ.\n[5] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014,ఆగస్టు-28; 1వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015,ఫిబ్రవరి-10; 3వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు ఫ్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015,మే-21; 2వపేజీ. \n[8] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015,ఆగస్టు-16; 2వపేజీ.\n[9] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015,సెప్టెంబరు-13; 2వపేజీ.\n[10] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2015,సెప్టెంబరు-22; 14వపేజీ.\n[11] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2015,నవంబరు-9; 2వపేజీ.\n[12] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2015,డిసెంబరు-14; 7వపేజీ.\n[13] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2016,అక్టోబరు-6; 14వపేజీ. \n[14] ఈనాడు ఫ్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2017,మే-22; 1వపేజీ.", "మొవ్వ\n[5] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2013,డిసెంబరు-17; 11వపేజీ. \n[6] ఈనాడు విజయవాడ; 2014,ఏప్రిల్.1, 3వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2014,సెప్టెంబరు-3; 2వపేజీ. \n[8] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,మే నెల-12వతేదీ; 38వపేజీ.\n[9] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,జూన్-6; 37వపేజీ.\n[10] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,జూన్-19; 38వపేజీ.\n[12] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,ఆగస్టు-26; 23వపేజీ.\n[13] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2015,డిసెంబరు-31; 15వపేజీ. \n[14] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2016,జనవరి-10; 27వపేజీ.\n[15] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2016,జనవరి-20; 23వపేజీ.\n[16] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2016,జనవరి-23; 29వపేజీ.\n[17] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2016,ఫిబ్రవరి-20; 8వపేజీ.\n[18] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2016,మే-20; 2వపేజీ. \n[19] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/పామర్రు; 2017,ఫిబ్రవరి-8; 1వపేజీ.\n[20] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/పామర్రు; 2017,ఫిబ్రవరి-21; 2వపేజీ.\n[21] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/పామర్రు; 2017,మార్చి-18; 1వపేజీ.", "ఇండియన్ ఎక్స్‌ప్రెస్\nఇండియన్ ఎక్స్‌ప్రెస్ ఒక ఆంగ్ల దినపత్రిక. దీన్ని 1931 లో చెన్నైకు చెందిన పి.వరదరాజులు నాయుడు ప్రారంభించాడు. దీని యజమాని రామ్‌నాథ్ గోయెంకా. 1991 లో రామ్‌నాథ్ చనిపోయిన తర్వాత 1999 లో ఇది ఈ కుటుంబ సభ్యుల మధ్య రెండు గ్రూపులుగా విడిపోయింది. దక్షిణాది సంచిక ది న్యూ ఇండియన్ ఎక్స్‌ప్రెస్ అని పేరు పెట్టుకోగా పాత పత్రిక ది ఇండియన్ ఎక్స్‌ప్రెస్ పేరుతోనే కొనసాగుతున్నది. భారతదేశంలోని అన్ని ప్రధాన నగరాల నుంచి వెలువడుతున్నది.", "ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి\nవర్గం:తెలుగు పత్రికలు వర్గం:1960 స్థాపితాలు వర్గం:తెలుగు అంతర్జాలము వర్గం:దినపత్రికలు వర్గం:తిరిగి ప్రారంభించబడిన పత్రికలు వర్గం:ప్రస్తుత పత్రికలు", "విశాలాంధ్ర దినపత్రిక\nతెలుగు గడ్డపై కమ్యూనిస్టు ఉద్యమం 1933లో ప్రారంభమైంది. తెలుగుగడ్డపై వెలువడిన తొలి కమ్యూనిస్టు పత్రిక 1937 డిసెంబరు 15వ తేదీన రాజమండ్రిలో ప్రారంభమైన నవశక్తి . ఇది కొన్నాళ్ళు రాజమండ్రి నుంచి, మరికొన్నాళ్ళు విజయవాడ నుంచి వెలువడి రెండో ప్రపంచ యుద్ధ కాలంలో మూతపడింది. అటు పిమ్మట ‘స్వతంత్ర భారత్‌’గా రహస్యంగా ముద్రింపబడింది. అనంతర కాలంలో ‘ప్రజాశక్తి వారపత్రిక’గా 1942 లో ప్రారంభమైంది. పార్టీ ఉద్యమ నిర్మాణంలో ప్రముఖ పాత్ర పోషించిన ‘ప్రజాశక్తి’ ఎన్నో ఆటుపాట్లు ఎదుర్కొని 1945నుంచి దిన పత్రికగా వెలువడింది. ఆ తరువాత 1948లో నిషేధించబడింది. అప్పుడు విజయవాడ నుంచి ‘జనత’, మద్రాసు నుంచి ‘సందేశం’, తెనాలి నుంచి ‘నగారా’, మద్రాసు నుంచి ‘జనవాణి’ వెలువడినవి.", "తెలుగు జర్నలిజం\nఇతర భారతీయ భాషలలాగానే తొలి తెలుగు పత్రికలు క్రైస్తవమత బోధకులు ప్రారంభించారు. 1835లో బ‌‍‌‌‌‌ ళ్ళారి కేంద్రంగా మద్రాసులో ప్రచురించబడిన సత్యదూత మాసపత్రిక తొలి తెలుగు పత్రిక. ఆ తరువాత హితవాది అనే వారపత్రిక ప్రచురించబడింది. కాకినాడ నుండి కెనడియన్ బాప్టిస్టు మిషన్ ప్రచురించిన రావి అనే పత్రికలో మతవిషయాలతో పాటు వార్తలు వుండేవి.\nసామాజిక మరియు భాషాభివృద్ధి ధ్యేయంగా కందుకూరి వీరేశలింగం పంతులు నడిపిన వివేకవర్ధని వార పత్రిక మరియు దానితో పోటీగా వేంకటరత్నం పంతులు పంతులు నడిపిన ఆంధ్ర భాషా సంజీవిని తొలి అధ్యాయం మొదలైందని చెప్పవచ్చు.", "ఈనాడు\nసమర్ధులైన సంపాదక సిబ్బంది, పటిష్ఠమైన సమాచార సేకరణ వ్యవస్థ, ఆధునిక సాంకేతిక అభివృద్ధిని సమర్ధంగా వాడుకోవడం మొదలైనవి ఈనాడు అభివృద్ధికి ముఖ్యమైన తెరవెనుక కారణాలు కాగా, స్థానిక వార్తలకు ప్రాధాన్యతనివ్వడం, క్రమం తప్పకుండా ప్రతిరోజు కనిపించే కార్టూన్లు, పేజీలో వార్తల అమరిక, మొదలైనవి పాఠకులకు కనిపించే కారణాలు.", "అన్నదాత (పత్రిక)\nఅన్నదాత తెలుగులో ప్రచురించబడుతున్న వ్యవసాయదారుల సచిత్ర మాసపత్రిక. తెలుగునాట రైతాంగం సమస్యలకు తగిన పరిష్కారాలను సూచిస్తూ వ్యవసాయ విజ్ఞాన సమాచారంతో వెలువడుతున్న పత్రిక. దీని వ్యవస్థాపకుడు మరియు ప్రధాన సంపాదకుడు ప్రముఖ పాత్రికేయులు చెరుకూరి రామోజీరావు. అన్నదాత తొలి సంచికను అప్పటి ముఖ్యమంత్రి జలగం వెంగళరావు జనవరి, 1969లో ఆవిష్కరించాడు. అదే సంవత్సరం జూన్ 28 తేదీన ఈ పత్రిక రిజిస్టర్ చేయబడినది.", "మన్యసీమ (దినపత్రిక)\nఆరేళ్ల ప్రస్థానంలో…\nమన్యసీమ ప్రారంభించిన మొదటి సంవత్సరంలోనే అనూహ్య ఫలితాలను చూడడం తొలి విజయమైతే, మెరుగైన పాఠకులను సొంతంచేసుకోవడం మేము సాధించిన మలి విజయంగా చెప్పవచ్చు. పక్షపత్రికగా 2007 సెప్టెంబర్ 1న విశాఖ కేంద్రంగా ప్రారంభమైన మన్యసీమ తొలుత నిర్ణయించుకున్న లక్ష్యాన్ని కంటే ముందుగానే దినపత్రికనూ తన ఖాతాలో చేర్చుకుంది. 2008 అక్టోబర్ 9న (విజయదశమి నాడు) మన్యసీమ దినపత్రిక తొలికాపీ మార్కెట్లోకి వచ్చింది. అప్పటి నుంచి మన్యసీమ పరుగు నిర్విఘ్నంగా కొనసాగుతూనే ఉంది. లాభాల కోసం కాకుండా మన్య ప్రజలకు చేరువకావాలన్న ఏకైక లక్ష్యంతో వార్తల ప్రచురణ, సర్క్యులేషన్ విషయాలలో గిరిజన ప్రాంతాలకు అధిక ప్రాధాన్యత ఇస్తుండడం జరుగుతోంది. ఇక తాజాగా దినపత్రిక విస్తరణపై ప్రత్యేక శ్రద్ధ పెట్టిన నేపథ్యంలో ప్రస్తుతం ఉన్న పక్షపత్రికను 2009 మే 1 నుంచి మాసపత్రికగా మార్చడం జరిగింది.", "కె. వి. కె. రామారావు\nప్రధాన వృత్తి, ప్రవత్తులకు తోడు 1979 లో ఈనాడు విలేకరిగా చేరి 1998 వరకు పనిచేసాడు.ఆ రకంగా పట్టణంలోని, గ్రామాలలోని ప్రజలకు చాలా దగ్గరయ్యాడు.ఈనాడు దిన పత్రిక కొత్తగా వెలువడే రోజుల్లో నరసరావుపేట పట్టణవార్తలు,గ్రామాల వార్తలు ముందుగా ఈనాడులో మాత్రమే వచ్చేవి. వార్తలు నిష్పక్షపాతంగా ఉండేవి. జరిగింది జరిగినట్లుగా రాయటంలో ఆయనకు సరిలేరు అనే భావన ప్రజలలో ఉండేది. ఆ కారణంగా ఇంటిపేరు మరుగున పడి ఈనాడు రామారావు (విలేఖరి) గా ప్రజలకు చాలా దగ్గరయ్యాడు. జిల్లాలో ఈనాడు విలేఖరిగా, ప్రముఖ పాత్రికేయుడుగా గుర్తింపు పొందారు.అలాగే రామారావు ఈనాడు దిన పత్రిక అధినేత రామోజిరావు గుర్తింపుకూడా పొందాడు.", "ఏల్చూరి సుబ్రహ్మణ్యం\nసుబ్రహ్మణ్యం గారు నయాగరా కవిత్రయంలో ఒకరు. మిగిలిన ఇద్దర్లో ఒకరు బెల్లంకొండ రామదాసు గారు కాగా మరొకరు వచన కవి కుందుర్తి ఆంజనేయులు గారు[2] .‘త్రివేణి’ ఆంగ్లపత్రిక సంపాదకులు కోలవెన్ను రామకోటేశ్వరరావు, దేశిరాజు కృష్ణశర్మ, బెల్లంకొండ రాఘవరావు, గుడిపాటి వెంకటచలం, గుఱ్ఱం జాషువాల ప్రభావపరిధిలో స్ఫూర్తిని పొంది, పులుపుల శివయ్య, కొల్లా వెంకయ్యల మూలాన కమ్యూనిస్టు ఉద్యమప్రవేశం చేశారు. 1940 లో నరసరావుపేటలో ‘సన్యాసి’ అన్న పత్రికను స్థాపించి అనిసెట్టి సుబ్బారావు, దండమూడి కేశవరావు (ఆ తర్వాత సన్న్యసించి శ్రీ కేశవతీర్థస్వామి అయ్యారు, బహుగ్రంథకర్త), బెల్లంకొండ రామదాసు, దేవరకొండ బాలగంగాధర తిలక్ మొదలైన కవుల తొలిరచనలను అచ్చువేశారు. అదే సంవత్సరం ‘చిత్ర’ అన్న పత్రికను ప్రారంభించారు. 1941 లో ‘నవ్యకళాపరిషత్తు’ను స్థాపించి అనిసెట్టి సుబ్బారావు, కుందుర్తి ఆంజనేయులు, బెల్లంకొండ రామదాసు, సముద్రాల రామానుజాచార్య, దేవరకొండ బాలగంగాధర తిలక్, రెంటాల గోపాలకృష్ణ మొదలైన అభ్యుదయకవులను సభ్యులుగా చేర్చుకొన్నారు. వారి రచనలతో 1943 లో ‘మాఘ్యమాల’ కవితాసంపుటాన్ని ప్రకటించారు. శ్రీశ్రీ కవిత్వప్రభావస్ఫూర్తితో 1944 ఆగస్టులో బెల్లంకొండ రామదాసు, కుందుర్తి ఆంజనేయులు, ఏల్చూరి సుబ్రహ్మణ్యం సంయుక్త కృషిఫలితంగా సుప్రసిద్ధకవితాసంకలనం ‘నయాగరా’ వెలువడి అభ్యుదయ సాహిత్యోద్యమంలో అచ్చయిన తొలి కవితాసంపుటంగా పేరుపొందింది.[3] అనిసెట్టి సుబ్బారావు, లక్ష్మీదేవి (\"అని-ల\") లకు పెళ్ళికానుకగా గుంటూరులో వీరి గురుదేవులు విశ్వనాథ సత్యనారాయణగారి చేతుల మీదుగా విడుదలయింది. ఇందులోనే వీరి సుప్రసిద్ధకవిత ‘ప్రజాశక్తి’[4], 'ఠాకూర్ చంద్రసింగ్'[5], 'విజయముద్ర'[6] మొదలైనవి ఉన్నాయి. ‘సకలప్రజా సముద్ధర్త, సుప్తోద్ధృత జీవశక్తి’, ‘తమసగర్భ దళనహేతి’, ‘బంధీకృత ధనికశక్తి’, ‘రక్తారుణకుసుమం’, ‘బానిస సంద్రం’, ‘జనవిపంచి పాడిన జాబిల్లి పాట’ వంటి పదబంధాలు దీనిలోనివే.", "ఈనాడు\nఈనాడు ఖతితో వెలువడే వెబ్సైటు 2015 డిసెంబర్ 14న యూనికోడ్ ఖతికి మార్చబడింది.[7], పిడీయఫ్ ఫార్మాట్ (.pdf format)[8] ఈ పిడీయఫ్ ఆన్ లైన్ వేర్శన్లో ఈనాడు పేపరుని అసలయిన పేపర్ లాగే ఉన్నది ఉన్నట్టుగా దిగుమతి చేసుకుని చదువుకోవచ్చు.కావలసిన వార్త మీద క్లిక్ చేస్తే ఆ ఎన్నుకున్న వార్తా భాగం పూర్తిగా ఇంకొక విండోలో కనిపిస్తుంది. పిడీయఫ్ ఫోర్మాట్ పనిచేయకపోతే జేపియిజి (.jpeg) ఫోటో ఫోర్మాట్లో కాని అక్షరాలలో (text) కాని కనిపించటం ఈనాడు యి.పేపర్ విశిష్టత.[9]", "ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ అవతరణ దినోత్సవం\nఈనాడు దినపత్రిక - 31-10-2014 - (జూన్ 2న ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ అవతరణ దినోత్సవం) సాక్షి దినపత్రిక - 31-10-2014 - (రాష్ట్ర అవతరణ దినోత్సవం జూన్ 2 - సీఎం అధ్యక్షతన మంత్రివర్గ భేటీలో నిర్ణయం)", "విన్నకోట\n[2] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2013, జూలై-25; 9వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015, మే-14; 30వపేజీ.\n[4] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015, మే-26; 29వపేజీ.\n[5] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015, ఆగస్టు-31; 26వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015, అక్టోబరు-10; 26వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015, నవంబరు-5; 25వపేజీ.\n[8] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015, నవంబరు-16; 27వపేజీ.\n[9] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015, డిసెంబరు-15; 25వపేజీ.\n[10] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/గుడివాడ; 2016, ఫిబ్రవరి-17; 1వపేజీ. \n[11] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/గుడివాడ; 2016, మే-18; 1వపేజీ.\n[12] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/గుడివాడ; 2017, ఫిబ్రవరి-12; 2వపేజీ.", "మీజాన్\n1940వ దశకంలో నిజాం పాలకుడు ఉస్మాన్‌ అలీఖాన్‌ మరియు ప్రభుత్వాధికారులు, ప్రజలపై తమ పట్టు సడలుతున్నట్లు భావించి, వారికి తాము చేపడుతున్న అభివృద్ధి కార్యకలాపాలను వారి భాషలోనే తెలిపితే బాగుటుందన్న ఆలోచనతో మీజాన్‌ పత్రిక స్థాపించబడింది. నిజాం నవాబు యొక్క స్నేహితుని అల్లుడు, బొంబాయికి చెందిన వ్యాపారవేత్త గులాం మహమ్మద్ కలకత్తావాలా ఈ పత్రికకు యజమాని. ఐనా మీజాన్ పత్రికలో వచ్చే వార్తలపైన, పత్రిక దృక్పథంపైన పైనుంచి ఆయన అదుపు ఉండేది కాదు. ప్రారంభంలో మీజాన్ పత్రిక ఆంగ్లం మరియు ఉర్దూలలో ప్రచురించబడింది. అయితే పత్రికను తెలుగులో కూడా ప్రచురించాలని తలచి కలకత్తావాలా ఒక మంచి సంపాదకునికై వెదకటం ప్రారంభించాడు.", "తెలుగు పత్రికలు\n మరికొన్ని పిరియాడికల్స్ (వార, పక్ష, మాసపత్రికలు) వెలువడుతున్నాయి.\nప్రజాభిప్రాయాన్ని ప్రభావితం చేయటంలో ఇవి ముఖ్యమైన పాత్ర పోషిస్తున్నాయి.ఏప్రిల్ 2013 సంచిక ముందుమాట ప్రకారం 121 సంచిక విడుదలైన మాసపత్రిక. 12లక్షల హిట్లను పొంది అంతర్జాల తెలుగు పత్రికలలో మొదటి స్థానంలో ఉంది. తల్లాప్రగడ రావు సంపాదకత్వంలో 79పత్రికలు వెలువడ్డాయి. మే 2013నుండి తాటిపాముల మృత్యుంజయుడు సంపాదకుడుగా బాధ్యతలు చేపడతాడు,\nభూమిక1993 జనవరిలో ప్రారంభమైంది. 1980 దశాబ్దంలో తెలుగు సాహిత్యంలో బలపడ్డ స్త్రీవాదం స్ఫూర్తితో దినపత్రికలలో స్త్రీల పేజీలు ప్రారంభించబడ్డాయి.అయితే వీటిలో చర్చలు పితృస్వామ్యపరిధిలోనే వుండడంతో, స్త్రీల వాస్తవ సమస్యల చిత్రణకోసం, స్త్రీల దృష్టికోణం నుంచి స్త్రీ సమస్యను అంచనా వెయ్యడం కోసం ఒక సమగ్ర పత్రిక లోటును పూడ్చటం కోసం `భూమిక’ ప్రారంభించబడింది. దీనికి కొండవీటి సత్యవతి సంపాదకత్వ వహిస్తున్నది.\nఏప్రిల్ 2008లో పిల్లల కోసమే ఎలెక్ట్రానిక్ పుస్తకం రూపంలో ప్రారంభమైంది. పిల్లలుకు ఒత్తిడి లేకుండా గందరగోళంకలిగించకుండా, వారికి సులభంగా అర్థమయ్యేటట్లు కథలు,పాటలు,ఆటలద్వారా మనోవికాసం కలిగించడం ఈ పత్రిక ముఖ్యోద్దేశం. ఈ పత్రిక సంపాదకుడు నారాయణ. అనంతపురం జిల్లా చెన్నేకొత్తపల్లి మండల కేంద్రంగా ఈ పత్రిక పనిచేస్తున్నది.\nతెలుగు సినిమా కేంద్రమైన మద్రాసు నుండే మొదటి సినిమా పత్రిక \"చిత్రకళ\" 1938 సంవత్సరంలో విడుదలైనది. తర్వాత ప్రాచుర్యం పొందిన పత్రిక \"నటన\" ఎం.ఎస్.రామాచారి ప్రారంభించారు. \"రూపవాణి\" పత్రిక 1940లో పి. సీతారామయ్య ప్ర్రారంభించారు. ఆ సమయంలోనే కొమ్మూరి సాంబశివరావు \"తెలుగు సినిమా\" పత్రిక మొదలుపెట్టారు. తెలుగు సినిమా పత్రికలకు గ్లామర్ పెంచింది పత్రిక ఇది. రెండవ ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం వలన చాలా పత్రికలు ఆగిపోయాయి. 1954లో టి.వి.రామనాథన్ ఒకేసారి మూడు భాషలలో సినిమా పత్రికలు ప్రారంభించారు. ఇవి ఇంగ్లీషులో పిక్చర్ పోస్ట్, తమిళంలో \"పేశుంపడమ్\", తెలుగులో \"సినిమా రంగం\". సినిమా రంగం బాధ్యతలు జి.వి.జి.కృష్ణ చుసేవారు. ప్రముఖ స్టుడియో అధిపతి నాగిరెడ్డి గారు బి.ఎన్.కె.ప్రెస్ ప్రారంభించి సినిమా పేరుతో పత్రిక వెలువరించారు. 1955లో \"గౌతమి\" పత్రిక రాజమండ్రి నుండి ప్రారంబించి, కె.కె.శర్మ (కాగడా శర్మ) ప్రొద్బలంతో మద్రాసుకు తరలించారు. 1950-60 మధ్య ఎన్నో పత్రికలు వచ్చాయి. వాటిలో మధురవాణి, చిత్రాలయ, ధ్వని, కొరడా, చిత్ర, తుఫాన్, తరంగిణి, చిత్రజగత్ కొన్ని పత్రికలు.", "ఈదర\n[2] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2014, మార్చి-26; 6వపేజీ. [3] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015, జూలై-6; 31వపేజీ. [4] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/నూజివీడు; 2017, మే-31; 1వపేజీ. [5] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/నూజివీడు; 2017, ఆగస్టు-14; 2వపేజీ.", "స్వరాజ్య పత్రిక\nప్రకాశం పంతులు 1921 అక్టోబరు 29న స్వరాజ్య పత్రికను స్థాపించారు. పత్రిక అనతికాలంలోనే ప్రజాభిమానాన్ని సంపాదించింది. 1930 వరకూ ప్రచురణ పొందిన పత్రిక ఉప్పు సత్యాగ్రహం నేపథ్యంలో ప్రభుత్వ నిర్బంధాలకు లోనైంది. పత్రికను ఇబ్బందుల్లోకి నెట్టేందుకు బ్రిటీష్ ప్రభుత్వం భారీ ధరావతు సొమ్మును చెల్లించాలని నిర్దేశించింది. అప్పటికే పత్రికా నిర్వహణ వల్ల ఆర్థికంగా సంక్షోభం ఎదుర్కొంటున్న ప్రకాశం ఆ డబ్బును సమకూర్చుకోలేక పత్రికను మూసివేయాల్సి వచ్చింది. 1931లో గాంధీ-ఇర్విన్ ఒప్పందంలో భాగంగా పత్రికపై ఒత్తిళ్లు, నిర్బంధాలు సడలడంతో స్వరాజ్య పత్రికను పునఃప్రారంభించారు. ఐతే ఆర్థికంగా తీవ్రమైన ఇబ్బందులు ఎదురుకావడంతో తప్పనిసరి పరిస్థితుల నడుమ ఈ పత్రికను మూసేశారు. 1935లో పత్రికను పునఃప్రారంభించేందుకు కొన్ని విఫలయత్నాలు చేశారు.\nటంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం పంతులు ఈ పత్రికను నిర్వహించేందుకు ఆర్థికంగా, రాజకీయంగా తీవ్రమైన ఒత్తిళ్లు ఎదుర్కొన్నారు. 1920 నాటికి తెలుగు, తమిళ ప్రాంతాల్లో ప్రఖ్యాతి పొందిన న్యాయవాదిగా ఆయన పొలాలు, తోటలు, ఇళ్లు, నగదు, బంగారం రూపేణా ఎంతో సొమ్ము కూడబెట్టిన ప్రకాశం ఈ పత్రిక నిర్వహణలోనే ఆ డబ్బు అంతా కోల్పోయారు. ఆ రోజుల్లోనే నెలకు దాదాపుగా లక్ష వరకూ సంపాదించిన ప్రకాశం అంతటి అపార ధనసంపదలు లాభాపేక్ష లేకుండా ఈ పత్రికను నిర్వహించి ప్రజలను చైతన్యపరిచే క్రమంలో సమిధలుగా సమర్పించారు.\nప్రకాశం పత్రికా నిర్వహణ గురించి తన ఆత్మకథలో మహాత్మా గాంధీ పత్రికానిర్వహణలో డబ్బు కోల్పోవద్దనీ, ఆర్థికపరమైన ఇబ్బందుల దృష్ట్యా పత్రిక మూసేయమని చెప్పినా తాను పట్టువీడక పత్రికను కొనసాగించానని రాసుకున్నారు.", "మాబడి (మాసపత్రిక)\nఈ మాసపత్రిక 1977లో ప్రారంభించబడింది. ఏడవ తరగతి విద్యార్థుల కొరకు ఈ ప్రత్యేక విద్యాసంబంధమైన పత్రిక వెలువడుతున్నది. విద్యార్థులకు అవసరమైన పాఠ్యాంశాలు, వాటికి సంబంధించిన విషయాలతో పాటు జనరల్ నాలెడ్జి, కళలు, సైన్స్, సమాజం, సాహిత్యం, వ్యక్తులు, ప్రదేశాలు మొదలైన అంశాలను నిపుణులైన అధ్యాపకులచేత వ్రాయించి ఈ పత్రికలో ప్రచురిస్తున్నారు. ఐదవ తరగతి విద్యార్థులకోసం కూడా ఈ మాసపత్రిక 1995 నుండి వెలువడుతున్నది. 2010 నుండి ఈ పత్రికను రంగులలో ప్రచురిస్తున్నారు. ఈ పత్రిక చిత్తూరు జిల్లా, చౌడేపల్లె నుండి వెలువడుతున్నది. విజయవాణి పబ్లిషర్స్ తరఫున ఈ పత్రికను నాయుని కృష్ణమూర్తి నడుపుతున్నాడు. ప్రస్తుతం ఈ పత్రికకు గుమ్మనూరు రమేష్ బాబు ప్రధాన సంపాదకునిగా వ్యవహరిస్తున్నాడు.", "కరవది\n[2] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/ఒంగోలు; 2013,జూలై-21; 1వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/ఒంగోలు; 2014,జనవరి-28; 1వపేజీ.\n[4] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/ఒంగోలు; 2014,ఆగస్టు-3; 2వపేజీ.\n[5] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/ఒంగోలు; 2014,ఏప్రిల్-1; 2వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2014,మే-28;11వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/ఒంగోలు; 2015,సెప్టెంబరు-24; 1వపేజీ.\n[8] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం; 2017,మార్చి-10; 2వపేజీ. \n[10] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/ఒంగోలు; 2017,మార్చి-29; 3వపేజీ.\n[11] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/ఒంగోలు; 2014,ఏప్రిల్-24; 1వపేజీ.", "రామోజీరావు\nచెరుకూరి రామోజీరావు భారతీయ వ్యాపారవేత్త, ఈనాడు గ్రూపు సంస్థల అధినేత. తెలుగు దినపత్రిక ఈనాడుకు వ్యవస్థాపకుడు, ప్రధాన సంపాదకుడు మరియు ప్రచురణ కర్త. మార్గదర్శి చిట్‌ఫండ్, ప్రియా ఫుడ్స్, కళాంజలి మొదలగు వ్యాపార సంస్థల అధినేత. రామోజీరావు స్థాపించిన రామోజీ గ్రూపు ఆధీనములో ప్రపంచములోనే అతిపెద్ద సినిమా స్టూడియో అయిన రామోజీ ఫిల్మ్ సిటీ ఉంది.[1] ఈ ఫిల్మ్ సిటీ హైదరాబాదు నగర శివార్లలో హైదరాబాదు - విజయవాడ రహదారిపై హయాత్ నగర్ వద్ద ఉంది.", "గుడివాడ\n[3] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2014,నవంబరు-7; 15వపేజీ. \n[4] ఈనాడు కృష్ణా; 2014,నవంబరు-8; 16వపేజీ\n[5] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,మే-11; 29వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,మే-24; 35వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,జూన్-4; 29వపేజీ.\n[8] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,జూన్-8; 29వపేజీ.\n[9] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,ఆగష్టు-235; 25వపేజీ.\n[10] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,నవంబరు-22; 29వపేజీ.\n[11] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,డిసెంబరు-25; 25వపేజీ.\n[12] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2016,జనవరి-24; 32వపేజీ. \n[13] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/గుడివాడ; 2016,ఫిబ్రవరి-19; 1వపేజీ.\n[14] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/గుడివాడ; 2016,ఫిబ్రవరి-27; 1వపేజీ.\n[15] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/గుడివాడ; 2016,మే-8; 2వపేజీ.\n[16] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/గుడివాడ; 2017,మార్చి-12; 2వపేజీ.\n[17] ఈనాడు అమరావతి/గుడివాడ; 2017,ఆగష్టు-28; 1వపేజీ.", "ఈనాడు\nచెన్నై, విశాఖపట్నం, హైదరాబాదు, విజయవాడ, తిరుపతి, అనంతపురము, కరీంనగర్, రాజమండ్రి, సూర్యాపేట, గుంటూరు, నెల్లూరు, శ్రీకాకుళం, కర్నూలు, తాడేపల్లిగూడెం, వరంగల్, కడప, నిజామాబాదు, ఖమ్మం, ఒంగోలు, మహబూబ్ నగర్, బెంగుళూరు, ముంబై, ఢిల్లీ, కేంద్రాల నుండి ప్రచురితము.", "ఈనాడు\nప్రస్తుతం ఈనాడు పేపర్ సంప్రదాయ ప్రచురణ కాకుండా, అంతర్జాలంలో ఆన్ లైన్ వెర్షన్ రెండు విధాలుగా ప్రచురిస్తుంది.", "దైనిక్ జాగరణ్\nపురాణ్‌చంద్ర గుప్తా ఝాన్సీలో 1942లో దైనిక్ జాగరణ్ పత్రికను స్థాపించారు. 1947లో దైనిక్ జాగరణ్ ప్రధానకార్యాలయం కాన్పూర్‌కు మార్చబడింది, ఇక్కడ సెప్టెంబరు 21, 1947లో ఈ పత్రిక రెండో ఎడిషన్ ప్రారంభమైంది. రెవా మరియు భోపాల్ ఎడిషన్‌లను 1953 మరియు 1956లో ప్రారంభించారు. 1975లో, గోరఖ్‌పూర్ ఎడిషన్ ప్రచురణ ప్రారంభమైంది, తరువాత 1979లో వారణాసి, అలహాబాద్, లక్నో ఎడిషన్‌లు ప్రారంభమయ్యాయి. 1984లో, మీరట్ ఎడిషన్‌ను ప్రారంభించారు.\nఆపై, 1986లో ఆగ్రా, 1989లో బరేలీ, 1990లో ఢిల్లీ ఎడిషన్‌లను ప్రారంభించారు. 1997 మరియు 2006 మధ్యకాలంలో పద్దెనిమిది, 2007-08లో ఆరు కొత్త ఎడిషన్‌లు ప్రారంభమయ్యాయి.", "ఐలవరం\n[1] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్; 2013,మే-4; 11వపేజీ.\n[2] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు/వేమూరు; 2013,అక్టోబరు-11; 1వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/వేమూరు; 2013,అక్టోబరు-16; 2వపేజీ.\n[4] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/వేమూరు; 2013,జూలై-28; 2వపేజీ.\n[5] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్; వేమూరు; 2014,ఫిబ్రవరి-20; 2వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/వేమూరు; 2014,మార్చి-19, 2వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్/వేమూరు; 2014,డిసెంబరు-23; 2వపేజీ.\n[8] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్; 2015,ఫిబ్రవరి-26; 6వపేజీ.\n[9] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు రూరల్; 2015,మార్చి-15, 3వపేజీ.\n[10] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు సిటీ/వేమూరు; 2016,మే-16; 1వపేజీ. \n[11] ఈనాడు గుంటూరు సిటీ/వేమూరు; 2017,జూలై-18; 2వపేజీ.", "తెల్లబాడు\n[1] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2014, జూన్-15; 1వపేజీ.\n[2] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015, మార్చి-20; 1వపేజీ. \n[3] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015, సెప్టెంబరు-1; 2వపేజీ. \n[4] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015, సెప్టెంబరు-2; 1వపేజీ. \n[5] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2015, డిసెంబరు-3; 2వపేజీ. \n[6] ఈనాడు ప్రకాశం/సంతనూతలపాడు; 2016, జనవరి-10; 2వపేజీ.", "సీతమ్మధార\nఈ ప్రాంతం ఇప్పుడు విశాఖ లోని ఒక ప్రాముఖ్య విద్యా, వాణిజ్య, గృహ నివాస ప్రాంతం.\nఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ లోని ప్రముఖ తెలుగు దినపత్రిక అయిన \"ఈనాడు\" ప్రథమ కార్యాలయం సీతమ్మధార లోని నక్కవానిపాలెంలో స్థాపించబడింది.\nఇచ్చట ఆంగ్ల దిన పత్రిక \" ది హిందూ\" విశాఖ నగర కార్యాలయము కూడా నున్నది.\nవిశాఖ నగర వాసుల నిత్యా వసరాలు తీర్చేందుకు కూరగాయల మరియు నిత్యావసర సరుకుల బజారు \"\"రైతు బజార్\" ఇచ్చట నెలకొల్పబడింది.\nవిశాఖ లోని వైద్యుల నివాస ప్రాంతం \"డాక్టర్స్ కాలనీ\" సీతమ్మధార లోనే ఉంది.", "ఈనాడు\n1991 లో జర్నలిజం స్కూల్ ప్రారంభించి ఔత్సాహికలకు శిక్షణ నిచ్చి తమ సంస్థలో ఉపాధి కల్పిస్తున్నది.[5]", "నూతన\n1978లో నూతన విలక్షణ మాసపత్రిక ప్రారంభమైంది. సుమారు ఐదు సంవత్సరాల పాటు వెలువడింది. ఈ పత్రికకు ఎం.రత్నమాల సంపాదకురాలు. ఈ పత్రికకు వర్కింగ్‌ ఎడిటర్‌గా నమ్ము కొంతకాలం పనిచేశాడు. ఈ పత్రికలో కథలు, కవిత్వం, పాటలు ప్రచురించేవారు. ప్రజా సమస్యలమీద వ్యాసాలతోపాటు స్త్రీ విముక్తి పేరుతోమహిళల పేజీ ఉండేది. కొత్తగా రాయడం మొదలుపెట్టిన రచయితలను ఈ పత్రిక చాలా భిన్నమైన పద్ధతిలో ప్రోత్సహించేది. వారి రచనల్లోని లోటుపాట్లను చెప్పి సలహాలిస్తూ రచయిత బాగా అర్థం చేసుకుని తిరిగి పంపితే పత్రికలో ప్రచరించేవారు. ఈనాడు దినపత్రికలో సబ్‌ ఎడిటర్‌గా పనిచేసిన రత్నమాల సంపాదకురాలుగా ఈ పత్రిక ఐదేళ్ళపాటు నడిచి ఆగిపోయింది.", "తెలుగు జర్నలిజం\nశశిలేఖ (1894) తెలుగు ప్రాంతాల ఏకీకరణకు పోరాడిన తొలి పత్రిక. ఆ తరువాత తెలుగు పత్రికలలో ప్రథమంగా దేవగుప్త శేషశాయి రావు దేశాభిమాని అనే పక్ష పత్రికను స్థాపించి దానిని దినపత్రికగా మార్చాడు. అదేకాలంలో భాషా ఉద్యమం జరిగింది. ఆంధ్ర సాహిత్య పరిషత్ పత్రిక 1911 లో వ్యావహారిక భాషని సమర్థించింది. ఆధునిక తెలుగు పునాదులు విశ్వనాధ సత్యనారాయణ మరియు రామకోటేశ్వరరావు నడిపిన జనతా అనబడే పత్రికలో పడ్డాయి.", "ది హిందూ\n1940 - రంగులలో ముద్రణను ప్రవేశపెట్టిన తొలి భారతీయ పత్రిక 1963 - వార్తపత్రికల పంపిణీకి తమ సొంత విమానాలను వినియోగించిన తొలి భారతీయ పత్రిక 1969 - పేజీల ప్రసారానికి ఫాక్సును ఉపయోగించిన తొలి భారతీయ పత్రిక 1980 - కంప్యూటర్ సహాయంతో ఫోటో సెట్టింగును ప్రవేశపెట్టిన తొలి భారతీయ పత్రిక 1986 - ఫాక్సు ప్రసారాలకు ఉపగ్రహాలను ఉపయోగించిన తొలి భారతీయ పత్రిక 1994 - పేజీ మేకప్ మరియు రిమోట్ ఇమేజింగ్ లో పూర్తిగా కంప్యూటర్లచే పాఠ్యాన్ని, గ్రాఫిక్సును అనుసంధానించే విధానాన్ని ప్రవేశపెట్టిన తొలి భారతీయ పత్రిక 1995 - ఆన్లైన్లో వార్తల వెబ్సైటు ప్రారంభించిన తొలి భారతీయ పత్రిక", "శ్రీసాధన పత్రిక\nఈ పత్రిక ప్రారంభించడానికి ముందు 1922లో పప్పూరు రామాచార్యులు, కైప సుబ్రహ్మణ్యశర్మ, అతని తమ్ముడు మహానందయ్య, రామచంద్రశర్మ, ఐతరాజు నరసప్ప, ఆత్మారామప్పలతో కలిసి పినాకిని అనే పత్రికను ప్రారంభించాడు. ఆ పత్రిక 1925వరకు చక్కగా సాగింది. అభిప్రాయభేదాల వల్ల పప్పూరు రామాచార్యులు పినాకిని నుండి బయటకు వచ్చి శ్రీసాధన పత్రికను స్థాపించాడు. పినాకిని కేవలము కాంగ్రెస్ పక్షపాతి అని సాధనపత్రిక అన్ని పక్షములవారి యెడల సానుభూతితో వ్యవహరిస్తుందని తొలి సంచికలో పేర్కొనబడింది. 1932లో సహాయనిరాకరణోద్యమము సందర్భంగా కొంతకాలం ఈ పత్రిక ఆగిపోయింది. తరువాత 1934 ఆగస్టు 18న పునఃప్రారంభమైంది. 1940 మార్చి నెలలో శ్రీసాధన పత్రిక మరియు సాధన ముద్రణాలయాన్ని లిమిటెడ్ కంపెనీగా మార్చారు. డైరెక్టర్లుగా పప్పూరు రామాచార్యులు, కల్లూరు సుబ్బారావు, కె.ఎస్.రాఘవాచార్యులు తదితరులు ఉండేవారు. 1942లో క్విట్ ఇండియా ఉద్యమంలో పప్పూరు రామాచార్యులు జైలు జీవితం గడిపాడు. ఆ సమయంలో పత్రిక కొంతకాలం ఆగి తిరిగి ప్రారంభమైంది. ఈ పత్రిక పప్పూరు రామాచార్యులు మరణించేవరకు అంటే 1972వరకు పైన పేర్కొన్న సందర్భాలలో మినహా నిరాటంకంగా కొనసాగింది. తరువాత దీనిని పప్పూరు రామాచార్యుల కుమారుడు పప్పూరు శేషాచార్యులు 1996 -97 ప్రాంతాలవరకు నడిపాడు. \n12 పేజీల ఈ వారపత్రిక మొదటి పుట ప్రధాన శీర్షిక క్రింది భాగాన భారతంలోని \nఆ||వె|| కార్యగతుల తెఱగు కలరూపు చెప్పిన", "జి. సుబ్రహ్మణ్య అయ్యర్\n1898లో సుబ్రహ్మణ్య అయ్యర్ ది హిందూతో తనకున్న సంబంధాలను విరమించుకుని, 1882లో తాను ప్రారంభించిన తమిళ వార్తాపత్రిక స్వదేశ మిత్రన్ పై దృష్టిపెట్టారు. 1898లో ది హిందూను విడిచిపెట్టినప్పుడు స్వదేశమిత్రన్ ను మూడువారాలకు ఓసారి వెలువరించగా, 1899లో తొలి తమిళ దినపత్రికగా అభివృద్ధి చేశారు.", "తెలుగు పత్రికలు\n1966లో విజయా నాగిరెడ్డి వారి విజయచిత్ర విడుదలైనది. దీనికి రావి కొండలరావు సారథ్యం వహించారు. 1969లో బి.ఎ.వి.శాండిల్య \"వెండి తెర\" ప్రారంభించారు. 1975లో \"సినీ హెరాల్డ్\" పత్రికను ఠాకూర్ వి.హరిప్రసాద్ గారు హైదరాబాదు నుండి ప్రారంభించారు. ఈనాడు రామోజీరావు పూర్తి సినీ వారపత్రిక సితారను 1976 మొదలయింది. ఆంధ్ర జ్యోతి వారి జ్యోతిచిత్ర 1977లో మొదలయింది. ఉదయం వారు శివరంజని, దాసరి మేఘసందేశం మొదలయ్యాయి.దర్శనమ్ ఆధ్యాత్మిక వార్తా మాసపత్రిక..2004 నుంచి ఈ పత్రిక ప్రచురితమవుతోంది. సనాతన ధర్మపరిరక్షణ, సంస్కార సమాజం లక్ష్యాలుగా ఈ పత్రిక నడుస్తోంది.తెలుగులో పిల్లల పత్రికలు రావడం 1940 లలో ప్రారంభమైన \"బాల\"తో మొదలయిందని చెప్పవచ్చు. రేడియో అన్నయ్యగా పిలవబడే న్యాయపతి రాఘవరావు ఈ పత్రిక వ్యవస్థాపకుడు మరియు సంపాదకుడు. దీని తర్వాత ప్రారంభమైన పిల్లల పత్రికలు కొన్ని~:\nbalabharatamతెలుగు పత్రికలు మొదటినుంచీ సమాజం, రాజకీయాలు, సాహిత్యం, కళలు వంటి అనేకమైన విషయాలపై గట్టి ప్రభావాన్ని చూపుతున్నాయి. వీరేశలింగం పంతులు, ఆయన శిష్యుల సహకారంతో 1891 నుండి 1899 వరకు \"స్త్రీ జనోద్ధరణ\" మరియు \"సత్య సంవర్థినీ\" పత్రికలను నడిపారు. వారి శిష్యుడైన రాయసం వేంకట శివుడు \"జనానా\" పత్రికను 1894లో కొనుగోలు చేసి 1907 వరకు చిలుకూరి వీరభద్రరావు గారి సహకారంతో నిర్వహించారు. ఈ పత్రికల్లో సంఘసంస్కరణ, స్త్రీవిద్య, స్త్రీజనోద్ధరణ వంటి విషయాలపై తీవ్రమైన చర్చలు చేసి, సైద్ధాంతికంగా బలం కల్పించుకున్నారు.", "ఫిర్యాది నైనవరం\n[2] ఈనాడు విజయవాడ; 2013,జులై-12; 4వపేజీ.\n[3] ఈనాడు విజయవాడ; 2013,సెప్టెంబరు-15; 5వపేజీ.\n[4] ఈనాడు విజయవాడ; 2013,ఆగస్టు-11; 4వపెజీ. \n[5] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,జులై-6; 4వపేజీ.\n[6] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,సెప్టెంబరు-9; 5వపేజీ.\n[7] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2015,అక్టోబరు-22; 8వపేజీ.\n[8] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2016,సెప్టెంబరు-29; 7వపేజీ.\n[9] ఈనాడు అమరావతి; 2017,మార్చి-21; 6వపేజీ.", "ఈనాడు\nఅలాగే తెలుగు పత్రికల పేర్లు - ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి, ఆంధ్రప్రభ, మొదలైనవి - తెలుగు భాషకు సహజమైన చక్కటి గుండ్రటి అక్షరాలతో అచ్చయ్యేవి. అయితే ఈనాడు ఈ సంప్రదాయాన్ని పక్కనపెట్టి, తన పేరును పలకల అక్షరాలతో ముద్రించింది. ఇది కూడా పాఠకులకు కొత్తగా అనిపించింది.", "ఆంధ్రపత్రిక\nఆంధ్రపత్రిక స్వాతంత్రోద్యమంలో కీలకపాత్ర వహించిన పత్రిక. 1908 సంవత్సరం సెప్టెంబరు 9 తేదీన, తెలుగు కాలమానంలో కీలక నామ సంవత్సరం భాద్రపద శుద్ధ చతుర్థి హిందువులకు పండుగ దినమైన వినాయక చవితి నాడు కాశీనాథుని నాగేశ్వరరావు పంతులు ఆంధ్రపత్రికను వారపత్రికగా ప్రారంభించారు. ఇది బొంబాయి లోని తత్వవివేచక ముద్రాక్షరశాలలో ముద్రించబడేది.", "అనసూయ (పత్రిక)\nఅనసూయ 1914 లో ప్రారంభింపబడిన మొదటి మహిళా పత్రిక. \nదీనిని కాకినాడ నుంచి వింజమూరి వెంకటరత్నమ్మ గారు నడిపారు. ఈ పత్రిక మహిళా ఉద్యమాలకు ఎంతగానో తోడ్పడింది. ఇందులో స్త్రీలకు ఉపయోగపడే రచనలు ఉండేవి. గృహనిర్వహణ, ప్రకృతిశాస్త్రాలు, పురాణస్త్రీల చరిత్రలు, వివిధ రంగాలలో వన్నెకెక్కిన ప్రపంచ ప్రసిద్ధ మహిళల చరిత్రలు మొదలైన అంశాలకు సంబంధించిన విషయాల గూర్చి ఈ పత్రికలో ప్రచురించేవారు. ఈ పత్రిక అభ్యుదయ భావాలకు నాంది అయినది. ఇందులో స్త్రీ విద్య ఆవశ్యకత, ఆనాడు ఉన్న సాంఘిక దురాచారాల పైన వివిధ ఆర్టికల్స్ ప్రచురించేవారు. ఆనాడు ఈ పత్రిక ప్రారంభించే నాటికి హిందూ సుందరి అనే ఒక్క పత్రిక మాత్రమే ఉండేది. ఒకరకంగా చెప్పాలంటే ఆరోజులలో స్త్రీని మేల్కొలిపిన పత్రిక అని చెప్పవచ్చు.", "యంగ్ ఇండియా\nయంగ్ ఇండియా ఒక వార పత్రిక. దీనిని ఇంగ్లీషులో 1919 నుండి 1932 వరకు మోహన్ దాస్ కరంచంద్ గాంధీ ప్రచురించాడు. ఈ పత్రికలో గాంధీజీ స్పూర్తినిచ్చే అనేక సుభాషితాలు రాశారు. అతను తన ఏకైక సిద్ధాంతంను వ్యాప్తి చేయడానికి మరియు ఉద్యమాల నిర్వహణలో అహింసా మార్గం యొక్క ఉపయోగాలను తెలిపేందుకు మరియు బ్రిటన్ నుండి భారతదేశం యొక్క తుది స్వాతంత్ర్యం కోసం ప్రణాళికలా పాఠకులను పురికొల్పుటకు యంగ్ ఇండియాను ఉపయోగించారు.", "ఆంధ్రపత్రిక సంవత్సరాది సంచిక\n1910 నుండి ఆంధ్రపత్రిక 'ఉగాది సంచిక'లను ప్రచురించడం మొదలుపెట్టింది. ఈ సంవత్సరాది సంచికలు ఎక్కువ పేజీలతో ప్రత్యేక వ్యాసాలు, ఇతర రచనలతో విలక్షణంగా ఎప్పటికీ దాచుకొనేవిగా ఉండేవి. మొదటి ఉగాది సంచికలో 248 పేజీలు 126 చిత్రపటాలు ఉన్నాయి. కేవలం ముద్రణకే రెండు నెలలు పట్టేదట. అప్పటి ప్రసిద్ధ రచయితలు, పరిశోధకులు, కవులు ఇందులో రచనలు చేశేవారు. సంవత్సరం మొత్తంలో జరిగిన రాజకీయ, సాంఘిక, సాంస్కృతిక సంఘటనలను ఇందులో ప్రస్తావించేవారు.", "ఈనాడు\nతెలుగు భాష కొరకు ఆదివారం పుస్తకంలో ప్రత్యేక శిర్షికలను ఈనాడు అందిస్తూ ఉంది. మామూలుగా దినపత్రికలు అందించే కథలు, కథానికలే కాక, భాష విస్తృతికి దోహదం చేసే శీర్షికలను ప్రచురించింది. వాటిలో కొన్ని: తెలుగులో తెలుగెంత, మాటల మూటలు, తెలుగు జాతీయాలు, మాటల వాడుక, మాటలు, మార్పులు మొదలైనవి.", "పద్మ ప్లగ్ ఇన్\nఇది ఒక ఫైర్‌ఫాక్స్ ప్లగ్‌ఇన్. దీనిని నాగార్జున వెన్న 2005 లో తయారు చేశారు. దీని ద్వారా స్వంత ఖతులు వాడే తెలుగు వార్తాపత్రికలు లినక్స్లో ఫైర్‌ఫాక్స్ విహరిణి ద్వారా చదువుకోడానికి వీలయ్యింది. దీనిని తరువాత ఇతర భారతీయ భాషలకు విస్తరించారు. ప్రస్తుతం తెలుగు దినపత్రికలలో ఈనాడు మాత్రమే స్వంత ఖతి వాడుతున్నది. దాదాపు మిగతా దిన పత్రికలు యూనికోడ్ లో ప్రచురించటం 2010 లో మొదలుపెట్టాయి. అందువలన దీని వినియోగం తగ్గింది.", "అనసూయ (పత్రిక)\nతెలుగులో స్త్రీల కోసం స్థాపించిన మొదటి పత్రిక సతీహితబోధిని. దాన్ని స్థాపించినది కందుకూరి వీరేశలింగం పంతులు. స్వాతంత్ర్యానికి పూర్వమే స్త్రీల సంపాదకత్వంలో పత్రికలు వెలువడటం గొప్ప విషయమైతే అందులో కొన్ని పత్రికలు స్త్రీవిద్య కోసం, తద్వారా స్త్రీలలో చైతన్యం పెంపొందటం కోసం కృషి చేయడం మరింత విశేషమనే చెప్పాలి. 'హిందూసుందరి' స్త్రీ సంపాదకత్వంలో వెలువడిన తొలి తెలుగు పత్రిక. శ్రీమతి మొసలికంటి రమాబాయి సంపాదకత్వంలో 1902లోనే ఈ పత్రిక ప్రారంభమైంది. స్త్రీ విద్యపైనా, సమాజంలో ఆనాడు ఉన్న సంఘ దురాచారాలపైనా వచ్చిన మరో పత్రిక 'అనసూయ'. \"స్త్రీలెచ్చట నుచ్ఛస్థితిలో నుందురో యాదేశ మభివృద్ధిలోనున్న మాటయే. అట్లుండుటకు వారి యజ్ఞానాంధకారము పారద్రోలబడవలయును. వారు పురుషులతో సర్వవిధముల సమానలని యెన్నుకొనబడు నవస్థ రావలయును.\" అనే భావాన్ని వ్యక్తం చేయడం నిజంగా అప్పట్లో సంచలమే. 1917లో మొదలైన పత్రిక ఎప్పటివరకూ వచ్చిందో కచ్చితంగా తెలీదు కానీ 1924 జూలై సంచిక వరకు లభ్యమవుతున్నది. ఆర్థిక ఇబ్బందుల మూలంగానే ఆ పాత్రిక ఆగిపోయిందనుకోవచ్చు. ఏదేమైనా స్త్రీవిద్య, సమానత్వం కోసం స్వాతంత్ర్యానికి పూర్వమే ఓ స్త్రీ సంపాదకత్వంలో వచ్చిన ఓ గొప్ప మాస పత్రికగా 'అనసూయ'కు స్థానం ఉంటుంది.", "ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ\n1972లో జైఆంధ్ర ఉద్యమం జరిగినప్పుడు కృష్ణ ఆ ఉద్యమానికి బహిరంగంగా మద్దతునిచ్చాడు.[55] 1980ల్లో ఎన్.టి.రామారావు రాజకీయ రంగ ప్రవేశం చేసి ముఖ్యమంత్రి కావడంతో తెలుగు నాట కూడా సినిమా రంగంలోని గ్లామర్‌కు రాజకీయాలకు మధ్య ప్రత్యక్ష సంబంధం ఏర్పడింది. 1982 డిసెంబరు 17న కృష్ణ కథానాయకుడిగా విడుదలైన రాజకీయ చిత్రం \"ఈనాడు\" సినిమా అప్పుడే రంగప్రవేశం చేసిన తెలుగుదేశం పార్టీ సిద్ధాంతాలకు, ప్రచారానికి అనుకూలంగా ఉంది. ఎన్నికలు మూడువారాల్లో ఉన్న స్థితిలో విడుదలైన ఈ సినిమా తెలుగుదేశం ప్రభంజనంలో తనవంతు చిన్న పాత్ర పోషించింది.[56] 1983లో తెలుగుదేశం పార్టీ ప్రభుత్వం చేపట్టి ఎన్.టి.రామారావు ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ ముఖ్యమంత్రి అయ్యాడు. 1984లో ఎన్టీఆర్ ప్రభుత్వాన్ని నాదెళ్ళ భాస్కరరావు కూలదోసి ముఖ్యమంత్రి అయినప్పుడు భాస్కరరావును కృష్ణ అభినందిస్తున్నట్టు ఫుల్‌పేజీ ప్రకటన విడుదల అయింది. ఈ సంఘటన కృష్ణకి, రామారావుకి మధ్య విభేదాలకు రాజకీయ కోణాన్ని ఇచ్చింది. ఎన్.టి.రామారావు తిరిగి ముఖ్యమంత్రి అయ్యాకా ఈ విభేదాలు రాజుకున్నాయి.[30] 1984 అక్టోబరులో ఇందిరా గాంధీ దారుణహత్యకు గురైనప్పుడు కృష్ణ ఆమె అంత్యక్రియలకు ఢిల్లీ వెళ్ళాడు. అదే సమయంలో ప్రధాన మంత్రిగా, కాంగ్రెస్ పార్టీ అధ్యక్షుడిగా బాధ్యతలు స్వీకరించిన రాజీవ్ గాంధీ, కృష్ణ కలిశారు.[57] తెలుగుదేశం పార్టీకి రామారావు మాస్ అప్పీల్ లాభిస్తోందని, అలాంటి ప్రజాకర్షణ ఉన్న కృష్ణ కాంగ్రెస్ పార్టీకి ఉపకరిస్తాడని కాంగ్రెస్ నాయకులు భావించారు. 1984లో కృష్ణ కాంగ్రెస్ పార్టీలో చేరాడు.[30] ఆ తర్వాత కృష్ణ ప్రభుత్వ చర్యలను వ్యంగ్యంగా విమర్శిస్తూ సినిమాలు చేశాడు.", "వాల్ స్ట్రీట్ జర్నల్\nజర్నల్ యొక్క ప్రచురణకర్త అయిన డౌ జోన్స్ & కంపెనీ, పాత్రికేయులైన చార్లెస్ డౌ, ఎడ్వర్డ్ జోన్స్ మరియు చార్లెస్ బెర్గ్స్ ట్రెస్సర్‌లచే 1882లో స్థాపించబడింది. కస్టమర్స్ ఆఫ్టర్నూన్ లెటర్</i>ను జోన్స్ వాల్ స్ట్రీట్ జర్నల్</i>గా మార్చి, 1889[6]లో మొదటి సారిగా ముద్రించి, డౌ జోన్స్ న్యూస్ సర్వీస్ యొక్క పంపిణీని టెలిగ్రాఫ్ ద్వారా ప్రారంభించాడు. న్యూ యార్క్ స్టాక్ ఎక్స్చేంజ్‌పై స్టాక్ యొక్క అనేక సూచీలలో మొట్ట మొదటిది మరియు బాండ్ ధరలను సూచించే జోన్స్ యొక్క 'యావరేజ్' శీర్షికను ది జర్నల్ అందించింది.", "కిన్నెర మాసపత్రిక\nకిన్నెర ఒక తెలుగు మాసపత్రిక. ఇది 1948 సంవత్సరం నవంబరు నెలలో ప్రారంభమైనది. మద్రాసు నుండి వెలువడింది. దీనికి వ్యవస్థాపక సంపాదకులుగా పందిరి మల్లికార్జునరావు పనిచేశారు.\nఈ పత్రిక తొలిసంచిక సంపాదకీయంలో ఈ పత్రిక ఆశయాన్ని సంపాదకులు ఇలా పేర్కొన్నారు. “ఈ నవభారత జనసమయంలో, ఈ యుగసంధిలో సుస్థిరమైన భారత జాతీయ నిర్మాణానికి, ముఖ్యంగా సౌష్ఠవమైన ఆంధ్ర రాష్ట్రనిర్మాణానికి దోహదమివ్వడమే మా ప్రధానాశయం. తెలుగు భాష, తెలుగు సంస్కృతి, తెలుగు విజ్ఞానానికి యథోచిత సేవచేయుటయే మా కిన్నెర పత్రిక యొక్క ఉత్కంఠ. మా ఉద్యమానికి ఆంధ్రులంతా తోడ్పడతారని మా ఆశ.”ఈ పత్రిక కోసం ప్రముఖ రచయితలు రచనలు చేసేవారు. వారిలో భమిడిపాటి కామేశ్వరరావు, మల్లంపల్లి సోమశేఖరశర్మ, శ్రీపాద సుబ్రహ్మణ్యశాస్త్రి, చెఱుకుపల్లి జమదగ్నిశర్మ, వసంతరావు వేంకటరావు, బులుసు వేంకటరమణయ్య, చాగంటి సోమయాజులు, పారనంది జగన్నాథస్వామి, తుమ్మలపల్లి సీతారామారావు, రాంపల్లి నరసింహశర్మ, విద్వాన్ విశ్వం, శ్రీపాద కృష్ణమూర్తి శాస్త్రి, ఆండ్ర శేషగిరిరావు, విశ్వనాథ సత్యనారాయణ, పిలకా గణపతిశాస్త్రి, ఆచంట జానకీరామ్‌, శ్రీశ్రీ, ఆరుద్ర, మాలతీ చందూర్, మల్లాది రామకృష్ణశాస్త్రి, త్రిపురనేని గోపీచంద్, గుంటుపల్లి రాధాకృష్ణమూర్తి, బుచ్చిబాబు, వాసిరెడ్డి సీతాదేవి, జనమంచి రామకృష్ణ, చిలుకూరి నారాయణరావు, దేవులపల్లి కృష్ణశాస్త్రి, ఆచంట శారదాదేవి, తులికా భూషణ్ తదితర ప్రముఖులున్నారు.", "ఈనాడు\n1989 జనవరి 26న గ్రామీణ వార్తల కొరకు మినీ ఎడిషన్లని ప్రారంభించింది. గ్రామీణ స్థాయిలో విలేకరుల వ్యవస్థని ప్రారంభించిన తొలిపత్రికగా పేరుపొందింది. ఆదివారం అనుబంధాన్ని 28 పిభ్రవరి 1988 నుండి వారపత్రిక రూపంలో ప్రచురించటంతో బాగా ప్రాచుర్య పొంది మిగతా దినపత్రికలు కూడా ఆ పద్ధతినే అవలంబించాయి. 1992 సెప్టెంబరు 24న మహిళల కోసం ప్రత్యేకంగా వసుంధర పేజీని ప్రారంభించింది. 1994 ఏప్రిల్ 15 న ఉద్యోగవకాశాల కథనాలతో \"ప్రతిభ\" శీర్షికను ప్రారంభించింది. 1985 ఆగష్టు నుండి రైతేరాజు శీర్షికతో రైతాంగానికి సంబంధించిన సమాచారం అందజేస్తున్నది.[5] ఈనాడులో 2010 తరువాత ఆదివారము అనుబంధంలో రాశి ఫలాలు చేర్చారు", "సూర్య\nసూర్యఒక తెలుగు దినపత్రిక. ఇది 21 అక్టోబర్ 2007 సంవత్సరంలో ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ గవర్నర్ నారాయణ్ దత్ తివారీ చే ప్రారంభించబడినది. ఈ పత్రిక అధిపతి తెలుగు సినిమా నిర్మాత నూకారపు సూర్యప్రకాష్ రావు. ఈ పత్రిక తెలుగు దినపత్రికలలో మొదటిగా ప్రామాణిక యూనికోడ్ పధ్దతిలో అంతర్జాలంలో ప్రచురింపబడింది. ఈ పత్రికజాలస్థలి సమాచారం 2010 సెప్టెంబరు 1 నుండి శాశ్వత లింకులను కలిగివున్నది.", "సియాసత్\nసియాసత్ తెలంగాణ మరియు ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్రాలకు చెందిన ఒక ఉర్దూ దినపత్రిక. హైదరాబాదు కేంద్రస్థానంగా ఇది వెలువడుతుంది. ఈ పత్రిక ఆన్ లైన్ ఎడిషన్ కూడా కలదు, ఇంగ్లీషు మరియు ఉర్దూ భాషలలో ఈ ఎడిషన్లు ఉన్నాయి. ఈ పత్రిక యజమాని మరియు ఎడిటర్ ఇన్ చీఫ్ నవాబ్ జాహెద్ అలీ ఖాన్. ఈ పత్రిక స్థాపన 1949 లో జరిగింది." ]

[ 11.3203125 ]

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[ "The women took pictures." ]

[ "The women didn't take any pictures.", "a woman is watching bowling", "Two men play catch.", "This is a large Armenian community but there is no market or church.", "a working sleeping under a tree", "A person in a crowd is taking a picture of nature.", "A woman is sitting on a log while eating lunch." ]

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[ "A girl is jumping while a boy is watching her and another girl is nearby." ]

[ "Three kids are running in the school.", "some kids are doing work at a table", "Only floral patterns are available, and other motifs are considered ugly.", "We are not adding new diagnostic measures as the old ones are tried and true.", "Take the day offer, I'll manage, said Muller.", "I've never seen a barbecue here in Texas in my whole life!", "I brought my fingers to my face." ]

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[ "In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring." ]

[ "The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own Great Purge. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics. However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states: “Rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination. The Soviet views were also shared by a number of other States for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator: Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay. The exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non-governmental organization, the World Jewish Congress, and it corresponded to Raphael Lemkin’s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide.” ", "Palermo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Winters are cool and wet, while summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in autumn and spring are usually mild. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is usually a rare occurrence, but it does occur occasionally if there is a cold front, as the Apennines are too distant to protect the island from cold winds blowing from the Balkans, and the mountains surrounding the city facilite the formation of snow accumulation in Palermo, especially at night. Between the 1940s and the 2000s there have been eleven times when considerable snowfall has occurred: In 1949, in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 °C (32 °F) and the city was blanketed by several centimeters of snow. Snow also occurred in 1999, 2009 and 2015. The average annual temperature of the sea is above 19 °C (66 °F); from 14 °C (57 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the period from May to November, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 °C (64 °F) and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 21 °C (70 °F).", "However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.", "Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.", "International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include: cricketers Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub, Syed Abid Ali and Noel David; football players Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali; tennis player Sania Mirza; badminton players S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, P. V. Sindhu, Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan.", "Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.", "In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali, led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. In March, military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup d'état, citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West African States. The MNLA quickly took control of the north, declaring independence as Azawad. However, Islamist groups including Ansar Dine and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), who had helped the MNLA defeat the government, turned on the Tuareg and took control of the North with the goal of implementing sharia in Mali." ]

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[ "The Jules Verne themed 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea program takes place aboard an observatory boat." ]

[ "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a pretty low-tech event.", "The man is by a shoe store.", "People buying cloth from stalls.", "The city is avoiding a budget emergency.", "I have no interest in photography.", "Japp exceeded my expectations.", "It is not evident upon entry how the mosque got its name." ]

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[ "a person is waiting." ]

[ "a girl is swimming", "Two woman are at a park.", "The people are boating.", "There aren't any roads to Biroswald, are there?", "The US Post office is composed of civil servants.", "It would be reasonable to say that in Slate, I didn't talk enough about this.", "A group of men are outside with guns." ]

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[ "According to the same study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcements toward digital piracy. In China, the issue of digital infringement is not merely legal, but social – originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods." ]

[ "Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.", "Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, \"Eight millionaires and a plumber.\" The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.", "The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius, and also De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, were first printed. The thesis of Copernicus' book was that the Earth moved around the Sun. The period culminated with the publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton, representative of the unprecedented growth of scientific publications throughout Europe.", "By 16:50, with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up, the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert. At 17:15, the Prussian 4th Guards Infantry Brigade joined the advance followed at 17:45 by the Prussian 1st Guards Infantry Brigade. All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches. At 18:15 the Prussian 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade, the last of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, was committed to the attack on St. Privat while Steinmetz committed the last of the reserves of the First Army across the Mance Ravine. By 18:30, a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville.", "Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government. The City Council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years). Two council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. The mayor is elected citywide. The mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.", "Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions. Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, including Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. Nowadays, Strasbourg is known to offer among the best university courses in France, after Paris.", "Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium)." ]

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[ "The case might be the opposite." ]

[ "This might be the case.", "There were several issues about the 21st century.", "The man is frowning at the bowl of soup he received.", "The method used in mathematics.", "The rules of slots have changed over time.", "A student is sitting after graduating.", "We've never tried those." ]

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[ "Royal Spa Centre The Royal Spa Centre is a Theatre in Leamington Spa, England. The Centre was officially opened on 15 June 1972 by Anthony Eden, one time MP for Leamington and Warwick and Prime Minister of the UK. It was designed by the Architect Sir Frederick Gibberd and has two Auditoria, the first of which is a traditional Theatre which can hold 667 people. The second is a Cinema/Studio Theatre which holds up to 188, which shows films or used as a small theatre space.", "Anthony Eden Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, (12 June 1897 – 14 January 1977) was a British Conservative politician who served three periods as Foreign Secretary and then a relatively brief term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1957." ]

[ "Michael Shea (diplomat) Michael Sinclair MacAuslan Shea, CVO (10 May 1938 in Carluke, Lanarkshire, Scotland – 17 October 2009) was press secretary to Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom from 1978 to 1987. Earlier he had been a career diplomat and was also an author of political thrillers and non-fiction.", "Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration The foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration was the foreign policy of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under the Administration of President Bill Clinton. Clinton's main foreign policy advisors were Secretaries of State Warren M. Christopher and Madeleine Albright and National Security Advisors Anthony Lake and Sandy Berger.", "Alexander Downer Alexander John Gosse Downer, AC (born 9 September 1951) is a former Australian Liberal Party politician who was Foreign Minister of Australia from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007, the longest-serving in Australian history. He was also the Leader of the Opposition for eight months from 1994 to 1995. Until early February 2014, Downer was the United Nations Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Cyprus. In June 2014, Downer was appointed Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.", "Donald Maitland Sir Donald James Dundas Maitland (16 August 1922 – 22 August 2010) was a senior British diplomat. He served as British Prime Minister Edward Heath's press secretary 1970 to 1974.", "Peter Griffiths Peter Harry Steve Griffiths (24 May 1928 – 20 November 2013) was a British Conservative politician best known for gaining the Smethwick seat by defeating the Shadow Foreign Secretary Patrick Gordon Walker in the 1964 general election against the national trend.", "Leslie Fielding Sir Leslie Fielding {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (born 29 July 1932 in London, England) is a former British diplomat. In the Diplomatic Service, he spent time in the Foreign Office in London before serving as the European Commission Ambassador to Tokyo between 1978 and 1982. He was Director-General of the European Commission from 1982 to 1987.", "Simon McDonald (diplomat) Sir Simon Gerard McDonald {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (born 9 March 1961) is a British diplomat who is Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Head of the Diplomatic Service.", "John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness John Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness, {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (born 6 May 1955) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow and Furness from 1992 to 2010 and served in a number of Cabinet offices, including Defence Secretary and Business Secretary. He is now the Chairman of the Royal United Services Institute.", "Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: سعود بن فيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود‎ ‎ ), also known as Saud Al Faisal (Arabic: سعود الفيصل‎ ‎ ‎; 2 January 1940 – 9 July 2015), was a Saudi diplomat and statesman who served as Saudi Arabia's foreign minister from 1975 to 2015. A member of the Saudi royal family, he was the longest-serving foreign minister in world history since Klemens von Metternich.", "Gareth Clayton (RAF officer) Air Chief Marshal Sir Gareth Thomas Butler Clayton, (13 November 1914 – 5 February 1992) was a senior Royal Air Force officer who served as Air Secretary from 1970 to 1972.", "Reginald Bond Sir Reginald St George Smallridge Bond {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (10 April 1872 – 27 July 1955) was a British medical doctor and Royal Navy administrator. He was Medical Director-General of the Royal Navy, 1931–1934; and Honorary Physician to the King at the same time.", "Patrick Fairweather Sir Patrick Fairweather {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (born 17 June 1936) is a British retired diplomat. He served as Ambassador to Angola from 1985 to 1987 and Ambassador to Albania from 1991 to 1996. He was director of the Butrint Foundation of the Buthrotum Roman archaeological site in southern Albania from 1997 until 2004.", "Tony Brenton Sir Anthony Russell \"Tony\" Brenton, {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (born 1 January 1950) is a former British diplomat.", "Michael Palmer (British Army officer) Major-General Sir Joseph Michael Palmer, KCVO (17 October 1928 – 21 February 2017) was a senior British Army officer. He was Defence Services Secretary from 1982 to 1985.", "Jeremy Greenstock Sir Jeremy Quentin Greenstock, GCMG (born 27 July 1943) is a retired British diplomat, active from 1969 to 2004.", "Labour government, 1964–1970 Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II on 16 October 1964 and formed the first Wilson ministry, a Labour Party government, which held office with a thin majority between 1964 and 1966. In an attempt to gain a workable majority in the House of Commons, Wilson called a new election for 31 March 1966, after which he formed the second Wilson ministry, a government which held office for four years until 1970.", "Robert Furlonger Robert William \"Bob\" Furlonger {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (born 28 April 1921) is a former Australian public servant and diplomat. He was an Australian Ambassador to Indonesia (1972–1975), Australian Ambassador to Austria and Hungary (1975–1977) and the first Director-General of the Office of National Assessments (1977–1981).", "Morris Carstairs George Morrison 'Morris' Carstairs, {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (18 June 1916 – 17 April 1991) was a British psychiatrist, anthropologist, and academic. He was Professor of Psychological Medicine at the University of Edinburgh from 1961 to 1973, President of the World Mental Health Organization from 1968 to 1972, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of York from 1973 to 1978. In his youth, he had been a distinguished long-distance runner.", "David Miers Sir Henry David Alastair Capel Miers {'1': \", '2': \", '3': \", '4': \"} (born 10 January 1937), commonly known as Sir David Miers, is a British retired ambassador.", "Foreign Minister of Bhutan The Foreign Minister of Bhutan occupies the Ministerial post in the Royal Government of Bhutan which deals with the country's foreign policy. The office was founded in 1968 as the Ministry of Development; it was reorganized in 1970 as the Department of Foreign Affairs. In 1972 it achieved its current form as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs." ]

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[ "The Who 1964 performances The Who 1964 performances The Who performed extensively in 1964, supporting their first-ever single \"Zoot Suit/I'm the Face\" and their late-1964 single \"I Can't Explain\". The band were still known as The Detours when the year began before changing their name to The Who in February; another name change to The High Numbers in the middle of the year hoped to capitalise on the mod movement popular with British youth in the early to mid-1960s, but the group reverted to The Who after only a few months. 1964 was also the year drummer Keith Moon joined the band. The band", "The Who 1964 performances performed strictly in England throughout 1964, mostly in small clubs and hotels as they gained popularity. Original drummer Doug Sandom, who had been with the group since 1962, was persuaded to leave the band for a variety of reasons, opening the door for then 17-year-old Keith Moon to join the band, his first show occurring on 2 May. The group's first record, \"Zoot Suit/I'm the Face\", was released in July while the band was known as The High Numbers, but the single performed poorly and the name change was ultimately only temporary. As for the band's live shows, more and", "The Who The Who The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon. They are considered one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th century, selling over 100 million records worldwide and holding a reputation for their live shows and studio work. The Who developed from an earlier group, the Detours, and established themselves as part of the pop art and mod movements, featuring auto-destructive art by destroying guitars and drums on stage. Their first single as", "The Who Band\", and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. Seven of the group's albums appeared on \"Rolling Stone\"s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003, more than any act except the Beatles, Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stones and Bruce Springsteen. The Who The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon. They are considered one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th century, selling over 100 million records worldwide and holding a reputation", "The Who Tour 1989 Daltrey. The Who Tour 1989 The Who Tour 1989 was The Who's reunion tour in celebration of their 25th anniversary and their first without drummer Kenney Jones, who had replaced Keith Moon in 1979. It was the band's only tour between 1982 and 1996. The group debated on how to celebrate their 25th anniversary (actually the 25th anniversary of their being joined by Keith Moon, as opposed to when the group first formed), eventually deciding on a tour instead of a new studio album. However, there would be widespread changes in the band's live presentation from their previous tours, largely", "The Who Tour 1989 The Who Tour 1989 The Who Tour 1989 was The Who's reunion tour in celebration of their 25th anniversary and their first without drummer Kenney Jones, who had replaced Keith Moon in 1979. It was the band's only tour between 1982 and 1996. The group debated on how to celebrate their 25th anniversary (actually the 25th anniversary of their being joined by Keith Moon, as opposed to when the group first formed), eventually deciding on a tour instead of a new studio album. However, there would be widespread changes in the band's live presentation from their previous tours, largely at", "The Who Tour 1979 The Who Tour 1979 The Who Tour 1979 was The Who's first concert tour since the death of original drummer Keith Moon, supporting the \"Who Are You\" album and their film releases \"The Kids Are Alright\" and \"Quadrophenia\". Following Keith Moon's death in September 1978, The Who decided to continue as band, recruiting former Small Faces drummer Kenney Jones; keyboardist John \"Rabbit\" Bundrick was also added to the line-up for live performances, adding another element to the band's sound. The post-Moon incarnation of The Who played as a five-piece for seven shows, the first occurring on 2 May at the", "The Who Tour 1981 The Who Tour 1981 The Who Tour 1981 was The Who's third concert tour since the death of original drummer Keith Moon, with most dates performed in advance of the release of their recently recorded \"Face Dances\" album. Aside from a performance on the German TV program \"Rockpalast\" at the end of the tour, it was strictly a United Kingdom venture, with four shows in Scotland, one in Wales, and the rest in England. It was the group's first UK tour since 1975. Although the \"Face Dances\" album was completed by the end of 1980, it was not released until", "The Who Tour 1981 \"Thirty Years of Maximum R&B Live\". All songs written by Pete Townshend unless otherwise specified. Encores: The Who Tour 1981 The Who Tour 1981 was The Who's third concert tour since the death of original drummer Keith Moon, with most dates performed in advance of the release of their recently recorded \"Face Dances\" album. Aside from a performance on the German TV program \"Rockpalast\" at the end of the tour, it was strictly a United Kingdom venture, with four shows in Scotland, one in Wales, and the rest in England. It was the group's first UK tour since 1975. Although", "The Who Tour 1996–1997 join for the performance, the first time they had played a show together since 1989. With Townshend playing only acoustic guitar, supporting musicians included longtime keyboardist John \"Rabbit\" Bundrick, Townshend's brother Simon on rhythm and lead guitar, and drummer Zak Starkey (son of Beatle Ringo Starr and a one-time friend of Keith Moon). The group were also joined by veteran British rock sideman Geoff Whitehorn on lead guitar and keyboardist Jon Carin, who had toured with Pink Floyd in their post-Roger Waters incarnation and worked with Townshend on some solo appearances in April–May 1996; a five-piece horn section, backup singers,", "You (The Who song) You (The Who song) 'You' is a song by The Who, Written by their Bassist John Entwistle and sung by Roger Daltrey, This is one of two songs written by John Entwistle for the \"Face Dances\" album (The Who's first album without Keith Moon, Kenney Jones of The Small Faces and The Faces is on drums instead,) the other song being \"The Quiet One\". It was also released on the B-side of the underwhelmingly-performing \"Don't Let Go the Coat\" single. The song was initially intended to appear on one of John Entwistle's solo albums, but drummer Kenney Jones convinced him", "The Who Tour 1980 The Who Tour 1980 The Who Tour 1980 was The Who's second concert tour since the death of original drummer Keith Moon, supporting their 1978 album \"Who Are You\". Aside from six warm-up shows in Europe, the tour focused primarily on the areas of North America not covered in the band's previous tour, which had focused on the northeastern United States. The set list was very similar to what they played on that tour, save the omission of \"The Punk and the Godfather\", which was only performed once in 1980. \"The Relay\" was played for the first time since their", "The Who 1977–78 performances were the last time the band performed with drummer Keith Moon, who died September 1978. It was also the last time they appeared as a four-piece band with no keyboard player – John \"Rabbit\" Bundrick became the group's keyboard player when they resumed performing in 1979 with new drummer Kenney Jones. At the start of the show the group exhibited signs of inactivity, with Daltrey losing his way in \"Dreaming from the Waist\" and a problematic version of \"I'm Free\". Townshend remarked after the latter that the show \"wasn't bloody worth filming\", just before a comedic and error-prone rendition of", "The Who Tour 1971 during the \"Who's Next\" sessions and not released until \"Odds and Sods\" was reissued in 1998 (a Townshend solo version surfaced on \"Who Came First\" in 1972). Additionally, the band would reintroduce \"Baby Don't You Do It\", which had appeared in their act from 1964–1966 and was among the numbers recorded at the Record Plant, this time punctuated by a heavy Keith Moon drum beat. Meanwhile, the vast majority of \"Tommy\" was initially dropped from the act, with only \"Pinball Wizard\" and \"See Me, Feel Me\" remaining, although the group would bring back the \"Overture\", \"Amazing Journey\", and \"Sparks\" later", "The Who Tour 1980 otherwise specified): Encores (variations of the following list): There were some set list substitutions, variations, and order switches during the tour. \"Dreaming from the Waist\" was played in place of \"Music Must Change\" in the first two shows of this leg and \"See Me, Feel Me\" occasionally followed \"Sparks\" instead of \"Pinball Wizard\". The Who Tour 1980 The Who Tour 1980 was The Who's second concert tour since the death of original drummer Keith Moon, supporting their 1978 album \"Who Are You\". Aside from six warm-up shows in Europe, the tour focused primarily on the areas of North America not", "The Who 1962–63 performances Was You\" was also part of the group's act early on. The group would be known as The Who starting in 1964, the same year Keith Moon would join the band, replacing Doug Sandom on drums. The Who 1962–63 performances The Who, then known as The Detours, began performing in mid-1962 in a variety of line-ups before the band members became more settled, along with their roles within the group. In the group's earliest days, singer Colin Dawson handled lead vocals while Roger Daltrey played lead guitar and Pete Townshend played rhythm guitar. With Dawson leaving the group in early" ]

[ "The Who 1964 performances \"Bring It to Jerome\" as well as \"I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying\" during their 20 August television debut on the BBC's \"The Beat Room\". In addition, it's safe to assume they performed \"I Can't Explain\" late in the year and possibly the following numbers they recorded for an EMI Records test session in October: Other songs played a few times were: The Who 1964 performances The Who performed extensively in 1964, supporting their first-ever single \"Zoot Suit/I'm the Face\" and their late-1964 single \"I Can't Explain\". The band were still known as The Detours when the year began", "The Who 2005 performances Who on their 1996-97 tours as a support musician and stood in for John \"Rabbit\" Bundrick during The Concert for New York City. The ten-song set mixed old favorites with some lesser-known numbers, as well as the band’s latest single, \"Real Good Looking Boy\". The following month saw the full band perform \"Who Are You\" and \"Won't Get Fooled Again\" for the London segment of the Live 8 concert at Hyde Park, almost exactly 20 years to the day of their appearance at Live Aid. Though regular sidemen John Bundrick and Simon Townshend joined them, bassist Pino Palladino and drummer", "Alan Powell (drummer) Alan Powell (drummer) Alan Powell In 1964 Alan joined Manchester R&B band Ivans Meads who released their first single for EMI label \"Sins of a Family\" followed in 1965 with \"We'll Talk about it Tomorrow\". The band split in 1967. His first notable appearances were with Chicken Shack, appearing on the 1974 live album \"Goodbye\", and Vinegar Joe (\"Proud To Be a Honky Woman\"). He continued his friendship with Robert Palmer from Vinegar Joe co-writing \"Gotta Get a Grip on You, Part 2\" (from \"Some People Can Do What They Like\" (1976)), \"The Silver Gun\" (from \"Pride\" (1983)) \"Jealous\" released", "Who Made Who (song) World Tour, and with drummer Phil Rudd (who returned to the band in 1994 after being fired from the group 11 years prior) for only one gig at the opening night of the Ballbreaker World Tour in Greensboro, North Carolina, after which the song was dropped and has not been played live since. A live version was released on the 1992 album \"AC/DC Live\". Who Made Who (song) \"Who Made Who\" is a song and a single by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC, taken from their 1986 album, \"Who Made Who\". The 12-inch single format of the single features", "The Who 1964 performances from 1964 have surfaced to date, only a promotional film gives much indication of the band’s act (see below). For most of the year the band's act consisted of cover material, which included songs like The Kinks' \"You Really Got Me\", Booker T. and the M.G.'s \"Green Onions\", and Bo Diddley's \"Here 'Tis\", which the group had recorded during the same sessions that produced the \"Zoot Suit/I'm the Face\" single. The promotional film and resulting audio bootlegs from the Railway Hotel or the Scene Club captured the following: The group (then known as The High Numbers) also played Bo Diddley's", "The Little Drummer Boy album and the song were an enormous success, the single scoring on the U.S. music charts from 1958 to 1962. In 1963, the album was reissued under the title \"The Little Drummer Boy: A Christmas Festival\", capitalizing on the single's popularity. The following year the album was released in stereo. In 1988, \"The Little Drummer Boy: A Christmas Festival\" was released on CD by Casablanca Records, and subsequently, on Island Records. Harry Simeone, who in 1964 had signed with Kapp Records, recorded a new version of \"The Little Drummer Boy\" in 1965 for his album \"O' Bambino: The Little Drummer", "The Who a parody of the Rolling Stones's \"19th Nervous Breakdown\". It was the first single to feature him playing an acoustic twelve-string guitar. Talmy took legal action over the B-side, \"Instant Party\", and the single was withdrawn. A new B-side, \"Waltz for a Pig\", was recorded by the Graham Bond Organisation under the pseudonym \"the Who Orchestra\". In 1966 the Who released \"I'm a Boy\", about a boy dressed as a girl, taken from an abortive collection of songs called \"Quads\"; \"Happy Jack\"; and an EP, \"Ready Steady Who\", that tied in with their regular appearances on \"Ready Steady Go!\" The", "The Goldebriars The Goldebriars The Goldebriars were an early 1960s folk quartet, which is most notable for including a young Curt Boettcher as a guitarist and vocalist. The group also included two sisters, Dotti and Sheri Holmberg, with Ron Neilson, as lead guitarist and banjo player. They recorded two obscure albums for Epic Records in 1964 before adding drummer Ron Edgar to their lineup, who would later be a part of the groups The Music Machine and The Millennium. They recorded a third album in late 1964. A single from this proposed album, \"June Bride Baby\" b/w \"I'm Gonna Marry You\" was", "Alan Powell (drummer) American tours, which resulted in the 1995 live album and video \"Space Ritual Revisited\" and a 1996 studio album \"Past or Future\". Alan Powell (drummer) Alan Powell In 1964 Alan joined Manchester R&B band Ivans Meads who released their first single for EMI label \"Sins of a Family\" followed in 1965 with \"We'll Talk about it Tomorrow\". The band split in 1967. His first notable appearances were with Chicken Shack, appearing on the 1974 live album \"Goodbye\", and Vinegar Joe (\"Proud To Be a Honky Woman\"). He continued his friendship with Robert Palmer from Vinegar Joe co-writing \"Gotta Get a", "They Spent Their Wild Youthful Days in the Glittering World of the Salons other electronic sounds, drawing comparisons to groups like Stereolab and their Krautrock forebears. In 2014 music writer Andrew Earles placed the record on his list of 500 essential American underground rock albums. After signing to Taang! Records and touring to support their initial releases, Swirlies underwent several line up changes, resulting in the departure of original guitarist/vocalist Seana Carmody and drummer Ben Drucker, who were replaced by Christina Files and Anthony De Luca respectively. The band spent two years conceiving and writing new material for a second LP. They recorded songs gradually as they came, booking time at various studios", "The Wonder Who? reaches of the Hot 100. \"Don't Think Twice\" and the other charting \"Wonder Who?\" recordings were included on Four Seasons albums, which, in their original releases, made no mention of the name that was created for single release. While \"Lonesome Road\" became the last \"Wonder Who?\" single, the group continued to release both Four Seasons and Frankie Valli \"solo\" singles until 1975, when Valli had recorded \"Swearin' to God\" without any participation from the group (his previous hit, \"My Eyes Adored You\" was recorded as a Four Seasons recording, but was released as a \"solo\" record). All \"Wonder Who?\" singles", "Who Do You Wanna Be Who Do You Wanna Be \"Who Do You Wanna Be\" is the eighth single by Dutch girl group Luv', released in the autumn of 1979 by Philips/Phonogram Records. This song appears on the formation's debut album With Luv' and their first compilation \"Greatest Hits\". It was the trio's closing release under their contract with Philips/Phonogram just before they joined CNR/Carrere Records. When record producer Hans van Hemert and Luv' planned to leave Phonogram Records in 1979, the label decided as a counterattack to release Who Do You Wanna Be only in the Netherlands. This song was taken from the group's", "Who Can I Turn To? Who Can I Turn To? \"Who Can I Turn To?\" is a popular song. It may be alternatively titled \"Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me)\". It was written by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley and published in 1964. The song was introduced in the musical \"The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd\", which struggled in the United Kingdom in 1964 and then made a tour of the United States later that year. In 1964 Shirley Bassey recorded the song and released it as a single, however it failed to chart. Recorded by Tony", "Drummer (band) play guitar. Steven Clements from Houseguest joined, playing keyboard and also providing back-up vocals. Soon, the band found Greg Boyd of Ghostman & Sandman to play drums. The band recorded their first album in Carney's hometown of Akron, Ohio, with sound engineer Ben Vehorn, notable for his work in bands Love as Laughter and Houseguest. Drummer (band) Drummer is an indie rock band from Akron, Ohio. The band was founded by The Black Keys' drummer Patrick Carney who plays bass guitar. All the members of the band are drummers in other groups from Ohio. In February 2009, Carney created the", "The Who Tour 1967 as a single (it appeared on the \"Ready Steady Who\" EP in England). A long, three-month North American tour was the group's first, supporting Herman's Hermits and highlighted by their appearance at the Monterey Pop Festival. They began playing the \"mini-opera\" \"A Quick One, While He's Away\" at this time and also appeared on \"The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour\" at the very end of the tour, miming to both the newly recorded \"I Can See for Miles\" and a specially-recorded version of \"My Generation\" culminating in an instrument smash-up that Pete Townshend and Tommy Smothers played into a comedy routine,", "The Who and perform a short show without any major responsibilities. After the Hermits tour, the Who recorded their next single, \"I Can See for Miles\", which Townshend had written in 1966 but had avoided recording until he was sure it could be produced well. Townshend called it \"the ultimate Who record\", and was disappointed it reached only No. 10 in the UK. It became their best selling single in the US, reaching No. 9. The group toured the US again with Eric Burdon and the Animals, including an appearance on \"The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour\", miming to \"I Can See For", "Who Killed Marilyn? Who Killed Marilyn? \"Who Killed Marilyn?\" is a song by Glenn Danzig, about questions surrounding the death of actress Marilyn Monroe, with the titular question suggesting she was murdered. Though Danzig's first solo single, the song has since been included on various collections by Danzig's group The Misfits. The B-side, \"Spook City USA\" was also recorded previously with the Misfits during the \"Night of the Living Dead\" EP session, but that much faster version was not released until the 1996 release of The Misfits Box Set. Danzig claims that he and Misfits drummer Googy couldn't get Jerry and guitarist Doyle", "Who Are They, These Rock Stars? Cream & The Crock, as well as two photo galleries and an exclusive interview shot on the set of the 'It Ain't Funny How We Don't Talk Anymore' video. Who Are They, These Rock Stars? Who Are They, These Rock Stars? is a live music video by the rock band You Am I, with the video recorded by Triple J at the launch of their seventh album, Convicts. The launch took place at the Sydney Royal Mint and was a themed event, with the crowd invited to attend in Victorian clothing. It was hosted by Triple J's Robbie Buck with", "The Who Tour 1982 The Who Tour 1982 The Who Tour 1982 was The Who's last with drummer Kenney Jones. While the tour was originally intended to support their 1982 album \"It's Hard\", the band later announced it would be their final tour, though they would eventually reunite twice and then tour again in 1989. Aside from two warm-up shows in Birmingham, the tour took place entirely in the United States and Canada. During the first Birmingham show, Pete Townshend announced the group's intention to do a proper British tour the following year, but they later decided against this and to make the 1982", "Who Speaks for the Negro? In preparation for Random House's 1965 publication of his book \"Who Speaks for the Negro?\", Warren traveled throughout the United States in early 1964 and spoke with large numbers of men and women who were involved in the Civil Rights Movement. He interviewed nationally known figures as well as people working in the trenches of the movement whose names might otherwise be lost to history. In each case, he recorded their conversations on a reel-to-reel tape recorder. Often, Warren would begin by asking about the speakers' backgrounds, which often prompted them to talk about the inequalities that they had experienced", "Before the Flood (Doctor Who) I do still strongly feel that the move towards two-parters has been beneficial to Doctor Who series 9 thus far.\" However, Catherine Gee of \"The Daily Telegraph\" gave the episode 3 stars out of 5, arguing that the episode \"needed more Fisher King.\" Before the Flood (Doctor Who) \"Before the Flood\" is the fourth episode of the ninth series of the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". It is written by Toby Whithouse and is directed by Daniel O'Hara. It was first broadcast on 10 October 2015. It is the second part of a two-part story – the first", "For Those Who Have Heart For Those Who Have Heart For Those Who Have Heart is the second studio album by American rock band A Day to Remember, and their first for Victory. It was released on January 22, 2007 by Victory. For the album, the band had a line-up change swapping drummer Bobby Scruggs for Alex Shelnutt. It charted at number 17 on the Heatseekers Album Chart in the U.S. The music video for \"The Plot to Bomb the Panhandle\" was released a month later. Several of the album's songs appeared on the band's MySpace profile before the release. Recorded and mixed at Zing", "Before the Flood (Doctor Who) Before the Flood (Doctor Who) \"Before the Flood\" is the fourth episode of the ninth series of the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". It is written by Toby Whithouse and is directed by Daniel O'Hara. It was first broadcast on 10 October 2015. It is the second part of a two-part story – the first part being \"Under the Lake\" – featuring alien time traveller the Doctor (Peter Capaldi) and his companion Clara Oswald (Jenna Coleman). The first episode of the story is set after events in the second episode. \"Under the Lake\" is set in 2119 and", "The Who discography the US. The Who discography The Who have been with several labels over the years. In the United Kingdom and elsewhere outside North America, they were signed originally to Brunswick Records. In 1966, they moved to Polydor Records and took the rights to their Brunswick recordings with them. They created and moved to Track Records the following year with distribution by Polydor. They left Track in 1974 and returned to Polydor directly, remaining with the label ever since. In North America, they were originally on Decca Records. They moved to Atco Records for one single in 1966 before returning to", "The Who discography The Who discography The Who have been with several labels over the years. In the United Kingdom and elsewhere outside North America, they were signed originally to Brunswick Records. In 1966, they moved to Polydor Records and took the rights to their Brunswick recordings with them. They created and moved to Track Records the following year with distribution by Polydor. They left Track in 1974 and returned to Polydor directly, remaining with the label ever since. In North America, they were originally on Decca Records. They moved to Atco Records for one single in 1966 before returning to Decca later", "Before the Flood (Doctor Who) \"Before the Flood\" is set in both 2119 and 139 years before, in 1980. In the cold opening, the Doctor explains to the audience the nature of the bootstrap paradox, posing that if a time traveller recreated Beethoven's music after learning Beethoven never existed, what is the origin of the music, or \"Who really composed Beethoven's Fifth?\" The Doctor, O'Donnell, and Bennett arrive in 1980, before the town was flooded and the day the alien craft landed. Bennett asks why they are in Russia, and the Doctor explains they are still in Scotland, but in a mock Soviet town. They", "Before They Were Dubz Before They Were Dubz Before They Were Dubz is a Straight-to-DVD documentary film, directed by Jessica Grace Mellor, that charts the history of English hip-hop group N-Dubz, from their early days when they were as young as twelve, to the point of their major label signing in 2007 by All Around the World Records. The film features footage recorded during the early years of the band, pieced together with interviews from friends and colleagues of the group, including Wretch 32, J2K (singer) and Angel. The documentary film follows footage filmed by Jessica Grace Mellor, an amateur director and photographer who", "The Guess Who use \"The Guess Who\" name for the one show. Soon after, Kale found out that the name \"The Guess Who\" had never been registered; he promptly drove back to Winnipeg to register it, and maintains control of the band name to this day. Kale soon organized a permanent renewal of The Guess Who; the bassist was initially joined by returning members Kurt Winter (guitars) and Don McDougall (lead vocals and guitar), as well as new recruits David Inglis (lead guitars) and Vance Masters (drums). Masters had been drummer in the Winnipeg group Brother with Winter and Bill Wallace. A new", "The One Who Really Loves You (song) The One Who Really Loves You (song) \"The One Who Really Loves You\" is a single recorded by Mary Wells on the Motown label in 1962. It was written and composed by Smokey Robinson of The Miracles and peaked at number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and number two on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart. The song, written by Smokey Robinson, talks about a woman who's telling her boyfriend not to fall for other girls, because they don't want him, and their love isn't true, but hers is, so she's telling him that he \"better wake up\" before they", "Andrew McCulloch (drummer) Andrew McCulloch (drummer) Andrew McCulloch (born 19 November 1945, Bournemouth) is an English drummer who worked with Fields, Greenslade, Manfred Mann, Anthony Phillips, Peter Banks, Crazy World of Arthur Brown and King Crimson in the 1970s before becoming a yachtmaster. He spent his childhood in Hiroshima and elsewhere outside the UK. He began playing the drums at the age of 18 after returning to England. Joined Bournemouth's band Shy Limbs. He recorded for the first time in autumn 1968. May 9th 1969 record debut. After drumming for Manfred Mann in early 1970, he became Michael Giles' replacement in King Crimson.", "In the First Place the Remo Four's drummer, Roy Dyke, also recorded the song with their subsequent group, Ashton, Gardner and Dyke, in 1969. A psychedelic pop song, \"In the First Place\" has been likened by some commentators to Harrison's 1967 Beatles track \"Blue Jay Way\". Massot sequenced the rediscovered recording as the opening track in his 1999 director's cut of \"Wonderwall\". Backed by a new mix of the song, carried out by Paul Hicks, the single was issued to help pay for the cancer treatment being undergone by Manley, who died three months after its release. In 2014, the Remo Four version was", "The Who Mick Green, who inspired Townshend to combine rhythm and lead guitar in his style. Entwistle's bass became more of a lead instrument, playing melodies. In February 1964, the Detours became aware of the group Johnny Devlin and the Detours and changed their name. Townshend and his roommate Richard Barnes spent a night considering names, focusing on a theme of joke announcements, including \"No One\" and \"the Group\". Townshend preferred \"the Hair\", and Barnes liked \"the Who\" because it \"had a pop punch\". Daltrey chose \"the Who\" the next morning. By the time the Detours had become the Who, they had", "Who Knows Who playing football shortly before the 2004 V Festival and was replaced by then-Streets bassist Morgan Nicholls, who still contributes backing vocals, keyboards and synthesizers for Muse's live performances. The two acts first shared a stage at the 2006 Reading and Leeds Festivals on 26 and 27 August, when Muse headlined the main stages. They also both played at the 2007 Big Day Out festival, before Muse chose The Streets to play at the first of their two sell out performances at Wembley Stadium on 16 June 2007. In 2008, Muse announced that they were planning a collaboration with Mike Skinner", "Who Are They, These Rock Stars? Who Are They, These Rock Stars? Who Are They, These Rock Stars? is a live music video by the rock band You Am I, with the video recorded by Triple J at the launch of their seventh album, Convicts. The launch took place at the Sydney Royal Mint and was a themed event, with the crowd invited to attend in Victorian clothing. It was hosted by Triple J's Robbie Buck with a band introduction by 'Governor' Tex Perkins, both of whom were also suitably attired. The DVD also features the two film clips released after the band's previous DVD, The", "The Wonder Who? When the version credited to \"The Wonder Who?\" appeared on the Hot 100 at the #96 position, it marked the only time that two positions were simultaneously occupied by the fictitious group, and only \"Wonder Who?\" single that had both sides chart. Philips 40471, released July 1967. Composed by Gene Austin and Nathaniel Shilkret, \"Lonesome Road\" was first recorded by Austin, accompanied by Shilkret directing the Victor Orchestra, in 1927 and has since been recorded by over two hundred famous artists. It was used in five motion pictures, including the motion picture \"Show Boat.\" The version by \"The Wonder Who?\"", "John Walker (musician) and harmony vocals, and Al \"Tiny\" Schneider on drums. Walker and Engel were signed as a duo by Mercury Records, and recorded their first single, \"Pretty Girls Everywhere\" in Los Angeles. There they became a leading attraction at Gazzari's nightclub, and appeared on the \"Shindig!\" TV show developed by Jack Good, and then on a weekly TV show, \"Ninth Street A Go Go\". Late in 1964, they met drummer Gary Leeds, previously of The Standells, who had recently toured the UK with singer P.J. Proby, and who persuaded them that they would have greater success in England. Before leaving, they", "Who See local time. Their performance proved that it is not instant success that they have attained even outside of Montenegro's border. Their performance also successfully paved for their colleague, Serbian rapper Marčelo's, performance, which was due an hour after Who See?'s performance. In their free time, Dedduh and Noyz have worked on their own solo works. Dedduh recorded a single called \"\"Kakav ćemo refren?\"\" (\"\"What kind of chorus [do we want]?\"), featuring Serbian rapper Ajs Nigrutin. Meanwhile, Noyz recorded \"\"Niđe hedova masnija\"\", featuring Ajs Nigrutin and Timbe. After winning MTV Adria award for Best regional Act RTCG announced in December 2012", "Bob Burns (drummer) Bob Burns (drummer) Robert Lewis Burns Jr. (November 24, 1950 – April 3, 2015) was an American drummer who was in the original line-up of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. Burns helped to form Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1964 with Ronnie Van Zant, Gary Rossington, Allen Collins and Larry Junstrom and remained until 1974, although by some accounts he left the band for a while during the early 1970s. Burns plays on the band's earliest demos, recorded in 1970, but on the album \"Skynyrd's First and... Last,\" a collection of early demos, the drum parts of the songs recorded in", "Bob Burns (drummer) Bob Burns (drummer) Robert Lewis Burns Jr. (November 24, 1950 – April 3, 2015) was an American drummer who was in the original line-up of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. Burns helped to form Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1964 with Ronnie Van Zant, Gary Rossington, Allen Collins and Larry Junstrom and remained until 1974, although by some accounts he left the band for a while during the early 1970s. Burns plays on the band's earliest demos, recorded in 1970, but on the album \"Skynyrd's First and... Last,\" a collection of early demos, the drum parts of the songs recorded in", "Ian Matthews (drummer) Ian Matthews (drummer) Ian Matthews is an English musician, best known as the drummer for the rock band Kasabian. Prior to Kasabian, Matthews played with a number of noted local Bristol bands, such as K-Passa, CCQ, and Sissi. He met Kasabian in 2001 before the band were signed when they were recording demos in Bristol. It was from these early sessions Matthews recorded with them came the single \"Processed Beats\". He also played on \"Butcher Blues\" and \"Club Foot\" from Kasabian's self-titled debut album. He also overdubbed an extra drum track over the single version of \"Cutt Off\", and recorded", "The Hollow Men (band) Taylor for debut album \"Tales Of The Riverbank\" released on their own Evensong record label. The trio recorded another album \"The Man Who Would Be King\" again on Evensong before drummer Jonny Cragg, who had guested on the album and guitarist Brian E. Roberts, a former band mate of Taylor's when they were in The Passmore Sisters together, joined. They signed to Arista Records in 1988 and released their debut single, \"White Train\", which was a remixed version of the song that originally appeared on \"The Man Who Would Be King\" album. In December 1989, the British music magazine, \"NME\"", "Who Let In the Rain 100 and reached only as high as number 33 on the Adult Contemporary singles chart. Its release featured a B-side called \"Cold\", an up-beat track from the \"Hat Full of Stars\" sessions. Junior Vasquez produced the song with Lauper. He produced most of the rest of the album as well. Lauper wrote the song with Allee Willis. Lauper re-recorded \"Who Let in the Rain\" for her \"Shine\" album which was released in Japan in 2004. US CD Single / Europe 2-Track CD Single / Japan Mini CD Single UK CD1 / Europe CD Maxi-Single / Australian CD Single UK CD2", "Know Who You Are only very infrequently.\" Afterwards, the band dropped their skinhead image and would achieve their commercial breakthrough with their mid-1971 single \"Get Down and Get with It\". \"Know Who You Are\" developed from the band's 1969 track \"Genesis\", which was an instrumental written by the band and released as a single from \"Beginnings\". During sessions for \"Play It Loud\", the band revisited the song, with drummer Don Powell writing the lyrics. In his 2013 biography, Powell recalled: \"\"Know Who You Are\" is the same as our old instrumental \"Genesis\", so Nod and Dave are credited for that one as well as", "The Walking Who The Walking Who The Walking Who is an Australian psychedelic rock band from Wollongong, formed in 2010 and consists of Rohin Brown, Jay Bird and Paul McLean. The three core members often play and record with as many as four guest musicians. They released their debut album \"Candy Flu\" with the single of the same name. The song received play on Sydney's FBi Radio and they received 'Unsigned Artist of the Week' March 2011. The music video for \"Candy Flu\" was named ABC's Rage Indie clip of the week. Their next single \"Have You Seen The Colours\" was released December", "Who I Am Hates Who I've Been Song of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards. Who I Am Hates Who I've Been \"Who I Am Hates Who I've Been\" is a song by the Christian rock band Relient K. It was released in June 2005 as the second single from their 2004 album \"Mmhmm\". An acoustic version, originally recorded for \"Apathetic EP\", is included on the B-side, was included on the 2008 \"The Bird and the Bee Sides\" album. The music video entered TRL's Top 10 in 2005, reaching as high as 8th on the countdown. \"Who I Am Hates Who I've Been\" was released", "Who I Am Hates Who I've Been Who I Am Hates Who I've Been \"Who I Am Hates Who I've Been\" is a song by the Christian rock band Relient K. It was released in June 2005 as the second single from their 2004 album \"Mmhmm\". An acoustic version, originally recorded for \"Apathetic EP\", is included on the B-side, was included on the 2008 \"The Bird and the Bee Sides\" album. The music video entered TRL's Top 10 in 2005, reaching as high as 8th on the countdown. \"Who I Am Hates Who I've Been\" was released to radio on August 23, 2005. The song reached No.", "Who Dat? money, but I don't do that. But baby I'm a Saints fan that's why I say who dat.\" \"Who Dat\" is the name of the 8th single from 2008 \"The Recession\" by Young Jeezy. \"They say who dat?\" JT Money has a 1999 single called \"Who Dat\". The song was a hit, but was likely not intended to have any relation to the Saints or Vaudeville. In 2009, New Orleans rapper Birdman chants a \"Who Dat\". in the Single Wasted(Remix) by Gucci Mane featuring Birdman, Jadakiss and Lil Wayne. In 2010, rapper J. Cole recorded a song called \"Who Dat\".", "The Who 1964 performances more R&B and Tamla Motown material worked its way into their sets, although their first Pete Townshend-penned single, \"I Can't Explain\", would begin a movement towards more original material in 1965. Meanwhile, a twist of fate saw Townshend accidentally break the neck off his Rickenbacker guitar during a show at the Railway Hotel in London, leading him to destroy the rest of the instrument in a fit of anger. Soon the band developed a reputation for instrument destruction (which Moon would extend to his drum kit) that would characterise the next several years of their existence. As no audience recordings", "Olaf Olsen (drummer) band's drummer. Singer and guitarist Øystein Greni would often take place behind the drums, and both Martin Horntveth (of Jaga Jazzist) and Christian Syvertsen (January–April 1999) did not stay long. In 1999, Olsen joined the band as their band's fourth drummer. Olsen had left BigBang in May 2000. During this time, Danish rock musician Tim Christensen was just looking for a drummer to replace a replacement for Laust Sonne, who had accepted the position of drummer in the hard rock band D-A-D. They had just finished recording Christensen's first solo album \"Secrets on Parade\" and were getting ready to go", "The Who 1962–63 performances trombone and Entwistle on trumpet) during certain trad or Dixieland jazz numbers that were part of the group's repertoire before they moved to predominantly R&B material. By mid-1963, Daltrey would become the full-time lead vocalist, with Townshend handling all guitar duties. Drummer Doug Sandom rounded out the group, who performed in and around London at this time. As no recordings exist from this period, little is known about the band's setlists. However, the band did reportedly perform several Beatles covers, including \"I Saw Her Standing There\", as well as numbers like Chuck Berry's \"Come On\". Townshend's first songwriting effort \"It", "Doctor Who fandom and only single released by British band The Go-Go's. The song was released in December 1964 and distributed through Oriole Records, but did not make the UK Singles Chart. The first single about the show to make the UK Singles Chart was \"Dr. Who\" by Mankind. The track was based on the \"Doctor Who\" theme music in a disco style and was Mankind's first and only charting single(follow up 'Chain Reaction'was a flop). Released by Pinnacle in 1978, the song peaked at Number 25 in the UK Singles Chart. In 1985, charity ensemble Who Cares? released a single protesting at", "The Who \"Quadrophenia\" and the retrospective documentary \"The Kids Are Alright\". After Townshend became weary of touring, the group split in 1982. The Who occasionally re-formed for live appearances such as Live Aid in 1985, a 25th anniversary tour in 1989 and a tour of \"Quadrophenia\" in 1996–1997. They resumed regular touring in 1999, with drummer Zak Starkey. After Entwistle's death in 2002, plans for a new album were delayed. Townshend and Daltrey continued as the Who, releasing \"Endless Wire\" in 2006, and continued to play live regularly. The Who's major contributions to rock music include the development of the Marshall stack,", "They Who Dare felt actors could not convincingly act as if they were carrying a large amount of weight. The cast had a week of exercises with the packs as the script was polished but the weight was reduced to 60 lbs/27 kg. They Who Dare They Who Dare is a 1954 Second World War war film directed by Lewis Milestone and starring Dirk Bogarde, Denholm Elliott and Akim Tamiroff. The story is based on Operation Anglo that took place during World War II in the Dodecanese islands where special forces attempted to disrupt the Luftwaffe from threatening Allied forces in Egypt. The", "Before They Make Me Run song are included in the Stones' 2003 Four Flicks DVD collection and as bonus tracks in their 2013 and 2016 DVD & Blu-ray sets \"Sweet Summer Sun: Hyde Park Live\" and \"\". Steve Earle has also performed the song in concert and has recorded it as part of a split single with the Supersuckers. Great Lake Swimmers covered the song on the 2011 album \"Paint it Black: An Alt-Country Tribute to the Rolling Stones\". Before They Make Me Run \"Before They Make Me Run\" is a song by the English rock band The Rolling Stones, featured on their 1978 album", "Alan Moore (drummer) unofficial phase of the newborn Judas Priest for a period of about a year (during this time Al Atkins was still the vocalist). He left in 1972 to join the Birmingham country rock band, Sundance, with whom he recorded the album \"Rain, Steam, Speed\" (1974), and their single, \"Coming Down\". In 1975, drummer John Hinch left Judas Priest, and Downing and Hill re-approached Moore. For the second time, Moore joined the band, making him the only drummer in the history of Judas Priest to have two separate stints. His first show after re-joining was in 1975.10.11 - Slough College, London,", "The Wonder Who? Who\") single. The Wonder Who? The Wonder Who? was a \"nom de disque\" of The Four Seasons for four single records released from 1965 to 1967. It was one of a handful of \"names\" used by the group at that time, including Frankie Valli (as a \"solo\" artist even though the Four Seasons were present on the record) and The Valli Boys. Wonder Who? recordings generally feature the falsetto singing by Valli, but with a softer falsetto than on \"typical\" Four Seasons recordings. The Four Seasons evolved from The Four Lovers, which recorded under a variety of names between 1956", "Before the Flood (Doctor Who) says they were liberated from the Fisher King's people by the \"glorious Arcateenians”, only to be conquered by them in turn; the Arcateenians were first mentioned in the \"Torchwood\" episode \"Greeks Bearing Gifts\". Both episodes were written by Toby Whithouse. The TARDIS' \"Security Protocol 712\" first appeared in \"Blink\". Other console room holograms have included the Emergency Program One (\"The Parting of the Ways\") and the \"voice interface\" with a holographic feature (\"Let's Kill Hitler\"). The Fisher King describes Time Lords as “cowardly, vain curators who suddenly remembered they had teeth and became the most war-like race in the galaxy,”", "The Blackouts The Blackouts The Blackouts were a punk rock band formed in Seattle in 1979 by singer/guitarist Erich Werner, bassist Mike Davidson, and drummer Bill Rieflin, who were all former members of a local punk band, The Telepaths. They were joined by Roland Barker, first on synthesizer and later on saxophone. Following a single and EP on small local labels, Davidson was replaced by Roland's brother Paul Barker in 1981. This line-up recorded the \"Exchange of Goods\" single for English label Situation Two, and relocated to Boston in 1982. There they met Al Jourgensen of Ministry, who produced their last recording,", "The Who Hits 50! (album) disc includes \"Be Lucky\", a track released as a single in support of the compilation and recorded during 2014 sessions for a proposed new studio album. The song is the first new material released by the Who since their 2006 studio album \"Endless Wire\". The selections were remastered by Jon Astley, and the cover art and packaging reflects the band's association with the pop art of the 1960s. On the two-disc set, the liner notes incorrectly list Pete Townshend as the writer of the track \"Trick of the Light\" when it was in fact written by John Entwistle. The Who", "Who Came First nine bonus songs on the Hip-O reissue comprise the remaining Townshend performances from \"Happy Birthday\" and the 1976 record, \"With Love\", along with the track \"I Always Say\" recorded between 1968 and 1970. Who Came First Who Came First is the debut album by Pete Townshend, released in 1972 on Track Records in the UK and Track/Decca in the US. It includes demos from the aborted concept album \"Lifehouse\", part of which became \"Who's Next\". The original release had a gatefold cover and included a poster with additional photos of Meher Baba from the Louis van Gasteren film \"Beyond Words\".", "The Who the Who, \"I Can't Explain\", reached the UK top ten, followed by a string of singles including \"My Generation\", \"Substitute\" and \"Happy Jack\". In 1967, they performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and released the US top ten single \"I Can See for Miles\", while touring extensively. The group's fourth album, 1969's rock opera \"Tommy\", included the single \"Pinball Wizard\" and was a critical and commercial success. Live appearances at Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival, along with the live album \"Live at Leeds\", cemented their reputation as a respected rock act. With their success came increased pressure on", "Anyone Who Had a Heart (song) had a kind of long-term stickability, which is so very hard to achieve in this business.\" Black recorded a new version of \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\" for her 1993 \"Through the Years\" album. \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\" backed with \"They Say It's Wonderful\" was the third and final Fontana release by Mary May in January 1964 following \"Listen, All You Lovers\" in April 1962 and \"Our Day Will Come\" in February 1963. Nothing else is known of her. On 7 August 2015, following Black's death, the single re-entered the charts at number 41. \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\"", "Who's Leaving Who Who's Leaving Who \"Who's Leaving Who\" is a song written by Jack White and Mark Spiro, first recorded by Canadian country singer Anne Murray in 1986. It achieved bigger popularity in Europe when it was covered by British Hi-NRG singer Hazell Dean in 1988. David Hasselhoff covered the song on his 1991 album \"David\", produced by Jack White. The song was first recorded by Anne Murray for her Gold-plus 1986 album \"Something to Talk About\". The song was released as the album's second single, following her Canadian and US number one country single, \"Now and Forever (You and Me)\". The", "Who Are You Now? Who Are You Now? Who Are You Now? is the third full-length studio album by alternative rock band This Providence, released on March 17, 2009. The album title comes from the song \"Playing the Villain\", the album's eleventh track. The album is the band's first full-length album after the departure of bassist Phil Cobrea, drummer Ryan Tapert, and guitarist Sean Gasperetti, and the addition of bassist David Blaise and drummer Andy Horst. The album was recorded at The Lair in Los Angeles. The album's release received support from Paramore, Travie McCoy of Gym Class Heroes, Matt MacDonald of The Classic", "Anyone Who Had a Heart (song) the Land of Make Believe\" and included session drummer Gary Chester. According to published reports, Warwick nailed the tune in only one take – though an alternative remix of the take appears on a compilation album released in 1976 by Springboard International. Released on the Scepter label in November 1963, \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\" broke in Detroit, where it reached No.1 that December. The track became Warwick's first Top Ten single in January 1964, peaking at No.8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and the \"Cash Box\" Pop 100 that February, also reaching No.6 on the \"Cash Box\" R&B chart.", "Why Don't They Let Us Fall in Love Why Don't They Let Us Fall in Love \"Why Don't They Let Us Fall in Love\" is a song written by Phil Spector, Ellie Greenwich, and Jeff Barry. It was first recorded by American singer Ronnie Spector, who was credited as Veronica. In 1964, it was released as an A-sided single backed with \"Chubby Danny D\". It did not chart. The song was originally intended for the Ronettes, and was recorded at Gold Star Studios in March 1963, but Spector withheld its release for the reason that he did not feel it to be a number-one record. Instead, \"Be My", "The Who 1999 performances The Who 1999 performances The Who reformed again for a series of shows in late 1999 following both the momentum from their 1996–97 \"Quadrophenia\" tours and Pete Townshend's renewed interest in his \"Lifehouse\" rock opera. These performances are notable in that they were the first time the band played as a five-piece group since 1982, having toured with a large ensemble band in 1989 and 1996–97. Several of the shows were charity dates. Townshend had spent parts of 1998–99 revisiting \"Lifehouse\", which although it had not come to fruition, had spawned a number of Who tracks the group recorded between", "The Who \"\" (which used a take of \"My Generation\" recorded for the BBC). Several of the band's tracks have appeared in the video game \"Rock Band\" and its sequels. The Who have received many awards and accolades from the music industry for their recordings and their influence. They received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the British Phonographic Industry in 1988, and from the Grammy Foundation in 2001. The band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 where their display describes them as \"prime contenders, in the minds of many, for the title of World's Greatest Rock", "They Who Dare They Who Dare They Who Dare is a 1954 Second World War war film directed by Lewis Milestone and starring Dirk Bogarde, Denholm Elliott and Akim Tamiroff. The story is based on Operation Anglo that took place during World War II in the Dodecanese islands where special forces attempted to disrupt the Luftwaffe from threatening Allied forces in Egypt. The title of the film is a reference to the motto of the Special Air Service: \"Who Dares Wins\". During the Second World War, a group of six Special Boat Service commandos, two Greek officers and two local guides, is sent", "The Who Tour 1982 set list (all songs written by Pete Townshend unless otherwise specified) Other encores occasionally played were: There were some set list substitutions, variations, and order switches during the tour. The Who Tour 1982 The Who Tour 1982 was The Who's last with drummer Kenney Jones. While the tour was originally intended to support their 1982 album \"It's Hard\", the band later announced it would be their final tour, though they would eventually reunite twice and then tour again in 1989. Aside from two warm-up shows in Birmingham, the tour took place entirely in the United States and Canada. During the", "Who Made Who (song) Who Made Who (song) \"Who Made Who\" is a song and a single by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC, taken from their 1986 album, \"Who Made Who\". The 12-inch single format of the single features an extended mix of the song and can be found in the Deluxe Edition of AC/DC's \"Backtracks Boxset\", on Disc 1, Studio Rarities. It was one of only three new tracks on \"Who Made Who\", because the album is not only a soundtrack to Stephen King's \"Maximum Overdrive\", but a compilation album featuring tracks from previous albums. The other two new tracks were instrumentals.", "...And the Women Who Love Them ...And the Women Who Love Them ...And the Women Who Love Them is an EP by the Berkeley, California punk rock band The Mr. T Experience, released in 1994 by Lookout! Records. It was the band's first release with drummer Jim \"Jym\" Pittman, replacing founding member Alex Laipeneiks who had left the group the previous year. It was recorded at a time when the band were very near breaking up permanently, and its release helped to creatively rejuvenate the group. Shortly after its release bassist Aaron Rubin left the band and was replaced by Joel Reader. In 2002 \"...And the", "Who Killed Marilyn? etc.), but the Glenn Danzig version recorded on this 45, along with the B-side, \"Spook City USA\", are only available on this 45 and have never been released on CD. \"Who Killed Marilyn?\" was covered by Link 80 as a hidden track on their debut 1996 album \"17 Reasons\". It was not included on the tracklist, and played eight minutes after the last listed song. Who Killed Marilyn? \"Who Killed Marilyn?\" is a song by Glenn Danzig, about questions surrounding the death of actress Marilyn Monroe, with the titular question suggesting she was murdered. Though Danzig's first solo single, the", "The Who studio albums with Jones as drummer, \"Face Dances\" (1981) and \"It's Hard\" (1982). \"Face Dances\" produced a US top 20 and UK top ten hit with the single \"You Better You Bet\", whose video was one of the first shown on MTV. Both \"Face Dances\" and \"It's Hard\" sold well and the latter received a five-star review in \"Rolling Stone\". The single \"Eminence Front\" from \"It's Hard\" was a hit, and became a regular at live shows. By this time Townshend had fallen into depression, wondering if he was no longer a visionary. He was again at odds with Daltrey", "The Rolling Stones Club in London. Shortly afterwards, the band went on their first tour of the UK, which they called a \"training ground\" tour, because it was a new experience for all of them. Their material included the Chicago blues as well as Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs. The band's original rhythm section did not include bassist Bill Wyman, who joined in December 1962, or drummer Charlie Watts, who joined in January 1963. By 1963 they were finding their musical stride as well as popularity. In 1964 two unscientific opinion polls rated the band as Britain's most popular group, outranking even", "Drummer (military) his father at the age of 12 years, 5 months and 9 days. On September 17, 1862 at the Battle of Antietam he was mortally wounded near or in the area of the East Woods, carried from the field and died three days later. Twelve-year-old drummer boy William Black was the youngest recorded person wounded in battle during the American Civil War. John Clem, who had unofficially joined a Union Army regiment at the age of 9 as a drummer and mascot, became famous as \"The Drummer Boy of Chickamauga\" where he played a \"long roll\" and shot a Confederate", "Peter Wilkinson (drummer) Peter Wilkinson (drummer) Peter Wilkinson is the drummer of the rock band, The Saints. Wilkinson joined the group in 1999, and appeared first on the 2001 album \"Spit the Blues Out\" and, later, on \"Nothing is Straight in My House (2005) and \"Imperious Delirium\" (2006). Wilkinson then joined The Saints band mate, Chris Bailey on a detour with French band H-Burns, to form Bailey Burns. They recorded the album \"Stranger\", released 2011, and proceeded to tour in France. The Saints album \"King of the Sun\", released in 2013, was recorded in Trackdown studios, Sydney, again with Wilkinson behind the drums.", "Who Are You However, the album is surrounded by tragedy for Who fans due to Moon's death shortly after the album's release. The songs on the album were later performed on tour in 1979, when the Who were joined by new drummer Kenney Jones and keyboardist John Bundrick. Bundrick had been invited to play on the album, but broke his arm falling out of a taxi at the studio door and was unable to participate. Across the band's entire career, just slightly less than half of the album has been played live. \"Who Are You\" was the first of the album's songs to", "Steve Williams (jazz drummer) band, with whom he recorded one of his first compositions, \"Pads\". Then he joined Shirley Horn, who would keep for twenty-five years the same rhythm section: Charles Ables (bass) and Steve Williams (drums). Critic Don Heckman wrote in the \"Los Angeles Times\" (February 2, 1995) about \"the importance of bassist Charles Ables and drummer Steve Williams to the Horn's sound. Working with boundless subtlety, following her every spontaneous twist and turn, they were the ideal accompanists for a performer who clearly will tolerate nothing less than perfection\". His music relationship with the pianist and singer gave him the opportunity to", "Before the Flood (Doctor Who) future. During this, the still-alive Fisher King escapes the stasis chamber, kills Prentis, and scratches the glyphs into the walls. O'Donnell is separated and is killed by the Fisher King, and the Doctor confirms his theory that his ghost's list is the order which they will die, and vows to save Clara who is next. Bennett, who had been in love with O'Donnell, lambastes him for using her as a test subject. When they try to return to the future, the TARDIS only sends them back a half-hour, as the Doctor is locked into his time stream. He tells Bennett", "The Wonder Who? Lead singer Valli had himself recorded under several pseudonyms as well, including Frankie Tyler and Frankie Valley. Songwriter/guitarist/keyboardist Bob Gaudio did the same (as Turner Disentri and as Alex Alda) after he joined the Four Lovers in 1959. Aside from the first Four Lovers single, \"You're the Apple of My Eye\" in 1956, the group's (and Valli's) records failed to chart. In 1958, The Four Lovers obtained a three year artist contract with producer Bob Crewe, which gave the group a steady stream of session work (Valli can be heard singing in the background of \"Rock and Roll Is Here", "Before the Flood (Doctor Who) convinces Cass and Lunn to admit their love for each other. As they leave, Clara asks about the origin of the list of names he had his ghost repeat, to which the Doctor replies \"Who composed Beethoven's Fifth?\" In the prologue, the Doctor performs Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 with his electric guitar. The Doctor had previously been shown playing such an instrument atop a tank in the ninth series opener, \"The Magician's Apprentice\". The electric guitar amplifier seen in the Doctor's prologue has a plaque reading Magpie Electronics, a shop originally owned by Mr Magpie and visited by the Tenth", "Quick Before They Catch Us Quick Before They Catch Us Quick Before They Catch Us was a 1966 British action/adventure children's television series. It starred then child actors Pamela Franklin, Teddy Green and David Griffin as three teenagers who become amateur detectives in Swinging London during the mid-1960s. Although the series was short-lived, all three stars went on to have long and successful television careers in both the United Kingdom and the United States. Its theme song, written and performed by Brian Epstein's \"Paddy, Klaus and Gibson\", later became a popular tune and one of the group's first hits after releasing it as a single.", "Had Enough (The Who song) Had Enough (The Who song) \"Had Enough\" is a song written by The Who bassist John Entwistle, and featured on their eighth studio album, \"Who Are You\". It was also released as a double A-sided single with \"Who Are You\", making it Entwistle's second single A-side, after \"Postcard\" from \"Odds & Sods\" in 1974. Like \"905\", \"Had Enough\" was planned to feature on a rock opera in the process of being written by Entwistle, but was never finished. It was written a long time before work was started on \"Who Are You\". The lyrics describe the main character of the" ]

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[ "The University of Oklahoma has several institutions of higher learning in the city and metropolitan area, with OU Medicine and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center campuses located east of downtown in the Oklahoma Health Center district, and the main campus located to the south in the suburb of Norman. The OU Medicine hosting the state's only Level-One trauma center. OU Health Sciences Center is one of the nation's largest independent medical centers, employing more than 12,000 people. OU is one of only four major universities in the nation to operate six medical schools.[clarification needed]" ]

[ "In September 2013, West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. He traveled to Kazakhstan, which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, as a personal guest of Nazarbayev. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens.", "Examples are 河 hé \"river\", 湖 hú \"lake\", 流 liú \"stream\", 沖 chōng \"riptide\" (or \"flush\"), 滑 huá \"slippery\". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (氵), which is a reduced form of the character 水 shuǐ meaning \"water\", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 chōng (Old Chinese *ɡ-ljuŋ), the phonetic indicator is 中 zhōng (Old Chinese *k-ljuŋ), which by itself means \"middle\". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today.", "In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem \"Mont Blanc\", Byron wrote \"The Prisoner of Chillon\" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm. When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself \"Atheos\" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers, \"Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders\". By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.", "When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. In order to help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.", "Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying (李膺) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant Dou Wu (d. 168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, to release them. However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions.", "In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: \"You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?\" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government.", "Several films have featured their songs performed by other artists. A version of \"Somebody to Love\" by Anne Hathaway was in the 2004 film Ella Enchanted. In 2006, Brittany Murphy also recorded a cover of the same song for the 2006 film Happy Feet. In 2001, a version of \"The Show Must Go On\" was performed by Jim Broadbent and Nicole Kidman in the film musical Moulin Rouge!. The 2001 film A Knight's Tale has a version of \"We Are the Champions\" performed by Robbie Williams and Queen; the film also features \"We Will Rock You\" played by the medieval audience." ]

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[ "On 16 June 2006, it was announced that Everton had entered into talks with Knowsley Council and Tesco over the possibility of building a new 55,000 seat stadium, expandable to over 60,000, in Kirkby. The club took the unusual move of giving its supporters a say in the club's future by holding a ballot on the proposal, finding a split of 59% to 41% in favour. Opponents to the plan included other local councils concerned by the effect of a large Tesco store being built as part of the development, and a group of fans demanding that Everton should remain within the city boundaries of Liverpool." ]

[ "Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.", "American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing \"backstage\" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.", "Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and \"first spy\" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; \"Father of American football\" Walter Camp, James Franco, \"The perfect oarsman\" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.", "Bermuda's modern black population contains more than one demographic group. Although the number of residents born in Africa is very small, it has tripled between 2000 and 2010 (this group also includes non-blacks). The majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed \"Bermudian blacks\", whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th century and the end of slavery in 1834, Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion. This contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies, who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate, and slaveholders in the United States and the West Indies found it necessary to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa until the end of slavery (the same had been true for the Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the New World plantations). The indigenous populations of many West Indian islands, and much of the South-East of what is now the United States that had survived the 16th- and 17th-century epidemics of European-introduced diseases then became the victims of large-scale slave raiding, with much of the region completely depopulated. When the supply of indigenous slaves ran out, the slaveholders looked to Africa). The ancestry of Bermuda's black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways: firstly, the higher degree of European and Native American admixture; secondly, the source of the African ancestry.", "In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal), (3) duration and pattern of occurrence, (4) intensity and time since onset, and (5) etiology. However, this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment. Woolf suggests three classes of pain : (1) nociceptive pain, (2) inflammatory pain which is associated with tissue damage and the infiltration of immune cells, and (3) pathological pain which is a disease state caused by damage to the nervous system or by its abnormal function (e.g. fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, tension type headache, etc.).", "The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with individual launchers several kilometres apart. When MANPADS is operated by specialists, batteries may have several dozen teams deploying separately in small sections; self-propelled air defence guns may deploy in pairs.", "In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of \"ribbon machine\" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, they are cut off the ribbon machine; a typical machine of this sort produces 50,000 bulbs per hour. The filament and its supports are assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb. The air is pumped out of the bulb, and the evacuation tube in the stem press is sealed by a flame. The bulb is then inserted into the lamp base, and the whole assembly tested." ]

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[ "The boy was eating ice cream." ]

[ "The boy was eating vanilla ice cream.", "Madonna has never had a relationship with Billy.", "Ca'daan asked a question", "The gentlemen showing off the products is young.", "A man is moving fast.", "John's face didn't change.", "Several people are hiking through the snowy frozen tundra." ]

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[ "A woman moves through an urban area." ]

[ "A woman walks along the canal.", "A woman in is playing volleyball.", "Albright wrote a long explanation of what happened to the parents.", "A man sits in a chair.", "A lady is sick and visited the hospital", "Boy Scouts are camping in the dry desert.", "People are in the streets" ]

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[ "Lias Andersson\nAndersson on Kungälvs IK:n kasvatti. Hän oli kaudella 2013–2014 seuran J18-junioreiden paras pistemies, maalintekijä ja syöttäjä tehoilla 18+19=37 ja Andersson voitti myös joukkueen sisäisen tehotilaston lukemalla +8. Kaudeksi 2014–2015 hän siirtyi HV71:n junioreihin. Kaudella 2015–2016 Andersson nousi vain 16-vuotiaana seuran J20-junioreiden kapteenistoon. Hän voitti koko J20 SuperElitin piste- ja syöttöpörssin tehoilla 24+35=59. Anderssonia enemmän tehopisteitä alle 18-vuotiaana on sarjassa tehnyt vain Michael Holmqvist kaudella 1996–1997.[3] Hän voitti myös HV71:n sisäisen maalipörssin sekä sisäisen tehotilaston lukemalla +17. Pudotuspeleissä Andersson oli kahdella osumallaan joukkueen paras maalintekijä Jacob Cederholmin kanssa, vaikka hän pelasi HV71:n puolivälieräsarjassa vain yhden ottelun. Hän debytoi kauden aikana myös seuran SHL-joukkueessa, jossa Andersson pelasi 22 runkosarja- ja neljä playoff-ottelua ilman tehopisteitä. Hän teki SHL-debyyttinsä vain 17-vuotiaana 12. marraskuuta 2015 Karlskrona HK:ta vastaan.[4]" ]

[ "Nicklas Danielsson\n2000–2001Västerås IKRuotsi II133582–––––2001–2002Brynäs IFSuperElit3614112564303362002–2003Brynäs IFSuperElit212112332421012Brynäs IFElitserien2604410–––––2003–2004Almtuna ISAllsvenskan41126–––––JMM62138Brynäs IFSuperElit10881612531448Brynäs IFElitserien4760622–––––2004–2005Almtuna ISAllsvenskan1952737–––––Brynäs IFSuperElit91221455–––––Brynäs IFElitserien300112–––––2005–2006Almtuna ISAllsvenskan38152035147–––––2006–2007Djurgårdens IFElitserien50651130–––––2007–2008Djurgårdens IFElitserien5314183258500062008–2009Djurgårdens IFElitserien507142169–––––2009–2010Djurgårdens IFElitserien55101020421644882010–2011MODO HockeyElitserien5417203777–––––2011–2012MODO HockeyElitserien5321315277621362012–2013SC BernNLA2344810–––––MM1012314Lev PrahaKHL166814164112142013–2014Lev PrahaKHL141126–––––MM102242Rapperswil-Jona LakersNLA331071773–––––2014–2015Rapperswil-Jona LakersNLA4619284750–––––MM600002015–2016Lausanne HCNLA4912233550–––––2016–2017Lausanne HCNLA428233138310122017–2018Lausanne HCNLA4925255064–––––2 kauttayhteensäKHL307916224112149 kauttayhteensäElitserien41881103184387276511206 kauttayhteensäNLA2427810118825531012", "Peter Andersson (jääkiekkoilija, 1991)\nKaudeksi 2015–2016 Andersson palasi kotimaahansa ja siirtyi pelaamaan SHL:ää (ent. Elitserien) aiempaan seuraansa Örebroon. Kaudeksi 2017–2018 hän siirtyi kaksivuotisella sopimuksella Växjö Lakers HC:n riveihin.", "Mattias Karlsson (jääkiekkoilija)\nKarlssonin kasvattajaseura on Guldsmedshytte SK. Hän aloitti ammattilaisuransa Brynäs IF:ssä, jossa Karlsson teki Elitserien-debyyttinsä kaudella 2002–2003, jolloin hän pelasi kolme runkosarjaottelua ja kolme Kvalserien-ottelua. Suurimman osan kaudestaan Karlsson pelasi kuitenkin Brynäsin J20-joukkuessa, jonka tehokkain puolustaja hän oli tehoilla 11+6=17, joilla Karlsson sijoittui kahden muun pelaajan kanssa J20 SuperElitin puolustajien pistepörssissä neljänneksi. Ottawa Senators varasi hänet neljännellä kierroksella 135. pelaajana .", "Niklas Andersson (jääkiekkoilija, 1995)\nAndersson siirtyi kaudeksi 2016–2017 vuoden mittaisella sopimuksella Mestis-joukkue Kiekko-Vantaaseen. Hänen tulokaskautensa sarjassa toi 38 runkosarjaottelussa tehot 5+4=9 ja 14 playoff-ottelussa tehot 1+3=4. Andersson voitti kauden päätteeksi Mestis-hopeaa.", "Albert Pudas\nPudas alkoi pelata jääkiekkoa 13-vuotiaana paikallisen Knoxin pyhäkoulun joukkueessa. Ensimmäisen kauden jälkeen hän pelasi viisi seuraavaa vuotta eri junioritasoilla ja edusti North End Athletic Associationia (NEAA). Pudas pelasi vuonna 1919 Port Arthur Shipbuilding Companyn jääkiekkojoukkueessa, joka tunnettiin paremmin nimellä PASCO. Vuodet 1921–1926 Pudas pelasi Port Arthur Seniors -nimisessä joukkueessa, joka voitti vuosina 1925 ja 1926 kaksi peräkkäistä amatöörimestaruutta Allan Cupia. Tarkan laukauksen ansiosta Pudas teki joillakin kausilla jopa puolet joukkueensa maaleista.", "Nikolai Žerdev\nŽerdev aloitti jääkiekon kotikaupungissaan Kiovassa jo neljävuotiaana. Hän aloitti ensin taitoluistelulla, mutta innostui jääkiekosta ja liittyi HK Sokol Kiovan 5-vuotiaiden joukkueeseen valmentajan Jurij Krilovin rohkaisusta. Joukkueessa pelasi myös Anton Babtšuk.[1] Myöhemmin Sokolin pelatessa kansainvälisessä junioriturnauksessa Québecissä venäläisen Elemaš Elektrostalin valmentaja Ravil Išakov huomasi Žerdevin ja Babtšukin ja sai heidät suostuteltua liittymään joukkueeseensa ja muuttamaan Venäjälle Elektrostaliin, jossa ukrainalaiset aloittivat vuonna 1999 15-vuotiaina seuran kakkosjoukkueessa Pervaja Ligassa.[2] Elektrostalissa Žerdev pelasi seuraavat neljä vuotta pelaten välillä myös seuran ykkösjoukkueessa Vysšaja Ligassa.", "Lucas Andersen\nAndersen aloitti ammattilaisuransa Aalborg BK:ssa. Hän teki ensiesiintymisensä Tanskan Superliigassa 16-vuotiaana 5. maaliskuuta 2011, kun Aalborg pelasi kotonaan 1–1-tasapelin Silkeborg IF:n kanssa. Andersen tuli ottelussa kentälle 88. minuutilla Mathias Wichmannin tilalle.. Yhteensä hän pelasi ensimmäisellä liigakaudellaan 11 ottelua, joissa kaikissa hän tuli kentälle vaihdosta. Kaudella 2011–2012 Andersenin vastuu kasvoi, ja hän pelasi 22 liigaottelua, joista 12 hän aloitti.", "Alexander Nylander\nBuffalo Sabres varasi Nylanderin ensimmäisellä kierroksella koko NHL:n varaustilaisuuden kahdeksantena pelaajana ja ensimmäisenä ruotsalaispelaajana kesällä 2016. Samana kesänä hänet varasi myös Metallurg Magnitogorsk 53. pelaajana KHL:n varaustilaisuudessa.[1] Jo saman vuoden heinäkuussa Nylander teki kolmivuotisen tulokassopimuksen Sabresin kanssa.[8] Seura lähetti hänet syksyn harjoitusleirin päätteeksi AHL-joukkue Rochester Americansiin.[9] Nylanderin tulokaskausi toi 65 runkosarjaottelussa tehot 10+18=28. Hän debytoi kauden 2016–2017 aikana myös Sabresin NHL-joukkueessa, jossa Nylander pelasi neljä runkosarjaottelua tehden yhden syöttöpisteen. Hän teki NHL-debyyttinsä runkosarjan neljänneksi viimeisellä kierroksella 3. huhtikuuta 2017 Toronto Maple Leafsia vastaan, jolloin Nylander myös kohtasi isoveljensä Williamin. Alexander Nylander sai ottelussa jääaikaa 14.28 minuuttia.[10] Sabresin päävalmentaja Dan Bylsman mukaan veljesten kohtaaminen oli suunniteltu juttu.[11]", "Bo Andersson\nBo Andersson syntyi helsinkiläisen liikemiehen pojaksi, pääsi ylioppilaaksi Brändö samskolanista ja opiskeli teatterialaa muun muassa Tukholmassa ja jazzmusiikkia New Yorkissa. Hän on näytellyt 1960-luvun alkupuolelta lähtien Lilla Teaternissa, Wasa Teaterissa ja Turun ruotsalaisessa teatterissa sekä pisimpään Helsingin Svenska Teaternissa vuosina 1967–1979 ja 1983–2000.", "Nils Andersson\nAndersson palasi kaudeksi 2012–2013 Allsvenskaniin ja siirtyi kaksivuotisella sopimuksella edellisenä keväänä sarjaan pudonneen Djurgårdens IF:n riveihin. Hänen ensimmäinen sopimuskautensa päättyi jo ennen runkosarjan alkua, kun Andersson sai polven eturistisidevamman Brynäs IF:n Simon Bertilssonin taklattua häntä neljännessä European Trophy -ottelussa. Kaudella 2013–2014 Andersson oli Djurgårdenin tehokkain puolustaja tehoilla 8+21=29, joilla hän jakoi koko Allsvenskanin puolustajien pistepörssin kuudennen sijan IF Björklövenin Stefan Anderssonin kanssa. Joukkue nousi kauden päätteeksi SHL:ään (ent. Elitserien).", "Kristian Vesalainen\nVesalainen aloitti jääkiekkoilun 4-vuotiaana Calle Branderin kiekkokoulussa. Hän siirtyi tämän jälkeen Karhu-Kissoihin, josta Vesalainen vaihtoi kahden vuoden jälkeen varsinaiseen kasvattajaseuraansa Helsingin IFK:hon. Hän voitti seurassa C-nuorten SM-pronssia vuonna 2013. Kaudella 2013–2014 Vesalainen pelasi HIFK:n B- ja C-nuorissa, mutta kävi myös kolmen ottelun verran lainalla Helsingin Jääkiekkoklubin B-nuorten Mestis-joukkueessa. Kauden 2014–2015 hän pelasi suurimmaksi osaksi seuran B-nuorissa, mutta Vesalainen pelasi ison osan kaudestaan myös HIFK:n A-nuorissa, jossa hän sai 15-vuotiaana tililleen 17 runkosarja- ja yhden playoff-ottelun.", "Roni Andersson\nRoni Andersson (s. 7. tammikuuta 1985 Helsinki) on suomalainen jääkiekkoilija. Hänen pelipaikkansa oli laitahyökkääjä, mutta hän pystyi tarvittaessa pelaamaan myös sentterinä.", "Eddie Larsson\nLarsson on Mariestad BoIS HC:n kasvatti. Hän oli kauden 2006–2007 päätteeksi nostamassa seuran J18-joukkuetta I-divisioonasta J18 Elitiin. Kaudeksi 2007–2008 Larsson siirtyi Linköping HC:n junioreihin. Kaudeksi 2009–2010 hän siirtyi MODO Hockeyn J20-junioreihin. Larsson jakoi tehoilla 9+18=27 joukkueen sisäisen pistepörssin toisen sijan Sondre Oldenin kanssa edellään vain Daniel Magnusson. Hän sijoittui koko J20 SuperElitin puolustajien pistepörssissä seitsemänneksi. Larsson debytoi samalla kaudella myös MODO:n Elitserien-joukkueessa, jossa hän pelasi 19 runkosarjaottelua tehden yhden maalin. Larsson teki Elitserien-debyyttinsä kauden kolmannella kierroksella 28. syyskuuta 2009 vieraissa HV71:tä vastaan. Ensimmäisen Elitserien-maalinsa hän teki 15. lokakuuta 2009 vieraissa Luleå HF:ää vastaan. Larsson pelasi kauden aikana miesten pelejä myös viiden ottelun verran lainalla sarjatasoa alempana HockeyAllsvenskan-joukkue IF Sundsvall Hockeyssa.", "Alisa Pöllänen\nPöllänen aloitti jääkiekon viisivuotiaana SaPKossa ja pelasi vuonna 2009 nuorten maajoukkueessa. Salibandyn hän aloitti viisi vuotta jääkiekkoa myöhemmin. Savonlinnan ZZ Top Teamia vuosina 2004-2010 edustanut Pöllänen valitsi vuonna 2010 lajikseen salibandyn ja vaihtoi seuraa Tampereen Classiciin. Classicissa pelatessaan Pöllänen on voittanut Suomen mestaruuden vuosina 2011, 2012, 2013 ja 2015 sekä Suomen Cupin vuosina 2013, 2015 ja 2016. \nKaudeksi 2017-2018 hän vaihtoi seuraansa ruotsalaiseen huippuseuraan Pixbo Wallenstam IBK:n, seuran kotipaikka on Göteborg. ", "Mikael Andersson\nAndersson pelasi Ruotsin maajoukkueessa syksyllä 1991 Kanada-cupissa ja vuosina 1992, 1993 ja 1994 maailmanmestaruuskilpailuissa. Hän on lisäksi pelannut maajoukkueessa vuoden 1996 maailmancupissa ja Naganon olympialaisissa vuonna 1998.", "Gabriel Landeskog\nLandeskog aloitti jääkiekon omien sanojensa mukaan 10- tai 11-vuotiaana Hammarby IF:ssä. Hän siirtyi kaudeksi 2007–2008 Djurgårdens IF:ään, jossa voitti J18 Allsvenskanin mestaruuden keväällä 2008. Kaudella 2008–2009 hän toimi TV-Puckenissa Stockholm 1:n kapteenina ja voitti yhdeksällä maalillaan turnauksen maalipörssin. Samalla kaudella Landeskog teki Elitserien-debyyttinsä Djurgårdenissa Brynäs IF:ää vastaan 21. helmikuuta 2009, jolloin hän oli 16 vuotta ja 90 päivää vanha. Hän on Elitserienin kaikkien aikojen toiseksi nuorin pelaaja Fredrik Möllerin jälkeen. Landeskog pelasi kauden aikana kolme Elitserien-ottelua. Hän teki toisessa ottelussaan syöttöpisteen Skellefteå AIK:ta vastaan.", "Nicklas Danielsson\nKjell Lars Nicklas Lööf Danielsson (s. 7. joulukuuta 1984 Uppsala, Ruotsi) on ruotsalainen jääkiekkoilija ja maailmanmestari, joka pelaa SHL-joukkue Brynäs IF:ssä. Hän on pelipaikaltaan oikea laitahyökkääjä. Elite Prospects -sivuston mukaan Danielsson on nopea ja teknisesti taitava hyökkääjä, jolta löytyy räjähtävyyttä, hyvät maalintekovaistot ja hyvä fysiikka. Hänen tulisi kuitenkin parantaa puolustuspelaamistaan, voimaansa ja kokonaisvaltaista pelaamistaan. Danielsson laukoo oikealta.[1]", "Jonas Andersson (jääkiekkoilija)\nHuhtikuussa 2009 Andersson teki kauden 2009–2010 kattavan sopimuksen KHL-liigassa pelaavan Dynamo Minskin kanssa. Toukokuussa 2010 ilmoitettiin ettei hän jatka joukkueessa kaudella 2010–11. Andersson siirtyi Vancouver Canucksiin, jossa hän pelasi kauden aikana neljä NHL-ottelua ilman tehopisteitä. Canucksin farmijoukkueessa Manitoba Moosessa hän pelasi 20 AHL-ottelua tehopistein 5+6=11. Tammikuussa 2011 Andersson siirtyi KHL:n Ak Bars Kazaniin, jossa hän pelasi seitsemän ottelua tehden yhden maalin ja antaen kolme maalisyöttöä. Kolmessa pudotuspeliottelussa hän jäi pisteittä.", "Niklas Andersson (jääkiekkoilija, 1971)\nAndersson palasi kaudeksi 2001–2002 kasvattajaseuraansa Frölundaan ja on edustanut sitä tuosta kaudesta lähtien. Hän oli kaudella 2001–2002 joukkueensa paras pistemies tehoilla 14+32=46 ja koko Elitserienin kolmanneksi paras pistemies. Kaudella 2002–2003 Andersson voitti myös joukkueen sisäisen pistepörssin (24+18=42) sekä oli liigan pistepörssin neljäs yhdessä Juha Riihijärven ja Johan Davidssonin kanssa. Hän voitti samalla kaudella myös Elitserienin mestaruuden, palkittiin Elitserienin vuoden pelaajana, valittiin liigan arvokkaimmaksi pelaajaksi sekä Ruotsin tähdistökentälliseen. Kaudella 2004–2005 Andersson oli Elitserienin seitsemänneksi paras pistemies ja hän voitti myös Elitserienin mestaruuden. Andersson teki mestaruuden ratkaisseen maalin viidennessä finaalissa jatkoajalla ajassa 2:51. Vuonna 2006 tuli hopeaa. Andersson oli kaudella 2005–2006 Frölundan paras pistemies yhdessä Tomi Kallion kanssa 51 pisteellään. Hän oli sitä myös kaudella 2007–2008 tehoilla 12+37=49.", "Mika Niskanen\nAlun perin Niskanen on Jokereiden kasvatteja, mutta ei toistaiseksi ole siellä pelannut yhtään SM-liigaottelua. Hän aloitti aikuisten pelit kaudella 1994–1995 Järvenpään Haukoissa 1-divisioonassa, josta siirtyi 3 kauden jälkeen Kuopion KalPaan. Kuopiossa Niskanen pelasi yhden kauden, josta matka jatkui syksyllä 1998 Lahden Pelicansiin. Niskasen lopullinen läpilyönti jääkiekkoilijana tapahtui juuri Lahdessa Pelicansin noustua SM-liigaan keväällä 1999. Lahdessa Niskanen viihtyi kaikkiaan 4 kauden ajan siirtyen tämän jälkeen kahdeksi kaudeksi Ruotsin pääsarjajoukkue HV-71:een. Kauden 2004–2005 Niskanen aloitti Espoon Bluesissa siirtyen loppukaudesta takaisin HV-71:een. Kauden 2005–2006 Niskanen pelasi kokonaan HV-71:ssä. Seuraavan kauden 2006–2007 Niskanen aloitti HIFK:ssa siirtyen loppukaudesta taas Ruotsiin, tällä kertaa Timrån riveihin. Kaudella 2007–2008 Niskanen edusti HV-71:tä, Tampereen Ilvestä ja Ruotsin 1-divisioonan (kolmanneksi korkein taso) Örebrota. ", "Lias Andersson\nAndersson pelasi myös alle 18-vuotiaiden MM-kilpailuissa vuonna 2016, jolloin hän voitti hopeaa. Andersson toimi Ruotsin varakapteenina ja oli joukkueen toiseksi paras pistemies Alexander Nylanderin jälkeen tehoilla 5+4=9. Valmennus valitsi hänet joukkueensa turnauksen yhdeksi kolmesta parhaasta pelaajasta. Andersson pelasi myös alle 18-vuotiaiden Ivan Hlinkan muistoturnauksessa vuonna 2015, jolloin hän voitti hopeaa. Andersson pelasi myös World U-17 Hockey Challengessa syksyllä 2014, jolloin hän voitti pronssia. Yhteensä Andersson on pelannut 22 nuorten ja 38 poikien maaottelua.[2]", "Jonas Andersson (jääkiekkoilija)\nAndersson pelasi yhden kauden Ilveksessä ja siirtyi kaudeksi 2006–2007 HPK:on. Anderssonin alkukausi HPK:ssa sujuikin kohtalaisesti, mutta olkapäävamman takia hän joutui jättämään runkosarjan kesken 23 pelin jälkeen. Andersson kuntoutui kuitenkin pudotuspeleihin ja kauden päätteeksi hän teki vuoden jatkosopimuksen HPK:hon.", "Andreas Lilja\nVuonna 2005, NHL:n työsulun aikana Lilja pelasi Ruotsissa Mora IK:ssa. Lilja sekä hänen ruotsalaiset jääkiekkoilijatoverinsa Henrik Tallinder ja Kristian Huselius joutuivat raiskaus epäilyjen kohteeksi. Epäilyjen seurauksena kaikki kolme pelaajaa saivat maaliskuussa 2005 loppukaudeksi kilpailukiellon Ruotsin jääkiekkomaajoukkueeseen. Seurajoukkue Linköpings HC myös purki Huseliuksen ja Tallinderin sopimukset ja Mora IK määräsi Liljan loppukauden ajaksi pelikieltoon.", "Anders Eldebrink\nEldebrink aloitti uransa 16-vuotiaana Södertäljessä vuonna 1976. Hän pelasi NHL:ssä Vancouver Canucksissa ja Quebec Nordiquesissa, sekä Sveitsin pääsarjan Klotenissa. Hän pelasi maajoukkueessa 1988 Calgaryn olympialaisissa, joissa Ruotsi saavutti pronssia.", "Anders Carlsson (jääkiekkoilija)\nCarlsson on Brynäs IF:n kasvatti. Hän pelasi ensimmäisen kautensa Elitserienissä kaudella 1979–1980. New Jersey Devils varasi hänet 66. vuorolla vuoden . Carlsson siirtyi varauksen jälkeen NHL:ään, ja pelasi kolme kautta New Jerseyssä. Hän palasi Brynäsiin kaudeksi 1989–1990. Carlsson pelasi Elitserienissä 41-vuotiaaksi asti, ja lopetti pelaajauransa kauteen 2000–2001.", "Nils Liedholm\nLiedholm aloitti jalkapallon pelaamisen juniorina syntymäkaupunkinsa joukkueessa Valdemarsviks IF:ssä. Seuran edustusjoukkueeseen hän pääsi 1938 ollessaan 16-vuotias. Liedholm harrasti nuoruudessaan myös jääkiekkoa, yleisurheilua, jääpalloa ja hiihtoa. Suoritettuaan asepalveluksen Liedholm siirtyi 2. divisioonassa pelanneeseen IK Sleipneriin. Sleipner ylsi kolmesti sarjassa toiseksi kunnes valmentaja Lajos Czeizler houkutteli hänet IFK Norrköpingiin 1946. Liedholm voitti Norrköpingissä Ruotsin mestaruuden kahdesti, joista ensimmäisestä hän ei tosin saanut kultamitalia sillä hän pelasi kaudella vain kymmenen ottelua.\nLiedholm valittiin Ruotsin maajoukkueeseen hänen pelatessaan Norrköpingissä. Hänet valittiin mukaan myös Lontoon 1948 olympialaisiin, mutta maajoukkueessa hän joutui pelaamaan vasempana laitahyökkääjänä eikä välihyökkääjänä kuten normaalisti. Liedholm pelasi kuitenkin erinomaisesti ja Ruotsi voitti olympiakultaa kaatamalla Jugoslavian finaalissa 3–1.", "Mikael Andersson\nBo Mikael Andersson (s. Ruotsi) on pelaajauransa lopettanut ruotsalainen jääkiekkoilija. Andersson pelasi NHL:ssä 16 kauden aikana viidessä eri seurassa yhteensä 761 runkosarjaottelua. Hän on pelannut Ruotsin maajoukkueessa kuusissa aikuisten arvokilpailuissa ja oli mukana voittamassa vuonna 1992 jääkiekon maailmanmestaruutta.", "Kim Staal\nStaal siirtyi jo nuorena Tanskasta Ruotsiin pelaamaan. Hän pelasi Malmö IF:n (nykyinen Malmö Redhawks) juniorijoukkueissa kaudella 1994–1995. Montreal Canadiens varasi Staalin NHL:ään 92. varauksena. Ensimmäiset ottelunsa Elitserienissä Staal pelasi kaudella 1996–1997. Malmön vakiokokoonpanoon Staal nousi kaudella 1998–1999, jolloin hän pelasi 48 ottelua. Seuraavalla kaudella Staal teki jo 24 pistettä ja kaudella 2000–2001 jo 31 pistettä. Kaudeksi 2001–2002 Staal siirtyi MODOhon, jossa hän voitti hopeaa ja teki piste-ennätyksensä 37 pistettä.", "Patrik Andersson\nAndersson aloitti uransa Bjärrends IF:ssä, jossa hän myös sai lempinimensä. Vuonna 1989 hän siirtyi Malmö FF:ään. Bayern Münchenin riveissä Andersson voitti mm. Mestarien liigan vuonna 2001 sekä kaksi Bundesliigan mestaruutta vuosina 2000 ja 2001. Jälkimmäinen mestaruus tuli dramaattisella tavalla Anderssonin viime sekunneilla ampuman epäsuoran vapaapotkun myötä.", "Erik Karlsson\nOttawa Senators varasi Karlssonin NHL:ään vuoden 2008 kesällä järjestetyn . Hän oli varaustilaisuuden ensimmäisenä varattu ruotsalainen jääkiekkoilija ja järjestyksessään kolmas eurooppalainen. Samana kesänä Mississauga St. Michael's Majors varasi Karlssonin Pohjois-Amerikan pääjunioriliiga OHL:ään, mutta hän pelasi vielä seuraavan kauden Ruotsissa Elitserienin Frölundassa ja Allsvenskanin Borås HC:ssa. Vuodenvaihteessa hän edusti Ruotsin nuorten jääkiekkomaajoukkuetta osallistuen Ottawassa pelattuihin nuorten maailmanmestaruuskilpailuihin, jossa Ruotsi ylsi hopeamitaliin. Tehopisteillään 2+7=9 Karlsson oli koko kisojen toiseksi tehokkain puolustaja Kanadan P.K. Subbanin jälkeen, ja Kansainvälinen Jääkiekkoliitto valitsi hänet turnauksen parhaaksi puolustajaksi. Joukkueensa tehokkaimmaksi pelaajaksi yltänyt Karlsson valittiin myös kisojen tähdistökentälliseen ainoana ruotsalaisena.", "Jonas Brodin\nBrodin on Nor IK:n kasvatti ja hän siirtyi kaudeksi 2008–2009 Färjestads BK:n J18-joukkueeseen. Brodin debytoi Elitserienissä kaudella 2009–2010 ja pelasi kolme runkosarjaottelua keräten kaksi jäähyminuuttia. Hän pelasi ensimmäisen Elitserien-ottelunsa 4. maaliskuuta 2010 Timrå IK:ta vastaan. Brodin sai ottelussa jääaikaa 15 minuuttia ja 41 sekuntia. Hän oli debytoidessaan vain 16 vuotta, seitsemän kuukautta ja 16 päivää vanha. Brodinista tuli samalla kaikkien aikojen nuorin Elitserienissä pelannut puolustaja, mutta MODO Hockeyn Ludvig Byström rikkoi hänen ennätyksensä jo saman vuoden marraskuussa. Brodinista tuli debyyttinsä myötä myös kaikkien aikojen nuorin Färjestads BK:ssa pelannut pelaaja. Hän pelasi kaudestaan suurimman osan kuitenkin I-divisioonajoukkue Skåre BK:ssa ja vahvisti myös Färjestadin J18-joukkuetta. GTHL-joukkue Brock Bucks varasi Brodinin 103. pelaajana kesällä 2010.", "Likit Andersson\nAndersson syntyi Thaimassa, mutta kasvoi Ruotsissa. Hän aloitti jääkiekon Borås HC:ssa, jossa Andersson pelasi ensimmäiset miesten pelinsä I-divisioonassa kaudella 1993–1994. Kolmen siellä pelaamansa kauden jälkeen hän siirtyi kaudeksi 1996–1997 samassa sarjassa pelaavaan Mörrums GoIS:ään. Kaksi seuraavaa kautta Andersson pelasi Saksan toiseksi korkeimmalla sarjatasolla, kauden 1997–1998 Deggerdorfer EC:n ja kauden 1998–1999 TSV Erdingin riveissä. Hän oli Deggerdorfissa joukkueensa tehokkain puolustaja tehoilla 20+30=50.", "Niklas Andersson (jääkiekkoilija, 1995)\n16. helmikuuta 2016 Andersson teki loppukauden 2015–2016 kattavan sopimuksen Bluesin SM-liigajoukkueen kanssa, kun talousvaikeuksista kärsineen seuran oli jättänyt viimeisetkin runkopelaajat siirtotakarajaan mennessä. Andersson teki samana päivänä liigadebyyttinsä Saimaan Palloa vastaan. Hän sai ottelussa jääaikaa 10.11 minuuttia. Andersson myös istui sijaiskärsijänä Bluesin alivoiman ajan Samson Mahbodin saamasta 2+10-minuutin rangaistuksesta. Kaikkiaan hän pelasi SM-liigassa kauden aikana 11 runkosarjaottelua ilman tehopisteitä. Liigakauden jälkeen Andersson palasi Bluesin A-nuorten vahvuuteen. Hän voitti kauden päätteeksi A-nuorten SM-hopeaa.", "Teemu Selänne\nSelänne aloitti jääkiekkoilun Espoon Palloseurassa, mutta siirtyi 15-vuotiaana Helsingin Jokereihin. Hän nousi neljä vuotta myöhemmin ensimmäistä kertaa Jokerien edustusjoukkueeseen, joka pelasi vielä tuolloin Suomen toiseksi korkeimmalla sarjatasolla I-divisioonassa. Selänne pelasi joukkueensa edustusmiehistössä viisi ottelua, mutta kausi kului hänen osaltaan pääosin vielä Jääkiekon A-nuorten SM-liigassa. Selänne teki kaudella 33 runkosarjaottelussa peräti 66 tehopistettä, ja loistavan kauden ja nuorten EM-kilpailujen jälkeen hänet varasi odotetusti NHL:ään Winnipeg Jets ensimmäisen kierroksen kymmenentenä varauksena.", "Johan Franzén\nFranzénin jääkiekkoura alkoi Vetlandan kunnan lähellä sijaitsevan Landsbron joukkueessa Boro Vetlanda HC:ssä, jossa sai vuoden pelikiellon taklattuaan tuomarin. Vuonna 1999 hänen uudeksi seurakseen tuli HockeyAllsvenskanin Tranås AIF. Pelattuaan joukkueessa yhden kauden ajan Franzén siirtyi Linköpingiin, jossa hän pelasi viisi kautta. Hän auttoi joukkuetta nousemaan Elitserieniin vuonna 2001. Kaudella 2005–06 Franzén siirtyi Detroit Red Wingsin NHL-joukkueeseen ja keräsi tulokaskaudellaan 80 ottelussa 16 pistettä (12 maalia, 4 syöttöä).", "Lias Andersson\nMetallurg Magnitogorsk varasi Anderssonin 83. pelaajana KHL:n varaustilaisuudessa 2016. Samana kesänä hänet varasi myös OHL-joukkue Kitchener Rangers 110. pelaajana CHL:n varaustilaisuudessa. Andersson päätti jatkaa uraansa kuitenkin HV71:ssä, jonka kanssa hän teki aiemmin toukokuussa 2016 vuoden mittaisen SHL-sopimuksen.[5] Anderssonin ensimmäinen kokonainen SHL-kausi 2016–2017 toi hänelle 42 runkosarjaottelussa tehot 9+10=19 ja 16 playoff-ottelussa tehot 4+1=5 sekä Mestarien liigassa seitsemässä ottelussa yhden syöttöpisteen. Anderssonin SHL-uran avausmaali syntyi 25. lokakuuta 2016 Leksands IF:ää vastaan.[6] Hän voitti kauden päätteeksi Ruotsin-mestaruuden.[2]", "Henrik Nilsson (jääkiekkoilija, 1991)\nKaudeksi 2010–2011 AIK nousi Allsvenskanista Elitserieniin, jossa Nilsson pelasi kauden aikana 17 runkosarjaottelua tehden kaksi syöttöpistettä. Hän teki Elitserien-debyyttinsä 23. syyskuuta 2010 Södertälje SK:ta vastaan. Nilsson pelasi kauden aikana miesten pelejä myös 11 ottelun verran lainalla sarjatasoa alempana Allsvenskan-joukkue Almtuna IS:ssä, jossa hän jatkoi lainalla lähes koko kauden 2011–2012 ajan. Kaudeksi 2012–2013 Nilsson siirtyi edelleen sarjatasoa alemmas vuoden mittaisella sopimuksella Ruotsin I-divisioonajoukkue Kallinge-Ronneby IF:n riveihin. Hän jatkoi joukkueessa myös kaudella 2013–2014, jolloin Nilsson eteni joukkueen kanssaaina Kvalserien AS:ään asti, mutta KRIF jäi kuitenkin ilman sarjanousua.", "Jonas Andersson (keksijä)\nYlipurmossa ruotsinkielisellä Pohjanmaalla syntynyt Andersson aloitti työuransa Vaasan radan rakennustyömaalla ja opiskeli sitten Helsingin teollisuuskoulun huoneenrakennus- ja koneosastolla. Päästyään koulusta 1886 hän oli jonkin aikaa työnjohtajana Helsingissä ja palveli sitten kaksi vuotta sotaväessä Oulussa yleten aliupseeriksi. ", "Juhamatti Aaltonen\nAaltonen aloitti jääkiekon Haukiputaan Ahmoissa, josta hän siirtyi jo nuorena Oulun Kärppiin. St. Louis Blues varasi Aaltosen NHL:n . Aaltonen kuului Kärppien liigarinkiin kaudesta 2002–03, mutta hän pelasi varsinaisen tulokaskautensa vasta kaudella 2005–06. Ennen kyseistä kautta Aaltonen oli pelannut SM-liigassa 14 runkosarjaottelua ilman yhtään tehopistettä. Kaudella 2005–06 50 runkosarjan ottelussa tehopisteet 13+12=25 merkkauttanut Aaltonen oli tulokkaiden toiseksi paras pistemies, ja Kärpät juhli kaudella pronssimitalia kaataen Helsingin IFK:n pronssiottelussa lukemin 6–2.", "Linus Klasen\nKlasen debytoi Ruotsin jääkiekkomaajoukkueessa vuonna 2008. Hän avasi pistetilinsä vasta kymmenennessä maaottelussaan Euro Hockey Tourin Karjala-turnauksessa, jolloin hän teki kaksi maalia Tšekki-ottelussa 7. marraskuuta 2013.", "Axel Andersson\nAxel Andersson (s. 10. helmikuuta 2000 Järna, Ruotsi) on ruotsalainen jääkiekkopuolustaja, joka pelaa SHL-joukkue Djurgårdens IF:ssä lainalla NHL-joukkue Boston Bruinsista. Elite Prospects -sivuston mukaan hän on taitava ja hyvin luisteleva puolustaja, joka on parhaimmillaan hyökkäyspäässä sekä syöttää, kuljettaa kiekkoa ja menee ruuhkatilanteisiin hyvin. Andersson on myös käyttökelpoinen ylivoimapelaaja. Hän laukoo oikealta.", "Olavi Andersson\nAhima liittyi Saksassa koulusta antavaan Jääkäripataljoona 27:n pioneerikomppaniaan 3. maaliskuuta 1916, hänet siirrettiin rintamakomennuksen jälkeen 1. komppaniaan 23. syyskuuta 1917. Andersson osallistui ensimmäiseen maailmansotaan Saksan itärintamalla taisteluihin pataljoonan pioneerikomppaniassa Misse-joella ja Riianlahdella, Schmardenissa sekä Aa-joella.", "Lias Andersson\nNew York Rangers varasi Anderssonin ensimmäisellä kierroksella koko NHL:n varaustilaisuuden seitsemäntenä pelaajana kesällä 2017. Ennen tätä hän teki saman vuoden toukokuussa kaksivuotisen sopimuksen Frölunda HC:n kanssa. Seura on Anderssonille ennestään tuttu, sillä hänen isänsä Niklas pelasi siellä pitkään (1987–1991, 2001–2011) Liasin ollessa lapsi.[7] Lias Andersson teki jo noin kaksi viikkoa NHL-varauksensa jälkeen, heinäkuussa 2017 kolmivuotisen tulokassopimuksen Rangersin kanssa.[8] Hän aloitti kauden 2017–2018 lainalla Frölundassa, jossa Andersson pelasi 22 runkosarjaottelua tehopistein 7+7=14 ja seitsemän CHL-ottelua tehopistein 2+2=4, kunnes tammikuussa 2018 Andersson siirtyi AHL-joukkue Hartford Wolf Packin vahvuuteen.[9] Hän teki siellä loppukaudella 25 runkosarjaottelussa tehot 5+9=14. Maaliskuussa 2018 Andersson nostettiin Rangersin NHL-joukkueen vahvuuteen. Hän pelasi siellä joukkueen kauden loppuun ja teki seitsemässä runkosarjaottelussa tehot 1+1=2. Andersson teki NHL-debyyttinsä runkosarjan seitsemänneksi viimeisellä kierroksella 26. maaliskuuta 2018 Washington Capitalsia vastaan. Hän sai ottelussa jääaikaa 10.44 minuuttia ja Andersson teki myös NHL-uransa avausmaalin.[10] Hänestä tuli 19 vuoden ja 164 päivän ikäisenä Rangersin seurahistorian nuorin NHL-debyytissään maalinteossa onnistunut pelaaja. Ennätyksen edellinen haltija oli Mike Allison (19 vuotta ja 195 päivää, 9. lokakuuta 1980).[11]", "Leksands IF\nLeksands IF on ruotsalainen jääkiekkojoukkue, joka pelaa kaudella 2017–2018 Ruotsin toiseksi korkeimmalla sarjatasolla Allsvenskan:issa. Sen kotihallina toimii Tegera Arena, jonne mahtuu 7 650 katsojaa. Halli on valmistunut vuonna 2005 ja sen omistaa Leksands IF Fastighets AB, joka on Leksands IF:n tytäryhtiö. Pääasiassa seura pelaa jääkiekkoa, mutta sillä on joukkueita muissakin lajeissa. Leksands IF perustettiin vuonna 1919, mutta se aloitti jääkiekon vasta vuonna 1938. Se on voittanut Ruotsin mestaruuden neljä kertaa. Kaikkiaan joukkue on pelannut 54 kautta korkeimmalla sarjatasolla.", "Mikael Granlund\nGranlund alkoi pelata jääkiekkoa viisivuotiaana Kempeleen Kiekko-Ketuissa. Joukkueen nimi vaihtui Laser HT:ksi Granlundin ollessa 10-vuotias. Hän pitää Laser HT:ta kasvattajaseuranaan ja käytti jo siellä pelinumeroaan 64, jonka valitsi käyttöönsä myös HIFK:ssa ja A-maajoukkueessa kunnianosoituksena kasvattajaseuralleen. Laser HT (nyk. Kiekko-Laser) nosti elokuussa 2011 Granlundin pelipaidan jäähallinsa kattoon.", "Jonas Nilsson (jääpalloilija)\nNilsson aloitti uransa Karlstadissa IF Bolticin riveissä. Vuonna 2008 hän siirtyi Elitserienin Västerås SK:n hyökkääjistöön. Nilssonista kehittyi kauteen 2013/14 mennessä huippuvaarallinen hyökkääjä. Syksyllä 2014 World cupissa Nilsson oli ratkaiseva Västeråsin ottaessa cupin voiton. Niinpä hän kausilla 2013/14 ja 2014/15 onkin ollut Elitserien kuuden parhaan maalintekijän joukossa. Vuonna 2014 hän oli jo Västeråsin joukkueessa mukana Ruotsin mestaruusfinaalissa, mutta siinä tuli silloin tappio. Seuraavana vuonna eli maaliskuussa 2015 hän oli keskeisimpiä pelaajia kolmen maalin tekijänä Västeråsin ottaessa mestaruuden.", "Aleksi Laine (jääkiekkoilija)\nLaine on Porin Ässien oma kasvatti. Hän voitti C-nuorten SM-pronssia vuonna 2011 ja A-nuorten SM-pronssia kaudella 2013-2014. Laine debytoi Ässien SM-liigajoukkueessa kaudella 2013–2014. Hän pelasi ensimmäisen liigaottelunsa runkosarjan viimeisellä kierroksella 13. maaliskuuta 2014 vieraissa Pelicansia vastaan. Laine pelasi kauden aikana miesten pelejä myös kaksi ottelua lainalla II-divisioonajoukkue Karhu HT:ssä. Noissa otteluissa hän hankki pistetililleen yhden syöttöpisteen.", "Lias Andersson\nLias Andersson (s. 13. lokakuuta 1998 Sotenäs, Ruotsi) on ruotsalainen jääkiekkoilija ja maailmanmestari, joka pelaa NHL-joukkue New York Rangersin organisaatiossa. Seura varasi hänet koko NHL:n varaustilaisuuden seitsemäntenä pelaajana kesällä 2017. Andersson on pelipaikaltaan keskushyökkääjä,[1] mutta hän osaa pelata myös laidassa.[2]", "Anton Strålman\nStrålman aloitti jääkiekon Skövde IK:n junnuissa. Hän myöhemmin jatkoi Skövden edustukseen I-divisioonaan ja HockeyAllsvenskaniin. Vuonna 2005 Toronto Maple Leafs varasi hänet kevään . Samana kesänä Strålman siirtyi Skövdestä Timrå IK:hon Ruotsin Elitserieniin. Strålman pelasi pelasi kaksi kautta Timråssa ennen kuin teki sopimuksen Toronton kanssa kesällä 2007.", "Nick Sörensen\nSörensen syntyi Tanskassa, mutta aloitti jääkiekkoilun Ruotsissa Malmö Redhawksissa, josta hän siirtyi 14-vuotiaana Rögle BK:hon kaudeksi 2009–2010. Sörensen voitti U16 SM:n maalipörssin ja jakoi pistepörssin voiton joukkuetoverinsa Oskar Norlövin kanssa tehoilla 16+4=20. Hän voitti kauden päätteeksi sarjan pronssia. Sörensen pelasi kauden aikana myös Röglen J18-junioreissa, joiden paras pistemies ja maalintekijä hän oli J18 Allsvenskanissa tehoilla 9+7=16. Kaudella 2010–2011 Sörensen oli Röglen J20-junioreiden paras maalintekijä ja kolmanneksi paras pistemies tehoilla 18+11=29. Hän debytoi samalla kaudella myös miesten peleissä pelattuaan kuusi ottelua ilman tehopisteitä Ruotsin toiseksi korkeimmalla sarjatasolla HockeyAllsvenskanissa.", "Johan Ollus\n1910 Ollus matkusti opiskelemaan Berliiniin ja liittyi Berliner Schlittschuhclubin joukkueeseen. Ollus kohosi nopeasti erääksi Euroopan parhaista jääkiekkoilijoista ja voitti joukkueensa riveissä kahdesti silloisen arvokaimman mestaruuden jääkiekossa eli -turnauksen. Ollus oli myös voittamassa vuonna 1912 Jääkiekon Saksan mestaruutta, jolloin siitä pelattiin ensimmäisen kerran.", "Neal Broten\nBroten aloitti jääkiekkouransa Minnesotan yliopiston joukkueessa kaudella 1978–1979. Minnesota North Stars varasi hänet NHL:ään 1979 varaustilaisuuden kolmannella kierroksella numerolla 42. Kauden jälkeen hänet valittiin Yhdysvaltojen maajoukkueeseen, joka onnistui seuraavana vuonna talviolympialaisissa sensaatiomaisesti voittamaan olympiakultaa. Kauden 1980–1981 Broten pelasi vielä yliopistosarja NCAA:ta ennen kuin aloitti NHL-uransa. Hän pelasi lyhyttä Saksassa pelattua ajanjaksoa lukuun ottamatta Minnesotassa niin kauan, kunnes joukkue muutti Dallasiin ja vaihtoi nimekseen Dallas Stars. Dallasista Broten kaupattiin kesken kauden 1994–1995 New Jersey Devilsiin, missä hän voitti Stanley Cupin tehden mestaruuden ratkaisseen maalin Detroit Red Wingsiä vastaan finaalisarjan neljännessä ottelussa. Kaudella 1996–1997 hän pelasi vielä Los Angeles Kingsissä ja uudelleen Dallas Starsissa, jonka jälkeen lopetti uransa.", "Anders Andersson\nHän tuli ylioppilaaksi vuonna 1919 ja alkoi uransa ilmailun parissa varusmiehenä Flygkompaniet Malmenissa Linköpingissä. Hän opiskeli Chalmersin yliopistossa Göteborgissa ja sen jälkeen saksalaisessa insinöörikoulussa Strelitzissa, josta sai diplomin lentotekniikasta.", "Oscar Ågren\nOscar Ågren aloitti nyrkkeilyuransa välisarjassa eli alle 66,7 kg lokakuussa 1934 tukholmalaisen Narva BK:n riveissä. Ensimmäisen maaottelunsa Ågren nyrkkeili tammikuussa 1937 suomalaista Bruno Ahlbergia vastaan, mutta koki suomalaiselle Los Angelesin olympiamitalistille tappion. Ruotsin mestari hänestä tuli samana vuonna maaliskuussa. Sen jälkeen hän pääsi edustamaan Ruotsia EM-kisoissa Milanossa. Ågren voitti kaksi ensimmäistä otteluaan, mutta koki välierässä tappion Saksan olympiahopeamitalisti Michael Murachille. Ottelussa pronssista Ågren voitti puolalaisen Stanislaw Sipinskin.", "Mattias Öhlund\nÖhlund pelasi ensimmäiset miesten ottelut Ruotsin toiseksi korkeimmalla sarjatasolla Allsvenskanissa kotikaupunkinsa Piitimen joukkueessa Piteå HC. Sieltä hän siirtyi 1994 Elitserieniin Luulajan riveihin. Vancouver Canucks varasi 18-vuotiaan Öhlundin ensimmäisellä kierroksella 13. varauksena. Luulajassa Öhlund pelasi lopulta kolme kautta. Kaudella 1995–1996 hän oli voittamassa Elitserienin mestaruutta ja seuraavallakin kaudella Luleå sijoittui hopealle.", "Linus Pettersson\nPettersson aloitti uransa Motalassa. Kaudeksi 2004–2005 hän siirtyi Motalasta Sandviken AIK:hon, jossa hän pelasi ensin pääosin Sandvikenin juniorijoukkueissa. Kaudeksi 2005-2006 hän siirtyi vuokralle Söderforsiin, mutta palasi seuraavalla kaudella 2006 takaisin Sandvikeniin, jossa on pelannut kahta Venäjän kautta lukunnottamatta eli nyt yhteensä seitsemän kautta. Mestaruuksia on tullut Sandvikenin paidassa kaikkiaan kaksi.", "Lasse Kukkonen\nKukkonen aloitti jääkiekon Oulun Kärpissä ja nousi joukkueen I-divisioonassa pelaavaan edustusjoukkueseen kaudella 1999–2000.[1] Kukkonen pelasi kaudella 22 ottelua, ja keräsi niissä yhteensä neljä syöttöpistettä.[1] Kärppien kausi I-divisioonassa sujui erinomaisesti ja kaudeksi 2000–2001 Juhani Tammisen valmentama oululaisjoukkue nousi SM-liigaan. SM-liigassa Kärpät sijoittui runkosarjassa yhdeksänneksi ja oli viimeinen SM-liigan pudotuspeleihin selvinnyt joukkue. Kukkosen rooli joukkueessa kasvoi ja hän pelasi runkosarjakaudella 47 ottelua tehopistein 1+5=6.[1] Pudotuspeleissä Kärpät menestyi hyvin ja voitti avauskierroksella Helsingin Jokerit. Joukkue kuitenkin hävisi seuraavalla kierroksella TPS:lle otteluvoitoin 3–0 ja putosi SM-liigan finaaleista. Kärppien kausi päättyi häviöön pronssiottelussa Tampereen Ilvestä vastaan. Kukkonen pelasi kaikki Kärppien pudotuspeliottelut ja teki yhdeksässä ottelussa tehot 0+2.[1]", "Oļegs Znaroks\nOmalla peliurallaan hän edusti Riian Dynamon lisäksi muun muassa useita saksalaisseuroja. Vuonna 1991 Znaroks teki sopimuksen Porin Ässien kanssa, mutta se purettiin jo ennen kauden alkua hänen käytyään Ruotsissa pelatussa harjoitusottelussa linjatuomarin kimppuun. Znaroks on pelannut Latvian jääkiekkomaajoukkueessa ja edustanut myös Neuvostoliittoa junioritasolla. Minskin MM-kisoissa 2014 hän rikkoi toimitsijakieltoa olemalla yhteydessä apuvalmentajaan radiopuhelimen välityksellä. Znaroks valmensi OAR:n olympiaurheilijoiden joukkuetta Venäjältä, joka voitti miesten jääkiekon olympiakultaa Pyeongchangin talvikisoissa 2018.", "Nicklas Danielsson\nDanielsson on kotikaupunkinsa joukkueen Almtuna IS:n kasvatti. Hän pelasi kuitenkin ensimmäiset miesten pelinsä vain 16-vuotiaana Ruotsin neljänneksi korkeimmalla sarjatasolla maan II-divisioonassa Västerås IK:n joukkueessa kaudella 2000–2001. Kaudeksi 2001–2002 Danielsson siirtyi Brynäs IF:n junioreihin. Kaudella 2002–2003 hän debytoi Elitserienissä, jossa tulokaskausi Brynäsissä toi 26 runkosarja- ja kuudessa Kvalserien-ottelussa neljä syöttöpistettä. Suurimman osan kaudestaan Danielsson pelasi kuitenkin seuran J20-junioreissa, joiden paras pistemies ja maalintekijä hän oli tehoilla 21+12=33. J20 SuperElitin maalipörssissä Danielsson sijoittui kolmanneksi HV71:n Martin Thörnbergin kanssa.[1]", "Likit Andersson\nLikit Neimwan Andersson (s. 24. helmikuuta 1973 Phitsanulok, Thaimaa) on thaimaalais-ruotsalainen jääkiekkopuolustaja ja valmentaja. Hän on pelannut urallaan Ruotsissa, Saksassa, Pohjois-Amerikassa, Iso-Britanniassa, Alankomaissa, Italiassa ja Tanskassa. Andersson pelasi viimeisimmät pääsarjaottelunsa vuonna 2009 ja on viimeisimmät vuodet kiekkoillut Thaimaan maajoukkueen mukana sekä toiminut myös joukkueen pelaajavalmentajana.", "Mats Zuccarello Aasen\nZuccarello aloitti jääkiekon 5-vuotiaana Hasle-Løren IL:ssä. Hän siirtyi sieltä sittemmin Vålerenga IF:ään, josta Zuccarello siirtyi 16-vuotiaana Frisk Tigersiin käydäkseen paikallista urheilulukiota. Hän teki joukkueessa pääsarjadebyyttinsä UPC-ligaenissa kaudella 2004–2005. Kausi 2005–2006 oli Zuccarellon varsinainen tulokaskausi liigassa ja hän teki 21 runkosarjaottelussa tehot 5+3=8.", "Eddie Läck\nLäckin pelaaminen kiinnitti Vancouver Canucksin kykyjenetsijä Lars Lindgrenin huomion[1] ja Canucks teki kesällä Läckin kanssa kahden vuoden tulokassopimuksen, joka julkaistiin 6. huhtikuuta 2010.[5] Hän lähti myöhemmin Ruotsista pelaamaan Canucksin organisaatioon.[1] Hän pelasi Canucksin AHL:ssä pelaavassa yhteistyöjoukkue Manitoba Moosessa, jossa teki debyyttinsä 9. lokakuuta Rockford IceHogsia vastaan. Hän torjui 5–2 -voittoon päättyneessä ottelussa 23 laukausta.[6] Läck joutui kilpailemaan peliajasta Moosen toisen maalivahdin Tyler Weimanin kanssa, mutta pystyi torjumaan joukkueen aloittavana maalivahtina 53 ottelussa, joista joukkue voitti 28 ottelua, hävisi 21 varsinaisella peliajalla sekä 4 jatkoajalla tai rangaistuslaukauksilla. Läckin torjuntaprosentti oli 92,6 (neljänneksi paras liigassa) ja päästettyjen maalien keskiarvo 2,26 (seitsemänneksi paras liigassa). Läck valittiin tulokkaiden tähdistöön.[7] Kauden 2011 Calder Cup -pudotuspeleissä hän auttoi Moosen toiselle kierrokselle torjuen 12 ottelussa torjuntaprosentilla 93,2. Manitoban tiputettua Hamilton Bulldogsin[8], Läck kutsuttiin 13. toukokuuta 2011 Canucksiin[5], joka eteni aina Stanley Cup -finaaleihin asti, joissa se kuitenkin hävisi Boston Bruinsille seitsemännessä ottelussa.", "Bertil Karlsson (jääkiekkoilija)\nKarlsson pelasi suurimman osan edustusjoukkueuraansa, 1950-luvulta alkaen, gävleläisseura Strömsbro IF:ssä, joka oli myös hänen kasvattajaseuransa. Vuonna 1968 hän siirtyi kahdeksi kaudeksi toiseen gävleläisseuraan Brynäs IF:ään, jossa oli voittamassa vuonna 1970 Ruotsin jääkiekkomestaruutta. Kovaotteisena puolustajana tunnettu Karlsson toimi myöhemmin yhden kauden Storviks IF:n pelaajavalmentajana ja muutaman vuoden Strömsbro IF:n päävalmentajana.", "Roland Andersson\nKaudella 2002/03 Andersson luotsasi Al-Shaabia Arabiemiraateissa. Kesällä 2004 hän siirtyi entisen opiskelukaverinsa Lars Lagerbäckin apuvalmentajaksi Ruotsin maajoukkueeseen. Kaksikko johdatti Ruotsin MM-kisoihin 2006 ja EM-kisoihin 2008, mutta sai ankaraa kritiikkiä muun muassa maajoukkueen epäviihdyttävästä pelitavasta. Lokakuussa 2009 hän jätti tehtävänsä yhdessä Lagerbäckin kanssa Ruotsin jäätyä rannalle MM-kisoista 2010. ", "Joakim Andersson\nAndersson pelasi ensimmäisen kautensa 2010–2011 Pohjois-Amerikassa kokonaan farmijoukkue Grand Rapids Griffinsissa. Hän teki NHL-debyyttinsä seuraavalla kaudella 28. joulukuuta 2011 kotona St. Louis Bluesia vastaan ja sai ottelussa jääaikaa 5.10 minuuttia. Ensimmäisen NHL-maalinsa Andersson teki 15. helmikuuta 2013 Anaheim Ducksia vastaan ja sai tililleen myös NHL-uransa ensimmäisen syöttöpisteen.", "Bibi Andersson\nAndersson aloitti elokuvauransa vuonna 1951 pienessä sivuroolissa Alf Sjöbergin Neiti Juliessa ja on näytellyt sen jälkeen noin sadassa elokuvassa. Samana vuonna hän tutustui Ingmar Bergmaniin heidän filmatessaan yhdessä Bris-pesuainemainosta. Sittemmin Andersson näytteli Bergmanin ohjauksessa useissa teatterituotannoissa ja 11 laajakangaselokuvassa, joista ensimmäinen on Kesäyön hymyilyä (1955). Elokuvatöistä kiitetyimmäksi kohosi tulkinta sairaanhoitaja Almasta Persoona – Naisen naamio -elokuvassa.[3] Englanniksi toteutetussa Kosketuksessa (1971) hän näytteli Max von Sydowin ja Elliott Gouldin rinnalla. Teatterissa Bergman ohjasi Anderssonia vielä 1990-luvulla.", "Matti Luoma\nLuoma aloitti jääkiekon 11-vuotiaana Jääkissoissa vuonna 1991, mutta hänen varsinainen kasvattajaseuransa oli Jokerit. Luoma voitti joukkuessa B-nuorten SM-hopeaa vuonna 1996, SM-pronssia vuonna 1998 sekä A-nuorten Suomenmestaruuden vuosina 1999 ja 2000. Kaudella 1999–2000 hän debytoi myös SM-liigassa, jossa Luoma pelasi 17 runkosarjaottelua jääden niissä ilman tehopisteitä. Hän voitti kauden päätteeksi SM-hopeaa. Kaudella 2000–2001 Luoma siirtyi Jokereista Kiekko-Vantaaseen, jossa hän pelasi loppukaudella yhden ottelun sekä A-nuorissa että Mestiksessä. Kaudeksi 2001–2002 Luoma siirtyi Ruotsin toiseksi korkeimmalla sarjatasolla pelaavaan Almtuna IS:ään. Hänen oli tarkoitus lähteä opiskelemaan Uppsalan yliopistoon, mutta Luoma kuitenkin myöhästyi sinne ilmoittautumisesta. Hän pelasi Almtunassa 29 runkosarjaottelua tehopistein 2+3=5, kunnes palasi loppukaudesta Kiekko-Vantaaseen.", "Mikael Andersson\nAndersson pelasi juniorina jääkiekkoa Västra Frölundassa, jossa hän pelasi myös ensimmäisen miesten pääsarjaottelunsa kaudella 1982–1983. Hän edusti Ruotsia kolmesti alle 20-vuotiaiden maailmanmestaruuskilpailuissa vuosina 1984, 1985 ja 1986. Vuonna 1984 hänet valittiin Ruotsin vuoden junioriksi. Kesällä 1984 Buffalo Sabres varasi Anderssonin ensimmäisellä kierroksella vuorolla 18. Andersson lähti syksyllä 1984 Buffalon harjoitusleirille, mutta hän ei mahtunut joukkueeseen ja Buffalo lähetti hänet takisin Ruotsiin. Syksyllä 1985 hän palasi Buffalon harjoitusleirille ja tällä kertaa hän mahtui Buffalon joukkueeseen. Ensimmäiset neljä kautta hän pelasi sekä Buffalossa, että seuran farmijoukkue Rochester Americansissa. Rochesterissa hän voitti AHL:n mestaruuden eli Calder Cupin vuonna 1987. Vuonna 1989 Andersson siirtyi Hartford Whalersiin, jossa hän pelasi kolme kautta. Hartfordissa Andersson pelasi farmijoukkueessa enää vain kaudella 1990–1991, jolloin voitti toistamiseen Calder Cupin.", "Likit Andersson\nVuosina 1999–2003 Andersson pelasi ECHL:ssä; hän aloitti ensimmäisen kautensa 1999–2000 Trenton Titansissa, mutta siirtyi Augusta Lynxiin, jossa Andersson pelasi myös kolmena seuraavana kautensa. Kaudella 2000–2001 hän oli joukkueen tehokkain puolustaja tehoilla 8+36=44. Andersson pelasi kauden aikana myös ECHL:n tähdistöottelussa ja esiintyi kahden IHL-ottelun verran Detroit Vipersin joukkueessa. Kaudella 2001–2002 Andersson teki pääsarjadebyyttinsä brittiläisessä Bracknell Beesissä, jossa hän pelasi kolme ottelua. Kesken kauden 2002–2003 Andersson siirtyi Lynxistä Alankomaiden Eredivisiessä pelanneeseen Amstel Tijgersiin. Hän voitti kauden päätteeksi sekä Alankomaiden-mestaruuden että Beker Cupin.", "Lars Olsen\nOlsen aloitti pelaajauransa juniorina Glostrup IF:ssä debytoiden seuran kolmosdivisioonajoukkueessa vuonna 1980. Hän nousi nopeasti isompiin ympyröihin ja pelasi jo kaudella 1981 pääsarjaseura Køgessä. Hän edusti joukkuetta neljän kauden ajan pelaten 105 liigaottelua. Kauden 1984 jälkeen Olsen siirtyi paikallisvastustaja Brøndbyhyn, jossa juhli viittää Tanskan mestaruutta vuosina 1985–1991. Brøndby-vuodet olivat lopullinen läpimurto Olsenin uralla ja 1988 hänet valittiin Tanskan vuoden pelaajaksi. ", "Sebastian Ylönen\nYlönen aloitti jääkiekkoilun 4-vuotiaana. Hän siirtyi lopullisesti maalivahdin pelipaikalle 8-vuotiaana. Ylösen kasvattajaseura on Rouen Hockey Élite 76. Hän siirtyi 16-vuotiaana HC Amiens Sommen B-nuoriin kaudeksi 2007–2008. 17-vuotiaana Ylönen kävi Jokereiden ja Espoo Bluesin junioreiden leireillä, mutta hän ei kuitenkaan saanut pelipaikkaa Suomesta ja jatkoi pelejään Amiensissa. Kaudella 2008–2009 hän debytoi seuran miesten joukkueessa saatuaan tililleen yhden ottelun Ligue Magnusin pudotuspeleissä. Kaudella 2009–2010 Ylönen nousi Amiensin kakkosmaalivahdiksi Ville Koivulalle ja pelasi kuusi runkosarja- ja kaksi Ranskan liigacupin ottelua.", "Robin Leone\nLeone aloitti jääkiekkoilun 6-vuotiaana EHC Winterthurissa. Hän siirtyi 13-vuotiaana Kloten Flyersiin kaudeksi 2006–2007. Kaudella 2009–2010 Leone oli seuran U17-junioreiden paras pistemies ja maalintekijä kevään 2010 Elite Novizenin pudotuspeleissä tehoilla 10+4=14. Kaudella 2010–2011 hän jakoi kahdeksalla osumallaan Elite Jr. A:n kevään 2011 pudotuspelien maalipörssin voiton GCK Lionsin Eric Arnoldin kanssa. Kausi 2011–2012 Leonelta jäi kokonaan väliin polvivamman vuoksi.", "Rainer Lindström\nLindström sai ensimmäiset luistimensa kuusivuotiaana ja aloitti samoihin aikoihin jääkiekon Arsenalin junioreissa. Hän pelasi joukkueessa ensimmäisen SM-sarjakautensa kaudella 1948–1949. Kaudeksi 1949–1950 Lindström siirtyi HIFK:hon, jossa hän pelasi lähes koko uransa kevääseen 1963 saakka. Hän pelasi joukkueessa suurimmaksi osaksi samassa ketjussa Rauli Hakalan ja Matti Airaksen kanssa. ", "Jonas Andersson (jääkiekkoilija)\nVuonna 2001 Andersson pelasi alle 20-vuotiaiden MM-kilpailuissa.\nAnderssonilla on tyttöystävä, Frida.", "Jan Alinč\nAlinč aloitti jääkiekon peluun kotikuntansa seurassa HC Slovan Lounyssa mutta siirtyi jo 16-vuotiaana suurseura HC Litvinovin junioreihin. Keväällä 1991 Alinč debytoi seitsemän ottelun verran Litvinovin edustusjoukkueessa Extraligassa. Kaudesta 1991–1992 alkaen Alinč pelasi viisi täyttä kautta Litvinovissa ennen siirtymistään Suomeen ja Ässiin. Ässiä Alinč edusti kauden 1996–1997 sekä 15 ottelun verran seuraavan kauden alusta ennen paluutaan loppukaudeksi Litvinoviin. Ässissä tehdyt tehot 11 maalia ja 35 pistettä eivät täyttäneet seurajohdon ulkomaalaispelaajalle asettamia vaatimuksia.", "Nicklas Lidström\nNicklas Erik Lidström (s. 28. huhtikuuta 1970 Krylbo, Ruotsi) on uransa lopettanut ruotsalainen jääkiekkoilija, jota pidetään modernin jääkiekon aikakauden parhaana puolustajana. Lidström saavutti urallaan mm. olympiakultaa, maailmanmestaruuden ja neljä Stanley Cupia. Lidström tunnetaan ennen kaikkea NHL-seura Detroit Red Wingsistä, jota hän edusti vuodesta 1991 lopettamiseensa saakka. Lempinimillä Mr. Perfect ja Perfect Human tunnettu Lidström voitti James Norris Memorial Trophyn NHL:n parhaana puolustajana seitsemästi ja oli ehdolla yksitoista kertaa. Vuonna 2002 hänet palkittiin myös pudotuspelien parhaalle pelaajalle annettavalla Conn Smythe Trophyllä ensimmäisenä eurooppalaisena. Häntä on pidetty kaikkien aikojen parhaana ruotsalaisena jääkiekkoilijana. Lidströmiä pidetään myös yhtenä historian parhaista jääkiekkopuolustajista. Arvostettu jääkiekkolehti The Hockey News valitsi Lidströmin jääkiekkohistorian parhaaksi NHL:ssä koskaan pelanneeksi eurooppalaiseksi. ", "Calle Andersson\nKaudella 2012–2013 Andersson debytoi Elitserienissä, jossa tulokaskausi toi 34 runkosarjaottelussa tehot 1+1=2. Hän pelasi miesten pelejä myös yhdeksän ottelua lainalla sarjatasoa alempana Malmön HockeyAllsvenskan-joukkueessa. Andersson pelasi ison osan kaudestaan myös Färjestadin J20-junioreissa, joissa hän teki runkosarjassa yli piste per peli -tahdilla 22 ottelussa tehot 11+16=27. Andersson jakoi J20 SuperElitin puolustajien pistepörssin viidennen sijan AIK IF:n Jacob Spångbergin kanssa. Kevään 2013 pudotuspeleissä hänellä oli Frölundan paras teholukema (+4). Andersson voitti kauden päätteeksi J20 SuperElitin pronssia.", "Lias Andersson\nLuokka:Ruotsalaiset jääkiekkoilijat Luokka:Jääkiekon maailmanmestarit Luokka:New York Rangersin pelaajat Luokka:New York Rangersin varaamat pelaajat Luokka:Vuonna 1998 syntyneet Luokka:Elävät henkilöt", "Andreas Lilja\nLilja siirtyi heti seuraavana syksynä pelaamaan Pohjois-Amerikkaan, mutta ensimmäisen kauden hän pelasi lähes kokonaan Los Angelesin farmijoukkue Lowell Lock Monstersissa. Toisella kaudellaan hän pelasi enää neljä peliä farmijoukkueessa, jonka jälkeen hän on pelannut urallaan NHL:ssä.", "Roy Andersson\nVuonna 1963 Göteborgin Hvitfeldtskan lukion latinankieliseltä linjalta ylioppilaaksi päästyään hän opiskeli muun muassa historiaa ja draamantutkimusta Lundin yliopistossa. Hän osallistui Lundin ylioppilasteatterissa Sittgöken-näytelmään ja vuonna 1967 hänet hyväksyttiin 1970 Tukholmaan perustettuun Dramatiska Institutet -korkeakouluun. Vuonna 1968 valmistui dokumenttielokuva Den vita sporten, joka käsitteli kritisoitua tenniksen Davis Cupin ottelua Rodoksen ja Ruotsin välillä Båstadissa, Skånen läänissä.", "Alisa Vainio\nSaimaan Pallon poikien joukkueessa jääkiekkoa pelannut Vainio aloitti Kimpisen lukion liikuntalinjalla jääkiekkoilijana. Hän siirtyi Team Oriflame Kuortaneeseen, jossa pelasi yksitoista naisten SM-sarjan ottelua kaudella 2013–2014. Kuortaneella ollessaan Vainio huomasi olevansa ennen kaikkea yksilöurheilija, ja kestävyysjuoksusta tuli hänen päälajinsa.", "Jonas Andersson (jääkiekkoilija)\nKun hän lopulta toipui kovasta vammastaan, oli pelituntuma kadonnut täysin. Kaudella 2004–2005 Andersson pelasi Ruotsissa kolmessa joukkueessa: Leksandissa Allsvenskania ja Södertäljessä sekä Brynäsissä Elitserieniä. Kaudeksi 2005–2006 mies lähti hakemaan uraansa jälleen nostetta, tällä kertaa Suomesta. Andersson siirtyi Tampereen Ilvekseen.", "Niklas Andersson (jääkiekkoilija, 1971)\nVuosina 1989, 1990 ja 1991 Andersson pelasi alle 20-vuotiaiden MM-kilpailuissa, joista vuonna 1989 tuli hopeaa. Vuosina 1988 ja 1989 hän pelasi alle 18-vuotiaiden EM-kilpailuissa.\nNiklaksen isoveli on yli 700 NHL-ottelua pelannut Mikael Andersson. Vielä vanhempi isoveli on jääkiekkopuolustajana pelannut Thomas Andersson. Veljesten isä Ronny Andersson pelasi maalivahtina.", "Lias Andersson\nAndersson edusti Ruotsia MM-kilpailuissa vuonna 2018, jolloin hän voitti maailmanmestaruuden. Yhteensä Andersson on pelannut 18 A-maaottelua tehopistein 2+4=6.[2] Hän teki A-maajoukkuedebyyttinsä Euro Hockey Challengessa 12. huhtikuuta 2018 Rungstedissa Tanskaa vastaan. Andersson sai ottelussa yhden syöttöpisteen oltuaan kakkossyöttäjä Adam Almqvistin tekemään maaliin kahden miehen ylivoimalla.[12] Ensimmäisen A-maajoukkuemaalinsa hän teki seuraavassa ottelussa 14. huhtikuuta 2018 Rødovressa Tanskaa vastaan. Andersson sai ottelussa myös syöttöpisteen Dennis Everbergin tekemään maaliin.[13]", "Aleksander Reichenberg\nReichenberg syntyi Ruotsin Morassa, kun hänen isänsä Ronny pelasi vielä kotimaassaan. Reichenberg muutti perheineen Norjaan vuoden ikäisenä, kun hänen isänsä siirtyi pelaamaan Lillehammer IK:n joukkueeseen. Perhe asettui Lillehammerin kaupunkiin ja Aleksander Reichenberg aloitti siellä jääkiekkoilun. Kaudella 2008–2009 hän voitti seuran U19-junioreiden sisäisen piste-, maali- ja syöttöpörssin tehoilla 30+28=58, joilla Reichenberg oli koko Norjan U19-sarjan toiseksi paras maalintekijä Manglerud Starin Eirik Edstrømin kanssa ja pistepörssin kolmas hänen jälkeensä. Sekä piste- että maalipörssissä heidän edellään oli vain Manglerud Starin Sondre Olden. Reichenberg voitti kauden päätteeksi sarjan mestaruuden. Hän debytoi kauden aikana myös miesten peleissä pelattuaan 15 ottelua Lillehammerin kakkosjoukkueessa, Norjan I-divisioonassa. Vain 16-vuotias Reichenberg pelasi kauden aikana myös kaksi ottelua GET-ligaenissa.", "Dylan Olsen\nOlsen aloitti jääkiekon Albertan Calgaryssä. WHL-joukkue Medicine Hat Tigers varasi hänet 84. pelaajana WHL Bantam Draftissa kesällä 2006, mutta Olsen päätti jatkaa pelejään AJHL-joukkue Camrose Kodiaksissa säilyttääkseen kelpoisuutensa NCAA:han. Hän voitti keväällä 2008 AJHL:n mestaruuden ja Doyle Cupin. Kodiaks eteni Royal Bank Cup -lopputurnaukseen asti, jossa joukkue kuitenkin hävisi SJHL-joukkue Humboldt Broncosille finaalissa lukemin 0–1. Kaudella 2008–2009 Olsen valittiin AJHL:n eteläisen konferenssin tähdistökentälliseen. Chicago Blackhawks varasi hänet numerolla 28 kesällä 2009.", "Lasse Heikkilä (jääkiekkoilija)\nPeliuransa jälkeen Heikkilä aloitti vuonna 1965 valmentamisen Karhuissa ja jatkoi vuonna 1967 muodostetussa uudessa seurassa Porin Ässissä. Hän toimi seuran valmentajana aina vuoteen 1983 saakka, lukuun ottamatta kahden kauden mittaista ”syrjähyppyä” maajoukkuetehtäviin vuosina 1974–1975 ja 1975–1976. Ässien toimitusjohtajana Heikkilä oli vuosina 1981–1994. Valmentajaurallaan hän saavutti SM-tasolla kaksi kultaa ja kolme muuta mitalia.", "Kari Sihvonen\nJääkiekkoilun Sihvonen aloitti Haukiputaalla Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla. Haukiputaan Ahmoissa hän pääsi kokeilemaan miesten pelejä jo 15-vuotiaana. Haukiputaalta Sihvonen suuntasi 17-vuotiaana Porin Ässiin, josta matka jatkui edelleen Espoo Bluesiin. Bluesissa Sihvonen pääsi pelaamaan ensimmäiset miesten SM-liiga-ottelunsa kaudella . Bluesista Sihvonen siirtyi Lahden Pelicansiin ja aloitti ottelut A-junioreissa, mutta kaudeksi hän hankki paikan edustusjoukkueesta. Sihvonen pelasi lainasopimuksella Mestis-seura Heinolan Kiekossa kausina 2007–2008 ja 2009–2010. ", "Joakim Andersson\nAndersson on Munkedals BK:n kasvatti ja hän debytoi joukkueessa miesten peleissä vain 14-vuotiaana Ruotsin III-divisioonassa kaudella 2003–2004. Hän edusti vuosina 2003–2005 Munkedals BK:n lisäksi myös TV-Puckenin Bohuslän/Dalia. Andersson siirtyi kaudeksi 2005–2006 Frölunda HC:n joukkueeseen. Hän debytoi Elitserienissä kaudella 2006–2007 pelaten yhden runkosarjaottelun, mutta pelasi suurimman osan kaudestaan Super-Elit-joukkueessa ja pelasi lainalla myös I-divisioonajoukkue Kungälvs IK:ssa. Debyyttiottelu oli 24. tammikuuta 2007 Färjestad BK:ta vastaan ja hän sai siinä jääaikaa 7.01 minuuttia. Andersson voitti Frölundassa J20-joukkueen SM-kultaa vuosina 2007 ja 2008 ja hopeaa vuonna 2006 sekä J18-joukkueen hopeaa vuonna 2007. Detroit Red Wings varasi hänet kolmannella kierroksella 88. pelaajana .", "Nils Andersson\nKaudeksi 2010–2011 Andersson siirtyi kaksivuotisella sopimuksella jatkamaan Allsvenskan-uraansa Växjö Lakers HC:hen. Joukkue nousi kauden päätteeksi Elitserieniin. Anderssonin tulokaskausi 2011–2012 liigassa toi hänelle 45 runkosarjaottelussa tehot 1+7=8. Andersson teki Elitserien-debyyttinsä kauden avauskierroksella, Växjön historian ensimmäisessä Ruotsin pääsarjaottelussa 13. syyskuuta 2011 vieraissa Frölunda HC:tä vastaan. Hän sai ottelussa jääaikaa kuitenkin vain 28 sekuntia. Anderssonin SHL-uran avausmaali syntyi Tapaninpäivänä 26. joulukuuta 2011 vieraissa HV71:tä vastaan.", "Mikael Andersson\nAndersson teki kesäkuussa 1992 neljän vuoden sopimuksen Tampa Bay Lightningin kanssa. Hän pelasi seurassa seitsemän kautta maaliskuuhun 1999, jolloin Tampa myi hänet Philadelphia Flyersiin. Philadelphiassa Andersson pelasi kuitenkin vain vuoden, sillä seura myi hänet helmikuussa 2000 New York Islandersiin, josta Philadelphia sai vaihdossa Gino Odjickin. Keväällä 2000 Andersson lopetti NHL-uransa ja palasi Ruotsiin, jossa pelasi vielä kolme kautta Västra Frölundassa. Viimeisellä kaudellaan 2002–2003 hän voitti seurassa Ruotsin mestaruuden. Jääkiekkouran jälkeen Tampa nimitti hänet kykyjenetsijäksi vuonna 2003.", "Elias Lindholm\nLindholm aloitti jääkiekkoilun 3-vuotiaana Saksassa Hannover Scorpionsin junioreissa hänen isänsä Mikaelin pelatessa siellä. Elias Lindholm on kuitenkin varsinaisesti Gävle GIK:n kasvatti. Hän pelasi myöhemmät juniorivuotensa Brynäs IF:ssä, jossa Lindholm voitti J18 Allsvenskanin mestaruuden vuonna 2010 ja pronssia vuonna 2011. KHL-joukkue SKA Pietari varasi hänet 86. pelaajana vuonna .", "Aleksei Kudašov\nKudašovin mittava jääkiekkoura alkoi jo 15-vuotiaana Vysšaja Ligassa. Ensimmäisen täyden kauden 1988–1989 hän pelasi kasvattajaseurassaan Kristall Elektrostalissa. Toronto Maple Leafs varasi Kudašovin vuoden . Kudašov siirtyi Pohjois-Amerikkaan vuonna 1993, viiden Krylja Sovetovissa vietetyn kauden jälkeen. Pohjois-Amerikassa hän ei koskaan vakiinnuttanut pelipaikkaa NHL:ssä, vaan kolme vuotta siellä kului pääsiassa AHL:ssä. Kesken kauden 1995–1996 hän palasi takaisin Eurooppaan ja tällä kertaa Saksan DEL-liigaan. ", "Aarne Honkavaara\nHonkavaara sai ensimmäiset luistimet siskoltaan 11-vuotiaana. Hän pelasi ensimmäisen sarjaottelun 12-vuotiaana A-junioreissa Tampereen Kisa-Veikoissa vuonna 1936. Aarne harrasti nuorempana myös jalkapalloa ja yleisurheilua. Hän aloitti maalivahtina, mutta pääsi pian omalle paikalleen hyökkääjäksi. Hän osallistui jatkosotaan vuosina 1942–1944. Ensimmäisen varsinaisen ottelun SM-sarjassa hän pelasi Tampereen Ilveksessä HSK:ta vastaan 15. tammikuuta vuonna 1944. Honkavaara pelasi ensimmäisen maaottelun Ruotsia vastaan 25.2.1946. Honkavaara edusti Suomea 47 maaottelussa, joissa hän teki 46 maalia. Honkavaara kävi pelaamassa kaksi harjoitusottelua ensimmäisenä suomalaisena jääkiekkoilijana Kanadassa 1950-luvun alussa. Tämä matka antoi hänelle uutta tietoa jääkiekosta ja hyvien harjoitusolosuhteiden merkityksestä valmennuksessa. Näitä tietoja hän käytti hyvällä menestyksellä myöhemmin valmentajana.", "Jonas Claesson\nHän aloitti pelaajauransa kotipaikkakuntansa Sävsjön joukkueessa 13-vuotiaana. Syksyllä 1986 hän siirtyi Vetlanda BK:hon, jossa hän pelasi aina seuraavat 10 vuotta. Ensimmäisen pääsarjapelinsä Claesson pelasi tammikuussa 1987 16-vuotiaana. Syksyllä 1996 Claesson siirtyi tukholmalaisen Hammarby IF:n joukkueeseen, jossa hän pelasi kevääseen 2002. Kaikkiaan jääpallon pääsarjapelejä kertyi 773 ottelua, joissa hän teki 441 maalia. Claessonia onkin pidetty Ruotsin pääsarjan parhaimpiin kuuluvana maalintekijänä.\nUran päätti selkäongelmat. Hän siirtyi urheilu-uransa jälkeen kotiseudulleen Sävsjöhön ja työskenteli purjehdukseen liittyvässä perheyrityksessään. ", "Likit Andersson\nAndersson on pelannut seurauransa jälkeen Thaimaan maajoukkueessa, jota hän edusti IIHF Challenge Cup of Asiassa vuosina 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 ja 2014. Kaksi ensimmäistä turnausta päättyi pronssiin ja vuoden 2012 turnaus hopeaan. Andersson valittiin siinä myös Thaimaan parhaaksi pelaajaksi. Hän oli tehoilla 5+5=10 koko vuoden 2013 turnauksen tehokkain puolustaja ja palkittiin myös parhaana puolustajana. Vuosina 2011 ja 2012 Andersson toimi myös Thaimaan pelaajavalmentajana.", "Daniel Sprong\nSprong aloitti jääkiekkoilun synnyinkaupungissaan Amsterdamissa omien sanojensa mukaan noin 4–5-vuotiaana, jolloin hän pelasi jo tuolloin 12–13-vuotiaiden poikien kanssa. Hän muutti perheineen jo 7-vuotiaana Kanadaan, Québecin Île Bizardiin pelatakseen jääkiekkoa. Sprong pelasi Deux-Rivesin juniorijoukkueissa aina kauteen 2011–2012 saakka, jolloin hän siirtyi kesken kauden Yhdysvaltoihin ja AYHL-junioriliigan Wilkes-Barre Knightsiin. Sprong voitti siellä kauden päätteeksi mestaruuden. Hän voitti myös USA Hockeyn alle 14-vuotiaiden Tier I -junioreiden mestaruuden. Kaudeksi 2012–2013 Sprong palasi Québeciin ja rikkoi paikallisessa junioriliigassa tehoilla 48+56=104 Lac St-Louis Tigres Espoirin joukkueen seurakohtaisen yhden kauden piste-ennätyksen, jonka Alex Killorn teki 78 tehopisteellään kaudella 2004–2005. Hän voitti joukkueessa QMJHL Gold Cupin mestaruuden.", "Linus Arnesson\nLinus Arnesson (s. 21. syyskuuta 1994 Tukholma, Ruotsi) on ruotsalainen jääkiekkopuolustaja, joka pelaa NHL-joukkue Boston Bruinsin organisaatiossa. Hän aloittanee kauden 2015–2016 AHL-joukkue Providence Bruinsissa. Arnesson on pelityyliltään puolustava puolustaja, jonka vahvuuksiin kuuluu ulottuvuus, koko, työteliäisyys, sijoittuminen ja uhrautuneisuus. Hän pelaa myös kohtalaisen hyvin hyökkäyspäässä, mutta pelaa useimmiten omilla vahvuuksillaan omassa päässä.", "Nils Andersson\nNils Andersson (s. 15. lokakuuta 1991 Uumaja, Ruotsi) on ruotsalainen jääkiekkopuolustaja, joka pelaa SHL-joukkue HV71:ssä. Elite Prospects -sivuston mukaan hän on älykäs ja taitava puolustaja, joka lukee peliä hyvin. Anderssonilla on myös hyvä syöttötaito. Hänellä on kuitenkin kehitettävää liikkeessä. Andersson laukoo oikealta.", "Oscar Dansk\nToukokuussa 2014 Dansk teki kolmivuotisen tulokassopimuksen Blue Jacketsin kanssa.[5][6] Hän siirtyi seuran organisaatioon kaudeksi 2014–2015 ja aloitti kautensa AHL-joukkue Springfield Falconsissa.[7] Dansk pelasi siellä 21 runkosarjaottelua sekä 11 ottelua ECHL-joukkue Kalamazoo Wingsissa. Koska Blue Jackets ei voinut taata hänelle säännöllistä peliaikaa AHL:ssä, Dansk sai väistyä Anton Forsbergin ja Joonas Korpisalon tieltä Falconsin maalivahtihierarkiassa ja seura lähetti hänet lainalle kotimaahansa SHL:n (ent. Elitserien) nousijajoukkue Rögle BK:n paitaan kaudeksi 2015–2016.[8] Dansk teki SHL-debyyttinsä runkosarjan avauskierroksella 17. syyskuuta 2015 vieraissa Frölunda HC:tä vastaan. Hän torjui Röglen 2–1-tappioon päättyneessä ottelussa 35 kertaa. Seuraavassa ottelussa, joukkueen kotiavauksessa 19. syyskuuta 2015 Linköpings HC:stä vastaan Dansk pelasi SHL-uransa ensimmäisen nollapelin ja torjui Röglen 3–0-voittoon päättyneessä ottelussa 28 kertaa. Hän nappasi kauden mittaan itselleen joukkueen pääasiallisen torjuntavastuun ja pelasi tulokaskautensa aikana 36 runkosarjaottelua torjuen kaksi nollapeliä.[2]" ]

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[ "Almonaster la Real Almonaster la Real Almonaster la Real is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city had a population of 1,805 inhabitants. The Mezquita was built from a visigothic basilica from the 5th century, reusing its materials, and is one of the few surviving Spanish rural mosques. It is an oddly-shaped building, made of brick and stone in a trapezoid shape, probably because of the hilly terrain. The oration room has 5 naves, whose arches, like in the Mezquita in Cordoba, are perpendicular to Qibla. The central nave is wider than", "La Carlota, Spain La Carlota, Spain La Carlota is a Spanish municipality in the province of Cordoba, autonomous community of Andalusia. In 2005 it had 11,488 inhabitants. Its area is 80 km² and it has a density of 162.43 hab. Its geographical coordinates are 37º 40 'N, 4 ° 56' W. It is situated at an altitude of 228 meters and is 30 kilometers from the provincial capital, Córdoba. Because of the history of its foundation, the population is divided into 11 districts or cores: the characteristic of the head of the municipality of La Carlota and ten departments. These departments are: La", "Córdoba, Spain 1236, during the \"Reconquista\". Today, Córdoba is still home to many notable pieces of Moorish architecture such as the Mezquita, which was named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984, and is currently in use as a Cathedral. The UNESCO status has since been expanded to encompass the whole historic centre of Córdoba. Much of this architecture, such as the Alcázar and the Roman bridge has been reworked or reconstructed by the city's successive inhabitants. Córdoba has the highest summer temperatures in Spain and Europe, with average high temperatures around in July and August. The first traces of human", "La Carlota, Spain to Madrid. Among its illustrious locals is the writer Juan Bernier. La Carlota, Spain La Carlota is a Spanish municipality in the province of Cordoba, autonomous community of Andalusia. In 2005 it had 11,488 inhabitants. Its area is 80 km² and it has a density of 162.43 hab. Its geographical coordinates are 37º 40 'N, 4 ° 56' W. It is situated at an altitude of 228 meters and is 30 kilometers from the provincial capital, Córdoba. Because of the history of its foundation, the population is divided into 11 districts or cores: the characteristic of the head of the", "Kingdom of Córdoba Kingdom of Córdoba The Kingdom of Córdoba (; English often: Kingdom of Cordova) was a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile from the time it was won from Muslim rule in 1236 during the \"Reconquista\" until Javier de Burgos' provincial division of Spain in 1833. This was a \"kingdom\" (\"\"reino\"\") in the second sense given by the \"Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española\": the Crown of Castile consisted of several such kingdoms. Córdoba was one of the Four Kingdoms of Andalusia. Its extent is detailed in \"Respuestas Generales del Catastro de Ensenada\" (1750-54), which was", "Kingdom of Córdoba part of the documentation of a census. Like the other kingdoms within Spain, the Kingdom of Córdoba was abolished by the 1833 territorial division of Spain. Kingdom of Córdoba The Kingdom of Córdoba (; English often: Kingdom of Cordova) was a territorial jurisdiction of the Crown of Castile from the time it was won from Muslim rule in 1236 during the \"Reconquista\" until Javier de Burgos' provincial division of Spain in 1833. This was a \"kingdom\" (\"\"reino\"\") in the second sense given by the \"Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española\": the Crown of Castile consisted of", "Siege of Córdoba (1236) no more than 100, although they may have been as few as 30 at one point. He arrived at Córdoba on February 7, 1236, after traveling through rainstorms and a flooded country. Siege of Córdoba (1236) During the reconquista, the siege of Córdoba (1236) was a successful investment by the forces of Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, marking the end of the Islamic rule over the city that had begun in 711. In capturing the city, Ferdinand certainly benefited from the rivalry between the two main competing taifa rulers following the dissolution of the Almohad authority, itself triggered", "Province of Córdoba (Spain) geographical areas: the Sierra Morena to the north, the Baetic Depression in the center and La Campiña in the south. The climate is continental Mediterranean with temperatures in the capital ranging from 9.2 °C in January and 27.2 °C in July and August, which often exceed 40 °C. Rainfall in the capital is recorded from 600 to 750 mm per year. It is concentrated from October to April. The province of Cordoba is the 11th in Spain where the entire population is concentrated in the capital. On an average 31.96% of a Spanish province's population inhabits its capital. The province", "San Nicolás de la Villa and 18th century, much of the church's elements were modified until it received the current mostly Baroque appearance. The baptistery dates from 1555. San Nicolás de la Villa San Nicolás de la Villa is a church in Córdoba, Andalusia, southern Spain. It is one of the twelve Fernandine churches built in the city after its conquest by King Ferdinand III of Castile (1236), in Gothic-Mudéjar style, although it was completed only in the following centuries, with much renovation added in the meantime. The main portal, in Renaissance style, was added by Hernán Ruiz the Younger in the 16th century. The", "Province of Córdoba (Spain) consists of 75 municipalities. They are further grouped into 8 “comarcas”. Its population is 799,402 (2014), of whom more than 40% live in the capital, Córdoba, and its population density is 58.06/km². The province of Córdoba contains 75 municipalities. The province has three natural parks–Sierra de Cardeña y Montoro Natural Park, Sierra de Hornachuelos Natural Park and Sierras Subbéticas Natural Park. The University of Córdoba was founded in 1972. The province's capital city is a well known tourist destination. Mezquita was built using pillars of uneven heights. The city was declared a world heritage site in 1984. Province of Córdoba", "La Victoria, Spain La Victoria, Spain La Victoria is a municipality in the province of Córdoba, Spain. In the year 2011 its population was 2,336. It has an area of and a population density of 120/km. It is situated at an altitude of above sea level and is from the capital of the province, Córdoba. Number of inhabitants in the last eleven years. La Victoria has many cultural buildings because of it there is declared historical Andalusian Heritage. La Victoria borders with: The Carlota, San Sebastian of the Archers and Cordova. And also this one divided in a sector: The First sector: Village", "Hispanics and Latinos in Houston They said that, since their conversions, many people mistake them as being of Pakistani or Middle Eastern origin. The area's first Spanish-speaking mosque, the Centro Islámico, opened on January 30, 2016. It was the first Spanish-language mosque to open in the United States since the 2005 closure of the storefront mosque of the Alianza Islámica in New York City. The Houston mosque, decorated in a manner similar to that of the Mezquita de Córdoba, is operated by the organization Islam in Spanish. The \"Houston Chronicle\" has a Spanish-language weekly edition, \"La Voz de Houston\". \"El Rumbo\" was previously published in", "Siege of Córdoba (1236) Siege of Córdoba (1236) During the reconquista, the siege of Córdoba (1236) was a successful investment by the forces of Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, marking the end of the Islamic rule over the city that had begun in 711. In capturing the city, Ferdinand certainly benefited from the rivalry between the two main competing taifa rulers following the dissolution of the Almohad authority, itself triggered by the battle of Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The siege however began in unusual circumstances, with little preparation. Upon receiving information that part of the inhabitants of the eastern quarter", "Córdoba, Spain Córdoba, Spain Córdoba (, ), also called Cordova () in English, is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. It was a Roman settlement, taken over by the Visigoths, and then colonised by Muslim armies in the eighth century. It became the capital of a Muslim emirate, and then of the Caliphate of Córdoba, which encompassed most of the Iberian Peninsula. During this period, it became a centre of education and learning, and by the 10th century had grown to possibly the largest city in Europe. It was recaptured by Christian forces in" ]

[ "Mosque of las Tornerías Mosque of las Tornerías The Mezquita de las Tornerías () is a Moorish former mosque in Toledo (Castile-La Mancha, Spain). It was built in the middle of the 11th century, built on a foundations of Roman architecture, located in the old Muslim neighborhood Arrabal de Francos. Currently it houses the \"Center Foundation of Promotion of the Crafts\", that can be visited and attend temporary exhibitions. The building continued maintaining the Islam in Spain, even well beyond the reconquista of the city by the Christian troops of Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, until the period of 1498 -", "Mezquita-Iglesia de El Salvador, Toledo Mezquita-Iglesia de El Salvador, Toledo The Mezquita-Iglesia de El Salvador is a church in Toledo, Spain completed in 1159. Although the church is small, it is an exceptional building, because it was the site of 4 successive constructions, one on other and so on, It's a 12th-century church built on an 11th-century Taifa mosque, which was an expansion of a 9th-century Umayyad mosque and in turn on a Visigothic religious building. Also these civilizations reused 2nd-century Roman elements. Have to say that is very-usually at the al-Andalus territory that Muslim liked to build on Visigothic buildings. The large number of", "Arabic language influence on the Spanish language of Burgos and La Rioja in what is now northern Spain. However, Toledo in central Spain, which became the capital of the early Kingdom of Castile during its southward expansion, is where Spanish began to appear in a written form recognizable today. The pre-existing Mozarabic dialect of this region (i.e. the Romance present during Muslim rule) is therefore likely to have also had an important formative influence on modern Spanish. The lexical influence of Arabic reached its greatest level during the Christian Reconquista, when the emerging Kingdom of Castile conquered large territories from Moorish rulers particularly in the 11th, 12th", "Capital punishment in Spain it was not swiftly carried out, such as in the case of Andrés Ruiz Márquez \"(Coronel Montenegro)\", a member of a Spanish National Liberation Front (FELN) commando who had set up a string of small bombs in Madrid. He was arrested by the Spanish police in 1964 and condemned to death but saw his sentence commuted to life in prison. Capital punishment in Spain The 1978 Spanish Constitution bans capital punishment in Spain. Spain completely abolished capital punishment for all offenses, including during wartime conditions, in October 1995. The last executions were carried out on September 27, 1975 when five", "Spanish capture of Providencia Spanish capture of Providencia The Spanish conquest of Providencia took place on 17 May 1641 and was an amphibious expedition launched by Spain against the Piracy in the Caribbean in order to seize the island from its English settlers' control. The Spanish fleet carrying 2,000 men captured the island and demolished the forts taking so much gold that the value of the plunder was estimated at above half a million ducats. Determined to expel the English, the Spanish crown ordered veteran Admiral Don Francisco Díaz Pimienta to take his battle fleet to expunge the intruder settlement. Díaz Pimienta appeared off", "Early Muslim period in Lahore Early Muslim period in Lahore The early Muslim period refers to the start of Muslim rule in the history of Lahore. Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in the eleventh century. The sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated. In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed Malik Ayaz to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire. As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city. He added many important features, such as city gates and a", "Mosque of Cristo de la Luz In 1186, Alfonso VIII gave the building to the Knights of the Order of St John, who established it as the Chapel of the Holy Cross (\"Ermita de la Santa Cruz\"). It was at this time that the mosque was renamed and the apse was added. Mosque of Cristo de la Luz The Mosque of Cristo de la Luz is a former mosque in Toledo, Spain. It is the one of the ten that existed in the city during the Moorish period. The edifice was then known as \"Mezquita Bab-al-Mardum\", deriving its name from the city gate Bab al-Mardum. It", "Spanish capture of Providencia awarded with a knighthood in the Order of Santiago. The vast majority of the English prisoners were forced to work clearing the Magdalena River. Spanish capture of Providencia The Spanish conquest of Providencia took place on 17 May 1641 and was an amphibious expedition launched by Spain against the Piracy in the Caribbean in order to seize the island from its English settlers' control. The Spanish fleet carrying 2,000 men captured the island and demolished the forts taking so much gold that the value of the plunder was estimated at above half a million ducats. Determined to expel the English,", "History of Toledo, Spain were not pillaged, and a tag-team translation centre was established in which books in Arabic or Hebrew would be translated into Castilian by Muslim and Jewish scholars, and from Castilian into Latin by Castilian scholars, thus letting long-lost knowledge spread through Christian Europe again. Toledo served as the capital city of Castile intermittently (Castile did not have a permanent capital) from 1085, and the city flourished. Charles I of Spain's court was set in Toledo, serving as the imperial capital. However, in 1561, in the first years of his son Philip II of Spain reign, the Spanish court was moved", "Currency of Spanish America Currency of Spanish America This article provides an outline of the currency of Spanish America (\"las Indias\", the Indies) from Spanish colonization in the 15th century until Spanish American independencies in the 19th. This great realm was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain (capital: Mexico City), which came to include all Spanish territory north of Panama, the West Indies, Venezuela, and the Philippines, and the Viceroyalty of Peru (capital: Lima), which included Panama and all Spanish territory in South America except Venezuela. The monetary system of Spanish America, originally identical to that of Spain, soon diverged and took on", "Currency of Spanish America Currency of Spanish America This article provides an outline of the currency of Spanish America (\"las Indias\", the Indies) from Spanish colonization in the 15th century until Spanish American independencies in the 19th. This great realm was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain (capital: Mexico City), which came to include all Spanish territory north of Panama, the West Indies, Venezuela, and the Philippines, and the Viceroyalty of Peru (capital: Lima), which included Panama and all Spanish territory in South America except Venezuela. The monetary system of Spanish America, originally identical to that of Spain, soon diverged and took on", "Mosque of Cristo de la Luz Mosque of Cristo de la Luz The Mosque of Cristo de la Luz is a former mosque in Toledo, Spain. It is the one of the ten that existed in the city during the Moorish period. The edifice was then known as \"Mezquita Bab-al-Mardum\", deriving its name from the city gate Bab al-Mardum. It is located near the Puerta del Sol, in an area of the city once called Medina where wealthy Muslims used to live. Built in 999 in Toledo, this building is a rarity in that it is in much the same state as it was when it", "Almonaster la Real 2 to its right. In the oration room, 16 undated tombs were found. When Spain became Christian, many changes were made, including the addition of a central axis in accordance with the new religion. The old door and the North flank were also reconstructed. Despite these changes, the whole building still retains a rustic charm. Almonaster la Real Almonaster la Real is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city had a population of 1,805 inhabitants. The Mezquita was built from a visigothic basilica from the 5th century, reusing its", "Maryland Route 756 MD 756, heads west toward the central business district. MD 756 heads east past the commercial area and crosses Town Branch. From there, the state highway turns northeast through a mix of farms and residences. After meeting the northern end of MD 359 (Bypass Road) at an oblique angle, MD 756 reaches its northern terminus at US 113 (Worcester Highway). MD 756 follows the original alignment of US 113 through Pocomoke City. US 113's first bypass of Pocomoke City, which is now MD 359 and MD 250A, was completed in 1936. The state highway was signed as MD 756 by", "Politics of Toledo (Spain) Politics of Toledo (Spain) The city of Toledo, Spain is the seat of government of the Province of Toledo and the autonomous region of Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo has been the capital of the Autonomous Community of Castilla-La Mancha since 1983, after a vote in which it won the support of 22 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) deputies and five People's Party (PP) deputies. As the capital, it is the seat of the parliament of Castilla-La Mancha, located in the Convento de San Gil, and the presidential office, located in the Palacio Fuensalida. For regional elections Toledo city forms a constituency", "Capital punishment in Spain Capital punishment in Spain The 1978 Spanish Constitution bans capital punishment in Spain. Spain completely abolished capital punishment for all offenses, including during wartime conditions, in October 1995. The last executions were carried out on September 27, 1975 when five members of ETA and Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front (FRAP) were executed by firing squad for murder following a much-publicised trial in which a number of the convicted (including a pregnant woman) were given clemency by General Francisco Franco, and the sentences of the remaining five, due to the unavailability of executioners versed in the use of the garrote, were carried", "Capture of the Bahamas (1782) Capture of the Bahamas (1782) The Capture of the Bahamas took place in May 1782 during the Anglo-Spanish War when a Spanish force under the command of Juan Manuel Cajigal arrived on the island of New Providence near Nassau, the capital of the Bahamas. The British commander at Nassau, John Maxwell decided to surrender the island without a fight when confronted by the superior force. Spain had entered the American War of Independence in 1779 and launched a campaign to drive the British out of the Gulf of Mexico overrunning the British colony of West Florida and seizing its major", "Capture of Mahdia (1550) Algiers before Oran ans Mers El Kébir, allowed the capture in 1564 by Spain of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, a Christian success which was followed in 1565 by the decisive defense of Malta against the fleet of Turgut Reis. Capture of Mahdia (1550) The capture of Mahdia was an amphibious military operation that took place from June to September, 1550, during the struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Habsburgs for the control of the Mediterranean. A Spanish naval expedition under the command of the Genoese condottiero and admiral Andrea Doria and the Spaniard Bernardino de Mendoza,", "María Alessandra Mezquita María Alessandra Mezquita María Alessandra Mezquita Lapadula is a pageant titleholder, was born in Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá on November 11, 1983. She was the official representative of Panamá in the 55th Miss Universe 2006 pageant, was held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, USA, on July 23, 2006. Mezquita, who is tall, competed in the national beauty pageant Señorita Panamá 2005, on September 24, 2005 and obtained the title of Señorita Panamá Universo. She represented Panamá Centro state. Mezquita, who graduated with a degree in Mass Media Studies from Florida State University, which included a minor in Sports", "Capital punishment in Spain Oscar Bernadotte, Spain was the most frequent executioner of the Western world in the early 1800s, followed by his native Sweden. The penalty was abolished by the Second Spanish Republic in 1932 but restored two years later in the midst of social and political turmoil for a few major offences, not including murder. Capital punishment in Francoist Spain was restored fully on decree in 1938. From 1940 to 1975, 165 judicial executions are reported to have been carried out, although precise numbers from the years following the Spanish Civil War are vague. Among the most relevant executed from this period", "Early Muslim period in Lahore First battle of Panipat and subsequently occupied Agra and Delhi. The new Mughal dynasty was to rule India for another 300 years. Early Muslim period in Lahore The early Muslim period refers to the start of Muslim rule in the history of Lahore. Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in the eleventh century. The sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated. In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed Malik Ayaz to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire. As the", "New Castile (Spain) separated from \"Old Castile\" to the north by the Sistema Central range of mountains, and have historically comprised the Spanish provinces of Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid and Toledo. In more modern administration, it covers the autonomous communities of Madrid and Castile–La Mancha (which also includes Albacete). New Castile (Spain) New Castile ( ) is a historic region of Spain. It roughly corresponds to the historic Muslim Taifa of Toledo, taken during the \"Reconquista\" of the peninsula by Christian and thus becoming the southern part of the Castile. Key to the reconquest were the capture of Toledo in 1085, ending", "Spanish settlement in Jamaica the Canary\". Thus, a group of Spanish came to Jamaica soldiers, who settled in the already Santiago de la Vega said, reinforcing this Spanish community in the capital of the island, to exert greater resistance to British occupation. Meanwhile, in 1660, was named the first British governor of Jamaica, Edward D'Oyley. The British government was already a sign of sovereignty, but Spain did not recognize Jamaica as a British until 1670. Furthermore, in 1660, as in other Spanish colonies, Jamaica became a refuge for Jews, also attracting those who had been expelled from Spain and Portugal. Already in 1510 he", "La Capital La Capital La Capital is a daily Spanish-language newspaper edited and published in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It was founded on November 15, 1867, and it is the oldest Argentine newspaper still in circulation, which has gained it the title of \"Decano de la Prensa Argentina\" (\"Dean of the Argentine Press\"). The name was chosen by its founder, Ovidio Lagos, as a political statement on the part of those, including him, who were lobbying to move the capital of the federal government to Rosario. Rosario was in fact declared the capital three times by Congress, only to face", "Maryland Route 756 Maryland Route 756 Maryland Route 756 (MD 756) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Old Snow Hill Road, the state highway runs from U.S. Route 13 (US 13) east to US 113 within Pocomoke City. MD 756 is the original alignment of US 113 in Pocomoke City. That original alignment was bypassed by what is now MD 359 in the mid-1930s. MD 756 begins at an intersection with US 13 (Ocean Highway) in the middle of a commercial area on the eastern edge of incorporated Pocomoke City. Linden Avenue, which was formerly part of", "History of Toledo, Spain rejoined the siege with new forces. The city soon fell and Alfonso made his triumphant entry to the city on May 24, 1085. Toledo experienced a period known as La Convivencia, i.e. the co-existence of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Under Islamic Arab rule, Toledo was called \"Ṭulayṭulah\". After the fall of the caliphate, Toledo was the capital city of one of the richest Taifas of Al-Andalus. Its population was overwhelmingly Muladi, and, because of its central location in the Iberian Peninsula, Toledo took a central position in the struggles between the Muslim and Christian rulers of northern Spain. The conquest", "Capture of Guam Francisco Portusach and his workers finally completed transferring the coal from \"City of Peking\" to \"Charleston\" on June 22. Afterward, Glass took him to his cabin, and appointed him Governor of the island, until the arrival of proper American authority. After saying goodbye to the natives, \"Charleston\" and the three transports left the harbor at 16:00, and later joined George Dewey's fleet at Manila. Capture of Guam The Capture of Guam was a bloodless event between the United States and the Kingdom of Spain during the Spanish–American War. The U.S. Navy sent a single cruiser, , to capture the island", "Filipino people of Spanish ancestry Filipino people of Spanish ancestry Spanish settlement in the Philippines first took place in the 16th century, during the Spanish colonial period of the islands. The conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi founded the first Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565 and later established Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571. The Philippine Islands is named after King Philip II of Spain and it became a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain which was governed from Mexico City until the 19th century, when Mexico obtained independence. From 1821, the Philippine Islands were ruled directly from Madrid,", "Capital punishment in Spain out by shooting. Strangulation by garotte had been portrayed as a draconian act by the publicity after its last use in 1974, when Salvador Puig Antich was executed in Barcelona and Heinz Chez in Tarragona. Capital punishment was common in the Spanish kingdom, and methods used included decapitation (especially for nobility). In 1820 Ferdinand VII replaced all other methods with the garrote, which was used mainly since then, including for the liberal freedom fighter Mariana de Pineda Muñoz and the assassin of six-time Prime Minister of Spain Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. According to a pamphlet published anonymously by Crown Prince", "Port of Spain the old capital, San José de Oruña (modern Saint Joseph), about inland, had fallen into disrepair, and Governor Don Pedro de la Moneda transferred his seat to Port of Spain, which thus became Trinidad's de facto capital. The last Spanish Governor of Trinidad, Don José Maria Chacón, devoted much of his time to developing the new capital. He compelled the island's Cabildo (governing council) to move to Port of Spain, and he limited its powers to the municipality. The 1783 Cedula of Population, which encouraged the settlement of French Catholics in the island, led to a rapid increase in the", "La chica que yo quiero (Made in Spain) La chica que yo quiero (Made in Spain) \"La chica que yo quiero (Made in Spain)\" (, \"\") was the Spanish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1988, performed in Spanish by La Década Prodigiosa. The song was performed sixth on the night, following Turkey's MFÖ with \"Sufi\" and preceding Netherlands' Gerard Joling with \"Shangri-La\". At the close of voting, it had received 58 points, placing 11th of a field of 21. The song is an up-tempo number which lyrically is a paean to the beauty and charm of Spanish girls and women; \"\"Made in Spain - the best guarantee\"\".", "Islam in Europe of the 12th century and Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe for more information). Muslim rule endured in the Emirate of Granada, from 1238 as a vassal state of the Christian Kingdom of Castile, until the completion of La Reconquista in 1492. The Moriscos (Moorish in Spanish) were finally expelled from Spain between 1609 (Castile) and 1614 (rest of Spain), by Philip III during the Spanish Inquisition. Throughout the 16th to 19th centuries, the Barbary States sent pirates to raid nearby parts of Europe in order to capture Christian slaves to sell at slave markets in the Arab World throughout the", "Capture the Flag (film) was released on DVD on March 1, 2016. Though released first in Spain, \"Capture the Flag\" was animated to the English voice cast first and dubbed into Spanish/Catalan in post production. Capture the Flag (film) Capture the Flag (Spanish: Atrapa la bandera) is a Spanish 2015 computer-animated science fiction adventure comedy film directed by Enrique Gato and written by Patxi Amezcua. Produced by 4 Cats Pictures and animated by Lightbox Entertainment, the film is distributed by Paramount Pictures International. It was released in 3D. The film won the Goya Award for Best Animated Film at the 2016 Goya Awards Mike", "Bolivia–Spain relations its capital in Lima but administered locally by the Real Audiencia of Charcas in present-day Sucre. In 1545, Spain founded the city of Potosí, next to Cerro Rico which provided vast quantities of silver for the Spanish Empire and was worked by the local Indigenous people. In 1776, Upper Peru was governed by the newly created Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata with its capital in Buenos Aires. In the early 1780s, local indigenous people from the highlands took part in widespread uprisings, most notably the revolt of Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II. The rebels hoped to restore the", "Islamic Commission of Spain centuries, was promulgated in Spain, leading to the establishment in 1968 of the first local Muslim Association in Spain in Melilla, and in 1971, the first national association, the Association of Muslims in Spain (AME), which has its headquarters in Madrid. Under the Spanish Constitution the Statutory Law of Religious Freedom is promulgated, now in force, and the Union of Islamic Communities of Spain was constituted (UCIDE), as well as the Spanish Federation of Islamic Religious Entities (FEERI), which together constitute the Islamic Commission of Spain (CIE), which is a member of the Muslim Council for Cooperation in Europe (MCCE)", "Expulsion of Jews from Spain from the Iberian site is one of the most controversial issues of all that have happened throughout the history of Spain\". French hispanist Joseph Pérez highlighted the similarities that exist between this expulsion and the persecution of the Jews in Hispania visigoda almost a thousand years earlier. In 2015 the Spanish Parliament passed a law recognizing as Spanish those presumed to be descendants of the Jews expelled in 1492, thereby annulling the consequences of that expulsion. Until the fourteenth century the Jews who lived under the Muslim caliphates of Al-Andalus were tolerated. On January 2, 1492, the Catholic Monarchs conquered", "Capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall, such as London, which is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. Similarly, each of the autonomous communities of Spain and regions of Italy has a capital city, such as Seville or Naples, while Madrid is the capital of the Community of Madrid and the Kingdom of Spain as a whole and Rome is the capital of Italy and the region of Lazio. In the Federal Republic of Germany, each of its constituent states (or \"Länder\" - plural of \"Land\") has its own capital city, such", "Capture of Oporto Capture of Oporto The Capture of Oporto took place in October 1580 by the Spanish forces commanded by Don Sancho d'Avila during the War of the Portuguese Succession. The city was captured easily by the Spanish troops, thereby finishing off Prior of Crato's army and its final defeat in Mainland Portugal, thus assuring the personal union of the Portugal and Spain for 60 years. Following the victory accomplished by the Spanish troops led by Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba at the Battle of Alcântara on 25 August 1580, near Lisbon, the decimated Portuguese army under the command", "Mezquita-Iglesia de El Salvador, Toledo delimit a sacred space, or an area of respect around the mosque. Mezquita-Iglesia de El Salvador, Toledo The Mezquita-Iglesia de El Salvador is a church in Toledo, Spain completed in 1159. Although the church is small, it is an exceptional building, because it was the site of 4 successive constructions, one on other and so on, It's a 12th-century church built on an 11th-century Taifa mosque, which was an expansion of a 9th-century Umayyad mosque and in turn on a Visigothic religious building. Also these civilizations reused 2nd-century Roman elements. Have to say that is very-usually at the al-Andalus territory", "Capital city the nation-state, the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government, and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever a monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is an emotional event. For example: The capital city is usually but not always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces. In ancient China, where governments were massive centralized", "Capture of the Bahamas (1782) the Bahamas in exchange for East Florida under the Treaty of Paris. Capture of the Bahamas (1782) The Capture of the Bahamas took place in May 1782 during the Anglo-Spanish War when a Spanish force under the command of Juan Manuel Cajigal arrived on the island of New Providence near Nassau, the capital of the Bahamas. The British commander at Nassau, John Maxwell decided to surrender the island without a fight when confronted by the superior force. Spain had entered the American War of Independence in 1779 and launched a campaign to drive the British out of the Gulf of", "La Gaceta (Spain) La Gaceta (Spain) La Gaceta (Spanish for \"The Gazette\", full name \"La Gaceta de los Negocios\", \"The Business Gazette\") is a newspaper belonging to the Intereconomia Group which is conservative and supportive of market liberalism. The newspaper was established as \"La Gaceta de los Negocios\" in March 1989. It was part of Grupo Zeta in the 1990s. In 1994 the paper had a circulation of 17,736 copies. The paper once belonged to Grupo Negocios until August 2009 when it was bought by Intereconomia Group. On 21 October 2009, the newspaper was relaunched nationally under the name \"La Gaceta\". Following the", "La 1 (Spanish TV channel) La 1 (Spanish TV channel) La 1 (La Uno, \"The One\"), is the flagship television channel of Spanish public broadcaster Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE). It was launched on 28 October 1956, being the first television service to ever operate in Spain. Its programming is aimed to a wide range of audiences and includes news (\"Telediario\" & \"Informe Semanal\"), debate programmes, documentaries, sports and entertainment shows. \"La 1\" is state-owned and until 31 December 2009 it did show adverts in order to fund itself. On 31 December 2013, an HD simulcast called La 1 HD was launched. It airs in a 720p", "Ancestral houses of the Philippines in the streets of Taal, Balayan, and Calaca, in Batangas and Sariaya in Quezon provinces. The town center of Pila, Laguna, with its Spanish and American-era houses, was declared a National Historical Landmark in 2000. Pililla, Rizal Declared Heritage House in MIMAROPA region. Negros Occidental in the Negros Island Region, is the provincial capital and contains a number of fine ancestral homes. Silay City, Negros Occidental in the Negros Island Region has the most number of declared Heritage Houses in the country. Heritage Houses in Western Visayas region: Heritage Houses in Central Visayas region: Heritage Houses in the Eastern Visayas", "Spanish Empire coast, Spain took possession of the outpost of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1476) with support from the Canary Islands, and it was retained until 1525 with the consent of the treaty of Cintra (1509). The Spanish conquest of Oran (1509) was won with much bloodshed: a third of its Muslim population—4,000 inhabitants— were massacred, and up to 8,000 were taken prisoner. The Zeiyanid sultans of Tlemcen quickly submitted to Spanish protectorate, and the two powers soon became allies. Cardinal Cisneros converted two mosques to Catholic use, and restored and expanded the town's fortifications. Oran, like other principal Algerian", "Maryland Route 756 1946. The state highway once continued west to US 13 Business along Linden Avenue and Sixth Street. MD 756 was rolled back to US 13 by 1999. Maryland Route 756 Maryland Route 756 (MD 756) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Old Snow Hill Road, the state highway runs from U.S. Route 13 (US 13) east to US 113 within Pocomoke City. MD 756 is the original alignment of US 113 in Pocomoke City. That original alignment was bypassed by what is now MD 359 in the mid-1930s. MD 756 begins at an intersection", "Nationalities and regions of Spain nation's interest as the seat of the capital of the nation. The formation of Spain can be viewed as an alliance and progressive union of several peninsular kingdoms, and it can be said that the nationalist or regionalist tradition in Spain has its roots in Spanish history. In fact, no serious attempt was made to centralise the administration until the reforms of the eighteenth century. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, though, the Spanish government was heavily centralised and the State did not recognise the nation's regional diversity. It was also, later during this same century, that as Catalonia", "Islam in Guatemala in the country. Islam in Guatemala The Muslim population of Guatemala is approximately 1,200 (0.008% of the total population), of which 95% are Palestinian immigrants. There is a mosque in the outskirts of Guatemala City called the Islamic Da'wah Mosque of Guatemala (Spanish: Mezquita de Aldawaa Islámica) which is available for the five daily prayers and offers classes in Islamic studies. The president of the Islamic Community of the country is Jamal Mubarak. The main Ahmadiyya mosque in the country is Mezquita Baitul Awwal, first constructed in 1989. However, the Community also has mosques in Huehuetenango and Quetzaltenango. There are", "Islam in Guatemala Islam in Guatemala The Muslim population of Guatemala is approximately 1,200 (0.008% of the total population), of which 95% are Palestinian immigrants. There is a mosque in the outskirts of Guatemala City called the Islamic Da'wah Mosque of Guatemala (Spanish: Mezquita de Aldawaa Islámica) which is available for the five daily prayers and offers classes in Islamic studies. The president of the Islamic Community of the country is Jamal Mubarak. The main Ahmadiyya mosque in the country is Mezquita Baitul Awwal, first constructed in 1989. However, the Community also has mosques in Huehuetenango and Quetzaltenango. There are about 700 Ahmadis", "Slavery in Spain Spain or Islamic Iberia), the Moors controlled much of the peninsula. They imported white Christian slaves from the 8th century until the end of the Reconquista in the late 15th century. The slaves were exported from the Christian section of Spain, as well as Eastern Europe,sparking significant reaction from many in Christian Spain and many Christians still living in Muslim Spain. As the Muslims followed the same technique as Romans to capture slaves; seeking cities to ally with them. Soon after, Muslims were successful, taking Christian captives of 30,000 from Spain. In the eighth century slavery lasted longer due to", "La Caleta, Spain university of the same name. It has been pictured in several films, such as 007: \"Die Another Day\", \"Alatriste\" and \"Manolete\". Natives of Cádiz consider it one of the most emblematic places of their city, and use it as a recurrent song subject during Carnival. La Caleta, Spain La Caleta is a beach located in the historical center of the city of Cádiz, Spain. It is a natural harbor by which Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans penetrated historically. It is the smallest beach in the city, and is isolated from the others. Its main attraction is its location, a scene that", "Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan The Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan is one of the sources for the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire dating from the 16th century, one of the many surviving contemporary Spanish accounts from the period of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and central Mexico (1519–1521). However, conqueror accounts which highlight individual deeds worthy of rewards from the Spanish crown (a genre called \"probanzas\" or \"relaciones de méritos y servicios,\" the Anonymous Conqueror's account is descriptive", "La Gaceta (Spain) transaction it also left its pure business focus, becoming a general newspaper. It sold out in its first day, selling 100,000 copies. Its headquarters was in Madrid and it had branches in Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia, and Valladolid. Conservative and economically liberal, \"La Gaceta\" positioned itself as the leading representative of Spanish conservatism and traditionalism. It took strong stances against abortion and same-sex marriage and heavily criticized the Socialist government of 2004-2011. In December 2013 the paper ceased paper publication, It continues to publish online. La Gaceta (Spain) La Gaceta (Spanish for \"The Gazette\", full name \"La Gaceta de los Negocios\",", "Art and culture in Francoist Spain acts of war, but particularly by the iconoclastic fury of the Republican rearguard. These events were widely publicized in the new state, which in turn exhibited as an achievement its own recovery the most important collections of the Museo del Prado, except at Geneva, where Spain obtained from Vichy France two emblematic pieces from Spain under different circumstances (\"La Inmaculada de Soult\" and \"La dama de Elche\", 1941). Spanish cultural life after the war was tragically overshadowed by the violent death of prominent individuals identified with both sides (Federico García Lorca, Ramiro de Maeztu, Pedro Muñoz Seca). Valle Inclán and", "Last use of capital punishment in Spain loathed Franco for coming to power by overthrowing a socialist democracy. Hostility to the use of capital punishment was widespread in Western Europe at this time and most Western European countries had ceased using it. Although up to 200,000 people were executed during the Spanish Civil War and its immediate aftermath, 48 people were executed in the period from 1948 to the time of the 1975 executions. Of those, 17 were executed by firing squad and 31 by garrotting. Historically, the garrote had been the preferred execution method in Spain, with firing squads used for political and military prisoners. No", "Royal Palace of La Almudaina Royal Palace of La Almudaina The Royal Palace of La Almudaina, Spanish Palacio Real de La Almudaina, is the Alcázar (fortified palace) of Palma, the capital city of the Island of Majorca, Spain. This imposing alcázar, known at the time of the conquest with the name of \"Zuda\", was rebuilt in 1309 by the king James II of Majorca, according to the model of the Royal Palace of Perpignan. In La Almudaina, the monarchs of the Kingdom of Majorca, the Aragonese monarchs and Spanish monarchs had their court successively. Philip II of Spain destined the \"Tinell\" to Real Audiencia and", "La Caleta, Spain La Caleta, Spain La Caleta is a beach located in the historical center of the city of Cádiz, Spain. It is a natural harbor by which Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans penetrated historically. It is the smallest beach in the city, and is isolated from the others. Its main attraction is its location, a scene that has inspired musicians and poets like Isaac Albéniz, José María Pemán, Paco Alba, and . It runs in between the castles of San Sebastián and Santa Catalina and in front of the faculty of Economic and Enterprise Sciences of the Campus of Cadiz of the", "Water supply and sanitation in Spain However, independent sources estimate it to be as low as 30%. Investment. According to a blog on \"Sustainable Spain\", Spain spends €6,330 million annually on the capture, transport and extraction of underground water, plus water distribution and sanitation. However, the industry association AGA estimates investments by its members, which supply water to 75% of the population, at \"more than €290 million\" annually. Financing. The European Union is a major financier of the Spanish water and sanitation sector, both through grants by the European Commission and through loans from the European Investment Bank. Between 1986 and 2008 Spain received Euro 21", "La Rioja (Spain) La Rioja (Spain) La Rioja () is an autonomous community and a province in Spain, located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital is Logroño. Other cities and towns in the province include Calahorra, Arnedo, Alfaro, Haro, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, and Nájera. It has an estimated population of 322,415 inhabitants (INE 2010), making it the least populated region of Spain. It covers part of the Ebro valley towards its north and the Iberian Range in the south. The community is a single province, so there is no County Council, and it is organized into 174 municipalities.", "La Fatarella city to expand beyond the walls. Nowadays, vestiges of these walls can still be seen, from which access doors on the enclosure can be deduced. La Fatarella, especially neighboring Serra de la Fatarella mountain range, was one of the main scenarios of the Battle of the Ebro in the Spanish Civil War. A monument to commemorate the victims was erected in 2010. La Fatarella La Fatarella is a municipality in northern Terra Alta, within the region of Ribera d'Ebre in Spain. One of the oldest buildings in La Fatarella was a Muslim watchtower in the site where the chapel of", "La chica que yo quiero (Made in Spain) La Década Prodigiosa sings that compared to Spanish girls, the others seem \"\"all so cold\"\". It was succeeded as Spanish representative at the 1989 Contest by Nina singing \"Nacida para amar\". La chica que yo quiero (Made in Spain) \"La chica que yo quiero (Made in Spain)\" (, \"\") was the Spanish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1988, performed in Spanish by La Década Prodigiosa. The song was performed sixth on the night, following Turkey's MFÖ with \"Sufi\" and preceding Netherlands' Gerard Joling with \"Shangri-La\". At the close of voting, it had received 58 points, placing 11th of a", "Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière In October 1808, now attached to the VI. Corps, Gazan went to Spain with Jean Lannes and arrived at Zaragoza in December. The city was under siege and defended by Spanish under José de Palafox. Lannes ordered an attack on 22 January 1809 to capture the city in street by street fighting; when the French took a block, sappers tunneled under the houses and blew them up, which prevented Spanish street fighters from slipping into houses behind them. The method was effective but painstaking. Gazan's assignment, to take the well-fortified Jesus Convent. Palafox surrendered on 20 February. The VI. Corps", "Capture of Cádiz England. The next year, Spain and England ended the war with the signing of the Treaty of London (1604). However, English would later try to repeat this raid in the ill-fated Cadiz Expedition of 1625. Capture of Cádiz The Capture of Cádiz in 1596 was an event during the Anglo-Spanish War, when English and Dutch troops under Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex and a large Anglo-Dutch fleet under Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, with support from the Dutch United Provinces, raided the Spanish city of Cádiz. Due to the Spanish commander's lack of foresight and organisation, the Anglo-Dutch", "La Capital Department, Santa Fe La Capital Department, Santa Fe The La Capital Department (in Spanish, Departamento La Capital) is an administrative subdivision (\"departamento\") of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is located in the center-east of the province. It limits with the Paraná River in the east; and from there (going clockwise) with the departments of San Jerónimo (south), Las Colonias (west), San Justo (north) and Garay (northeast). The department has about 490,000 inhabitants, making it the second most populated in the province after the Rosario Department. Its head town is Santa Fe, which is also the provincial capital (population 370,000). Other cities", "Royal Writ of the Foundation of the City of Tlaxcala, Mexico meet Charles V. The king granted Tlaxcala the title of Loyal City (Leal Ciudad) and its escutcheon, which remains to this day. Royal Writ of the Foundation of the City of Tlaxcala, Mexico The Royal Writ of the Foundation of the City of Tlaxcala, Mexico (in Spanish: \"Real cédula de la fundación de la ciudad de Tlaxcala, México\") is the historical document issued by decree of Charles V on April 22, 1535, in Madrid, Spain, bestowing Tlaxcala the title of city. This was the first of three similar titles that the emperor granted to cities of the New Spain. This", "Religion in Spain to complete the religious purification of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim and Jewish thought and practice. Granada, the last Muslim redoubt, was eventually reconquered on January 2, 1492 –781 years after Tariq's first landing. In the Early Modern Period, Spain saw itself as the bulwark of Catholicism and doctrinal purity. Spain carried Catholicism to the New World and to the Philippines, but the Spanish kings insisted on independence from papal \"interference\" - bishops in the Spanish domains were forbidden to report to the Pope except through the Spanish crown. In the 18th century Spanish rulers drew further from the papacy,", "La Paz, Iloilo City La Paz, Iloilo City La Paz is one of the seven districts of Iloilo City, on the island of Panay, in Western Visayas. It was formerly known as \"Ilawod\" or \"sea/wet land\" together with Jaro which was referred to as \"Ilaya\" or \"mountain/dry land\". Before it became a district of Iloilo City, La Paz was at different times a separate town and a part of Jaro City, now the district of Jaro. Its name, which translates from Spanish as \"peace\", is derived from its patron saint, \"Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje\" in Spanish; in English Our Lady", "Transport in Spain Transport in Spain Transport in Spain is characterised by an extensive network of roads, railways, rapid transit, air routes, and ports. Its geographic location makes it an important link between Europe, Africa, and the New World. Major forms of transit generally radiate from the capital, Madrid, located in the centre of the country, to link with the capitals of the autonomous communities. Spanish transit is marked by a high degree of integration between its long distance railway system and inner-city metro systems, although the historic use of broad gauge has limited integration with its neighbours. Spain is currently working to", "Last use of capital punishment in Spain violated their right to a fair trial and awarded €135,000 in compensation to their families. Flor Baena, the sister of José Humberto Baena, continued to campaign for her brother, stating that she wanted to clear his name, not financial compensation. In November 2014, Spanish police refused an Argentinian request to Interpol, made under the terms of a 1987 treaty, to extradite 20 Francoists, among them those involved in the executions, for crimes against humanity. Last use of capital punishment in Spain The last use of capital punishment in Spain took place on 27 September 1975 when two members of the", "National and regional identity in Spain was the last Muslim kingdom in Spain, surviving until 1492, before the whole of the region was absorbed into the Kingdom of Castile. The Moriscos – Christianised descendants of Muslims – were expelled from Spain after two rebellions in the Alpujarras. Seville and later Cádiz grew in wealth and importance as the main outlets for trade with Spanish America. There was a conspiracy for revolt in Andalusia in the mid-17th century. Andalusian nationalism arose in the later 19th century, with leaders such as Blas Infante (1885–1936) campaigning for an autonomous Andalusia within a federal state. In 1980, following the collapse", "Spain in the 17th century number of universities. By 1660, there were about 200,000 Spaniards in the clergy and the Church owned 20% of all the land in Spain. Political commentators in Spain, known as arbitristas, proposed a number of measures to reverse the decline of the Spanish economy. But in fact they did little to change the attitude of the nobility toward work. Aristocractic contempt for retail trading was reinforced by its association with conversos and moriscos, who were distrusted by the Spanish general population because of their Jewish or Muslim background. More importantly, many arbitristas believed that the influx of silver from the", "Islam in Spain Islam, with nearly two million Muslims currently residing in Spain, a significant portion of whom have obtained Spanish citizenship; of those who do not have it, the majority are from Morocco; other sizeable Muslim communities include Pakistanis, Algerians, Senegalese and Nigerians. The Autonomous Communities with a higher Muslim population are Catalonia, Andalusia, Madrid and the Valencian Community. Muslims in Spain make up over 4% of the population. A good example of its integration in the country are attitudes towards mixed marriages, to which only 14% of Spaniards were opposed as of 2010. 59% of Muslims claimed that there is no", "Spain in the Middle Ages or to be conquered from the Muslim south. Peter III, king of Aragon from 1276 until 1285, had been elected to the throne of Sicily when the French Angevins were expelled from the island kingdom during an uprising in 1282. Sicily, and later Naples, became part of the federation of Spanish crowns, and Aragon became embroiled in Italian politics, which continued to affect Spain into the eighteenth century. Castile, which had traditionally turned away from intervention in European affairs, developed a merchant marine in the Atlantic that successfully challenged the Hanseatic League for dominance in the coastal trade with France,", "Football records in Spain Football records in Spain This page details football records in Spain. Unless otherwise stated, records are taken from Primera División or La Liga. This page also include records from the Spanish domestic cup competition or Copa del Rey. Records in this section refer to La Liga from its founding in 1929 through to the present. Spanish Non Spanish \"Players in Bold are still active in La Liga.\" \"Three or more goals in a single match.\" \"For the complete list of hat-tricks see List of La Liga hat-tricks.\" \"Players in bold are still active in La Liga.\" Players with at least", "La Rioja (Spain) in Spain and has the smallest population; half of its 174 municipalities have populations under 200. Nearly half of its citizens live in the capital. La Rioja is bordered by the Basque Country (province of Álava), Navarre, Aragón (province of Zaragoza), and Castile and León (provinces of Soria and Burgos). The river Ebro flows through this region, as does the river Oja, after which it is named. The Ebro runs through the north of the community. The entire right bank (which is to the south) belongs to La Rioja. There are only three municipalities, Briñas, San Vicente de la Sonsierra", "Independence of Panama from Spain Independence of Panama from Spain Independence of Panama from Spain was accomplished through a bloodless revolt between 10 November 1821 and 28 November 1821. Seizing the opportunity, when the Spanish governor left Panama to march on rebellious Ecuadorians, José de Fábrega led a push for independence. Rebels in the small town of Villa de Los Santos made the first declaration for independence and the movement quickly spread to the capital. Fearing that Spain would retake the country, the rebels quickly joined the Republic of Gran Colombia. Initial attempts to free Panama from Spain came from South American liberators, not Panamanians,", "La Línea de la Concepción derives its name firstly from the or boundary line separating Spain from Gibraltar, and secondly from the Immaculate Conception of Mary, the Mother of Jesus. Its people are called in Spanish . The first dwellings, which date back to the 18th century, were behind the Spanish lines, being part of the Spanish municipality of San Roque until 1870, when La Línea became separate. The people of La Línea have traditionally found work in Gibraltar, from the days in the 18th century when Gibraltar was an important naval port. This stopped with the total closure of the border by the Spanish", "Capture of Bougie Capture of Bougie The Capture of Bougie occurred in 1555 when the Ottoman ruler of Algiers Salah Rais took the city of Béjaïa from the Spaniards. The Spanish \"presidio\" was the main fortification in Bougie, occupied by about 100 men under Luis Peralta, and then his son Alonso Peralta. The city was captured by Salah Rais from his base of Algiers, at the head of several thousand men and a small fleet consisting in 2 galleys, a barque, and a French \"saëte\" (\"flèche\", or \"arrow\") requisitioned in Algiers. Peralta had sent messages to Spain for help, and Andrea Doria prepared", "La Rioja (Spain) 152,500 inhabitants, is its most populous city. La Rioja has 174 municipalities. According to the same INE data, there are more men than women in 150 of them, in two the numbers are the same and in 22 there are more females than males. In the latter set, the differences are small, except in the capital where there are 4,868 more women than men. According to the 2007 PISA report, education in La Rioja is of the highest quality in Spain, close to that of other European countries with better overall educational levels in terms of student knowledge. In the", "Capital city were taken. In their military strategies, traditional enemies of France such as Prussia (in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871) focused on the capture of Paris. Capital city A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other administrative region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases,", "Capture of Gibraltar save one were sacked, besides private houses. The Alliance's conduct aroused anger in Spain against the 'heretics', and once again the chance of winning over Andalusians to the Imperial cause was lost. Prince George was the first to complain, which was resented by Byng who had led the fighting and who in turn blamed the Prince and his few Spanish or Catalan supporters. Rooke complained in a letter home that the Spaniards were so exasperated against the Alliance that ‘they use the prisoners they take as barbarously as the Moors’. The capture of Gibraltar was recognised as a great achievement", "National and regional identity in Spain Spanish nationalism has been tied to the state-building process of the Spanish monarchy, with its capital in Castile. Through the 16th and 17th centuries Spain hugely increased its wealth and power through colonial conquest. Nevertheless, although under a single monarchy, Spain remained \"a confederation of loosely connected States\" with \"no real political unity\". The Catholic Church in Spain, upholding and upheld by the State and with the Inquisition enforcing religious orthodoxy, was much more important as a unifying factor. The power of the Church began to wane during the 18th century as the Bourbon monarchy sought a more centralised State.", "Spanish colonization of the Americas colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 (capital, Mexico City), and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 (capital, Lima). In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 (capital, Bogotá), and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The change diminished the political and economic power of the viceroyalty and opened formal connections between the mining district of Upper Peru and the port of Buenos Aires. The system of crown rule evolved from the era of the Catholic Monarchs, which established", "Spanish colonization of the Americas who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay). He dubbed the settlement \"Santísima Trinidad\" and its port became \"Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires.\" The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Between 1537 and 1543, six Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (). Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his", "La Yesa (sometimes below 0 °C), where there is frequent snow. The archaeological remains found in La Yesa attest to a settlement during Roman times. Alpuente and La Yesa were also coveted by the Cid, who seized the land in the late eleventh century. In the Muslim period it was part of the Taifa Kingdom of Alpuente(ninth century), being conquered by James I in 1236 and delivered to Juan de Auñón in 1238. In 1583, King Philip II of Spain granted the status of University and in 1587 it was declared an independent village. The municipal economy revolves around agriculture and livestock.", "Royal Mint (Spain) banknote production quota to a commercial law firm in which it held a majority stake. The mint has a permanent museum exhibition, on the third floor of its headquarters building, called the Museo Casa de la Moneda. The historic mint in Segovia also houses a museum. The mint is the focus of the Spanish television series \"Money Heist\", although shot at the Spanish National Research Council. Royal Mint (Spain) The Royal Mint of Spain ( \"National Coinage and Stamp Factory – Royal Mint\", abbreviated as FNMT-RCM) is the national mint of Spain. The FNMT-RCM is a public corporation, managed by" ]

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[ "With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India." ]

[ "During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China. Northerners began to enter into Fujian region, causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects. However, the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia. The Jìn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought the old Chinese — spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century — into Fujian. This then gradually evolved into the Quanzhou dialect.", "Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.", "Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.", "Beer is the world's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. The production of beer is called brewing, which involves the fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect which is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and \"The Hymn to Ninkasi\", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.", "On 2 March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated in tandem with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, the Revolutionary Committees were led by Mohammad Maghgoub and a Central Coordinating Office, and met with Gaddafi annually. Publishing a weekly magazine The Green March (al-Zahf al-Akhdar), in October 1980 they took control of the press. Responsible for perpetuating revolutionary fervour, they performed ideological surveillance, later adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the \"law of the revolution\" (qanun al-thawra). With no legal code or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuses and the suppression of civil liberties: the \"Green Terror.\"", "The major time divisions of classical music up to 1900 are the early music period, which includes Medieval (500–1400) and Renaissance (1400–1600) eras, and the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1830) and Romantic (1804–1910) eras. Since 1900, classical periods have been reckoned more by calendar century than by particular stylistic movements that have become fragmented and difficult to define. The 20th century calendar period (1901–2000) includes most of the early modern musical era (1890–1930), the entire high modern (mid 20th-century), and the first 25 years of the contemporary or postmodern musical era (1975–current). The 21st century has so far been characterized by a continuation of the contemporary/postmodern musical era.", "In his book, The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful. He describes the alternative as a simple, mental raising of a \"red flag\". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins explains that drives must compete with each other within living beings. The most fit creature would be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors (lack of food, too much cold, or serious injuries are felt as agony, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort). This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a poor designer. The result is often glitches in animals, including supernormal stimuli. Such glitches help explain pains which are not, or at least no longer directly adaptive (e.g. perhaps some forms of toothache, or injury to fingernails)." ]

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[ "Jesus taught on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee." ]

[ "Jesus taught people on the southern shore of the Sea of Galilee.", "Worshippers only visit the temple at night time.", "If travelling by horse, it will take just a few minutes to get to the Negev from Eilat.", "A man hanging off a lamp post.", "Some people who are not playing a sport sit in a circle and stare at a motionless basketball that is on the ground.", "Man rests on a bench with his foot up.", "The sky is not entirely clear." ]

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[ "There is a man in black." ]

[ "The man is wearing pink.", "The people are reading books.", "I appreciate that, and I hope you do well.", "I know Clinton learned his lesson.", "It wouldn't do anything.", "Everyone is relaxing on the beach.", "He joined his group." ]

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[ "British ensign several Commonwealth realms, fly the Red Ensign defaced by the badge of their territory. The Red Ensign undefaced is for the use of all other British merchant navy ships and private craft. The Red Ensign is the correct flag to be worn as courtesy flag by foreign private vessels in United Kingdom waters. Merchant vessels from British overseas territories and Crown dependencies are entitled to red ensigns defaced with the badge of their territory. The flag of the British East India Company, like the Cambridge or Grand Union Flag of the American colonies, had a red and white striped field." ]

[ "Red Ensign Group to the Cayman Islands which is outside VAT jurisdiction. This practice has resulted in criticism from maritime unions who argue that the REG is being used as a Flag of convenience to avoid taxes and use cheap foreign labor. Official site: http://www.redensigngroup.org/ The Red Ensign Group Red Ensign Group The Red Ensign Group is a collaboration of United Kingdom shipping registries that include British Overseas Territories and Crown dependencies. It takes its name from the Red Ensign (\"Red Duster\") flag flown by British civil merchant ships. The group’s stated purpose is to combine resources in order to maintain a reputation", "British ensign of the Union Flag as an ensign on a civilian craft is still illegal, ever since Charles I ordered it be restricted to His Majesty's ships \"upon pain of Our high displeasure\" in the 17th century, mainly due to its unauthorised use by merchant mariners to avoid paying harbour duties by passing themselves off as Royal vessels. British ensigns currently in use can be classified into five categories, in descending order of exclusivity: The traditional order of seniority was red, white and blue, with the red as the senior ensign. Today's white ensign, as used by Royal Navy ships, incorporates", "Red Ensign of America, was easily produced by sewing white stripes onto the British Red Ensigns. Sea Scout groups within The Scout Association can be Royal Navy Recognised, and are allowed to fly a defaced Red Ensign to signify this. Red Ensign The Red Ensign or \"Red Duster\" is the civil ensign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is one of the British ensigns, and it is used either plain, or adorned/embellished with a badge or other emblem in the bottom right quarter. It is the flag flown by British merchant or passenger ships since 1707. Prior", "Red Ensign Group Red Ensign Group The Red Ensign Group is a collaboration of United Kingdom shipping registries that include British Overseas Territories and Crown dependencies. It takes its name from the Red Ensign (\"Red Duster\") flag flown by British civil merchant ships. The group’s stated purpose is to combine resources in order to maintain a reputation for safety and quality across the British fleet. As of 2016 the Red Ensign Group ranked seventh in the world as measured by gross tons (GT). Sir Alan Massey of the UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency commented \".. keeping [ships] inside the REG family means that", "Red Ensign Red Ensign The Red Ensign or \"Red Duster\" is the civil ensign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is one of the British ensigns, and it is used either plain, or adorned/embellished with a badge or other emblem in the bottom right quarter. It is the flag flown by British merchant or passenger ships since 1707. Prior to 1707, an English red ensign and a Scottish red ensign were flown by the English and Scottish Royal navies respectively. The precise date of the first appearance of these earlier red ensigns is not known, but surviving", "British ensign There were similar red-and-white and green-and-white striped ensigns in the English Navy in the 16th century. Similarly in flag plates from the 17th and 18th centuries there are representations of the Guinea Jack of the Royal Africa Company in various forms; the jack consisted of a St George's Cross within a double border of red and white chequers. The flag of Hawaii is a British ensign with a background of white, red and blue stripes. Also in existence is a Royal Air Force (RAF) ensign and a civil air ensign, both of which have a sky blue field, with the", "Royal Air Force Ensign Royal Air Force Ensign The Royal Air Force Ensign is the official flag which is used to represent the British Royal Air Force. The ensign has a field of air force blue with the United Kingdom's flag in the canton and the Royal Air Force's roundel in the middle of the fly. The RAF Ensign was introduced in 1921 after some opposition from senior members of the Royal Navy. Various countries' air force ensigns have been based upon the RAF's ensign. Currently it is flown from the flagstaff of every Royal Air Force station during daylight hours and has been", "Red Ensign Royal Canadian Navy. The Red Ensign served as Canada's national flag until 1965 when, after considerable debate, it was replaced by the Maple Leaf flag. The Red Ensign is still popular among traditionalists and monarchists. Although the national Red Ensign is no longer used officially, the provincial flags of Manitoba and Ontario are Red Ensigns bearing their respective coats of arms. The Hudson's Bay Company also used a Red Ensign as their corporate flag. The Red Ensign with the great seal in the fly was considered Newfoundland's unofficial flag from 1904 until 1931, at which point it was officially legislated", "Red Ensign Flag and is a reserved civil ensign. From 1901 to 1954 the flag was used as a civil flag, to be flown by private citizens on land, while the government used the Blue Ensign, reflecting British practice. In 1941, Prime Minister Robert Menzies stated that there should be no restrictions on private citizens using the Blue Ensign on land, and in 1947 Prime Minister Ben Chifley reaffirmed this position, but it was not until the passage of the Flags Act 1953 that the restriction on civilians flying the Blue Ensign was officially lifted, after which use of the Red Ensign", "Government Service Ensign Government Service Ensign The Government Service Ensign is a defaced Blue Ensign flown by vessels owned by the British Ministry of Defence for which no other ensign is appropriate. It is most commonly seen flown by warships undergoing contractors' trials before being commissioned into the Royal Navy, and former Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service vessels now operated by Serco Denholm. The Government Service Jack is a square flag of similar design. When the Royal Navy was re-organized in 1864, and the Red, Blue and White squadrons were abolished, a Blue Ensign defaced with a horizontal anchor was designated the ensign of", "British ensign used a Red Ensign with the arms of its provinces on one shield as its national flag (the Canadian Red Ensign). In 1924, an order-in-council made the flag official (for certain purposes) and replaced the provincial arms with the royal arms of Canada. The red ensign was replaced by the current red and white maple-leaf flag in 1965. In that same year, the provinces of Ontario and Manitoba adopted red ensigns defaced by their provincial arms as their provincial flags. (see Flag of Ontario and Flag of Manitoba) British ensign In British maritime law and custom, an ensign is the", "Royal Air Force Ensign may also fly the RAF Ensign. It is also flown daily from the Ministry of Defence building in Whitehall, London. In the general British flag precedence, the Royal Air Force Ensign is just below the Royal Navy's White Ensign and just above the Blue and Red Ensigns. The only exception to this rule is when the RAF Ensign is being flown in place of the Union Flag when it takes that flag's precedence. The RAF Ensign may not be used as bunting or decoration, or draped over a coffin, except at civilian funerals. In the latter case, only the Union", "White Ensign White Ensign The White Ensign, at one time called the St George's Ensign due to the simultaneous existence of a cross-less version of the flag, is an ensign flown on British Royal Navy ships and shore establishments. It consists of a red St George's Cross on a white field with the Union Flag in the upper canton. The White Ensign is also flown by yachts of members of the Royal Yacht Squadron and by ships of Trinity House escorting the reigning monarch. In addition to the United Kingdom, several other nations have variants of the White Ensign with their own", "Red Ensign St Patrick's Cross was added to the Union Flag and, accordingly, to the first quarters of the British ensigns. The Merchant Shipping Act 1854 included a specific provision that the Red Ensign was the appropriate flag for a British merchantman. This provision was repeated in successive British shipping legislation (i.e., 1889, 1894 (section 73) and 1995). Until 1864, the Red Ensign was also the principal ensign of the Royal Navy, and as such it was worn by ships of the Red Squadron of the navy, as well as by those warships that were not assigned to any squadron (i.e., those", "Canadian Red Ensign bearing the shield of the Canadian coat of arms, was the jack flown by the Royal Canadian Navy and the ensign of other ships owned by the Canadian government until 1965. From 1865 until Canadian Confederation in 1867, the United Province of Canada could also have used a blue ensign, but there is little evidence such a flag was ever used. In O.R. Jacobi's painting of the new Parliament Buildings in 1866, a Red Ensign flies from the tower of the East Block. The Red Ensign carried by the 5th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Western Cavalry) at the Battle of Vimy", "Red Ensign Crown. The great majority of the princely states of British India were landlocked. Some of the few which had a coastline used versions of the red ensign on their merchant vessels. The New Zealand Red Ensign with the Union Flag in the first quarter, and the Southern Cross, represented by four five-pointed white stars featured in the fly became the official flag in New Zealand for merchant vessels in 1901. Previously a plain red ensign was used. The red ensign may continue to be flown on land in Māori areas or during Māori events under the Flags, Emblems, and Names", "British ensign the St George's Cross (St George's Ensign). British yachts owned by members of the Royal Yacht Squadron are authorised to apply for a permit to wear this ensign. Defaced white ensigns include that of the British Antarctic Territory. Since the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864, use of the White Ensign (a red St George's Cross on a white field with the Union Flag in the canton) has been restricted to ships, boats, submarines and on-shore establishments of the Royal Navy. The Royal Yacht Squadron also fly the white ensign by special dispensation. The Blue Ensign (dark blue field", "Red Ensign payment receipts indicate that the English navy was paying to have such flags sewn in the 1620s. In 1674, a Royal Proclamation of King Charles II (1630–1685, reigned 1660–1685) confirmed that the Red Ensign was the appropriate flag to be worn by English merchant ships. The wording of the 1674 proclamation indicates that the flag was customarily being used by English merchantmen before that date. At this time, the ensign displayed the English Cross of St George in the canton. It is probable that the cross-saltire was adopted by the Scots as a national ensign at a very early period,", "Canadian Red Ensign to the Red Ensign. The flag was used as the jack of the Royal Canadian Navy from its inception until the adoption of the Maple Leaf flag in 1965. The Blue Ensign was approved by the British Admiralty in 1868 for use by ships owned by the Canadian government. Carr's \"Flags of the World\" says \"The Blue Ensign is charged with the shield in the fly\", and that the Blue Ensign \"is worn 'as a Jack' for distinguishing purposes when at anchor, or under way and dressed with masthead flags\". In 1937, the Canadian Government established that the Canadian Blue", "Canadian Red Ensign be seen flown on the Parliament buildings depicted behind Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier on the $5 banknote, Sir John A. Macdonald on the $10 note and William Lyon Mackenzie King on the $50 note. This flag was in fact the Canadian Red Ensign, which was contemporaneous with the three prime ministers, but in such a small size that it could be confused with the U.S. flag. Canadian Red Ensign The Canadian Red Ensign was the flag of Canada until 1965, when it was replaced by the current Maple Leaf flag. It is a British red ensign, featuring the Union", "Royal Air Force Ensign Flag may be used at a British military funeral. The ensigns of the following air forces have been derived from or influenced by the RAF Ensign: Royal Air Force Ensign The Royal Air Force Ensign is the official flag which is used to represent the British Royal Air Force. The ensign has a field of air force blue with the United Kingdom's flag in the canton and the Royal Air Force's roundel in the middle of the fly. The RAF Ensign was introduced in 1921 after some opposition from senior members of the Royal Navy. Various countries' air force ensigns", "White Ensign admiralty to desist were met with polite refusals\" The Bahamas uses a variant of its white ensign, with a blue cross instead of the red Cross of St George found on the military ensign, as a government and 'non combatant' ensign, serving a similar purpose to the UK's Blue Ensign. White Ensign The White Ensign, at one time called the St George's Ensign due to the simultaneous existence of a cross-less version of the flag, is an ensign flown on British Royal Navy ships and shore establishments. It consists of a red St George's Cross on a white field with", "Blue Ensign Blue Ensign The Blue Ensign is a flag, one of several British ensigns, used by certain organisations or territories associated with the United Kingdom. It is used either plain, or defaced with a badge or other emblem. The evolution of the Blue Ensign followed that of the Union Jack. The ensign originated in the 17th century with the St George's cross (the Flag of England) in the canton, and with a blue field (top right). The Acts of Union 1707 united England and Wales with Scotland in the Kingdom of Great Britain, thus producing a new Blue Ensign with the", "Canadian Red Ensign Progressive Conservative governments in Ontario and Manitoba adopted red ensigns as their provincial flags in 1965 and 1966 respectively. The Canadian Red Ensign continues to be flown both in official and unofficial capacities today; it is part of the official colour party (together with the Maple Leaf) of the Royal Canadian Legion, and is flown alongside the Maple Leaf Flag at the Canadian National Vimy Memorial. It is also used at numerous other Canadian war memorials and historical sites which were built during or commemorate a period when the Red Ensign was Canada's flag. In recent years, the 1921 Canadian", "Red Ensign a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship \"Bonaventure\" on North Rock, a small island ten miles off the coast of Bermuda, in 1593. The Red Ensign is likely to have been chosen as Bermuda's land flag due to Canadian influence. (In the early 20th century, Canada made use of the Red Ensign defaced with the Canadian shield as an unofficial land flag). Bermuda's 2002 shipping legislation officially recognises the flag as an ensign for Bermudian registered ships. Prior to 2002, the flag was often used unofficially by Bermudian ships as an ensign, as reflected in Admiralty correspondence dating", "Red Ensign United Kingdom. These are: The red ensign defaced with a specific club's badge or emblem is allowed to be hoisted as the national ensign by members of the following yacht clubs: Bermuda, uniquely among British overseas territories, uses the Red Ensign as its land flag as well as at sea. The flag has apparently been flown unofficially since Bermuda's arms were granted in 1910. There appears to be no formal adoption of the Bermuda flag for use on land, although a 1969 Foreign and Commonwealth Office circular mentions its use. The white and green shield has a red lion holding", "Blue Ensign and below the motto \"Haec Tibi Dona Fero\" or \"These gifts I bring thee.\" The seal was redesigned by Adelaine Lane, niece of Governor Sir Cavendish Boyle in 1903. These include: Blue Ensign The Blue Ensign is a flag, one of several British ensigns, used by certain organisations or territories associated with the United Kingdom. It is used either plain, or defaced with a badge or other emblem. The evolution of the Blue Ensign followed that of the Union Jack. The ensign originated in the 17th century with the St George's cross (the Flag of England) in the canton, and", "Ensign of the Russian Navy that have consistently been taken into the Navy. Description of the flag's final version by Peter I: Original Text (Orthography and are also original): After the Russian revolution, the Russian Navy Ensign was changed, but it was used by the White Army up to 1924. The flag of St Andrew was reintroduced in the Russian Navy in 1992, and is still used today. Ensign of the Russian Navy The Russian Navy ensign (; Russian Pre-reform: \"Андреевскій флагъ\"), also known as the St Andrews's flag, was the ensign of the Navy of the Russian Empire (from 1712 to 1918), and is", "Ensign of the United States that at the time of the American Revolution some U.S. merchant ships flew a horizontally striped flag of 13 alternating red and white stripes. These flags with vertical stripes are similar to ones flown by the Sons of Liberty (Such ensigns may also have served as early U.S. naval jacks in conjunction with the Grand Union Flag used as a naval ensign.) In the early years of the United States, ensigns were not yet standardized, leading to number of known variations, such as the Serapis ensign used by John Paul Jones. A modification of the national flag and ensign but", "Red Ensign the national coat of arms, was authorised as the merchant ensign of the Union of South Africa on 28 December 1910. From 1912, the shield was displayed on a white disc. The ensign was superseded by the national flag with effect from 1 January 1960, in terms of the Merchant Shipping Act 1951. The Red Ensign with the shield was also used on land as a de facto national flag from 1910 until 1928. There was also a Blue Ensign which was the official ensign of government-owned vessels, and was also flown at South African offices overseas. The most notable", "Canadian Red Ensign Canadian Red Ensign The Canadian Red Ensign was the flag of Canada until 1965, when it was replaced by the current Maple Leaf flag. It is a British red ensign, featuring the Union flag in the canton, adorned with the shield of the coat of arms of Canada. The Red Ensign bearing some sort of a Canadian emblem was used by Canadians both on land and at sea beginning as early as 1868 (soon after Confederation) on an informal or extra-legal basis. As Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald \"constantly made use of it\", promoting it \"by precept and example.\"", "British ensign merchant ships at the time. The flag of the British Antarctic Territory has a white field defaced with the Territory's badge, while the British Indian Ocean Territory flag has a white and blue wavy-striped field, also defaced. Finally, there is one \"orange\" ensign, used by the Orange Order in Canada. This flag is an orange ensign defaced with a white shield, and a red Canadian Maple Leaf within it. The Royal Hospital School is the only independent school in the United Kingdom to have been continuously awarded the \"Queens Banner\" and its own distinctive school ensign. Prior to 1864, red,", "South Africa Red Ensign an ensign. The Union Nationality and Flags Act 1928 also provided that the new flag of the Union of South Africa and the Union Jack would be flown together as joint official flags of South Africa. The South Africa Red Ensign ceased being used as the unofficial national flag but was retained in maritime usage as the merchant ensign until 1951. South Africa Red Ensign The South Africa Red Ensign was used as the unofficial flag of the Union of South Africa between 1910 and 1928. The flag was a red ensign defaced with the Coat of arms of South", "British ensign British ensign In British maritime law and custom, an ensign is the identifying flag flown to designate a British ship, either military or civilian. Such flags display the United Kingdom Union Flag in the canton (the upper corner next to the staff), with either a red, white or blue field, dependent on whether the vessel is civilian, naval, or in a special category. These are known as the \"red\", \"white\", and \"blue\" ensigns respectively. Outside the nautical sphere, ensigns are used to designate many other military units, government departments and administrative divisions. These flags are modelled on the red, white,", "Canadian Red Ensign arms was widely used on land, and flew over the Parliament Buildings until 1904 when it was replaced by the Union Flag. Various versions of the Red Ensign continued to be flown on land and the flag featured prominently in patriotic displays and recruiting efforts during the First World War. It can be seen in numerous photographs of Canadian troops, on the prime minister's car, and in victory parades. The original Canadian Red Ensign had the arms of the four founding provinces on its shield. However, in the late 19th and early 20th century, flag manufacturers would often supplement this", "Red Ensign were used. , Red Ensigns charged with the local emblem are available to be used by ships registered on several of the component registers of the Red Ensign Group: Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, and Isle of Man. The plain red ensign is the civil ensign or merchant ensign of the United Kingdom. The flag has overall ratio of 1:2 with the Union occupying one quarter of the field and placed in the canton. Some government departments or public bodies fly red ensigns defaced with a badge or emblem, to form the ensign of", "Red Ensign but there seems no direct evidence of this before the fourteenth century. The earliest Scottish records were lost at sea in the ship that was sent to return them to that country, whence they had been carried off, with the \"Stone of Destiny\", by King Edward I (1239–1307, reigned 1272–1307). Prior to 1707 the Scottish Red Ensign was flown by ships of the Royal Scots Navy, with a saltire in the canton. The Scottish Ensign has been flown unofficially by many Scottish vessels for a number of years. In 2015, a movement was launched by Lieutenant Commander George MacKenzie RNR", "Australian Red Ensign Australian Red Ensign The Australian Red Ensign resulted from the Commonwealth Government's 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition which required two entries: a flag for official Commonwealth Government use and another for the merchant navy. The winning design was based on the traditional British Red Ensign and featured the Southern Cross and Commonwealth Star. The Australian red ensign is a predominantly red version of the Australian National Flag, using the same shade of red as the Cross of Saint George which is part of the Union Jack present in the canton. Following federation in 1901, the topic of national colours for", "Jersey Red Ensign Jersey Red Ensign The Jersey Red Ensign, officially the Jersey Defaced Red Ensign, is the civil ensign used by ships registered in the Channel Island of Jersey. It was created in 2010 after approval from Queen Elizabeth II and the States of Jersey. The flag consists of a British red ensign with the coat of arms of Jersey surmounted by a Plantagenet crown. Prior to 2010, Jersey had no unique civil ensign for maritime usage. Jersey-registered vessels instead used the plain British red ensign. This lack of a unique civil ensign for Jersey — and the fact that fellow Channel", "British Civil Air Ensign British Civil Air Ensign The British Civil Air Ensign is the flag that may be flown at civil aviation establishments in the United Kingdom and be displayed on UK-registered civil aircraft. It should be flown at civilian air facilities as the national flag in place of the Union Flag. The ensign's field is light blue and has a dark blue Latin cross which is fimbriated white placed overall. The Union Flag is in the canton. The Civil Air Ensign was instituted by an Order in Council on 11 August 1931. The order stated that \"An ensign called the Civil Air", "British ensign and blue naval ensigns, but may use different colours for the field, and be \"defaced\" by the addition of a badge or symbol, for example the sky blue with concentric red, white and blue circles of the Royal Air Force ensign. The Union Flag (also known as the \"Union Jack\") should be flown as a jack by Royal Navy ships only when moored, at anchor, while underway and dressed with masthead ensigns, or if the Monarch or an Admiral of the Fleet is on board. The Union Flag may also signal that a court martial is in progress. The use", "White Ensign to the Royal Navy; the relevant Order in Council retained the option to use Red or Blue Ensigns in HM Ships if desired. Royal Navy ships and submarines wear the White Ensign at all times when underway on the surface. The White Ensign may also be worn on a gaff, and may be shifted to the starboard yardarm when at sea. When alongside, the White Ensign is worn at the stern, with the Union Jack flag flown as a jack at the bow, during daylight hours. The White Ensign is worn at the mastheads when Royal Navy ships are dressed", "British Civil Air Ensign next appeared on the fin of HS125-700 registration G-UKCA operated by the Civil Aviation Authority from 1987 to 1992 and subsequently by HS125-700 G-OCAA until 2002. The British civil air ensign is also the basis for several versions used by other countries. British Civil Air Ensign The British Civil Air Ensign is the flag that may be flown at civil aviation establishments in the United Kingdom and be displayed on UK-registered civil aircraft. It should be flown at civilian air facilities as the national flag in place of the Union Flag. The ensign's field is light blue and has a", "Canadian Red Ensign the Red Ensign was approved for use on Canadian government buildings outside Canada. The Canadian Red Ensign, through history, tradition and custom was finally formalized on 5 September 1945, when the Governor General of Canada signed an Order-in-Council (P.C. 5888) which stated that \"The Red Ensign with the Shield of the Coat of arms in the fly (to be referred to as \"The Canadian Red Ensign\") may be flown from buildings owned or occupied by the Canadian federal Government within or without Canada shall be appropriate to fly as a distinctive Canadian flag.\" The flag was thus approved for use", "Civil ensign the flag used on land, the Union Flag, and have different versions of plain and defaced Red and Blue ensigns for civilian and state use, besides the war ensign (White Ensign) that can also be used by yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron. The civil ensigns that are different from the general national flag can be grouped into a number of categories. Several countries use red flags with, in most cases, either the respective national flag or the Union Flag in the canton, patterned after the Red Ensign. British overseas territories fly the plain Red Ensign or a Red Ensign", "Australian White Ensign Australian White Ensign The Australian White Ensign (also known as the Australian Naval Ensign or the Royal Australian Navy Ensign) is a naval ensign used by ships of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) from 1967 onwards. From the formation of the RAN until 1967, Australian warships used the British White Ensign as their ensign. However, this led to situations where Australian vessels were mistaken for British ships, and when Australia became involved in the Vietnam War, the RAN was effectively fighting under the flag of another, uninvolved nation. Proposals were made in 1965 for a unique Australian ensign, which was", "Red Ensign model for the flags used by a number of colonies and former colonies in the British Empire. At the same time, the red ensign (which was designated in 1864 as the flag for merchant shipping) was used by merchantmen of those colonies which obtained an Admiralty warrant. Not all colonies obtained an Admiralty warrant, however; the ones that did tended to be larger, and included Canada (1892); New Zealand (1899); Australia (1901); South Africa (1910) and Cyprus (1922). Those areas that did not have an Admiralty warrant used the plain Red Ensign, although unofficial local versions of the Red Ensign", "Canadian Red Ensign Ensign (\"the Blue Ensign of the Dominion of Canada\") would be used as a special ensign by the several Canadian yacht clubs which had prior to then used the British Blue Ensign (either plain or defaced) as their special ensign. This usage lasted until the 1965 introduction of the Maple Leaf flag. Today, some Canadian yacht clubs use the Canadian Blue Ensign to commemorate this usage. \"See Canadian Naval Ensign\" During the early 1990s an urban myth developed claiming that the U.S. flag was printed on the 1986 series of Canadian banknotes. The myth stated that the U.S. flag could", "Australian Red Ensign \"colours\" for Australian registered ships and that smaller (i.e., less than 30 tons) pleasure and fishing craft could fly either the Australian Red Ensign or the Australian National Flag but not both at the same time. From 1901 to 1924 the red ensign was used as the national flag by state and local governments. In the decades following federation the red ensign was also the preeminent flag in use by private citizens on land. This was largely due to the Commonwealth government and flag suppliers restricting sales of the blue ensign to the general public. By traditional British understanding, the", "Red Ensign back to the 1950s. Bermuda (civil) Government vessels and maritime services use the defaced blue ensign, which is flown both from vessels and from shore facilities. The Crown dependency of the Isle of Man was granted a red ensign, with the three legs of Man in the central fly, for use by ships registered through the island, by Royal Warrant dated 27 August 1971. It is widely used on luxury yachts and large cargo ships around the world, due to the financial benefits the Isle of Man can provide. The Australian Red Ensign is a red version of the Australian", "Red Ensign sailing under independent command). The white ensign and the blue ensign were also used by the Royal Navy. Many in the Admiralty felt that the Royal Navy's use of three separate ensigns (i.e., the red, white, and blue) was outdated and confusing. Many also felt that steam merchantmen should be clearly distinguishable from warships. In July 1864, an order-in-council provided that the White Ensign was the ensign of the Royal Naval Service. The Blue Ensign was designated as the proper national colours for ships commanded by an officer of the Royal Naval Reserve, and (with an appropriate badge) as national", "Royal Canadian Air Force Ensign flag was raised again and in July 1940 the Royal Canadian Air Force adopted its own ensign by replacing the red disc at the centre of the RAF Ensign with a red maple leaf. This design remained as the Royal Canadian Air Force Ensign until the Canadian Red Ensign was superseded by the new Canadian National Flag in 1965 and the RCAF ensign ceased to be used officially. In 1982 the then Canadian Forces Air Command adopted the current flag. The ensign has a field of air force blue like the original RCAF Ensign but the Union Flag was replaced", "Australian Defence Force Ensign Australian Defence Force Ensign The Australian Defence Force Ensign is a flag of Australia which represents the tri-service Australian Defence Force. The flag was declared a \"Flag of Australia\" under Section 5 of the \"Flags Act 1953\" on 14 April 2000. The Royal Australian Navy and Air Force have ensigns, the Royal Australian Navy Ensign and the Royal Australian Air Force Ensign. The Army has historically used the Australian Flag. The Defence Ensign is supposed to be used in the case of joint activities. It is made up of three vertical bands: dark blue, red and light blue, representing the", "Ensign Ensign An ensign is the national flag flown on a vessel to indicate citizenry. The ensign is the largest flag, generally flown at the stern (rear) of the ship while in port. The naval ensign (also known as war ensign), used on warships, may be different from the civil ensign (merchant ships) or the yacht ensign (recreational boats). Large versions of naval ensigns called battle ensigns are used when a warship goes into battle. The ensign differs from the jack which is flown from a jackstaff at the bow of a vessel. In its widest sense, an ensign is just", "Ensign of the United States In the 19th century the ensigns were quite large; the biggest ensign in 1870 measured . By the early 20th century, as warships took on distinctive forms and could no longer be easily mistaken for merchantmen at a distance, ensigns began to shrink and today are a fraction of their earlier size — the largest ensign for daily use on ships is now . During the 19th century, for its smaller-sized ensigns, the U.S. Navy used a 13-star flag which became known as \"boat flag\" due to its predominant use on boats (i.e., launches, gigs and tenders). The Navy appears", "Government Service Ensign all auxiliary vessels owned by the Admiralty. It was originally named the Transport Ensign, but soon became known as the Admiralty Ensign. In 1905, the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) was formed, and, in 1922, was directed to fly this flag. (Up to that time, some captains had flown the Red Ensign.) In 1968, the RFA was awarded its own ensign, similar to the Admiralty Ensign, but with a vertical anchor. In 1974, various units that provided harbour services were amalgamated into the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service (RMAS), the Admiralty Ensign was renamed the Government Service Ensign and was flown by", "Ensign and the growth in civil aviation in the first half of the 20th century, a range of distinguishing flags and ensigns were adopted. These may be divided into air force ensigns (often light blue in colour, such as the Royal Air Force Ensign) and civil air ensigns. In heraldry, an ensign is the ornament or sign, such as the crown, coronet, or mitre, borne above the charge or arms. Ensign An ensign is the national flag flown on a vessel to indicate citizenry. The ensign is the largest flag, generally flown at the stern (rear) of the ship while in", "South Africa Red Ensign ensign. Though they were intended for maritime usage, the South Africa Red Ensign was used on the land as a de facto national flag similar with other colonies and dominions within the British Empire. In 1912, a royal warrant was issued amending the South Africa Red Ensign so that the arms were on a white disc to bring it into line with a rule in the \"Admiralty Flag Book\" requiring the arms to be on a white disc if any part of them were the same colour as the field of the ensign. In 1915, Louis Botha raised the South", "Red Ensign as the Dominion of Newfoundland's \"National Colours\" to be flown as the civil ensign, with the Union Flag being legislated as the national flag at that time as well. The Newfoundland Red Ensign was then used as official commercial shipping identification until the mid-1960s. The badge in the flag consists of Mercury, the god of commerce and merchandise, presenting to Britannia a fisherman who, in a kneeling attitude, is offering the harvest of all the sea. Above the device in a scroll are the words \"Terra Nova\", and below the motto \"Haec Tibi Dona Fero\" or \"These gifts I bring", "British ensign Mediterranean, while the blue patrolled the south Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The flags of the various former British colonies often have grounds of the same colour as their protective squadron. Hence Bermuda has a red ground and Australia and New Zealand blue. Canada's flag was a red ensign from founding until the adoption of the more familiar maple leaf flag in 1965. The flag of the United States also follows this pattern; early flags of the American Revolution were modified Red Ensigns. The Grand Union Flag added six white stripes to the Red Ensign; this flag was used during", "Blue Ensign new Union Flag in the canton. With the Act of Union 1800, Ireland joined the United Kingdom and St Patrick's Cross was added to the Union Flag and, accordingly, to the cantons of all British ensigns from 1 January 1801. Prior to the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864, the plain blue ensign had been the ensign of one of three squadrons of the Royal Navy, the Blue Squadron. This changed in 1864, when an order in council provided that the Red Ensign was allocated to merchantmen, the Blue Ensign was to be the flag of ships in public", "Royal Air Force Ensign official design code for the RAF Ensign is \"UNKG0018\" and the azure blue used is \"NATO stock no.8305-99-130-4578, Polyester Bunting in Pantone 549C\". Following the institution of the RAF Ensign in 1921, there were occasional suggestions that it should be flown on the Cenotaph. These suggestions were rejected, as the RAF Ensign had not been created until after the Great War, and the RAF itself had only been established for the last seven months of the War. At this time a Union Flag, a White Ensign and a Red Ensign were flown on one side of the Cenotaph and a", "Government Service Ensign all Ministry of Defence-owned vessels that were not part of the Royal Navy, RFAS or RMAS. In 1996, most RMAS vessels were transferred to Serco Denholm, which operated them under a commercial contract, flying the Government Service Ensign. In 2008, all remaining RMAS vessels were transferred to Serco Denholm and the RMAS was abolished. Government Service Ensign The Government Service Ensign is a defaced Blue Ensign flown by vessels owned by the British Ministry of Defence for which no other ensign is appropriate. It is most commonly seen flown by warships undergoing contractors' trials before being commissioned into the Royal", "Red Ensign Group you still have some influence over their quality and performance... We can take administrative measures against members of [it] if we want to so as to ensure that safety is brought up to the necessary standards...\" The vessels also receive British Consular assistance and protection. The Red Ensign Group has two categories: A ship registered in any country within the Red Ensign group is entitled to fly the Red Ensign, or it can choose to fly the Red Ensign defaced with its home port national colors. As an example in 2011 the home port and registry of RMS Queen Mary", "British ensign Union Flag in the canton. The RAF Ensign is defaced with the red-white-blue RAF roundel, while the field of the civil air ensign is charged with a large dark blue cross fimbriated white. The flag of Tuvalu and that of Fiji are also defaced sky blue ensigns. The white ensign of the Commissioner of the Northern Lighthouse Board is unique in that it remains the only example of a pre-1801 Union Flag in official use today. This flag is only flown from vessels with Commissioners aboard. There are two \"yellow\" ensigns in use in the South Pacific, both featuring the", "Naval ensign a distinction is made between the land flag and the civil, state and naval ensigns. The elaborate British ensigns, for example, differ from the flag used on land, the Union Flag, and have different versions of plain and defaced Red and Blue ensigns for civilian and state use, besides the naval ensign (White Ensign). Some naval ensigns differ in shape from the national flag, such as the Nordic naval ensigns, which have 'tongues'. Naval ensigns that are different from the civil ensign and the national flag: Naval ensign A naval ensign is an ensign used by naval ships of various", "Red Ensign of Singapore Red Ensign of Singapore The Red Ensign of Singapore is a civil ensign used by privately owned, non-military ships that are registered in Singapore. The overall design of the ensign is a modification of the national flag, with the ratio of the width to the length extended to 1:2. The ensign was created by law in 1966. The use of this ensign is regulated by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA). According to the MPA, the Red Ensign is the only ensign to be used on Singaporean civilian ships, and the national flag is not an acceptable substitute.", "White Ensign RAN and red stars for the RNZN) replacing St. George's Cross. Several other Commonwealth navies also use naval ensigns with a visual connection to the White Ensign. For example, the Indian Navy and the South African Navy have both retained a cross on a white field, with their own national flag in the canton, in place of the Union Flag. The Royal Indian Marine (Royal Indian Navy from 1934) used the unaltered White Ensign as its ensign from 1928 until 26 January 1950, when India became a republic within the Commonwealth. After that date, the RIN became the Indian Navy", "Red Ensign on land became a rarity. Under the Navigation and Shipping Act 1912 and the Shipping Registration Act 1981, the Red Ensign remains the only flag permitted for use by merchant ships registered in Australia. Pleasure craft may use either the Red Ensign or the national flag, but not both at the same time. The term \"Red Ensign\" is often used to refer to the Canadian Red Ensign, the former \"de facto\" national flag of Canada. It was informally adopted following Canadian Confederation in 1867 and, from 1892, it was the official flag for use on Canadian merchant ships. On land,", "Red Ensign 1707, Acts of Union, ratifying the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous year, were passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland, thereby uniting the Kingdom of Scotland with the Kingdom of England (which included the Principality of Wales) into a new state with the name \"Kingdom of Great Britain\". This resulted in a new red ensign which placed the first Union Flag in the first quarter. The new design of the Red Ensign was proclaimed by Queen Anne (1665–1714, reigned 1702–1714), who indicated that it was to be used by both the navy and ships owned", "Indian Naval Ensign the Royal Indian Navy. The Flag of India has been used since 1947 as the naval jack of the Indian Navy. From 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, until 2001, the Indian Navy used a modified version of the British Naval Ensign, with the Union Flag replaced with the Indian Tricolor in the canton. In 2001, this flag was replaced with a white ensign bearing the Indian Navy crest, as the previous ensign was thought to reflect India's colonial past. However complaints arose that the new ensign was indistinguishable as the blue of the naval crest easily merged", "Canadian Naval Ensign \"dressing overall\" for special occasions. The national flag had replaced both the White Ensign at the ensign staff and the Canadian Blue Ensign at the jack staff in 1965, and the national flag remained the ensign of Canadian Forces ships after the introduction of the new jack. Effective May 5, 2013 (Battle of the Atlantic Sunday), the two flags switched roles: the white flag with the maple leaf canton became the ensign, and the national flag became the jack. The commissioning pennant was the same as that used by the UK's Royal Navy until the early 1990s, at which point", "Canadian Red Ensign of the stadium. Otto Reinhold Jacobi included a red ensign flying from the East Block in his 1866 painting of the Parliament Buildings. Today, two Canadian provincial flags are Red Ensigns, the flag of Ontario and the flag of Manitoba, both of which were introduced in 1965–66 after the Canadian Red Ensign was replaced by the Maple Leaf flag. The Liberal government of Lester Pearson promised to introduce a new flag to replace the Red Ensign, as a means of promoting national unity and a new Canadian identity, by replacing what was seen as a symbol of the British Empire", "Red Ensign crowns a hundred years before, were inserted in all ensigns, naval and mercantile. An Order in Council of 21 July 1707, established as naval flags of the royal standard, the Union flag and \"the ensign directed by her Majesty since the said Union of the two Kingdoms\", which from the coloured drafts attached to the order is seen to be the red ensign. The white and blue ensigns are not mentioned in this Order; evidently the red ensign was alone regarded as the legal ensign of Great Britain and the others as merely variations of it for tactical purposes. In", "Battle ensign Battle ensign A battle ensign is the name given to a large war ensign (flag) hoisted on a warship's mast just before going into battle. In what could become a very confusing situation with thick clouds of gunsmoke the ensign gave additional identification, hence their large size, which for the Royal Navy in the 17th and 18th centuries was about . It was commonly accepted that so long as a ship flew its ensign it was an active participant in battle; prior to action it was an acceptable ruse to fly a false flag. If a ship surrendered then it", "Red Ensign however, the official national flag was the Union Flag. Despite its unofficial status, the Red Ensign was widely used on land as well. In 1924, the Red Ensign was approved for use on Canadian government buildings outside Canada, and from 1945 for those inside Canada as well. Canada's Red Ensign bore various forms of the shield from the Canadian coat of arms in its fly during the period of its use. Shown here are pictures of the three official forms between 1868 and 1965. Canada also used a blue ensign for ships operated by the Canadian government and for the", "Red Ensign of Singapore officers of Singapore ships to sections 36 and 37 of the Merchant Shipping Act. In particular, paragraph 3 of the circular points out that \"the Singapore national flag does not [substitute] the Red Ensign\". Red Ensign of Singapore The Red Ensign of Singapore is a civil ensign used by privately owned, non-military ships that are registered in Singapore. The overall design of the ensign is a modification of the national flag, with the ratio of the width to the length extended to 1:2. The ensign was created by law in 1966. The use of this ensign is regulated by the", "Ensign of the Russian Navy Ensign of the Russian Navy The Russian Navy ensign (; Russian Pre-reform: \"Андреевскій флагъ\"), also known as the St Andrews's flag, was the ensign of the Navy of the Russian Empire (from 1712 to 1918), and is the naval flag of the Russian Federation and the banner of the Navy of the Russian Federation since 1992. The flag has a white background with two blue diagonal bands, forming a saltire, called St Andrew's Cross. The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 1 / 1.5, the width of the blue band is 1 / 10 the length of", "British Civil Air Ensign Ensign is the proper national colour to be flown by aircraft and air transport undertakings and at aerodromes.\" The first Civil Air Ensign to be flown in London was hoisted by The Hon Mrs Victor Bruce, the noted British woman aviator. The 1931 Order was revoked by The Civil Air Ensign Order made by His Majesty in Council on 18 March 1937 additionally permitting the use of the flag on buildings used by the Ministry of Civil Aviation or air transport undertakings, on vehicles used personally by the Minister and by any person given special permission by the Minister. The", "British ensign Conservancy, Custom House, the Board of Trade, Lloyd's of London, the Post Office, submarine cable laying ships, and other departments including War Office Ordnance. The flag of Australia and those of its states as well as the flag of New Zealand are defaced blue ensigns. Several yacht clubs are also entitled to fly blue ensigns defaced by their club badge. The Red Ensign (red field with the Union Flag in the canton) defaced by a badge is flown by Trinity House and various organisations and yacht clubs. Merchant ships and private vessels registered in British territories and dependencies, and in", "Ensign of the United States Ensign of the United States The ensign of the United States refers to the flag of the United States when worn as an ensign (a type of maritime flag identifying nationality, usually flown from the stern of a ship or boat, or from an installation or facility of the United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, United States Coast Guard or the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration ashore). International maritime law—see International Treaty on Law of the Sea, articles 91 and 92—provides that vessels have a \"national character\" and thus should display a flag (ensign) that corresponds to this national", "Naval ensign Naval ensign A naval ensign is an ensign used by naval ships of various countries to denote their nationality. It can be the same or different from a country's civil ensign or state ensign. It can also be known as a war ensign. A large version of a naval ensign which is flown on a warship's mast just before going into battle is called a battle ensign. An ensign differs from a jack, which is flown from a jackstaff at the bow of a vessel. Most countries have only one national flag and ensign for all purposes. In other countries,", "Ensign of the United States time, intended to be used as an ensign and was in fact so used (i.e., a full standing flag of national character). Today, however, these two flags are called \"ensigns\" but they are flown in conjunction with, and subordinate to, the US national ensign on Coast Guard and on Customs vessels. Most small craft operated by the US Coast Guard will routinely display both the national ensign and Coast Guard Ensign. These two present-day flags had their origins in a flag that designed by Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott for use by the Revenue Cutter Service in August 1799.", "Battle ensign the Norwegian destroyer HNoMS \"Stord\" ordered the ship's battle ensign to be hoisted on the mainmast, so \"those bastards can see who they're dealing with!\" Battle ensign A battle ensign is the name given to a large war ensign (flag) hoisted on a warship's mast just before going into battle. In what could become a very confusing situation with thick clouds of gunsmoke the ensign gave additional identification, hence their large size, which for the Royal Navy in the 17th and 18th centuries was about . It was commonly accepted that so long as a ship flew its ensign it", "Flag of the British Virgin Islands be flown in good condition, to do otherwise would be to show disrespect to the nation. Due care mut be taken to ensure the flag is being flown the correct way up. The flag is flown from sunrise to sunset and all government buildings are encouraged to fly it. When a flag is to be disposed, it must be destroyed in a dignified way, preferably by burning in private with respect. The civil ensign (seen below) is a red ensign with the coat of arms of the British Virgin Islands. The red ensign is to be flown on board vessels", "Royal Australian Air Force Ensign is only flown by the RAAF, dispensation was granted to New Lambton Public School, NSW on 18 May 1995 to fly the RAAF ensign. This was in recognition of the school's involvement with the RAAF during World War II, when it was requisitioned by the government and used as \"No. 2 Fighter Sector Headquarters\". New Lambton Public School is currently the only school in Australia with permission to fly the RAAF ensign. Royal Australian Air Force Ensign The Royal Australian Air Force Ensign is used by the Royal Australian Air Force and the Australian Air Force Cadets in Australia and", "South Africa Red Ensign South Africa Red Ensign The South Africa Red Ensign was used as the unofficial flag of the Union of South Africa between 1910 and 1928. The flag was a red ensign defaced with the Coat of arms of South Africa on a white disc. When the Union of South Africa was created in 1910, the only flag that had official status within it was the Union Jack as part of the British Empire. A new coat of arms was created in September of that year, with Admiralty warrants being issued in December authorising usage of the arms on a red", "Red Ensign usage of the Red Ensign as a national flag was when General Louis Botha flew the flag over Windhoek in what was then German South-West Africa after the town's occupation by South African troops in 1915. The use of the Red Ensign as a national flag ended with the introduction of a proper national flag in 1928. This was preceded by the South African Flag Controversy of 1925 to 1928. The flag of the city of Taunton in Bristol County, Massachusetts is based on the pre-1801 Red Ensign. The Grand Union Flag, the first national flag of the United States", "British ensign the fight for independence until the Union Flag in the corner was replaced by the current stars in 1777. Reference was sometimes made to \"the yellow squadron\". This squadron did not actually exist but was a term used unofficially to describe those naval personnel who worked ashore or did not have a ship. Therefore, there was no 'Yellow ensign'. In 1868, the British Admiralty made the Canadian Blue Ensign the proper flag for ships of the Canadian government, and in 1892, the Admiralty approved the use of the Canadian Red Ensign by Canadian merchant ships. From about 1870, Canada unofficially", "Australian Red Ensign the flag of the mercantile marine. It has been claimed that this choice was made on the basis that the predominately red version carried too many communist overtones for the government of the day to legislated for as the chief national symbol although no cabinet documents yet released to the public including the more detailed minutes have ever been adduced in support of this theory. Since 2008, 3 September has been officially commemorated as both Australian National Flag/Merchant Navy Day which allows the Australian red ensign to be flown on land for the occasion as a matter of protocol. Australian", "Canadian Red Ensign a simple red ensign, without a coat of arms. Before the design of the Red Ensign was standardized in 1921, flag makers made the badge larger each time a new province joined Confederation. This led to the creation of several unofficial but widely used flags. At the opening ceremony of the 1936 Olympic Games, a variant of the 1921–1957 red ensign with the arms inside a white disc was carried by Canadian Olympian and flag bearer James Worrall. However the normal version of the red ensign without the disc was hoisted alongside the other national flags that surrounded the perimeter", "Red Ensign colours for ships in government service. The Red Ensign was assigned to British merchantmen. This basic structure remains today. A few years later (1867–1869), the Admiralty determined that the blue ensign charged with an appropriate badge in the fly would be used as the ensign by those ships in the armed, or public, service of the many British colonies. Most British colonies needed to use the blue ensign due to the fact that most had government vessels; some colonies, such as South Australia, had warships. As a result, the Blue Ensign was used throughout the Empire and thus became the", "Ensign of the United States that a licensed yacht would use to identify herself, and use of this flag was required by all licensed yachts (\"All such licensed yachts shall use a signal of the form, size, and colors prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy.\"). The Secretary of the Navy approved a modification of \"the American Ensign\" as the signal, and Treasury Decision No. 2727 (March 24, 1876) issued by the Treasury Department confirmed that the flag was to be used as an ensign (\"Licensed yachts are required by law to use the American ensign prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy.\"), and its", "Red Ensign by \"our loving subjects\". This was the flag flown by ships of the thirteen American colonies in North America before the American Revolution (1775–1783), and was a precursor to the colonies' Grand Union Flag of 1775–1776, which also served as the first American national flag although it differed slightly from the primary Red Ensign in that it has a squared Union Jack in the canton.\" In 1801, with another Act of Union, Ireland joined with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which resulted in the present Union Flag being added to the canton. The", "Canadian Red Ensign Keeper of Exhibits and Firearms at the Imperial War Museum, called the flag \"our most important First World War Commonwealth artifact\". Eventually, after months of negotiations involving the Royal Canadian Legion, the Imperial War Museum agreed to loan the flag to Canada to commemorate the opening of the new Canadian War Museum in Ottawa in 2005. The flag was returned to the United Kingdom in 2008. There is another Red Ensign in existence that was reportedly carried by Canadian troops at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, currently held by the Penticton Museum and Archives in Penticton, British Columbia. It is", "Ensign of the United States On August 1, 1799, Secretary of the Treasury, Oliver Wolcott, issued an order announcing that in pursuance of authority from the President, the distinguishing ensign and pennant for the Cutter Service would consist of, \"16 perpendicular stripes, alternate red and white, the union of the ensign to be the arms of the United States in a dark blue on a white field.\" From 1799 onwards, this flag was used as the national ensign in Revenue Cutters and at the same time, was also flown over Customs Houses ashore. In June 1910, however, President William H. Taft ordered that the plain", "Jersey Red Ensign a public consultation for the new ensign. Following the consultation the States of Jersey unanimously agreed to introduce the Jersey red ensign in June 2010. The Economic Development Minister, Alan Maclean, stated that adoption of the new Jersey Red Ensign would be voluntary and Jersey registered vessels could continue to fly the British red ensign if they wished to. Owners of unregistered ships would be obliged to register them should they wish to use the new Jersey Red Ensign. Jersey Red Ensign The Jersey Red Ensign, officially the Jersey Defaced Red Ensign, is the civil ensign used by ships registered", "Royal Australian Air Force Ensign Royal Australian Air Force Ensign The Royal Australian Air Force Ensign is used by the Royal Australian Air Force and the Australian Air Force Cadets in Australia and overseas. It is based on the Australian national flag, with the field changed to Air Force blue, and the southern cross tilted clockwise to make room for the RAAF roundel inserted in the lower fly quarter. The roundel is a red leaping kangaroo on white within a dark blue ring. The ensign was proclaimed as a Flag of Australia under section 5 of the Flags Act on 6 May 1982. The southern", "White Ensign Commissioners' flag of the Northern Lighthouse Board. This flag is unique as it uses a pre-1801 Union Flag in the canton. The burgee of the Royal Naval Tot Club of Antigua and Barbuda is sometimes misidentified as a White Ensign; the burgee is a white swallowtail pennant (similar to a Royal Navy Commodore's) with the Union Flag is use until 1801 in the upper hoist canton. In the 19th and early 20th century, steamers of the Furness Railway on Lake Windemere flew the white ensign \"as the admiralty only exercised jurisdiction over the high seas\" and \"repeated requests from the" ]

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[ "I called the police because the boys knew they were doing wrong." ]

[ "These boys did not know that they were doing something wrong.", "the girl has beads in her hair", "There's never enough time.", "An orchestra plays Beethoven.", "A group of musicians sit together.", "Nobody is sitting.", "There is a boy." ]

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[ "Two people walk down a wooded trail together." ]

[ "Two people ride their bikes down a paved trail.", "The man is near the instruments", "This vision will be accepted by the majority Americans.", "The city is equipped with just one subway line.", "There are replicas of Michelangelo's Moses and Piet,", "I use WordPerfect and Lotus at my job.", "The man is sleeping on the train." ]

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[ "John Jett John Jett (born November 11, 1968) is a former American football punter in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions. He played college football for East Carolina University. Jett won two Super Bowl rings with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII and Super Bowl XXX.", "Super Bowl XXX Super Bowl XXX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1995 season. The Cowboys defeated the Steelers by the score of 27–17. The game was played on January 28, 1996, at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Phoenix metropolitan area." ]

[ "2015 Sugar Bowl The 2015 Sugar Bowl was a college football game that was played on January 1, 2015 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was the 81st Sugar Bowl, and a semifinal game in the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Allstate insurance company, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Allstate Sugar Bowl.", "Super Bowl Sunday Super Bowl Sunday is the day on which the Super Bowl, the annual championship for the National Football League, is played. It is usually on the last Sunday in January or the first Sunday in February and is sometimes referred to as an unofficial national holiday. The 51st annual event, Super Bowl LI, occurred on February 5, 2017. Festivities for Super Bowl Sunday typically involve groups of people gathering to watch the game. Both \"Super Bowl Sunday\" and \"Super Sunday\" are registered trademarks of the National Football League.", "1963 Liberty Bowl The 1963 Liberty Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Philadelphia Stadium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between the Mississippi State Bulldogs and the North Carolina State Wolfpack before a crowd of 8,309 fans in brutally cold weather. Coach Paul E. Davis led Mississippi State to victory, but the significant dropoff in attendance from prior games led organizers to relocate the next year's game, the 1964 Liberty Bowl, as the first college bowl game ever played indoors, at the Atlantic City Convention Hall (now known as Boardwalk Hall) in Atlantic City, New Jersey.", "2011–12 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2011 season began on January 7, 2012. The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI, 21–17, on February 5, at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "Super Bowl XLIII Super Bowl XLIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Arizona Cardinals to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2008 season. The Steelers defeated the Cardinals by the score of 27–23. The game was played on February 1, 2009, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.", "Super Bowl LIII Super Bowl LIII, the 53rd Super Bowl and the 49th modern-era National Football League (NFL) championship game, will decide the league champion for the 2018 NFL season. The game will be played on Sunday, February 3, 2019, at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. This will be the third Super Bowl in Atlanta, having previously hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000. The game is set to be televised nationally by CBS.", "1998 Liberty Bowl The 1998 AXA/Equitable Liberty Bowl, part of the 1998 bowl game season, took place on December 31, 1998, at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee. The competing teams were the Tulane Green Wave, representing the Conference USA (C-USA) and the BYU Cougars", "2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl The 2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on December 28, 2013 at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona. The 25th annual Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl featured the Michigan Wolverines of the Big Ten Conference and the Kansas State Wildcats of the Big 12 Conference. The game was telecast at 8:15 p.m. MST on ESPN. It is one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by the Buffalo Wild Wings restaurant franchise.", "Japan X Bowl The Japan X Bowl (previously the Japan Super Bowl) is the annual championship game of the X-League, the highest level of professional football in Japan.", "2004–05 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2004 season began on January 8, 2005. The postseason tournament concluded with the New England Patriots defeating the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl XXXIX, 24–21, on February 6, at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida.", "2015 Cactus Bowl The 2015 Cactus Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on January 2, 2015, at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that concluded the 2014 FBS football season. The game started at 10:15 p.m. ET and was televised on ESPN. Sponsored by the TicketCity ticket broker company, the game was officially known as the TicketCity Cactus Bowl.", "Super Bowl XLVI Super Bowl XLVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2011 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 21–17. The game was played on February 5, 2012, at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, the first time that the Super Bowl was played in the state of Indiana.", "1984 Aloha Bowl The 1984 Aloha Bowl, part of the 1984 bowl game season, took place on December 29, 1984, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii. The game featured the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, and the SMU Mustangs of the Southwest Conference, meeting for the first time in 26 years. SMU would win the game 27-20 in front of a then Aloha Bowl record crowd of 41,777. This was SMU's last bowl game appearance and bowl win before the Death Penalty shut the program down in 1987.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 27th season in the National Football League and was their most successful season in franchise history as they won Super Bowl XXXVII.", "World Bowl 2000 World Bowl 2000 (also referred to as World Bowl VIII) was the eighth championship game of the NFL Europe League. It was held at Waldstadion in Frankfurt, Germany on June 25, 2000. The match-up was between the 6–4 Scottish Claymores and the 7–3 Rhein Fire. 35,860 fans were in attendance to witness the Fire coming from behind to win a close game 13–10 in the second-lowest scoring World Bowl played (only the inaugural World Bowl yielding fewer points). Fire quarterback Danny Wuerffel earned MVP honors, despite completing 12 of 30 attempts for 90 yards with no touchdowns and two interceptions.", "Dickinson Stadium Dickinson Stadium is a 5,300-seat multipurpose stadium located in St. Joseph, Michigan. The current stadium was built in 2003, on the site where the original stadium, which had been built in 1950, stood for 51 years. Both stadiums have been the home of the St. Joseph High School and Lake Michigan Catholic High School football and track teams, which call the current stadium home.", "Miami Dolphins Honor Roll The Miami Dolphins Honor Roll is a ring around the second tier at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida, which honors former players, coaches, contributors, and officials who have made significant contributions to the Miami Dolphins franchise.", "2013 New York Jets season The New York Jets season was the franchise's 44th season in the National Football League and the 54th overall. The Jets improved their 6–10 regular season record from 2012 and attempted to make history as the first host team to play the Super Bowl on their own home turf, alongside the New York Giants, whom they share the same home field: MetLife Stadium; however, they missed the playoffs for a third consecutive season.", "1971 NFL season The 1971 NFL season was the 52nd regular season of the National Football League. The season ended with Super Bowl VI when the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Miami Dolphins 24-3 at Tulane Stadium. The Pro Bowl took place on January 23, 1972 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The AFC beat the NFC 26-13.", "1978 Sun Bowl The 1978 Sun Bowl was a college football bowl game that featured the Texas Longhorns and the Maryland Terrapins." ]

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[ "معجم البلدان\nكتاب معجم البلدان موسوعة شهيرة للأديب والشاعر الشيخ الإمام شهاب الدين أبو عبد الله ياقوت بن عبد الله الحموي الرومي البغدادي المشهور ب ياقوت الحموي [1] [2] [3]. ولقد كتبها بين الأعوام 1220 و1224 ميلادية. ويعد معجم البلدان مصدراً تاريخياً هاماً لوصف تلك الحقبة، وتمت طباعتهِ عدة مرات وترجم إلى مختلف اللغات. كما أن الكتاب يحتوي على وصف لبلدات ومدن ودول عديدة خلال تلك الفترة بأسلوب عربي بليغ. ويذكر في كتابهِ المواضيع التالية:" ]

[ "محمد حسن النجفي\nهو العلامة الشيخ محمد حسن ابن الشيخ باقر ابن الشيخ عبد الرحيم ابن الأغا محمد الصغير ابن الأغا عبد الرحيم الشريف الكبير. صاحب الموسوعة الفقهية الإسلامية الكاملة ( جواهر الكلام ) ، من أعلام الطائفة الإمامية وفقهاء الاثني عشرية. نبغ في النجف الأشرف، وانتهت إليه مرجعية الشيعة ورئاسة الطائفة. ولد الشيخ ( صاحب الجواهر ) حدود سنة (1192 هـ ) في دار والده المجاورة للصحن الحيدري الشريف. أخذ عن الشيخ جعفر صاحب ( كشف الغطاء) وولده الشيخ موسى ، وعن صاحب(مفتاح الكرامة) ، وعن السيد أبي الحسن الحسيني العاملي ، وعن الشيخ قاسم محي الدين ، وغير هؤلاء من تلامذة الوحيد البهبهاني وبحر العلوم . اجتذب إليه طلاب العلم بفضل براعته البيانية وحسن تدريسه وغزارة علمه وثاقب فكره الجوّال وبحثه الدؤوب وانكبابه على التدريس والتأليف ، وكان مجلس بحثه يضم أكثر من ستين مجتهداً من المعترف لهم بالفضيلة. و من بعض آثاره جواهر الكلام ) الموسوعة الفقهية التي فاقت جميع ما سبقها من الموسوعات سعة وجمعاً وإحاطة بأقوال العلماء وأدلتهم، مضافاً إلى أنه كتاب كامل في أبواب الفقه كلها جامع لجميع كتبه. توفي صاحب الجواهر في غرّة شعبان يوم الأربعاء عند زوال الشمس سنة (1266 هـ ) في النجف الأشرف ودفن في مقبرته المعروفة والمجاورة لمسجده المشهور، وعلى مرقده قبّة من الكاشي الأزرق", "رشيد الدين فضل الله الهمذاني\nرشيد الدين فضل الله الهمذاني المعروف بـرشيد الدين طبيب، (1247 - 1318) مؤرخ وطبيب فارسي من أصل يهودي وعالم اعتنق الإسلام وكتب في تاريخ المغول كتاب \"جامع التواريخ\" باللغة الفارسية الذي يعتبر مصدراً هاماً في علم التاريخ ووثيقة مهمة عن الإلخانات، حيث فصل في كتابه هذا تاريخ المغول من أيام چنكيز خان وحروبهم أيام هولاكو وغازان.", "برهان بخاري\nبرهان بخاري، العالم النشيط والحالم الكبير، كان بيته أشبه ما يكون بمركز ثقافي يمور بالنشاط، حيث كان يشرف على إعداد معجم تاريخي لألفاظ العربية، كما أشرف على موسوعة الحديث الشريف، وبدايات الموسوعة الشعرية، فضلا عن اهتمامه العلمي العميق بالحاسوب ونظامه العربي. وإذا كان من الصعب علينا أن نحيط بما اشتغل وأبدع وأنجز، فلا أقل من أن نحيي 'القدس العربي' التي بادرت إلى الاهتمام بهذا الباحث الكبير، وإن كان آثر في حياته الحافلة أن يظل في عداد الجنود المجهولين، بعيدا عن المناصب والمكاسب والامتيازات.", "معجم معاني كلام العرب\nمعجم دكتور عوف في معاني كلام العرب، هو معجم لغوي وضعه الكاتب الموسوعي الدكتور المصري أحمد محمد عوف، يشرح فيه معاني الكلمات التي انتشر استعمالها بين العرب قديما. المعجم مرتب بصورة أبجدية. يبدأ المعجم بكلمة آب وينتهي بيوم عرفة. الدكتور عوف وضع نص المعجم بالكامل للاستخدام الحر والمجاني تحت بنود رخصة جنو للوثائق الحرة.", "الزهراوي\nأبو القاسم خلف بن عباس الزهراوي (المتوفي بعد سنة 400 هـ/1013 م[1]) المعروف في باسم Abulcasis، هو طبيب عربي مسلم عاش في الأندلس. يعد أعظم الجراحين الذين ظهروا في العالم الإسلامي، ووصفه الكثيرون بأبي الجراحة الحديثة.[2] أعظم مساهماته في الطب هو كتاب «التصريف لمن عجز عن التأليف»، الذي يعد موسوعة طبية من ثلاثين مجلدًا.[3] كان لمساهماته الطبية سواء في التقنيات الطبية المستخدمة أو الأجهزة التي صنعها تأثيرها الكبير في الشرق والغرب، حتى أن بعض اختراعاته لا تزال مستخدمة إلى اليوم.[4][معلومة 1] ويعد الزهراوي أول طبيب يصف ، كما أنه أول من اكتشف الطبيعة الوراثية لمرض الناعور (الهيموفيليا).[5]", "المعاجم العربية والفارسية\nألَّف الأسدي الطوسي هذا المعجم خلال القرن الخامس الهجري، وهو اقدم قاموس فارسي عرفته اللغة الفارسية. صُنَّف هذا المعجم حسب الحرف الآخر من كل كلمة، ورتِّبت ابوابه حسب حروف الهجاء. لكل حرف باب، فالكلمات: «كام» و«فام»، و«اندام» وضعت في باب الميم. والملاحظ في هذا المعجم هو أن ابوابه كُتبت بالعربية مثل: باب الألف، باب الباء باب التاء و... الخ. كذلك فان الهاء غير الملفوظة لا تعتبر حرفاً مثل: «خانه» التي وضعت في باب النون، و«نامه» في باب الميم و«زنده»، في باب الدال.", "حسن صاحب المعالم\nالشيخ جمال الدين أبو منصور الحسن بن الشيخ زين الدين ابن علي بن أحمد، ابن الشهيد الثاني العاملي الجبعي، معروف بالشيخ حسن صاحب المعالم نسبة إلى كتابه معالم الدين، من فقهاء الشيعة المحققين، أديب وشاعر.", "المعاجم العربية والفارسية\nمؤلف هذا الكتاب، هو الدكتور عبد المنعم محمد حسنين، استاذ اللغة الفارسية بجامعة الأزهر. وقد رتِّب وفقاً للحرف الأول من الكلمات، ويقع في مجلدٍ واحدٍ، ويضمُّ الي جانب المفردات الفارسية، المفردات العربية المستعملة في اللغة الفارسية أيضاً، وحسب استعمالها.", "تكملة المعاجم العربية\nتكملة المعاجم العربية أو المستدرَك ( بالفرنسية) معجم موسوعي ألفه المستشرق الهولندي رينهارت دوزي عام 1881، جعل فيه الكلمات العربية العامية والفصيحة مع مرادفاتها الفرنسية وأسمائها العلمية، ولذلك فهو يعد من المراجع الرئيسية للمفردات والألفاظ التي لم ترد في المعاجم العربية.", "نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس\nنيكولاس كوبرنيكوس ولد (19 فبراير 1473 – 24 مايو 1543) (بالبولندية: Mikołaj Kopernik) ويلفظ بالبولندية ميكواي كوبرنيك هو راهب وعالم رياضياتي وفيلسوف وفلكي وقانوني وطبيب وإداري ودبلوماسي وجندي بولندي كان أحد أعظم علماء عصره. يعتبر أول من صاغ نظرية مركزية الشمس وكون الأرض جرماً يدور في فلكها في كتابه \"حول دوران الأجرام السماوية\". وهو مطور نظرية دوران الأرض، ويعتبر مؤسس علم الفلك الحديث.[1] الذي ينتمي لعصر النهضة الأوروبية - 1400 إلى 1600 ميلادية -.[2]", "جابلق وجابرس\nمعجم البلدان، ياقوت الحموي، دار بيروت،م 2 ص 90-91، ط 1980", "لقمان الحكيم\nجاء في معجم البلدان:\nوالله أعلم بالصحيح منها.", "محمد حميد الله\nمحمد حميد الله الحيدرآبادي (1326 هـ ـ 1423 هـ/1908م ـ 2002م)، أحد أعلام الثقافة العربية الإسلامية الكبار في العصر الحديث، وأحد كبار العلماء والدعاة الذين أنجبتهم شبه القارة الهندية بصورة عامة. قضى ما يقرب من نصف عمره بالبحث والتحقيق في أوروبا ودول الشرق الأوسط. له تبحر باللغة العربية والإنجليزية والفرنسية والألمانية والأردية والتركية وله مؤلفات قيمة بهذه اللغات يبلغ عددها 175 كتاباً. وله مئات المقالات في القرآن والسيرة النبوية والفقه والتاريخ والحقوق والمكاتيب وغيرها.", "صلاح الدين المنجد\nصلاح الدين المنجد (1334 - 1431 هـ / 1920 - 2010 م) هو باحث وكاتب ، من أهل دمشق،وقد لقبوه بـ \"سندباد المخطوطات\" أو \"أبو المخطوطات العربية\" .", "أبو عبيد الله البكري\nوأبو عبيد البكري يضبط الكلمات بالعبارة لا بالحركات، وهذه إحدى مزاياه، ولولا ذلك لاختل المعجم، وضاعت قيمته، ومن مزاياه أنه أول معجم كتب بالترتيب الألفبائي، ومن أهم مزاياه الضبط الدقيق للأسماء فإنه لهذا الغرض أُلِّف، وقد أبان هو عن ذلك في مقدمته، إذ رأى كثيراً من أسماء البلدان التي ترد في الأحاديث والأشعار والسير والتواريخ، قد دب إليها التصحيف والتحريف، وكان هذا التحريف داء قديما، لم يسلم من آفته حتى أئمة الرّواة وكبار العلماء، كالأصمعي من علماء اللغة، ويزيد بن هارون من المحدّثين، فراعه ذلك، وأوحى إليه بتأليف كتابه.", "يحيى بن جعفر بن أعين البارقي\nالإمام الحافظ الحجة يحيى بن جعفر بن أعين البارقي يكنى أبو زكريا مولاهم البخاري البيكندي، (ت 243 هـ/857 م ) امام حافظ وثقة لقب بمحدث بلاد ما وراء النهر. صاحب كتاب التفسير وله كتب مصنفة الصوم والصلاة والمناسك والبيوع، سمع سفيان بن عيينة ومحمد بن فضيل بن غزوان ووكيع بن الجراح وأبا معاوية الضرير، روى عنه محمد بن إسماعيل البخاري.\nروى عن إسحاق بن سليمان الرازي وابنه الحسين بن يحيى بن جعفر البيكندي وسفيان بن عيينة خ وعبد الله بن الأجلح وعبد الرزاق بن همام خ وعلي بن عاصم الواسطي ومحمد بن عبد الله الأنصاري خ ومروان بن معاوية الفزاري ومعاذ بن هشام الدستوائي ووكيع بن الجراح خ ويزيد بن هارون خ وأبي معاوية الضرير.\nروى عنه البخاري وأبو جعفر أحمد بن يونس بن الجنيد والحسين بن الحسن بن الوضاح وابنه الحسين بن يحيى بن جعفر البيكندي وأبو معشر حمدويه بن الخطاب الضرير الحافظ مستملي البخاري وأبو صالح خلف بن عامر وأبو سهل سريج بن موسى المؤذن وأبو سهيل سهل بن بشر الكندي وأبو سهل سهيل بن سهل المؤذن وأبو الليث شاكر بن حمدويه وعبد الله بن عبيد الله الشيباني وعبيد الله بن واصل البيكندي الحافظ وعلي بن الحسن النجاد وأبو عمرو قيس بن أنيف وأبو نصر الليث بن حبرويه بن الليث الفراء وأبو جعفر محمد بن أبي حاتم النحوي وراق البخاري ومحمد بن عبد الله بن محمد بن موسى السعدي.\nألف العديد من الكتب لكنها لم تصلنا منها من ذكرها المؤرخون:", "التكملة والصلة والذيل لما فات صاحب القاموس من اللغة\nالتكملة والصلة والذيل لما فات صاحب القاموس من اللغة، وهو كتاب من تصنيف الشيخ أبي الفيض محمد المرتضى الزبيدي، صاحب كتاب تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس، وهو علامة بالحديث النبوي واللغة العربية والأنساب ويعد من كبار المصنفين في عصرهِ، ولد عام 1145 هـ/1732م، في بلجرام وهي بلدة في الهند ونشأ في منطقة زبيد في اليمن، ورحل إلى الحجاز، وأقام بمصر، وأصلهُ من مدينة واسط في العراق، وتوفى بمرض الطاعون في مصر، عام 1205هـ/1790م.", "علم الأنساب\nيطلق مصطلح (النسابة) على البليغ العالم بالأنساب وفي حديث أبي بكر -رضي الله عنه- وكان رجلا نسابة[1] وقد شمل تدوين النسب بعض المكتبات التاريخية في العالم الإسلامي كمكتبة الحرم المكي الشريف في مكة المكرمة وتحتوي على مخطوطات علمية خاصة بالإرث الحجازي في ماتم تدوينه من الأنساب القرشية والعربية في المجمل كما تحوي مكتبة المسجد النبوي الشريف في المدينة المنورة التاريخية واللتي تقع في الدور العلوي من الحرم المدني مخطوطات نفيسة هي عبارة عن كتب في الأنساب ومنها مايذكر أنساب الشرفاء في المملكة المغربية، كما أن التاريخ وثق تأسيس نقابة للأنساب الهاشمية في العصر العباسي بالعراق وكان من نقباء هذا الفن الشريف الرضي وأبو الفوارس طراد بن محمد العباسي الهاشمي[2]، ومن الجهات العلمية في عصرنا الحالي[3]:", "ابن خلدون\nتصغير|مخطوطة ابن خلدون هو عبد الرحمن بن محمد، ابن خلدون أبو زيد، ولي الدين الحضرمي الإشبيلي (1332 - 1406م)، ولد في تونس وشب فيها وتخرّج من جامعة الزيتونة، وليَ الكتابة والوساطة بين الملوك في بلاد المغرب والأندلس ثم انتقل إلى مصر حيث قلده السلطان برقوق قضاء المالكية. ثم استقال من منصبه وانقطع إلى التدريس والتصنيف فكانت مصنفاته من أهم المصادر للفكر العالمي من أشهرها كتاب العبر وديوان المبتدأ والخبر في معرفة أيام العرب والعجم والبربر ومن عاصرهم من ذوي السلطان الأكبر (تاريخ ابن خلدون)[1].", "أحمد بن محمد الأدنه وي\nأحمد بن محمد الأدنه وي الرومي المعروف بشيخ زاده، أحد علماء القرن الحادي عشر الهجري. على الرغم أن كتب التراجم لم تذكر الكثير عنه، إلا أنه صاحب كتاب طبقات المفسرين، الذي يُعد من أشهر وأهم كتب تراجم المفسرين، جمع فيه الأدنه وي كل مفسري القران الكريم من القرن الأول الهجري حتى القرن العاشر الهجري.", "معجم البلدان\nذكر صورة الأرض وماقالهُ المتقدمون والمتأخرون من العلماء فيها. أخبار البلدان والتي يختص ذكرها بموضع دون آخر. تعريف لوحدات القياس المتداولة في زمانهِ كالفرسخ والبريد والكورة والميل. تعريف بمعنى الأقليم وطبيعتهِ. تعريف بالأراضي والأقاليم التي ينتشر فيها الدين الإسلامي في زمانهِ. ذكر البوادي والقفار ومنازل العرب اعتمادا على الشعر العربي والنثر المغني والأمثال من هؤلاء العلماء الأصمعي وهشام الكلبي وأبو سعيد السيرافي.", "دنيس ديدرو\nدنیس دیدرو ولد في 5 أكتوبر 1713 بلانجر، وتوفى في 31 يوليو 1784 بباريس.[1][2][3] وهوفيلسوف، وكاتب فرنسي، وموسوعي فرنسي، وهو أيضا كاتب مسرحي وكاتب مقالة وفني. من أب حرفي، برز بإشرافه على إصدار \"موسوعة الفنون والعلوم والحرف\" وتحرير العديد من فصوله. من قادة حركة التنوير. رئيس تحرير أول موسوعة حديثة، إنسايكلوبيدي Encyclopédie.", "المعجم الكبير\nالمعجم الكبير للطبراني هو كتاب من كتب الحديث المسندة عند أهل السنة والجماعة. جمعه الإمام أبو القاسم سليمان بن أحمد بن أيوب الطبراني، ورتبه على طريقة المعاجم، أي أنه رتبه بحسب ترتيب أسماء شيوخه الذين روى عنهم النصوص المسندة على حروف المعجم.", "النجوم الزاهرة\nالنجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر والقاهرة كتاب من كتب السير والتراجم , ألفه المؤرخ ابن تغري بردي (813 هـ - 874 هـ) , بدأ المؤلف كتابه بذكر فتح مصر على يد جيش المسلمين بقيادة الصحابي عمرو بن العاص , ثم بدأ بذكر ملوك مصر قبل الإسلام ، ثم عقب بمن تولى خلافة مصر بعد الإسلام , ذاكرا أهم الأحداث التي وقعت في خلافته , وقد جمع المؤلف في كتابه من تولوا إمارة مصر قبل الإسلام وبعد الإسلام إلى نهاية سنة 871 هـ، وهو كتاب ضخم للمؤرخ المصرى ابن تغري بردي أرخ فيه لتاريخ مصر من بداية التاريخ حتى عام 1467م. يتكون الكتاب في طبعة دار الكتب و الوثائق القوميه من 16 مجلداً نُشروا مجلداً وراء الآخر في فترة أخدت أكثر من 40 عاماً من 1930م إلى 1972 . الفضل في نشر الكتاب يعود لعبد الخالق ثروت باشا الذي اهتم بنشر الكتاب. اعتمدت دار الكتب المصرية على نسخة مصورة للنسخة الاصلية الموجودة في إسطانبول بأرقام 3498 و 3499. القسم الأدبي بدار الكتب المصرية حقق الكتاب بطريقة علمية جيدة، لكن نشر بعض المستشرقون قبل ذلك و حققوا أجزاء منه مثل تيودور يونبول و ماتس ( 1852م ) ، و المستشرق بوبر بمساعدة مستشرقين كبار ( من 1909م إلى 1930م ).\nصورة مخطوطة كتاب النجوم الزاهرة موجودة في القاهرة برقم ( 1343 - تاريخ ) ، وتوجد منه نسخ محفوظة في مكتبة آيا صوفيا في إسطانبول و برلين و سانت بطرسبرج و أوبسالا و باريس و مكتبة المتحف البريطاني في لندن و غيرها. و لما فتح سليم الأول مصر و ورأى الكتاب أمر بنقله إلى تركيا ليترجم لتركية فنقله قاضي العسكر التركي شمس الدين أحمد باشا إلى تركيا و تُرجم جزء منه المولى آشجي زاده و عُرض على سليم الأول أعجبه و أمر باستكمال الترجمة .", "معجم قبائل الحجاز\nمعجم قبائل الحجاز هو كتاب من كتب نسب وتاريخ القبائل، ألفه المؤرخ عاتق البلادي (1352 هـ - 1431 هـ)، يعد الكتاب معجما مرتبا ترتيبا هجائيا بأسماء القبائل العربية التي سكنت منطقة الحجاز منذ فجر التاريخ إلى العصر الحديث الذي عاش فيه المؤلف، وقد تتبع فيه بطون القبائل تنازليا من أكبر القبائل إلى أصغر الأسر الموجودة في عصره، وقد زار المؤلف معظم القبائل الموجودة وأخذ عن أفواه رجالها الرواة للأنساب بشكل تفصيلي، يقع الكتاب في ثلاثة مجلدات .", "معجم الأمكنة الوارد ذكرها في القرآن الكريم\nرتبت ابن جنيدل مواد كتابه معجم الأمكنة وأسماء الأمكنة فيه بطريقة هجائية توافق مع طرق المعاجم الجغرافية القديمة مثل : معجم البلدان لياقوت الحموي، معجم ما استُعجِم لأبو عبيد البكري، وقد اختار ابن جنيدل مراجع هذا الكتاب من الكتب الموثقة القديم منها والحديث، واستعان بالعديد من البحوث التي لها صلة في هذه الأماكن، ولم يغفل أي من الكتب ذات الأهميه والحضور في الحياة العلمية ككتب التفسير والحديث والسير والجغرافيا واللغة والأطالس الجغرافية والخرائط.", "كتاب دوحة الأنساب\n\"الشريف عزيز الدين أبو طالب إسماعيل المروزي الازورقاني ؛ ابن الحسين بن محمد بن الحسين بن أحمد بن محمد بن عزيز المعروف بعزيزى ابن ابى جعفر الحسين بن محمد ابى جعفر الأطروش ابن على الزاهد ابن الحسين بن على الخارص ابن محمد الديباج ابن جعفر الصادق من أهل مرو بخراسان ، مولده سنة 572 للهجرة ، قدم بغداد سنة 592 ، اجتمع به ياقوت الحموي سنة 614 واثني عليه كثيراً ، وتوفى بعد سنة 618 للهجرة وهو تاريخ انتهائه من كتاب دوحة الأنساب .\" \n\"فقد تواتر الخبر في كتب العلماء أن صاحب الكتاب هو الشريف أبو طالب إسماعيل بن الحسين الازوارقاني حيث جاء ذلك مذكورا في عدة كتب : ككتاب كنز الأخيار في معرفة السير و الأخبار للنسابة الإخباري إدريس بن علي الحمزي المتوفى سنة 714 هـ و أيضا ذكره النسابة علي بن محمد بن علي الحسني الشهير بابن دابر المتوفى سنة 730 هـ في تقييداته في الأنساب الإدريسية و الرحالة أحمد بن محمد النفزي الحميري السراج المتوفى سنة 759 هـ في رحلته و نقل عنه المؤرخ محمد بن عبد الرحمن الكراسي الأندلسي المتوفى سنة 964 هـ في تاريخ الإسلام و الرحالة محمد بن أحمد بم مليح السراج القيسي المتوفى بعد سنة 1045 هـ في رحلته المشرقية و النسابة المؤرخ محمد الصغير اليفرني المتوفى سنة 1155 هـ في كتابه نزهة الحادي في أخبار ملوك القرن الحادي المؤرخ الفقيه محمد بن أحمد الكنسوسي المتوفى سنة 1294 هـ في كتابه الجيش العرمرم الخماسي و النسابة الشريف العلوي إدريس الفضيلي العلوي المتوفى سنة 1316 هـ في كتابه الدرر البهية .\"\n\"المخطوطة تندرج تحت علم موضوع الأنساب الطالبية و تاريخ الانتهاء من تأليفها يعود إلى سنة 618 هـ و عدد أجزائها 19 جزءا و في كل جزء حوالي 324 صفحة و في كل صفحة حوالي 17 سطرا و هي على ثلاث نسخ متقاربة الحجم : الأولى و هي أقدم النسخ من البنجاب بالهند و كتبت بخط فارسي رذئ يعود إلى سنة 883 هـ و الثانية من تنبكت كتبت بخط مغربي قديم سنة 901 هـ و الثالثة من أندونيسيا و أصلها من حضرموت باليمن و كتبت بخط مشرقي جيد وتاريخ نسخها يعود إلى سنة 1284 هـ وتبين من خلال دراسة المخطوط بسخه الثلاث أنها آخر ما كتب إذ زاد بعض الأعقاب الطالبية التي ذكر أنه وقف عليها من خلال زيارته لبعض البلدان كينبع و الطائف و اليمن و الأهواز .\"\n\" يهتم الكتاب بصفة خاصة بأنساب و أعقاب الطالبيين في شتى البلاد التي زارها المؤلف و قد أدرج في الكتاب أيضا بعض الانساب القريشية الأخرى كبعض العباسيين من ولد العباس بن عبد المطلب و بعض اللهبيين من ولد أبي لهب في يبنع و بادية المدينة و بعض الأنصار بمدينة النبي صلوات الله عليه و آله و لكنه أوجز فيها و اختصر كثيرا إذ يذكر غالبا من التقى بهم في رحلته تلك .\"\n\"ومما اختص به المخطوط ما ذكره من كتب مفقودة و كلها في النسب و التاريخ إذ يذكر مؤلف الكتاب أنه اطلع عليها أو أطلعه عليها غيره ممن صادفهم في رحلته و منها على سبيل المثال : نسب الأسباط للنسابة الشريف أبو عبد الله الحسين بن أحمد بن القاسم بن علي بن محمد بن أحمد بن إبراهيم طباطبا بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم بن الحسن بن الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب النسابة المتوفى سنة 449 هـ و كتاب الأعقاب للنسابة الشّريف أبو الحسن بن أبي جعفر العَلَويّ الحسينيّ العبيدليّ و كتاب نسب آل أبي طالب للنسابة أبو جعفر، محمد بن علي بن هارون بن محمد الموسوي و كتاب أنساب قريش للنسابة أبو عبد الله محمد بن محمد بن هبة الله أبو جعفر الحسيني الأفطسي الطرابلسي وقد عثر على جزئين منه تخص بولد الحسن و الحسين و محمد بن الحنفية و عمر و العباس أبناء علي وشيء من ولد جعفر الطيار و غيرها من الكتب وقد ذكر القاسم بن النفس الزكية ونص على أن له عقب بمدينة ينبع.\"\n\"بعد مراجعة المخطوط بنسخه الثلاث لوحظ أنه محشو بكثرة الأشعار و سرد بعض الأحداث التي لا علاقة لها بعلم الأنساب و إنما موضعها في كتب التاريخ , أيضا تطويله في سرد حادثة كربلاء و فخ و ماوقع من قتال بين العلويين و الجعفريين ؛ كل هذا يجعل الكتاب يحيد عما من أجله ألف الكتاب ألا وهو سرد أعقاب الطالبيين .\"", "معجم ما استعجم\nألَّف البكري هذا المعجم، بسبب كثرة أسماء الأماكن التي ترد في الأحاديث والأشعار والسير والتواريخ وما لحق بها من تحريف. وقد أستفاد البكري في معجمه من كتاب \"صفة جزيرة العرب\" ليعقوب بن داود الهمداي اليمني المتوفي سنة 334 هجرية، حيث نقل عنه البكري وأستند إليه خاصة عند الشك في شيء ما. والبكري في معجمه يضبط الكلمات بالعبارة لا بالحركات ولولا ذلك لأختل المعجم وضاعت قيمته.", "معجم الأماكن الواردة في المعلقات العشر\nمعجم الأماكن الواردة في المعلقات العشر هو كتاب ومعجم جغرافي عن أماكن ورد ذكرها في أشعار المعلقات العشر، ألفه المؤرخ سعد بن جنيدل (1343-1427)، يشير المؤلف في كتابه الأماكن الواردة في المعلقات العشر والتي ردت في كتب المؤرخين القدامى متفرقة دون أن يهتموا بها اهتماما خاصا وكان أول من اعتنى ببحثها بحثا مقصودا هو الشيخ محمد بن بليهد في كتابه \"صحيح الأخبار\" إذ ركز على المواضع الواردة في المعلقات العشر وبحث المواضع الواردة في شعر شعرائها العشرة .", "معجم\nومن الأخطاء الشائعة عند الناس أنهم يستعملون كلمة \"قاموس\" مرادفة لكلمة معجم، ومعنى القاموس في اللغة هو البحر العظيم، لا المعجم. وسبب هذه التسمية جاء من اسم أشهر معجم عربي، وهو القاموس المحيط لمؤلفه الفيروز آبادي. فصار بعض الناس لشدة شهرة القاموس المحيط يُسمُّون كل معجم قاموساً. وهذا خطأ. ولفظ قاموس في الوقت الحاضر من الشائع أن يطلق أكثر على الكتب التي فيها ترجمة كلمات من لغة إلى لغة أخرى. وهذا خطأ أيضاً. والصواب هو استعمال كلمة معجم لكل أنواع المعاجم، وإبقاء كلمة القاموس اسم علم لمعجم محدد، هو الذي ألفه الفيروزآبادي حصراً.", "فتوح البلدان\nطبع الكتاب لأول مرة في (ليدن) بعناية المستشرق الهولندي دي خويه في ثلاثة أقسام بين سنتي 1863 و1866م. ثم نشر في القاهرة مرات، أولها سنة 1901 م ومنها نشرة د. صلاح الدين المنجد سنة 1956 م.", "علم المعاجم\nعلم المعاجم (\"Lexicology\") هو ذلك الجزء من علم اللسانيات الذي يهتم بدراسة الكلمات و طبيعتها و معناها ، وعناصر الكلمات ، و العلاقات بين الكلمات (العلاقات الدلالية) ، و مجموعات الكلمات و دراسة كل المعجم للغة من اللغات. ويتربط علم المعاجم بعلم آخر هو علم صناعة المعاجم (Lexicography)، ومن أشهر المعاصرين العرب الذين لهم دراسات جادة ومفيدة في علم المعاجم العالم العراقي علي القاسمي. كما أن مكتب تنسيق التعريب بالرباط ومجلته اللسان العربي لهما اهتمام كبير بعلم المعاجم وعلم صناعة المعاجم.", "الليث بن المظفر الكناني\nالليث بن المظفر الكناني أحد أهم علماء اللغة العربية، وصاحب الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي، وهو الذي أكمل كتاب معجم العين ونشره. وكان من أكتب الناس في زمانه، بارع الأدب بصيرا بالشعر والغريب والنحو، وكان كاتبا للبرامكة معجبين به. وهو حفيد نصر بن سيار الكناني آخر ولاة للدولة الأموية.وقيل أن اسمه الليث بن رافع بن نصر بن سيار، وقيل الليث بن نصر بن سيار.قال أبو الطيب اللغوي: مصنف «كتاب العين» الليث بن المظفر بن نصر بن سيار، روي ذلك عن أبي عمر الزاهد قال: حدثني فتى قدم علينا من خراسان وكان يقرأ عليّ «كتاب العين» قال أخبرني أبي عن إسحاق بن راهويه قال: كان الليث بن المظفر بن نصر بن سيار صاحب الخليل رجلا صالحا، وكان الخليل قد عمل من «كتاب العين» باب العين فأحبّ الليث أن ينفّق سوق الخليل ثم ذكر كما ذكر الأزهري.", "المعجم المفهرس\nالمعجم المفهرس لألفاظ القرآن الكريم لمحمد فؤاد عبد الباقي، استعان فيه بكتاب نجوم القرآن في أطراف القرآن للمستشرق الألماني فلوجل، الذي طبع لأول مرة سنة 1842م.", "معجم العين\nيقال أن مخطوطات الكتاب الأصلية ظلت موجودة حتى القرن الرابع عشر ثم اختفت، ولم يظهر بعد ذلك سوى نسخ مترجمة أو منقولة، ولم يتم إصدار الكتاب في عصرنا الحديث حتى حصل أحد الباحثين ويدعى الدكتور عبد الله درويش على نسخ منقولة من إنجلترا وألمانيا ونسخة بالكاظمية في بغداد و نشر جزءا من الكتاب عام 1967، ثم قام باحثان آخران هما مهدي المخزومي وإبراهيم السامرائي بتحقيق الكتاب كله ونشراه كاملا لأول مرة بالعراق في ثمانية مجلدات بين عامي 1980 و1985.ولصعوبة طريقة العين في ترتيب الحروف فقد حاول بعض اللغويين تيسير تلك الطريقة لتكون أسهل للمطّلعين على المعجم، ومن أشهر مَنْ جدّد في طريقة العين أبو بكر بن دريد في معجمه الجمهرة (223-321هـ).", "ابن المناصف\nأبو عبد الله ابن المناصف الذي يعتبر فقيها مجتهدا يصنف أيضا مع اللغويين، فقد ألف في هذا الفن كتبا قيمة، وصلنا منها منظومتان : هما :\"المذهبة في الحلى والشيات\" ضمنه خلق الإنسان وخلق الخيل، و\"المعقبة لكتاب المذهبة\" وتتضمن وصف الإبل والغنم والضباء وحمر الوحش والنعم والسلاح والجنن.\nيعتبر المؤلفان من نوع معجم المعاني الذي كان التأليف فيه يتناول بعض جوانب اللغة قبل المرحلة التي بدأ الاهتمام فيها بضم جميع فروع اللغة في كتاب واحد، كما يعتبران ذوي قيمة كبيرة من حيث غزارة المادة واستيعاب الأوصاف استيعابا جيدا.\nيعتبر ابن المناصف : أبو عبد الله محمد بن عيسى بن محمد بن أصبغ الأزدي المهدوي المولد، القرطبي الأصل من ألمع رجالات العلم ومن أبرز المجتهدين في الفقه الإسلامي في عصره، وقد اكتسب هذه الحظوة الرفيعة بسبب عدة عوامل أهمها :\nما ورثه من آبائه وأجداده – سلسلة العلم والفضل والجاه – من ذخائر علمية.\nالجو الذي عاش فيه في ظل الدولة الموحدية التي كانت تشجع على نشر العلوم واتباع سبل الاجتهاد، بل وبتوجيه علماء الأمة إلى نبذ التقليد بقوة السيف أحيانا، إلى جانب تقلباته بين ربوع هذه الإمبراطورية الموحدية التي انتشر نفوذها في الغرب الإسلامي، حيث هاجر والده من قرطبة متوجها إلى المهدية بتونس (إقريقيا)، وبها ولد ودرس، وأتم دراسته بمدنية تونس، ثم بتلمسان بالجزائر التي أقام بها طويلا، ثم تقلد منصب القضاء بشرقي الأندلس، ثم قضى أيامه الأخيرة بمراكش إلى أن توفي بها سنة 620 هـ/1225م، حسبما أشرنا إلى ذلك في المقالة التي نشرت بالعدد 305 – 306 من هذه المجلة تحت عنوان : نظرة حول مخطوط \"الدرة السنية\".\nولعل العامل الثالث هو تضلعه باللغة العربية وتعمقه في أسرارها، ورشفه من معينها، مما ساعده على فهم مراد الله تعالى من خلال الآيات القرآنية والسنة النبوية، إذ مرتبة الاجتهاد لا يتم الوصول إليها إلا إذا كان المجتهد متعمقا في اللغة العربية إلى جانب إحاطته بمقاصد الشريعة وأصول الفقه وعلوم القرآن والحديث كأسباب النزول، والمحكم والمتشابه، والناسخ والمنسوخ، والجرح والتعديل.\nلذا نجد هذا العالم يعتني بهذه اللغة، ويؤلف فيها كما يؤلف في غيرها.\nوسأقتصر في الحديث هنا على هذا الجانب من نشاطه العلمي، مبرزا أهم ما ألفه فيه مما وصل إلينا وما لم يصل.\nفمن مؤلفاته اللغوية التي ضاعت \" قصيدة طويلة\" ختم آخر كل شطر من أشطار أبياتها بكلمة \"العجوز\"، مستعملة كل مرة في معنى من معانيها غير المعنى السابق، أولها \"\nألا تب عن معاطاة العجوز ونهنه عن مواطأة العجوز\nولا تركبا عجوزا في عجوز ولا روع، ولا تك بالعجوز\nفالعجوز الأول : الخمر، والثاني : المرأة المسنة، والثالث : الخطة الذميمة، والرابع: الحب، والخامس : العاجز، قال عنها الزبيدي، راويا عن شيخه ابن الطيب الشرقي، بأنه كان رآها ووصفها بأنها أعظم انسجاما وأكثر فوائد.. وقال :\"ومن أدركها فليلحقها\"، ثم أضاف :\"وهناك قصائد غيرها لم تبلغ مبلغها\". \nومما صول إلينا :\n\"المذهبية في الحلى والشيات\" \nوهو نظم رجز، قسمه إلى قسمين:\nالقسم الأول : خصه بخلق الإنسان، ويتكون من 428 بيتا.\nالقسم الثاني : ذكر فيه خلق الخيل، وعدد أبياته 570 بيتا. وتوجد منه – حسب مبلغ علمنا – النسخ التالية :\n1 – نسخة بالخزانة العامة بالرباط في مجموع رقم 48 من ص :171 إلى ص :236، مكتوبة بخط مغربي واضح، بضع كلماتها مشكولة، وحجم الأوراق صغير، وعدد الأبيات في كل سطر نحو 21 بيتا، عناوينها مكتوبة باللون الأسود بخط بارز، إلا أنها خالية من اسم الناسخ وتاريخ النسخ، وهي النسخة التي أحيل عليها في الاستشهادات نظرا لوضوحها بالنسبة للنسخ الذي أمكن الاطلاع عليها في المغرب.\n2 – نسخة بالمكتبة نفسها رقم 1715 ضمن مجموع من 152 صفحة، متوسط الحجم، تشبه في مواصفاتها النسخة السابقة إلى حد ما، إلا أن هذه نقص الكاتب منها 348 بيتا.\n3 – نسخة بالخزانة الحسنية بالرباط في مجموع رقم 25، وأوراقها من الحجم الكبير، وتضم \"المذهبة\" بقسميها و\"المعقبة\" التي سيأتي الحديث عنها، وهي نسخة متلاشية تآكلت من كل أطرافها، ونخرت الأرضة جميع أجزائها، كتبت سنة 612 هـ، بدار المحدث \"بقي بن مخلد\" بقرطبة، وهي صورة سماع على الناظم من تلميذه محمد بن الشيخ بن أحمد محمد بن سابق المتوفى سنة 609 هـ، حسبما هو مثبت بصفحتها الثانية.\n4 – نسخة في مكتبة الأسكوريال بإسبانيا تحت عدد 518، ومعها \"المعقبة\". وقد ورد ذكرها في \"التقويم الجزائري\" الآتي ذكره، ولعلها التي ذكرها \"بروكلمان\" وأنها مؤرخة سنة 614 هـ عن خط الناظم.\n5 – نسخة في (آيا صوفيا) بتركيا رقم 1223/1 كتبت في أواخر القرن السابع الهجري بصورة سماع عن أبي العباس بن أحمد بن عمر القرطبي.\nهذا وقد نشرت \"المذهبة\" بقسميها في \"التقويم الجزائري\" القسم الأدبي من ص :71 إلى ص :122 سنة 1330 هـ/1912م.\nأبواب نظم \"المعقبة لكتاب المذهبة\" :\nجعل أبواب هذا الكتاب جزءا ثانيا لكتاب \"المذهبة\" وضمنه وصف الإبل والغنم والظباء وحمر الوحش والنعم والسلاح والجنن، ويتكون من ألف بيت.\nتوجد من هذا المؤلف :\n1 – نسخة مع \"المذهبة\" هي التي أشرت إليها ضمن الحديث عن نسخة رقم 3 السابق ذكرها.\n2 – نسخة مع \"المذهبة\" أيضا التي أشرت إليها ضمن النسخة رقم4. وهذا يدل على أن كلا من \"المذهبة\" و\"المعقبة\" يحتاجان إلى تحقيق ونشر، والعزم معقود إن شاء الله على تحقيق هذا الهدف بالنسبة \"للمذهبة\" على الأقل، ومن الله نستمد العون والسدد.\nنسبة الكتابين إليه :\nأما \"المذهبة\" فقد ذكرها له تلميذاه ابن الأبار والرعيني ، وكذا العبدري في \"رحلته\" أثناء حديثه عن علماء تونس الذين لقيهم في وجهته المشرقية وغيرهم.\nو\"المعقبة\" ذكرها له مع \"المذهبة\" ابن عبد الملك المراكشي، وقال :\"وقفت عليها (أي المذهبة والمعقبة) بخطه المغربي مجموعين في مجلد واحد، وقد خدم الأولى منها، وطرز حواشيها بخطه المشرقي\".\nوقد ألفهما معا سنة 594 هـ حسب ما ورد في آخر النسخة رقم 3 الآنفة الذكر، خلافا لأحمد بابا الذي ذكر أنه نظمهما بمراكش. \nوقال ابن المناصف عن نسبة الكتاب الأول إليه :\nألفاظها معسولة مستعذبــة سميتها من أجل ذاك \"المذهبة\"\nيجلو حلاها عند كل واصف وتعتزي على بني المناصف \nوقال في مقدمة الجزئين معا :\nهـذا كتـاب ممتــع محتفل على الشيات والحلى مشتمل\nمنظــم مجـــود الحروف مجزأ جزءين فـي التأليـف\n[عدده] ألـف على التمام مزدوج كالعقـد فـي النظام\n[فهو] على التحقيق في الترجيز ألفان في التفصيـل والتميـز\nألفاظــه محكمـــة مهذبة ملقــب في فنـه \"بالمذهبة\"\nمستملــح يؤنس الجليســا ألفـه محمد بـن عيســى \nأسباب التأليف :\nمن أسباب ذلك، كما يتجلى من خلال استقراء لأفكاره، ما يأتي :\nالاستجابة لمن طلب منه ذلك، يقول في بداية \"المذهبة\":\nوبعد، أيها الأخ اللبيـب الطالـب المثابر الأديــب\nفإن سألتني موضوعـا من الصفات والحلى مجموعا\nمنظما في كلم مـوزون ليقرب الحفــظ له من دون\nويبعد النسيان للمعـاني نجريها في نســق الأوزان\nإلى أن يقول :\nفلم أجد بدا لما سألتـا ولا استجزت قطع ما أملتا \nويقول في بداية القسم الثاني منها :\nوإنني لما رأيـــت ودك فيما حضضتني عليه جهدك\nوما رغبت، أيها الأخ الوفي في جمعه عودا بنظم آنـف\nمما يضم من شيات الخيـل مرتب الموضع، مفيد النيـل\nإلى أن يقول :\nلما رجوت أن ينال نفعـه وأن يحل في النفوس وقعـه\nفقادني لذلك غيــر وان ما أتوخى من رضا الإخوان \nالفائدة المعرفية التي تتجلى في الهدف الفني كإيجاد مفردات الشعر والشعراء، أو الإداري كإيجاد مصطلحات إدارية وفقهية لكتاب الدواوين والقضاء والموثقين والفقهاء .. وهو يشير إلى ذلك فيقول :\nوقلت قولا ليس بالمدفوع إن إليها حاجة الجميـع\nمن طالب وكاتـب وعاقد وشاعر، وكل ندب ماجد\nفإنها عنوان نبـل الهمـة عناية الكل بهــا مهمة \nوبصفة عامة، ومن خلال دراسة كتب اللغة المماثلة، تبين أن بداية جمع الكلمات والألفاظ الغريبة كان من ضمن الجهود التي ترمي أولا على تفسير كتاب الله العزيز، ثم إلى إظهار أصالة الشعراء، وخاصة المحدثين منهم، ثم في حقبة تالية كان الهدف تكوين كتاب في دواوين الجيش وغيرها، كما سبقت الإشارة إلى ذلك، نظرا لما يتطلب الموقف من معرفة لغوية، للتفريق بين أصحاب الأرزاق، أو المتعاقدين، أو المتحاكمين، ومن فوائده الكثيرة أن ذلك يقوم مقام بطاقة التعريف الخاصة المستعملة في عصرنا هذا.\nلهذه الغاية بدأ مؤلفنا بخلق الإنسان وأعطاه العناية الأولى، ولأن الله تعالى كرمه على جميع الخلائق، ثم قفى على آثاره بالخيل وخلقه في القسم الثاني ضمن جزء واحد، لأن الفرس مفضل عند العرب على باقي الحيوانات لما له من أهمية، منها :\n• أنه رفيق في حله وترحاله، يقول الله تعالى :\"والخيل والبغال والحمير لتركبوها وزينة\"، وقال أيضا :\"وهبنا لداوود سليمان، نعم العبد إنه أواب، إذ عرض عليه بالعشي الصافنات الجياد، فقال رب إني أحببت حب الخير عن ذكر ربي حتى توارت الحجاب\". \nوقد تغنى الشعراء بها ووصفوه، وتخيلوا الحوار معها، كما نرى ذلك في شعر عنتر بن شداد :\nفازور من وقــع القنــا بلبانه وشكا إلي بعبــرة وتحمحــم\nلو كان يدري ما المحاورة اشتكى ولكان – لو علم الكلام – مكلمي\n• وأنه مساعده في الجهاد، ووسيلة للعتاد الحربي، قال تعالى :\"وأعدوا لهم ما استطعتم من قوة ومن رباط الخيل ترهبون به عدو الله وعدوكم\". \nيقول في ذلك سعيد بن مالك البكري :", "معجم ما استعجم\nوالمعجم قليل التفاصيل للبلد الذي يذكره، فقد حدد البكري غرضه من تأليفه للمعجم بأنه معجم لغوي بحت يقوم على الضبط وتصحيح الأسماء أولا، وهو قلما يذكر التفاصيل الجغرافية كما في معجم البلدان.", "كتاب البلدان (اليعقوبي)\nكتاب البلدان هو كتاب من تأليف الكاتب والمؤلف والجغرافي أبي العباس اليعقوبي ومن أقدم المصادر الجغرافية العربية\nطبع الكتاب أول مرة بعناية المستشرق الهولندي «دي خويه» في ليدن عام 1850م، ثم في عام 1892م.", "أبو الكلام آزاد\nمحيي الدين أحمد بن خير الدين المشهور بلقب أبو الكلام آزاد، (1888م / 1306 هـ - 22 فبراير 1958م / 3 شعبان 1377 هـ) . وقد أخذ كنية أبو الكلام لكونه خطيباً بارعاً، أما كلمة آزاد فتعني في اللغة الأردية \"الحـُر\". ينحدر أبو الكلام من أسرة أفغانية هاجرت إلى الهند في زمن الإمبراطور بابر مؤسس الدولة المغولية في الهند سنة 1526م / 932 هـ. كان أول وزير للتعليم في الهند بعد الاستقلال. ألف العديد من الكتب أهمها تفسير للقرآن باللغة الأردية بالاضافة إلى دراسة عميقة لتحديد شخصية ذو القرنين.", "تفسير الطبري\nمحمد بن جرير بن يزيد بن كثير بن غالب الشهير بالإمام أبو جعفر الطبري، (224 هـ - 310 هـ - 839 - 923م)، مفسّر ومؤرّخ وفقيه، ولُقِبَ بإمام المفسرين، ولد بآمُل عاصمة إقليم طبرستان، ارتحل إلى الري وبغداد والكوفة والبصرة، وذهب إلى مصر فسار إلى الفسطاط في سنة 253 هـ وأخد على علمائها علوم مالك والشافعي وابن وهب، ورجع واستوطن بغداد، قال الخطيب البغدادي: ، عُرِضَ عليه القضاء فامتنع، والمظالم فأبى، له العديد من التصانيف، يقول ياقوت الحموي: ، ومنها: اختلاف علماء الأمصار، وهو أول كتاب ألفه الطبري، وكان يقول عنه: ، وألف جامع البيان في تأويل القرآن، المعروف بتفسير الطبري وتاريخ الأمم والملوك، المعروف بتاريخ الطبري وتهذيب الآثار، وذيل المذيل، ولطيف القول في أحكام شرائع الإسلام، بسيط القول في أحكام شرائع الإسلام، وكتاب القراءات، وصريح السنة، والتبصير في معالم الدين، وتوفي في شهر شوال سنة 310 هـ، ودفن ببغداد.", "المعاجم العربية والفارسية\nمؤلف الكتاب جبران مسعود، وقد رتَّبه حسب الحرف الأول من الكلمات لتسهل الاستفادة منه أكثر، وقد ضمَّ الكثير من المفردات القديمة والحديثة. ترجم هذا الكتاب الي الفارسية الدكتور رضا انزابي نژاد، ودقَّقه الدكتور محمد فاضلي. ولا يلزم الطالب عند استخدام هذا المعجم ان يعرف المشتقات والتصاريف، بل يكفي أن يبحث في الحرف الأول من الكلمة المراد معرفة معناها، حتي يصل الي الكلمة ذاتها.", "خزاز\n(1) ياقوت الحموي. معجم البلدان.- بيروت : دار صادر، 1404هـ\n(2) محمد بن بلهيد. صحيح الأخبار عما في بلاد العرب من الآثار.- ط2، 1392هـ.\n(3) عبدالله بن خميس. المجاز بين اليمامة والحجاز.- منشورات دار اليمامة، 1390هـ.\n(4)محمد العبودي. المعجم الجغرافي للبلاد السعودية –بلاد القصيم.- منشورات دار اليمامة، 1400هـ.\n(5) عبدالله بن خميس . معجم جبال الجزيرة.- ط1.\n(6) خرائط المملكة (1: 250000) لوحة رقم (10-38NG) المذنب.", "لسان العجم\nلسان العجم كتاب فياللغة الفارسية ألفه بالتركية في مجلدين حسن شعوري عام 1155هـ 1742م.", "ناصيف معلوف\nناصيف بن إلياس منعم المعلوف (1823-1865) عالم لغوي مشهور . وله مؤلفات كثيرة . وهو لبناني الأصل , توفي على مقربة من إزمير في تركيا . وقد زار مدناً كثيرة : الآستانة , باريس , لندن , وقد انتسب إلى جمعيات علمية كثيرة . وقد كان يتقن لغات حية كثيرة , منها : الفارسية ,والايطالية ,والإنجليزية ,والفرنسية ,والتركية ,وغيرها ..", "معجم ابن المقرئ\nأوضح المؤلف في خطبة الكتاب الغرض من تأليف الكتاب وموضوعه؛ فبيَّن أنه جمع فيه أسماء المحدثين الذين سمع منهم بالحجاز ومكة والمدينة ومصر والشام والعراق وغير ذلك، وأنه رتبهم على حروف الهجاء، وأنه بدأ بمن اسمه محمد إجلالًا للنبي .\nلم يقتصر المؤلف على سرد الأحاديث فحسب، بل ذكر معها الكثير من الفوائد، منها ما يتعلق بالأنساب، ومنها ما يتعلق بالجرح والتعديل وتاريخ الوفيات، وغير ذلك.", "قرون (كتاب)\nمن أشهر كتب المنجمين في العالم والتي نسجت حولها هالة كبيرة من الغموض والاثارة كتاب قرون Centuries للعراف الفرنسي الشهير نوستراداموس وقد كتب داموس الكتاب سنة 1555. وضمنه العديد من النبؤات الغامضة التي كتبت بطريقة مبهمة.\nولد ميشيل نوستراداموس في اليوم الرابع عشر من كانون الأول /ديسمبر من عام 1503 ميلادية في مدينة سان ريمي دي بروفانس في فرنسا . وهو يهودي الأصل ولكن أسرته تخلت عن اليهودية و اعتنقت العقيدة الكاثوليكية . و كان متأثر جدا بجده الذي قام بتعليمه قواعد اللاتينية و الإغريقية و العبرية و أصول الرياضيات و التنجيم برع في العلوم الطبية و أهتم بصورة خاصة بالتنجيم . وذاع صيته في تلك الفترة بأنه يشفي الأمراض تزوج في سنة1534 ميلادية و رزق بولد وبنت ولكن انتشار وباء الطاعون في تلك الفترة أدى إلى موت زوجته وطفليه وكان لعجزه في إنقاذهم الأثر البالغ في حياته . وبعد عدة سنوات تزوج من أرملة ثرية وبدأ بتأليف الكتب في الغيبيات مما شجعه في النهاية بكتابة كتابه الشهير (القرون ) حيث نشره لأول مرة في عام 1555 ميلادية .\nولقد كتب التنبؤات بشكل مقاطع شعرية من أربعة أبيات مبهمة المعاني ومليئة بمختلف المصطلحات من لغات متعددة مثل اللاتينية و البروفنسالية و الإيطالية وغيرها ... ولقد احتوى كتاب ( القرون ) على بعض التنبؤات من ستة أبيات شعرية و سماها ( السداسيات ) و أخرى سماها ( الإنذارات ) . وقد استعمل طريقة الجناس التصحيفي أي تغيير أماكن الحروف في الكلمة أو حذف أو تغيير حرف أو حرفين منها أو استخدام الأسماء القديمة و المنسية للمدن و الدول التي كان يعنيها في تنبؤاته و ذلك لإخفاء المعنى عن العامة من الناس و لقد قام بكل هذا حتى لا يقع في قبضة محاكم التفتيش التي كانت تحرق كل من يدّعي بمعرفته الكهانة و السحر . و لقد ساعدته واستعانت به الملكة كاترين دي مديتشي ملكة فرنسا مما ساعده في نشر كتابه و دون خوف من محاكم التفتيش ولكنه أبقى على الترميز فيه و استمر في البلاط الفرنسي إلى أن مات سنة 1566 ميلادية .", "عبد الرحمن بدوي\nد. عبد الرحمن بدوي (4 فبراير 1917 - 25 يوليو 2002 القاهرة)، أحد أبرز أساتذة الفلسفة العرب في القرن العشرين وأغزرهم إنتاجا، إذ شملت أعماله أكثر من 150 كتابا تتوزع ما بين تحقيق وترجمة وتأليف، ويعتبره بعض المهتمين بالفلسفة من العرب أول فيلسوف وجودي مصري، وذلك لشده تأثره ببعض الوجوديين الأوروبيين وعلى رأسهم الفيلسوف الألماني مارتن هايدجر.[1][2]", "محمد متولي الشعراوي\nمحمد متولي الشعراوي (15 ربيع الأول 1329 هـ / 15 أبريل 1911 - 22 صفر 1419 هـ / 17 يونيو 1998م)[1] عالم دين ووزير أوقاف مصري سابق. يعد من أشهر مفسري معاني القرآن الكريم في العصر الحديث؛ حيث عمل على تفسير القرآن الكريم بطرق مبسطة وعامية مما جعله يستطيع الوصول لشريحة أكبر من المسلمين في جميع أنحاء العالم العربي، لقبه البعض بإمام الدعاة.", "تمير\nوهناك ذكر لمدينة تمير من مؤلفين أتوا بعد الحسن بن عبد الله الأصفهاني منهم الحسن بن أحمد الهمداني من أهل القرن الرابع الهجري توفي عام 334 هـ في كتابه (صفة جزيرة العرب) وياقوت الحموي من أهل القرن السابع توفي عام 622 هـ في كتابه (معجم البلدان) والحسن بن محمد الصاغاني من أهل القرن السابع توفي عام 650 هـ في كتابه (التكملة والذيل والصلة لكتاب تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية) ومحمد بن يعقوب الفيروز أبادي من أهل القرن التاسع الهجري توفي عام 817 هـ في كتابه (القاموس المحيط).", "ثادج\n. معجم البلدان لياقوت الحموي المتوفي سنة 626 هـ", "معجم\n(المعجم وجمعه معجمات، أو معاجم)، وهو اسم مشتق من فعل ( أعجَمَ )، أي أزال العُجمة. قال ابن جني: (أعجمتُ الكتابَ : أزلتُ استعجامه). والمُعْجَم كتاب يشتمل على عدد كبير من مفردات اللغة مرتبة ترتيبا معينا، مقرونة بطريقة نطقها وشرحها وتفسير معانيها.", "محمد بن سيرين\nمن المشهور عند العامة والمتداول بينهم كتاب تفسير الأحلام المنسوب لإبن سيرين. والصحيح ان هذا الكتاب المتداول ليس من تأليف ابن سيرين فمع كثرة ثناء العلماء على ابن سيرين وفي تراجمهم له لم يذكر أحد منهم قط انه ألف كتابا لتفسير الأحلام. هذا بالإضافة إلى أن ابن سيرين وبرغم معرفته بالكتابة فإنه لم يكتب بنفسه بل كتب عنه تلامذته. وقد تكلم مشهور بن حسن آل سلمان أحد مشايخ الدعوة السلفية في الأردن، في كتابه: \" كتب حذر منها العلماء \" (2/275 - 284) كلاما عن صحة نسبة هذا الكتاب إلى ابن سيرين، وكذلك عن كتاب آخر منسوب إليه، وهو \" منتخب الكلام في تفسير الأحلام \"، خلُص إلى عدم صحة نسبة الكتاب إلى ابن سيرين.[1] والصحيح ان كتاب تفسير الأحلام المشهور بين العامة حاليا هو للعالم الفقيه الشافعي عبد الملك بن محمد الخركوشي النيسابوري المعروف بـأبي سعد الواعظ، المتوفى سنة 407.[2]", "اللباب في علوم الكتاب\nاللباب في علوم الكتاب أحد كتب تفسير القران الكريم، ألفه ابن عادل الحنبلي (775 هـ - 880 هـ). يقول المؤرخ السوري عمر رضا كحالة في كتابه معجم المؤلفين: .", "حروف المعاني (كتاب)\nأبو القاسم عبد الرحمن الزجاجي، (توفي عام 240 هجري). هو النحوي عبد الرحمن بن اسحاق الزجاجي، كنيته أبو القاسم النحوي", "ياقوت الحموي\nشهاب الدين أبو عبد الله ياقوت بن عبد الله الحموي (574 - 626 هـ) أديب ومؤلف موسوعات وخطّاط من أصل رومي اشتغل بالعلم وأكثر من دراسة الأدب، سكن في مدينة بغداد حتى وفاتهِ،{{#وسم:ref|البغداديون أخبارهم ومجالسهم - إبراهيم عبد الغني الدروبي - بغداد - مطبعة الرابطة - صفحة 217 في فصل (الخطاطون في بغداد)، حيث ذكر اسمه ياقوت الحموي}} ولقد سمى نفسه (عبد الرحمن). وأهم مؤلفات ياقوت الحموي كتاب (معجم البلدان) الذي ترجم وطبع عدة مرات.[1]", "محمد راتب النابلسي\nمحمد راتب النابلسي داعية إسلامي سوري، معاصر، له دروس ومحاضرات في الإعجاز العلمي والتفسير، والمنهج العلمي والمعرفة، أشتهر بسلسلته عن أسماء الله الحسنى، وعن الشمائل النبوية. وهو رئيس هيئة الإعجاز القرآني، وله العديد من المؤلفات وشارك في العديد من المؤتمرات العالمية. يقوم كذلك بإلقاء دروس دينية في مساجد سوريا والدول العربية الأخرى. من مواليد سنة 1939م", "معين القدومي\nمعين وصفي القدومي، أحد أشهر الباحثين والمفكرين في الأردن، حامل لشهادة الدكتوراه في الاقتصاد، وله أبحاث ومقالات أدبية وفكرية واقتصادية، وصاحب أكبر موسوعة سؤال وجواب في العالم العربي، وهو مؤسس منتدى الحضارات للثقافة والعلوم، ولد في مدينة القدس عام 1947م، وتوفي في مدينة عمّان في الأردن 26 مارس 2012.", "قاسم محمد الرجب\nوهو أبو محمد قاسم بن محمد بن رجب ابن الحاج قاسم الأعظمي، أديب وكاتب ومؤلف عراقي، ينتمي لقبيلة العبيد العربية القحطانية الحميرية، وأهل مدينة الأعظمية في بغداد أغلبهم من أبناء هذه القبيلة. ولد في بغداد عام 1338هـ/1919م، ونشأ في الأعظمية وتعلم القرآن وهو صغير ثم اكمل دراسته الابتدائية، وأشتغل في (المكتبة العربية) الشهيرة في سوق السراي لصاحبها نعمان الأعظمي، ولعدة سنوات، وكان ذكياً يحب مطالعة الكتب ويستمع إلى زوار (المكتبة العربية) وجلاسها حين يبدون آرائهم في الكتب ودرجاتها وأهميتها، وبرع في عملهِ، واكتسب خبرة في تصريف الكتب، ثم انفصل عن أستاذه، وأفتتح مكتبة صغيرة في سوق السراي سماها (مكتبة المعري)، عام 1935م وهو شاب، ثم غير اسمها إلى (مكتبة المثنى)، ثم نمت المكتبة وتوسعت حتى صارت من أشهر دور الكتب في الوطن العربي.توفي قاسم الرجب بالسكتة القلبية في بيروت يوم الإثنين 9 ربيع الأول 1394 هـ/1 أبريل 1974م. ونقل جثمانهُ إلى بغداد، ودفن في مقبرة الخيزران بجوار قبر صاحبهِ وصديق عمرهِ الخطاط هاشم محمد البغدادي، قرب مرقد الشيخ أبي بكر الشبلي.", "حقائق التوحيد (كتاب)\nهو عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن مخلوف الجعفري الهاشمي الزينبي، يكنى أبا زيد، ويلقب بالثعالبي الجزائري، مفسر، فقيه مالكي، صوفي، ومتكلم على طريقة أهل السنة من الأشاعرة. ولد بالجزائر موطن آبائه وأجداده الثعالبة، وهو أحد أعلام الأشاعرة المالكية في القرن التاسع الهجري. له تآليف غزيرة دالة على رسوخه العلمي ذكرها في فهرسته المسماة \"بغية الوافد وبغية الطالب الماجد\" التي تضمنت أسانيده العلمية، ومن مؤلفاته الأخرى: الجواهر الحسان في تفسير القرآن، وروضة الأنوار المضيئة الجامعة بين الشريعة والحقيقة، وروضة الأنوار في معجزات المختار، وشرح مختصر ابن الحاجب الفرعي وغيرها. ومنها كتابه هذا: \"حقائق التوحيد\".", "دير عمان\nذكر الموقع ياقوت الحموي في كتابه الشهير معجم البلدان، وقد قال الشعراء في دير عمان الكثير، ومنهم \"حمدان بن عبد الرحيم التميمي الحلبي الأثاربي\" الطبيب والشاعر والمؤرخ، وهو صاحب أول كتاب في تاريخ حلب المسمى \"القوت\"، بالإضافة إلى \"أبو فراس بن أبي الفرج البزاعي\" الذي مر بالدير فقال فيه ارتجالاً:", "اليعقوبي\nأحمد اليعقوبي هو أبو العباس أحمد بن إسحاق بن جعفر بن وهب بن واضح اليعقوبي كاتب ومؤرخ وجغرافي مسلم عاش في زمن الدولة العباسية وأحد مؤرخي أواخر القرن 9 ميلادي، ينتمي لطبقة الكتاب وقد قامت شهرته على أثرين من آثاره هما: كتاب تاريخ ابن واضح أو تاريخ اليعقوبي؛ وفيه تحدث عن تاريخ الشعوب ما قبل الإسلام وتاريخ الإسلام حتى سنة 258هـ (872 م)، وكتاب البلدان؛ وتحدث فيه عن كبريات المدن في بلاد الإسلام. ولد في بغداد وقضى بعض حياته في أرمينيا و ثم هاجر إلى الهند والمغرب ومصر، توفي في مصر سنة 284هـ (897 م) وفي روايات أخرى عام 284هـ أو 298هـ.", "المعجم الكبير\nوإلى جانب ذلك فقد عني أهل العلم بتقريب أحاديث المعجم ضمن أحاديث مصادر أخرى، فمنها ترتيب أحاديثه على الأبواب الفقهية، مثل كتاب كنز العمال، للعلامة علي بن حسام الدين الهندي - ت 975هـ-، وموسوعة الحديث النبوي للدكتور عبد الملك بن أبي بكر قاضي.", "محمد بن جرير الطبري\nمحمد بن جرير بن يزيد بن كثير بن غالب الشهير بالإمام أبو جعفر الطبري،[1] (224 هـ - 310 هـ - 839 - 923م)، مفسّر ومؤرّخ وفقيه، ولُقِّبَ بإمام المفسرين، ولد بآمُل عاصمة إقليم طبرستان،[2] ارتحل إلى الري وبغداد والكوفة والبصرة،[3] وذهب إلى مصر فسار إلى الفسطاط في سنة 253 هـ وأخد على علمائها علوم مالك والشافعي وابن وهب،[4] ورجع واستوطن بغداد، قال الخطيب البغدادي:[5] ، عُرِضَ عليه القضاء فامتنع، والمظالم فأبى،[6] له العديد من التصانيف، يقول ياقوت الحموي:[7] ، ومنها: اختلاف علماء الأمصار، وهو أول كتاب ألفه الطبري، وكان يقول عنه:[8] ، وألف جامع البيان في تأويل القرآن، المعروف بتفسير الطبري وتاريخ الأمم والملوك، المعروف بتاريخ الطبري وتهذيب الآثار، وذيل المذيل، ولطيف القول في أحكام شرائع الإسلام، بسيط القول في أحكام شرائع الإسلام، وكتاب القراءات،[9] وصريح السنة، والتبصير في معالم الدين، وتوفي في شهر شوال سنة 310 هـ، ودفن ببغداد.[10][11][12]", "قائمة مؤلفات ابن حجر العسقلاني\nشهاب الدين أبو الفضل أحمد بن علي بن محمد بن محمد بن علي بن محمود بن أحمد بن أحمد بن الكناني العسقلاني ثم المصري الشافعي (شعبان 773 هـ/1371م - ذو الحجة 852 هـ/1449م)، الشهير بـ ابن حجر العسقلاني، ولد في مصر العتيقة في شعبان سنة 773 ه‍، ومات أبوه وله من العمر أربع سنوات، وكانت أمه قد ماتت قبل ذلك أيضاً، ونشأ في رعاية وصيه زكي الدين الخُرُّوبي (ت 787 هـ) أحد كبار التجار في مصر، وأكمل حفظ القرآن الكريم وله تسع سنين، وحفظ مجموعة من المتون في فنون شتى وهو صغير، ثم تدرج في طلب العلم، فاهتم أولاً بالأدب والتاريخ، ثم حُبِّب إليه علمُ الحديث.\nوكان ابتداؤه في التصنيف في حدود سنة 796هـ. وبسبب هذه البداية المبكرة في التصنيف، وما رزقه الله من سعة الإطلاع، ودقة الفهم، والذكاء المفرط، كان للحافظ بن حجر المؤلفات البديعة، والمصنفات الكثيرة، ولقد أوصل الحافظ السخاوي عدد مصنفات ابن حجر إلى 270 مصنفا، وذكر الحافظ السيوطي في نظم العقيان 200 مصنفا. وقد تنوعت مصنفاته، فصنف في علوم القرآن، وعلوم الحديث بنوعية رواية ودراية، وفي العقيدة، والفقه، والتاريخ، وغير ذلك، ومن أشهر مصنفاته: «فتح الباري شرح صحيح البخاري»، و«تهذيب التهذيب»، و«تقريب التهذيب»، و«لسان الميزان»، و«الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة»، و«الدرر الكامنة في أعيان المائة الثامنة»، و «>نخبة الفكر في مصطلح أهل الأثر»، وشرحها، إلي غير ذلك من المصنفات.", "أبو حامد الغزالي\nأبو حامد محمد الغزّالي الطوسي النيسابوري الصوفي الشافعي الأشعري، أحد أعلام عصره وأحد أشهر علماء المسلمين في القرن الخامس الهجري،[1] (450 هـ - 505 هـ / 1058م - 1111م). كان فقيهاً وأصولياً وفيلسوفاً، وكان صوفيّ الطريقةِ، شافعيّ الفقهِ إذ لم يكن للشافعية في آخر عصره مثلَه.[2]، وكان على مذهب الأشاعرة في العقيدة، وقد عُرف كأحد مؤسسي المدرسة الأشعرية في علم الكلام، وأحد أصولها الثلاثة بعد أبي الحسن الأشعري، (وكانوا الباقلاني والجويني والغزّالي).[3] لُقّب الغزالي بألقاب كثيرة في حياته، أشهرها لقب \"حجّة الإسلام\"، وله أيضاً ألقاب مثل: زين الدين، ومحجّة الدين، والعالم الأوحد، ومفتي الأمّة، وبركة الأنام، وإمام أئمة الدين، وشرف الأئمة.", "المعاجم العربية والفارسية\nمن تأليف المعلوف، صدر قبل أكثر من نصف قرن فيبيروت، وقد رتِّب حسب الجذور الاصلية للكلمات، ويمكن البحث عن معاني الكلمات فيه وفقاً للحرف الأول من كل جذر، ويضمُّ هذا القاموس ثلاثة اقسام هي: معاني المفردات ثم فرائد الأدب، واخيراً قسم الاعلام جاء في أول الكتاب: «اذا شئت البحث عن كلمة، فاذا كانت مجردة، فأطلبها في باب أول حرف منها. وان كانت مزيدة أو فيها حرف مقلوب عن آخر، فجرّدها أو ردَّها الي الاصل، ثم اطلبها في باب الحرف الأول من حروفها الاصلية». فالذي يراجع المنجد والمعاجم المماثلة له في الترتيب والتصنيف يلزمه معرفة موجزة بعلم التصريف والاشتقاق. وقد جاء مؤلف المنجد بخلاصة من ذلك تناول فيها مزيدات الأفعال والمشتقات والابدال والاعلال. ومع كل ذلك ففي المنجد اخطاء كثيرة، واغلاط علمية وتاريخية عديدة. وله مزايا مفيدة. وكمثال لاستخراج معاني الكلمات من المنجد، نأخذ الكلمة «المستشفي»، ونبحث عنها في اصلها «شفي يشفي شفاءً»، وننظر في مشتقات الكلمة حتي نصل الي كلمة «المستشفي» جمع المستشفيات، المكان الذي يدخله المرضي للاستشفاء.", "فريتاخ\nجيؤرج فيلهلم فريتاخ (1202 - 1278 ه‍ / 1788 - 1861 م) هو مستشرق ألماني. تتلمذ على دو ساسي، يجيد العربية والفارسية والتركية،\nله «قاموس عربي لاتيني»، اعتمد فيه على قاموس ياكب يوليوس ووسعه وحسنه، وله كتاب لتعليم اللغة العربية للمتحدثين بالألمانية. عمل كأستاذ للغات الشرقية في جامعة بون عند تأسيسها. وبقي في ذلك المنصب حتى وفاته عام 1861. نشر من التراث العربي أجزاء من كتاب تاريخ حلب لابن العديم، وديوان أبي تمام في الحماسة، وعمل مع تلميذه فستنفلد على نشر معجم البلدان لياقوت الحموي.", "المعاجم العربية والفارسية\nمؤلف هذا المعجم هو جبران مسعود، ومترجمه الي الفارسيةعبد الستار قمري من جامعة الرازي بكرمانشاه إيران. والمعجم قد صنِّف حسب الحرف الأول للكلمات. ويشتمل علي أيضاحات مفيدة للمترجم.", "أبو منصور الأشقر\nمحمود بن إسماعيل الصيرفي الأصبهاني، كنيته أبو منصور ولقبه الأشقر، (وُلِد أواخر ربيع الآخر، 421 هـ في أصبهان - وتُوفيّ 8 ذو القعدة، 514 هـ في أصبهان)، شيخ ومحدث من رواة الحديث النبوي والكتب. يعد من الثقات، اشتُهِر لكونه أحد رواة كتاب المعجم الكبير لصاحبه الطبراني كاملاً عبر سند من الرواة والحفاظ الموثوقين الذين رووه عن الطبراني نفسه.", "عبد الرحمن بن علي الحلواني\nأبو محمد عبد الرحمن بن أبي الفتح علي الحُلواني البغدادي (1097 - 16 يوليو 1151) فقيه أصولي ومفسّر عراقي في العصر العباسي الثالث. ولد في بغداد. روي عن الحسين الخلال وطبقته، وبرع في الفقه وأصوله، وناظر وحدّث وأفتى وصنِّف فيها. يعد من فقهاء الحنابلة في القرن القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي/ السادس الهجري وله معرفة بالأدب. كان يتجر في \"الخل\" وينتفع به، ولا يقبل من أحد شيئاً. توفي في‌ بغداد ودفن بداره بالمأمونية. من تصانيفه \"تفسير القرآن\" في واحد وأربعين جزءاً و\"التبصرة في الفقه\" و\"الهداية في أصول الفقه\". \nهو عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن علي بن محمد الحلواني البغدادي، أبو محمد بن أبي الفتح. ولد سنة 490 هـ/ 1097 م في بغداد. تفقه على أبيه، وأبي الخطاب. روي عن الحسين الخلال وطبقته، وبرع في الفقه وأصوله، وناظر وحدّث وأفتى وصنِّف. كان يتجر في «الخل» وينتفع به، ولا يقبل من أحد شيئاً. قال المنذري :«نسبته إلى بيع الحلواء أو عملها.» وقال ابن رجب :«المعروف أنه بضم الحاء وما أظنه منسوباً إلّا إلى حُلوان البلد المعروف بالعراق.» وقال ابن شافع : «كان فقيها في المذهب ، يفتي وينتفع به جماعة أهل محلته.» وقال ابن النجار : «كان موصوفا بالخير والصلاح والفضل.» وقال ابن الجوزي : «كان يتجر في الخل ، وينتفع به ، ولا يقبل من أحد شيئا.»\nروى عن : أبيه، وعلي بن أيوب البزار، والمبارك بن عبد الجبار ،والحسين الخلال، وأبي نصر بن ودعان، وغيرهم. سمع منه : يحيى بن طاهر بن النجار الواعظ ، وغيره.\nتوفي 30 ربيع الأول 546 هـ/ 16 يوليو 1151 م. وصلى عليه من الغد الشيخ عبد القادر بالمصلى القديم بالجلبة. ودفن بداره بالمأمونية.", "محمد فؤاد عبد الباقي\nقبل أن يشرع الرجل في الترجمة كان قد أرسل إلى \"فنسك\" يطلب منه تصريحًا بالترجمة باعتباره مؤلف الكتاب، فاستجاب على الفور، وبعث له بالجزء الأول من المعجم المفهرس لألفاظ الحديث النبوي الذي يقوم على إصداره مع لفيف من المستشرقين، فلما اطلع عليه، وجد به أخطاء كثيرة ضمنها كشفًا، وأرسله إلى فنسك الذي سر لذلك، وكتب إليه يرجوه مراجعة التجارب الأخيرة للكتاب قبل الطبع، فاستجاب لرجائه، وإذا علمنا أن المعجم يقوم به أكثر من أربعين مستشرقًا في أنحاء العالم، ثم يصحح عملهم ويستدرك عليهم مجتمعين أدركنا قيمة العمل الذي كان يقوم به الرجل، وقد نوه فنسك بمشاركة \"عبد الباقي\" القيمة في تقدمته للمجلد الأولى من المعجم. المعجم المفهرس لألفاظ الحديث يقوم على إيراد الألفاظ الواردة في الحديث النبوي، وترتيبها على حروف المعجم، مع ذكر عبارة من الحديث التي وردت فيه الكلمة، فإذا أردت معرفة مصدر الحديث، كشفت عنه عن طريق أحد ألفاظه، فتردك إلى مصدره، والمصادر التي اعتمدها فنسك هي: الصحيحان صحيح البخاري وصحيح مسلم، والسنن الأربعة المعروفة، وهي سنن أبي داود والترمذي والنسائي وابن ماجه، بالإضافة إلى مسند أحمد بن حنبل وهو أكبر كتب السنة، وسنن الدارمي وموطأ مالك. الكتاب من الأعمال العظيمة التي خدمت السنة ويسرت الوصول إلى الحديث، في وقت لم تكن فيه الأقراص المدمجة التي تحوي عشرات الآلاف من الأحاديث، ونستخدمها الآن في الوصول إلى معرفة مصدر الحديث.", "دائرة المعارف العثمانية\nالكتب التي نشرتها مطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية بحيدر آباد الدكن، قام على تصحيحها وضبط نصوصها مجموعة من المحققين من علماء الهند، من أمثال عبد الرحمن بن يحيى المعلمي، وقطب الدين محمود بن غياث الدين علي الحيدرآبادي، ومحمد بدر الدين العلوي، محمد أنوار الله خان وغيرهم. كما أسهم في تصحيح بعض إصداراتها أحد المستشرقين، وهو الألماني فريتس كرنكو، الذي صحح (الجمهرة) لابن دريد، و(الدرر الكامنة) لابن حجر،... وغيرها.", "مسالك الممالك\nمسالك الممالك كتاب جغرافي من تأليف، أبو القاسم إبراهيم محمد الفارسي الإصطخري المعروف بالكرخي.[1] جاء في وصف البلدان والتقسيمات الإدارية, ويعتبر من أول ما كتب في هذا العلم. وفيه يذكر الأصطخرى أقاليم الأرض وممالكها إجمالا ثم يعرج قدما على ذكر بلاد الإسلام مفصلة ويقسم المعمور من الأرض عشرين إقليما ثم يذكر كل إقليم منها بما اشتمل عليه من المدن والبقاع والبحار والأنهار. وقد اختير هذا الكتاب ليكون المجلد الأول من المكتبة الجغرافية التي نشرها في 1967 العلامة دى جويا. نقل عنهما ياقوت في مؤلفه معجم البلدان.", "المعاجم العربية والفارسية\nمصنّف هذا المعجم هو نجفعلي ميرزائي، وهو معجم عربي فارسي. ويقع في أكثر من الفٍ ومائة صفحة. ويشتمل علي مصطلحاتٍ سياسيةٍ واقتصاديةٍ وصحفيةٍ متنوعة. وترتيبه وفقاً للحرف الأول من الكلمة والمصطلح.", "المعاجم العربية والفارسية\nهذا المعجم فارسي عربي ألَّفهُ العلامة الشيخ أحمد النجفي رحمهم الله مؤسس دار العلوم العربية في طهران سنة 1350 ه.ش وهو معجم فريد حقّاً، يحتوي علي اللغة الفارسية المألوفة ومصطلحاتها الحديثة، وما يقابلها من اللغة العربية ومصطلحاتها. وقد جاء المؤلف بأمثلةٍ من العبارات الفارسية مع تعريبها في جميع الشؤون الاجتماعية والأدبية والعلمية وغيرها. وقد رُتِّب حسب الحرف الأول من الكلمات ووفقاً لحروف الهجاء العربية.", "المرزباني\nأبو عبيد الله، محمد بن عمران بن موسى المرزباني . ولد عام 910م الموافق 297 هـ وتوفي عام 994م الموافق 384 هـ في زمن الخليفة العباسي القادر بالله. إخباري ومؤرخ وأديب، خراساني الأصل، ولد وتوفي في بغداد. كان معتزليًا. له عدة كتب منها \"معجم الشعراء\" و\"الموشح\" وهما كتابان مطبوعان.", "معجم الأمكنة الوارد ذكرها في القرآن الكريم\nمعجم الأمكنة الوارد ذكرها في القرآن الكريم هو كتاب معجمي جغرافي عن الأماكن القرانية، ألفه المؤرخ سعد بن جنيدل (1343 هـ - 1327 هـ).", "كتاب البلدان (توضيح)\nكتاب البلدان هو اسم لعدة كتب جغرافية، منها:", "منصور عبد الحكيم\nمنصور عبد الحكيم وبالكامل منصور عبد الحكيم محمد عبد الجليل (مواليد القاهرة عام 1955) كاتب وباحث ومؤلف مصري له عشرات الكتب في التاريخ العربي والعالمي بشكل عام.", "منير البعلبكي\nمُنِيِر البعلبكي (1918 - 18-6-1999) مؤلف قاموس المورد. ولد منير البعلبكي سنة 1918م في بيروت وجذوره ترجع إلى مدينة بعلبك. أسس منير البعلبكي دار العلم للملايين سنة 1945م. دخل غيبوبة الموت في خريف عام 1997 وظل فيها أكثر من سنة ونصف إلى حين غيبه الموت في يونيو عام 1999. (ينظر لذلك المقدمة التي كتبها نجله الأستاذ رمزي البعلبكي للمعجم الضخم \"المورد الأكبر\" الذي صـدر في يناير من عام 2005 عن دار العلم للملايين في أكثر من 2000 صفحة، وهو معجم لغوي موسوعي إنجليزي - عربي كان قد بدأه الأستاذ منير البعلبكي وأتمه بعد وفاته ثم أصدره نجله الدكتور رمـزي).منير البعلبكي - بيروت", "ياقوت الحموي\nيروى أن سبب تأليف ياقوت لهذا المعجم أن سائلاً قد سأله عن موضع سوق حُباشة بالضم ولكنه نطقها بالفتح وأصر على صحة نطقه وتحقق ياقوت من صحة نطق الاسم فتأكد من صواب نطقه هو للاسم فقرر أن يضع معجماً للبلدان.", "وليم بدول\nهو أول من نقل معاني القرآن إلى اللغة الإنكليزية. من بين مؤلفاته: «نصوص عربية» و «معجم» للمفردات العربية المستعملة في اللغات الغربية من العصر البيزنطي إلى أيامه.", "قاقون (قرية)\nنسب إليها ياقوت الحموي (ت 626هـ - 1229م) صاحب كتاب \" معجم البلدان\" (ج4 - ص296) الفقيه أبا القاسم عبد السلام بن أحمد بن أبي حرب القاقوني من علماء القرن الرابع الهجري، ونسب إليها الحافظ ابن حجر العسقلاني (ت852هـ - 1448م) في \"الدرر الكامنه\" (ج5 - ص31,30) محمد بن مفلح بن مفرج القاقوني الحنبلي شمس الدين ولد في سنة (710هـ - 1313م) وقد برع في الفقه وعرف بزهده وورعه له مصنفات عدة توفي في دمشق سنة(763هـ - 1365م).\nالشيخ عبد الرحيم التفال الملك المتعال.", "المعاجم العربية والفارسية\nمؤلف هذا المعجم هو إلياس انطون إلياس المصري، والقاموس في الاصل: عربي، إنكليزي، صنِّف حسب الحرف الأول لأصل الكلمة والمصطلح. وقد ترجمه السيد مصطفي طبأطبائي الي الفارسية فصار معجماً عربياً، فارسياً، وطبع في طهران. وطريقة الاستفادة من هذا المعجم هي معرفة اصل وجذر الكلمة اولاً، ثم البحث عنها في الحرف الأول منها، مثل: «مُسْتَحِقٌّ»: اصلها «حقَّ». وموضعها في حرف الحاء من القاموس. والمعني: مستحقٌّ: مستأهلٌ، شايسته، لايق، سزاوار منتفع «بحقٍّ»، بهره بردار الدفع، أي الوفاء، پرداختن.", "لارجان\nمعجم البلدان", "كتاب الطبقات الكبير\nعماد الدين ابن كثير (ت774هـ)، ومن مؤلفاته النافعة كتاب التفسير، وكتاب البداية والنهاية، وهما من أشهر كتبه وأجودها، وقد نقل في كتابه الثاني عن طبقات ابن سعد في مواطن كثيرة، لا سيما في تراجم الصحابة[173]. ابن حجر العسقلاني (ت852هـ)، صاحب التصانيف المفيدة والكتب الجامعة[174]، كفتح الباري بشرح صحيح البخاري، والإصابة في معرفة الصحابة، وتهذيب التهذيب، وغيرها. وقد وصل كتاب الطبقات الكبرى إلى الحافظ بن حجر من رواية الحارث بن محمد بن أبي أسامة التميمي والحسين بن الفهم ملفقاً، كما نصّ هو على ذلك في كتابه المعجم المفهرس[175]، وساق أسانيده إليهما.", "التعريفات (كتاب)\nكتاب التعريفات للجرجاني معجم يتضمن تحديد معاني المصطلحات المستخدمة في العلوم والفلسفة والمنطق واللغة والفنون والفقه خلال عصره. هو من أوائل المعاجم الذي له ترتيب أبجدي-استفاد من المعاجم اللغوية. صاحبه الجرجاني علي بن محمد بن علي الشريف الحسيني المعروف بسيد مير شريف، فلكي، عالم حياة وفقيه وموسيقي وفيلسوف، ولغوي توفي سنة [816هـ] هجرية.", "محمد شرف (معجمي)\nمحمد شرف التونسي (1890 - 1949م) طبيب ولغوي ومؤلف أحد أشهر المعاجم الطبية العربية: \"\"معجم إنجليزي عربي في العلوم الطبية والطبيعية\"\" ويعرف \"بمعجم شرف\"، والملقب برائد المعاجم الطبية .", "سيد سليمان الندوي\nسيد سليمان الندوي رئيس علماء الهند، ورئيس المجمع الإسلامي العريق (دار المصنفين) لكهنؤ، ومؤسس مجلة (معارف) العلمية الشهيرة، الإمام العلامة المؤرخ اللغوي الأديب المحقق الجليل السيد سليمان الندوي الحنفي النقشبندي المجددي (1302 - 1373هـ) ، من أبرز تلامذة وخلفاء حكيم الأمة المحمدية مولانا أشرف على العمري التهانوي (1280 - 1362هـ) ومن كبار علماء الشريعة الإسلامية وعلومها ومعارفها وآدابها في شبه القارة الهندية. نشأ في أسرة عريقة من أسر السادات، فيتصل نسبه من جهة أبيه إلى الإمام موسى الرضا ومن جهة الأم إلى الإمام زيد . ذكر الأستاذ غلام محمد في كتابه ((تذكرة سليمان)) بلغة أردية أنه قد سمع من العلامة الندوي أن أجداده نزحوا من الجزيرة العربية قبل مائتي 200 عام حتى وصلوا إلى سواحل السند، ولكن السيد الأستاذ أبا عاصم زوج كريمة العلامة وابن أخيه يذكر أن هذه الرواية مجافية للصواب والحقيقة أنهم كانوا في واسط ثم انتقلوا إلى مشهد إيران ثم نزحوا إلى هراة وأخيرا استقر بهم المقام في الهند.", "سفر الحوالي\nسفر الحوالي واسمه الكامل هو سفر بن عبد الرحمن بن أحمد بن صالح بن غانم آل غانم الحوالي من الأزد من منطقة الباحة والتي تقع جنوب غرب السعودية - هو أحد علماء أهل السنة والجماعة، في السعودية و له حضور إعلامي وثقافي واجتماعي على الصعيد العربي والإسلامي، أشار إليه بعض المفكرين الغربيين في كتاباتهم مثل هانتنجتون الذي كتب صدام الحضارات، وكذلك الباحث والخبير الأميركي في مركز الدراسات الاستراتيجية والدولية كوردسمان والذي خصص جزءًا من الدراسات عن السعودية وأشار فيها إلى سفر الحوالي وسلمان العودة. بالإضافة إلى تقارير من مجموعة الأزمات الدولية التي أشارت إلى الحوالي ودوره في الساحة السعودية السياسية والفكرية.", "تاريخ علم الاجتماع\n5. ياقوت الحموي صاحب كتاب \"معجم البلدان\".", "أبو الفتح الشهرستاني\nمعجم البلدان لياقوت الحموي. وفيات الأعيان لابن خلكان. سير أعلام النبلاء للذهبي. طبقات الشافعية الكبرى للتاج السبكي. طبقات الشافعية للأسنوي . النجوم الزاهرة لابن تغري. طبقات الشافعية لابن قاضي شهبة. الشهرستاني وآراؤه الكلامية للدكتور بدران. دائرة المعارف الإسلامية.", "أبو سعيد بن الأعرابي\nأبو سعيد بن الْأَعرَابِي، واسْمه أَحْمد بن مُحَمَّد بن زِيَاد بن بشر بن دِرْهَم الْعَنزي، أحد علماء أهل السنة والجماعة ومن أعلام التصوف السني في القرن الرابع الهجري،[1] قال عنه أبو عبد الرحمن السلمي بأنّه: «كانَ فِي وقته شيخ الْحرم»، ووصفه الذهبي بأنّه: «الإمام المحدّث القدوة الصدوق الحافظ شيخ الإسلام».[2] وُلد سنة 246 هـ، وأصله من البصرة في العراق، وسكن مكة المكرمة، صنّف في علوم التصوف الكتب الكثيرة، وكان من المؤرخين ومن رواة الحديث النبوي ومن أصحاب السند العالي فيه، وكان ثقة.[1]", "رشدي صالح ملحس\nله عدة مصنفات، من بينها سيرة الأمير محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي، و\"معجم منازل الوحـي\" ـ مخطوط، نشرت منه عشرة فصول، فـي مجلة (المنهل)، وكتاب عن (المعادن)، انتزعه من كتاب كبير له في البلدان لعله \"جغرافية البلاد العربية السعودية\" وانتزع منه أيضاً \"معجم البلدان العربية\". وله \"منازل المعلقات\"، جمع فيه نحو 150 اسماً وحقق أماكنها المعروفة اليوم، و\"مسافات الطرق في المملكة\"، ونشر \"تـاريخ مكة\" للأزرقي، طبعة ثانية بمكة، ونشر فصولاً من مباحثه في المجلات السعودية.", "مختصر منهاج القاصدين\nمؤلف مختصر منهاج القاصدين هو: أبو الفرج ابن قدامة عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن أحمد بن قدامة المقدسي الجماعيلي الحنبلي، شمس الدين، فقيه، من أعيان الحنابلة، ولد في دمشق سنة 597 هـ، وهو أول من ولي قضاء الحنابلة بها، استمر فيه نحو 12 عامًا، ولم يتناول عليه معلومًا ثم عزل نفسه، وتوفي في دمشق 682 هـ .", "المعاجم العربية والفارسية\nمؤلف هذا الكتاب هو المرحوم الدكتور محمد معين، ويقع في ستة أجزاء، وقد رتِّب حسب الحرف الأول من الكلمة، ويقسم هذا المعجم موضوعياً الي ثلاثة اقسام: القسم الأول يشتمل علي الأجزاء الأول والثاني والثالث، والنصف الأول من الجزء الرابع ويختص هذا بالمفردات اللغوية. القسم الثاني، يشتمل علي القسم الثاني من الجزء الرابع، ويختصُّ بالمصطلحات والتراكيب اللغوية الأجنبية. أمّا القسم الثالث الذي يشتمل علي الجزء الخامس والاسدس، فيختصُّ بالاعلام «الاماكن والأشخاص».", "المعجم الأوسط\nالمعجم الأوسط للطبراني هو كتاب من أوسع كتب الحديث المسندة عند أهل السنة والجماعة. جمعه الإمام أبو القاسم سليمان بن أحمد بن أيوب الطبراني، ورتبه على طريقة المعاجم، أي أنه رتبه بحسب ترتيب أسماء شيوخه الذين روى عنهم النصوص المسندة على حروف المعجم. وقال الطبراني عنه: \"هذا الكتاب روحي\" لأنه تعب عليه.", "معجم ابن المقرئ\nكتاب من كتب السنة النبوية.\nأبو بكر محمد بن إبراهيم بن علي بن عاصم بن زاذان الأصبهاني الخازن المشهور بابن المقرئ (المتوفى: 381 هـ)\nيعرف المعجم عند علماء الحديث بأنه الكتاب الذي يترجم فيه مؤلفه لشيوخه مرتبين على حروف المعجم، ويذكر لكل شيخ رواية أو أكثر، حتى يعرف به، وقد يطلقون المعجم على الكتاب الذي يخصه أحد المحدثين لشيوخ بعض الحفاظ، وبعض المعاجم تقتصر على ذكر شيوخ بلد معين، وبعضها على ذكر تاريخ وفاة الشيخ، وبعضها يقتصر على مجرد سرد أسماء الشيوخ.", "سير أعلام النبلاء\nالاسم المشهور للكتاب هو سير أعلام النبلاء، ولكن اختلف العلماء في تسميته على أقوال :مؤلف الكتاب هو الحافظ شمس الدين محمد بن أحمد بن عثمان الذهبي المتوفى سنة 748 هـ الموافق 1374 م.كتاب سير أعلام النبلاء يعتبر من أمتع كتب التراجم التي يستفيد منها القارئ والباحث، وهو عبارة عن اختصار لكتابه الضخم (تاريخ الإسلام)، وله كتب أخرى مفيدة ونافعة في تراجم الرجال مثل : كتابه الضخم (تاريخ الإسلام) وكتاب (ميزان الاعتدال في نقد الرجال) وكتاب (تذكرة الحفاظ) وغيرها.", "الفضل بن نوبخت\nالفضل بن نوبخت أحد مشاهير أئمة المتكلمين، وذكر في كتب المتكلمين، واستوفي نسبه من ذكره كمحمد بن إسحاق النديم وأبي عبد الله المرزباني. كان الفضل في زمن هارون الرشيد صاحب خزانة كتب الحكمة، وكان قد تولى مهمة الترجمة والنقل من الفارسية إلى العربية. من مؤلفات الفضل: كتاب النمهطان في المواليد، كتاب الغال النجومي، كتاب المواليد، كتاب المدخل، كتاب تحويل سيء المواليد، كتاب التشبيه والتمثيل، كتاب المنتحل من أقاويل المنجمين في الأخبار والمسائل والمواليد. ذكره ابن النديم في علماء النجوم والهندسة في كتابه الفهرست وقال: ." ]

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